*
»
-
~-

a

(#4

Mey

ei
wi

i
>

. . p are |
4 tS a oe ;
a j ( 5 . = =
a 4 ‘ ~ er 7 « : a
a
Z at - = 2 a =o
: ¥ ~ ‘ 4 me
- is i 3

y
>
Pa
q
“e
ee
mt
i
i
i
1
<
'
'

}
i
|
,
}

= ; = WS = g . bas : : =
a E ; 3 : : : cee =
er _4 : 4 - 2 k
. . bee Bie : E ;
e. rs AS: F a oe e
4) 4 a < = ‘=
H oe: = = a
= 7 x — ~ ~
\ = : 23 < -
7 F ‘2 ee >
Bibione heen +4 3 = 4 Si ours 4 Sto Fs :

v4 = .
2 ’
78
e
‘
4
Re
i .

Supplement to this day’s issue.
Ne en ee eee nen ena et

“Step after step the jadder ia aseended.”- George Herbert, Jaeuia Prudentum.

Agriculture is the most healthful, most useful, and most noble employment of man.”’—WASHINa@TON.

AES Ey

TROPICAL AGKICGULTURIST:

A MONTHLY RECORD OF INFORMATION FOR PLANTERS

@F

TEA, CACAO, COFFEE, PALMS, RUBBER, CINCHONA, SUGAR,
FIBRES, COTTON, TOBACCO, SPICES, CAMPHOR, RICE,

AND OTHER PRODUCTS SUITED FOR CULTIVATION IN THE TROPICS:

Circulating in India, Ceylon, Burma, Straits, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Northern Australia |

Queensland, Fiji, Mauritius, Natal, East and West Africa, West Indies, South and Central
America, California, Southern States, and throughout Great Britain.

EDITED BY
J: Bate GOS @Om,
Of the “CryLon OxpseRvER,” “CryLON HanpsBook AND Directory,” “ PIONEERS OF THE

Prantina ENTERPRISE,” Prantina Manuats, ‘‘CeyLon in 1893” (InnustRatED), &e.

“It is both the duty aad interest ef every owner and cultivator of the soil to study the best means
of rendering that soil subserviemt to his own and the general wants of the community; and he, who
introduces, beneficially, a new and useful Seed, Plant or Shrub into his district, is a blessing and an
honour to his country.’’—Sier J. Sincnair.

WOL. XXI:—Containing Numbers I. to XII,: July, 1901, to June, 1902,

CEYLON: A, M. & J. FERGUSON, COLOMBO.
LONDON :

Joun Happon & Co.; Kg@an Pau, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., LTD. ; Luzac & Co., &¢

MaprAS: HiaainpotrHam & Co. CautcuTTaA: THACKER, SPINK & Co.
Bombay: Tuacker & Co., Lrp. AUSTRALIAN CoLoNiks: Gorpon & GOTCH.
West INDIES AND CENTRAL America: C, H.-Cauprrnon, St. THOMAS.
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS AND EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO: JOHN Litre & Co., SINGAPORE.
HoneKone AND YoKoMAMA: KuLiy & Co. Java: Messrs. JoHN Paver & Co.
Batavia: G. Kourr & Co,

- 1902,

an nes ih a ani ‘panct 1H ennon ‘ potidoona ak nape’ ‘a
a ER TB TBE 6 Et URE? te pee x barn Ohare TRO Bee, Iittowks roast SoliRtneG ss

‘ })

Np ceninds sibel ices is geet lien ted \

42

—
Fi

eed

a
SIsREe:

Bren “Gat daMeuienven ‘ a:

< SAATWAS 07 WOTAMADI! 40 ono03 VAATHOM ‘ue Bs

( mH \

—P {edad WATTOD ‘
BATE OWALOT AOTTOS eARET

Se OME BM WOURRITU NO AOR Os Tite enon oas eee a
w . wif

HS OVI P) EG ES "(annie ‘ oly a? aiged ww 7

fiipieuA. sasthiatt can
, oti LEW Soe: oe bie. tes eit suite “ut by “i

{HVT

L ‘4 m ‘ ~ >. } * 4 5 ve 4 y4 7 * *
agit ¥4 teearghes luiriginn nt bak seeiae? eet eee aio diea RORY
1 ‘ fy,
y x7) or ~ rT oe
Z we of ‘yte
\ elesein _ , ay ~ @
t { :
) Seo a binge

Moet aches a ee

wae ey en OT ey open une i iat se Wd po” ; barat a “oar
CORD. wan May ey amas EE: cyt ae, ‘4 | “ae ae

Pali: ‘ul eh H ri
a a Nene eh wilt erm PAE Lee ee i ae
é sf t i 7 : M4 an
faaamrrt Jooit opts ci ve i$ daw idtie hive raqeniges untested. wereiia haw ‘2 bests ‘ath hook evi
Dre GTO Th RSC POMS OI NM la tuigh fheess Ares sil. oj devivienice: flog dade

tisk Lala Ae HS lant ts ages or lees ise Waus & dlgiotayind

we hin yulasid x Psa uaier® wid
eee ve oe TG eR) A etentaae ait Gt,

goer ons of 08 eink | TX of | medeguM gaialatnso (ex

O8M0.109 2D a9 UB .MA : Moda |
et aa OU OL. ae

oy. 00 w asd “and. aH ‘serge! ee sat aia yAwagl 00 B oe

; i 4 J) eminence *
OO % Re coal ganna oD j vensinoa agian sansall
HUE Se C3 oy: i Wes PR Naeiete Th vere ed ah maga 3 fs

Sy he oui: Tar Ha HA Bowne TR
GHATHALEO)! 1h MAY ye
‘ WTS, Ay aN » Fini! SAMOA
OO SE ORS Hs AAR

a

TO -OUR? READERS.

ae

In ctosing the Twenty-first Volume of the “ Tropical Agri ,alturist,” we would
as usual direct attention to the large amount of useful informatior. afforded and to the
great variety of topics treated in the several numbers. From month to month, we have
endeavoured to embody in these pages the latest results of practicdl experience and
scientific teaching in all that concerns tropical agriculture; and our ambition has been to
make this periodical not only indispensable to the planter, but of service to business-men
and capitalists, never forgetting that agriculture trenches upon every department of human
knowledge, besides being the basis of personal and communal wealth.

While directing our attention chiefly to the products prominently mentioned on
our title-page, we have always take care to notice minor industries likely to fit in with
sub-tropical conditions ; and our readers have an ample guarantee in the index pages before
them, that, in the future, no pains will be spared to bring together all available information
both from the West and Hast, the same being examined in the light of the teachings of
common sense as well as of prolonged tropical experience in this, the leading Crown and
Planting Colony of the British Empire.

Special attention has, for a few years back, been given to the introduction and
extension in Ceylon, the Straits, Burmah, &c., of an industry in rubber-yielding trees (more
especially in the planting of Para and Castilloa trees), and much literature on the subject
will be found throughout our pages ; also on cacao in Central America and the West Indies
as well as in Ceylon; to “Spices” of various kinds (nutmegs, camphor, &c.) ; to palms,
especially “coconuts” in different districts; to coffee and allied products in Brazil, Mexico,
Costa Rica, East Java, Nyassaland, British Central Africa; Liberian coffee in Sumatra, Java,
the Straits Settlements ; and to other new developments in palms and tobacco planting, &c.,
in the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra and North Borneo, as well as in this Island.

The Tea-planting Industry has sprung into so much importance in India (South
as well as North) and Ceylon, as also in Java, that a considerable amount of space is
naturally given to this great staple; and with reference to all Companies’ Reports, to Sales
and Prices, as well as to hints for economising, we think it will be admitted by impartial
judges that the 77 ropical Agriculiurist should be filed, for the convenience of planters, in
every Tea Factory in this Tsland, in India and in Java.

A full and accurate Index affords the means of ready reference to every subject
treated in this, the Twenty-first Volume, which we now plate in our subscribers’ hands, in
the full confidence that it will be received with an amount of approval, at least equal to
that which has been so kindly extended to its predecessors.

To show how fully other Products besides Tea are treated in this volume, we may
mention the number of entries under several headings as follows :—Coffee (including
Liberian) 28; Cacao 20; Indiarubber 59; many to Gutta Percha; to Coconuts and other
Palms, Rice and other Grain, Cinchona, Camphor, Cloves, Fibres, Tobacco, Fruits and
Miscellaneous Products nearly 1,000. In the 21 volumes, the references to Rubber, Cacao
and Coffee number many thousands, as also to Coconuts and other Palms.

A “Topical Index” to the twenty-one volumes is in course of preparation.

We are convinced that no more suitable or useful addition can be made to a
Planting Company’s Library or gift to a tropical planter or agriculturist, whether he be about
to enter on his career, or with many years of experience behind him, than the twenty-one
volumes of our periodical which we have now made available. They are full of information
bearing on every department and relating to nearly every product within the scope of
sub-tropical industries.

In conclusion, we have to tender our thanks to readers and contributors, and our
wish that -all friends may continue to write instructively and to read with approval; for
then, indeed, must the ‘Tropical Agriculturist ” continue to do well.

J. FERGUSON.

Cotompo, Cuynon; 77H Juny, 1902.

$ ’)
SiO ae

age PE
HE

4 an Ant ay ae
beg +X

ie rhs

Adie: Pathe fi tas i etpeie ae
eG eGiy ws eminent dass) COR Oe Hae ane

ee

poe

ar

ADEE

Heya yb) Ve if Oy ait it
WRG AAO VF fi (enka tans ‘}
Nahe ; HE

v) hag hie ;
pH Henney atk Pacis! Boaaik
4 Wh ven vam ey ant Nia :
Oe mP Way hese gh y ;
Di anes 2

TN DHX.

A. PAen, |
PAGE. Balmoral (Ceylon) Estates Co., Ld. " 898
Abyssinia, Products in 777. Bamboo and its Uses... see 245
CaNGHaIADecurrens?? 116, 122 do Flowering of .. _ i 34, 296
Acetylene Gas Lamps __... 467, 486 eaprae a Omer Gok ua [See Heomeeee
Africa, British Central in 27, 324, 391, 491, ae Bandong Oninine Taber : at con
do do do acao in d 4 ; sy 5
do Central, Planting in i a5 Baen ae George, Bart. te ioe |
ae ia Planting i Fa (is oe aa Basie Superphosphate ... [see Manur 2) a
do Planting in i 651 Battalgalla Estate Co., Ld. 754 ui
douasouth! Agriculture i im % 69 Batticaloa Planters’ Association or 608
Anica Culkivation in ; , [See Tea] Bee-keeping in Ceylon... a 30
Aeaienltiaie se ... 124,142 Belgian Scientific Visitor to Ceylon Bd 470
~ do Chemistry of . 379,444 Bees. ve [See Apiculture]
do First Steps in 71, 138, 139, 213, 214 Feta Pecan tiut ao
€ K y: oe ove Bl
do Publications on a aap Biological Station for Ceylon a 122
piskanee lr Biscuits, Moulding of _... a 133 |
agra Ho err ame a. ot a Blackman Export Co., Ld, 1. 162, 258 |
meniGollohGavion Ld. Ps 689 Blantyre and East Africa, Ld. .. 850, 391 |
uae Banke Me 112, 211, 435 ‘{ Blue Mountain’ Seed ... 332 |
do Waoationies .... 66,10] Bogawantalawa District Tea Co., Ld. 121, 122, 133
Aldabra Islands tH 109 ~— Bois Immortelle and Cacao Trees a 171 iI|
Alliance Tea Company, Ld. Biss 841 Bolivia ey : 8 241, 242, 693 ai
Alligators for River Work.. ses 399 een Be Ae ane se "39 405 Soe
Alkaline Phosphatio Manures <4 7505,758 Sana ae ae planting a of B33
1 f € coo \|
ane ae 185, 238, 406, 675 do Coffee in [See Coffee] Hi
Amalgamated Tea Estates Co., Ld. id 317 Botanic Gardens, Brisbane Be Ibs 368 H |
American Scientists in Sumatra Ay: 466 do do Ceylon... 125, | 29, 528, 776 {|
America, Cacaoin ___... [See Cacao] de ge Nilgiris 1d Coast age
do Ceylon Tea in ... . [See Tea] a ae Sy ames Crees poe one
Coffee i By e Coft BOG)
ag indian Tea impo (a Oe Botanical Survey, Bombay oc 202 |
do Trade of . i 602 Bracken Fern as Litter nee ee 389 |
Analytical Laboratory for Calcutta oe 406 Brazil, Agriculture in = .- ae 765
Anamalai Hills, Planting on the ... 682,756 Brazilian Rubber Tevet dd a 345 |
endaenan Tlands K 543 Bremen Museum, Exhibits im the ae 247
Anglo-American Direct Tea Trading Co., Ld. 336 pace ege Slag i oot yee
do Ceylon and Genl. Ests.Co., Ld. ... 132, 193 eae qu
do South American Rubber Syndicate Ld. 49) Britain, Tropical Greater, “Planting i bole ea 525
Animal Diseases, Periods of Incubation of 366 Buen Trade in ee see tee is |
Animals, Wild, in Madras ch 895 rucea Sumatran tes |
yanvande, Batate Co. of Ceylon, Ld. Hy 50 aaa ease Scrutineered oo su |
Ants, White i 314 c00 o NK}
Anuradhapura Botanic Gardens [See Botanic Burnside Tea Co, of Ceylon, Ld. vee 837 i
Coarse’ Ceylon] seer Hh
Arecanut Bisease nes ab 362 Cc
Arsenic and Treacle ain a 812 j |
Assam, New Products in... At 322 Caeao ae ww 142, 231 HH
do Tea Soils of ; .. 467, 468 do and Bois Immortelle Trees oi 171 |
Associated Tea Estates of Ceylon, Tad Ass 401 do and Chocolate Ge aie 367 ee)
Assurance Trading Co., Ld. te 849 do and Criticism a60 335 Ny
Augusta Tea Estates Co., Ld. bos 807 do Cultivation . 53, 221, 252, 253, 313
Australian Colonies, Bush Life in ted 571 do do in Ceylon 26, 721
Australia, Tea in Mae ... [See Tea] a Canker in pon a: .. 441, 517
o Diseases o aah se O45 106
do Grafting ap see 703
B. do in Africa - ... 492, 639 |
Balata in British Guiana iy 844. do_ im Costa Rica oh i 358 |
do of Venefuela 608 eve §19 do inthe West Indies Aas 820 .
do Production of ,,. oye 295, 296 do in Trinidad a SCD 77, 78

PAGE,

Cacao Plants. aR 319
do Planters, Questions ‘for 991
do Pod, The Largest in the World 399

do Podg and their Seed nes 14
do Some Conditions of 2s 305709, 40
do Stealing adi 631

Caffeine AG 674

Caledonian (Ceylon) Tea Estate Co., Ld. 493, 494

California, Gem Mining in ae 763

Calves, Feeding Milk to ... 803

Camphor oie a 191

do. Cultivation eae ee DOM OOD

do in Formosa 000 110, 322

do Manufacture sie 656

do Oil Me a0 298

do Yield of 657

Cardamom Sales (See Supplement. )

do Market 696

Cardamoms ye 247, 418

do for Australia n 351

do in B. C, Africa ae 125

do in French Indo-China 601

do Overproduction of on 628

“ Carnauba’’ or Wax-palin of Brazil 186, 189

Carolina Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. : 401

Cassava 106, 372, aa, 717, 795
do Sweet he 764

Cassia Lignea, Chinese 693

Castlereagh Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 679

Castor Cake, Oil and Seed 374.

do Oil Trees in Natal 131

do Seed 298

Caterpillar Pests of Tea Plant [See Enemies of Tea]

Cattle-Breeding in Trinidad 371
do Disease in India 536
do Farming in Trinidad 188, 233
do Housing of 363, 435

Ceara Rubber [See India-rubber]

Central Province Ceylon Tea Co, Vids we 427

do ‘Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 425

Ceylon and India as Tea Growers and

Tea Rivals 693

do Botanic Gardens {See Botanic Gardens]
do do do Changes in 1889 to 1901 36, 37
do Cinnamon in [See Cinnamon]
do Coconut Cultivation in [See Coconut]
do Coffee Cultivation in {See Coffee |
do Exports and Distribution [See Exports]
do Fibre in [See Fibre |
do Game Protection Society [See Game Pro-

tection. ]
do Geology of aos 409
do Handbook and Directory 347, 769
do Hills Tea Estates Co. 34

do Import Tea Duty [See Tea Duty]
do Indiarubber Cultivation in [See Indiarubber ]

do Investments 761
do Land and Produce Co., Ld. 425
do Missionary Work and Irrigation in 697
do Old Coffee Days in 489

do Pearl Fisheries [See Pearl Fisheries]

do Planted Area and Tea Cropsin ... 616
do Planters’ Rubber Syndicate, Ld. 678, 697
do do Association Sup.

do Planting in Ceylon dt 618
do Proprietary Tea Estate Co., Ld. ... 51
do Provincial Estates Co., Ld. 625
do Shipping dee 522
do ‘ea and Coconut Estates Co., Ld. 165)
do ‘Tea Companies’ Results du 45, 46
do ‘lea Kiosk 682
do Tca Plantations Co., ~ g09 Sup.

PAGE,

Ceylon, Frade of »». 629, 581
do Wastelands in the North of 761
Chesnut Cultivation in France 310
Children, Diseases of, and their Treatment 339
Chillies, Cultivation in Ceylon oie 14
Chocho 645, 709
Christmas Island: A Romance 28, 29
do do Phosphates and Prospects 703
Christy, Mr. Thomas, on his Travels 58
Cinchona 31, 178, 323
do in Java seis 61, 376, 539, 605

do on the Nilgiris 45 507

do Plantations of Indian Govt. 623, 673

do Planting in India 565

_ do do in Burma 169
Cinnamon Exports [See Ceylon Exports]
do in London ... wn #919309

do Sales BA 1. 496, 691
Citronella in Ceylon “ql
do Oil vs. 59, 199
Citrus Trees Bed 16, 158, 308
do Fruit oes 28
Cloves Py 11, 112, 142, 939 276
do in Zanzibar ae 414
Clunes Estates Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 259
Clyde Tea Estate Co., Ld. mas 679
Coal, Indian, in Cey lon he 504 737
Cocaine in Bengal es 756
Cocoa (See Cacao]
Coconut Butter 263

do Cultivation in Ceylon 60, 202, 526, 533,
546, 620, 621, 623, 750, 751

do do in Fiji 698
do do in Straits Settlement 743
do inthe West Indies ih 240
do Oil ».. -242°°310
do Palm, Origin and Distribution of 476
do do with 27 Heads 485
do Plants, Vitality of 76, 154, 278, 279
do Products, Distribution of ; 8, 36
do ‘Tree, Lesser Products of the ., 744
Coconuts 2, 15, 67, 142, 186, 250
do Consumption of see 621
do in South America 664
do in Zanzibar a A
do Manuring of wes 620
do Prices for se. 534; 618
Cocos Islands 733
Coftiee

Lee ae 120, 142, 185, 230, 242
do and Tea in the United States

194

‘do Cigarettes 602
do Consumption Of Fk 194
do Cost of Production of 85, 86

do Cultivation 135, 249, 799

do do in British Central Africa 161, 651
do do in Brazil 123, 183, 257, 384, 604,

663
do do in the United States ... ee
do Drinking in Mexico 488
do Enemies of Bae 344
do Exports from Western India Hels Sup.
do in Congo a eo 22405375
do in Costa Rica “LDR? (9.6
do in Java we'd bog B)35) 539
do in Spain it i 275
do im United States ae 544
do Irrigated 83, 84

do Native Notions about

463
do Overproduction of 120, 171, 172, 332
do Production in India ef 297
do do in the World a 586, 825

do Prospects foo wd 40

INDEX.
i PAGE. Paar,
Boa: is .. 85,257 Epiphytic Plants +s 106
Gobes ss ragédy BRA: io 184 iseential Oils, Extraction of 5 674
do Tobacco a 849 do do of Ceylon... ae 473
do Wild, in Central Africa ; 820. Estate Co. of Uva, Lid. °... oe 680
do World’ s Production and Consumption 586,825 Hther and Plants ne pee
Colombo Commercial Co., Ld. eS 702 Eucalyptus 100, 264, 318, 528
@nlonial Cardon for Bane “i 178 Huropean. Planters in Ceylon’ cies 275
Companies, Ceylon Ry .. 111,]12 Experimental Farm, Gangaroowa 765
Womimercial Notes hs _ 34 Exports and Distribution, Ceylon 63, 135, 209, 281,
Congo, Plantingin os 651 355, 429, Sup., 566, 641, 705, 779, 851
Consolidated Estate Co., Ld. a 337
do Tea and Lands Co. “ 703
Coolies eT See Labour Supply] Kr.
do Indian, in Madagascar 394 Fairchild; Mr. David G ... ont 569
Cooly Labour, Mr, Chamberlain on vee 468 Farmer, Practical ae 124
do’ Sanitation é see 420 Fertilizers [See Manures]
Cooper, Cooper & Co... te 466 Fertilizers Ordinance, Cey lon B00 394.
do Cooper & Johnson, Ld. eee 409 Fever, ‘Intermittent, Care for abs 756
Co-operative Credit Societies ws 711 do Malarial ve 772
Copra from Zanzibar... se 408 Fibre, Aloe fe 185, 238, 406, 675
do in Fiji ie 503° @o and Rubber ie 1. 200, 206
Cotton Cultivation 393, 400,783 ao Aramina An ie 603
do in German East Africa ae 748 do Ratfie a 59
Couch Grass os te 120 do Rhea ae [See Rhea]
Cows, Breeding of Cb X coe 366 Hilbres) |... oe : 125
Craighead Tea Zo., Ld. ... aco 754 Fig-growing in Smyrna .,. wo» 154, 207
Crocodiles, Hunting in Ceylon » 164,165 Pigs a en, 216, 217
Cuttings: Simple Method of Striking ... 79 Fiji, Planting i in ie 487, 698, 700
Fish Culture. [See Pisciculture]
Fishing with a Steam Pump ses 16
Dp do in New Guinea ... 165, 166, 167
‘ Florida, Euphorbiaceous Plants in ASG 796
Dairy Farm, Ceylon Government 142, 143, 144 do Fruits in se ey FLT, 94
Date Palm a s- 88, 334 ~My Nuisance, Lake se ot 200
do do Arabian ae p00 186 Fodder Be 234, 249, 577
do do Cultivation ... we 4, 722 Food Grains is CCE 577
Dauracherra Fibre Co., Ld. vee 603 Foot and Mouth Disease. was 417, 649
Deer in New Zealand ... «» 102,109 Forests and Climate 217, 218; 290, 291, 782
Dimbula Valley (Ceylon) Tea Co., Ld, ... 49, 840 do and Circulation of Water at the .
Distomatosis tee 575 Surface of the Soil ... 518, 592
Dolosbage in 1889 and 1901 seat NPG 48 do and Water Supply a 757
Doomoo Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. oo 338 French Duties on Colonial Produce ai 735
Donnybrook Tea Co., Ld. ee 102 Frost, Humus as a Preservative against . 758

Drayton Estates Co., Ld. oe 681 Fruit, Cold Storage of... hs 732
Drug Trade Reports Be ose 536 do Crops 050 340
Drugs, Hast Indian e 31 do Cultivation in Ceylon Son 546

‘Duckwari Ceylon Tea Plantations Co., Ld. 401 do ao an orig oT
Dumont Coffee Co., Ld. 121 do Trees, Dissemination of 81, $2, 83, 191
Dysentery, Cure for sp a. 06, 674 do do to Keep Birds off : 440

a do do Pruning of .., 156, 156, 157, 158

do _do_ Planting of . 9

E. do Tropical, in Natal ae 27

Fruits in Egypt aa ae 87, 88

East India and Ceylon Tea Co., Ld. 192, 500 Fuel, Liquid Bt 692

_ Eastern Produce and Estates Co., Ld. fei 809 Fungal Diseases in Coy lon 971, 789

_Economic Gardens for Indian Tea Districts . 85
Ederapolla Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 600 838 Se
Egg, Preservation of aon see ate G.

; Teese Wie Youre Hence" a 767 Galaha Tea Estate Co., Ltd. ils 837
Mila Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. . 818 Gamboge os 120
Electric Light and Plants a 662 Game Fowl Show + or 667
Elephant, ONERiGan Bie 175 do in the Straits’ a0. BD ae 697

do Catching in Madras Aa) 348 do Preservation in Ceylon + %64, 773
do Tusks, Indian, Measurements of 406 do do in India veo 468
Hlephants ise as _ 85 Gangawatte Estates Co., Ltd, ape 610
do in Abyssinia ... re 980 Gardening, Market ise «. 360, 432
ae Son TERE GAR woctel aly: 617 Sem Mining Hy Suna 06 ”
leaenOucemalana ... 102, 109 emming in Ceylon 50 ie
naceaee India and Ceylon Tea Co., Ld. 492 General Ceylon Tea Estates Co,, Ltd. ... 806, 808
Fimpire Tea Co., Ld... ie 753 German Colonial Enterprise bt 535
Entomology, Introduction to tet 144 Gilbert, Sir Henry on vee 45, 077

INDEX.
Page. Pace.
Giraffe-like Animal, ae New poe re indian bber wept hs Hie 160, 161, 604, 776
Glasgow Estate Co., Ltd, ee in Brazi --- | 90, 109
Gold Coast Botanic Gardens : 349 do do — in Burma 42, 556, 605
Goomera Tea Estates Co., Ltd. ee oo do do in Ceylon 13, 15, 554, 616,
Graftin 7 626, 751
Graphite! Ds [See Plambago] uP ae in Costa Rica es
Grass veh ee 2 ) O in India 407
do Seed, A Gigantic ... Nee 804 do do in Mexico 198, 453, 683, 849
Great Western Tea Co. of Ceylon 52 do do n Natal sas 462, 171
Green Bug [See Tea, Enemies] do de in Soconusco : 110
Grenada, Cocoa and Nutmegs i in Bs oud a Be in Vers Cruz Po 802
Grevilleas on oe 7 ) ) in West Africa .. 732
Groundauts a0 [See Peanuts] do do do Indies .,., 565
do in Africa .. se Sat up Tee euction ef,in Ceylon ... 384
Guava .. 000 54 8 (a) icus Elastica se 2,4
Guiana, British we e. 417, 491 do * Hevea Sa es 797
Guttapercha aa [See Indiarubbers] do do _ Braziliensis aca 3
do Imports oo pap 395
ae in Africa aon ses 651
H, Co) in Assam 550 669
do in Bolivia .. 128, 8, 267, 390, 744
_ Hapugahalande Tea Co., Ld. ape do in Burmah 278, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307,
Haputale Planters’ Association 606 312, 313
Hare in Ceylon vee Bol do iniConsoniee. ey a 2, BB
Hawaii, Planting in a aap Ab in Dutch India 369
lopelti are
Hemp, Sisal + BA; 202, 988, 505 $2 in Lagos. "30
ge cs 0) 3 Any Cubes i = ran do inNatal <, v.13], 484
, Ro 60 ° ee 7
Heiden Bot w ae 536, 588, 548, 738, 825 ae ™ pa es ere ae
Hewaheta Planters’ Association 608 aa in Perak, rae rs 3, 37
High Forests Estates Co., Ld. ale 609 as ay eon :¥ bes "8
pichiand Tea Company of Ceylon, Ld. nae do in the West Indies ae 677
one eve 9
Hieney Tea Estates Co., Ld. _ 494 a ote ee te ze
Horrekelly Estate Co., Ld. 290 oie do Market and Pospects 614
Horse-owners, Hints to do New Process for the Recovery of 670
Horses, Breeding of ane Als Para , 321
House Fly, Entomology of -- 786, ae do do for Ratnapura 240
Humaus and Frost aa ae 56 do do in Straits Settlements... 524
Hunasgeriya Tea Co., vee do Perishing of . ies 30
seen do Planting in Ceylon se 13
I do é do Companies wes 31
do aw os «» 108, 128
Imperial Ceylon Tea Estates, Ld. re 842 do Supply 493, 551
Import Duties, India and French 126, 132 do Tapping pie: 4
India and Ceylon as Tea Growers and Ae eens Production of ape Pe
Tea Rivals 692 ) leld o ore
de British, Trade of | ie 848 do Yielding Plants wae 775
do Patents ota ieee eval Indigo Re sa 91
do Planting in 360 562 Industries, Minor ay 399
ale do Industry in 770 Insect Pests and Insecticides rae Le PRE
do Tobacco in (See Tebacco) Insects, Luminous Traps for 3 849
‘‘ Indian and Hastern Engineer a ses 507 Insecticides ae aes 715
do Cryptogamic Botanist 613
do Estates, one ba Bas 621
do FibreCo., Ltd... ee oF J.
ag Products in 4. : ae
2 Tea Association [See Tea Assocn., Indian] Jamaica, Sir E. Noel Walker on 739
Indisrabber 2, 60, 142, 178, 194, 231, 824, 611, 757 Japan, Fruit Culture in ... to 325
do and Electrical Trades Journal 61] Java, Planting in we 387, 505
do and Gutta-Percha 114, 119, 669,677 Johore, Planting in a. haste 171
Ab and United States Government 669 ‘‘ Journal D’Agriculture Tropicale aut 263
do Balata GG 603
do Castilloa coe ©6084, 292, 223, 224, 342, K
449, 450, 451 f
do Caoutchouc 21, 22, 23,133 Kainit ... on 700
do Ceara Ae 200 668 Kajong Coffee and Rubber Co., Ld. ae 733
do Ceylon 60 see 561 Kalkudah Coconut Estate Co., Ld. 495
do Ae Prices for 0b 751 Kalutara Company, Ld. ate 609
do Coagulation of so 4 do (Ceylon) Planting i in act 552
do Crude ou wus 696 Kayan evan Hills Produce Co., Ld... 260

INDEX.

i PAGE.
Kanapediwatte Tea Company, Ld, ate 633
Kandapola Tea Company, Ld. don 840
Kandyan Hills Co., Ld. ase 805
Kashgar, Trade of India with ade 523
Kearley and Tonge, Ltd. . oO 395
Kelani Tea Gardens Co., Lid. Mee 690

do Valley Tea Association, Ld. an 838
Kew Gardens ses 386
Kintyre Tea Hstates Co,, ‘La. wed 401
Kirklees Hstate Co., Ld. . Bee 679
“*Kiul’’ Land soe 571
Knavesmire Estates Co., Ld. wee 626
Koch, Professor, on Malaria 268, 269, 270, 271
Kola 605 208
Korale Tea Estates, Ld. oe 401

L.
Labour in Assam and Ceylon vo 267
Ladybirds ne 268
Lanka Plantation Co., Ld. ae 424
Leaf Crops fan 340
Leather Trade in Ceylon... Boe 538
Lemon Grass Oil coe 59
Leopold, King, as Rubber Merchant Nee 329
Lightning and its Effects ave 372
Lime KoA on 88

do Effect of bod G06 605

do for Fowls oa 297
Limestones’ of Ceylon, Crystalline S60 759
Limewater for Egg Preservation de 290
Lindula Tea Co., Ld. ... Nee 807
Lion, Adventure witha ... tee 26
Lion Hunting in Zululand POO; e280
Lippens, M., of Congo, and Tropical Products 470
Lipton, Td ve 396
Liverpool Marine Biology Committee... 534
Lobelias ... set Olno20
Lockyer on Sunspots and Climate es. 107, 108

M.
Machinery, American vs. English Ane 733
Madras Experimental Cultivation in... 396

do Wild Animals in co 825
Maha Uva Estate Co., Ld. rs 607
Maize Husker see aor 395
Malaria *» 268, 269, 270, 271, 392
Malarial Fever nee Bob 772

do Insect, Another we 551
Malay States Coffee Co., Ld. 900 53

do do Forestry in 393

do do Planting in 273, 274, 348, 409
Maldives and Laccadives ve 478, 540
Mango... dod 2, 28, 70, 226, 495

do Cuttings, Preservation of es 784

do Grafts of vee ails 320
Mangoes in Florida 060 e 717, 796
Manila and its Trade, &c. aes 383
Manure, a New : 855

do Basic Superphosphate 31, 73, 74, 5, 76, 116,
123, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 202, 605, 820

do Conserving of ... ha 363, 436
do for lobacco oes ong 178
do Guano 360 508 60
do Nitrogen ado aoe 54
‘Manures, Chemical ie , 723
do for Tea ’ [See Tea]
Margosa 748, 752, 768, 833, 834
Ui aeaile Estate, Ceylon 521
Market Gardening is AAC “860, 432

Pag.
Market Rates for Old and New Products 64, 136,
210, 282, 356, 430, 504, 568, 642, 706, 780, 852

Ot Mashseer ” in Northern India as ii
Matale (Ceylon) Planters’ Association ... 559
Mate Leaves ee au 329
Maturata Tea Co., Ld. ... dos 404
Mazawattee Tea Co., Ld. - 339, 768
Medical Investigations in India 91
Mexico, Coffee in 56 [See Coffee]
Mica 3te Sate cee 129, 499
do in Zululand 524
Midland (Ceylon) Tea Plantation Co., 52
Midlands Ramie Beaming: Co., Ld. HBS 123
Milk, Condensed 56 709
do Composition of .., oe 853
do Mems about oot oot 574
Milking co v. 68, 141
Minerals in India : see 456
Minor Products Reports .. see «» 623, 733
Moon, Mountains of the .. 332
Mosquito and Malaria 314, 315 546, 695, 611, 748, 812
do Destruction of the .. 387, 489
do Nets ees .» 819, 342
Mosquitos eee 100, 264, 266
do AS Book onions. +a 177
do and Colour. 668
‘«Muir’’ Shareholders, Circular to 271, 272, 278
Mulching an ee 787
Museum, Colombo eae jel 464
Mushrooms iat 437
Mycologist, Ceylon, Report of e- 771, 789
N.
Nahalma Tea Estate Co., Ld. ».. 338, 806
Nahavilla Estates Co., La. uns 702
Natal, ‘‘ Ceylon Men 3 Wanted for be 602 °
National Animals eee 689
mere Study” 132, 137, 234, 644, 713
eem Tree is S
Neboda Tea Co., Ld. ats a te Series
Negri Sembilan’ eis 126
Negro Nileland and Uganda Ay 239
New Guinea, British ahh boc 475
do do» Plantiug in Hess 625
Nigeria and its Trade. pe ats 183
Nilgiri Game Association see 630
Nilgiris and Burliyar Gardens WE 246
do Botanic Gardens ane 266
North-Central Province, Ceylon 409
Nuwara Eliya District Planters’ Association 629
do do Tea Estates Co., Ld. aoe 810
Nyassaland Coffee Co., Ld. 200 261
do Planter Wanted for i 677

do Planting in ...

ode 114
do: Railway for .., 466, 598, 740

QO.

Odontoglossum Crispum ww. 169, 178
Oil Palms in Africa ac ey 651
Okapi_... tne 202
Oils, Essential [See Essential Oils, ]
Olive Oil, Californian ee 671
Onions, Properties of ... te 439
Ophir and Tarshish ae aan 740
Opium, A ‘* Corner’? in .., ee 198
Orange... te ... 268, 802

do Cultivation ‘ite 167, 168, 586, 771

do do in Jamaica 659

do Curing and Packing 298, 299, 300

INDEX.

PAGE.

Orange Growers, Hints for 490
do River € olony and Land Settlement 624
Oranges, Budding Ae Ms 698
do in Florida fae) ML noe
do Jamaica 185, 448
Orchids .. 360 odo AO 174
Ouvah Coffee Co., Ld. ... as 49
Oyster-shell Cultivation 414

P.

Pallegama Grant Association of Ceylon, Ld. 633
Palmerston Tea Co. of Cey lon, Ld. 5d0 678
Palu Wood pod 750
Panawal Tea Co., Ld. ... Ra sot
Papaw... AND 10
Paper Mulberry in Ji wpan - 766
Para Rubber [See India Rubber]
Parasitic Plants : 104
Paris Exhibition, Ceylon Section ANS 846
Partrige, Grey 549, 552
Passion Fruit ... 655, 669
Patents i 46, 552, 565, 626
Patiyagama Cinchona Company se 121
Peanuts we .. 788, 856
Pearl, A Large Block of ... on 692
do Famine in London abd 694
do Fishing Experiments ae 835
do do in the Pacific 420
do Oyster Inspection ... 181, 182, 243, 244, 319
do Oysters ae 330, 614
do do inCeylon ... 557, 683

do Shells and Oysters off Western Australia Be

do Trade in Australia BA 694
Pearling Industry in North Australia... 758
do in Torres Straits ... 482, 596

do Regulations in South Australia... 406
Pearls... eat «» 313, 344
do and Pearl Shells ... 36
do do do Fisheries 247, 273, 618, 634, 672,
763, 765

do inthe Philippines ., 265, 328
do Origin of irs 741, 835
do Venezuelan ai bom 265
Peaty Soil, Culture in ... ae 696
Penang, Planting INK ob 597
Penrhos Estates Company, Ld. be 317
Pepper, Black eis 165
do Exports from Western India... Sups
do Growing at a Hee Hlevation ... 13
do in India S60 322
do in Wynaad 5 776
Peradeniya Botanic Gardens [See Botanic Gardens]
Perak, Planting in ae 328
Persia, Minerals and Oil in bo 766
Peruvian Rubber pada: Ld. ado \ 414
Pests and Diseases bes 820
Philippine Islands a5. alte CBZ)
Phosphate Company, Pacific 706 843
Phosphates i) ee 265
do in Tea Soil ... : 764
Pick-me-uping, Promiscuous ie 540
Pineapple Cultivation 224, 295, 226
Pineapples anes 28, ith 80, 717. 724
Pines, Cultivation of .., 861
Pisce iculture 560 46, 61
Pitakande Tea Co., Ld. ... an 606
Plant Diseases bd 740
do Industry, Bureau of 200 804
do Inoculation a os 394
do Life .. 289, 363, 438, 576, 861

PAGE.

Plantain Cultivation in Costa Rica py 333
do do in Zanzibar LS, 498

do Disease in Alexandria is 655

do Flour Bg eae 80

do Manuring ots oe 1v2
Plantains 27, 84, 213, 258, 264, 560
do MRipened by Gas ae 82

do under Irrigation «. 510, 589
Planters and New Products Pe, 133
do Associations oa ade 38
Planting Days of Old in Ceylon 323

do Industries in Zanzibar 7, 229, 230, 231, 282

do in Nyassaland ... a 114

do in Perak : 328
do Manuals and other Publications 102

do Products in the Straits oe 1
Plants and Electric Light ae 662
do and Ether oid +c 662
do Disease in oe 199
do Pofting of wen 288
do Sweet-smelling ay 527
Plumbago “6 Ae 186
do Ceylon vs. Bavarian na 100

do Exporters of Ceylon > 678

do in Travancore we 416

do Market ... 678, 677

do Mining in Cey ‘lon an 825

‘« Podhitree *’ NS 7 811
Poetry a. ne 561
Poisons in India and Ceylon oa 526
Poisonous English Plants “0 599
Poonagalla Valley Ceylon Co,, Ld. Ae 839
Poor, Diet for the ee 358
Portmore Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. “= Tat
Poultry Culture in France 827
do Notes 6 18395 140; 141, 433, 646
do Parasites of 215, 216, 286, a 288, 361
Precious Stones 809
Prickly Pear, Destruction of oe 472
do do Eradication of x 750

Price Current, Colombo 63, 135, 209, 281, 355, 429,

502, 567, 641, 705, 778, 850
Produce and Planting Notes Me 320
Products, Minor [See Minor Product Report. |
Pruning 9, 301, 302, 308, 377

Pundaluoya Tea Co. of Cey lon, Ld. 50, 51, 755
Q.

Queensland as a Date Country An) 4,7

do Lord Lamington on oe 813

do Plants for India aad 241

do Sub-tropical Culture in nee 185

do, Temperature of ta vi

do Trees os oe 368

Quinine be wu. 177, 315

do Java an ac 376
R.

Ragalla Tea Estates, Ld. on 841

Rainfall in Ceylon .

do ‘and Good Cultivation Sx 844

do in Queensland .. ae 7

do Study of 895

do Returns 62, 65, 134, 138, 208, 980, 284, 358,

428, 437, 503, 566, 571, 640, 644, 704, 709,

778, 783, 850, 854

Raisin Industry of California 594

Ramie .. ne s [See Rhee)
do Fibre Spinning Syndicate, Ld. ... 779

INDEX.

PAGE,
neala (Ceylon) Planting in es 552
eee eee of Ceylon Ld. oe 842
Ratwatta Cocoa Co., é ole 317
Rayigam Co., Ld. . = 634
Rhea Cultivation in China and India... 800
do Fibre Extractor ee 440
Rhodesia __ doa 455
Rhododendrons i Sig 1638
Rice cs vee -- 186; 208
do Cultivation Se ae Oos 440
do do in America aS 536
do in Australia 900 ae 503
do. in Burma ean 536
do Lands as Investment a0 163
do Meal, Analysis of een 649
Riddle, Mr. M. oc - 263, 164
Roeberry Tea Co., Ld. .. G 690
Rose as a National Badge deg 564
Roselle Jelly sis ie 621
Ross, Major 6o6 315
Rothamsted Exper iments a 804.
Ruanwella Tea Co, Ld. .. 610
Rubber [See Indiarubber]
Ruby Mines Co., Burmah Se 132
do Dev elopment Go., Ld. 6d 819
Rusha Grass Oil Distillation ats 542
Russian Trade with China oa 396
Ss.
Sal Trees, Growth of —«. se sat
Salt in Agriculture 55
Sambur Hunting i in Ceylon ally 18, 19, 20, 21
San Jose Scale : 56 373
Sapakati Tea Co., Ld. .. ge 604
St. Lucia, Planting es 3 345
School Gardening | 3, 124, 147, 148, 149, 357, 713
Scottish Ceylon Tea Co., Ld. z 842
do Trust & Loan Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 401

Sechium Edule
Seed Beds, How to Prepare

do Cultivation for Oil

do Importation for Central Africa
Seeds Bi of
Selangor, Plantingin ..
Sericulture for Ceylon ..
Seychelles
Shade for Young Trees

Share Lists

[See Chocho]

es

340,

ster G05

62, 134, 208, 280, 354, 498, 503, 566,

575

153
343
115
739
854
385
858

640, 704, 778, 850

Shows, Increasing of the Attraction of
do Town and Village
Shikar and Travel a;
Sierra Leons i
‘Slugs, How to keep off ..,
Snake Fossil Finds stot
Snakebites, Poisonous ..
Snakes’ Skins and Millinery
Soap ate Bb
Sodium Arsenite aya
Soil Analysis
do Improvement
do in epeanel ane He
do Map, A. s
Soils, Humus of
do Maintenanee of Fertility i in
Solomon Islands, British
South Africa, Farms i Tay’ §
do Wanarajah Tea Estates, La.
Sport in Days of Old 66
Spring Valley Coffee Co., Ld.
Standard Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld.

161, 162,

400, 491,

oe

291,

734
707
541
484
440)
682
493
194
60
709
643
292
7
639
565
284
762
621
50

23, 24, 25, 26
oa. By 843

808

PAGE,

ie 1
1, 133, 524, 629

Straits, Planting Products in the
Straits Settlements, Flanting in
St. Helier’s Tea Co.,

St. Petersburg Tehibition

ae 43, 44

Steam Motor ‘ Lorries ’’ for Ceylon we 534.
Strobilanthes in Flower .. t Bt 342
Stuhlmann, Dr. od Si 105
Sugar Bo af ARO mos,
do Bounties and British Guiana ae 605
do Cultivation in Fiji ae 825
do do in the Straits Be 813
do Industry in India .. a0 562
do in Hawaii ae 8, 521
do Overproduction of, 618
do Plant, The Largest i in the World . 544
Sugarcane and Soil ate D0 670
Sumatra .. 26 ay 521
Sunflower ‘sy 265, 631, 804
do and Castor Oil a 201
Sun Motor a us 650
Sunspot and Climate we -- 107, 108
do Variation sis 127
Sunnygama (Ceylon) Tea Estate, Co., Ld. 839
Sweet Potatoes, Cultivation of -. 228, 229

ye

Talagaswela Tea Company, Ld.

e» 689, 701
Talaw akele Hstaves Co., Lid.

ee 753

Tea Sas tie 169
do Ravericane of ocn oe 123
do and Colombo ays dca 549
do and Tea Companies... 960 261
do Assam 484

do Association, Indian 123, 180, 181, 201, 418, 617
do Auctions, Private

262, 386

do Averages for 1901... : 821
do Blight ~ | [See Tea, Enemies of]
do Blights and Acetylene Lamp a6 467
do Campaign, American 253
do Cess, Ceylon 55, 190, 206, 522, 673, 687
do do Indian 94, 95, 255, 256, 277, 690, 695
do Ceylon, African Market for ge 105
do do and Indian ... on 18
do do at the Paris Exhibition AOS 422
do do Green ate 741, 742, 882, 833
do do in America «., 349, 404, 751, 834
do do in Australia... 250, 275
do do in Canada bor wa teh aitsaiay
do do in Europe 327, 328, 351, 418, 468,
523, 553, 687

do do in Germany... we) 14, 827
do do in New Zealand oo 672
do do Lecture upon ene 579
do do Reports on ... a Sup.
do dou susilndiante tes . 48
do Cheap Production, Mania for if 104
do Chests (See Tea Boxes]
do Commissioner, a Japanese, for France 250
do Companies British- grown 613, 735
do do Ceylon ... .. 45, 46, 56
do do Indian ... ig 331
do Company Meetings ... he 242
do Compressed . nen 394
do Crop, Ceylon, 1902 .. 603, 616, 836
do do Chinese 844
do do Indian 266, ‘417, 561, 617, 686, 775, 836
do Crops and Manure. an 185, 334
do Cultivation in America ak 117, 331
do do in Brazil se 477
do do in Burma aa 820
do do —_ in Ceylon 1%, 30, 57, 58

260, 262-

INDEX.

PAGE,
Cultivation in India 130, 181, 772
do in Louisiana ae 261
do in Russia mae 522
do in the United States ... 544, 735,
811, 832
Diseases [See Tea, Enemies of]
Distribution bo0 106
Drinking 14
Drying Machines, Liquid Fuel for .. 693
Dust As 394
Duty in America 671
do in Ceylon 474
do in China 844
do in the United ‘Kingdom 313, “485, 543,
547, 560, 601, 613, 334, 635
do Russian 694
Enemies of 181, 238, 388
Enzyme in 465, 476, 486, 514, 584, 653
Estates, Renovation of 826
Exports to America 205
Exploitation in India 405
Extract, A Chinese .. , 809
Fermenting 404, 405, 452, 464, 465, 476,
486, 514, 584, 563
Garden, Size of, for Economical
Management a ... 324, 335
Green 56, 122, 126, 131, 322, 768
do » and Mr. Drummond Deane ... 632
do Bounty on ©... 311
do Bulking at Calcutta 464, 465
do Ceylon vs. Japanese 748
do do in America 90, 554, 671
do Factory for Colombo 466, 467, 477
do for Canada a 701
do Manufacture of 632
do Prospects in Ceylon : 698
do Report by Walker Lambe & Co. 126, 131
do Syndicate, Proposed 208, 204, 258
Growers’ Association in London 182
Grower, Delinquencies of the 499
Imports into America 745
Inspection of 36 325
Inspection in America 745
India 30, 54
Indian «. 90, 263, 310, 321, 472
do atthe Paris Wxhibition 493
do Report . Sup.
Industry 508 ado 199
do and Mr. Kelway Bamber ... 17
in Australia 250, 275, 630, 830
in Canada ee 474
in Chiengmai 552
in Java 332
in Natal 61, 759
in Persia 549
in Siam ay 488
in Sicily 400 605 62
in Tasmania : 521
in United States 205, 254, 618, 670, 831
Japanese 486, 733
Kiosk, Ceylon ; 682
Leaf, Five-pointed ... 464
Machinery Patents... . 57
Market Expansion in India . 612, 746
Do Reviews , 558, Sups.
Do United States ; How to
Capture for Indian and Ceylon Tea 187
“Mate” ai 97, 98
do in S. America 89
Native Notions about 463
Oolong 472,
Output and Overproduction 118, 253, 254

do Plantmmgin ..

PAGE,

Tea Packets, Tradein .., .. 467, 844
do Pests [See Tea, Enemies of |
do Prices of 276
do Pruning ‘ a 407
do Report by Carritt & Co. a 845
do do Geo. White & Co.’s an 746
do do Gow Wilson & Stanton’s ee Sup.
do do Wilson, Smithett & Co.’s .. 725
do Reserve, Scheme 117, 132, 203, 204
do Romance of 35 35 326
do Russian 168, 298, 294, 295
do Sales im Colombo 527, Sup., 742, 821
do do in London 527, Sup.,556
do Seed Oil ee 98, 1b wb eT, 240
do Shares, Ceylon 34 761
do do Indian & Cey lon 125
do Soils of Assam 467, 468
do do Ohemical Composition of 469
do Specimens for Bordeaux 477
do Standard on 622
do do Australian 407
do Statistics 556
do Substitutes for ” 381
do Trade 54, 60, 102, 103, 175, 176, 419, 597
do do American -. 384, 745
do do ° indian 498
do Traders’ Association, Ceylon 629
do Trees, Oldest es 115
do Trust, Ld. 495
do Weighing Machine .. 771
do Yield per Acre in Ceylon 5: 178
Teak, Prices of Ar >: 134
do Trade of Siam s+ 416
Teaput in India 248, 249, 257
Teas, Inferior Yo 414
Gh Tef, » Abyssinian 132
Templestowe Estate Co., ‘Ld. oe 805
Terminalia Chebula a 5 455
Tiger Measurements 490
Timber, Durability of 85
do Sleepers on Indian Railways .. 196

do Supply on the Nilgris, Sources of 117, 126

do ‘Trees 784

do Tropical and their Rings of Growth 219, 220,
221, 665

Tobacco 56 55 185, 250
do British North Borneo 849

do Climate for 5 674

do Cultivation a7, 169, 249, 256, 278, 595,
673, 691

do. do in Ceylon 5c 621

do Growing under Shade 668

do in Central Africa : 826

do in Ceylen 278, 595, 673

do Manure for 5 5 382

do Shade-grown Leaf 56 693
Tobago as 488
Tomatoes ° Ie -- 61, 820
do Manure for .. Sc 373
Tonacombe Estate Co. of Ceylon, Ld. .. 626
Town Draining as Manure 53 572
Trade of Ceylon 55
' Travancore Cardamom Estates Co., Lda. 626
do (Central) Planters’ Association 563

do Forest Wealth of 59 743

do Indiarubber Cultivation in 407
Treacle and Arsenic sis 3c 812
Trees, Age of an no 658
do Dwarf 5 Vi7
Trincomalee and Coaling Ports O30 550
Trinidad, Cattle Breeding in 371

92, 488, 596

INDEX.
PAGE. Paex.
Tropical Agriculturist .. apn 129 =‘ Voandzou”’ HH aah 128
do Greater Britain, ae AM ee 525 Vogan Tea Co. of Ceylon .. oot 681
do Maladies bic 668
Trout Breeding i in Ceylon .. 746, 834 Ww
do in Natal ass «. 194, 502 .
do in New Zealand .., 162, 109, 340, 348 Wagtails ae Rie 520
do in Ootacamund .., ... 526, 689 Walking Sticks Eh Me 8
SS Turkey Raising Bc ids 308 Walawa Estates Co. cis 753
Ss Turtle, 1,500- Year bid a ee! 33 Wanarajah Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. fe 259
= Tyspane Tea Co., be, obo 807 Water Supply and Forests ae 757
4 Wattle, Australian ns es 16
do Bark Pr ab 764
Wy. Webster, Mr. R. V. es ... 258, 688
g: .- 239, 390, 470, 478, 67 Weeds, \:.. tye 153
ete as a Rubber-produciag District ... ; 262 West Indies, Agriculture in coe 561 il
do Fruits of a 319 do do Products New in the 04 LIZ, Vis ll
Union Estates Uo. of Ceylon, Ld, 755, 812 White, Mr. Geo. Bo 849 l|
Upper Maskeliya Estates Co., Ld. ae 608 Wholesale Co- -operative Society ary 526 |)
Uva District Revisited ... 457, 627, 628 Ee ae ae Z. ae . ea
oe .. 672, 678 ine, Overproduction o a
pppaelite Tee Co. Ue. eG Wood, Identification of.. -- 591, 712
World’s Fair in St. Louis sie 736
Vv. Wynaad Tea Co., Ld. .. ee 494
Vanilla wes 60, 142, ° 2 258, 463 —_—_——
de from French Colonies 617 VW i]
do Wild oe 32 i |
Vegetable Products in Mincing Gane... 823 Yataderia Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. CC) 689 |
Vegetables lee 781 Yatiyantota Ceylon Tea Co., Ld. ». 425, 805 |
do Food Value of | nt 49g Yule, Mr. David, on the Tea Industry .. 199 |
do How to Cook and Serve mer O4is ile SURIE INE
“* Vegetaline ”’ me 264 |
Vellikellie Tea Co. of Ceylon, La. ay 810 Z. I
Venezuela Balata 06d ccd 819 ‘* Zaeco’’ Preparations .. an 618 , il
Veterinary Notes ... 195,784 Zanzibar, Planting in . 264, 554 |
do Work in Ceylon 195, np 197, 198 do do Industries 7, 220, 230, 231, 232 i}
Vine Cultivation in Queensland 185 Zebra, Taming of ar be 740 I;
Vinegar ee ye 649 Zululand, Lion Hunting in +. 205, 236 i)

“LITERARY REGISTER” SUPPLEMENT. |
|

(See after the “ Tropical Agriculturist” Volume), |

Cingalese Insane Asylum, Visit to a oe
Geology of Ceylon 5 |
Sinhalese Language : its Origin and Struc |

t at?
RT Ye ve
pees. ea 00 oa fags

rh ni ni

Pik aula Loan i
: sh Site ae : ea "K

_ UH26s,
oh ee DANE
eh ‘pisigoiral Hat dy: val

ne pitas mao Oe pie
rat. ad Ga, ast

are ei! aed ty yy
f e

yi ees eh nae
“anaes hh

a ce Gn) sak
dari iF pide wuld

eyoid
ah al 1 ale
; i
pete Mee

« (4k Shy Wy

Canary, .

any ay ;
hee ch ali bene err

CR
ie
» ies Bee f

win eaane ASS ig wan

Ni ete ace
on eat BK, whi

‘cite oRigt

yar

PAS

My
i

ach Pb ee iene vay

SBS, Ey eg, Jona sie Se

ee ee des
tia Vea Nias Peeks ey

{TRA 2) be a ey,

OR pra t h ;

tito LOF donee) ra

eal

Paes
nee

pea cr 2) nh dx

1 GE ul
bn bat ka ni 1074

ar Rat 8 "
ae ,

‘i ii Hath

9 areran 3

ve api Oy

ae 1 ganlant }

fi, ; es cael seal

e= All Planters of New Products or Pioneers in new lands should not fail
to order this péPiodical as their best instructor.—Every Tea Factory. Coconuts or
Cacao Store ought to have a file of the TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, which contains
a vast amount of information about these products, and a Record of the Tea. and

other Produce Sales.

The Portraits and Biographies of some more OLD COLONISTS AND PLANTING
PIONEERS are likely to appear in the next Volume.

ORDER FOR THE ;

‘TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST”

er er ce ee ee ey

Sirs,
_ Please forward the above publication from the beginning of

Vol. XXII, ist July, 1902.
Please send «also.( levered .A8:.fOP 2 oc) cvciciaciu cute socemes sone: Estate)
Vols. 1, WW, Wl, IV, V, Wi, VIL, VII, 1X, X, Xt, XU, XIN, XIV, XV,
XVI, XVIL XVII, XIX, XX, Se XXL, for 1881-2, 1882-3, 1883-4,
1884-5, 1885-6, 1886-7, 1887-8, 1888-9, 1859-90, 1890-91, 1891-2,
1892-3, 1893-4, 1894-5, 1895-6, 1896-7, 1897-8, 1898-9, 1899-1900,

1900-1901, 2X2 1901-1902.
. I am, Sirs,

Yours faithfully,

Pe er ary

To Messrs. A. M. & J. FERGUSON,
“CEYLON OBSERVER” OFFICE,
~ “COLOMBO, CEYLON,

SUBSCRIBERS TO THE

4 “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST” *

are reminded that with the June Number, already received by them, and the Index and
Title-page now issued, the TWENTY-FIRST VOLUME (1901-1902) is closed.

SUBSCRIPTIONS are due payable in advance for 1902-1903, at the following rates :—

Yearly £1 6.

For Ceylon f Yearly Rs. 12 or Europe, &e. {
Half-yearly 1s.

and India \ MHalf-yearly Rs. 7

N.B.—Subseribers to the Ceylon Observer ov Overland Ceylon Observer Rs. 4 (6s.) LESS per annum.

Single copies, Rs. 1; back copies, Rs. 1h.
Per Bound Valume, Rs. 16; or £1 6s.

Ee Those who have not settled for past subscriptions are requested to d
return of Post, and to send Cheque, Post Office Order, or Bank Draft in eavene ie

A. M. & J. Ferauson, Colombo.

Covers for binding the Twenty-first Volume, July 1901 to June 1902 (86
can be obtained for Rs. 1:60. Cost of binding and ae Rs. 2°50. eure)

WHAT IS THOUGHT OF

THE “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

A gentleman resident in the Central Province, who has as good. opportunities of kndwitig hat ir
of benefit to Planters as anyone we know, sent us the following explicit testimony to thé value of thé “ 7.4." :—
“Since its commencement, I have regularly seen and pérused the 7’rcpical Agréculturist. There 6an be
but one opinion that .its scope and object are highly important, and that it supplicea distinct desiderstum,
which it is to the interest of evéty estate proprietor, to have available in the bungalow for thé tee of his locum
tenens, or superintenden:. As a magazine it provides varied and inétructivé fregh literature at interwals;
deprived, as most in Ceylon are, of éasy access to libraries; and as years go by it will growingly beoonie ‘ The
Ceylon Encyclopmwdia’ with reference to agricultural operations, Viewing estate propérty 8 practitally «
permanent investment to any proprietor, the trifling charge of R12 per annum—g rupee a month—is certainly of
no account, provided the separate numbers are kept and bound togother Yearly as @ book of- reference
for the benefit of the mauager and his suocessors. In that light, as the property of an estate to be hended
‘ver just as much as its office furniture, few propriotors would probably refuse to suthorise its being taken
and filed regularly (if the periodical was broughié under their notice), more edpecially as on looking over the
soost recent volume one cannot fail to see how much valuable information on ‘Tea’ has been collated. In
the belief that ‘Tea’ has restored proeperity to Ceylon, and that plantation property is a good investment
for capitalists, such should not omit the office and connected equipment so advisable on all ‘ pucka’ estates,
& part of which should be the Tropical Agriculturia. I find Lhave gone on writing, but, as Tam getting
the numbers for the past year ready to be bound, the volume is before me.”

Tue VALUE of THE “7.4.” to CeyYLon Estate Ownenrs.—A planting correspondent wrote some time
ago:—‘‘I think proprietors should supply every tea estate with the 7'.A. The information in it with regard to
everything in convection with tea, &¢. is invaluable: it would pay its value over and over again. Owners of
estates should not leave it to hard-up superintendents to take it in.”

A CORRESPONDENT WwRITEs:—‘‘I venture to say the volumes of the Tropical Agriculturist willbe at
a@ premium a few years hence; it is‘a book which is bound to rise in value as time rolls on, and
subscribers will probably, if they so choose, be able to sell at @ handsome profit, besides having had
the benefit of using the information in the meantime.”

From A Propgretok :—‘‘T wonder how many planters know what they lose in not subsoribing to
our wonderfui publication? The cost is absolutely nothing, compared to the convenience of having ip at
orn

Meuna book all that is interesting and necessary in the literature of their calling. Information culled
sources, price lists of all produce sold locally, and home advertisements not seen elsewhere,

@ thousand
and s hundred other things necessary for them to see and to know. The 7.4. is, in fact, s convenient
file of useful information daily arising and permanently preserved.”

8m W. T. THstueron DYER, F.R.S., F.L.S8., C.M.G.. oF Kew Garpens :—“ Sir Joseph Hooker and myself
always look out for the successive numbers of the 7.4. with eagerness, and I keep a4 file in my office
for reference. Itis impossible to speak too highly of the utility of such a publication and of the way
it is managed.”

* §mGeorce Kine, nate or rae CaLcurTa Government Musrum:—“I know your Tropical Agriculturis
well, having carefully secured every number since the beginning, You have succeeded in making it a wonderfully
aseful magazine of information for planters.” >

Surgzon-Masor Biviz, ¥..8., of THE GovERNMENT CENTRAL Museum, Mapras:—I find the Tropical
Agriculturist @ most interesting and usefal publication. It fade a place on ths table of our Public Library

band is much prized.”

*

aa ws

ie o{ MONTHLY. De

XXI. COLOMBO, JULY lst, 1901. No. 1.

PLANTING PRODUCTS IN THE
STRAITS.
(From Annual Report of United P. A. Walay States.)

OFFEE.—In an Interesting Re-
port the Selangor Planters’
Association shows that in the
principal Europeau countries
and the United States of
America, the consumption of
coffee during approximately
the last 10 years has increased

from 1,101,146,000 1b. to 1,495,296,000 lb. and that
the rate of consumption per head of the total
population of the same countries has risen from
2°83 lb. to 3°59 lb. These figures are obtained
from a return supplied to the House of Commons
dated 8rd August, 1900, and may therefore be
regarded as absolutely reliable, It is explained
that accurate returns of production were not obtain.
able, owingto the ignorance of “statistical science ”’
on the part of producers, principally in the Central
and South American States, so that it is to the
London Brokers’ Reports that we have to refer for
statistics regarding the balance of production over
consumption , in other words, for the world’s stocks.
and these we find by latest advices to amount to
1,449,000 bags (a bag being approximately a pikul) as
against 659,000 bags a year ago.

The Director of the San Paulo Agricultural Institute
has complied a valuable report upon the existing
condition of the estates in Brazil and their future
prospects, and, without quoting from it at any
length, it is sufficient to say that most estates are
burdened with heavy mortgages, that they require
much greater attention, especially as regards manur-
ing, than they are receiving, whilst the rise in the
value of the milrei from 8 13-32d. to 11 19-32d. in the last
year (Rucker and Bencraft’s Circular of 21st March)

cannot exercise other than an extremely deterrent
effect upon that industry. The Brazils (Rio and
Santos) produce such an enormous percentage of
the world’s supply, that an even partial collapse
in that country would nndoubtedly result in greatly
improved values. The date of the San Paulo report
is not known, but when it was written the milrei was
64d., and we find it stated that ‘“‘with exchange a
63d, and coffee at $15 in Singapore [7.e. Mexican
dollar value] 3} per cent interest could be paid on
the capital’; again, if the Brazilian planter had to
pay his labourers in gold he would have been ruined
long ago, but he sells his coffee in gold which
he reconverts into milreis, and the consequent
effects of a rise of 3 3-16d. in one year and of 538.32d.,
since that report was written, must be diastrous in
the extreme. There is no denying, however, that
the world’s stock of coffee ‘has increased over 100
per cent. in the last year, and the only conclusion
to be drawn is that mortgagees have foreclosed
and resold to a large extent, and that estates, at
consequently a much lower capital value in other
hands, are still capable of being worked at a profit.
Your Committee have endeavoured to obtain statistics
of coffee exported from Selangor, Negri Sembilan,
and Perak. The following figures have resulted from
their efforts :—

1898. 1899. 1900.

Piculs Piculs Piculs

Selangor ... 22,948 ... 26,407 vst 84/295,
Negri Sembilan 3,163... ay Econ 6,199
Motase) Q611l 1.09 180948 us, . 40/494

We have not been successful in getting any returns
from Perak, but from this State and other sources it
is probable that the total production, in 1909, amounted
to at least 50,000 pikuls, or say, roughly, 3,000 tons.
That we have not been idle in endeavouring to get
our coffee, straight from the plantations, brought

2 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

prominently before the public will be seen from

reference to the subject elsewhere in this report, but |

it must be admitted that we are far from being
satisfied with our curing, though year by year no
doubt the quality improves, There is a growing
feeling that possibly a more acceptable coffee may
be produced by sun-drying the cherry, and your
1901-1902 report will undoubtedly supply you with
the result of several systematic experiments which
are now being undertaken,

Russer (Hevea Braziliensis or Para).—This variety
of Rubber continues to come on exceedingly satisfac-
torily, the average growth of trees from nine months
upwards amounting to about 1 foot per mensem,
whilst at three years their average circumference
at 3 feet from the ground is about 16 inches. This
far exceeds anything reported from Ceylon and other
countries where Para is being planted, and we con-
sider that Mr. Curtis’s description, in the 1900 annual
Report on the Botanical Gardens of the Colony, of
the tapping of the 15-year-old Para tree in the
Gardens at Penang, is conclusive evidence of the
contention of the writer ‘that in this cultivation lies
a source of wealth of the greatest importance.” In
two years 124 lb. of dry marketable rubber were
procured “ without any apparent injurious result to
the health of this tree,” and the conditions under
which it is growing are reported as anything but
favourable. It appears, in the opinion of the different
Directors of the Botanical Gardens, that the size of
a tree more than its age indicates its fitness for
tapping, and probably a circumference of 30 inches 3
feet from the ground is the limit at which attempts
to extract the rubber should be commenced. Re-
orts from London show that prices for Para have
of late declined, one reason alleged being the falling-
off in the demand for bicycles, but in Para rubber
we have undoubtedly the most valuable and highest
uality rubber in the world, and your Committee
feel that the large number of trees, amounting now
to several millions, planted in the Federated Malay
States, must, in the not very distant future, prove
a source of revenue which will largely recoup the
planters for the losses which they have sustained
through the decline in value of Liberian coffee.

Ficus Exastica (Gutta Rambong).—The only interes”
ting fact that your Committee have to report over
and above the continued luxuriant growth of this
tree isthe wonderful result obtained by Mr. R. Derry,
of Perak, of 25]b, per tree from two 19-year-old
trees at Kuala Kangsar in one tapping. In your
Annual Report for 1899-1900 it was recorded that
some Ficus Blastica rubber which was sent home
by Mr, Derry was valued at 3/6 per lb. as against 3/10
for the Pararubber sent to London for sale by the
same gentlemen, Assuming, then that the F. Elastica
rabber resulting from the above-mentioned tapping
in any way approximates in value the quotation for
the former shipment, it is clear that, in this variety
also, planters will have a valuable source of revenue.
Mr. Derry’s conclusions on the subject of tapping
Ficus Elastica are that trees may probably be first
worked when from four to five years old, and that
the average yield should amount to 1b. for every
year of the tree’s age, the cost of collection, both
with Paraand Ficus Elastica, being from 30 cents to
35 cents—i.c., 73d. to 9d. per pound.

Coconuts.— During the past year many reports hav®
come to hand of trees planted as seedlings, about 2
feet high, from two years and ten months, to three
years and three months ago, throwing out bunches
of spike and blossom which has set well, and now
form sturdy bunches of young nuts. These coconuts
are the common variety which have hitherto been
supposed only to commence flowering in their fifth
to sixth year, and there can be no doubt that, as
with both kinds of rubber, the growth of our coconut
trees also is quite abnormal. There are thousands of
acres of alluvial land in the Malay Peninsula, cap-
able of being converted into flourishing rnbber and

[JuLy 1, 1901.

coconut properties, and your Committee feel that
when the investing public know and realise this;
agriculture in the Malay Peninsula will receive a
stimulus which will lead to infinitely more extensive
operations than we have had any experience of in
the past.

SuGcAR.—Your Committee hear that great success
has attended the sugar industry in Perak during the
past year, and that enormous extensions are being
contemplated. Unfortunately, however, Perak takes
little interest in our Association, and we are notin
a@ position to supply you with any data.

Insecr Prsts,—The season under review has, on
the whole in Selangor, been free of severe attacks of
insect pests, the bee hawk moth caterpillar has broken
out rather badly on afew estates, but no damage to
speak of has been done, the eggs, caterpillars
chrysalids and moths having been promptly collected
by hand and destroyed. In Negri Sembilan, however
ajbad outbreak is reported, which led, in one instance,
to the cutting out ofall the coffee on a large Chinese
estate, and caused some considerable damage to a
neighbouring property. Various caterpillars and
borers have been found on rubber trees of both
kinds, white ants have continued to do a certain
amount of damage and coconut beetles have had
to be regularly collected , but remedies of all kinds
have been tried, generally with some measure of
success, and the discovery has been made that a
decoction of ‘“‘tuba’’ roots applied to the base of
affected treesis apparently so efficacious that the
white ant known as ‘‘ Termes gestroi’ is completely
kept under by it. Such a simple remedy, involving as
it does only the planting up of an acre or two of this
quick-growing creeper, which is easily procurable
and equally easily propagated by cuttings, is a
most valuable discovery, and there seems no reason
why, by continued and intelligent effort, this the
woret and most destructive pest known to us at pre-
sent should not be completely mastere and eventually
cease to give us any trouble.

ee

MANGOES.

If mangoes are not yet the most extensivel
and abundant fruit in Queensland, they SAOH PIT.
They thrive vigorously from Southport to Cape York.
Almost everyone having a garden goes in for mangoes
but too frequently are regardless of the quality of
the fruit, and hence really good mangoes are rare
Some growers realise this, and take allthe care they
can to plant nothing but the best kinds. Had this
been done from the first, Queensland would now be
celebrated for her mangoes, and prices would be
more satisfactory. As an evidence of the increasing
appreciation of choice fruit by growers, a seedsman
has during the last three years realised 2s. 6d. each
for some fine specimens. I learnt with regret, at
the market, that hundreds of cases had been thrown
away this season for want of purchasers. Another
however, told me he had always been able to sell
good mangoes. It has been recorded that in some
places up North mangoes have been allowed to rot
on the ground, the grower being uneble to sell or
use them. This should not be so, for there are
many purposes for which mangoes may be used
besides as a table fruit. The following information,
in no case original,may prove interesting and useful
to some of your readers :—A very delicious preserve
is made by simply peeling them when unripe but
nearly full-grown; slice, place in a dish, pile on
sugar, and bake in a slowoven. When properly pre-
pared this preserve is unexcelled, and would meet
with a large demand in Hurope and America, as we]
as the Sonthern colonies. The making of mango
jam is well-known to all housewives, its variation in
excellence is doubtless owing to the quality of the
fruit and sugar, also to the amount of care taken in
cooking. The fruit should always be peeled. Tam

Juty 1, 1901.]

informed that young mangoes, about the size of
olives, make pickle superior to walnuts; if this is
so, nothing canbe better. In India full-grown but
unripe fruit are partially cut through, the kernel
removed, the cavity filled with chillies, ginger, and
other condiments, then closed and put into vinegar.
{do not know whether their yellow colour is imparted
by mustard or turmeric. This pickle, which is excel-
lent, is put upin jars of over 71b., and also in kegs.
Mangoes make excellent sauce, equal to, and by
many regarded as superior to, apple sauce, For
making chutney mangoes are unrivalled. It is in
this direction our pickle manufacturers should doa
large trade; all the principsl ingredients are pros
duced in Queensland, and our market is secured to
us by an import duty of 4s. per dozen quarts, 2s.
per dozen pints, and smaller size in the same propor-
tion. After our own wants are supplied there should
be considerable demand for passenger ships. In
vessels of the British India and P. and O. I have
noticed chutney on the table three times a day:
probably this issoin other lines of steamers. Chut-
peys are made in infinite variety, various grades of
hot, sweet, and intermediate. Some of the following
recipes may prove useful :—

1st.—Chillies, 1 to 14 1b. ; unripe mangoes, I lb.; red
tamarinds, 2 1b. ;sugar-candy, 1 lb. ; fresh ginger root
1lb.; garlic, ; to#lb.;sultana raisins, 14 lb. ; fine
salt, 1 lb. ; distilled vinegar, 5 bottles.

2nd.—l1 lb. salt, 11b. mustard seed, 1 lb, stoned
raisins, 1 lb. brown sugar, 7 lb. garlic, 6 oz. cayenne
peper, 41lb. green mangoes, 2 quarts best vinegar—
the mangoes (sliced) and boiled in a quart of the
vinegar, the mustard seed gently dried and bruised,
the sugar made into a syrup with a pint of the vine-
gar, the mangoes, sliced and_ boiled in a quart of
the vinegar, the garlic to be well bruised in a mortar,
When cold gradually mix the whole, and with the
remaining vinegar thoroughly amalgamate them. To
be tied downclose. The longer it is kept the better
it will become.

3rd.—2 lb. of unripe mangoes, peeled and _ boiled
in a pint of vinegar (a strip or two of the skin
may be included if flavour wished; 1 lb. onions, finely
chopped. In another pint of vinegar boil two lb.
sugar (not loaf sugar), 2 oz. ground ginger, and 4
lb. salt: when cold mix thoroughly and aud 2 oz.
yellow mustard seed, $ oz. red pepper, 2 Ib. large
raisins stoned, } 1b. dates, and }1b. sultanas, all cut
small; keep warm for a month,

4th.—3 lb, mangoes, 1 lb. onions, 1 lb, sugar 1 bottle
vinegar, pepper and salt and any spices to taste ;
boil two hours.

5th._Green mangoes, peeled and sliced 4]b,:
tamarinds, 1 lb.; sugar (preserving) 1 lb.; salt 1 1b.
cayenne pepper, 30z.; or chillies (finely cut up) 1 1b.
spices, 2 02; vinegar 3 pints;mix the ingredients
thoroughly, and boil slowly for hours,

6th.—50 mangoes, medium size, peeled and sliced
4 1b, preserved ginger, 41lb. garlic, { 1b. chillies 1 lb
raisins, 3 lb.sugar, 1 quart vinegar. Make a syrup
with the sugar and vinegar, in which the mango
must be boiled; when half jone put in the other
ingredients, mix well, and when thick remove from

_ the fire. Time, oneanda-half to two hours, Bottle
when cold. I havenot tasted any of those recipes,
but some have been tried by friends who report
favourably. Tastes differ considerably in chutneys;
some persons prefer sweet to hot, others the reverse ;
it may, consequently, be found desirable to vary the
proportions of some of tne ingredients.

7th.—12 lb. peeled mangoes, I% lb, fine salt, 4 lb.
garlic, 3 lb, raisins, 2 lb. chillies, 3 lb. white sugar;
2 lb. green sugar,7 bottle vinegar. The mangoes
should be turning yellow, but not soft; remove the
stone. These quantities are weighed when everything
is peeled, and allput through a sausage machine.
Boil till a nice brown for about four hours.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 3

8th.—5 Ib. green mangoes (weigh with stones in)
2b, raisins, 41b. mustard seed, 4 oz. red chillies, 1
oz. garlic or onion,2 1b. dates, 4 lb. green ginger, 14
lb. sugar, 2 oz. salt, 3 pints vinegar. Peel the mangoes
Slice half finely, put the rest through the mincer ;
chop half raisins and dates, put the rest through the
mincer; ginger, garlic and chillies well pounded
with a little vineger. Boil all for an hour and bottle
while hot.

9th.—Peel4 Ib. green mangoes, remove the stones
and cut them into quarters lengthwise, boil them
slightly in abottle of vinegar, and put aside in a
jar till cold. Take another bottle of vinegar, to
which add 2 1b. sugar and boil till it becomes a thin
syrup, put aside till cold. Take 1 oz.salt, 21b. picked
and driedyraisins, 1 oz. yellow mustard seed,1 oz,
garlic, 20z.dried chillies,I lb. green ginger sliced.
Pound the garlic, chillies, and ginger finely in a
mortar; mix all the ingredients together, bottle and
expose to the sunfor three or four days or place in
acool oven.—(Queensland Agricultural Journal.

SO

RUBBER IN PERAK.

We take the following extracts from the report
just issued by Mr, R, Derry, Superintendent of
Government Plantations, Perak ;—

Para rubber (Heavea braziliensis)—The result of a
parcel of this rubber sent to London for sale was
received early in the year, all the best quality
rubber, 827 lb., sold at the rate of 3s. 10d. per
lb., and the scrap, 33 lb., at 2s. 6d. The nett
proceeds amounted to £61 1s, 6d., or $617-18. I believe
this to have been the largest parcel of para rubber
sent home from the Hast. It realised 6d. per Ib.
more than that sent home in 1898, and was re-
ported on as “para character.”

The tapping commenced in March, 1899, and was
carried on till July. It was intended to tap a few
trees, those which ran most freely, with a view of
obtaining the maximum amount of latex without
injury, and to obtain about 4—5 lb. from
other trees. This much could have been done, but
owing to the exceptionally heavy rains which fre-
quently interrupted the work, and in order that the
seed crop should not be damaged, tapping was stopped
and with several trees long before completed.

The average age of trees tapped is 14 years, taking
the yield at 4 1b. per tree, and estimating the trees at
at 100 to the acre, this would give a gross return of
£73 6s. 8d. at present prices, or at half the price,
£36 13s. 4d., and what other tropical product gives the
same return P If the trees were only half this age, say
6-7 years, there would not be much difference in the
gross result, as then there would be double the number
of trees to the acre.

Hevea BRAzILIENSIS IN PERak,

At Kuala Kangsar there are two well-marked varieties
of Hevea—(I) the typical tree with large leaves
attaining 13 inches long and 5 inches wide and
generally branching low down; 2) smaller leaves,
tall trunk and smaller rather pointed seeds, an in-
ferior variety, The largest tree at Kuala Kangsar
is 18 years old and has a girth of 8 feet 6 inches at 3
feet from the ground, this is larger than any observed
by Cross in Brazil. Some trees planted by myself
3 years ago have now a girtk of 1 foot 3% inches
at 3 feet from the ground. Hevea trees have a
short resting season, shedding their leaves about
the end of February, their new growth commencing
with flowers followed by leaves. It is not uncommon,
however, to see trees in September, half or many
branches dormant, and without a leaf, while other
parts are covered with verdant foliage. The seeds
from March flowers commence ripening in August
those from September flowers in February, the
heavier crop being in August. Here Hevea trees
are planted on dry erouna and also low swampy

4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

ground. I have not observed any difference in yield
of latex, but = would not recommend land which
is liable to heavy floods.

Tapping.—\ consider the latex flows most freely
when the new leaves appear, which with most
Hevea trees is about March, and the advantage
of tapping about that time is not so much a
question of actual yield as it is of the amount of
bark removed in the operation. which would be
less at the best season. There would also be
another season commencing in September with those
trees then flowering, As with all trees, the ratio
of growth is variable at different periods, but taking
the girth of Hevea trees here, a 3-year-old tree
at 3 feet from the ground being 18-15 inches, and
an 18 year old tree 100 inches, the annual increment
would average nearly 6 inches in circumference, and
I am sanguine that Hevea trees can be tapped in
Malaya when 6 years old, if not earlier when I
estimate the girth at 24-30 inches on good free
soil, Tapping should be commenced at the base
of the tree, working unwards to 6 or 8 feet if
necessary, and f a tree be operated on in a workman-
like manner three annual tappings could be executed
before going over old incisions.

CoAGULATION.

Samples of rubber prepared at Kuala Kangsar
have been reported on as equal to good para
(Brazilian) and would fetch best para prices. I
have always found the latex to coagulate readily
with only the addition of a pinch of alum, and
by placing immediately in smoke both putrefaction
and mould are avoided. If the rubber is sound
the market value depends on the state of dryness
in which it is received. What has been prepared
at Kuala Kangsar has been kept smoked until
shipped. A parcel sent to London 38; years ago
was reported to have lost 263 per cent. in washing
and the manufacturers thought that if sent home
in bulk the loss would reach 30 per cent. This,
however, is a question for the planter himself.
Smoke has a chemical action in the coagulation of
latex from Hevea as well as saving decomposition,
and assists in gradually drying. To be as dry as
possible depends on the time the rubber nas been
kept smoked, and I am of opinion that dry market-
able rubber could not be prepared under two months,
Whether centrifugalisation will prove a practical
method with Hevea is still in its infancy,
understand that the globules of caoutchouc in the
latex of Hevea do not separate readily, as is the
case with some other latices, and owing to its
chemical combination the latex of Hevea will be
probably best prepared by the natural method.

RAMBONG.

India rubber (Ficus elastica)—A sample of 52
lbs, was sent to London, with the para parcel,
for sale and opinion. Jt was reported on as
“good clean Java character” aud valued at 3s. 6d.
per lb., but sold for 3s. 10d.

The largest tree at Kuala Kangsar is about 90 feet
high, measures 88 feet and 3 feet from the grouid,
measuring round all the aerial roots, the branches
extend to 36 paces, and the largest leaves are 13!
x 7", its age 19 years. The growth of this tree
has been remarkable during the last three years, from
he time its aerial roots reached the ground.

Hicus elastica is an indigenous tree, found in Upper
Perak. It is naturally an epiphyte, andits growth
would be no doubt assisted if planted at the bases
of felled trees. Its growth is slow at first but
rapid when well established. Considering the enor-
mous dimensions this tree attains, 10 to the acre
would be close enough planting and as perhaps 8
years would have to elapse before the tree could be
profitably tapped the intervening spaces could be
utilized by some other crop, even Hevea, which
would be beneficial to the growth of the Mvcus.

[Juty 1, 1901.

YIELD.

I have not any information as to the age when
Ficus elastica could be profitably tapped. At Kuala
Kangsar there are two trees 12 years old, and
two 19 yearsold; from the latter 25 lb. of rubber
has been obtained from each tree, and the tapping
was far short of being exhaustive. The result of
the other trees has not yet been ascertained, but
I expect good results.

Getah Singret (Wulloughbeia firma). A small
sample was sent to London with the Para parcel,
and reported on as ‘‘good strong Borneo character, ”
valued and sold at 2s 6d. per lb. This is the best
of the indigenous creepers, but I doubt very much
if it ordinarily reaches the European market in a
PuED state, being usually used to adulterate getah
percha.

Getah Taban Sutra (Dichopsis) gutta var. There
is one example of this tree in the Kuala Kangsar
garden which is said to be 17 years old, and
fruited for the first time in November, 1900. A
few herbarium specimens were obtained, all the
other fruits being carried off by squirrels before
being ripe. The height of this tree is 25 feet, and
girth 2 feet at 3 feet from the ground; a jungle
tree growing under heavy canopy would of course be
much higher, with less branching habit and smaller
girth.

Central America Rubber (Castilloa elastica).—
About 150 seedlings of Castilloa from Ceylon seeds
have been raised. It appears doubtful, however,
whether the Ceylon trees are Castilloa elastica
(true) or only an inferior variety, Castilloa Markhami-
ana, the results of the Ceylon trees being far below
South American returns.

Getah Percha (Dichopsis polyantha).—A variety of
getah percha which grows from near the foot of
Larut hill to 3,000 feet. A mountain form may
prove valuable for planting on high land. None,
however, was observed in fruit, and it presumed
that with this tree, as with many indigenous trees,
fruiting season only occurs once every few years.
Seedlings are abundant but the smallest seem two
years old.

SO

THE DATE PALM FOR QUEENSLAND.*
By T. Morris MAcKNIGHT, F.L.S.
{Read at a meeting of the Natural History Society
of Queensland, on 1st November, 1894]

WHY NOT FOR NORTHERN CEYLON?

The date palm is an example of extraordinary
fruitfulness. Next to the coconut it is unquestion-
ably the most interesting and useful of the palm
tribe: Without it the desert would be uninhabitable,
Do we not understand, then, the gratefulness of
the Arab towards a tree which can derive its
nourishment from the scorching sand, and scarcely
less burning airs of beaven, and the brackish waters
beneath the soil, which are fatal to all other kinds
of vegetation; which retains its verdure fresh in
the glare of a pitiless sum; which provides him
with beams and coverings for his tent; cordage
for the harness of his horses and mules; fruit to
satisfy his hunger? What the vine is to the Italian,
the coconut-tree to the Polynesian, the date palm
is to the Arab. And more—far more. This single
tree has peopled the desert. Without it the tribes
of the Sahara would cease to be. The wealth of
an casis is computed by the number ofits date trees.

* The author prefaced his paper with the state-
ment that he made no pretence of having an
expert knowledge of his subject. He had collected
information from all the sources which were avail-
able to him, and had given the matter his con-
sideration for some time past. The results of this
compilation he submitted as a guide to those in
search of summary information on the subject.

:
f

JULY 1, 1901.]

HABITAT.

The habitat of the date is North Africa, Arabia,
Persia, Egypt, Nubia, Syria, and it does not go
further east than the mouth of the Indus. It 1s
indigenous in the Canary Isles ; wanting in the south
of Senegal, and it no longer appears in the Oasis
of Darfur, between tne 13th degree and 15th degree
of latitude. The zone in which it grows well in
general is that between 35 degrees aud 19 degrees
north. According to Link (Die Urwelt., L, p. 347),
it flowers freely in the south of Europe, as in Sicily,
the Morea, and the south of Spain; and also bears
fruit there, though this is not sweet. In Sicily it
still grows at 1,700 feet—namely, at Aderno and
Trecastagne on Etna, but it probably does not bear
fruit on this island (Philippi on Vegetation of Hina,
‘Linnea,’ vol. 7, p. 781). It needs 5,100 degrees
Fahr, of heat accumulated during eight months for
the date to ripen its fruit perfectly. If the sum
of the heat be less, the fruits set but do not
grow to their full dimensions; they also remain
bitter to the taste, and lack much of the sugar
and albumen, to which they owe their nutritive
properties. ‘Che requisite conditions are realised
in the Sahara. The mean temperature of the year
there averages from 68 degrees to 76 degrees,
according to the locality. The heat commences in
April, and does not cease till October. Keith
Johnston’s ‘Physical Atlas’ gives the temperature
in summer and winter as—July, 81 degrees to 86
degrees; January, 52 degrees to 61 degrees; mean
temperature (annual), 68 degrees to 76 degrees.
Biskra, the celebrated date-growing district in North
Africa, is in latitude 34 degrees 51 minutes, altitude
410 feet: it faces towards the hot tropical south,
and is protected by mountains on the north side.
It has an annual mean temperature of 68°5 degrees
(January 50:2 degrees, July 898 degrees). The
thermometer seldom sinks in the cold season more
than 2 degrees below freezing point, and the date
can endure 6 degrees of frost.

The neighbourhood of the sea is unfavourable to
the production of good dates. The general altitude
of the central districts of North Afric:, where it
thrives, is 600 feet to 2,000 feet; the date palm also
grews in some Egyptian oases from sea-level to
600 feet. The lower portions of the Rivers Huphrates
and Tigris in Turkey are from sea-level to 6uU0 feet.

The amount of annual rainfall requisite for the
best dates is from 5 inches to 10 inches ; for those
of inferior qualities, from 10 inches to 25 inches.
Mr. A.S. White, secretary the Royal Geographical
Society of Scotiand, gives, in his work, the ‘ Deve-
lopment of Africa,’ 1890, a map of the rainfalls in
North Africa, Arabia, and Persia, which may be
profitably referred to in this connection. Although
the date requires a hot, dry climate, yet its roots
must have access to moisture. And though it is
essentially a tree belonging to desert regions, yet
it is confined to the oases in these deserts where
water is found. It flourishes in rainless countries,
but only where there is moisture in the soil, either
naturally or produced by irrigation,

IRRIGATION AND OASES.

The 'Oases of the ‘Tableland, writes Charles
Martins, in his ‘Du Spitzberg au Sahara,’ ‘are
euch watered by a stream or copious spring, and
are but a short distance from the Mediterranean
region. The oases of El Kantara is the first (Mangin)
we met on leaving the Mediterranean regiun to
penetrate to the Sahara through a ravine called
the ‘Mouth of the Desert.’ It is 1,800 feet above
sea-level, and its temperature just suffices to enable
the dates to ripen. The oases of the Valleys of
Erosion are watered by natural or artesian wells.
An example is Ouargla, situated in a profound
hollow. Whe palms are planted atthe rate of 1,000
to 1,100 a hectare (2; acres). Outside the gardens
grow some wild date palms, which yield a smaller
crop, but whose fruit is much more savoury. ‘The

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 5

oases of the Sandy Desert need water. The trees
are bere planted in conical cavities hollowed by
the hand of mango, that their roots may strike down
to the subterranean reservoir which is to nourish
them. These cavities are 18 feet, 25 feet, or 30 feet
deep. The slopes around these hollow gardens are
stayed indifferently well by a matting of palm-leaves,
The wells are in the centre, and not deeper than
25 feet. These oases have a very precarious existence,
as a gust of wind may bury them under an
avalanche of sand. LHvery oasis is composed, in
the main, of palms which seem to form a coutinuous
forest; but in reality they are planted in rows and
in gardens separatea from one another by walls of
earth, which wre pierced with an aperiure to admit
of the entrance of the irrigating rill into the enclosed
square. The soil employed in the construction of
the walls is removed from the paths, which are
consequently below the surface, and can be employed
for a double purpose: they facilitate circulation in
the oasis, and th» waters, after baving refreshed
the gardens, discharge themselves into these hollow
ways.
SoTL”

Meyen, in his ‘Geography of Plants,’ page 2s
states that a sandy soil suits the date best; and
Sonunini, in his ‘‘Vravels in Egypt,’ saw it growing
in the sands as weil as in the more fertile parts,
It will luxuriate even ‘in saltish soi/, and the water
for its irrigation may be slightly brackish. The
artesian water of the Oued Xu district in Algeria
contains from 0°57 04. to 1:07 oz. of dry salt in
a gallon, Brigade-surgeon Bonavia says that on
the whole it thrives best in sandy, granitic, schistic,
and calcareous soils. The nothern half of Arabia,
which is an important centre for date culture, is
granitic.

INFLORESCENCE.

The date is a diccious tree, having the male
flowers on one plant and the female or fruiting
ones On another, ‘I'he male flowers are considerably
larger than the female, furnished with stamens only,
and form a closed-up, folded, grape-like ball (previous
to the ripening of the pollen) in an envelope called
the spathe, ‘1é blossoms,’ says Mr. ‘Lristram, in
his book ‘The Great Sahara,’ ‘in the month of
March. The male flower is borne on a very short
calyx, a thin petalous corolla much larger, with six
Stamens, furnished with long linear anthers, the two
cells of which open tnemselves trom within by two
longitudinal slits. ‘Lhe femaie flowers present a
double floral envelope, each whori vt which is formed
of three pieces, constituting three distinct pistils,
each surmounted by a stigma iu the torm of a hook,
Of these three pistils one only develups itself, ripens,
and becomes an elongated ovoiu berry, with a
slight epidermis of a _ yellowish-red, a solid
and slightly viscous pulp, and an endocarp
represented by a slight pellicle enveloping the
nucleus, which is the seed. ‘Lhe seed iv grooved,
and on the opposite side of itis a depression contain-
ing the germ.’”’ Baron Mueller states that one male
tree is considered sufficient for fifvy females. Watts
allows one or two males to from eighty to two hundred
trees,

PROPAGATION,

The best trees are produced from suckers from
three to four yearsold, having an average weight of
about 6 lb, Those raised tiom seed are much slower
in maturing, and are generally puor. ‘I'he sucker ig
taken from the foot of the stem of an adult tree:
when first planted it must be watered daily for six
weeks, andon alternate days for unother six weeks,
after which the trees are watered once a week in
summer, and every month in winter, The nut does
not commence to germinate until trom six to twelve
months after planting have elapsed, and grows very
slowly for the first two years. ‘lhe trees yield fruit
in from five to six years, and are iu full bearing at
from twenty to twenty-five years, atuer which they

6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

continue fruitful for about 150 years. Several bunches
of flowers are formed in a season, each producing
often as many as 200 dates. Select trees are reported

as having bornea crop worth £2, but the averave
may be put down at4s. per tree annually, common
kinds less than ls. A good date tree is sometimes
exchanged for a camel in North Africa.
FECUNDATION.
“In Algeria and all over the Hast,’ says M:

Cossona, a botanist who has studied the subject on
the spot, “‘ towards the mouth of April the tree begins
to flower, and then artificial fecundation is practised
extensively. The male spathes are opened at the time
when a sort of ciackling 1s produced under the finger,
which indicates that the pollen of the flowers in the
cluster is sufficiently developed, yet has not escaped
from the anthers; the cluster is then divided into
portions, each containing seven or eight blooms,
Having placed these pieces in the hood of his burnous,
the workman climbs to the summit of the female
tree, supporting himself by a loop of cord passed round
his loins, and at the same time round the trunk of
the tree, and, having split open the spathe with a
knife, he slips in one of the fragments, which he
interlaces with the branches of the female cluster,
the fecundation of which is made certain.’’ Archer
says that wild plants are fecundated by bees. The
Arabs even keep the poll-n from one year to another
in case the male flower should fail the succeeding
season. According to Watts the pollen is said to
remain active for one or two months after its removal
from the tree, so the flower is carefully kept and
used. as occassion demands. Hasselquist, who
travelled in Egypt, describes the operations as follows:
—‘* When the spadix has female flowers that come
out of its spathe, they search on a tree that has
male flowers, which they know by experience, for
the spadix has not yet burst out of its spathe.
This they open, tske out the spadix, and cut it length-

wise in several pieces, but take care not to hurt
the flowers. A piece of this spadix, with male
flowers, they put length-wise between the smiall

branches of the spadix which has female flowers, and
then lay the leaf of a palm over the branches. In
this situation I yet saw the greatest part of the
spadices which bore their young fruit; but the male
flowers which were put between were withered. The
Arab also stated that unless they in this manner
wed and fecundate the date-tree it bears uo fruit ;
secondly, they always take the precaution to preserve
some unopened spathes, with male flowers, from
ove year to another, to be applied for this purpose
in case the male flowers should miscarry or suffer
damage; thirdly, if they permit the spadix of the
male flowers to burst or come out it becomes
useless for fecundation; therefore, the person who
cultivates date trees must be careful to hit the right
time of assisting the fecundation, which is almost
the only nicety in their cultivation.”

To climb trees which have no branches but at the
top, andthe straight and slender stem of which
cannot support a ladder, the Egyptians employ a sort
of girth fastened to a rope that they pass round the
tree. On this girth they seat themselves and rest
their weight; then, with the assistance of their feet,
and holding the cord in bothhands, they contrive to
force the noose suddenly upwards so as to catch the
rugged protuberances with which the stem is sym-
metrically studded, formed at the origin of the branch-
like leaves that are annually cut. By means of these
successive springs the top of the tree is reached
where, still sitting, they work at their ease, either
in lopping off the leaves or gathering fruit, and
afterwards descendin the same manner,

Professor Burnett says the age of bearing is from
six to ten years, Haldane says seven years. Baron
Maller says that trees from suckers commence to
bear in five years and are in full bearing in ten
years,

(Juty 1. 1901.

The fig, pomegranate, and apricot, and sometimes
the olive, are grown as auxiliary crops. I would
suggest also the watermelon, pumpkin, vegetable
marrow and lucerne.

VARIETIES.

Dr. James Richardson in a letter in ‘‘ Hooxer’s
Journal of Botany,’ Vol. II., writing of the dates of
Fezzan, describes forty-six varieties. Nineteen-
twentieths of the inhabitants of Fezzan during nine
months of the year live on dates. In Northern
Arabia there are more than a hundred kinds of dates,
each of which is peculiar to a district, and has its
own special virtues. Many varieties of date exist,

differing in shape, size, and colour of the fruit.
Those of Gomera are large, and contain no seed.
The Zadie variety produces the heaviest crop,

averaging in full bearing trees 300 lb. to the tree.
Professor Naudin states that the variety of ‘‘ Datheres-
sifia’”’ ripens its fruit early in the season. The
‘‘Deglet Nour” is considered the best for keeping.

TREATMENT OF FRUITS.

Four or five months after the operation of fecun-
dation has been performed the dates begin to swell,
and whenthey have attained nearly their full size
(about the beginning of August) they are carefully
tied to the base ofthe leaves to prevent them from
being beaten and bruised by the wind. If meant to
be preserved they are gathered a little before they
are ripe, but whenthey are intended to be eaten
fresh they are allowed to ripen perfectly, in which
state they are very agreeable and refreshing. Ripe
dates cannot be kept any length of time or convéyed
to any great distance without fermenting and becoming
acid, and therefore those which are intended for
storing up, or for being carried to a distant market,
are dried in the sunon mats. They are sent in this
way to Europefrom the Levant and Barbary. Each
tree is capable of yielding only a certain number of
good fruits, and on adult trees not more than
twelve bunches are left to ripen. The whole cluster
of fruit is cut before it is quite ripe, when it is
put into a basket made for the purpose, having no
other opening than a hole thiough which the branch-
ing extremity of the cluster projects. In this situation
the dates ripen successively.

In the Hedjax (which is the northern half of Arabia)
the new fruit called vuteb, comes in at the end of
June and last two months. The people cannot there-
for depend on the new fruit alone, but during the ten
months of the year, when noripe dates can be pro-
cured, principally subsist on date paste, called adjoue
which is prepared by pressing the fruit, when fully
matured, into large baskets. ‘‘ When the dates are
allowed to remain on the tree till they are quite ripe,
and have become soft and of a high red colour, they
are formed into a hard solid paste or cake called
adjoue, This is obtained by pressing the ripe dates
forcibly into large baskets, cach containing about 2
ewt- In this state,’ continaes Burckhardt, ‘‘ the
Bedouins export the adjoue, and in the market itis
cut out of the basket and sold by the lb. During the
monsoon the ships from the Persian Gulf bring adjoue
from Bussorah to Djidda for sale in small baskets
weighing about 10 lb. each; this kind is preferred to
every other,”

The date seeds or kernels are soaked for two days
in water, when they become softened, and
are given to camels, cows, and sheep instead
of barley. There are shops in Medina, in
Arabia, where nothing else is sold except date
kernels, and the beggars are continually employed
in all the main streets in picking up those that
are thrown away.

The best fruit is that which is gathered just
before it is ripe and exposed to the sun for
several days to mature, The crushed dates which
arrive in England in bulk are inferior and damaged,
having ripened on the trees and fallen, I have
seen some beautiful dates in London on the stalks,
These, in the same way as raisins, have the short

JuLY 1, 1901.]

pedicels left on them. Then, again, I have seen,
in Port Said dates, prepared somewhat as we often
see them in shops in Brisbane, sold very cheaply,
being, I sappose, the refuse of the date groves
pressed into a paste or soft mass, This is sold by
weight in chunks. In Egypt, the dates of Upper
Egypt and the Oases are those which are the most
delicate. The hotter and drier the climate the richer
is the date, auu near the coast the poor fruit is
fit only for animals, as mentioned in ‘* French
Colonies,’ by Bonwick, 1886.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Tunis has 2,000,000 date trees; Egypt, 4,000,000 >
Bussorah, in Turkey, has enormous date groves
stretching along both banks of the Euphrates for a
distance of over 140 miles, yielding 40,000 tons in
good seasons.

The price in England in March, 1894, was—
Bussorah (boxes) 9s to 18s 3d per cwt.; Tafilet, 44s
to 50s per cwt.

Dates contain more than half their weight in sugar,
but there is a fair amount of flesh-forming material
present as well. Dates, without the stone, contain
in 100 parts—

Water a00 nee ao PAHS)
Albumen .. 0 nae OA0
Sugar 36 00 45 Gy!

Pectose and gum ... nee Loto
Hatin a AG ate an (RY
Cellulose .. nee PomeOLD
Mineral matter ate Soy. ae}

The pungent rigidity of the foliage protects the
date from encroachment of pasture animals; hence
it can be left without fencing or hedging.

QUEENSLAND AS A DATE COUNTRY.

I have now given all the general information I
can find in regard to the cultivation, &c., of the
date palm in North Africa, Turkey in Asia, and
Arabia. It will be convenient now to see if in
Queensland similar conditions of temperature, &c.,
can be found. The part of Queensland which, bear-
ing in mind the requirments of the plant already
set forth, seems to be the most suitable for the
cultivation of the best dates is to the west of Hughen-
den, Longreach, and Charleville, and from latitude
23 degrees to the southern border of the State.
The following remarks all refer to this area:—

TEMPERATURE.

Comparing the region of Queensland which includes
these places, with Biskra, in North Africa, in
latitude 34 degrees 51 minutes at an altitude of
410 feet, we have—

Queensland. Biskra,
Annual average temperature... .. 67°74 685
Mean temperature, coldest month .. 48°61 50°2
Mean temperature, hottest month ... 84°90 89'8

I do not know the extreme minimum temperature
at Biskra, but the lowest in the part of Queens-
land above referred to is 26°4 degrees at Boulia in
July, 1894. My information for Queensland is obtained
from the Meteorological Reports, which are only
available from Ist September, 1893, to 31st August,
1894. I believe this last winter was considered a
very cold one throughout the colony, and as the
date palm can stand as low a temperature as 26
degrees it should be safe even at Boulia from
being killed by forst. The latitude, 20 degrees S.
to 27 degrees §., also indicates generally the area
in which the suitable temperature is to be met with.

Rarnratt.—In the above possible date-growing
belt of Queensland the rainfall ranges from 5 inches
to 24 inches, and in the more westerly portion this
reaches the minor limit, thevefsre improving the
quality of the date on account of the greater dryness
of the air combined with the circumstance that
there is greater heat also,

Autitupr.—Looking generally at West Queens-
land, the rivers and creeks all run to the south-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7

west, showing that the higher ground is the north
and east. ‘Then there are high downs between the
Gulf cf Carpentaria waters and the Diamantina and
Thomson Rivers; so that all this higher ground
must vary from 600 feet to 1,400 feet above sea-
level. But to the south-west of Boulia and Windorah
and to the south of Thargomindah and Charleville
the altitude of the country is from sez-level to
600 feet. From the above figures it can easily be
seen where there is the least likelihood of frost,

Som.-The geological formation in the region
indicated is mesozoic, with desert standstone on
the higher ground between the various watersheds,
and lower cretaceous on the plains and downs,
As apparently the date palm prefers a sandy soil,
the conditions in this case seem favourable also.

From the above data it will be seen that West
Queensland is generally suited to the cultivation
of the best dates. As to the local conditions, they
must be ascertained by Queenslanders themselves.
The object of this paper is to give to the State
the information in regard to the date which is
scattered throughout many books and is not easily
obtained, and also to suggest the best place for
initiating experiments in date cultivation in this
councry,.

(We are indebted to Mr. Hy. Tryon, Government
Entomologist, for the foregoing paper.]

i

ZANZIBAR PLANTING INDUSTRIES:

COCONUTS.

What return will a coconut tree bring in per annum?
The average yield of nuts in Zanzibar island is probably
from 25 to 30 pertree. Calculating the price at R20
per 1,000 on the spot and the yield at 30 we get a gross
return of 9 3-5annas per tree, Gathering may be set
down at R4 per 1,000, which leaves a net return af about
74 annas, or half a rupee, per tree. Pemba trees yield
less than Zanzibar ; the average is probably less than
15 nuts per treeperannum, Labour is cheaper and the
cost of gathering less than in Zanzibar: about R3 per
1,000. Thenet return per tree works ont to about 44
annas per annum in Pemba. Mr. J. T. Last, F.R.G.S.,
writes as follows upon the benefits of cultivation as he
has found them at Mangapwani :—

“ There are at Mangapwani about 200 bearing palms
from which the nuts are gathered every three months.
About three years ago I had the ground well dug up for
some 6 feet round the base of each tree, and then
packed round the treeany manure, grass or decayed
vegetable matter Icould get, covering the same up
with soil. Thishas been repeated every year. The
result of these operations is thatthe number of nuts
gathered is greatly increased.

Formerly the three-monthly gatherings would
average about 3,000 nuts, now more than double that
amount isobtained. Thelast gathering reached the
number of 7033. Since I started mulching the trees
there have always been one or more trees at each 3-
monthly gathering from which I obtained 100 nuts.

At the above gathering from

1 tree are gathered 110 nuts

9 trees ,, * 100 ,, each
l tree ,, a 9
erie 0 89 ,,
ere 5 86 ,,
1 omer ¥s 80 ,,

Making from 7 trees 556 nuts.

I think, jadging from the above results, we could
fairly expect that, with proper attention, a healthy
full-grown coconut tree would produce 100 nuts a year.»

We find at Dunga that individual trees occassionally
yield close on 100 nuts ata gathering, though we have

8 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

not found such good general results follow upon digging
and mulching as Mr. Last has at Mangapwani. Our
trees have all been dug and mulched but the average
yield of nuts remains about the same, though we are,
looking for some improvement this year, Our trees
are scattered about through enveloping native villages,
and the nuts are consequently exposed very much to
theft. loss by theft is the greatest evil cocoanut
planters have to contend with in this country.

PLANTING THE NUTS.

Natives plant nuts on their sides and sometimes in
an upright position. They declare that in the latter
case astronger plant is obtained. Dr. Krapi in his
Swahili dictionary has the following note :—

“The natives plant the coconut (which is to become
a tree) on the fourteenth day of the moon, because the
moon isthen at her full power. This takes place
before the rain. They put itinto the ground without
removing the husk, taking care that the mte or bud
is placed downwards in the pit, which they dig to the
depth of one mukono (cubit). The tree (like the mango-
tree) requires five years’ growth before it bears fruit.
Mehr . The Wanika consider the coco-tree to
be. their mother on account of its usefulness, Tbere-
fore they will not allow it to be cut down. They
believe that a oma watches over it, Therefore when
the tree yields no tembothey endeavour to appease the
koma by @ sacrifice. On this account they place a
coco-shell on the grave of the dead, and fill it with
tembo from time to time, in order to induce the koma
to give them muchtembo. The Swahili cut down the
coco-tree without scruple.”

The generally accepted way of planting a nutis to
lay iton its sideina trench about 7-8 inches deep
(its own depth.) It has been rightly pointed out
that if a nut be planted eyes downwards, the young
shoot may rot before it reaches the surface ; on the
other hand if plantedeyes upwards the milk inside,
which is especially provided for the first mourish-
ment of the germ, will settle at the bottom of the
nut and the young shoot will then run a risk of being
dried up. Nature seems to have especially pointed
both ends of the nut so that, having fallen from the
tree it shall remain uponits side to germinate. In
the case of the mangrove the young seedling drops
from the parent tree upon its pointed end and sticks
in the mud and grows forthwith. But the bottom
ofthe coconut could not have been pointed to enable
it likewise to stick in the sand and germinate, be-
cause a nut always falls upon its side. This is well
shown by dropping a few nuts from the roof of a high
house. Ifthe nut issuspended by the stalk, in the
way it hangs upon a tree, and dropped, it will turn
half over and faJlsideways. The same thing happens
if the nut he held upside down. If it be held
horizontally, it will maintain this position till it
reaches the ground. Nature is always asafe guide.
Allow a space of nine inches or a foot between the
nuts in the trench, and 18 inches between the trenches.
This gives plenty room to lift the nuts when the
time comes for them to be planted out, without
doing much damage to the roots. April is the best
time to plant out the seedlings, when they should
be 5or 6months old. Hence the nuts should be
planted in the nursery in November. But no hard
and fast rule need be laid down, especially as our
geasons are uncertain. 35 feet by 35 feet isa good
distance for them to be placed in the plantation.
This gives 35 trees to the acre,

ESTIMATE OF THE NUMBER OF TREES,

Coconut trees are scattered about so promiscuously
that it would be almost impossible to arrive at the
accurate number of treeson theislands. The average
annual amount of copra exported from these islands
during the last six years has been 6,519,2161b. Count-
ing that 2 nuts makel lb. of copra, this would be the
product of 13,038,432 nuts. Probably as many nuts
are consumed as food as are made into copra, If so
the total average yield of nuts is 26,076,864, This is

[Juty 1, 1901.

the product of about 1,000,000 trees. If these trees
were growing in regular plantations 35 feet apart they
would cover an area Of 28,571 acres.—‘*The Shamba,”
Journal of Agricuiture for Zanzibar. 4

—_—_—_—_—_——____

WALKING STICKS.

Messrs. Howell & Co., Old Street, Lon

kindly supplied us with the following Bice cs ah
served in collecting walking sticks :—

_ Length.—The total length should not be less than 42
inches, end to end, but if possible they should be 48
inches.

Size.—The best sizes are of the diameter ij
1-in., measured about midway: they oat Ae *5
jarge then 1k inghee in diameter.

Yorm.—It is indispensable that the diame
gradually diminish from the root or eats een
point, so that the stick is noi “ top heavy.”

Aandle.—It is always better, when possible, to send
sticks with some kind of handle; if the plant be pulled
up, the root should be left quite rough and untrimmed
if a branch becut off, a part of the parent branch
should be left on to form a knob or ezutch handle

Sticks without Handles.—Sticks without handles can
be used, especially if they are nicely grown, and haye
any peculiarity of structure or colour-—but if there is
any handle, however small, it should not be cut off
Young saplings of the different kinds of Palms Bam-
boos, &c. should alwayshave the root left on.

Short Handles.—Occasionally, the form of the root
or handle part is attractive, while the stick itself is
weaksand Berle ae such cases the handles only
should be sent, an ey should me
spon la he feph 8 y asure from 15 to 18

Send only Specimens in _ first Instance.—In sending
specimens of new sticks, itis better to send only small
quantities, say, 1 or 2 dozens at most of each kind, then
if approved, further quantities can be asked for. :

All kinds of wood.—Specimens of anything remark-
able for form or colour, whether inthe Roots or Stems
of Woody, Herbaceous, or Reedy structures should
pe sent as somioumes ihe most unlikely things are
ound to posses value, for use ei
Hed or Walking Sticks, Oe

etails/—Details as to quantity to be procur i
&c., should be sent, if ens Oat The Sha Oueey,
of Agriculture for Zanzibar. 4

RuBeeR iN PeRu.—The German Consul in
Piara (Peru) raports the discovery of large as
forests on the Niera River, a branch of the Amazon
which can be reached from the middle of the tobacco
plantations by an eight-days journey. Several Ger-
man firms organised a large expedition to start for
the interior and to secure the rights to collect the
rubber. As the nativesare very poor, it is expected
that cheap native labour will facilitate the collection.—
Hingineering. ;

SuGar iN Hawau.—Regarding the possibilities of
the cultivation of sugar cane in the Hawaiian Islands
Prof. Stubbs said the soil wasthe bestin the world
for the cultivation of cane, being superior to that of
Cuba. The yield on the arid and irrigated lands of
the islands is from eight to fifteen tons of sugar per
acre, while in Louisiana the yield is about 14 tons per
acre. But about allthe available lands having been
taken up in the cultivation of cane already, the in-
crease of production cannot far exceed the present
output. The total value of the agricultural produce of
the islands is about $20,000,000, of which $17,500,000 is
to be credited to sugar, Thus it will be seen that the
islands have already reached, or nearly reached, the
limit of yield. The drawbacks to the cultivation of
cane in these particularly favored islands are the high
price of coal—which reaches as high aa $12 per ton—
the cost of irrigation and the great cost of sugar
house plants. Nevertheless, the profits are so large
as to practically preclude the cultivation of any cro
but cane.—Lowisiana Sugar Planters’ Journal. 2

Sey Fouy J, 1901.)
PLANTING FRUIT TREES.

There are planters and planters. The first digs
out a small hole in hard, unmoved ground, and
thrusts in the roots about as deep again as they
ought to be; the earth is filled in and the planter
passes on under the impression that he has done
a good thing—for himself perhaps—but certainly for
posterity. Such comfortable feelings are all very
well, and we would he tie last to say a word taat
would deter anyone from indulging in tree planting,
but the subject. demands thai sentiment has no
place in this connection, We are bound to look as
it in a practical light. Trees that are improperly
planted never do well, therefore the inexperienced
do not meet with the result their good intentions
deserve. The thcral, therefore, is that only those
should engage in planting trees who are practically
acquainted with the work. Before we go further
let us dive a little deeper into the behaviour of
trees which have been unskilfully planted. The
first year they make no progress; they live, and
that is all that can be said about them. The next
year they do a little better, but the growth is not
so strong as it ought to be. In succeeding years
moss and lichen begin to accumulate on the stem
and branches, the result of the beneficial influence
of sun and air. Trees in this condition from such
a cause do not die, but at best they ave short-lived
as compared to those that were planted in a proper
manner. Nor is the crop of much value; invariably
such trees bear irregular crops of small and badly-
formed fruit. Let us now look at the behaviour of
the trees which are planted by experienced hands.
In the first place the cultivator makes his anxiety
manifest to do the planting well by making himself
acquainted with the character of the land. If it
is of a retentive nature, with a heavy subsoil, he
is careful to have the position efficiently drained.
If the soil is poor, it will be enriched with manure:
but, more than all, he wil avoid planting a young
tree in a spot from whence an old one has been
removed. If he does so, the old exhausted soil is
taken away and fresh soil put in its place; but to
avoid the labour attending the latter plan a fresh
position altogether is selected, which in the end
will be more satisfactory than supplying fresh soil
to an old position.

The Depth to Set the Roots.—In every case the
careful planter will study to plant his trees in
ground that hat been well moved up 18in. or 2ft.
deep. Ii the whole of the space is not trenched
over, then most of it must be, so that the roots
have, for the first year or two at least, some
recently-moved earth to feed upon. This! is not all
that the experienced man does. He will not plant
a tree more than a few inches below the sur-
rounding level on land that is liable to get water-
logged in- winter. In some cases he will plant
altogether on the surface, and place a mound of
soil over the roots. This plan has much to re-—
commend it where there is not sufficient depth
of good soil, as it gives the roots all the room
there is of good earth; but it is not advisable to
plant on the surface on light gravelly land. Such,
then, are some of the differences between men
who have experence in this matter and those who have
not. We have not drawa upon our imagination to
prove a case. We, and many others, have long been
familiar with such mistakes in planting, and have
seen both time and money wasted; but in all
probability: more trees are crippled through deep
planting than from any other cause. Some cultivators
of fruit purposely plant the roots deeper than they
otherwise would do under the impression that the
trees axe nof so easily blown down when they get
old. A very little reasoning ought to convince any-
one that they are under a mistake, To bury the
stem of aftree more than Gin. under the surface
is‘an“error ‘that will speedily show itself in its after
behaviour. This isa fact that has been demonstrated
in ao en many times during our experience, where

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ah

people in making alterations have, when excavating
ont the soil for a road, buried up the stems of
trees 2ft. or more in height rather than remove
them altogether. ‘he result has always been that
the trees so dealt with died in a few years. We
therefore maintain that,if old trees suffer by having

_their roots too deep, young ones would also suffer

in a proportionate degree—The ‘Fruit Grower,”
London.
er A AOS

PRUNING.
By H. Consrantinr Tuomas, JAMAICA.

Praning, from an agricultural point of view, may
be briefly defined as regulating growth, cutting
away all superfluous growth for the benefit of a
tree or its fruit. Pruning is one of the most delicate
and yet important branches of agriculture; not
even a leaf shonid be cut off a plant unless the
operator has some definite object in view; ignorantly
performed, its injurious effects do not hesitate to
manifest themselves, such as taking a cutlass and
chopping off a branch from a cocoa tree a foot
from the stem, the piece left on starts decaying,
and this process continues right into the main stem
itself, and often results in the death of the tree.
On the other hand, when carried ont intelligently
by individuals who base their practice on the laws
governing vegetation, regular symmetrical growth,
production of well developed leaves, branches and
fruits are secured. The beneficial results of pruning,
done at the proper time, and in a proper manner,
are too numerous for\ enumeration here, buj I
mention a few. By pruning, all the fruit-bearing
branches of a tree are fully exposed to a free acces:
of air and light: two things that are absolutely
indispensable for the successful culture of plants.
Leaves are the digestive organs of ao plant, and
should not be destroyed wilfully. The best season.
for pruning is a question of great importance, since
the conditions under which the plants to be praned
are placed act such a prominent part, but under
ordinary enviroaments I think the best season is
nearly the end of the dry season, just prior to the
heavy rains, which in mest of our districts can be
correctly guessed. The implements are a ‘pruning
knife, a pruning saw, a pair cf shears, and, in case
of large trees, pole-pruning shears or a tree-pruner.
The wounds must be smooth, i.c., after using the
saw take the knife and smooth off the surface well:
the benefit derived therefrom is that “it renders

their healing easier, quicker, and with less strain on |

the plant. After having smoothed the surface of a
wound itis also beneficial ta rub it over with a
little tary. This is a very useful antiseptic and is
retailed at a very reasonable price, ;

Pruning at, the time of transplanting is very
technical, If citrus plants for example have to be
transplanted during the dry season all the leaves
must be carefully removed, as in such a case they
wonid help to kill the plant by letting off all the mois-
ture they contained; if it happens lo be rainy they
are tobe left. Citrus trees require very little pruning
after they are established; once in two years, and
that slightly, is enough; in such cases the operator
should confine himself chiefly to the removal of
dried twigs: Some plants need constant and regular
pruning; the cocoa for example. It is quite an
ordinary thing for people to plant out “at stake’
and never look after the plants from the day they
discover that the seeds have grown until they are bear-
ing. This plant naturally sends out branches as
soon as if has reached the heigh of three or four
and a half feet under favourable conditions: when
shaded excessively it grows 2 long, spindly stem,
often branching when entirely out of easy reach,
and since climbing is detrimental, it is best to grow
the plants so that the fruits can be obtained more
easily ; in climbing the flower-buds are rubbed off,
thus lessening the next crop. I cannot deal with
the general culture of the plant here, so returning

10 | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

to my subject—proning, let me say that when the
trees have put out these branches all should be
taken away when young, save three, which three
must form the best triangle and left to develop into
the three main branches. These branches also send
out secondary ones; these secondary branches must
not be left to grow on just as they came out, but
care must be taken to remove every alternate one,
leaving, on an average, eighteen inches between
each. Gormandizers (or suckers as they are some-
times called), always block out air, use up a lot
of valuable plant-food and give, comparatively,
nothing in return. The tree should be kept clear
of these. My difinition of a gormandizer is a shoot
springing from the stem of a plant, going straight
up, and in the case of the cozoa, particularly, giving
little or no return, thus wasting what would be
profitably used by the true branches of the plant.
I do not want to be called a critic, as I opine that,
to-day, we have more agricultural critics than agri-
culturists; still the present system of plucking off
the pods from the cocoa-tree is abominable. The
flowers are produced chiefly on the stem of the fruit
(the peduncle) and when the fruits are torn off,
apart from the destruction of the bark of the parent-
plant, the crop is greatly reduced the following
year, so I would recommend people gathering the
pods to use a knife and cut off the fruits; several
little rings or marks will be seenon the peduncle,
cut the fruit in the third one from the stem. With
regular pruning this plant will yield two heavy
erops annually; one about June and another in
December, ‘The time has come when all! ussful
details must be brought out, ‘‘ Hxperience teaches
wisdom.” Let each of us mention our experience,
not thinking what the next man will say, and our
fellow-men may benefit therefrom.—The Journal of
the Jamaica Agricultural Society.

THE PAPAW TREE.

“ Morester’’ writes to the Indian Planters’ Gazette :—
This fruit tree, the Carica Papaya, Willd, is cultivated
all over India for its fruit, which iseaten in its ripe
state as well as cooked and used in curries when green.
They can also be pickled and made into preserve. Ii
the Linnean sexual system wanted any additional
-proofs of its being established on the most solid founda-
tion, Roxburgh’s experiment with this plant would
have furnished a very strong one. The writer recently
had occasion to consult his mukhtear on some business
and noticed some very fine papaya fruit commencing
to ripen in his compound. Upon remarking that they
would be much better if thinned, he was informed that
previous to some more trees being brought from a
neighbouring compound about hali-a-mile away they
never grew thickly and what did grow were small and
of little use in comparison with the fruit he had been
getting since. Of course the reason was obvious enough.
He had only one tree to start with and that was a
female, and the trees he got from a neighbour: were a
mixed lot containing both sexes. When this was
explained the man of law was incredulous; he had
never heard of such a thing as a sexual system belong-
ing to the vegetable kingdom, and was very much
inclined to think that he was being humbugged. It
must be said for him that he had some reason for
doubting the truth of what was being explained to
Lim, as he had somewhere or other seen the male tree
fruiting. A Chittagong friend of the writer’s informed
him that he had male trees which regularly fruited.
Some specimens of the male tree with fruit on them
were shown to Dr, Roxburgh in 1793 by Sir William
Jones. Dr. Roxburgh had never seen the male tree
bearing fruit, andit was the only instance that had
come to his knowledge where female or hermaphrodite
flowers were found on the male papaya tree. It ig
gaid that the fruiting * of the male tree is common
enongh in some districts. There is nothing impossible
about it, as, if the male flowers are carefully examined,

[JULY 1, 1901.

they will all be found to be possessed of female organs,
although asa rule they are merely rudimentary. The
papaw tree, although usually looked upon as dicecious,
perhaps would be more currectiy described as being
dicecio-polygamous or a polygamo-dicecious plant.
Last season the writer came across what had every
appearance of being a male tree with a lot of pear-
shaped irnit hanging upon its pendulous racemes.
It wasgrowing amongst alot of other trees close to
the cook-honse. He mentaily marked it down for
observation, but on goingto examine it a few days
later somebody (who, as usual, was nobody) had cut
it down and taken away the fruit. Thiswas in the
Dibrugarh neighbourhood, but hecould not find out
whether there wsre any more in the district. In 1790
and 1791 Dr. Roxburgh reared a number of young
trees in a garden situated a mile and a half from any
other papaw tree. As soon as he could distinguish the
male trees he had them all destroyed, The females,
of which there were nine, grew luxutiantly, being in
a good soil and well watered. They blossomed as
usual and the fruit grew till it was about half the
usual size; then as before they uniformly fell of
without appearing to have more than the rudiment
of seeds. If Dr, Roxburgh had made an experiment
the reverse way, by destroying the female and pre-
serving the male trees, he possibly might have had
the male in the absence of the iemale tres fertilized
by its own pollen and producing fruit. As often
happens with other kindsof trees, the pollen of the
male may be entizely impotent in regard to its
own pistil only when the more vigorous pistil is
present on a separate tree. The questionis of more
than botanical interest, as when the so-called male
tree fruits, itis said thet the juice is more copious and
produces more of the digestive ferment papain, which
the unripe frnit of this tree contains.

The hope which was once entertained that papain
would prove a curative agent for cancer has not been
realised. But, according to a paper read by Dr.
Hirschfeld at a meeting of the Royal Society held at
Brisbane, it has been found to be a most valuable
palliative on accouné of certain qualities possessed hy
it that had been overlooked, namely, iis analgetic
and its antiseptic properties. It’is somewhat strange
that the uatives ot India do not seem tobe aware of
the properties of its juice. One variety of the plant at
least is a native of this country—the common Carica
papaya of the bustees, waich was introduced into
Knogland in 1690. Besides this variety we have carica
cauliflora, a native of Caraceers; C. citriformis, a
native of Lima; C. microcarpa monica ;C. pyriformis,
Peru; C. Spinosa, Guiana.

As the name indicates Microcarpa monica would
appear to answer the description of the male tree
which is said to bear fruit. If this- were the case it
would not be the male tree bearing fruit, as this variety
is &@ hermaphrodite tree.— The Indian Agriculturist.

—————_4
A NEW BANANA IN. THE CONGO

FREE STATH,

In the February number of the above journal, Mr.
BH. De Wildeman, Curator of the Botanical Gardens
at Brussels, gives the following description of a new
series of banana which was discovered by Mr. J.
Dybowski, Director of the Colonial Garden at Nogent-
sur-Marne, daring his travels in the Congo country, of
which he had neither seen the fiowers nor fruit.
Subsequently to his last voyage some fruits were
received, of which the seeds were sown, and produced
young plants at Nogent, and it is from these that Mr.
Dybowski has given a summarised description of the
“yetish banana ”’ (Musa religzosa).

Although we have not been able to study the de-
scription of flowers, we immediately recognised that the
plant from the French Congo had a great resemblance
to those we propose to describe here. Mr. Dybowski
has been good enough to forward, at our request,

‘Jury 1, 1901.]

specimens of the seeds anda fragment of the fruit of
his Musa religiosa, but these are not sufficient to
enable us Gefinitely to solve the question whether
MW. veligiosa and DM. Gilet axe two specific types.

We might give as a distinctive characteristic the
colour ofthe seeds, which are grey and dull in the
former, whilst in the latter species they are of a
beautiful brilliant black ; as regards the measurement
they are about equal. In consideration of this diffe-
rence, and in the complete absence of information as
to the flower, we have preferred to describe our
plant under anew name,and to dedicate it to our
collaborator, J. Gillet, SJ., who devotes a large
i portion of his time§to the collecting of the plants
of the Lower Congo. Besides, this plant will shortly

f make its apearance commercially, for the seeds
sent by J. Gillet to the Messre. Damann, of San
Giovanni, at Teduccio (Italy), have germinated and
produced young plants.

Musa Ginterr, De Wild a new species. Plant l
metre 50 to 2 mettres high (4 feet 9 inches to {6 feet 4
inches), not stoloniferous, more or less swelled at
the base, completing itscycle of evolution in three
years ; during the first year, the plant is low, and
has few leaves ;in the second year it makes} height
growth still, foliated frem the base; in the third
year there is formed atthe extremity of the stem,
which bends} over, a floral panicle. The lower
leaves ave, ellipticall-anceolate, with a very strong
sheathed petiole, and with a very layge and. pro-
mounced midrib. They are 1 metre 50 (57 inches)
long, and have a translucent border. The upper
leaves are 40 to 50 centimetres long (16 to 20 inches)
those nearest -to the inflorescence only attain to
about 8 inches, and pass insensibly to the bracts;
these become gradually narrowed as they reach the
inflorescence ; the leaves and the bracts are terminated
by a narrow twisted elongated apex. The floriferous
epike, shortly pedunculated, recurved, measures about
40 centimetres (16 inches) in length, not including the
peduncle, and is formed of numerous persistent
bracts, of which the tan or twelva inferior ones alone
enclose the fertile flowers, The flowers situated at
ghe seat of the superior bracts are male. The bracts
are oval-lanceolate, more or-less elongatd, and are
from 4 to 5 and 9 centimetres (1 3-5, 2, and 3 3-5 inches)
broad ;and 71 to 35 centimetres (6 4-5 to 10 inches,
long, more or less cute at the top. Tne flowers are
arranged in two rows, to jhe number of ten or twelve:
five or six of the inside row, five on the outside. The
perianth has two lips, the smaller enclosed at the
base by the larger, the first tridentated at the top,
and longitudinally mucronated, about 2 inches in
length, not including the prolongation ; the longer
caniculated, trilobed atthe top, from 2 to 38 centi-
metres (4.5 to 1-5 inches) long with lobes sometimes 4
millimetres (4-25 inch) long, sub-obtuse or sub-acuie
at the top. Stamens tothe number of six as long as
the exterior lobe of the perianth, one of them often
more or lessabortive with slender pedicel, with 2-
celled anthers, about 12 millimetres (12-25 inch) long,
obtuse at the top, fixed at the top of the pedicel,
attached in their whole length to the connective ;

_ pollen grains globular or sub-globular with a thick
external wall showing grains at intervals. Inferior

f ovary, triloculates, with numerous ovules, of 2-series
with elongated style as long asthe stamens, exceed-
ing them slightly, terminated in a claviform stigma,
irregularly lobed. Fruit oblong, angular, sub-pyri-
form, attenuated toa sort of pedicel at the base,
shiny, greyish exteriorly, irregularly tuberculate in
consequence of the protuberance of the seed crowned

by the base of the lobes of the persisteal perianth,
enclosing about twenty-three seeds, and measuring
about 54 centimetres (24 inches) long by 2: centi-
metres (linch) broad towards the end. Seed enclosed

in a pulp which becomes pulverous and white in a
dry state, ovoid-angular through mutual pressure 8
millimetres (about 4 lines) high by 9-10 millimetres
(about $line) broad, the attaching cicatrice 3 milli-
metres (8-25 inch) in diameter of a beautiful shiny,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 11

black colour, limp, furnished at the top with a little
punctiform depression surrounded with a slightly
obtruding border, Habitat : Borders of the ravines in
the region from TKisautu to Luyituku, the two
extreme points of the Lower Congo, where up to the
present it has bsen observed, (J. Gillet, 1900).

From what we have said above, it would appear
clear that Gillew’s plant belongs to the group of
Dusa Hnsete Gmel., and that, therefore it belongs to
the sub-genus Physocaulis, Baker (1), which includes
cnly six species in tropical Africa and eleven in the
whole world. From the size of the seed it approaches
Musa Livingstonta and prodoscidea, but in the first
of these, instead of being smooth, they are tuber-
culous, and as regards M. proboscidea, the height of
the plant (four or five times as tall asa man) and
the length of the inflorescence are sufficient to show
that it ls widely distinct from the former.—Review
Des Cultures Coloniales

CLOVE PLANTING.

Sir Lloyd Mathews writes to us as follows :—
I send you a memorandum which was written
for me by Mr. Lyne, and which please publish in
the Gazette. It gives an idea of what the outlay
would mean for anyone who desired to plant
cloves in Zanzibar. Probably 20 per cent should
be added to Mr. Lyne’s figures to meet the case
of a private individual who might not have such
facilities as he had, as for example, in the
employment of prison labour, Otherwise the
figures represent what the actual expenditure
would amount to ir laying out and planting such
a plantation as he describes.

As regards coconuts the cost per tree would
probably ammount to about 50% more, or roughly,
1 annas per tree to plant. In the interval
between planting and bearing the ground can
be occupied by bananas, muhogo, sweet potatoes,
and other annuals which might be expected to
pay for the cleaning and cultivation of the plan-
tation during that interval. Planting cloves and
coconuts in Zanzibar is not, it will be observea,
fv very serious undertaking here, and is well
within the reach of small capitalists.

THE LAYING OUT AND PLANTING OF A
CLOVE PLANTATION OF 6550 TREES,

This work was begun at Dunga on March Sth
and completed on April 22nd. Omitting Sundays
and holidays—the Sikukuu of El Hadj fell within
that period—the tctal number of working days
was 39. As previous to March 5th no preparation
had been made for the laying out of this clear-
ing, and as from that time the work was carried
on without interruption to its completion, it
constitutes a useful experience as to the time
and men required for, and the cost of, planting
Cloves in Zanzibar. On an average there were
42% native people occupied daily, beside overseers ;
of these 163 were prisoners, 6 boys and 20
ordinary paid labourers.

The prisoners were employed chiefly in collecting
the seedlings into the nursery, and afterwards,
when the time came, in carrying them out to
be planted. Some who were in leg irons were
set on to dig holes, at which work they proved
almost as good as the paid labourers. The boys
were employed in helping the liners, in filling
in the holes, in helping the planters and a few
at times in digging holes. The employment of
prisoners and boys has reduced the cost of the
plantation considerably. Clove-planting consists
of five main operations, namely: lining, holing,
fillmg in the holes, collection of, and planting

42

the seedlings, shading and mulching, Lining.
The trees were placed 21 feet apart, which gives
98 trees to the acre.

Lwo men and a oy are required for each
gang of liners. Each gang has a rope-—or better
still a surveyor’s chain, which will not stretch
nor shrink with the weather—with a piece of
turkey red tied on at the required distances.
The gang is also provided with three or four
bamboo flags or ranging reds; attached to each
gang are two extra men with grass-knives, who
go ahead and clear a line through the long grass.
These men work singly, not two together in one
line, and have flags to keep them straight.

No large clearing operations were undertaken
before laying out. There was no time for this
in the first place; secondly the ground in every
direction was occupied with native patches of
muhogo ete; thirdly, in the case of trees placed
so widely apart, it is not necessary to clear all
the ground at first. Lines were set out parallel
and at right angles at convenient places and
marked off into 2i feet spaces for keeping the
liners straight. When they came to know their
work, a gang and two leaders could do 300 pegs
a day, though at first they could not do half
that number.

The lining cost R38, which is at the rate of
nearly R6 per 1000.

Holing was performed with English spades
and small crowbars. The spades proved by far
the better implements of the two. The men
averaged 19'°2 holes per day per man; a full
day’s task for an ordinary man was 20 to 30
holes according to the nature of the soil; boys
less. The holes were 14 ft. broad at the top,
1 ft. at the hottom, and 13 ft. deep. The last
three days of planting we reduced the dimen-
sions of the holes to 9 inches wide and increased
the task to 60 per man per day, as we were
pressed for time and wanted to make the most
of the rain. Holing cost R72-10, a little over
Rll per 1000.

Filling-in. This should be done at least a
fortnight before planting is begun, but owing to
lack of time we had for the most part to plant
immediately. The soil had therefore not sufficient
‘time to settle in the holes and form firm com-
pact beds for the reception of the young plants.
‘The soil will now settle after the trees have been
planted, instead of before, and thus disturb the
roots. Filling-in cost R34-7-9 or R54 per 1000
and the fillers-in averaged 45 holes per diem.

Collecting the Plants. We had at the time
very few plants in the nursery, so we sent into
the plantations for self-sown trees and in this way
collected 10,513 seedlings; 7,072 came from Machui
and 3,441 from Mbweni. The latter we purchased
at the rate of Rl per 100. Most of the young
trees we gathered into the nursery, watered and
hardened them to the sun. A fortnight of this
treatment enabled the young trees to develop new
root growth before being left to themselves. It
also weeded out those that drooped and died.
We found the advantage of this after the clearing
was finished, as the percentage of deaths among
those trees so treated is at present very small.
1,500 trees were however put straight into their
holes without being nursed. The weather was
at the time very wet and excellent for planting.
The contrast between the trees nursed and those
planted straight-away is very marked. The for
mer for the most parb look extremely healthy

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[JuLy 1, 1901,

and resumed their growth almost immediately
they were put out, while the latter drooped at
once and I believe that a considerable proportion
of them will die, Is is too early yet to count
the number of ceaths altogether, as many of
those whose leaves have drooped will doubtless
recover.

The fact of our having collected 10,500 young
trees in so short w time speaks well of the re-
sources of the plantations if they were put to
account. Most of the trees we planted had two
years’ growth, some three. Arabs, I believe, prefer
to plant trees 3 to 4 ff. high. The method of
lifting the trees in the plantation explains how
it comes to pass that in Arab plantations several
trees, sometimes as many as 7, are planted to-
gether. Self-sown clove trees often grow very
thickly together. In Jifting the trees the men
carve ouf a cylinder of soil about 5 inches in
diameter to preserve the soil intacb about the
roots, and as many trees as happen to be within
that area are lifted and planted together,

The actual planting of the trees extended over
10 days and occupied on an average 44 men a
day. Thus each man planted onan average 145
trees per day. On April 10th 1225 trees were
planted by 5 men, and on April 12th 1100 by
7 men.

Lhe total number of trees collected into the
nursery was 9013 ; of these 5050 were planted out
and 2812 are still living in the nursery. Thus 1151
have died, a proportion of 12.7 per cent.

The plants cost R1.9 per 100 to collect.

Shading and Mulching.—This work is still
continuing. After the first two days we ceased
shading the trees that had come from the nursery,
as it was found the exposure did not hurt them,
that, in fact, they seemed to be better without
the ferns. But the trees that were lifted and
planted at once soon began to droop under the
sun, and these were immediately mulched and
afterwards shaded. Weshall mulch all the trees,
clear a large ringaround them tu let the air in,
keep the soil round the roots well cultivated, and
this will be all that they will require till they
begin to bear, when the whole ground will have to
be cleared.

TOTAL COST OF THE PLANTATION,

Nursery oe We 50 — 9
Lining me oa a3 = —
Holing Bc tbe 75 10 —
Filling in... we Bap 113}. 3}
Collecting 102, «5 0
Planting . ie 19 4 9
Shading and mulching 23° 3 6
General transport ... ih eh)
Boys extra ... a6 13 2 —
Outside labour extra ITs ao
Purchase of plants ... 44) [oe

Total...R412 11 6

The average cost per treeis therefore 4,03 pice,

The plantation is 66.8 acres in extent and con-
tains 6550 trees, planted 21 feet apart.

Weare still lining and holing?in preparation for
filling up the gaps among the big trees and the
space that intervenes between them and the new
clearing in order to bring the cloves together
into one block. Thereare probably 1500 to 2000
more trees to plant, but it will depend upon the
weather whether we doit now en later.

LYNE,

f Rk, N,
Dunga, April 25th, 1901, :

Juny 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

Conyespondence.

SSS eee

To the Eattor.
CEYLON AND INDIAN TEA IN LONDON
London, 10th May.
Sir,—i send you an analysis of the propor
tions of the three lowest grades of Indian and
Ceylon Tea, taken from Gow, Wilson & Stanton’s
Cireular:—
INDIAN TEA, APRIL 4TH, 1901.
36,790 packages ;— of this
7,559 were Pekoe Souchong’or 20 cent
2,371 were Broken and Souchong or 64 do
3,445 were Dust, Fannings &e., or 94 do
~ Total lowest grades 35% per cent
CEYLON TEA, APRIL 4TH, 1901.
25,479 packages ;—of this

2,991 were Pekoe Souchong or 12 per cent
107 were Broken and Souchong or s do
1,167 were Dust, Fannings &c., or 4h do

Total lowest grades 17 per cen;
INDIAN TEA, APRIL 19TH, 190}.
32,594 packages;— of this
7,270 were Pekoe Souchong or 22
2,447 were Broken and Souchong or 7
2,053 were Dust, Fannings &c., or j

2 per cent
4 do
6Z do

Total lowest grades 352 per cent

CEYLON TEA, APRIL 197TH, 1901.
31,594 packages—of this

3,487 were Pekoe Souchong or li_ per cent
289 were Brokon and Souchongor do
1,362 were Dust, Fannings, &c., or 41 do

Total lowest grades 162 per cent

INDIAN TEA, APRIL 26TH, 1901.
25,286 packages—of this
5,088 were Pekoe Souchong or 18 per cent
1,742 were Broken and Souchongor 7 do
2,581 were Dust, Fannings, &., or 10 do

Total lowest grades 87 per cent
CEYLON TEA; APRIL 26TH, 1901.
33,329 packages—of this
4,144 were Pekoe Souchong or 124 per cent
372 were Brokenand Souchongor 14 do
1,778 were Dust and Fannings or bE do

Total lowest grades 182 per cent

CEYLON TEA, MAY 3RD, 1901,
25,641 packages—of this |
: 2,808 were Pekoe Souchong or 11 per cent
127 were Broken and Souchong or $ do
1,173 were Dust, Fannings &c., or 5 do
Total lowest grades 164 per cent

I have not checked the figures, Anyone can do
so, who may think they are wrong.
worth consideration. As you know whence the figures
are derived, you will be able to take them out
for yourself; it will I think be worth your while
to do so.

Those who ever thought that High Country
planters would put out of plucking any of the
Tea yielding profitable results, for the benefit. of
their Low Country neighbours, must have an
imperfect knowledge of human nature.

- It is the impracticable part of the scheme of
the Joint Committee that has failed. Ceylon
planters were blamed for making too much ins

They are:

AGRICULTURIST. 13

rior tea; th ‘eé no blamed for going to
ferior tea; they are now blamed for going t
make too much good teal! See Messrs. Gow,
Wilson & Stanton’s circular of 3rd May, 1901.
Cc. 8
.5,— Does not making better tea mean restricted
production from finer plucking ?—C. 8.

2, ATA HIGH ELE-
VATION.
North Cove, Bogawantalawa, May 14.

DEAR SiR,—I have been looking through
some of your back numbers for information
about ‘* Pepper” but can find nothing to
help me. Would you or any of your corre-
spondents tell me whether pepper may _ be
grown to pay at 5,000 feet elevation, and if
so what is the best variety to cultivate.

I know where to find any quantity of
wild pepper and it seems to bear well. If
you can afford me any information on this
subject, | shall be extremely obliged, as 1 am
thinking of applying to Government for a
grant of land on lease for the purpose of ex-
perimenting at a high elevation.—[ am, yours,
&e., T. FARR.

[To save a delay of three weeks in answer-
ing, we venture to give Mr. Farr’s letter
insertion in our daily, in order to say that
we have never heard of pepper being grown
in Ceylon successfuliy above 2,000 to 2,500 feet.
If therefere Mr, Farr is prepared to spend
money in pioneering experiments at 4,000 to
5,000 feet elevation, he certainly will deserve
encouragement by a grant ofland. But first
let him have the wild pepper tested by sending
a sample to his Colombo and London Agents.
Our manual ‘‘ All about Spices.” is unfortu-
nately outof print; but we can send Mr. Farr
twoback numbers of the 7.A. of which the
late Dr. Trimen wrote in his Annual Report
(in 1889) as follows :—

“As regards Pepper, I am glad to see signs of its
being taken up on a larger scale. We have disposed
of considerable quantities of both cuttings and seeds
of the good native variety grown at Henaratgoda,
and it is satisfactory to learn that a consignment
of this sort grown onan estate near Kandy, so high
as 2,000 feet, hag sold in London at an excellent price.
This cultivation is also of course eminently suited to
the native villager, by whom indeed it has long been
practised on asmall scale. Good accounts of the modes
of cultivation followed in Johore and in Malabar,
respectively, will be found in the ‘ Tropical Agricul-
turist ’ for September and November, 1888, (pp. 154and_
354) ; the latter being probably the most suited to the
conditions prevailing here.”

—Ep. 7.A.]

RUBBER PLANTING IN CEYLON,
Upcountry, May 3.

Sir,—Would you advise anyone going in for
rubber cultivation in Ceylon? What is the best
kind> to plant, and how long would one have to
wait for returns? Any information on the above
will much oblige, yours, AN INQUIRER.

[Certainly, we advise rubber planting in suitable
soil and damp climate up to 1,500 feet. Study
“ All About Rubber,” and the Zropical Agricul-
turist, with the Royal Botanic Gardens circulars
of Mr. Willis and his coadjutors—and see our
summary of all available information in the
** Directory and Handkook” early next month,

14 THE TROPICAL

Knquire of Major Gordon Reeves if seed off his
Castilloa trees is available: we should be inclined
to try this kind in Matale.—Ep. 7.A.]

CULTIVATION OF CHILLIES IN
CEYLON.
Colombo, May 28.

Srr,—Could you put me in the way of ob-
taining reliable information about the plant-
ing of chillies on a large scale. Has_ this
ever been tried in this country by a Huro-
pean ? I understand that most of the chillies
consumed here are imported from India, so
that there should he a good profit if planted
on suitable soil where they will crop well.

The estate where I would propose to plant
them has very good soil and is situated at
an elevation of ahout 1800-2000 feet. The
climate is a dry one, excepting for the
months of the N.-H. monsoon. Any infor-
mation will be thankfully received.—Yours
faithfully, W. HH. G.

[We refer our correspondent to the 7ropical
Agricwlturist for August, 1900, page 75, and
still better to November, 1900, page 369, where
—after instructions as to planting—it is stated
that very little labour or trouble is required
to cultivate chillies in almost any kind of
soil on the N.-H. coast of Quéensland.
Whether that is a guarantee for success at
2,000 feet in Ceylon can only be proved by
trial. We think the experiment well worth
a trial. (Has our correspondent ever heard
of the hard-up planter, whose coffee had
gone to the bad, making an honest penny
cut of a patent medicine for rheumatism
and other ills of the flesh in the mother-
country—a medicine which took the breath
away of old people, but certainly warmed
them up in an innocent way: on being
pressed by an old friend, the patentee con-
fessed he had nothing but a decoction of
Ceylon chillies!)—However, as our corre-
spondent says, there is a real need for the
local cultivation of chillies and other vege-
tables: it is a disgrace that we should be so
dependent on India for so many products.
Look for instance at our imports of arrow-
root, tapioca and sago, all of which should be
produced not only for local consumption but
export ; and yet Ceylon pays nearly 100,000
a year for its supply !—Eb. 7.A.]

CACAO PODS.
Wattegama, May 30.

DEHAR SiR,—Since writing my first report
on Cacao Pods and Seeds, I have received
a pgd said to be a new variety called Puerto
Cabella and sold by one planter at 30cents
per pod. I have been asked to say
whether that pod was anything like the pods
I gave anaccount of. This pod was 7} inches
tong, 10; inches circumference, weighed
1lb in all; Seed 12 roundish and 28 flattish ;
weight of wet seed 4} oz. and colour of pod,
shape and seed, when cut open, as near as
possible to what I described as No. 2 Cunde-
amor. This latter was the name attached
to the original plant received by me from
Trinidad in 1878 and there is now many

AGRICULTURIST. [Juty 1, 1901,

trees of that variety in Ceylon, planted from
seed of that original plant. ‘lhe pod I
described was larger, more in weight, number
of seed, &c. Another pod has been sent to me;
this is from a Ceylon cacao estate and is also a
Cundeamor, but grown on poor soil, weight
of pod # Ib, 41 seed 2% oz. only (wet). Cc. P:

CEYLON (AND OTHER)

GERMANY,
sandy, May 31.
Str,—I herein enclose interesting statistics,
received from Mr. J H Renton, regarding Ceylon
tea in Germany.—I am, Sir, Yours faithfully,
A. PHILIP.

TEA IN

THA ENTERED FOR BOME CONSUMPTION
IN GERMANY.

Be 2 1900.
<ilos. Kilos.
From Great Britain 302,300 329,600
British East India ) 370,500 235,100
Ceylon § included in India 116,700
Holland r 50 193,100 104,(.00
Dutch Hast Indies 5A 300,200 330,800
China 50 «. 1,828,700 1,831,200
Elsewhere oe 34,100 63,200
2,958,900 3,053,500
Ib. Ib.

Say 6,509,580 Say 6,717,760
_Ceylon has only been kept separate from India
Since September, 1900 :—

EXPORTS,
lb. lb.

From Colombo ate 346,952 402,717
From Calcutta 50 704,877 861,780
; 1,051,836 1,264,497

Against Imports for
Home Consumption... 704,000 773,960
What has become of a
the balance of én 347,836 490,537

NATIVES AND TEA DKINKING.

Ambegamuwa, June 10th.

Sir,—l think it would be a capital idea if you
would invite suggestions in your columns for edu-
cating the natives of Ceylon to drink tea; you
will remember what Lord Curzon said about the
300,000,000 natives of India that were only waiting
to learn to like tea before taking many mil-
lion pounds of our output off the present markets, or
words to that effect. At present my idea is that,
though tea is dirt cheap, it is not so very easy
for natives to buy it at anything like the price we
sell it for in Colombo, even supposing they wish
to buy it; and agreat proportion do not wish to
buy it at all because they have never learnt to like it.

I consider itis our duty to teach them to like
it and to enable them to buy it from us at the
price we are getting for it in Colombo, minus
brokers’ charges, rail freight, é&c.,—and packing in
certain cases. Now for my suggestions, They are
put forward for what they are worth ; better ideas
should follow, but someone must make a start.

(1). Let every Superintendent have a notice up
in Tamil and Sinhalese at some place where it will
catch the eye of the passer-by: to this effect :—

“Good tea for sale for cash (say) Ist grade 20 cents
pevjlb., 2nd grade 10 cents per Ib,

Jury 1, 1901.)

BRING YOUR OWN SACKS,”

The above would be for red leaf and souchong
This would be a nuisance for the Superintendent, of
course; it would be difficult, but not impossible, to
check, and it might lead to thieving, which by the
way would not bean unmixed evil, if they consumed
what they stole, So much off the present market.

(2) Get natives under some sort of contract to
hawk tea round the towns for sale cheap.

Here the Cess would have tocome in, A certain
amount of tea of low grades could be purchased
from estates at ordinary Colombo rates, and sent
round in carts and ladled out for cash at the doors
of the inhabitants. It would not be advisable to sell
at a profit at the start, I should say.

(3) ‘* Given away with a pound of tea” isa saying
that does not convey as much now perhaps as it used
to, but, when I was a podian, the village grocer
used to tempt the rustics to buy tea by giving as
presents cheap crockery and ornaments of sorts to
those that bought. What succeeded in the old
country, and it did succeed, might succeed here.

If I were an enterprising Burgher lad, keen on
making money and with a soul above commercial
honesty, I would beg, borrow, or steal a waggon, bull,
and stock; 1 would traverse the outlying districts
from end to end, and I would flood the villages on
my way with the cheapest of teas and the grandest
of Birmingham tea-pots and German neckties.

There would be money in it. In towns Caddy-
keepers might try the samething. If too that enter-
prising Burgher youth could only learn the ‘“‘ Cheap
Jack” business, what a time he would have of it, He
might end up in the Legislative Council; think how his
training would help him there, and, mind you, every
pound of tea he sold, so much the better for us. You
ought to get plenty of other suggestions ; the ditficulty
is, who is to take itup? Itiseveryone’s business and
no one’s business. Why cannot the “Thirty Committee”
appoint a man (there are plenty out of billets) to boss
the show, approach the principal natives, get their
ideas, and try and work with them to open up a trade
between the tea planters and the thirsty millions?

Who can deny that the object to be obtained is
worth a little trouble and thought ?—Yours, etc.,

‘CHEAP JACK.”

NUTS FROM THE COCONUT PALM.
ANOTHER ‘‘ RECORD” NUMBER.

Hanwella, June 15.

Drar Srr,—fe the question about the largest
number of nuts of all sizes on a coconut palm at
one time, in your paper of the 10th inst., Ihave
much pleasure to inform you that, ona visit to
Madampe, the large coconut planting district,
about three years ago, I came accross a few
heavily laden palms, and out of curiosity I counted
up the bunches and endeavoured to find ont the
number of nuts on one of the trees.

There were 27 or 37 bunches in all, and counted
over 400 nuts of all grades, but I failed to count up
all: I think there wereabout 500 to 600 nuts in
all on that tree. As regards the largest number
of nuts at a picking I know of some trees
in the same district which gave 300 nuts at a
_ quarterly picking. Of course, I admit that this
is not the common yield of the district. IbLave
a few well bearing palms here, some of which have
about 20 bunches, having about 400 nuts of ell
grades. A NATIVE PLANTER.

{Can any one beat this record? Signed
letters preferred. Ep. 7.A.]

THE TROPICAL AGRIOULTURIST. 1

vue

RUBBER CULTIVATION IN CEYLON:
THE PRESENT STATH OF THE INDUSTRY;
BACKWARDNESS OF TEA PLANTERS IN
THE LOWCOONTRY IN DOING THEIR
DUTY BY RUBBER;

GREAT ENCOURAGEMENT TO INTERSPERSE
TEA WITH PARA RUBBER TREES IN
MOIST LOW DISTRICTS.

We have just had the estate returns
analysed and summed up, and we are
distinctly disappointed with the result as
regards the extent to which rubber plants
—especially of the Para (Hevea) variety—
have been put out among the tea, or along
boundaries, or in separate clearings, in the
lowcountry districts which are most suitable
for their successful growth. These specially
include the districts cf Kalutara and Udagama,
Ratnapura, Kuruwita, Lower Balangoda and
Rakwana, Lower Morawak’ Korale, and in
fact all the South-west division of Ceylon
with a large slice of the Kelani Valley,
Kegalla and the host of minor districts in-
cluded between the Kelani and Nil gangas.
This is apart from the opportunities for
successful planting in some of the Kandy
and Matale districts up to 1,500 feet
altitude. But in saying we are dis-
appointed at the result of our investigation,
we have the satisfaction of finding that the
total extent is much in advance of the estimate
with which the Director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens has favoured us. In March 1878,
Mr. Willis estimated that the equivalent of
7oU acres were covered with rubber. On the
13th instant he writes:—‘‘I should double
that now ; but, of course, this is only a rough
guess: we have sold locally enough seed for
1,200 acres; but there is more private, than
Government, seed now available.” This is
trae, and considering that a census on only
two estates—Oulloden and Heatherley,
certainly the leading rubber growers—
in the Kalutara district, shows a total of
all ages of 40,000 growing rubber trees
and that another estate in Matale West
reports 22,000 Paras (some up to 6 and 9
years old)and that patches and interspersings
of rubber are found on so many other places,

the grand total must, in area, be a good deal \

in excess of the Director’s estimate of 1,500
acres. Of course, a great deal depends on
how many trees should be counted to an
acre. One counsellor or specialist has actually
gone so low as 50 trees. This, we think,
many todtew. Counting 15 by 15 feet as a
fair allowance between Para trees, to
do them full justice, we take 200 trees in
round numbers as the equivalent of an acre
and we find that, in May, 1891, we can
count on 2,597 acres as the extent re.
presented by rubber plantings against 1,071
aeres in July, 1898. Of course, if 100. trees
be taken as the equivalent of an acre, we
should have 5,000 acres to deal with; but
in any case we do not get beyond the halt-
million of growing trees of all. ages and
kinds—chiefly Para, but including a vertain
number of Ceara—many of them oid trees
put out in the ‘‘boom” of 15 to 20 years
ago—with a few Castillocs and some of the
Landolphia vine. Now with trees up to 9, 10,
and 12 years, it is time we were hearing of

16 THE TROPICAL

appreciable harvestings and expors of rubber.
But itis a fact, as Mr. Willis hints, that the
fortunate owners of old trees have gone in
for crops of seed rather than of rubber, and
our export returns for the past three years
will show how freely Para seed has been pur-
chased from Ceylon for the Straits and
other Far East regions, as well as Burma.
Here ave the figures for two years: 1898—
exported Rubbar seed to the (Customs) value
of R10,363 and in 1899 to the value of
R40,714; while, we feel sure, there has
been no falling-off im 1900. As regards the
export of crude rubber, the returns are very
poor so far; but there isno question that the
time is rapidly approaching when there
should begin to be an appreciable export of
rubber from Ceylon, and we would urge all
low-country proprietors, who have not done
so, to begin to add rubber as a minor, but
valuable, product to their tea. Cannot some-
thing be also done with the old Ceara trees
and their crops of seed, in districts not
suitable for Para? Hven this kind is not to
be despised as has been shown by experience
gained inDumbara ; while we append arecent
report from an Uva district which shows
that it should not be difficult to establish a
nursery and to form clearings of Ceara, and,
in spite of the drawbacks pointed out, a
gathering of #lb.. of rubber per cooly per
day shouid surely leave a profit :—

“There are a few large trees here now.
When taking the bark off for tapping about
six feet up the trunk white ants are
attracted by the juice. They attack the trees
most vigorously and kill them very quickly.*
The trees seed very freely and a lot of young
plants come up, which grow rapidly; in fact
they are rather a nuisance where they get
amongst the cultivated tea. A cooly will
collect about 2 lb. wet rubber per diem.”

But itisin respect of Para in our moist
low districts that most planting has to be done
and here is what one planter, of experience
in rubber, writes :—

“A vast number of young plants die off
before they have time to develope, but once
established they are very hardy. (1 am
speaking of the Para variety). There are
besides . number of old Ceara trees scattered
aboutthecountry representing avery uncertain
area, and lately some Castilloa Elastica have
been planted, but not many.

“It has always been a surprise to me that
more Para Rubber has not been planted
through the tea on low-country estates. The
shade they throw does the tea good rather
than harm, and when they have reached a
certain age (depending on soil and other
conditions) they become a most valuable
source of revenue.

“TJ have heard that the old trees on Culloden
which. J understand, have been ° crudely
tapped at intervals for some time past, must
have averaged froin 15 to 20)b. of rubber
apiece; and they are still in excellent
heart, though the bark has been dreadfully
lacerated by imperfect tapping. A cooly,
after a little practice, can collect from 1 tb.
to 1} 1b. per diem and at present prices (8s 6d

This is something entirely new—we never heard
of it in Dumbara—and it is surely due to very rough
handling of the taee in tapping ?—Ep, 7A.

AGRICULTURIST. [Jury 1, 1901,

per lb.) this leaves a very fine margin of
profit. Planters, however, are always im-
patient for returns and it is difficult to get
ther to see the advantage of introducing a
cultivation unless there is a prospect of a
speedy turn-over ; hence the few rubbers that
have been introduced amongst the tea, a
source of regret now and it may become still
more so before long !”

We think the above ought to stir up
low-country tea planters to lose no time in
adding this rubber string to their bow. We
should fain see not half-a-million but
many millions of rubber trees growing in
the island to add to its agricultural wealth
and increase the value of tea plantations.

a eae Ads Calais A
PLANTING NOTES.

FUMIGATING CITRUS TREES FOR SCALE.—An
orchardist, writing to the Fruit Expert as to re-
sults achieved by fumigating citras trees for scale
insects, says :—‘‘ I have fumigated about 900 trees
with the most happy results. Trees badly infested
with seale lost a large portion of foliage,;but the
after-growth was very luxuriant indeed ; and trom
unhealthy, forlorn-looking things, they were trans-
ferred into bright, glossy, healthy trees.”—Agri-
cultural Gazette of New South Wales.

A Probducr FOR ouR PATANAS.— Australian
wattles (the acacia dealbata or decurrens) should
grow readily on our patanas and the bark is
valuable for tanning. We read that ‘the Wai-
rangi wattle plantation in the South Island of New
Zealand contains 1,900 acres. The output of bark
annuaily reaches 150 tons, and this will shortly
be increased to 200 tons. The variety grown is
the Acacia decurrens.” Why not Uva patana
plantations covering thousands of acres?”

A GERMAN BOTANIST is said to have discovered
that, out of 4,300 species of flowers cultivated in
Europe, only 420 possess an agreeable perfume.
Flowers with white er cream-coloured petals are
more frequently odoriferous than others. Next in
order come the yellow flowers, then the red,
after them the blue, and finally the violet, of which
only thirteen varieties out of 308 give off a pleas-
ing perfume. In the whole list 3,880 varieties are
offensive in odour, and 2,300 have no perceptible
smell, either good or bad,_Indian Agriculturist,
June l.

FISHING WITH A STEAM Pump.—A pond on
the farm of a Marlequette, bordered by rocky
shores, had never been drained, owing to the ex-
pense. Last year the proprietor conceived the
idea of making use of a powerful steam pump.
Hach stroke of the piston drew up a hectrolitre
(25 gallons) of water, and the pond was there-
fore emptied in a few hours, and not only was
the water drawn off, but also all the fish that
it contained. This was a revelation. All the
owners of the ponds in the neighbourhood have
followed suit, and the owner of the pump is
making a speciality of this kind of work. He
lets ont one of hispumps, modified tor this pur-
pose. Each stroke of the piston biings up a
torrent, with which are mingled fish and craw-
fish, together with dirt and débris such as are
contained in every pond—old sardine boxes and
the like. A sort of metal basket receives the
whole. The water and slime escape, while a boy
collects the fish and sorts them according to species
and weight.-Home paper, May 20.

juny 1, 1901.]

THE TEA PLANTING INDUSTRY OF
CEYLON, MAY 1901:
387,000 ACRES OF THEA ON PLANTATIONS
AND 5,000 CULTIVATED IN NATIVE
GARDENS.

A good deal of curiosity has been mani-
fested by Visiting Agents and others as to
how the figures for tea area would work out
on the present occasion, in view of the check to
planting and the possible abandonment of un-
profitablefields. InJuly 1898, thetotalextenton
plantations was 364,000 acres ; but we showed
that, reckoning a certain acreage of coffee
planted up with tea and about 17,000 acres in
native gardens, we might take the Tea Indus-
try of Becion as being well on to 375,000 acres
by the end of 1898, Now the extent covered
with tea on the regular plantations is
387,000 acres, in consequence of additional
clearings in 1899 and last year, besides 5,000
acres, which we make out the cultivated
native gardens to represent at the pre-
sent time, and a certain extent still, we
fear, to come over from coffee fields; but,
perhaps, against this may go the gradual
exclusion of poor corners of tea in different
districts, so that the safest reckoning will
be to put 392,000 acres as representing the
Tea Industry of Ceylon in May 1901—an
increase of 17,000 acres onthe full reckoning for
22yearsago. Out ofthis total of 392,000 acres,
we put the extent of tea which is five years old
and upwards at 360,000 acres (and this must
have given an average of 411 lb. per acre in
last year’s crop)—so that there are fully
30,000 acres of young tea yet to come into
full bearing in Ceylon, ‘this should be a
further warning to our Indian neighbours
against further planting at this time. i

The greatest addition of tea to any district
in the past two years is in Haputale, where
the increase equals 4,000 acres; Badulla dis-
trict shews an addition of 1,500; Kalutara
2,000; Kelani Valley 1,400; while Dimbula
has more tea by 1,800 acres and Kuruwitta
district an increase of 1,200 acres. On the
other hand Dikoya has altered very little
and the return for Pussellawa and a few
other districts positively aggregates a less
total than in 1898.

Dimbula of course heads the list with the
largest acreage of tea—over 46,000; -while
the Kelani Valley comes next with well-nigh
35,000 acres, and Dikoya only a little under
30,000. In all Uva there are now 60,000 acres
of the staple; while between Great Western
and Adam’s Peak the three districts com-
prise 95,000 acres—surely one of the finest
expanses of tea in the world.

a nr)
MR. KELWAY BAMBER AND OUR

THA INDUSTRY IN UVA AND DIKOYA.

Mr. Kelway Bamber has been away on a
visit to an estate in the Lunugala district and
‘also (yesterday afternoon) to another estate in
Dikoya, and returns to Colombo early
next week. His investigations are widen-

ing and, after the preliminary canter —

hitherto, the results should increase in
inter to the planting community. One of

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1%

the most curious things that has struck Mr,
Bamber is that young tea on new clearings
nowadays, he is constantiy being told, does
not give anything like the same result in
growth in the same time as when tea was
first planted. The cause of this, Mr. Bamber
thinks, must lie in the smaller quantity of
carbonic acid, which goes to torm organic
matter, that is drawn from the air nowadays
bythe average tea-bush in any onedistrict; and
new clearings near old tea-fieldsare thus bound
to show smaller results than the former
young clearings in new country. As little
as 3 to 5 per cent of inorganic matter in the
tea bush is drawn from the soil, the
material for organic matter mainly
from the air, It is to return some of
this organic material to the soil that should
be object of the cultivator. In addition to
the burying of prunings, Mr, Bamber ad-
vises cutting down and burying the jungle
nillu,—after leaving it awhile to rot, pre-
ferably, so as to give off carbonic acid gas.

Other aids to tea-planters would be forth-
coming if a Geological Museum, with speci-
mens of rock from every district, were
attainable in Ceylon. Rocks, it must be
remembered, are almost invariably indicators
of the soil to which they belong ; and if such
a geological branch could be added to the
Colombo Museum, Mr. Bamber would be
able to extend his scientific work to the
analysis of the constituents of the rock-
formations of the various districts and the
determination of the suitability or otherwise
of the soil for tea, or indeed for other pro-
ducts. We trust that, as soon as the time
comes for Mr. Bamber to take his share in
such a work—which, we think, will be inti-
mately connected with the Geological Survey
when that comes, but can scarcely wait for
it entirely,—Government will do their part
with a ready hand. The planters, in pro-
viding typical rock specimens from their
several districts, we may be quite sure, will
readily do their part.

ar

SAMBUR-HUNTING IN CEYLON.

BY THOMAS FARR,
(From the Wide World Magazine, May.)

[A detailed description of a very exciting sport
practised in the Horton Plains district. The
photographs will be found interesting ; but we
desire to draw special attention to the spirited
frontispiece and other special drawings which
have been prepared for this narrative by Mr John
G Millais, F z8., ete. For twenty years Mr Farr
has been the leading elk-hunter in Ceylon, and has
been master of three different packs. In his
article he describes ‘‘ the run of his life.”—Ep.]

Sambur, or elk as they have been called in
Ceylon from time immemorial, vary in courage to
a most striking degree. There is the stag that
will bellow and squeal almost as soon as he
catches your eye—even before a hound has
touched him ; and then there is the gallant, fears
less brute that will fight to the last aud die game
without so much as a groan.

But I must describe elk-hunting as it is carried
on in Ceylon beforeI give you an account of the
grand ‘day’ we had on the llth of June. Sir

18 THE TROPICAL

Samuel Baker has described the sport in two
most readable books; but beyond this I have
seldom come acrossan accurate account of ib asit
ought to be and generally is, I have once or
twice read descriptions which were ludicrous from
their inaccuracy, and the sport seemed to have
degenerated into a scurry with a nondescript pack
of tykes, attended by a crowd of people armed
with guns and spears.

Then comes a very good portrait of
THE AUTHOR, MR. THOMAS FARR, FOR TWENTY-

YEARS THE LEADING ELK-HUNTER OF
CEYLON.
(From a photo by F and R Speight, 178, Regent
Street, W.)

‘Elk” hunting, ag it has always been carried
on by some two or three recognised packs in
Ceylon, is almost entirely on foot, and the only
weapon used is the hunting-knife with a ten-inch
blade. A horse is occasionally useful to take one
trom point to point in a hard run, where some
game track, native path, or road lends its assis-
tance ; but in nine cases out of ten you would
find your horse up to his girths in a swamp before
. you had followed a pack of ‘‘ elk” hounds across
country for a quarter of a mile.

The country is a very stiff one, lying at the
summit, more or less, of the mountain zone of the
island, and falling down from this undulating
plateau of some 8,000 ft. to elevations of 4,000 ft.
and 5,000 ft. Wast tracts of forest are here inter-
spersed with open downs of short, coarse grass
called patanas, and at the bottoms of fhe valleys
are streams of some volume and size. These will
be found widening out into grand pools, narrowing
to shallow rapids over rocky beds and impassable
in floods, or plunging down deep gorges and
chasms and falling over bare precipices and crags.
Waterfalls of 50 ft. and 100ft. are necessarily
common in such a country, and one | know of is
some 2,000 ft. At the very lipof this “ Banjy” I
once killed a magnificent stag. Ib is a big country,
too, where I have chiefly hunted during the past
twenty odd years, and where the hunt I shall en-
deavour to describe took place. It is known as
the Horton Plains Country, and may be described
as the ‘‘ Roof of the Island.” Through its open
grassy downs meanders the most perfect trout
stream it is possible to imagine. For some ten
years ova have been imported from England, and
the stream has been well stocked, affording
splendid sport to the members of our fishing club.

As for climate it would be hard to beat any-
where, and at this high elevation, over 7,000 ft.,
it is easy to imagine that hard exercise, even in
the tropics though it be, is not only possible but
enjoyable, Often during December, January, and
February the patanas are white with hoar-frost up
to 6-30 a.m., whilst the shade temperature during
the day varies from 55 deg. to 65 deg. Fahr.

“HOUNDS ARE UNKENNELLED BY 5 A.M. ON A
HUNTING MORNING.”

[Picture From a Photo.]

Hounds are unkennelled by 5 a.m. on a hunt-
ing morning, and with luck are back on their
benches by twelve noon. The pack consists of
foxhounds, deerhounds, and kangaroo hounds.
The following would be a very ‘‘killing” lot:
eight to nine couple of 23 in. English foxhounds,
three to four couple of deer and kangaroo hounds,
and three or four good, hardy Norfolk lurchers to
run with the finders. Foxhounds are too apt to
confine themselves to baying the hunted stag, which

AGRICULTURIST. (Juny 1, 1901,

will often stand and defy them in the jungle, while
he gets his wind, whereas a lureher will give him
a nip somewhere as ahint to move on.

As arule the quarry carries a fine scent, and
you may often see your lurchers ahead of the fox-
hounds, driving him for all he is worth. At this
pace, especially if it is a matter of a mile up-hill
or aquarter of a mile up a steep patana bluff, the
stag gets blown, and comes down to the pool below
to make his stand. There the deer and kangaroo
hounds play their part. These are known as
“long dogs” or ‘‘seizers,” and they are distrib-
uted by one knowing the country and the run
of the deer. Dog-boys are told off for this work,
generally assisted hy one or two of the field.

On more than one occasion I have seen the
hunted stag or hind lie down in a pool close in
front of hounds, all but the nostrils hidden
beneath the surface of the water, and I have ac-
tually seen half a pack pass within a few teet of a
stag’s head just above the water without winding
or seeing it. When, sooner or leter, he stands to
fight itis generally in shallow water to begin
with. On some narrow ridge of rock in mid-
stream, with deeper water around him, he awaits
the leading hounds—one or two couple probably,
which have to approach him swimming. He
shows no sign of fear, butan impatient stamping
of the water with his fore-feet betrays his rage.
As more and more come on, and the more formi-
dable-looking ‘‘ seizers’ arrive on the scene, the
situation changes.

Instead of attacking his pursuers in fierce
rushes, he breaks his ‘‘ bay” and seeks deeper
water where even the big kangaroo hounds must
swim to reachhim. Here he will stand up to his
chest in water, rearing up occasionally to pound
huntsmen and hounds as they approach him. The
knife being the ouly weapon used, a near approach
is necessary to, give the fatal thrust behind the
shoulder.

The stag, too, takes good care to keep his head
towards you, so that the vulnerable point in his
side seems unattainable. Then, when still harder
pressed, he takes to deeper water, and swims at
such a pace that, unless hampered with hounds
at his ears, no human being in his clothes can
hope to keep near him. As _ he crosses the shal-
lows at the head of the pool or passes some con-
venient rock the sportsman takes his opportunity
and a skilful thrust is often as effectual as a well-
directed bullet would be.

If the stag takes to deep water, unless a man
be a good swimmer it were wiser for him to
remain onthe bank and watch the fight until he
can see his way toa dash at his quarry on the
shallows. The stag uses his fore-feet with
terrific force, and I have seen strong seizers

[‘S WHEN, SOONER OR LATER, HE STANDS TO FIGHT
ITIS GENERALLY IN SHALLOW WATER

TO BEGIN WITH.—Picture. ]
almost cut in two by them; while with his hind-
feet he is as quick and handy asa pony. Now for
the story of the fighting stag.

It was on the 11th of June that four of us met
on the Horton Plains : Maitland (the Master),
Ross, Wilson, and myself. The morning was fine,
and we left the kennels at 5:45 a.m., but it was
too windy to be called a good hunting morning, as
it was almost impossible to locate sound accurately.

Seizers having been placed, Maitland with a
short pack of about eight couple drew in alonga
low ridge of thick forest running parallel with the

JuLy 1, 1901.1

river. A stag had been harboured there the day
before, so we were certain ofa find. Just above
Figure of Eight Pool the first whimper was heard,
and Beauty proclaimed a good find, for immedi-
ately afterwards. the hounds went away with a
fine burst of music.

[A TYPICAL ‘‘PATANA”’ OR OPEN DOWN OF
SHORT, COARSE GRASS.—Picture. |

Crossing the river and still keeping along the
valley, Ross, Wilson and I ran down the open,
keeping in touch with the pack now tonguing
merrily on our left and making for a narrow belt
of patana into and almost through the jungle
above us. Here two seizers, Dainty and Ven-
geance, had been placed, as the stag was pretty
sure to cross it on his way to Baker's Falls, where
he would probably make his first Stand, or, at any
rate, cross the river there.

We reached the belt of patana justin time to
see the tail hound flash out on to the grass,
and just below us in the hollow we could hear a
“bay,” Before we could get to it the stag broke
bay and dashed into the forest, heading for the
falls. We could just catch a glimpse of a nasty
red gash on the off-shoulder of Dainty, the fast
kangaroo hound, as she passed us, and following
we heard the whole pack racing down a precip-
itous slope to the top of the falls.

Getting over the top of a knoll, in front of us
we could hear a grand ‘‘ bay” going on in the
river some 200 feet below us. We were tumbling
down the patana side to this when the “bay ”
ceased, and a big, heavy stag passed in full view
oa a bit of swampy ground on the other bank of
the river. Hounds were close at Lis heels and,
after a momentary check in a stream down whose
rocky bed the stag had trotted knee-deep in water,
they dashed into the jungle on his line. A second
later, amid achorus of music, a fine stag trotted
back into the open, apparently from the very
middle of the pack. At the time it appeared that
he must be the hunted stag, but subsequent events
proved that this was not the case. Not a single
hound came out on his line, and he was soon out
of sight again in the jungle.

In the meantime we could hear hounds getting
away up the opposite slope now in thick forest ;
but the noise of the'wind and rushing water made
it impossible to locate the sonnd. The ‘‘field ”
now divided, Maitland and I following the direc-
tion the pack had started in, whilst Ross and
Wilson, thinking hounds had turned right-handed,
made the best of their way in that direction.
After a sharp run of about three-quarters of a
mile to Onion Patana, with nothing but instinct to
guide-me, [ heard far away in a thickly-wooded
gorge a distinct baying of hounds. So, getting
into a game path by the edge of the stream, I
ran along as fast as dense undergrowth and
trailing creepers would let me, and after going
about half a mile all sound ceased.

THE FIGHT IN MID-STREAM COMMENCES.

The stag had again broken ‘‘ bay ” before I could
come up with him and, swinging round left-handed
up a narrow gorge, he soon took the pack out of
hearing. Coming back to Onion Patana and dis-

turbing on my way a large troop of Wandervo .

monkeys, whose bark or grunt is sometimes un-
commonly like that of a wild boar, I met Maitland.
He had heard no tongue, but had picked up two
‘couple of hounds that had been thrown out in the
run. Around us the forest trees swayed in the wind,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 19

and occasionally the note of a distant bird or the
wail of chafing branches would make us start with
hope that we heard hounds running. The jungle
was soddea with last night’s rain, and by this
time I was wet to the skin, so that standing
still in the cold wind was not at all to my mind,

“THE STAG WOULD REAR HIMSELF UPON HIS

HIND LEGS.” —ENGRAVING. ]

We decided to return to the open plains by the
way we had come and so get to the river as
quickly as possible. The hounds we had recovered
had evidently come from a high, forest-clad
ridge rising some 600 ft. between us and the river,
To get round a spur of this was now our object,
and we had hardly entered the forest for this
purpose when to our joy we heard the welcome
sound of a ‘‘ bay” far away below us, and again
in the direction of Baker’s Falls. Making the best
pace we could, we were soon out on the open
patana again.

Now the baying of hounds became more and
more distinct, and forcing our way through the
fringe of long grass and brambles, always to be
found where jungle and patana meet, we gained
a view of the river. Here a lovely and striking
picture met our view—a long, broad reach of water
extending to the very lip of the falls, and broken
here and there by ridges of rock and rapids and
intervening pools.

In one of these, out in the mid-stream, stood a
magnificent stag at bay. His head was lowered
to below the level of his withers, and his mane
bristled with rage. Taking advantage of every
favourable feature in the surroundings, the
hounds approached him, baying furiously from
ridges of rock, from the bank, and more venture-
some ones from the water itself, all in a grand
chorus. Thestag was in fighting trim and fighting
mood, and at frequent intervals with a bound or
two forward he would rear himself up on his hind-
legs and with lightning stroke his hoofs would
break the water with a splash above or within a
few inches of an approaching hound. To avoid his
terrific and sudden attacks the old and experienced
hound would allow himself to sink beneath the sur-
face, whilst the water would break the force of the
blow. So far only the leading hounds were up,
and noseizers. We knew it was useless to expect
to keep him at bay for long, or kill him with only
half-a-dozen foxhounds, so the situation was be-
coming critical.

The master then blew his horn, giving his signal
to the dog-boy to bring the seizers, and after many
anxious minutes, during which the stag was fast
getting his wind, first one and then another
appeared in the distance galloping to the ‘bay” A
few more hounds had come up on the line, and the
bay became louder and louder as they joined in.

Then down the steep slopes to the river came
Venus and Strathspey, Rover and Dainty, with
Vestal, Vengeance, and Victor, Slavin and Rufus
—a truly formidable band, all racing to join the
baying pack. In amoment the situation was
changed.

The hounds took heaxt of grace from the plucky
seizers and leaped from rock to rock, whilst the
latter splashed throvgh shallow pools and, bursting
through scrub and grass on the bank, soon showed
the stag he had more formidable opponents to deal
with ;than afew baying foxhounds: In a moment
the stag broke his ‘bay’ at once, and with a few
bounds was across the river and once more in the
sheltering jungle. :

20 THE TROPICAL

The pack, now almost all up, pressed him fiercely,
and raised such a chorus on his line that even the
roar of the falls and the noise of the wind could
not drownit. They hustled him along through the
dense forest, and now he tried a desperate move to
baffle his pursuers. We were on the very top and
brink of the falls, and Maitland waded across the
pool just above where the stag had made a short
stand, whilst I waited, expecting he would run a
short ring and return to the same pool to continue
the fight. Leaving the talls for a moment, I could
hear hounds getting lower and lower, baying as
they went.

It was a frightful bit of country. The falls are
broken into three steps or ledges, with a deep pool
worn into the solid rock, into which the water
plunges with aroar. The first fallis some 25ft.,
on to anarrow ledge, thence, after a swift swirl in
its water-worn basin, it spouts out again over
another 15ft. of rock on to a broader ledge below.
Above, the river has divided so that, while half of
it descends to the narrow ledge I have just des-
cribed, the other half falls sheer over some 30ft.
into a deep, dark pool at its base. On either side
of these falls and within the influence of the water
are perpendicular cliffs, from crevices in which
magnificent tree-ferns lean their graceful fronds
towards the spray.

It had now become evident to me that there
was no chance of the stag ever reaching the top
of the falls again, and the sound of hounds could
now only faintly be heard through the roar of
water. Crossing with the greatest care over the
very brink of the precipice, where a false step or a
slip would have meant certain death, I reached the
other bank, and forcing my way through dense
undergruwth away from the falls I could again
hear the furious baying of the pack now far
below me.

Looking over the edge of the precipice, which
extended into the jungle from the river, I could see
Maitland lowering himself by saplings, roots of
trees, and trailing creepers into a_ perfect chasm.
But the baying of a pack of hounds and a fighting
stag will lead a man anywhere, and down I went
hand under hand, hanging sometimes directly over
Maitland’s head.

JustasI reached the bottom, drenched and almost
blinded by the spray of the left-hand tall, I wit-
nessed an extraordinary sight. On the brink of
the fall in one living, struggling mass were the
stag and two-thirds of the pack—the stag with his
feet in theair and Rover fast on his ear. The
good old hound had made his seize with such effect
that the shock and the slippery foothold had turned
him over. It was only a momentary glimpse, for
ab that instant the whole lot of them went over
_ the fall together. The force of the stream and
the narrowness of the ledge gave no chance for a
single hound to avoid it.

Following Maitland, who was the clambering
down the side of the fall, through pools and over
boulders anddown another wall ofrock, we reached
the second pool. Here the stag had reached
his last stronghold wherein to make his final effort,
anda gallant effort it was. The depth of the
pool into which he had fAllen had saved his life
for the moment, for he had somehow crushed poor
Rover in his fall. He lost no time in making good
his advantage. ‘The ledge of rock here was much
broader than the one they had just left and the
rocky basin was some 40ft. long and 20ft. wide.
From this there was only one way out except over

e falls, for on the far side rose a spur of some

AGRICULTURIST [JuLy 1, 1901.

50ft. whilst on the right was the f
ember per fall. hea

e rest of the field here joined us, comin
the face of the precipice where a few hs chy de
saplings grew. New the fight began in earnest. It
was a grand and awesome sight that we looked
upon. From aboveus the upper fall plunged down
into the deep, dark pool at our feet with a thun-
dering roar, and clouds of spray rose into the air
around us. At the tail of the pool, and on the lip
of the lower fall, in the fierce rush of the descend-
ing torrent stood the stag, facing the pack, as the
bolder ones dashed or swam towards him. Below
and behind him no living creature could have
gained one second’s foothold.

[THE MASTER SOUNDS HIS HORN AFTER THE KILL
TO CALL UP STRAGGLERS. —ENGRAVING. ]

[HERE IS A UNIQUE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING TWO
HOUNDS ABOUT TO ATTACK A STAG AT BAY
IN THE STREAM.—ENGRAVING. ]

The water trom the pool confined in its narrow
worn channel rushed with swirl and eddy past him,
breaking over his hocks, but barely reaching his
knees. Toreach him here with the knife was
guite impossible. Over a sheer wall of rock the
all plunged with a teverberating thud into the
pool some 30ft. below—a solid rock cauldron of

black, seething water.

The gallant stag here held his own and gained
his wind once more. Hound after ho und, feel«
ing the danger of the stream and fearing to face
the stag insuch a place, came away to adjacent
rocks and ledges to bay their feelings to the full.
But Venus, a grand white deerhound, was not to
be denied. With the courage and recklessness of
the best of her race she made her spring to seize
trying for the ear as Rover had successfully done
in the pool above; but she missed her point. Ina
second she was drawn into the vortex of the deadly
rush of water, and in another she disappeared like
aflash into the pool some 30ft, below.

It was a sickening sight for her owner—indeed
for us all—to see this: grand hound whirled down
out of sight even before she was well over the cruel
fall. Her attack, however, dislodged the stag, and
forward he bounded once more into the safer
environment of the pool. But other hounds en-
couraged by the good seizer’s effort, had ventured
too far out in the stream, andin a moment, one
after the other, Beauty and Rosebud —a splendid
couple of foxhounds—and Rufus and Pillager were
Swept past us over the fall. Another good hound
followed and then another, and two were saved on
the very brink.

Now hound after hound dashed in to seize
only to be pounded by the stag as he stood on
some submerged rock ss a point of vantage to
meet his foes. Wilson sprang in at him knife in
hand. but missed his point behind ihe shoulder.
merely grazing the skiu. : ‘

With all one’s clothes it was no light matte!
to swim in the swirling eddies near these grea
falls and it was with some difficulty that he ret
gained the ledge of rock from which he had
jumped. The stag in the meantime, startled by
the sudden plunge and the prick of the hunting-
knife. swam immediately under the fall, and as
he paased under the torrent of water he threw his
head back and seemed to litt himself away
from the suction of the under current, which

must have been very strong where the fall met
the pool. ;

JULY 1, 1901. |

Coming round to my side, where I guarded the
only path out of the pool to possible freedom, he
faced me quite undaunted and walked calmly right
up to the point of my knife as I stood on a ledge of
rock level with the water. I knewI could not reach
his heart with my knife in this situation, even if I
had plynged straight in, and he did not consider it
advisable to approach any nearer. A few hounds
dashed in again and some of those still swimming
Wa to seize, so once more he swam across the
pool.

Wilson then made a second attempt, and this
time the under current seemed to draw him
down ; it was only by the greatest effort that he
succeeded in clambering up to the ledge once
more.

Dainty, in spite of the wound on her shoulder
she had received at the first short ‘‘ bay” on the
patana, here seized magnificently, and over and
ever again had the stag bythe ear, but the water
was too rough for her. The stag would sink or
even dive to choke her off, and invariably
succeeded in doing so. Vestal, one of Venus’s fine
litter and almost a puppy, was barely a moment on
the bank; and Blithesome and Reckless, two fox-
hounds, went in over and over again most pluckily,
but against them all the stag held his own most
gallantly. We, too, were not idle, making a dash
here and there as he seemed to expsse him-
self to attack; but as often he eluded us,
At last after an hour’s fight Ross, taking an ad-
vantage of a fine bit ot eeizing by Vestal and
Dainty in the shallow channel between the pool
and the lower fall, got his kuife into the heart.
Our quarry was a fine stag, and must have
weighed fully 30st. clean ; a better fighter I have
never seen. Having dragged the carcass ashore
and performed the usual offices, the hounds were
duly rewarded as they so well deserved.

We now turued our attention to the wounded
andmissing. Of the six hounds that had gone over
the lower fall Venus, Beauty, and Rosebud had
joined us. How any living creature could survive
such a fall it was impossible to imagine; but all
three took part in the ‘‘bay” again, although it
must be confessed with ardour somewhat damped
by their descent into the pool below.

Three hounds or more were still away and we
feared the worst, but poor old Rover claimed
our first attention. He seemed in a very bad
way. indeed. While the ‘‘ bay” was going on we
nad noticed him for some time perched on a
boulder shivering and taking no interest in the
proceedings ; as we moved away to reach the open
we realised how bad he was. He staggered and
fell on his side, andseemed quite unable to move.
A little whisky was poured down his throat, and
he was at once carried to camp; but when we
reached home an hour afterwards he was dead.
Welkin, one of the fox-hounds, was badly pounded
at the beginning -of the ‘‘bay.” The stag had
caught him fair on the back and temporarily
injured his spine. Ib was hours before he came
round, and weeks before he could leave the kennel
again. One or two others had bruises and slight
wounds, but none of any consequence. Venus was
jujured going over the big fall, and for ‘sometime
showed signs of injury. We found the rest of the
missing ones shivering on the sides of the pool—
two of them so placed that another plunge into it
was necessary before they could reach us.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 21

CAOUTCHOUC FROM THE CONGO.
WHENCE OBTAINED—PROTECTION AND FOREST
CONSERVANCY—VARIETIES OF CAOUT-
CHOUC—PREPARATION OF THE JUICE—
PROPAGATION— MULTIPLICATION —
PLANTING.

(RUBBER.)

Almost the whole of the caoutchouc exported
trom the Congo is obtained from climbing plants
of the genus Landolphia, and some other Apocyna-
ceous plants. Caoutchoue from some species of
Ficus appears sometimes on the market.

The authorities of the Congo State have wisely
decided that so valuable a product as caoutchoue
should be protected from the inroads of traders and
of natives, and that the trees should be carefully
cultivated. King Leopold signed, in January, 1900,
the necessary documents for the institution of a
‘* Servize de Controle Forestier.”

This institution is of great importance from an
economic point of view, and I may mention that
the first results obtained by it have been highly
satisfactory.

According to the regulations it is ensured, under’

the superintendence of this forest-service, that every
individual who collects caoutchoue be by law
obliged to propagate either the Lianas or the trees
yielding the rubber, aczording to the discretion
of the superintendent of the district. Therefore
societies of growers (and they are numerous in the
Congo States) have so well recognised the profit
obtainable by working on a large scale, as tbe
new State regulation requires, that they expect
a bright future, and have despatched many special-
ists simply to re-stock exhausted forests, and to
increase the riches of the others. It is certainly re-
markable in colonial annals that a regulation, made
in January, 1900, and ec infirmed in March, should
not merely be in action within that year, but
that important Liana plantations should within
that short time be under the control of the ap-
pointed agents.

Already the plantations in the equatorial dis-
trict (among others) include 3,000,000 of these
Lianas. When in September, 1897, I left the
Royal Gardens, Kew, for my duties in the Congo
State, there was but little said concerning any
extensive crops in equatorial Africa, except Coffee
and Cocoa, Cultivations of Rubber-plants has
come up wholly in the last two or three years,

_ VARIETIES OF CAOUTCHOUGC.

In congo there are four very distinct caout-
ehoucs of the Landolphia genus, besides the * des
herbes” species (Carpodinus lanceolatus and Cli-
tandra Henriquesiana, an allied genus), and three
other species imperfectly determined. The “ deg
herbes ” Caoutchoue is well-known. The difti-
culty of collecting the rubber, and the impurity
of it, renders it of little use. The other species
are quite distinct; the one is white, the second is
black, the third is rosy.

The white caoutchoue (called by the natives
Matofemongo, aud by other names, according to
the village in whose vicinity it is procured), is a
vigorous Liana, whose stem rarely measures as
much as a foot in diameter. The fruit is round,
and from about the size of a green Walnut to that
of a large Orange. The skin is thin, slightly
wrinkled, violet when young, yellow-red or biight-
red at maturity. The fruit contains from ten to
thirty-two seeds, each surrounded by hairs, and

22

The whole resem-

filled with sugary-acid juice.
This is probably

bles yellowish white mucilage,
Landolphia ovariensis.

The rosy caoutchoue is probably a variety of L.
ovariensis ; it also is a sturdy Liana, the stem
of which is sometimes 6 inches in diameter. It
bears small, pyriform, yellowish-green or red-
dish-green fruits, with, at maturity, a
““nubly” wrinkled skin, and containing from
four to twenty seeds, surrounded with yellowish-
white hairs filled with acid juices. This yields the
most valuable rubber ; specimens quoted 4s. 5d.
per lb. Native names for the plant are Bongow,
Mongew, &c.

Black caoutchoue (Mondongo, Boole, &c.), or
Landolphia florida var., isa sturdy Liana, the stems
from 4 to 6 inches across, bearing round fruits, easily
recognisable, as the seeds are surrounded with a
blood-red viscous pulp. They number from four to
ten.

The Congo casutchoues are remarkable for their
purity. The natives coagulate the milk either by
precipitation in boiling water, or by the addition
of a very acid juice, which at once incites the
. collecting together of the molecules held in sus-
pension in the milk. Thus are both the white
and the red caoutchoue coagulated immediately
by the addition of juice from a plant known in
all the equatorial regions as Bosasanga, the Cos-
tus afer. A fine specimen, brought from the
Congo in 1896 by Professor Laurent, of Gembloux,
isin the Victoria Regia house at Kew.

“The rubber of the black caoutchouc, however,
is not influenced by this material, and is only coag-
ulated by precipitating it in boiling water. It is
ignorance of these facts that cause the produc-
tion of inferior rubber. For instance, if the native
gathers in his calabash the white and the black
rubber, and submits them to the influence of the
Costus juice, the white rubber coagulates, and
includes the molecules of the black rubber with
it, but remains always more or less viscous. Simi-
larly, if the mixture is precipitated in boilimg water,
the black rubber coagulates immediately, but as
it encloses the white, the mass is depreciated in
value. Thus merchants recommend that the differ-
ent kinds be collected separately. Other natives,
instead of percipitating the mondongo in boiling
water, simply boil the milk, thus forming a porous
and elastic mass. Coagulation with Costus juice
is practised thus: the milk flowing from the in-
cisions is first collected in leaves left under the
cuts, then gathered into calabashes and taken to
the village. While one man cuts the Costus canes
and strips off the leaves (it is a somewhat shrubby
plant, sending up suckers from 3 to 6 feet high,
and from 4 to 1 inch in diameter), another man
passes a piece of Banana leaf over the fire, ren-
dering it wonderfully supple. A small hole is made
in the ground in which the Banana leaf is laid
and the milk poured into it. Three or four canes
of Costus taken together are twisted above the
milk, which coagulates immediately under the
action of the acid juice. With the hands it is made
up into a bail and firmly pressed until the rubber
is all extracted.

Ic is noticeable that all caoutchoue coagulates
naturally by simple evaporation\if left in shallow
vessels in airy and shady places. he preduct
thus obtained is absolutely pure.

The caoutchoue Liana is found in all equatorial
forests, whether these are inundated or not, and be
the soil clay or sand. In the Congo (according to
the botanist E de Wildeman) are found Landolphia

THE + TROPICAL

AGRIGULTURIST, [Juny 1, 1901,

Hendelotii, ovariensis, Kirkii var., Klainii, lucida,
florida, and florida var. leiantha ; Carpodinus an-
ceolatus, turbinatus ligustrifolius, leptanthus; Oli-
tandra gracilis, myriantha, Mannii, Scliwein-
furthii, visciftua, and cirrhosa.

Several ways of propagating have been tried,
as by cuttings, layering, collecting seedlings, aud
seed-sowing. Cuttings are not successful except
when managed by practised hands, under glass,
and where there is bottom heat. I have seen
thousands, and not one has rooted. Layering on
alarge scale is not practicable, as it is too’slow a
method.

As regards the collection of seedlings it should be
said that the ripe caoutchouc-fruits fall from a great
height and generally break in so doing. The
seeds retain germinating power but a short time,
and owing to the very moist atmosphere of the
undergrowth they germinate all together in the
fruit, sothat the fruits must be collected and the
young plants separated. This task must be per-
force trusted to natives who would gather the
whole of the seedlings beneath the trees, and so
they would exterminate the young plants found
in the forest.

The chief propagators of the caoutchoue Lianas
are the apes who swallow the ripe fruits whole,
and the undigested seeds germinate perfectly
afterwards. This [ discovered through a native,
when I asked him if certain species did not grow in
dry as well asin inundated forests. He replied,
“Do not the apes climb all the trees.” Another
unconscious planter is the native who is also fond
of the Liana fruit, so that frequently near a
village small plantations arise tull of caoutchouc
Lianas accidentally established there.

MULTIPLICATION.

To turn from these casual acknowledged
methods of cultivation, it may be said that the
rubbers grow best from seed. The nursery must
be madein the forest in a space between fine trees
that is large enough for the formation of several
borders. No tree must be cut down, and there
need be no large plantationin any one place. The
borders must be fenced but not roofed as the
trees around afford sufficient shade. Each border
should be about 3 ft. 6in. wide, and of any pre-
ferred length, and several borders may be divided
by narrow paths. Ifthe ground is sloping, the
lengthof the border should be parallel with the slope
and the plantation should be surrounded with a
ditch, to keep the seeds from being washed away.
The nursery can only be established when the
fruits are ripe unless the soil is not in a fit con-
dition for the seed to be sown.

Fruits brought in by the natives are at once
opened and seeds are sown singly, thrusting them
with the finger half aninch into the soil and each
seed half an inch to an inch away from its neigh-
bour. I insist on the immediate sowing of ripe
seed, as dry seed is useless. Unripe fruits become
ripe if stored. Germination generally ensues in a
fortnight and when the seedlings have eight leaves
they are easily transplanted. Seed in the nursery
grow equally wellasthat en glace ; the fruits
remain ripe for two or three months only. It is,
therefore, advisable to gather as many as possible
to be sown in an allotted space in the torest pre-
pared for them,

PLANTING.

The nursery-ground made and the seeds planted,
the space tobe allotted to the Lianas is marked
out in plots of (say) 24 acres. A central avenue is

i
4
+
Pi
*

. Jury |, 1901.]

to be made as straight as possible, and about 16 feet
wide by halt a mile in length. Of course, not a
single tree should be sacrificed, only smail branches
being removed. Further straight walks are made
every 650 feet, measuring 16 feet wide and 1600
feet long. Thus are obtained plots of about 24
square acres each. If the forest is a very fine one,
this area may be doubled.

When seedling plants with eight leaves are
ready for moving the men prepare a place in the
forest with their hatchets, cutting down the un-
dergrowth but leavingall trees, old and young.
They remove just enough brushwood to enable
them to reach the foot ot the trees. Experience
has shown that 100 men can in a day _ prepare
twenty-four acres of standard forest (haute futafe)
suitably for the reception of Lianas. The forest is
well adopted to a nursery ground and is worked
with a short-handled shovel, with which the Lianas
can be transplanted without injury to the roots.
The planters take with them vessels of water into
which they trust the roots of the young plants.
These pots, full of a certain number of specimens,
are taken tc one of the prepared squares and there,
with a dibber or shovel, little holes are made round
each tree fora specified number of the plants,
which are set in up to their first leaves. The num-
ber of each group variesfrom two to twenty ac-
eording to the size and shape of the supporting
trees. These trees are not so much to prop as to
arrange the Lianas, which might otherwise choose
a resting place more than 300 feet away. The
plants are set some 12 to 20 inches from the foot
of the trees, notin the fibrous earth generally
found there to acertain extent but in the actual
and firm natural subsoil. Thus there is a minimum
of about 2500 Lianas for every 2 acres. After
planting the ground is supervised for two months,
and when the grower has replaced any dead
plants andiscertain that all are doing well, the
forest is left to itself ; in this consists one secret
of caoutchouc growing. The plants require stag-
nant air saturated with damp and should be dis-
turbed as little as possible. They should be allow-
ed to ascend to the topsofthe trees and after
some years form a thicket impenetrable to the
sunshine, thus destroying all the underwood. It
is absolutely necessary to institute organised
surveillance to guard against the depredations of
natives and of animals who might destroy the
trees and form new paths. No other precaution
is necessary.

There is much difference of opinion as to when
the caoutchouc may fitly be collected. I am dis-
posed to say that the plants should not be dis-
turbed before their tenth year. }

The question of the number of Lianas to be

lanted to every 2 acres has little importance; from
2,500 to 5,000 isa fair estimate, Perhaps in the
course of a few years some improved method of
extracting the caoutchoue will be discovered, for,
if all the rubber could be drawn from the tissues
ot the bark and leaves, the yield would be

led.
ne ig in the above-mentioned manner that we
have, in equatorial Africa, established _ trial-
grounds on the scale of 10,000 plants per 2 acres
on 74 acres of the forest. Wherever this industry
may be started, it will be found indispensable to
keep strictly to a detailed plan on ascale of 1 to
5,000, for instance, made of the ground under

cultivation. Guide posts are also to be recom-’

mended for use in forests thus utilised. Louis

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 2

Gentil, Inspecteur Forestier de UVEtat Inde-
pendant du Congo.—Gardeners’ Chronicle, —-
April 27.

Se

SPORT IN DAYS OF OLD.
AFTER ELEPHANT IN BALANGODA JUNGLES
By EH. B,

Dunraven Estate, Mlanje, British Central Africa.

It was in the year 18—when living at Ratna-
pura, Ceylon (in the most relaxing, hot, wet,
and steamy climate in the world) that I was pining
for a change but did not know where to go. So
a happy thought struck me, viz., ‘‘ write to old J M
—get up toan elevation of about 3,000 ft. above
sea level, recruit my Jost energy, and have
some sport at the same time ’”’; for I heard there
was a

ROGUE ELEPHANT

near J ’s estate, which should afford good
sport ; for the beast had the reputation ot having
hunted many a Tamil cooly, and being account-
able for the death of a few, on a ldnely path
which had to be traversed by the labourers on
their way to Balangoda bazaars for their weekly
Supply of rice,

This huge monster was said to be both deaf
and blind, but his sense of smell was keen
and he had hunted down his victims like a blood-
hound : his age was guessed to be great by his
enormous size and the fact of his having large
white blotches all over his body,—particularly
about the head, ears, and neck. A reward of
150 was offered by the Government for the des-
truction of this reputed rogue, said to be then
in the neighbourhood of Bambarabotuwa, not
very far from Adam’s Peak.

Although [ was bent upon shooting a rogue
elephant (for which no license was required) ; in
case of meeting others during my forest rambles
I decided to obtain a license for one elephant,
and also alicense for shooting other game. So I
proceeded to the Government Agent’s Office, and
obtained the documents necessary to save me
from. being run in by any officious village
headmen, who are always ready to report any
and every Enropean shooting in their neighbour-
hood, whether licensed or not, although those
officials always overlook and share in game
shot without a license by natives in their district.

Well, my horse-keeper had orders to get ready
for the road at 5 a.m. next morning, and my
appu to have everything else prepared for a fort-
night. By the appointed hour I was up and
soon trotted along the road as far as Pelmadulla,
where there is a Government Resthouse, 12 miles
from Ratnapura. Here I intended to stop for
only a few minutes to see an old acquain-
tence and get the news. I was told by my
friend that I must stay breakfast, as he had an
elephant yarn to tell me; of course, any-
thing about suck noble sport, especially as
I was bent on shooting the notorious Bambara-
botuwa rogue, was sufficient inducement for mejto
stop, although I fully intended to get along
another nine miles or more.

Meantime my friend called for whisky and
soda for two, by way ofan appetiser to the yarn
he had so often repeated to others before me,
and which by the way I had, second-hand, heard
myself. He began, ‘*‘ You know, B-—, the

D4. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

INTELLIGENCE OF ELEPHANTS

is past my understanding, Y — and myself were
efter a herd in that belt of forest in R—district
just above S — estate (there were four in the
herd) lass month. I managed to get up to
within 20 yards and Y — was close behind me,
when one of the beasts turned round and
deliberately walked towards me. Although dead
with fear, [ fired and down went the elephant ;
no sooner was he flat on the ground than I was
behind him and out with my hunting knife, this
very knife you see in my belt, and off with his
tail before you could say Jack Robertson, Mean-
time Y —had fired, and I went off to see what luck
he had. Upon my reaching the spot, he shouted,
‘Come along, old chap, and let us drink to
the bag.” So up we scrambled on to the
top of the carease of Y.’s fine bull ele-
phant, killed by one bullet in the temple.
Z—had got his tailtvo and we stood together and
emptied the flask between us, oh ! so proud of our
tails. Isoon set to workto cut off the elephant’s feet
with the assistance of my gun-coolies ; meantime
Z—went off to do the same but had not gone many
minutes when he returned to say the other dead
elephant was ‘non est,” would I come and see for
myself. I went and sure enough there were only
the marks of the beast having fallen ; nothing
else but blood from the bleeding stump of the tail
was to be seen.

We got the feet of one beast carried down to the
resthouse, and 1 haye with others been so chaffed
by Z—ahbout the tail that I cast it away and
hardly ever mention elephant-shooting now, The
coolies were sent next morning to bring the ears
of the dead elephant but they returned with a
yarn that the herd had returned during the night,
carried away their comrade’s body and thrown it
over a precipiece where they could not go !”

By the way when

COCONUT PLANTING

was first started in Jaffna the elephants were so
destructive, nipping off the tops of the young trees,
that a reward was offered by Government for their
destruction.

For some time great numbers of tails (which
was all that was required of the beast’s body to lay
claim to the reward) were brought in to the
kachcheri; the reward, of R5 I think, was
always paid up, till it became known that large
numbers ef elephants were to be seen tail-less.
The order was issued immediately to bring ele-
pbants’ heads before any reward would be paid, but
very tew heads ever came in from Sinhalese
guns although they were expert enough at cutting
off tails,

Upon resuming my journey after a good meal,
I began to ascend the zigzag approaching
Balangoda ; the air became so bracing and cool
that it made me feel a new man after thasweltering
heat of Ratnapura. I soon reached my friend’s
estate where I found a welcome and the hos-
pitality, which planters have the reputation for,
was liberally extended to me. After a few days rest,
I felt as fit as ever and, with the permission of my
host, I got ready for a start in pursuit of the
rogue elephant. Coolies were mustered for carrying
our belongings and we were soon on the footpath
leading straight upto theforest where the rogue was
said to reside. M—pushed through abandored coffee
estates as if walking for dear life, which was more
than my feelings could stand, for I had not the

(Juty 1, 1901,

iron limbs, broad shoulders, and expanded chest
of a coffee planter ;so I called a halt, and sat
down shouting to M—to join me in abit of
luncheon, or I would not and could not go
any further that day. We sat down,
had a sandwich and a drop of the ‘crathur’ and
made another start soon after. M—began to yarn
when he saw it was no use trying to pump me
and said, ‘‘ Do you remember B—?” ‘* Yes” said I.
“Well, he shot a cooly for a wild-boar on the
face of that hill when out

ELK HUNTING

with me some 10 years ago, and it was never
found out what became of Ryapen of H—estate.
Of course I knew but I never told anybody but
yourself before. B—is nowin Australia.” From
early morning till nearly sunset we walked
over hill and dale, M—keeping me up_ to
the mark by yarniug about old H—and M—
estates, gem mining, &c. in days of old, till
we reached a woody piece of open patana
grass-land in the middle of virgin forest.”
‘* Here,” he said, ‘‘ we must camp for the night.”
My reply was, ‘‘ But how much further have
we to go for the rogue?” ‘*Qh, no distance from
here,” said he, ‘‘ we are sure to hear him trumpet-
ing during the night.”

For several years past [ had been used to a
sedentary life, and right glad I wag to ery halt for
the day. After a tub and some lunch, whether
due to the keen mountain air or the food I cannot
say, but [never felt better and suggested fishing,
and off we went followed by our coolies to a large
pool in the stream which was full of fish, A
couple of dynamite cartridges, with a stone to sink
them attached, was thrown into the pond, resulting
in a grand haul ot fish, about half a bag full. After
all were collected, we returned to camp. Some
good sport was got following and catching wounded
fish in the pool which were only stunned, and
dived whenever we tried to catch them, added
to the difficulty in holding the slippery things
when we did close on them. We found the best
way to catch them was with both hands or by the
gills with one hand ; but one must be an expert
swimmer with the feet to be able to use the hands
freely at all.

Sportsmen, when out for ashort time will find it
a good plan to put up a few dynamite cartridges,
with fuses and detonators, for fishingin time of need,
but one must be careful not to get in the way of
the smoke from a cartridge in case of a severe
headache, caused by the nitro-glycerine burning ;
further, waitfor no hints from your friends as to
the best place to throw the explosive, (as I heard
of a man doing once till his hand was blown to
pieces) but decide beforehand, and throw the
charge as soon as the fuse is lighted.

We turned in early and I heard M—giving orders
to the boy to have tea ready by 4a.m. and to wake
him sharp at that hour, first cock-crow. It was
quite dark and abominably early and cold, when 1
heard ‘‘ Boy ! Boy !” and a rattling of a bucket or
basin in lieu of atomtom. ‘Yes, Sar,” shouted the
boy. ‘‘I said I wanted tea at 4, and thereis day-
light. What the d —-I do you mean?” and whizz
went a boot. ‘‘Sar,” roared the boy, ‘‘ toast and tea
nearly ready. Now coming, Sar.” When [ found
it impossible to sleep after repeated attempts I got
up.and I found M— ready dressed for the road
and still blackguarding the servants, Early tea
over,

oe 2

Juzy 1, 1901.]

WE STARTED

along a narrow foot-path through dense forest with
a beastly matted undergrowth of bamboos which had
fallen on the path in places, making it most difficult
to get along at anything like a couple of miles
an hour. The heat had now become terrible. Owing
to the labour of getting along in a stooping attitude,
the perspiration was pouring out of us both. [
vowed Icould not go on another 20 yards but
M—kept on at the heels of Muttusamy for fully
half an hour after this without paying the least
heed to my protestations. His locomotion at
last: seemed to slow down, and finally stopped
dead. Crawling up, I whispered ‘‘what is it?” ‘‘Look
here,” said he, ‘‘the finest tusker in Ceylon.” ‘‘How
do you know?” was my reply. ‘‘Justlook at the shape
of his foot, it’s not round but long ; tuskers have
feet always shaped different to common elephants,’
‘*What is to be your move now? Shall we sitdown
and have some refreshment or goon? ‘‘ Goon, of
course,” said he, and off he went and I after him as
fast as my legscould carry me till I got hold of
his coat tails to stop his fearful rate of locomo-
tion. I said, ‘‘ Better wait for the coolies with
spare guns as we may stumble upon the rogue
at any moment” as the spoor looked quite fresh
and, besides, we were running great risk
which M— did not seem tosee at all. The guns
arrived and I whispered to Ramasamy to keep
close to my heels with my 577 double’ express.
Although I knew the least danger would* send
him flying up the nearest tree, my gun would be
handy if pitched ov the ground or stuck up
against the nearest tree. I was carrying a Mar-
tini sporting carbine, and M— had a double 12
rifle, and a cooly carried his No. 8 bore. His
son, a lad of about 18 years, was aimed with a 12
bore rifle.

We had not gone very far when a large open
space with steaming elephant’s dung was found.
My heart throbbed against my side when I saw
M— making a move and pointing in front of him,
I couldsee nothing but jungle. Up went his hand
pointing in another direction. Suddenly some

HUGE FORMS

caught my eye, great black objects likeso many
rocks. I moved nearer to the living monsters,
to within 10 yards. I saw M—. moving along
the path in front of me, clutching his rifle evidently
intent upon shooting something. My beasts began
to shake their legs and ears about, and suddenly
one wheeled about as if by magic on his own axis.
My rifle was up and Bang ! Bang ! and slowly one
sank to the ground never torise again. Scream-
ing, trumpeting, and swaying of trees in every
direction went on fora minute, and all was still
again, till the silence was broken by the ring of M’s
rifle. I heard a shout ‘‘ Look out, he’s charging.”
[ turned round to look for my 577. Of course
Ramasamy was safely perched upon the top of the
biggest tree in the neighbourhood. I ran along
the path and picked up my rifle lying right in the
middle of the road where the rogue was bound to
pick it up and smash it to pieces. I just got
hold of the weapon when ‘‘Shoot, Sandy, shoot!
Somebody shoot!” rang in my ears. Upon turn-
ing round I saw Sandy (who was between me
and his father) fire at the rogue (who was in full
charge after his father) right over the old man’s
head, and on they came, father and son, pursued
by the elephant. How I kept steady and waited
till M— and his son ran past me, without
4

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 25

running myself, I hardly know. However, there
I stood, a few feet off the path tillsinM-=
was within ten yards of being seized by
the beast’s trunk, when T[ fired and down went
the rogue crushing the scrub like straw under
him, killed by a small bullet instantaneously.
M— looked back when he heard my_ shot,
followed by the crash of the talling body,
many tons in weight, which struck the earth all
around. M— gasped, ‘‘is he dead ? look, he’ll be up,
his sides are moving, give him another shot!” which
I did, but not a move was in him except that
described above.

My remark to M—, when all the commotion was
over, was, ‘I saved your life, then, old chap; for he
nearly had you by the tail of your coat ” ** Oh no,”
said he, ‘I had my running legs on.” I smiled, and
he locked very angry, so I said nothing more but
“come and let’s drink to onr good luck,’ and we
did with good relish after cutting off the tail to
make sure of this ever-coveted trophy.

To stand still

WHEN AN ELEPHANT CHARGES

till he gets within 20 or 30 feet, and then clear
out of his way is much safer than running, being
pursued by the infuriated animal, as he is sure to
catch any man either in the open orin jungle,
forest or scrub, but when in full charge and the
object of vengeance has disappeared from the line
of vision the beast goes on some distance, evidently
unable to stop, and rarely returns: at least, that is
my experience of a charging elephant. We re-
turned to see my first bag and found a medium-
sized bull with no ivory. When engaged ex-
anining the head as to the direction of the bullet,
crashing through the scrub camea youngster right
on top of us, taking us all so much unawares that
we fledin every direcvion, nobody thinking of any-
thing but his own safety, although the ealé was
only about 4 feet high. We wanted to shoot the
little brute when we returned, but I proposed
getting jungle ropes and tying him up, and tak-
ing bim home a prisoner; this we failed to do,
however, as nobody could hold him secure enough
to get him noosed ; the tail, trunk, and legs were
all tried in vain, giving us fully three hours’ grand
sport; till at last the little beast made off, de-
prived of his tail which Sandy cut clean off
near the root.

The cause of the trouble with the elephant which
M— had fired at, and afterwards charged him, and
I laid low, was in defence of her calf. We never
saw the rogue elephant on this occasion, and
were satisfied with the two we had bagged.

M—— declared that the shot he fired was at my

FIRST ELEPHANT,

and not at the cow which charged him and
became positively furious on the subject, setting
to work with his coat off and shirt-sleeves
turned-up to cut the head off, to find his. bullet
in proof ef his assertion; the bullet was found
buried about two teet in the head nearly escaping
at the neck, and proved to be my 577 solid express.
M—’s mouth dropped and his features changed
and we retired to camp at the stream for the night.

Next morning large slabs of skin were cut
from a carcase and the feet removed, the former
to make a table, and the latter to be dressed as
work-boxes, footstools, Se.

M—— was a well-known Shikari, a splendid
shot at all kinds of game, and as fearless and
determined an elephant hunter as ever lived. Iy

s

26 THE
was he who was selected to go into the kraal, held
at Labugama, Ceylon, for the young Princes in
1886, and shoot the mother of a young calf,
which almost spoiled the whole affair by killing
natives, &e,

A cow elephant with a young calf, a cow and
bullelephant together, anda single bull, usually
arogue, are always dangerous to sportsmen; at
least. I have always found it so.

eee
CACAO CULTIVATION IN CEYLON,
(MAY 1901.)

In July 1898 the estate returns showed a
total of 21,260 acres under Cacao ; and in May
1901 the aggregate, worked out, amounts to
23,696 acres, or an increase of 2,436 acres.
But this is apart from native gardens of 50
acres each and less, of which a special sepa-
rate list has been compiled, showing a total
in cultivation of very nearly 9,000 acres. We
have therefore a grand total under Cacao
Cultivation in Ceylon, of all ages and condi-
tions, equal to 32,600 acres. Seeing that our
heaviest export hitherto has been 42,745 cwt,
it is quite clear that a large proportion of
the acreage must be very young or in very
poor bearing; for we should hope that when
all the trees are mature, and the fields and
gardens properly cultivated, our export
should reach to 100,000 cwt. This would not
average much more than 3 cwt an acre,
which we suppose can be readily harvested
from every properly planted and cultivated
plantation. There are, however, enemies to
reckon with, and successfully overcome ; as
these may be under the Cryptogamist’s direc.
tions, we do not suppose that the bumper
crop we refer to; can be anticipated for five
or six years to come.

One thing seems very clear, that Ceylon
can never be a_ leading Cacao-grow-
ing country,—can never attain, for in-
stance, the position of Trinidad, which is
officially credited with a yearly crop exceed-
ing 200,000 cwt.; and still less that of
Ecuador, which annually exports 500,000 cwt.,
or nearly one-third of the world’s require-
ments. Ceylon Cacao planters have, at least,
the consolation that their product is not
likely to be overdone in this Island, in the
sense in which Tea is supposed to be already
overproduced. What they have to do now
is to maintain and improve the high repu-
tation of their product; to perfect their
methods of curing; to apply (in Mr. Carru-
thers’ words) ‘‘more sanitary methods of
cultivation” and gradually to improve their
varieties of Cacao by selection and other
means so as to increase the profit from their
fruit trees.—What the Cacao tree is capable
of may be judged from the solitary speci-
men of the Caracas variety growing on
Keenakelle estate, Badulla, to which we
have so often referred in our Handbook.
Mr. Carruthers has found that the tree is
about 17 years old, over 22 feet high, with
a spread of 30 feet; and for the last five
years it has given an average of 434 ripe
pods per annum; this is at 3,800 feet above
sea-level. Of course, it would be absurd to
assume what a plantation could be made to
do faom this solitary, well-cared-for tree ;

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

a

[JULY 1, 1901.

but still this experience affords some idea,
we trust, of what many of our Cacao plan-
ters may anticipate as their trees, planted
in good soil, grow older and fully matured.
—Dumbara, the Matales, Panwila, Kuru-
negala and Galagedara, and Monaragala
are the leading Ceylon Cacao-growing dis-
tricts, and we do not suppose the Govern-
ment, if their officers were so instructed and
tried their best, could sell another 5,000
acres of Crown land, really well adapted to
the cultivation of Theobroma cacao—which
requires not only rich, deep soil but shelter
from wind and good drainage.

ADVENTURE WITH A LION IN
CENTRAL AFRICA.
(To the Editor C. A. Times.)

Lualaba River, 21-1-1901.

Dear Sir,—I have read with deep interest,
and I need hardly say with deep sorrow, the
account of Mr. W R Johnston’s death in your
issue of the Ist December, 1900. He was un«
doubtedly one of the best sportsmen and shots in
BC A.

I narrowly eseaped the same fate, this time
last year, in the Upper Choma Valley, being

KNOCKED DOWN BY A HUGE MAN-EATING

* LIONESS ‘

I had severely wounded the previous evening, and
which I was following up in terrific grass and
‘* wait-a-bit ” thorn trees. She charged and sprang
at me almost befor2 I had time to fire, which,
owing to the grass, I was unable to do till she
showed up about six yards from me. It was abit
—more than:a bit—tantalising to hear her roar-
ing (short, sharp, coughing roars) and crashing
through the high thick grass, which had been
badly burned, and therefere would not burn again,
towards us without being able tu fire a shot. As
she emerged she swerved, and, firing in no end
of ahurry at the same moment} my bullet, I
fancy, went over her. The next instant my

rifle was knocked yards away, and I was
sprawling on my back with the lioness
on top of me. Luckily, weighing a mere
nothing, I had gone down like a _ ninepin

with the lioness’s weight and she therefore partly
overshot me, only her stomach being on my face
and chest. Her foreclaws were busily engaged
on the exposed hindquarters of one of my boys
whe had taken shelter behind me, and who,
ostrich-like, had hidden his head in the grass,
fondly imagining the rest of bis person invisible.
My two gun-bearers, each with a spare loaded
double-barrelled express rifle, bolted and surveyed
the scene from a safe distance, leaving me to see
it out as best ITcould. Neither attempted to come
to my rescue or fire a shot. I escaped without
a scratch, though a bit bruised and sore about
the stomach and chest, but my clothes were
torn. The details of this little adventure will
appear in my ,book (if it ever gets as far as being
published) so I will not encroach on your space
bere, One’s
GUN-BEARERS

are in 99 cases out of 100 the rankest cowards
out in an emergency of this sort, and it is as
well for sportsmen to realize that they have only
themselves to depend on in a tight corner ; that
not the slightest reliance is to be placed upon
their gun-bearers.

JuLy 1, 1901.]

I do not wish fora moment to say a word in
favour of Mr- Johnston’s followers, police, etc.,
but how many white men, let alone natives, are
there who would undertake to leave a post of safety
to hand a spare rifle to a man in a tree at the foot
of which, or at least within a very few yards of
which, were two infuriated lions, one unwounded,
the other wounded? Not many, I think,

I fully concur in your strictures on

THE SALE OF WORTHLESS AMMUNITION

such as Mr, Johnston was too evidently using, and
those who offer it for sale are deserving of the
deepest censure. It would be interesting to as-
certain from whom this ammunition was procured,
so that those who have laid in asupply from the
same source could hand it back with the request
to be refunded the amount. A couple of years
years ago I had occasion to buy in Blantyre, not
without great misgivings, however, some soft-nosed
bullets for my 303. My misgivings were justified,
for at least four out of six cartridges were mis-
fires. One day I had five. in succession and there-
fore laid my ‘303 aside until the arrival of reliable
ammunition from my gunmakers,

With regard to the fatal accident to Mr.
Johnston, a native told me that the deceased
gentleman had come across six lions. One came
at- him which Mr. Johnston wounded, but was
killed by it. The police, he said, then accounted
for the remaining five! In conclusion it is always
advisable to carry a small revolver—if one has
such an article—fastened to the belt at the back.
Had either Mr. Johnston, or Dr. McKaye of
the Herald, or possibly many others who have
been fatally mauled by lions or leopards, adopted
this simple precaution, the majority would doubt-
less be living:now. Personally, however, I never,
by any chance, think of burdening myself with
either a revolver or a knite, but it is always ‘‘on
the cards” that I may one day (but I trust,
not wvefore my book is completed) regret not
having done so, As regards this bit of advice,
it is a ease of ‘“‘Do as I say, but don’t do as I
do.”—Yours, etc, POULETT WEATHERLEY.
—Central African Times, April 13.

ol a es
PROGRESS IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA.

From Mr. H Brown, a former Ceylon planter
we have to acknowledge receipt of a copy of the
Posta! Guide of British Central Africa,which, from
its up-to-date rules, bears evidence of the pro-
gress made in British Central Africa. It contains
all necessary information and should be carefully
studied by all who have any correspondence with
the Colony.

peSUATSLVE NS be eS SCE: i
TOBACCO CULTURE.

We have to acknowledge receipt, through Messrs,
Freudenberg and Co., of a very useful little pamph-
let (profusely and well ilustrated) on this subject,
published by the German Kali Works, 93, Nassau
Street, New York City, by whom we are promised
other publications, including ‘‘ Potash in Agricul-
ture,” “(Wotton Culture,” “ Principles of Profitable
“Farming,” and ‘‘ Farmers’ Guide”. which we
shall be very glad to notice. With regard to the
present brochure we fully endorse what the Cons
piler says :—

{t is believed that this will give the Tobacco
grower many ‘suggestions’? which may be of value
in a practical way. Thus, there are described the
various Plants, Soils and Manures, and how the suc-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. - 27

cessful Tobacco planter uses them in order to produce
the very best, as wellas largest crops, for quality in
Tobacco culture is a more important item than
quantity.

We notice that :—

At present, more than 7,000,000 acres of land are
planted each year in this country (U.S.) with Tobacco.
According’ to the Census report of 1890, the crop
amounted to 488,255,896 pounds that year, valued at
$34,444,499,

see ee ===

TROPICAL FRUIT IN NATAL.
AN INTERVIEW WITH A GROWER.
| By ‘‘Ergates” in Durban ‘Agricultural Journal.”

From Pinetown to Durban the railway passenger
sees on either side farm after farm of sub-tropical
fruit. These farms are small, and possibly gardens
might be a more appropriate word. The land is
valuable, most of it within a mile of the railway
stations being worth from £20 to £40 per acre. To
get some information about this important district,
I made inquiries as to a good authority and, by
several who should be competent to judge, I was
recommended to seo Mr. Vincent Seymour, of Mal-
vern. Mr Seymour wrote, saying he would be
pleased to give me all the information I might
ask for. Mr. Seymour comes from a family of gar-
deners, one of his forbears having devised the plan
in the middle of the eighteenth century of train-
ing fruit trees on walls, and still known under the
name of ‘‘Seymour’s System of Wall Training” ;
see “ Louden’s Encyclopaedia of Gardening.” The
land now occupied by Mr Vincent Seymour was
purchased by his father, the late Mr George Sey-
mour, in 1881.

“What are the fruits chiefly grown here’ I
asked.

‘Pines and bananas. The growing of these fruits
is the most attractive to the Indian, and the In-
dian is a large cultivator in these parts. For the
most part he is only a tenant; he pays £1 or
SO per acre per year, and tries te get the qnickest
return possible. It is only the white man who goes
in for erchards, for the rearing of trees means
capital lying. dormant.”

*“‘One pound per acre rent is apparently tempting
to landowners ?”’

“Tt is; bat whether the policy is good I doubt.
The Indian takes all he BS ae of the ea
growing all together at the same time bananas.
beans, ground nuts, tobacco, round potatoes, mealies,
and so on. Rest.is never given to the soil, and
nothing in the shape of manure is ever returned
to the land. Having worn out one plot of ground,
he moves on to pastures new, and continues his
former programme. As a reviver for exhausted soils
dhall is one of the most effective things that can
be grown on the Coast lands. Some Indians are
beginning to buy outright. ‘Bombay’ merchants

advance them the money. A _ great many of the >

cottages dotted about belong to mechanics, and
their owners often do a little bit of fruit cultivation.’

BANANAS.

‘* Bananas,” said Mr Seymour, “require good soil:
bush land, if gettable. In such soil they Oeil last
seven or eight years with help but in grass land they
will be of no usein three years, In Durban County
alone enough bananas are grown to supply all South
Africa, but I doubt, if you wanted 50 cases delivered
today, whether you could get them owing to the last
three years of drought. As with others of our fruits,
if isglut or nothing. What is wanted is cool storage
at the moderate charges of other Colonies. We look
to getting about 12s per case, for the fruit only ;a
packing case costs 3s, and a case signifies 800 of the
fruit. When the Johannesburg market was closed by
the 3d per lb prohibitive duty I was glad to get 4s,
though the price was utterly unremuuerative, On

28 ' THE TROPICAL

good soil, such as I have, the banana’ requires manur-
ing after the second or third year—stable manure or
rough weeds. The manuring may be called mulching.
Mulching, of course, means spreading the manure
over the roots and surface of the stool of plants, but
here, with the hot absorbing sun, the overspreading of
soil on whatever is applied is necessary. Shelter
from wind is most necessary for bananas, and
for practically all Coast fruit. There cannot be
too much of it, for the wind is our worst enemy.
Every fruit-grower here should have high trees, say
gums, growing as break- winds to the south and west
of hisfarm. Orange trees are also good for shelter,
and mealies help at a critical time. It is distressing
fora grower to see all the beautiful leaves of his
bananas torn into ribbons, as for the most part they
are.”
MANGOES AND PINEAPPLES.

“The most marketable mango is the ‘Bombay.’ It is
very large and not at all stringy. For my own eating
I preferthe common kind. This country, however,
is barely tropical enoughfor the mango. A cold, wet
spving is fatalto the blossom, and such springs are

not infrequent. In favourable seasons, however, crops

are very heavy.”

“The ‘Jamaica Queen’ is the bestpine. It does
not top-sucker so much as the ordinary Natal kind.
Pines, like potatoes, mealies, nuts, &c., require
periodical changing. Pines should be top-dressed
before fruiting. They require good land, and are bene-
fitted by artificial manures—potash, preferably. Bet-
ween the middle of October and the middle of
December pines often fetch from 3s to 8s per dozen,
for large, well-gcown fruits, and afterwards they
become a drug, and fetch barely as many pence.
Jam-makers rarely offer more than a halfpenny per lb.
for them, and, as they need only half a pound of sugar
for the pound of fruit, the returns should be good at
the price jam is sold. Messrs. Barker Bros., living
near here, are generally recognised as the growers of
the finest pines.”’

CITRUS FRUIT.

‘Hor the white man, the owner of land, citrus

~ cultivation, in my opinion, is the most desirable.

When once an orchard of these trees has been es-
tablished—about seven years is necessary—he is in
a good position. The profitsare good, and the annual
outlay in labour becomes comparatively small.
Which of the varieties is best to plant? I unhesitatingly
reply the naartje—a Dutch name. It is really the
mandarin orange, or perhaps more correctly the Ohina
orange, although originally it came from Assam, India.
We are much in want on the Coast of a Fruit
Growers’ Society, to attend, among other things, to
the nomenclature of our fruit. For instance, the
Oayenne pineapple is popularly called the Queen,
and Isabel grapes are called Catawbas, and so on,
The common orange does not pay well, only Is 6d
to 25 per hundred, on the average. The naartje, on
the other hand, ‘fetches 2s to 53 per 100; it is less
bulky, and travels well. Naartjes require plenty
of attention. Half-a-dozen different blights.—
mussel, green aad round scales, American blight, &c.
attack the trees from the earliest stage upwards, and

the paraffin emulsion sprayer is in almost constant «

employment. Grasshopper ‘soldiers,’ who strip off
the young bark, are also at times a great nuisance.
I always plant from seed, and in tins, choosing only
seed from the largest and finest quality fruits. Some
prefer grafting on tolemon stocks. I think the fruit
is not so good, although I know many will disagree
with me on that point, and the gain in time, if the
growing of the stocks is taken into consideration, is
practically nothing. Naartjes should be transplanted
in the zecond and third year. They require good soil.
Where my soil is too light, I put on ant-heup. All
along the Coast we have ant-heaps ten feet high, and
more in diameter. The soil of which they are com-
posed is of the most tenacious character, and is just
the thing wanted for sandy lands. Our soil is in

AGRICULTURIST . [Jury 1, 1901.

great need of lime, and I hope, when the Port Shep-
stone railway is opened, that we shall be able to get
it at a moderate price. I give my trees bone dust.
In setting out naartjes, I always plant just a trifle
above the general surface. No earth should be thrown
up against the stems, or sanker will follow. In
manuring it shonld always be borne in mind that the
side roots extend for a long way from the stem,
and that they are never deeper than twelve inches
from the surface. Proper pruning is most essential.
At 18 or 20 in. from the ground let the tree branch
out. LIcan show you an object lesson in this matter.
One tree, which I pruned up to 2ft 6in, is as miserable
a specimen as can well be conceived, and the next,
with a short stem, where the soil and other conditions
are identical, is about as fine a specimen as a grower
can wish to see. The wood is hard, and the outer
bark is closely attached to the wood, and will not
stand the direct rays of the sun, especially when the
thermometer registers—as it does sometimes—90 to
95 in the shade. The fruit should be all off by the
middle of September. The ‘Spanish Lemon’ is also
a good citrus for planting. ‘The demand locally is
small, but in England they would sell well. Some
years ago I sent a small lot to Messrs. Wm. Draper &
Sons, of Convent Garden, one of the leading fruit-
broking firms in London, and the lemons were valued
at 12s per 100 there in October or November,—WNatal
Mercury, April 15.

a

AN ISLAND ROMANCE.
Tue Story oF GuRIsTMAS ISLAND.

During the century which has just passed, the -
stream of population has practically completed the
circle of the globe, yet it was only in its closing
years that a tiny little colony was founded on an
islet in the Indian Ocean, whose history to future
generations promises to read as thrillingly as a tale
from the Arabian Nights.

Far away in the Southern Seas, some 200 miles
from the cost of the ancient ‘‘land of gold,” and
almost 1,000 miles from the sunny country of the
Golden Fleece, there may be descried this littlespeck
of land jutting heavenwards like an emerald cone.
Scientists regard it as an upraised coral atol, and
take a peculiar interest in it from the fact that
until the past few years it was the only known
tropical island of any large extent which has never
been inhabited by a savage or a civilised race.
It is called Christmas Island. Why, no man
living can tell. As to the date of its first dis-
covery, the past is equally oblivious; yet it has
been an object of spasmodic attention on the part
of voyagers on the high seas for at least two and
a-half centuries.

In 1666 the wandering Dampier of Halland

“sighted this small wvody island, and since that

date it has appeared in Dutch maps, but is was
not until 1886 that a British surveying vessel suc-
ceeced in finding an anchorage and in landing
and partially exploring the island. The following
year H MS ‘‘ Egeria” made further explorations,
and the conclusion of the commander, in the light
of what has since happened, is interesting :—‘ Man.
has never lived on Christmas Island, nor would
it be a pleasant residence, as, apart from the tact
that there is no water—the rains sinking into the
limestone rock—the extreme discomfort of loco-
motion, and the absence of any harbour, whence
the product could be conveniently shipped, will
deter any settler from seeking a home there until
other more favourable spots are occupied.’ With-
in ten years or so after this prophecy, the island
has a population living and thriving on it of some
600 souls, and from the phosphate deposits found

Jury 1, 1961.]

on it a Pactolean stream of gold is flowing into
the pockets of British shippers, commission agents,
agriculturists, insurance agents, and stockholders of
the company working it.

EARLY DEVELOPMENT.

The story of the island—which is situated in
S. lat. 10 deg. 35 min. E long. 105 deg. 42 min.—
is romantic and of more than passing interest.
Its discovery inthe commercial sense dates from
the days of the ‘Challenger’ expedition. That
expedition cost this country £300,000, and there
have been many who have carped at the expen-
diture of so large a sum for results which appar-
ently were of little value in an ordinary utilita-
rian sense.

The expedition has, however, been the indirect
means of adding Christmas Island to the British
Crown, and in years to come Singapore, and the
mother country also, are likely to receive from it
alone much more than thecost of the Expedition, the
leading scientific member of which was convinced,
in face of the eminent geographer’s report quoted
above, that there was value scientifically and
also commercially in the island. His researches
among the deep-sea deposits in the vicinity of
the island led him to this conclusion, and,in order to
secure protection in developing it, he pressed the
Governinent in 1887 to take over the island, ob-
taining the assistance of the late Duke of Argyll,
and Christmas Islard was formally annexed by
the British Government in the following year, a
lease extending over a hundred years being granted
‘to this scientist and Mr Clunies Koss of the Cocos-
Keeling Island, jointly, at a yearly rental of £150.

The prospecting of the island covered fully a
decade, and finally a small private Company, com-
posed of a few men eminent in the worlds of
science, chemistry and engineering, was formed.
This Company, as if by a magician’s touch, has
transformed what was previously only a haunt of
bats and rats and a.resting-place for sea-birds into
a basis for the output of one of the most valu-
able fertilisers known to modern agriculturists.
Within asingle year after the commencement of
operations, the hidden wealth of the island has be-
gun to teem from it, and quarters of the world as
distant as Englandand Germany and Australiaand
Japan are absorbing its manurial treasure and
calling out for increased supplies.

FULL OF PHOSPHATES.

To return to the island. This up-raised top of a
submarine mountain, round which seas run down
almost perpendicularly from its shores to a depth
of three English miles, is but ten miles long and
seven broad with an area of 46 to 5C square miles,
As already indicated, it rises out of waters
deeper than those which surround any other trop-
ical island.

Moreover, from a scientific point of view, it is
the most interesting island on the face of the earth,
When the pioneer inhabitant pitched his tent on
the virgin shoreland of the isle, he could only dis-
cover two species of bats, two species of rats, and
a shrewmouse. These were the, only mammals,
Down tothe very watex’s edge the surface ot the
islands is covered with vegetation. Slopes, clad
with trees, ‘tall as Norwegian pines,’ through
which nothing is visible but glints of the sky, lead to
a yreat central plateau, some 800 to 908 feet above
the sea level, and the highest peak in the island,
ealled Murray Point, is 1,100 feet above the level
of the Indian Ocean. ‘The plateau is covered with
excellent soil, so rich that all tropical fruits and
plants grow luxuriantly, and a special form of

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 29

sago may yet find its way to the markets of the
world from Christinas Island.

The plateau is one long succession of blocks of
phosphate varying in depth down to 40 feet. At
present these blocks are picked up from the roots
of the trees and exported. They are white almost
as snow, and full of pure phosphate of lime to the
extent of 85 percent. Great difficulties were for
a time encountered in obtaining an anchorage
and as many as ten barges have been lost but
these difficulties have now been overcome in Fly-
ing Fish Bay, and on shorea line of railway, two
miles in length, carries the phosphate to the point
of embarkation. During last year 30,000 tons of
phosphate were exported, giving a profit of 75
per cent on the capital; within a year, it is con-
fidently hoped, the output will rise to at least
100,009 tons. Even then the wealth of phosphate
will only be tapped, and the supply at a much
greater rate of output will easily outlast the term
of the lease.—Singapore Free Press, May 7.

OS

GERMAN PUBLICATION ON TEA PLAN 2
—We have to thank Mr. J H Renton esis
tea commissioner, for a copy of a supplement
to the ‘*Tropenpflanzer” the organ of the
Colonial Husbandry Committee, forming the
May number of this periodical. It is a
pamphlet of some 80 pages and gives the
results of very recent research and work
whether of Mr. Kelway Bamber’sor the writer’s
own analytical and chemical work. But it
also explains very fully the processes. of
planting and tea-making, goes into the soils
and climate required for profitable planting
the questions of labour and profits per acre,
In fact we can imagine no more complete
statement of the whole case in a nutshell
than this brochwre, and one well brought
up to date. The pages upon fermentation
and the relative values of first, second, third
fourth and old leaves in the analysis are
especially interesting; the writer also goes
into the effects of light or heavy rolling
and of various methods of withering which
will all well repay a careful study by those
wie can ana the German.

UBBER IN PHRAK.—Mr. Derry, S in-
tendent of Government Blnntutions has jist
published a very encouraging report. which
we shall reproduce in ful in the Tropical
Agriculturist, Moderately tapping 82 trees
Para rubber, averaging 14 years in age
between March 1899 and July 1900, a har-
vesting of 3271b. best quality and 33 lb, scrap
rubber was got, and sold in London at 3s 10d
for the former (pronounced equal to best
Para), and 2s 6d for the latter. The net
proceeds were £61 1s 6d which must be pro-
nounced very handsome. Mr. Derry thinks
that 200 trees to the acre at 6 or 7 years
old might be able to give as good a return
—say, 2lb. per tree, in place of the 4 lb,
gathered from each 14-year old tree. But
that has yet to be proved. Still the result
is very encouraging to the planters of Para
rubber in suitable soil and climate, and the
margin of profit seems wide enough to cover
all contingencies.—In the Kalutaradistrict, we
believe, 4 lb. per tree have been got from trees
10 years old.

PUAN tle SPDR A A A cg et
* Beihefte;Zum Tropenpflanzer. No, 2, Mai,
Berliu, N .W. Unter den Linden 401, ai 1901,

30 THE TROPICAL

TEA PLANTING IN INDIA AND

CEYLON:

A TOTAL OF 927,000 ACRES (OF WHICH

132,000 YOUNG) TEA ;

CHINA STILL THK LARGEST EXPORTER

OF THA;
LONDON OPINIONS OF TEA ‘‘ PROS-
PECTS” AND “MANURING.”

Against the 392,000 acres now under tea cul-
tivation in Ceylon—with 30,000 acres not yet
in bearing,—we may put the area of tea in
all India at not less than 525,000 acres, of
which as many as 100,000 acres have been
planted from 1897 onwards and cannot there
fore be considered to represent mature trees
or fields in bearing. There is therefore
altogether, 130,000 acres of young tea which
must be taken into account, in order to
emphasize the absolute necessity for both
countries fighting for new markets in
Russia and the Continent of Hurope gener-
ally, as well as in America. The case stands
thus for the British Tea-growing industry :—

Acres Young Tea Estimate crop

Total. in tea, crop when all in
bearimg. acres, 1890—lb. bearing with

fine plucking.

Inp1A 435,000 100,000 187,500,000 220,000,000
Cryton ,. 360,000 32,000 148,400,000 160,000,000

Totals.. 795,000 132,000 335,900,000 380,000,000
[India has had planted over 250,008 acres with tea
since 1885, and the greatest areas by far in single
years were in 1896—37,000 acres ; and in 1897, over
36,000. ]
Now, we do not think there is anything to
frighten us in a total output--say three
years hence—ef 380,000,000 lb. of British-grown
tea; and we are prepared to give good
reasons for our hopefulness. In the first place,
let it be remembered_that China is still by
for the largest exporter of tea. During 1899
she sent away altogether no less than
217,467,000 lb. of tea and for 1900 we do
not think the figures can be less. This
includes overland supplies to Russia in Asia
(in fact Central Asia altogether) as well as
to Russia in EHurope. By sea China sent
away 8 millions lb. more in 1900-01 than in
1899-1900. This should make up for any
shortage overland. In fact, China and
Japan together still supply the world with
no less than 270 to 280 million lb. of tea
distributed to North America, Europe, Aus-
tralasia, Central Asia, &c. Now we see no
good reason why British-grown tea should
not by 1904, supersede the teas of China and
Japan to the extent of 45 million lb. of tea,
apart from the natural growth of the world’s
consumption of our staple. This presup-
poses of course, that the campaign on_ the
Continent of Europe on behalf of both
Ceylon and India will be carried on energeti-
cally for the next three years, and that
the ‘‘sinews of war” will be supplied by
an Indian, as well as by a Ceylon, Tea Cess.
It may be of interest to learn that Travan-
core (and Cochin) in all its divisions has
now about 27,000 acres under tea of which
11,000 (together with 1,700 acres of coffee,
660 cinchona and 300 cardamoms) are reported
for Sir John Muir’s Kanan Devan and

AGRICULTURIST. [Juty 1, 1901.

Anglo-America Companies in North Trayan-
core—all being of course, comparatively re-
cent plantings.

Oo
WHY RUBBER PERISHES.

The latex of plants may be compared with
the milk of animals ; it consists of a number
of oil globules held in suspension in the form
of an emulsion. In the case of rubber this
oil is chemically a terpene C10 H 16, which
by oxidation becomes an oxidised terpene or
resin. Hence they could understand why it
was rubber eventually was said to ‘* perish.”
The juice became oxidised to such an extent
that resin was formed, and the mass becomes
brittle. Mr. T Davis, Chemist.
—British and Colonial Druggist.

2 ——

RUBBER 1N MEXICO.

There are wild and cultivated rubber trees,
now growing on the Isthmus, sufficient to
make the country rich, without regard to
any other product. Mexican rubber is now
worth 80 cts, per lb. gold. A good, healthy,
rubber tree will produce from two to four Ib.
of rubber annually at from eight to twelve
years old, A rubber forest of 1000 acres, con-
taining 250 trees per acre, would yield at
least $1 per tree profit, or $250,000 annually.
The Isthmus is the only natural rubber produ-
cing country within the limits of civilization.
The demand for rubber is increasing at a rapid
rate, and those who are now growing ehb ber
forests confidently expect to see Mexican
rubber sell for $1 per lb. before their trees
are in bearing. Those who have invested in
rubber on the Isthmus will be well rewarded
for their patient waiting.—Home paper.

_ Oo

BEE-KEEPING IN CEYLON.—Although greater
interest is being shown in this pleasant and
useful calling than, say, ten years ago, we
are afraid as much attention is not paid to
the domestication of the honey-bee by
residents up-country and in the plains as
might be done with profit. We fancy it is
the sting of the bee, more than aught else,
that deters people from experimenting as
apiarists ; but with expérience there is really
little to fear. Anyway, it is of interest to
read that ‘‘ Mr. W K Morrison, the bee ex-
pert attached to the Imperial Department of
the West Indies, has recently discovered
several colonies of stingless bees in the island
of Montserrat. He is now trying what can
be done by the use of modern hives to im-
rove their honey-producing capabilities.

odern apiarists are of opinion that they
can make the honey-bee conform to almost
any conditions, so that Mr. Morrison’s experi:
ments will be watched with some interest.
The honey of the stingless bee is clearer and
thinner than that of ordinary commerce.”
In certain years there has been a consider-
able export of both honey and bees-wax from
Ceylon to India; but usually, there is a
steady import of the former for local use and
this ought certainly to be saved by local pro-
duction.

>) —

JULY 1, 1901]

THE RUBBER PLANTING COMPANIES:

[Plantation ; ‘BuenaVista,’ canton of Acayu-
can, state of Vera Cruz, Mexico.] ‘‘ While
we now have upwards of 500,000 rubber trees,
ranging from young trees to 45 years of age,
the best showing on the isthmus [of Tehuan-
tepec] is undoubtedly made by one of our
neighbors, B Griffin, who has fully 30,000
rubber trees with his coffee, of 34 and 44
years of age, closely followed by J C Harvey,
another neighbouring planter, who has
occasionally written you articles on the sub-
ject.” Rubber is planted 800 tothe acre,
with theidea of thinning out, by excessive
tapping of some trees, when old enough to
become overcrowded. Harvesting of sugar,
tobacco, coffee, ginger, and corn has begun,
and the first shipment of coffee was expected
soon at Chicago. The Company favor rubber
shade for coffee. Cultivated trees are repor-
ted to beshorter but of larger diameter than
wild trees of the same age, and to yield more
rubber. [Plantation ‘‘ San Luis,” near Palen-
que, department of Palenque, state of Chiapas,
Mexico.] The Company own a tract of
24,700 acres, watered by the river Michol
which empties into the Tujila, and that in
turn into the Usumacinte, which enters the
gulf near Frontera. The estate is divided
into three ‘°*‘ fincas’—named ‘San Luis,”
* San Francisco,” and ‘‘Los Angeles ”—the
development of each of which has been begun.
Up to January between 900 and 1000 acres had
been cleared, except that trees of eight or
10 inches diameter are allowed to_ stand.
Planting was begun last year, resulting in
about 60,000 trees now standing. In January
there were 50,000 or more nursery trees, to be
transplanted this spring, when they would
be a year old. Preparations are under way
for creating more nursery stock, in order to
provide for planting each season as ad-
ditional land is cleared. Trees, are plan-
ted sixteen feet apart, each way,
the ground being cleaned fora space 5 feet
square for each tree. It is estimated that
one clearing of these spaces per year will be
sufficient until the rubber trees have become
large enough todominate all other growths.
—The India Rubber Werld, April 1.

‘“ BASIC SUPERPHOSPHATE”:

MR. JOHN HUGHES’ PATENT;
AND THE MANURING OF TEA.

A planter, who has paid a good deal of at-
tention to tae subject of the proper manure
for tea, thus deals with Mr. Hughes’ pam-
phlet :-—

““T have looked into Hughes’ pamphlet on
Basic Superphosphate. Unless it is relatively
cheaper than Basic Slag, I doubt if there
will be much sale for it in Ceylon. Phos-
phoric acid in my experience is an essential
ingredient that tea draws upon only toa
small extent. Many Ceylon soils have ample
for all requirements, for apparently an in-
definite period. Basic Slag, however, is
largely used along with buried prunings and
generally speaking is most effective applied
in this way, more so than burntjand slaked
coral lime applied in the same way. The
acids toniiod during decomposition appear

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. - 31

‘to supply the necessary solvent, which in

certain soils, if applied in the ordinary way,
might be a-wanting. The cost per ton is not
stated, which is rather an important omis-
sion, as there is no means of comparing the
value. For instance concentrated superphos-
phate, and finely slaked coral lime, where
lime was deficient, might be found a cheaper
form of restoring the balance. Quick acting
manures for annuals are economical and
sound, but for tea the problem is more com-
plicated. It is one. rather, of adjustment of
the essential ingredients in available forms
and in due proportions, over much longer
periods. We have rough and ready ways of
arriving at this, but are yet a long way, I
fear, from having accurate and scientifically
recorded facts that can aid us much. The
complexity of the conditions which even
vary from time to time, are great.”
J eine

CINCHONA AND CARDAMOMS.

A planter on the Annamalai Hills, Coimbatore dis-
trict, India, says that a large amount of Ledgeriana
cinchona will be planted this year, the very free, deep
soil, with its splendid drainage, appearing to suit to
perfection. Some neighbours of his are giving Suc-
cirubra and Hybrid a trial, thinking that cinchoni-
dine will pay. The planter in question, . hgwever,
believes in good-class Ledgeriana, and, if it grows as
well as it promises, he thinks there will be no diffi-
culty on the part of the Indian planter holding his
Own against the Java average of 5+ per cent. quinine
sulphate, or even the Java Government average of
7°16 per cent. As regards cardamoms, about 1,000
acres have been opened up te date in the Coimba-
tore district, Mysore seed has been tried, but not
always with success.

EAST INDIAN DRUGS,

At a recent drug-auction five bales of jambul-seeds.

from India were offered, but no bid was made for them,
This drug is apparently produced by Hugenia Jambo-
lana, a myrtaceous tree, usually of considerable size,
found in India and Ceylon, and distributed through-
out the Malay Archipelago to Australia, The cotyle-
dons are thick and more or less united or distinct.
The fruit is subacid and edible, and is improved un-
der cultivation. Of late years the seeds have been
recommended as a remedy in diabetes, and the dried
seeds, in combination with those of Mangifera indica,
are administered with good effect as a powder in cases
of diarrhoea and dysentery; they are also stated to
be employed as an antidote to nux-vomica poisoning,
the dose being 160 gr. in the form of a powder.
Dymock, in ‘ Pharmacographia Indica,” gives the in-
formation that a vinegar is prepared from the juice of
the ripe fruit, which forms an agreeable stomachic and
carminative, and is also used as a diuretic. The bark
is astringent, andis employed either alone or in com-
bination with other drugs in gargles and washes.
Another Kast Indian drug offered at the same auc-
tion was three bales of hydrocotyle herb (Hydrocotyle
astatica), which we briefly noted at the time, } The plant
is a prostrate herb found in tropical and sub-tropical
regions, occurring in India to an altitude of 2,000
feet in the Himalayas, and distributed throughout the
Peninsula to Ceylon. 1t was known to Sanskrit writers
of very remote times, beingregarded as alterative, tonic,
and useful in diseases of the skin. Boileau made its
uses known in 1852 in the treatment of leprosy, and
later, in 1885, Hunter experimented with it in Madras
for the same disease, with sufficiently satisfactory re-
sults to bring about its admission to the Indian
Pharmacopoeia. In preparing the plant for use the
leaves are stripped from the petioles, and are air-dried
in the shade and ground to a powder, as it appears that
if dried in thesun or by artificial methods they lose

32) THE TROPICAL

a great part ‘of their medicinal properties, owing to
volatilisation of the oil which is their active principle.
Another representative of this genus—-viz. H. Centella,
a native South of Africa—has astringent properties, the
roots audstems being employed by colonists in decoc-
tion against violent diarrhceey. It is also said to be of
great service in the treatment of chronic dysentery,

WILD VANILLA.

In an interesting article in last March number of
Chambers’s Journal, Mr Rowland W Cater relates
his experiences and adventures while gathering
vaailla in Central America. The autbor, while
staying at San Jose, casually fell in with a native
trader, and together they undertook an expedition
into the interior of Costa Rica with the object of
collecting wild vanilla and other forest products.
Port Limon was the starting) lace, whence train was
taken to Jimenez, a small settlement on the branch-
line to Carillo. Here the travellers*alighted and struck
into the bush, the passage through which was compara-
tively easy. On the second day out a wild vanilla
vine was discovered, hanging from a huge zapotillo
tree, from which twenty-two pods were obtained and
by sunset that day the travellers had found nearly
250 pods, or about twelve pounds, and that within a
distance of little more than sixty miles.

Mr Cater gives a description of the wild vanilla vine
(Vanilla sylvestris), which he says often reaches over 39
ft. in height, and is usually about the thickness of one’s
little finger, The vine is round, knotted at intervals,
and covered with dark-green spear-shaped leaves. It
throws ont a number of thinarms or aerial roots as it
rises, which, attaching themselves to neighbouring
trees, appear to derive therefrom such nutriment that
the vines are little dependent on the soil. Occasionally
the wild vines completely cover the branches of the
tree, and, running from it into adjacent ones, they will
hang in huge festoous and arches so thick that they
seriously impede one’s progress in the bush, The vines
blossom profusely—usually in the spring—the strange
and delicate flowers, with their long, straggling, and
pale-yellow petals, springing from the angles where
the leaves branch off. After a few days’ existence the
flowers wither and fall ; and as their chance of fertilisa-
tion through any of the outside agencies on which they
depend is a brief one, and precarious at best, very few
of them ar® succeeded by fruit. This takes the form
of a large pod, and, although the pods attain their full
growth within fifty days from the fall of the petals,
they take fully seven months to ripen.

The pods vary from 5 to 12 inches in length, and are
aboutan inch across. In shape they resemble a knife-
sheath ; hence the word vanilla, which is a corruption
of the Spanish wor vainilla—a small scabbard, Hach
pod contains a quantity of small black granules, sur-
rounded by a balsamic pulp whose peculiar combina-
tion of oil and acid is supposed to impart to the pods
the delicious flavour and powerful aroma they possess,
Altogether the travellers were in the bush eight days,
and a3 provisions were giving out they hastened with
their plunder to Tortugero, where Mr Cater sold his
portion to his companion at the current price in the
settlement, and, having paid his’share of the expenses
of the trip, hecame out financially so far to the goed
that he was prepared there and then to set out op a
similar expedition, had the opportunity offered. Mr
Cater winds up with a detailed description of the syste
matic cultivation and curing of vanilla in Central
America (Vanilla planifolia), about which so much has
been written in recent years by consuls and others. It
is a fact not generally known, however, that Mexico
produces the finest vanilla in the world, and that prac-
tically the whole of it is consumed in the United
States.—Chemist and Druggist, April 20.

hy a
TURKEY'S PEARL FISHERIES. '

A strong German syndicate is negotiating
with the Porte for a monopoly of the pearl
fisheries along the Ottoman shores of the

AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 1, 1901.

Red Sea and Persian Gulf, which are to be
thoroughly developed by the most scientific
methods. One-third of all pearls won will
belong to the Porte.—Constantinople, May
8th.—Duily Eaupress.

BANANAS RIPENED BY GAS.

The West Indian banana, possessing a
tougher skin and ‘‘keeping” fully a week
longer than its rivals, has speedily popularised
itself among the London costers, Every
fortnight ten railway trucks full are con-
signed by Messrs. Elder, Dempster at Bristol
to one of their agents, who has been ap-
pointed a member of the Costers’ Federation?
The fruit is stored, quite green, in the head
offices of the federation in London, and
ripened by many gas jets. Here the costers
select their own hunches, and are charged
nothing for storage.—Ezpress, May 9.

NORTH BORNEO.

The new Governor of North Borneo, Mr E W
Birch, CM G, leaves London on 8th inst. for Sin-
gapore enroute for his new post. He has had
inuch experlence in the Malay States of opening
new territories in the tropics and is possessed of
many qualities chat admirably fit him for the
duties he will shortly undertake in North Borneo.

Probably one of his first endeavours will be to
devise means for increasing the population of the
territory. North Borneo, like other districts of
the vast island, is very sparsely populated. The
all-important question in relation to enterprises
almost invariably relates to labour, which is one
of the crying wants of the country. Fears have
also been expressed that the railway contractors
for the Beautort-Jesselton line may, to get their
contracts through in time, raise the price of labour.
It is not difficult to get up such rates by an abnor-
mal and temporary demand but it is nearly im-
possible to gef them back again to ordinary rates,
unless an adequate supply is available. We be-
lieve that the new Governor is authorised to give
assistance to the extent of $20 to $25 per man,
which, though probably not sufficient to land a man
in the country, goes a considerable way towards it.
Free grants of land along the railway from
Jesselton to Venom, or in the vicinity of the line,
will also be made. When the line is working
through to Tenom one ofthe first matters, as a
corollary to its construction, will be to provide
that back country, 6f which such glowing accounts
have been given, with a population. The numbers
in that district and up the Tambunan Valley only
total avery few thousands and will need largely
supplementing, Chinese is the class to strike for,
as they are enterprising, hardworking, thrifty, and
immediately assist the revenue in various ways.
If the development of North Borneo has not
hitherto been asrapid as that achieved in the Malay
States we must remember that it has not had such
a fortune ready at hand as the tin deposits have
supplied. But it possesses a soil and climate sin-
gularly blessed in many ways. Its land will pro-
duce most tropical products, whilst, like the Malay
Peninsula, it is remarkably free from devastating
storms and great natural disturbances. Capital
would come easier if the great difficulties at-
taching to labour supply were not superadded to
the other ordinary commercial or planting risks,
—London and China Express, April 5,

Jury 1, 19011] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 33
; |
TO ALL PARTS OF ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA AND OCEANIA.

Seats & Plants of Commercial Products.

Hevea Brasiliensis.—Orders being booked for th i
, 1S. g bi e coming crop, August-S - deli
1901 : booking necessary before the end of April ; quantities of 100,000 and See eC eieae
Plants available all the year round. 100,000 and over at special low rates. A leading Rubber ie ate
Sumatra, who purchased 50,000 seeds in 1899, and 100,000 in 1900, writes us, under date 15th November,
a re I span tc RRR of 20th. Sapa from which I learn that you added another ange Of 5 008
seeds to replace the loss, we. am satishied hereby, ¢ fter this i | am satisfi : }
delivery of this year.” ’ y, and even after this adding I am satisfied by the whole
Castilloa Elastica.—True superior variety cultivated in Mexico f i ies ‘7
: @ Mexico, seeds fr specis a ay
old untapped trees, Orders booked for August-September delivery, 1901, nae eens se ved
end of ae ee can etites on special terms ; Plants in Wardian cases. i so surat Peer eiuite
aniho iaziovii.—Seeds and Plants available all the year round i

. ; : 3 : nd, 100, F TOT:
special low rates. A Mexican planter, in sending an order tor als GoouL CAA ane Sao oven att

If they arrive fresh and germinate easily 1 may send you larger orders, as they are f a ae : ah
where the Castilloa does not thrive.” i : Seana

Kickxia Elastica.—(funtumia Elastica).—Seeds and Plant rders b
i Y S ia : s, orders booked. (Lagos rubber
Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available i - ; i é f tee aU)
Be sits e in May-June; booking necessary before the end of March ;
Urceola Esculenta and U. Elastica.—Same as above. (Bur
E E : 6 b ma rubber.
: _ Parameria Glandulifera.—Orders booked for seeds for J Ui dc RGBEaare GIA: 3 also ple
uaHesiate He GE ee We good rubber creeper of Malacca.) VA avnetn ina
andolphia Kirkii.—Seeds in July-August, early booking sar :
all the yee round. ie Rraulettesatmen ded epacies.)" De inern ee ih atae Gan pe eupphed
onemorpha Macrophylla.—Seeds and P ; orders : i
yielding creeper.) P phy nd Plants ; orders booked. (A very valuable rubber-
Memus ops Globosa and Payena Leerii.—Seeds é i :
necessary before April. 7 -—Seeds and plants in July-August, booking
Achras Sapoca, Willughbeia Firma, W. Edulis and other
yielding I'rees and Creepers, Seeds and Plants. : ce) Ratp oat yana autre, Betcha
Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Cinnamon superior variet i fs i i
booking neces before the end oi February ; also ants" Vsay en Creb ob kead ta) bru coins,
- Coffea Arabica, Liberian Hyorid and Maragogi i Ne : Laxcl ,
immediate booking necessary. gogipe Hybrid.—New crop March-April ;
ena errr oe crepe ay now ready, also other varieties. *

; eeds an ants of Nutmeg, Clove, Sandalwood (white and r P * Car
Vanilla, Cacao, Tea, Coca, Fibre, Medicinal and Fruit Trees, Shade and tiuhoe Tene Geen
various varieties, also Palms, Bulbs, Orchids, &c. ees, Hucalyptus

Our enlarged Descriptive Price List of Tropical Seeds and Pl iC i
4 , ¢ ants of rele ;
Foreign countries tor 1901-1902, now being prepared, and will be ready in a Uuan Pasa:
_ “SOUTH AFRICA, —The great authority on South African affairs of 25th Marca, 1899, says
« An interesting Catalogue reaches us trom the Hast. It is issued by WILLIAM BROTHERS ; Pena
Seed Merchants, of Heuaratgoda, Ceylon, aad schedules all the useful and beautiful plants Bi i i ell
thrive in tropical and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do good Danae ue h will
ie the Bee tone bev rapbed all the spate places of the earth, they must turn to Ae tee
ey were worth the grabbling. e recommend the gr / oncessi ae :
ee William Brothers? 3 great Powers and Concessionaries under them to go
Price List of Seeds and Plants for CEYLON use, post free, on icati
eee 5 nts N application.

i Our new Descriptive Price Lists of Seeds of Shade Trees for Coltee, Cacao, Tea, Carda s &
‘Timber Trees, Trees for Avenues, Hedges, Wind and Shelter Belts, Ornamental Trees ate &e.,
Climbing Plants ; and Seeds and Plants of Palms, Calamus, Pandanus, Cycads, Tree and See E and
Crotons, Orchids, Bulbs, Draczenas, now being prepared, and will be ready shortly. other Ferns,

Special Arrangements made with foreign Governm i A ri

I , ents, Botanical and Avricultural D ;

ments, Pianters and others for supplying seeds and plants of Commercial Products siaioe aoe
5 xc .

164

Agents in London :—Messrs. P. W. WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street.
Agent in Colombo, Ceylon :—E. B. CREASY, Esq.
Telegraphic Address : J, P. WILLIAM & BROTHERS
: WILLIAM, VEYANGODA, CEYLON. Tropical Seed M meats
Heer =, A.I. and A.B.C. Codes used, HENARATGODA, Cayi ON.

THE TROPICAL

CASTILLOA RUBBER IN MATALE,

Major Gordon Reeves is good enough to
answer our enquiry about this rubber as
follows :—

‘About Castilloa Rubber, this tree grows
luxuriantly on suitable land, not only two
miles from Matale, but on clearings opened
ten miles to the North.

““Year-old plants are having a growth of 3
to 4 feet. Our experiment in tapping at
Wiharegama gave us a yield of about 2 |b.
per tree good rubber ; valuation of which has
already appeared, viz., 3s 6d per lb.

“This was tapping from October to June.
Latex does not tlow in dry weather. ‘These
trees are about 10 to 12 years old and girth
about 36 to 42 inches at 4 feet from ground.”

Well done! This beats the Straits—7s per
tree in 9 months is exceedingly good. What
now about seed?—which from 10-12 years old
trees ought to be very valuable.

Lee aE. saeeseenREnn

THE BAMBOO IN FLOWER.

Has anything, we wonder, corresponding
to this been observed in Ceylon as t

“Mr. A. Smythies of the Forest Service writes to
the Indian Forester on the extraordinary flo wer-
ing of the bamboo in the Central Provinces of India:
A somewhat remarkable event is taking place in
the Chanda district of the Central Provinces, and
that is the flowering, on a large scale of the ordi-
nary bamboo. The area over which the flowering
extends is estimated at 1,200 square miles, and in
this area, although a few clumps here and there
have escaped, the phenomenon is universal. But
the extraordinary point about it is that clumps of
all ages are flowering—not only mature clumps but
quite slender seedlings of six or seven years’ growth
or even less. Last year the droughts affected the
bamboos in the Dhaba Range of this district, and
the bamWoo flowered over a small area, and pro-
duced a kind of manna. Many thousands of people
were kept alive for some weeks on the seed. This
year the area is infinitely larger, and the whole
population will, in course of time, flock to the
forests to gather the seed. The consequences to the
people in the vicinity of this | flowering and subse-
quent death of the bamboo will be rather serious.
It is probable that, in this district at least the bam-
boo does flower gregariously over fairly large areas,
as three of the oldest inhabitants informed me that
they had seen the bamboo flower twice.

—_———_—_—_-——

PRODUCE, PLANTING AND COMMER-
CIAL NOTES.

Discussing the new season for China teas, “ The
Grocer” points out that “‘statisties, if they mean
anything, are unfavourable. Taking the official
figures for the first four months of the year only,
we note that, while the importations of China tea
into the United Kingdom were but 3,201,066 lb.,
against 4,376,970 lb. in 1900, the clearances for
home use bad shrunk to 3,970,377 {b., in contrast
with 6,277,523 Ib, in the same period last year ; and
the quantity exported diminished to 3,988,648 lb.
instead of reaching 8,780,505 lb, as in the four
months of 1900, in all these totals the compari-
son for the year 1901 is on the wrong side, and
to this fact must be added another of equal
significance, viz, that a stock of over 30,000

AGIRCULTURIST. [Juny 1, 1901.

half-chests of old season’s teas are lying unsold or
unshipped at Foochow Foo, at a time when the port
there ought to be clearofsuch goods and waiting
to receive arrivals of the new crop directly they are
sent up from the interior. One cause for the flat
condition of the market for China tea is that the
chief blenders mix them much Jess freely than they
did ayearor two ago, Then there was an appre-
ciable difference in the prices between China tea
on the one hand and both Indian and Ceylon
growths on the other—which difference was entire-
ly in favour of China. Now, however, market
rates for Indian and Ceylon are as low as, if not
lower than, those for China teas ; and consequently
the former kinds claim more attention from the
putters-up of packet teas than the latter. Asis
well known, the big blenders, who once took the
commoner class of China tea to increase the butik
of Indians and Ceylons, and so bring down the
averages of value where quotations for aquick
sale were thought to be too high, are mow care-
ful to keep strictly to British-grown sorts which
are extremely cheap and much more suited to
their purpose.”—H & C Mail, May 17.

————>____

SISAL HEMP.
(From a letter of Dr.Morris, C. UM. G., Jan 1901.)

As no doubt you are aware considerable sums have
been lost in attempting to start a Sisal industry in
the Bahamas, chiefly through want of knowledge of
the requirements of the plant and the sudden rush of
persons who took up perfectly useless land at ruinous
prices, I have estimated that under favourable con-
ditions the cost of cultivating and extracting the fibre
should not exceed about £10 or £12 per ton. The
market price, however, is very variable. It has been
as low as about £13 per ton ; on the other hand, it
has, for one or two years continuously, been as high
as £30 to £40 per ton, or even higher, The plant will
undoubtedly grow in Trinidad and Tobago. ‘here are
already a large number of plants running wild in
the latter Island. It is to be remembered that it
is not a cultivation for small proprietors. Lt is carried
on on very much the same lines aS a cane cultivation.
I estimate that it requires a capital of about £7,000
to £10,000 to start and maintain a plantation of, say,
1,000 acres in regular working. Anything less than
the area above given would not keep the scutching
machines in full working, and thus add to the cost of
management and the up-keep of the plantations. As
only about three per cent. of the weight of leaves is
returned in fibre, there is a heavy cartage of leaves
to the factory. On an estate turning ont say 500 tons
of fibre not Jess than about 15,000 tons of leaves have
to be brought to the mill. This necessarily involves
considerable expenditure in carts and stock, or in
estate tramways. It is stated that in very rich soils
the fibre is not so strong and abundant as in compa-
ratively poor soils in dry climates. Again, in the
Bahamas, it was found that absolutely barren land was
quite useless and led to disappointment andloss. I
would only adda word of caution that no one be ad-
vised t> embark on the industry unless he has ample
means and can afford to wait some years before the
plantation begins to yield the first returns.—TZrimdad
Bulletin.

CEYLON Hints TeA ESTATES CoMPANY.—
We regret to see that it should be deemed
necessary to wind up this Tea Plantations
Company, but apparently there is no alter-
native. The Company owns four plantations:
Rowley in Balangoda, Agra-oya and
Hardenhuish in Lower Dikoya, and Laxa-
panagala in Maskeliya—altogether about
1,314 acres of tea.

JuLY 1, 1901. ]

ECONOMIC GARDENS FOR INDIAN
TEA DISTRICTS.

Although we have no wish to underestimate the
value of the several botanical gardens scattered
throughout India, they must be considered more
in the light of public pleasure grounds and
museums, of little use to the commercial world.
One of the mistakes usually made is that of locat-
ing these places in the vicinity of the sudder
station, in provinces where variations of soil and
climate are as diversified as they are in Assam, the
Dooarsand Darjeeling districts, as results obtained
in one case are apt to be regarded as infallible
tests for the whole ; thus many plants that would
receive fair play in congenial situations receive
condemnation, being considered of no account. We
have an instance of this in

VANILLA,

which many planters, including a Kew gardener,
have endeavoured to raise in the hot steamy plains,
Had the habitat of the plant been taken into con-
sideration and operations conducted in accordance
with it adhered to, many places in Assam would
now have been exporting the pods, or their essence,
in considerable quantites; but those who have
hitherto essayed this cultivation have, for con-
venience sake, attempted todo so at least 3,000
feet below the elevation, in similar latitudes,
where it attains the requisite marketable qualifi-
cations. To ascertain the real value of the pro-
ducis of a province it will, we believe, be conceded
that the sites for these must be

SELECTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE HABITS OF
THE PLANT,

instead of forcing, or attempting to, the latter to
conform to unaccustomed conditions. Many
plants have beensent down to Sibpur that no
amount of skilful treatment has been able to
induce to yield the product they do inthe loca-
lities whence they are obtained; Chalmugr is one.
Fieus elastica grows luxuriantly enough in Gov-
ernment House compound, the Eden Gardens, and
many private grounds, but no one in his senses
would endeavour to argue from this that a
rubber plantation would prove remunerative in
Lower Bengal. It is therefore incumbent that each
of the plantations many people are suggesting
should be stocked with such plants as are
indigenous to the elevation, aspect, and climate.

TO RENDER THE PROPOSED ECONOMIC GARDENS
COMMERCIALLY VALUABLE
there must be a series of them, and as Assam,
more especially, possesses the prototypes of most
plants known in the commercial world, besides, as
has been recently pointed out, enjoying a_ perfect
epitome of climates, there should be no difficulty
in ehoosing eligible sites tor each; but, if it is
sought toclump all together in one spot for the
convenience of forest or district officers’ inspection,
we have no hesitation ih prophesying that two-
thirds of the experiment will turn out abortive.
What is more essentially required to make
the proposed plantations of real benefit, produc-
tive of revenue alike to Government and _ profit to
the cultivator, is a close study of all the bounti-
ful vesetable wealth of the provinces, for though
both the Dooars and Darjeeling districts have
been in the past most ruthlessly ransacked and
exploited, there still remains sufficient relics to
show what they once produced and so indicate
suitable localities for propagation. Assam has

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, — 35

not beenso much denuded, so there is no difficulty
there. It is not enough -to argue that, because
oranges, pineapples and other fruits are found
growing from the plainsup as high as 2,000 feet
and more, a plantation of them will thrive
equally well anywhere between these elevations ;
but we must ascertain at what height the best
are produced, selecting the proper zones accord-
ingly. No great expense need be incurred, as
there are tea plantations already at various eleva-
tions on which a few acres could be set apart for
experiments. Just

AT PRESENT THERE IS A RUSH FOR FIBRES,
the quotations for the most valuable have been
lately given, and there is an enquiry for Manilla
hemp, great doubts having heen expressed as to
the genuineness of the plants sent up to South
Sylhet some years since, yet this plantain or some-
thing very closely allied to it, is, if we mistake
not, to be found in the damp terai ravines under
the northern hills from Mymensingh to the Jerii,
Thus no great exercise of judgment is required in
selecting fields for its cultivation. The best
pines, either for fruit, or leaves from which
latter the hill people’s carrying bands are made,
come from between 1,500 and 2,000 feet,
which would also correspond to the height at
which the Socotra aloe grows; sarsaparilla,
ginger, turmeric, though generally considered
the product of the plains, attain much greater
perfection in the jhums at the same elevation,
while salep, though inferior to the Afghan tuber,
as also a course truffle, may be found among the
roots of the stunted oak in the scattered woods
from 4,000 feet upwards. To gather these
in the hot plains or high up in cloud.
land, and expect each and all to attain
perfection nnder such conditions, is manifestly
absurd.—Indian Planters’ Gazette, May 25.

$$
CONCERNING ELEPHANTS.

In the January Number of the Indian Forester,
Long Tom sums up his curious article on ,‘‘ Cowardly
Elephants” with the sweeping assertion that the
elephant has always appeared to him to be ‘‘the slowest
in thought of all animals that are trained by man,
and to be absolutely lacking in reasoning power
* * *? No doubt, a number of Forest Officers,
who are friends of the patient beasts that do so
much work for us, (and that I think with suffici-
ent cleverness,) will come forward to prove, at
length, that eleplants are quite as sagacious and as
capable of reasoning as, and even more so than, many
domestic quadrupeds—like the horse—of whose in-
telligence we generally hold a high opinion.

Leaving such authorities on the subject to dis
cuss the question to its right conclusion, I would
like to just throw in afew observations of my own,
in order to add weight to such arguments as may
be forthcoming in favour of elephants and their de-
cided ability to think. Perhaps Long Tom does not
mean his article to be taken seriously, and, prob-
ably, wrote it to relieve his feelings after that old
‘“female elephant” had smelt another dead green
pigeon. But now that | have begun to write, I may
as well go on for the sake of argument.

Firstly, it is beyond dispute that wild elephants
show much cleverness, which is more of the nature
of thoughtfulness than of common instinct. The
way they collectively aid or defend their young ;
the practical manner in which they choose their
feeding grounds and travel by well-selected permanent
paths from one ground to another, just, as it seems,
at the right time; the cunning manoeuvres of the rogue,
—all go to prove this. So do the incidents befalling
at any Khedda.

36 ‘THE TROPICAL

Then,in the tame state, can any other animals
be found that are able to remember and under-
stand so many different words of command as
our working elephants? Those who have seen
elephants at work in timber yards, at any rate
in Burma, will call to mind how cleverly they
stack timber, although the methods of stacking may
not be uniform. In rafting sunken timber, an
elephant will readily, at command, hold a sinking log
at the surface of thé water until it is secured to
some that are buoyant. In such cases, all that an
elephant does cannot surely be put down to blind
force of habit!

In the Andamans & few years ago, one of the
forest tramways ended at a steep ‘‘ shoot,” leading
down to a tidal creek that was used for floating out
Padouk. The logs were large and far too heavy to
be handled by men. So an old elephant, Bisheswar
Prasad by name, was employed daily, _when the
timber was brought in from the fellings, in turning
each log round on its truck until it was in line
with’ the shoot, and then sending it off with a butt
from behind. Often he did this without guidance
from his mahout, and he would do it accurately
every time. Another elephant sometimes helped to

nt up rough bridges, and would lift a beam to
the required height, and hold it there until it was
secured to the uprights. I do not say that this
elephant knew that a bridge was being built so
many feet, above flood-level ; but he appeared to
understand that his mahout wanted the beam lifted
up and held in place for a certain time, and he pa-
tiently listened to and carried out orders without
a mistake. There is no need to quote more in-
stances of this kind, although there is no end to
the variety of them. These two alone, with what
T have written above, seem to me sufficient grounds
for concluding that elephants, either wild or tame,
ave by no means “< absolutely lacking in reasoning

wer.”
Ee rndian Forester. GYOK-BIN.

egy
GOCONUT PLANTING IN THE TEA
DISTRICTS AND INTERIOR
GENERALLY.

An enquiry, as to the number of seed coco-
nuts supplied from a well-known Veyangoda
Jantation to tea planters, has brought us
the following interesting bit of information
which we venture to quote :—

« have sold about 80,000 seed nuts and plants
during the last_six years, of which about 32,000 went
to the Kelani Valley. That ought to do, at 70 to the
acre, for over 450 acres; but I believe, in order not
to interfere with the Tea too soon, and not to shade
the bushes out of flush, the plants have been put
out 30 to 40 feet apart—say 50 to the acre; that would
work out about 650 acres. I am surprised to hear
that this estate had almost the sole honour of stocking
the K.V. I thought resort was had to me after disap-
pointment with purchases elsewhere. Any way, the
progeny from here must cover a good part of the
{sland. Some nuts have, I think, gone as far as
Anuradhapura ; while the founder of the settlement
got a contribution of seed nuts from me for Lemesuria-
wama! Then, next to the K.V., my largest customer
was Pallegame which took over 20,000 seed nuts; but,
from what I heax, very few plants have survived the
drought, neglect, porcupines and thieves in that ill-
fated venture. The other districts I have served are
Kaduganawa, Peradeniya, Kandy, Matale, Gampola,
Wattegama, Nawalapitiya, and even Ragama and
Kalutara in the low country; while several thousand
nuts sent to Mr. J— in the Kurunegala district means
the faith of that veteran in change of seed, as he
might have got any quantity of nuts in his own
district.”

AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 1, 1901.

Probably quite 1,000 acres of tea in the
Kelani Valley have been covered b
32,000 nuts interspersed. ad

————— -

1889 TO 1901: CHANGES IN CEYLON.

IN THE MOUTH OF THE KELANI
VALLEY :
FIRST VISIT TO A PLUMBAGO MINE : KEGALLA
AND WESTERN DOLOSBAGE.
(By an Old Planting Correspondent.)

We had made up our minds to visit the
TUMBAGF ‘plumbago mine, and our party
should have been six at least, but at the last
moment dwindled down to two. Leaving
early in the afternoon, we reached the Ke-
galle and Yatiyantote road at the 56th mile-
post, crossing the fording place in safety beside
the old suspension bridge. There is a bazaar
and many people both Sinhalese and Tamil
hanging about here.

The cart road is a new one and the three
bridges between the 56th and 54th mile-posts
are well constructed, with well-built stone
abutments. The scenery is wild and in places
picturesque. At the first bridge there is a
waterfall above and below the road; then
we came to many zigzags which might have
been avoided by taking longer sights and
a little extra blasting. At present the zigzag
at the foot of one of the tea estates is rather
unsightly ; however, the Government made
it and it must therefore be right.

We had the pleasure of meeting Messrs.

.Daniell and Lewis, both recently returned

from South Africa. The former gentlem =
ceeded Mr. Fraser of Witieenee bont a50
acres of tea. After resting for half-an-hour
at the bungalow, we proceeded to GLENALLA
estate, one of the Gane WARILY Group
ans mp about creo ae acres of tea
fo) e Company wi avilland

en itself, f maniac d

LENALLA estate is a compact little pla

200 acres, awfully shut in ss the Hh Tee
and sometimes very warm, about 92° in
the shade. However, the tea looks well and
so do the fruit trees and shrubs about the
bungalow. Mr. Reeves is the present Superin-
tendent. I doubt whether there isa thousand

‘acres of tea requiring harder work than

this group, in Ceylon. DEDUGALLA and Sv,
BLANE are very steep places; but not so
large an area.

After early tea we started for the Tum-
bage Plumbago Mine and rode from the
Glenalla Factory through the Bazaar and
past some villages, arriving at the settle-
ment of the Tumbage Plumbago Mine
about 9-80 a.m. The ascent to the pits was
something awful, a gradient of one in five
or one in three ox four, in places.

THE TUMBAGE PLUMBAGO MINES IN KEGALLE
OR KELANI VALLEY.

It was difficult to walk up these short
cuts on account of the plumbago spilt on
the paths making it very slippery and, by the
time we reached the pit’s mouth, we were
TEL much out Se anes

y companion, Mr. W., did not take 1
to decide about descending the first shatt

j :

JULY 1, 1901.|

and your correspondent followed, holding on
to the lining of the perpendicular wall
with a coir rope stopped at intervals
between the steps. It was quite an
undertaking to climb down, but what
about getting up again! I am glad the
correspondent of the local ‘‘'Times” was
wrong in his statement that the shaft was
two hundred feet deep. It was really only
about fiity, but on reaching the bottom we
had to creep along a serpentine tunnel
for about one hundied feet, passing small
galleries to the right and lett, until we arrived
at another shaft of fifty feet with two feet
of water at the bottom of this pit. W.
jumped into the bucket andthe men lowered
im down to the water up to his knees. One
Sinhalese was working in the side gallery,

using a jumper, and the vein or seam of plum--

bago, about four inches wide, was embedded in
granite rock, requiring to be blasted out, when
the plumbago would be reduced to chips and
dust and require washing and picking over
before being ready for despatch. My
friend was well pleased with his adventure
into the bottom of a plumbago mine and
obtained a sample from the vein or seam,
My sample of plumbago came from the heap ;
however, my sample is still firm and in one
block, whereas my companion’s lump went
to bits in his coat pocket.
Now for the
TUG OF WAR: . ;

climbing up the shaft into the open air again,
we found youth won the _ prize and

_ your correspondent made a bad third in the

race; but being an old sailor, he would not be
beaten and, though much out of breath,
climbed the side of the shaft to the pit’s
mouth, puffing and blowing like a grampus.
We were glad it was over and much pleased

_ with the civility of the miners and the young

Sinhalese guide sent with us by the clerk of
Mr. Peris, the proprietor of the mine.

The clerk informed me that the mine had
paid the three proprietors very well; that
they employed 200 Sinhalese, and that
the output was from 40 to 50 tons,
monthly, valued, at one time, at seven-
hundred rupees per ton. We understood
him to tell us that the Tumbage plumbago
mine had made as much as £100,000 (one-
hundred thousand pounds) and, when we re-
marked that it was better than tea growing,
he, the clerk, laughed long and loud and
thought it asplendid joke. Since our conver-
sation, some planters tell me that plumbago
reached as high a figure as_ fifteen-hundred
rupees* a ton. The working expenses
would be heavy as the work is very

hard and disagreeable; skilled men.

are paid 14 and 2 rupees a day and the
foremen four and five rupees daily. We
found men washing the plumbago and spread-
ing it out to dry. Then it is removed toa
shed where a number of boys and girls are
employed picking it over and sorting it
into three qualities. We were agreeably
surprised to find the Sinhalese plumbago
miners willing and obliging and not the scum
of the population as often mentioned.

Our visit will, however, last us a long
time for it requires ‘an effort ” on the part

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 37

of the visitor to understand the modus oper-
andi, and he requires to be in ‘‘good form ;”
Many pits have been closed down through the
fall in prices last year, yet as much as
7,981 tons were said to have been quarried
in 1900 in the Kegalle district. There is
another plumbago mine at the top of GLEN-
ALLA Estate, which is at present closed.
It is called Knavesmire mine on KNayrs-
MIRE Tea Estate, also in the Kegalle dis-
trict.

Our horses were very restive, waiting
on the cart-road, and we had difficulty in
holding them in returning to Glenalla bun-
galow to a late breakfast ; however, it was
part and_ parcel of the morning’s adven-
tures and a good shake up, though un-
pleasant at the time, may be_ beneficial
afterwards. Anyhow, we had a gocd appe-
tite for breakfast and did justice toa good
curry.

The monsoon really seemed to have ar-
rived on the afternoon of the 27th, and the
wind and rain rushed through two gaps
at once, making a great noise—yet this
inorning was as fine as the ‘day be-
fore, and we enjoyed the ride back to HAvit-
LAND, the pony ridden being the third
animal on this trip kindly lent to me by
the planters on this side in Keealle, Kelani
Valley, and West Dolosbage. We must ex-
plore DooLGALLA next journey.

H. COTTAM.

PEARLS AND PEARL SHELLS FROM
WESTERN: AUSTRALIA.

The following is a list of the principal Westralian
exports for the last three years :-—

Articles, 1898. 1899, 1900.
£ a8 £

*Pearls a 20000 20000 20000

Pearlsbell ae 78784 90647 86533

Sandalwood ... 3181? 29719 39038

* Estimated,

Pearl Shell (decrease, £4,131).—This industry,
as far as quantity of shell raised is concerned,
has practically kept up to the excellent record
of the previous year; but the value seems to
have suffered a slight reduction. From returns
published every year by this department, I have
tabulated some figures which cover a period of
eight years, and shed considerable light upon the
state of the industry, These I now submit for
your infomation, as follows :—1893, 523 tons ;
1894, 441 tons ; 1895, 350 tons 3 1896, 361 tons ;
1897, 366 tons; 1898, 619 tons ; 1899, 783 tons ;
1900, 737 tons.—Perth Herald, May 15.

ea Us ESL

RUBBER IN PERAK.—The following para-
graph appears in Mr. Derry’s Report :—

Central America Rubber “Castilloa elastica.’’—Abonut
150: seedlings of ‘‘castilloa”’ from Ceylon seeds have
been raised. It appears doubtiul, however, whether
the Ceylon trees are “Castilloa elastica” (true) or only
an inferior variety, ‘‘ Castilloa Markhamiana,”’ the
results of Ceylon trees being far below South Africa.

Mr. Derry must be referring to trees in our
Botanic Gardens; for nothing can be better
surely than the Wiharagama tapping of 10-12
year old trees, 9 months tapping giving 2 1b.
of rubber worth 3s 6d per Ib,

38 THE TROPICAL
UNITED PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION, F.
MALAY STA'TES.

(Hxtracts from Report for 1900.)

EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS,—Mr Stanley Arden has
been sent out from Kew (tardens and, after a period
spent in Ceylon, acquainting himself with the methods
in vogue over there, visiting the various Malay States
with their Botanical Gardens, and becoming known
to the planters, has now been entrusted with the
opening of an Ixperimental Garden. At the time of
writing tois report the locality is still under discussion,
though probably one of the blocks situated near
Sungei Nengau will be the situation selected. The
headquarters of the Manager, locality of the garden,
products to be treated, &c, have all formed the subjects
of correspondence between the Government and the
Association.

ProposED LmcrsLaATiIon ror Deauine with ABAN-
DONED ork NrGurcteD Corrrr Hsrates—The Chair-
man informed the meeting that, after very careful
consideration, the Committee had come to the conclu-
sion that they were not in a position to recommend
‘ legislation, inasmuch as it was the experience of
members that ‘shuck’’ estates were never attacked,
but only fine coffee, the owners of which would take
prompt measures to keep the pest within bounds,
and that they therefore proposed with the sanction of
the meeting to forward the following resolution to the
Government:—“‘ That the Committee of the United
Planters’ Association do not feel disposed to take on
themselves to recommend legislation on their own
responsibility, but desire to express their great sense
of the interest and assistance which the Government
have shown in the matter, more particularly in
connection with the remedial measures proposed by
the Acting British Resident, Negri Sembilan.” This
resolution was eventuully carried by 14 to 4.

Export oF CoFrrE to Huropr.—For some con-
siderable time the question of finding a better market
than Singapore kas been before the Planting Com-
munity; varicus solutions were suggested! A bonded
warehouse where coffee could be stored to enable it
to mature has been and is still under discussion. An
assessment of all estates to enable the Association
to advertise has also been’ proposed. During
the past year, and very largely on the recommenda-
tion of Mr. T Haslop Hill, who has taken infinite pains
in London to discuss the question, samples were sent
home to Messrs, Sanderson & Co., of Mincing Lane.
These samples were on the whole favourably reported
upon, and the prices quoted were distinctly higher than
those then obtainable in Singapore. The Association,
on receiving guarantees of over 100 cwt. a month from
varions niembers, decided to try the experiment of
monthly shipments, A special Committee of Selangor
and Negri Sembilan Planters was elected, but owing to
various initial difficulties, the first shipment has only
recently been forwarded, the result of the sale being
still unknown. It may be of interest to the Associa-
tion to learn that the small retail business initiated by
one of the Selangor Estates, under the name of the
Kajang Coffee Co., is progressing favourably and,
though at one time it was thought possible that the
venture would have to stop, recent reports go to show
that the monthly gutput, though smull, is an increasing,
and toasmall extent a paying, venture. We understand
that a similar concern is working successfully in Edin-
burgn. The fact thatat various Temperance Hxhibi-
tions the Kajang Company’s stall has earned bronze
and gold medals proves that, if properly treated, our
Malay coffee finds favour.

An interesting experiment is also being tried. Some
12 pikuls of coffee have been bought from the Port
Dickson Coffee Curing Mill by the Association, five
pikuls of which have been sent to Aden and the
remainder kept. at Port Dickson, with the object
of testing the system of storing coffee in a dry place

AGRICULTURIST. [Juty 1. 1901.

before putting it on the market. Six months
was the period decided upon and this has not yet
elapsed.

\The Notes on “‘ Planting Products” will be copied
in full into our Lropical” Agriculturist.—Ep. TA.)
peak o.
SOME CONDITIONS OF COCOA:
ATTENDANT ON THE GROWING OF
SUCKERS.

The following is the paper on the above subject,
read before the Uva Cocoa Committee on the 11th
May, by Mr. L. Haweis :— .

Mr, Chairman and Gentlemen.—There cana be
little doubt that, if canker had never made its ap-
pearance, the question of growing suckers on cocoa
had never cropped up; therefore, at the outset,
sucker-growing should be regarded as a method of
defence against canker, andin no other light. Inci-
dent on the growing of suckers, however, it has been
noticed how, generally speaking, the spread of a tree
may be increased and its height curtailed, and, as
this introduces quite another element into the ques-
tion, the original motive for their cultivation is apt
to be lost sight of, and even sacrificed to what‘ at
existing distances must be the very uncertain advan-
tage of growing a _ broader tree. This advan-
tage, or possibly disadvantage, I will not dwell on
here ; suffice it to say that sucker-growing for purposes
of yield is contrary to all tenets of fruit-culture, and
we have yet to learn that these do not apply to
cocoa. I allude to the fact that fruit-trees bear best
when kept to the primary branches ; and if ‘ spread”
is the objective the means must be sought not in
sucker-growing but in prunin

There is an idea that the less the knife is used mp-
on cocoa the better. It is obvious that any excess of its
use must be deleterious but, to avoid excess, it is not
necessary to goto the opposite extreme; that is no
logical or sensible conclusion.

In the

WEST INDIES,

I believe, the cocoa tree, like fruit-trees al
the world over, is subject to a certain amounl
of pruning; and pruning, as pruning, is not con-
fined to what in relation to cocoa we call “snekers’’
and “gormandisers.” The reason why the opinion
is prevalent in Ceylon is owing probably to the
fact that cocoa—Caraccas, at any rate—if carefully
tended from its youth up, requires very little pruning
of the larger branches and we have consequently been
misled into the idea that the pruning of these larger
branches is wholly unnecessary. Further itis said that
every cutin a cocoa-tree is a door for a parasite to
‘enter, but this applies chiefly, i take it, to the older
wood and, considertng the small amount of pruning
needed, it is not absolutely unpractical to suggest that
all larger cuts be treated with tar or some other
preservative less injurious to green wood. On the
other hand the objection strikes me as being of aca-
demic interest in comparison with the immense good
obtained by a judicious use of the knife ; theoretically
the door is open, practically it is compara-
tively rarely utilised, except possibly by white
ants—(and white ants do not like tar, or a kerosine

" emulsion)—while borers of all sorts show no particular

preference for a cut surface, but prefer rather their
own insidious method of the combined gimlet-and-
corkscrew variety in greener and softer wood. But it
isalso a fact that very old wood is often actually softer
than younger wood, and this may help to explain why
such old wood does in many cases actually fall a prey
to all sorts of insects—scavengers and others. This
brings me round to my original point, for when the
old wood arrives at the stage when on account of its
softness it attracts pests, it seems fairly reasonable to
cut it out. And this woodit is which most planters will
believe with me to be most subject to canker,

Juty 1, 1901.]

Canker having left its card in yellow leaves and im-
pressed its seal of the tamiliar claret-hue, nature’s first
impulse is of reproduction. This effort may take the
form of fruit or ‘‘ suckers,” or both. When the process
of dying is rapid, the tree has time for no exhibition of
tbis kind; but when it is long-drawn-out, fruit or
suckers, or both, may appear, according to the virility
and general condition of the tree. In the case of
suckers, as in the case of fruit, they mature according
to the extent they.are unaffected. If affected badiy
the pods turn black, and the tips of the suckers droop
and follow suit; but the suckers rarely die back in this
way unless the process of dying is goingon fast.

The process of dying, however, may be delayed
and, under certain conditions, arrested by proper
treatment, when the life of the suckers is saved, and
we get new wood fromthe old root, It often happens,
too, that the old tree recovers and, if not too many
suckers are allowed from the base, continues to bear
as formerly. But if the tree is aged, the old wood
gets weaker and softer, the whole of its strength
being absorbed by the suckers, When this is the
case the old tree should be cut out to give the suckers
every chance, and then?—then we have lost all crop
from that tree for a year or eighteen months, until the
suckers have matured.

This, I think, isa fair statement of facts, and this
it is which has turned planters’ attention to growing
suckers, not merely on diseased trees, but on healtny
trees also, in order to be prepared for a possible
attack of canker,

Now, what is

THE EFFECT OF CANKER

in the old tree upon the suckers? It is clear
that, if the suckers are to justify their ex-
istence, they must be kept from canker, A
certain sacrifice of crop may have been, and is
generally is, the immediate result of growing
these suckers, therefore their well-being is of
paramount importance; for should they become
diseased we shall have lost both crop and suckers, and
-from every point of view this is disastrous. ‘hen
comes the fatal yuestion, Can we cure the canker in
the old tree? If wecan, we must doso; if we can-
not, the old tree must come away ; for to keep tinkering
at the tree while the canker is possibly spreading to
the suckers is not to be recommended. The risk is too
great, for once the suckers are gone our labour has
been in vain. As scarcely the boldest, and youngest,
planter would guarantee, 1 imagine, to “cure the
canker,’ let us suppose the old tree is cut out. The
immediate effect is probably diminution of crop, the
ultimate effect the rotting away of the old stump.
If the old stump rots away quickly, the suckers are
again in jeopardy. Suckers, however, if close to the
ground, or ifthe earth be heaped up around them,
will throw down fresh roots, which very usually are
not strong enough at first to bear their own weight.
Sometimes, perhaps, in the majority of cases, nothing
will induce them. short of props, to retain the perpen-
dicular, and the weight of any pods they may bear
generally brings them down in spite of the props
which are seldom free from white ants. So, what
are we to do? Wecannot honestly trust 75 per cent.
of these suckers, so that the need of putting in a
supply becomes obvious. What is even more obvious is
that the supply should:have been there six years before.
The effect of canker on a medium-aged tree is not
dissimilar but eminently more hopeful, There is
little doubt that the best *‘ bush-cocoa,” that is to
say, the bush the suckers may be trained into after
the old tree is cut out, is grown from medium-aged
trees, ‘Their luxuriance of growth nearly always
infects the old stump which is not so liable to decay,
but they are by no means so apt to throw down roots
of their own. ‘he case appears to be one more of
adaptation to circumstances than of independent
action, and it is possible that, on this very account,
‘perhaps, they are far more to be relied on than

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 39

suckers from aged trees. A medium-aged tree, the
provided that the main stem is cut in time, hasa
fair chance against canker, but the suckers rarely
bear under the year.

It isa curious thing, and I wonder if others have
noticed it, that suckers in bearing while the old tree is
still alive, when it is cut out, do either one of two
things, but rarely both; either they continue to bear
putting on leaf very slowly, or they expend the in-
creased energy they obtain from the large root, de-
prived of its main stem, in growing out into a fine
spreading bush, the branches of which cease bearing
altogether, save for a pod or two, until they are fully
matured. This applies to suckers on old and medium-
aged cocoa alike, and points to the fact that ‘ bush-
cocoa ” can Le grown only at a sacrifice of crop, illus-
trating the old and unexploded dictum that suckers
on fruit trees are deleterious.

Buta treein bush form has the advantage, not of
being any less subject to canker indeed, but of having
several more stems than nature usually supplies ; so
that itis often possitle to cut away half or three-
quarters of the bush, and still have something to show
in its place. That such bushes bear as well as the
original tree may be doubted, but that they do bear
at least fairly wellis undisputed; and, possibly, un-
der a modified system of culture, they may be almost
as remunerative. At any rate, experiments are en-
couraging.

So that, as it is obvious that a young plant, in bear-
ing, if possible, should be ready to take the place of
an old cankered tree, it now occurs to me to ask
whether it would not be desirable to be ready with a
tree in bush form,

Now,

THE GROWING OF BUSH-COCOA

introduces variations on methods and vesults, with
which we are not entirely familiar.

Anyone who has cocoa at 12 ft. by 12 ft.—and we
all have—knows that well-grown Caraccas trees tn
terlace at that distance; therefore, greater spread on
our old fields we do not want. On ithe other hand,
most of us are now replanting with Forastero, of

altogether larger growth, and I am aware of an ,

instance of a proprietor having planted Forastero
at 18 ft., who complains of being laughed at.
Some of you, gentlemen, at least will know
of Forastero at 12it.and also that 15-year-old trees
have an average perimeter of at least 20 feet; but
I am not aware, except in one or two instances, of
any practical conclusions having been drawn from
that significant fact. Onthe contrary the “ piling of
Pelion on Ossa’’ iscommon, for on a Certain such
field I have in my mind the V. A. ordered suckers
to be grown.

If, therefore, it proved advisable to start the cultiva-
tion of ‘bush-cocoa’ in good earnest, the usual
distance of planting is manifestly inadequate for even
Caraccas ; how mach more so, then, for Forastero.

And now I am going tobe heterodox. Nothing
is more noticeable in the story of Ceylon cocoa than
the ‘rule of thumb.’ Cosoain Ceylon was originally
planted—Il speak generally —without shade, Something
occurred—probably helopeltis—to show that shade was
beneficial. Everyone planted shade—even planters
the condition of whose estates left nothing to’ be
desired. Lf will not dwell on what distances that shade
was planted at ; everyone kaows that ; it was overdone.
Then canker came ; light was pronounced inimical
to canker ; the shade was cut out. Neither will I
dwell on how that shade was cut out; everyone
knows that that, too, in maby cases was overdone.
But canker has taught us something else: it has
indicated that Forastero is the hardier (if less valuable)
variety of tlre two; and, as Caraccas dies out, Forastero
is now being almost universally substituted. And
what I want to ask is whether this also does not
threaten to be overdone. Unless Forastexo is as re-
munerative as Caraccas, and as at present cultivated

40 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

it certainly is not, it is quite possible planters will
regret the universal adoption of it. Incidentally, it
occurs to me to ask what would a large majority
of estates have done if, instead of Caraccas, there
had originally been planted Forastero? There can
be little doubt that the wonderful bearing qualities
of Caracecas have done for cocoa iu this canker crisis
what Forastero, as known at present, can never do.
There is, however, good veason to suppose that many
varieties of Forastero hybrids, besides being hardier
(a fact which has not been indisputably established)
are quite as remunerative as Caraccas. but they
have yet to be sorted out and this has not been
dene, Moreover their great irregularity of form
largely augments the difficulty of their cultivation,
and it is well-known that Forastero suckers act ia
a very different and far more irresponsible manner
from Caraccas suckers. To grow a fine bush
froma felled Forastero tree is infinitely more difficult
than from a Caraccas tree, so tbat it almost seems that
suckers, if grown at all, were better started during the
new clearing stage, and it has yet to be proved that
suckers on new clearings, however carefully tended, do
not increase the non-bearing period a full year, or even
two.

The question of growing suckers, then, is a much
deeper one than on the surface appears. In the latest
stage they are untrustworthy, 2nd as canker generally
attacks the oldest trees first and worst, it wouid be
well if, at the age of, say, ten or twelve years, all fields
were planted up again, especially as cocoa planting is
not an expensive item, and this system would be an
excellent preventive against at any rate the spreading
of canker, for we could well afford to cut out the old
trees for the sake of the new ones. But a tree at ten or
twelve years of age is at its prime—just the time when
the most successful bush may be grown; the growing
of it intoa bush at this age in the event of canker
making its appearance does not, however, obviate th
necessity of supplying up. :

Remains, then, the question whether planters are
willing tostart suckers on new clearings. I confess to
a great reluctance on this point,and, in view of what
may be done inthe way of planting up afresh and
cutting out later, the matter scarcely seems worth as
much consideration, except as a counter to canker, 2s
whether Caraccas should not again be planted up
rather than Forastero.

Gentlemen, it has been said, and said truly, that the
wisest minds are open to doubt ; and I would point out
that there is even more doubt in the cultivation of
Forastero than in that,of Caraccas, about which latter
we certainly ought to know more. Whatever advant-
age Forastero can legitimately claim at this present
over Caraccas, it is almost entirely speculative; for not
even greater immunity to canker has been proved. Yet
I am willing to cede this point, considering all things,
and in ceding it I will quote against it height, twice and
three times the yield, plus as near total immunity from
canker as may be obtained by cutting out at a suitable
age in favour of a younger and more vigorous tree.

With regard, then, to what is going on around
us, IT mean the almost ‘universal adoption of
Forastero, I would ask you to decide, if possible,
upon something definite. I would ask you to
weigh carefully all the pros and cons, and to
judge whether Caraccas has indeed merited the dis-
grace heaped upon it. It has done us more good than
ill. Whether canker has come to stay ornot, it will
not do, however, to be unprepared for it ; but neither
is it advisable to deceive ourselves into thinking that
sucker-growing on old trees is effectua) counter-policy.
I have tried to point out that as a makeshift it
passes muster, but that it cannot obvidlte the neces-
sity of eventual supplying up. And I know of too
many instances to the contrary to be convinced that
sucker-growing on new-clearings is satisfactory. There
can be little doubt that they delay crop, and there
can be no doubt at all that, should the tree be attacked
by helopeltis, it suffers more through being killed back

[JuLy 1, 190].

from six extremities than one. To carry the idea a
liutle further is to introduce a possible absurdity, but
it*is worth noting that the abundance of extra flush
may even be regarded as the finest attraction for
helopeltis that haman ingenuity could invent.

So that, except as a makeshifs against canker, I

have no good thing to say for sucker-cultivation—
least of all for Forastero-suckers which, after abusing
every confidence and baffling every hope, not seldom
remain to delude the trustful superintendent into
apologising for them in the name of experiment.
_ On the other hand, and iu conclusion, I have heard
it mooted (I believe in connection with Samoa) that
suckers on new clearings actually induce the tree to
bear earlier! I dc not know what troth there is in
this, but we do know it is contrary to all cocoa plan-
ters’ experience in Ceylon, and I am inclined rather
to -be content with those ills we have, and to make
the best of them, than fly to others we may end by
regretting even more.

> —-—---

THE FUTURE OF ‘‘COFFER”—was thus sketched
by Messrs. I. A. Rucker and Bencraft (on May
16th). On July 9th, 1900, we wrote about as fol-
lows :—‘* The 1899-1900 Brazil crop at first was said
to be probably the largest ever grown (1897-98
crop was 10,461,000 bags), and half way through
it was still estimated at 9,750,000 to 10,000,000
bags. It turned out 8,971,000 bags, or at least
1,500,000 bags short of the original idea. On the
same day we wrote that the general belief was
that the 1900-1901 Brazil crop would be smaller
than the 1899-1900 crop. Estimates varied from
7,250,000 to 9,000,000 bags, about the mean ap-
pearing a reasonable figure. The 1900-1901 crop
is turning out at least 10,500,000 bags, or over
2,000,000 bags larger than the mean figure. If
under ordinary circumstances estimates are falla-
cious, are chey likely to be less so under the condi-
tions now current? Bears argue :—(a) That the
visible supply will be the largest ever known on
August Ist, next, for that period of the year, and
at least 1,000,000 bags heavier than that on
August lst, 1900, (6) That we shall then be facing
a Brazil crop of ,11,000,000 to 12,000,000 bags. (c)
That the sterling value, say 30s for g.a. Santos,
is 5s 6d_ above the lowest point some two years
ago. (d) That the currency value in Santos is of
no importance to the consumer, and that, even if it
were, in the early eighties 3,000 reis were current
against 4,000 reis now. As regards (a) let us ag-
sume that the visible supply on August Ist next
is 1,500,000 bags instead of 1,000,000 bags larger
than a year ago. The figures will then read :—

1901 1900 1899
August Ist ... 430,000 340,000 399,000 tons
or an increase at the rate of 15,000 tons per annum

- since 1899, which is not very appalling, and hardly

justifies all we hear about the enormous over-pro-

‘duction. (b) Here Bears argue as if the crop

were already harvested and secured; above, we
have shown how erroneous estimates are. (s)
The value of this statement of fact can only be
gauged in conjunction with (d). We have seen
ib stated by a statistician that the equivalent, now,
of 3,000 reis in the early eighties is near 5,000 reis,
but, however that may be, 30s combined with 4,100
reis is a different tale to 24s6d combined with 5,800
reis, The inaportant poiat is, does 4,000 reis pay
the planting community asa whole, or does it not?
Time will determine these problems, and the posi=
tion is undoubtedly one which may lead up ta
surprises.” :

‘Juty 1, 1901.]

THE CEYLON COMMISSIONER ON THE
AMERICAN TEA MARKET.

The following letter has been addressed to Mr.
E Tye, the secretary of the Indian Tea Asso-
ciation (London) :—DEAR SirR,—As requested by
you, I send a short report on our tea business in
America, as I found it during my recent visit
there. Although the progress made in the in-
troduction of Ceylon and Indian teas has been, I
think, very considerable during the last seven
years, it might have been very much more so,
were it not for the many unforeseen obstacles
we have encountered. Four yearsago ‘‘ standards ”
with a sieve-test were sprung upon us, in order
that leading American houses mizht, by keeping
out low grade teas, sell an immense quantity they

had in hand. The success of this political move -

will be understood when I say that the value of
their stocks rose from 4 cents per lb to 10 cents,
as soon as the law was passed. Then followed
the 10 cents duty, which has lowered the consump-
tion of tea in the U.S. by 4rd tb per head, or
nearly 25,006,000 per annum. Our teas are the
only kinds which have not fallen away, but on
the contrary have increased year by year.
Last year the war in China threw an im-
mense surplus supply of China Congous into
the States. ihis tea cost an average of 10 to
11 cents in New York, but owing to quantity the
price fell at once to 8 to9 cents, and cheap as our
blacks have been they could notcompete. Houses
already loaded with Congous could aot purchase
other black teas, however cheap. The imports to
the States and Canada during eight years of Ceylon
and India. tea have been as_ follows ;—1894,
4,723,000 , 1895, 7,792,000; 1896, 9,474,000; 1897,
11,361,000; 1898, 13,608,000; 1899, 16,700,100 ;
1900, 16,130,000. This last year shows a slight
falling off, but very slight indeed, considering the
statistical position of China Congous. The fall has
been entirely in Indians, Ceylon showing a good
increase. Can this be due to India’s withdrawal
of funds? Ceylon : 1899, 8,298,000; 1900, 9,173,000.
India: 1899, 8,487,000; 1900, 6,958,000. In the
teeth of all those obstacles, and especially con-
sidering the enormous decline in the U.S. con-
sumption of tea generally, I think the expendi-
ture incurred by Ceylon and [ndia in introducing
their teas into America has been amply justified
by results.

The imports of Congous last year were over
19,000,000 lb. against 11,300,000 lb. the previous
year. These figures are the shipments from Shang-
hai and Foochow, and with, say, 16,000,000 lb from
India and Ceylon, represent the consumption of
black teas in the States and Canada,

Of green teas, and partly fermented Oolongs
and Formosas, the imports are about as in this
table :—

Green Japans
Green China de

36,000,000 lb.

15,000,000 lb.

51,000,000 1b.
Oolongs & Formosas 17,000,000 lb.

We havealready got the market for 16,000,000 lb,
out of an averageconsumption of about 28,000,000 lb
of black teas. Not the taste ot the consumer, but
his indifference to quality of tea and the vested
interests in the East of the old established im-
porters prevent us from rapidly acquiring the
greater part of the remaining 12,000,000 lb.

Now as to green teas and partly fermented teas,
must the’ field is 68,000,000 lb. as against

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 4]

28,000,000 Ib. of blacks—here again I must warn
planters against the assertions of disappointed
editors.

To London alone more than this amount
has come. There is one firm in Oolombo that
executes a contract with a Toronto house for
20,000 lb. of green tea per month. This same
firm landed 1,0C0 chests in America last week,
in execution of an order entirely independent of
the above Toronto firm. If only 16,000 1b.. have
been shipped, what has become of the 4 to
500,0001b. on which duty was paid during De-
cember and January, tebruary and March? I
think there are four firms doing extensive busi-
ness with Canada who can account for most of it,

I notice those editorial attacks only to show
how difficult it is in the face of them to induce
those interested in it to continue patiently the
manufacture of green tea, until it becomes a factor
on the American market. The enemy is in our
own household. But, notwithstanding, I am more
confident today of the ultimate success of Ceylon
and Indian greens than I have ever been. | have had
numberless opinions of its quality and merits from
dealers able to judge and, except the coarseness
and ugliness of the pekoe souchong, made‘when
coarse plucking was in vogue, I have had only one
complaint viz., that—for Quebec Province—the
liquor was too fine.

Of course there are very strong obstacles—the
strongest being the vested interests in the East
(China and Japan) of those who control the grocers,
as brewers do “ tied houses.” These few firms are
more united in opposing our greens than they were
with the blacks, because their trade in preens is
so muchlarger. A second obstacle is indifference.
A Montreal gentleman, who has been pushing
our greens, writing a fortnight ago, says: ‘‘It is
not so much public indifference as it is trade in-
difference, because Japans have an established sale
and for Ceylon greens missionary work is neces-
sary. Then the wholesale trade are showing a
much more interested front in keeping out the
greens; their travellers poison.the grocers’ minds
against giving our teasa chance. In dealing with
the grocers we are not dealing with business
men, but with mildewy fossils, who will not
draw one tea against another. If they did
they would be speedily convinced.” Another
writing me some months ago said he had
bought a few ‘hundred chests: ‘* The
liquor of Ceylon greens, in our opinion, is ex-
cellent, but the leaf of the Ceylons being so
different will make them hard to introduce.
Can you rot imitate the dry leaf move closely ?
Try to please the eye as wellas the palate. This
is the time to push them; one dollar spent now
is worth double or treble six months hence, when
Japans may be cheaper, and the sentiment for
British goods not so strong.” True, but ¥ can
spend nothing while I get nothing ; Ican only
include ‘‘ green” with ‘‘ black” in advertising,

A few small subsidies just now would greatly
help toremove prejudice. I believe the differ-
ence in appearance of dry leaf is merely a matter
of machinery. A roller need not necessarily twist.
Another obstacle is the way business is done in
America. When our teas are bought in Calcutta
or Colombo they are consigned to an agent or
broker, say, in Toronto. This agent mus¢ sell to
a wholesale house, not tothe grocer direct. Now,
wholesalers in the States and in Canada (French
and English) have told me _ repeatedly they

49 THE TROPICAL

never handle a new article until the grower or
manufacturer has made a market first. They
will not do missionary work, their traveilers
object toit as, while they engaged in education,
another firm’s travellers sell the grocer what his
customers have been accustomed to take. Travel-
lers have to earn their wages, which depend on
sales.

Now wehad been making green teas in some
quantity in Ceylon for six months before I reached
Yoronto in March. Nearly all these teas had
been consigned to about six brokers in Toronto
and Hamilton. I had been warning the Ceylon
Committee almost every mail that their bounty
and the very low prices for black teas would,
combined, cause an accumulation in Toronto, as
we had no money to help to make sales and over-
come the obstacle of the wholesaler and his travel-
lers, 1 found it so. True, some string packet tea
firms were pushing the green teas, but they drew
most of their supplies direct from Colombo. A few
houses had bought some, which were chiefly used
in packets. But the brokers were all loaded up,
and had wired to stop shipments from Colombo.
Things looked very blue, and the only encourag-
ing features were that the packet people were
hopeful, energetic, and full of praise of the quality,
and that Japans were scarce and dear.

One importer suggested to me to get a number
of ornamental canisters made, large enough to hold
50 or 60lb of tea, and offer one to each wholesaler
for each 1001b of green he bought. This canister
was to be given to any grocer who bought 1001b of
green, and photos of the canisters to be given to
the travellers toshow the grocers. I had 1,000
canisters made, marked ‘‘ Ceylon Green Teas” in
large letters, andthe accumulation of teas was
swept off ina fortnight. I returned to New York,
and when there I had letters from’ various Toronto
brokers to the effect that they had sold their
stocks and all afloat. One of them wrote: ‘‘I
wired on March 10th to doublemy order, and on
the 20th inst. to treble it.” These canisters are
standing advertisements for Ceylon greens in per-
haps 1,000 shops. In Montreal no wholesaler would
listen to me, as they are much more conservative
there. But I hope to break through the ring there
before the end of this month. I have been waiting
for greens to. arrive from Colombo, as there were
none |2ft in Canada. In New York I will only say
that I was surprised by the favourable reception

our greens were receiving about end of March, and .

T have had most encouraging news since I returned.

1 could give many pages of quotations from
letters from many sources, all of which are encour-
aging. But 1 must confine myself to a few.
From New York, a fortnight ago: ‘** The only
thing we have to fear now is cheap inferior teas
being sent from Colombo to cut prices, destroy
profits, and disgust our friends.” This is from a
strong New York tea firm. From Buffalo: ‘‘ Our
trade in this city in blacks is 1,000lb a week.
With the same trouble we should do 5,000 in
greens, In Utica and Syracuse ‘green’ is the
great factor. See enclosed orders.” He strongly
recommends our doing something to attract at-
tention during the Exhibition at Buffalo, but,
unfortunately, there is n0 money. From Toronto:
‘One of our travellers sent us nine orders this
morning, six of which were for greens.’ Another
Toronto man writes: ‘I am getting on well with
the greens ; had orders for 400 1b this morning,’
Another yrocery firm in the country beyond
Toronto writes: ‘We had 100 1b green Ceylon

AGRICULTURIST. [JULY 1, 1901.

first week in January, 5001b at end of January,
500 lb early in March. It is the finest tea we
ever tasted, and we have yet to hear the first
complaint about it.’ These jare samples of scores,
all sent unsolicited. They may be deceiving me,
bat I think not. Many grocers have ordered them
a second, third, fourth, and even fifth time, while,
of course, others return theirs. It seems to me
there are two ways of getting the teas introduced.

1, Make a large quantity and send it over to
be sold for what it would fetch. If 2,000,000lb
were made in India and dumped in America at
1d perlb loss it would cost India £8,000, which
the industry could well afford. It would relieve
the English market, and be an introduction to
the American one.

2. That Companies should agree as to who
should make the tea, that the makers should
blend the standards in large lots and that instead
of making a loss of 1d per lb as in the first
method, the teas should be held for paying prices,
the 1d per lb being used to grease the wheels of
distribution, asI did with the canisters in Toronto.

There are many other important matters of
which Ido not care to write, but over which I
would like a talk with you,—Yours truly,

W MACKENZIE.

P.S.—What is wanted is a regular supply of
green teas for America. Spot teas can be sold,
but orders for teas to be delivered four to six
months hence cannot be obtained. At present it
is the supply, not the demand, that fails us. Since
I wrote the above letter I have had two instances
of valuable progress with those green Ceylons.
A New York firm bought 25 chests six weeks
ago, the first they had handled. Within a month
they had opened up 90 accounts with grocers who
had not handled any Ceylon green before, and they
had increased their purchases from 25 to 300 chests.
Another firm in New York bought 25 chests
three weeks ago—their first order. I have just
learnt by wire they have bought another 150
chests.—H C Mail, May 17.

—————
RUBBER CULTIVATION IN BURMA.

(House of Commons, May 18.)

In reply to Mr. Sharpe (Kensington, N.),

Lord G. Hamilton (Middlesex, Ealing) said :—
The Government of India have recently authorised
an extensive experimental plantation of the Para
rubber tree in the Tenasserim Division of Burma,
where the climate and other conditions are believed
to be favourable. [am aware that attempts are
being made to develop the production of rubber
in Ceylon and elsewhere by private enterprise,
but Ido not think that this is a reason why the
Government of India should not do their best to
develop their resources in that country and en-
courage private enterprise by showing that this
tree cun be profitably cultivated in parts of India,
—London Times..

— ee

PRUNE COFFEE and prune rum furnish a couple
of channels for the relief of the terribly burdened
prune market. The prune coffee contains 70 per
cent. ot the fruit, the remainder being cereals, and
will soon be placed on the marke’ in neat cartons.
The distillers, however, are likely to get the
larger part of the surplus of prunes.--Merchania’
Review.

JULY 1, 1901.]

CEYLON Vs. INDIA IN THE TEA
__ CONTEST.

We are favoured with the following re-
marks by an observant planting correspond-
ent :-—

‘*In the race for the survival we have this
pull over India: owing to their short season
and longer transport, I assume that most of
their estates have to be financed in advance for
the cost of production, whereas we can to
a greater extent Jive from hand to mouth ;
but I am afraid the weaker in both cases
will go to the wall. Gow, Wilson in their
circular of the 10th show an annual increase
in consumption, varying from nine to 26 mil-
lions Ceylon is not likely to exceed last year’s
exports ; what is India going to do ? Some of
the Indian growers must have made serious
losses in 1900. You published some months
ago the profits per acre for the leading Indian
Companies for 1899: these, with one or two
exceptions, were shown at less than 30s per
acre, say equal to ld a lb. on a yield of 360 lb.,
less if the average yield was larger, Since
then Indian teas for season 1900 dropped a
ld—where is the profit ?”’

There is much truthin what our correspondent
says about ‘financing’ and the advantage
Ceylon has by its nine or ten months’ pluck-
ingseason. As for profits, we hear very little
of such this year in connection with many
Indian Companies. We notice that a Cal-
cutta contemporary (‘Indian Gardening
and Planting”) has been taking up the
ridiculous view that, if India had gone in
for extensive planting operations fifteen or
twenty years ago, it could have closed
Ceylon. The writer shows himself ignorant
of the conditions prevailing in Ceylon, where
250,000 acres of land lying fallow (after the
coffee collapse) did not require to be cleared,
but were simply ready for planting at our
planters’ hands and the planting had to be
done or the property thrown away. More-
over we do not see that Indian Tea planters
have ‘restrained themselves very much in
their annual planting at any rate in recent
years, when we find that since 1897, they
have put in 100,000 acres of tea on new
land, and in two years no less than 73,000,
although in 1899 it came down to 19,000
and we suppose to less in 1900 with the
shock which non-paying prices must have

administered.
———$______—______—_——

THE ST. PETERSBURG EXHIBITION.

INTERESTING INTERVIEW WITH THE IMPERIAL
CONSULAR AGENT AT COLOMBO.

“We are officially authorised to state that
the English exhibition which was to be held
in St. Petersburg in November next, and
about which full particulars have been pub-
lished in the Dady Mail, has been postponed
until March next. It has been found im-
possible to prepare the Tauride Palace, which
the Czarina had promised to lend for the
exhibition, by the date originally fixed. The
decision is on many grounds to be regretted,
although some of the Russian supporters of
the scheme declarethat March will be a better
time for the exhibition to be held. Be this

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 43

as it may, the novelty of an exhibition held
at the height of the mid-winter season in
St. Petersburg will be lost.”

The above appears in the latest issue of
the Daily Mail to hand by the last (French)
mail and is dated May 18th.

We called this morning on Mr. Tchokoff,
of the local Russian firm of Messrs. Stcher-
batchoff, Techokotf & Co.. and Imperial Con-
sular Agent for Russia, to learn if he was
able to give us any further particulars of
the Exhibition,—to be represented at which
we understand Ceylon is already making a
move. At least, the official papers dealing
with the subject have already been received
by the local Chamber of Commerce and we
understand that the Chairman of the Plan-
ters’ Association has been asked to give the
subject his early consideration,

“Mr. Bois was anxious to hear all we could
tell them about the Exhibition,’ Mr. Tcho-
koff said, ‘‘ but as nothing has appeared in
the Russian newspapers or reached us
officially from home as yet, we were un-
able to assist. But, as I have told Mr.
Waldock, Ceylon should be well represented
at St. Petersburg, for it must do it a great
deal of good as regards the sale of tea in
Russia. I was eleven years at St. Peters-
burg,” said our informant, in response to a
query, ‘‘and [ know the Tauride Palace
well. It is the largest palace in St. Peters-
burg ’—and here followed a significant pause,
tor St. Petersburg as every one knows is a
city of great buildings—‘‘and could cover
half Colombo!’—Mr. Tchokoff remarked,
laughing, but adding: ‘‘ No, not quite that,
but most ofjthe Fort, certainly. '

“‘On what scale will the Exhibition be?”

“Well, of course, it will not be anything
like as big as the Paris Exhibition. It is
purely a British Exhibition, for which the
Czarina lends her palace. But for Ceylon it is
quite as importaat as the Paris Exhibition
and perhaps even more important. There
will, of course, be a number of visitors from
all parts of Europe, but itis chiefly for the
information of the Russian people that the
Exhibition will be of use. There are quite
enough people in Russia of the classes to be
reached by Ceylon tea to make it worth
while for Ceylon to be well represented at
St. Petersburg.”

SALE OF TEA AT THE EXHIBITION.

“Will the sale of Ceylon tea be permitted
at the Exhibition?”

‘Well, of that Iam not sure. I have had
no first-hand information on the_ subject.
The papers which are in the hands of the
Chamber of Commerce say that the sale of
refreshments is not to be allowed; but this
refers probably to intoxicating’ liquors and
with due application from the Ceylon re-
presentative I have little doubt that not
only will the sale of tea in packets be per-
mitted, but a considerable business may be
done in making known Ceylon tea to Russian
visitors,

CEYLONS PREFERRED TO CHINAS IN RUSSIA.

Mr. Tchokoff, we should mention, has great
belief in the future of Ceylon teain Russia.
It is not be, he thinks, a mere passing

44 THE TROPICAL

boom of 2, 3 or 4 years; but the increase
in the quantity taken from Ceylon is a true
indication of a growing taste in Russia for
our teas. Compared with China, too, Ceylon
is well off—for recent telegraphic advices
mention that out of the last offerings
of China tea, usually sold in a day, not
more than 3 breaks could be disposed of and
that this took 3 days to effect! The factis,
Mr. Tchokoff thinks, that China has been at-
tempting to compete with Ceylon in the
matter of cheap teas and that in these it is
unable to hold its own against our local
product.

“Have you any information as to the ex-
pense of representation at St. Petersburg ?”
we asked.

“No, but if you apply at the Chamber of Com-
merce you should be able to see the papers with
regard to the Exhibition, which have only just
been received. Iam to see Mr Bois on the subject
very shortly. {f have heard nothing about the
date of the exhibition; which I do not think has
been fixed, so that news of its postponement is a
little premature,” (Mr Tchokoff here referred to the
Daily Mail announcement which we had already
showed him.) ©

‘Thanking Mr Tchokoff for all he had told us,
we next proceeded to the Chamber of Commerce ;
but first had a word with Mr Tokmakoff, of
another Russian firm—Tokmakoff, Molotkoff & Co
—whose early departure from Ceylon has just been
announced. We asked if Mr Tokmakoff would be

doing anything at St. Petersburg. ‘‘ No: you
see we can do all we want in the ordinary
course of our present business, by sending

samples through our Russian offices to our cus-
tomers in Russia.” Mr Tokmakoff was uwuncer-
tain when he would be returning to Ceylon. He
felt in need of a holiday, but did not know how
much he might require.

AT THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

we learnt that Mr Renton had forwarded the
papers dealing with the Exhibition and had offered
to lock after the installation of a Ceylon section
at St. Petersburg, ashe proposed in any case
going to the Russian Capital in October to open a
CEYLON TEA ROOM AT ST. PETERSBURG.
The space in the Exhibition would be charged
at &s per square foot. Mr Renton’s offer will
doubtless receive early consideration, whether the
Exhibition be postponed till next spring, or be
opened in November, which is now reported to be
impossible.
THE COMMITTEE AND PATRONESS

From the official papers, which are headed simply
“British Exhibition in St. Petersburg, 1901-2,”
we found that the Exhibition (confined solely to
British producers and manufacturers) is to be
“held in the Tauride Palace and Grounds, St.
Petersburg.” Though these are “graciously
lent for that purpose ” by Her Imperial Majesty
the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, the Ex-
hibition will be under the patronage of H.I.H. the
Princess Hugenie of Oldenburg and administered
by a distinguished Russian Committee of 18
persons; amongst them? the most important are:
—H.E#. Count Lamsdorf, Foreign Minister ; Mde
Staal, Russian Ambassalor in London; the Rev.
Alex. 4Francis,i#/Pastor of the British-Amerizan
Church at St. Petersburg, and M.A. Bilbasoff
Secretary to the Russian Section at Glasgow

AGRICULTURIST.

[JuLY 1, 1901.

The
COMMISSIONER FOR TAE UNITED KINGDOM

is Mr George Collins Levey, C.M.G. ; the Secretary.
Mr.Edward Gorery; and there isa British Advisory
Committee of 2] persons, chief of whom is
Lord Avebury, President of the British Chambers of
Commerce, and among whom we notice: Sir Jas.
Fergusson, Sir Chas. Dilke, Mr. Geo. Wyndham,
M.P., Sir Edward Sassoon, Sir H Seymour King,
Sir Albert Rollitt, Sir Christopher Furness and
Sir Jas. Linton.

The intention is to open the Exhibition on
November 14th, 1901, and to continue it till
February 14th, 1902., It is at this season of the
year that Russian aristocracy, officials, army
and navy,:professional and mereantile classes, are
resident in the capital, and Ceylon will thus have

A SPLENDID OPPORTUNITY

of bringing its products before the wealthy and
intelligent classes of Russia. Part of the
raison détre of the Exhibition is the decline
between 1888 and 1899 of British trade
with Russia: in exports from Russia 15
per cent (36'5 of the total, to 21°5), and in
imports 4'l per cent (25°9 to 21°8). In 1899

TEA

is the first of a list of articles showing increase as
compared with 1898. Meanwhile Germany’s trade
had increased during the decade to 38-8 per cent
of the total imports of Russia or 17:3 more than
those from Great Britain. The national prosperity
is at stake and it is pointed out that Russia’s
magnificent display at Glasgow betokens Russia’s
desire to extend her trade with the United King-
dem, There are no less than 31

RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR EXHIBITORS
which will doubtless be made fully known
in due time. The most important are : (3)
The Exhibition will be proclaimed a Bonded
Store Warehouse ; (4) space will be charged at
8s per square foot, arrangements for over 100 feet,
or for special positions, being procurable. Mini-
mum charge, £10; (15.) No articles of alimenta-
tion, refreshment, food, drink or tobacco shall be
either sold or given away by any Exhibitor
except by special arrangement with the Admin-
istration ; (14) all goods to be in St. Petersburg
not later than October 15th—penalty, forfeiture
of both space and any money paid ; (31) 25 per
cent of the space money to be payable on appli-
cation, the balance on allotment.

OTHER ARRANGEMENTS.

Juries of Russian and British subjects will award
diplomas on the same principle as at Paris. The
profits of the Exhibition will be devoted to the
erection of improved dwelling-houses for the
poorer classes of St. Petersburg ona site which
has been granted by the Municipality. The
Countess Elizabeth Schouvaloff, (who is on the
Exhibition Committee) is president of the society
deyoted to the work. The Russian Committee
will heat, light, and guard the buildings and grounds
of the Tauride Palace and will make the neces=
sary arrangements for music, publicity &e. It
is intended that the Exhibition should be

OPEN AT NIGHT.

In conclusion, the following facts, indirectly
affecting Ceylon (as a dependency of Britain
and a colony trading with Russia) may be
added. ‘‘The Russian Empire” covers one-
half of Europe and one-third of Asia; con-
tains every soil and climate, from arctic to sub-

x e

Juty 1, 1901.]

tropical ; possesses vast forests and tracts of
arable and pastoral land, mines of every known
metal, extensive vineyards and _ productive oil
wells. The present population is 129, 211, 213,
the foreign trade in 1899 was £1,399,000. But
Russia, with resources developed, could easily
support three timesher preseat population and inde-
finitely extend her trade. In that trade Ceylon
wishes to take a substantial share and towards
attaining that object one step willbe getting the
best possible representation at the forthcoming

British Exhibition in St. Petersburg.

a

CEYLON TEA COMPANIES’ RESULTS.

The disastrous effects of over-production are
very evident inthe reports of the Ceylon Tea Com-
panies, most of which, dealing with last year’s
results, are now to hand. Indeed, 1900 may be
said to have marked the floodtide of over-produc-
tion to date, and as the year advanced the effect
on prices grew more and more serious, until in
the autumn, and especially at the turn of the
twelve months, the depreciation in values became
very severe. The fall in prices more particularly
affected the cheaper classes of tea, the highest
grades, indeed, holding their own fairly well. In
addition to the over-production evil, the trade
was hampered by the increased duty of 2d per lb
and by the heavy anticipatory clearances which
were made both in respect of the 1900 and 1901 Bud-
gets, so that the market during a twelvemonth
or longer was kept more or less ina state of dis-
organisation, which interfered with a correct
appreciation of the relations of supply and demand.
As regards the Ceylon companies, the main
point, however, which is brought out by an
inspection of their reports is that the high-
class producers and those which have taken
eare to fortify their position and maintain their
finances on a sound basis have not suffered
severely so far as their dividend distributions
are concerned. A glance at the following list
will substantiate this statement, the chief suf-
ferers in these, as in other cases, being, as will
be seen, the producers of lower-grade teas :—
Appropria-

Net Profit. tions for Re
serve and Divi-
Depreciation. dend.
any.

Capt —4- 5, — SS OTTO
1899 1900 1899 Bees 1899 1900
lon Tea £ £ £ pe pe
Pelaerations 43,664 41,010 10,000 10,000 18* 15

Eastern Pro-

duce and ‘ :

Estates . 28,615 15,790 nil nil 7 3%
Standard

Tea ..10,780 12,148 1,700 2,800 15 15
Nuwara

Eliya - 17,290 18,263 2,300 2,963 Tt
Scottish

Ceylon .. 6,960 5,318 1,400 638 12 10
Alliance .. 7,900 4,660 1,000 1,000 Ryo)
Yatiyan-

tota ..12,120 6,753 1,000 1,000 Ying:

The first company in our table, the

CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS,
shows only a slight diminution in net pro-
fits as against the preceding year, and it
has been able to maintain its dividend at the usual
rate of 15 per cent, although this time the 3 per cent.
bonus which was distributed on account of 1899

is not forthcoming. The Company, however, appro.
i ee ee Eee

* Including bonus of three per cent.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 45

priates £10,000 for depreciation, and as it possesses a
reserve fund of £100,000, which is partly invested
in coco-nut plantations, thus giving it a seeond
string to its bow, it occupies a very strong position,
and may be fairly expected to maintain its ground,

The EASTERN PRODUCE AND ESTATES Company,
which comes next on our table, makes, unfor-
tunately, a very different showing. The Com-
pany grows only medium, and in some parts
indifferent teas, and it is handicapped by be-
ing obliged to redeem every year £7,500 of
Debentures until the latter have been re-
duced to £50,000, an event which should take
place in 1905. The fall in the price of cheap
teas has, naturally, affected this Company severely,
compelling a reduction in the dividend from 7 to
34 per cent. It may be mentioned that an interim
distribution of 24 per cent. was made in the
autumn, so that the Company appears to have
been exceptionally hard hit by the break in prices
which took place at the end of the season. It is
probable that, so long as the undertaking is saddled
with the heavy annual charge for debenture
redemption, it will have rather difficult times to
contend against. <A strong contrast to the Eastern
Produce Estates, and one well calculated to
illustrate the differences whichexist in this class of
company, is presented by the STANDARD Tea
Company, which, in a confessedly bad year,
actually exhibits an increase of profits. The
explanation is that the Uompany is a, producer
of high-class teas, and that it possesses a new
acreage now coming into the yielding stage—
a rather rare circumstance of Ceylon. It is con-
sequently able not only to maintain its dividend at
15 per cent, but to increase its appropriation to
reserves and depreciation. A point in favour of
this Company isits small capital, but the fact
that the shares most freely dealt in are only partly
paid, having a liability of £4, will operate as a
deterrent to some people, The NUWARA ELIYA has
also enjoyed a very successful year, its prosperity
being due to practically the same causes as those
which we have just examined in the caseof the
Standard. Its estates, which are situated in the
Highlands ef Ceylon, produce first-class teas, and it
also possesses some acreage of young plants
which have just reached the bearing stage.
Its profits, as will be observed, show a fair
advance over those of 1899, and it has nob only
succeeded in maintaining its dividend, but also in
strengthening its financial position. The quality
of this Company’s teas and the excellence of its
grounds will probably enable it to stand out from
the ruck both in good times and bad. A more in-
different though by no means a bad showing 1s
made by the SCOTTISH CEYLON. This Company
possesses a good middle-class garden, somewhat on
the same lines as that of the well-known Ceylon
Tea Plantations, and it has achieved very similar
results during the past year. Its profits have
fallen below those of 1899 and it has in conse-
quence toreduce its dividend by 2 per cent., but it
still maintains its distribution at the previously
usualrate of 10 per cent. It may be remarked
here that the shares of this Company are well
held and are rarely negotiated. A heavy fall in
profits has marked the operations of the ALLIANCD,
and although it still distributes 7 per cent. divi-
dend, against 8 per cent forthe previous year, it
has been obliged to reduce its earry-forward by
nearly £1,000. This Company is not particularly

. strong in the matter of reserves,and under the

circumstances it might well have been a more

46 THE TROPICAL

prudent policy to cut down the distribution for a
time. Another Company whose profits have been
heavily reduced is the YATIYANTOTA. This pro-
perty produces large quantities of cheap tea ata
very low cost, and is succeeded ia doing so last
year. The exiremely low prices ruling, however,
hit the Company hard and are responsible for the
diminution of the dividend from 7 to 4 percent.
Nor at the present range of tea values can the
shares of the Yatiyantota be considered very at-
tractive. Still it is possible that the swing of the
pendulum will bring about some slight improve-
ment in the value of low-grade teas before the close
of the year. As an illustration of the severity
of the drop in prices, it may be mentioned that,
while 18 months ago the average figure obtained
for tea from these gardens was 6d and upwards
per pound, the product only realised an average of
34d to 4d per pound at the end of the year. We
have not included the DIMBULA VALLEY in our list
of Companies because the last report issued only
covers nine months, the financial year being made
up to the end of December instead of March as
heretofore, in order to bring it into line with the
other Companies. A dividend of 74 per cent is
distributed for the nine months, or at the rate of
10 per cent per annum, while £1,000 is placed to
the reserve and £1,970 carried forward; the rate
is the same as that for the previous financial year,
so that in the conditions prevailing the Company
must be considered as having done fairly well.
In connection with theCompanies dealt with above,
the report and table of prices, compiled by the
Indian Tea Share Exchange and published in our
today’s issue, should be studied.

Writing on the Ceylon Tea Companies at this
time last year, we referred to the cloud of over-
production which still overhung the horizon.
That cloud, as he have seen, has since burst with
a vengeance and caused a great shrinkage in
prices. Wealsoremarked that large extensions
of gardens were practically at a standstill, and
that remark applies with even greater torce
today. It is doubtful, however, whether we have
even yet quite got over the effects of the exten-
sions of previous years, so that, urffortunately,
the over-production bogey is not definitely laid.
Efforts are certainly being made to pring about
a reduction in output, either by finer plucking or
by resting the less productive portions of gardens
foratime, but we do not think that sufficient
attention has yet been drawn to the necessity
of checking the expansion of gardens, and we
would urge everyone interested in the welfare of
the industry, either as a shareholder or otherwise,
to press home this point. In Ceylon the danger
of over-expansion is mitigated by the compara-
tively poor character of the low-lying lands, some
of which under cultivation are already
rumoured to show signs of exhaustion. But in
India there is room for unlimited expansion, and
if everything else fails to check it we can but hope
that the increasing difficulty of financing such
propositions will have that effect. As regards the
Ceylon Companies not included in our list, it must
be confessed that the majority show poor results for
1900 —in some cases exceedingly poor results—
the extenuating circumstance being that the
conditions were exceptionally unfavourable.
With these concerns it is a question of the sur-
vival of the fittest, and the weeding out process
will not be altogether disadvantageous to the
stronger undertakings. With reference to present

AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 1, 1901."

conditions, the Ceylon crop, now in full swing,
shows a slight curtailment, while the latest news
with regard to the coming Indian crop is to the
effect that the drought has delayed the early pick-
ings, so that it will probably be somewhat late
on the market. That, however, is rather a favour-
able feature than otherwise, since it will allow
of time to clear off accumulations but, as the
Indian season is only just commencing, it is too
early to speak with any certainty on the subject,
—Financial Times, May 14.
———

FISH CULTURE IN INDIA.

The following information contained in
the Asian will be read with interest by local
fishermen :

During a Municipal discussion upon the condi-
tion of the water in the Ootacamund lake, it inci-
dentally transpired that the imported carp and-
tench had multiplied up to myriads, as one pisca-
torial euthusiast put it. Whether due to climatic
or other causes it is certain that the success of
fish acclimatisation on the summit of the blue
mountains is assured, and itis to be hoped, there-
fore, that efforts at emulation will be made in
allour hill stations and other places where lakes
already exist or can be improvised by bunding or
stream diversion. A good dealof attention has
recently been directed to Assam. It may not be
generally known that in the mountain range,
dividing that province, there are numerous lakes
and tanks where pisciculture or rather acclimatisa-
tion could be carried out. Now that District
Officers, like Mr. Earle of Darjeeling, have been
permitted to take these matters in hand, we would
direct special attention to the very considerable
expanse of water at Nurtiang, eleven miles north
of Jawai, in the Jyntia hills, the large artificial
tank four miles west of that sub-division ; the
Batao tank (should the bund have been repaired),
and the reservoir erected by Mr. Inglis in the
centre of the abandoned station of Cherrapunji for,
though the latter place has been given up as a
European haunt, it is becoming a large native
town. The localities mentioned are within easy
distance now of steamer or rail communication.

————————E

INDIAN PATENTS.

Applications for the under-specified inventions
have ‘been made.

No. 162.—Andrew Gilmour McMeekin, tea plan-

ter of the 4 llynugger Tea Estate, Shamshernugger,
South Sylhet, British India. Improvements in tea
firing machines.

No. 164.—The Right Honourable Douglas Mac-
kinnon Baillie Hamilton Cochrane, Earl of Dun-
donald, of 34, Portman Square, in the county of
London, England. An improvement in tea and
coffee pots.

No. 179.—Frank Edmund Winsland, engineer,
and George Ernest Moore, engineer, both of
Joyhing Tea Estate, North Lakhimpur, Upper

Assam. Improvements in apparatus suitable for
packing tea. pee
No. 186.—M Judah, mica merchant, residing at

No. 40, Radhabazar Street, Calcutta.
ments in sun-proof mica hats.

No. 182.--James Begy, tea planter, of Hoolun-
gorie Tea Estate, Assam. A new or improved
machine for artificially withering tea leaf,—Jndian
and Eastern Engineer, May.

Improve-

JULY 1, 1901,] THE TROPICAL

DOLOSBAGE IN 1889 AND 1901.
(By an old Planting Correspondent.)

DoLosBAGE.—One of my old districts, with
its Bible Rock and Sentry Box, are in sight
and, with elevation, the mornings and even-
ings are much cooler and enjoyable.

DIFFERENT ESTATES—NOW AND THEN.

COOROONDOOWATTA was reached at midday
and my old friend, A. J. S., gave me a hearty
welcome. making me feel as much at home
as he did down in the Fiji Islands.

We visited quite a new estate, called
“ Jak-Tree-Hill,” next morning; in going
there from Cooroondoowatta I had to re-
trace my steps towards Vellekande and de-
scend a considerable distance into a deep
valley, passing a few native tea gardens and
Sinhalese villages—then the new bungalow
appeared in sight and we made straight for
it only to get a view of the country around,
Mr. Blackett being absent in England. Jak-
Tree-Hill is not only a valuable tea estate
of over 200 acres, but is quite a Botanical
Garden with shadetrees and palmsin profusion.
Near the tea factory we came on some mango-
steen trees in blossom; they bore a few dozen
last year ; cacao was doing remarkably well
under the shade of fruit trees.

The factory is new with all improved
machinery and Mr. Stephens has adopted
his method of continuous hessian tats for
withering. The battens at the ends are
about eight inches and the whole jute
hessian must be stretched tight ; this system
is a good one, preventing much waste of
‘Jute hessian and extra carpenter’s work at
the stanchions. There isan oil-engine driving
power here and everything goes on satis-
factorily under the able supervision of Mr.
A J Stephens.

CoOOROONDOOWATTA is well suited for a
tea estate, being a gentle undulation and
easy to dig and manure; the old terracing
of the coffee thirty years ago, black with
age, supports the tea round the edges of
roads and on hill sides. Timber trees are
plentiful, including mango, jak, breadfruit,
wild artocarpus, sapu, grevilleas, acacias,
papaw, plantains, and palm trees.

In the factory we tind some 17 or 18 chulahs
as well as a sirocco. The chulah-fired teas
are of good flavour and_ preferred to
machine-made teas, At the beginning of
tea manufacture in India and Ceylon, many
planters were of opinion that chulah firing
was preferable to the sirocco and that the
fumes of charcoal were directly beneficial to
tea-making; what is the opinion you have
formed on this subject ? (I remember when in
Assam, acting as your Special Correspondent,
that very many, if notall, theplantersof Assam
used chulahs and charcoal fires. This was in
1876.)*The cultivated area of Cooroondoowatta
is three hundred and seventy acres, all under
tea. With other charges, Mr. Stephens is
managing about seven hundred acres of tea.
Forking has been. done here to advantage and
there is a good flush on the bushes at the

* Some of the London Brokers to this day foeret
the gradual disappearance of chulah-fired teas.—Ep,

AGRICULTURIST. 47

present moment. Hapugahawatta is a good
piece of tea, but not undulating like Cooroon-
doowatta ; there is a drop down to the paddy
fields below and an awful stiff climb up. How-
ever, A.J.S. looks in good condition, consider-
ing the amount of exercise he gets in a very
steamy climate. It was a nice little walk
up to Medegoda from Cooroondoowatta by
short cuts, crossing a deep stream and climb-
ing over slab rocks—my box cooly was a
good fellow and helped me through all right.
We had a coconut at a village and he got
quite communicative ; during the course of
conversation in Tamil, Ramasamy expressed
his views on the situation and the decline
in the price of teas; he, Ramesamy, got a
little mixed up about the war in South Africa
and told me that so many gentlemen had
been killed in the war that there was nobody
left to drink tea and hence the sudden fall
in prices; happy-go-lucky Kamasamy-—-his
ideas of the outside world are very limited.

MEDEGODA is over 200 acres of tea. Coolies
were clearing the drains and the estate looked
well with some nutmeg trees in bearing and
cacao thriving. We passed the bungalow and
got into Wewekelle over the ridge. Wewe-
kelle, the old place of Dr. Shipton, is now ab-
sorbed in the Vamaravelly group. We crossed
the wide stream or river running below it
and ascended Epplewatta on the other side.
Old Stanmore Hill is forgotten in the Tamil
name of Tamaravelly. By-the-by we noticed
disease in the Lantana or wild Verbena; it
is black with disease, a kind of blight. The
planters must keep it clear of their boundaries
or it will get into the tea. ‘‘ Everybody ”
told me it did not hurt the tea, but unfor-
tunately I found it very bad on some tea and
hope it will not spread into tea as H.V. did
into coffee. It would be good to cut it out
and burn it in time. Lantana seeds very
freely and spreads fast in chena lands and
patana. There is not much in Dolosbage and
it would not cost much to get rid of it at
once.

PrEN-y-LAN or Balatakanda with over 500
acres of tea is still to the fore and possesses
some old tea planted in the forties by Mr.
Lewellyn; some of that tea still exists and
measures two feet circumference of stem, and
there is a bush measuring about thirty-six
feet in circumference. Mr. W R_ Tringham
has borne the heat and burden of the day in
Ceylon, numbering his 35 years’ experience in
coffee, tea, and cinchona, and looks well and
hearty. There is a good distance between
the factory and the bungalow and the writer
did not go down to the factory, but proceeded
on to Kellie over the next gap, passing through
some seed-bearing trees to the new _ bunga-
low. The Kellie group factory is a very
large one with both water and steam-power ;
the water-wheel is thirty feet in diameter
or ninety in circumference ; the steam engine
works the balance of the machinery and the
three rollers and sifting machines may be
seen all working at thesame time. There was
difficulty in getting up the boiler and elephants
had to be employed. The Superintendent has
good reason to be proud of his factory,
as also of a flat field of tea, giving thirteen
hundred pounds of leaf per annum per acre,

48 THE TROPICAL

The cardamoms at Hormusjee are a great
success and looking remarkably well, some
seventy acres, thirty of which are in bearing,
extending to the source of the Doteloya river ;
and cardamom cultivation continues on the
Doteloya estate in the shade of forest in the
deep gorge or valley of the Doteloya river.

Hormusjee tea looks very well and we had

pleasure in meeting one of the sons of an
old Dolosbage planter. ‘Thirty two years ago
the son of Archdeacon Glenie was Super-
intendent of Barnagalla. Mrs. Glenie is now in
Travancore with her son on a tea plantation.
DoTELoYA EsTATE or Nona Totum is now
incorporated in the Tea Corporation, Limited.
There are some 700 acres cuitivated and 645
acres of tea. I believe there are 30 acres of
cacao and 30 acres of cardamoms besides nut-
megs, cinnamon, annatto and other products
noticed near the bungalow. The writer ob-
tained permission from the late Mr. Blackett
to visit some cotton planted on the site of
Jak-tree Hill. Mr. B., senior, was quite a
pioneer in new products and was a very
successful planter. Doteloya tea looks well
as does all tea in‘Dolosbage ; the district com-
pares favourably with other districts accord-
ing to the opinion of experts. We met the
Superintendent on the road and continued
through the jungle with the intention of
hunting up another old landmark of Dolos-
bage, one of the pioneers of tea and cacao
planting in the district, Mr. JohnDrummond.
The weather has been severe in this quarter
and we got a very good ducking on this
journey through the bush and down the hill,
coming to some slippery places in transit.
The box cooly said ‘‘ Appa Sami” and helped
me over some queer places during the storm,
but we reached Oonankande and met Mr.
Gidlow who soon made us feel cemfortable.
Mr. John Drummond turned up in the even-
ing and we had a talk of old times.
OONANKANDE is quite anew estate, the tea
looks well and there is a good view of the low-
country from the bungalow, looking out on
the Kelani Valley. There is a fine estate under
tea called YATADERIYA, Kegalla; it stands
out in bold relief in the forests of the low-
country. We got a bird’s-eye view of this
property from the vantage ground of Oonan-
kande. Poor Mr.Gidlow has just lost his sister
who was killed by lightning at Gangwarily
estate just below Oonankande ; the lightning
split up two verandah posts and entered the
bungalow under the ground, killing and _ in-
juring all the occupants of the room, then
escaping and splitting a rock on the other side.
Taking advantage of a fine morning we came
down through GANGWARILY, visiting the scene
of the lightning accident and passing the
bungalow of Mr. Kellow, the present Superin-
tendent of Gangwarily, who had gone down
to his factory by the river side; we crossed
a bridge leading to the factory of Dedugalla
and St. Blane, from where we could see the
Gangwarily factory with its water-wheel
working. Cacao is plentiful on Gangwarily
and looking well and the tea is flourishing ;
there aretwenty acres, giving fourteen hundred
pounds to theacre. The new Company, called
the Gangwarily Estates Company of Ceylon,
Limited, includes Havilland, 340 acres of tea,
on the opposite side of the river, There are

AGRICULTURIST. [Juny 1, 1901.

370 acres of land in cultivation on Gang-
warily estate. The climb from the bridge to
the DEDUGALLA bungalow was good manual
exercise before breakfast and the Superin-
tendent received us kindly, on our mentioning
that we had once been in charge of Dedu-
galla and St. Blane ; the teas made here were
of very good flavour and the turbine drives
the machinery. There is also a turbine on
Havilland, doing excellent work. Around

the Dedugalla bungalow we found
some loquat trees and other plants
of our own planting in 1876, twenty-

five years ago. We opened up St. Blane
in 1874 and found it a steep and hard
working place ; the ageratum and other fancy
weeds, such as the Spanish Needle, were very
plentiful, but now ihe properties lookcleanand
in good order, and the tea made of very
good flavour. We had not visited HAVILLAND
since we took a very. prominent part in a
tragedy in 1874, but we will let bygones be
bygones and pass that over. Havilland uses
wire-shoots for transporting leaf and wood ;
a gradient of one in ten is considered safe for
both wood and leaf, the runners travel very
well and the coolies enjoy seeing the bags
flying through the air. Liberian coffee looks
healthy, and in bearing there are about
twenty acres of Liberian coffee and about
five of cacao. The old seed-bearers on both
sides of the bridle path are fine bushes and
their stems quite ten inches in diameter. Mr.
Kellow came up to dinner and gave us much
information about South Africa and his
personal adventures as one of the Ceylon
Contingent, but somehow the authorities
have forgotten to send him his service
medal and balance of pay.

We walked down tothe factory of Havil-
land yesterday ‘and saw the machinery
working, driven by the turbine. The tea
packer is an interesting machine and does
good work ; when it’s in motion one can insert
one’s hand into the tea, but as soon as the
machine is stopped it is impossible to put your
hand into the centre of the chest. ‘The fer-
menting drawers or trays, set up like a huge
chest of drawers, attracted my attention. In
visiting different tea factories there are
many different ways of manufacture, and one
learns a good deal. Returning from the
factory your correspondent was treated toa’
ride instead of walking and managed to
reach the bungalow of Havilland before the
tea leaf was shot. down the wire-shoot.
Before dinner (7:30) we were sitting in the
front verandah and suddenly caught sight
of the comet to the West and to the left of
the constellation Orion. We hope to see it
again tonight asthe weather is fine.—Yours
faithfully, HENRY COTTAM.

[Can Mr. Cottam tell us about *‘ Doolgala’
block of land entered in the Directory for
many years as belonging to the heirs of the
late John Gordon.—ED. T.4.]

THE MIDLAND TEA PLANTATIONS COMPANY.
—The report which we publish on page 52 con-
tains a repetition of the tale, to which we have
now become accustomed, of serious loss on the
past season’s working. We trust, however,
that the finer system of plucking which has
been adopted will have a beneficial result.

JuLy 1, 1901.1

OUVAH COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED.
REPORT

To be presented to the Sixth Ordinary General
Meeting of the Company, to be held at No. 5, Dow-
gate Hill, London, on Tuesday, the 14th day of May,
1901, at 12 o’clock noon.

The following annual accounts are now presented
to Shareholders, viz. :— e

Balance sheet made up to 31st December, 1900.

Profit and loss account for the year ended 3ist
December, 1900.

Lhe receipts from the sale of produce were as
under—

Tea from the Company’s

own Estate 1,114,513 Ib.
Tea made from bought
leaf ua ee 161,035 do
— £ sd
, Total 1,275,548 do 34,023 13 8
Coffee 478 cwts. 3 qrs. 5 lb. oe 1,861 73
Cocoa 56 cwts. 2 qrs. 17 lb., estimate }
value 205 is 150 00
Cinchona 22,609 lb., estimated value .. 100 00
Plumbago 554 cwts. 3 qrs, 8 lb. se 394 18 8
Sundry sales in Ceylon a 99 19 7
Total receipts ee . £36,629 19 2

The total expenditure in Ceylon and London
amounted to £28,908 3s 4d, and deducting this from
the value of the produce a profit is shown of £7,721
15s 10d, to which has to be added the balance of
£224 11s 9d, brought forward from the previous year,
making a total of £7,946 7s 7d at the credit of Profit
and Loss. From the above sum the Directors have
transferred to the credit of Badulla Factory Account
£1,000. The interim dividend of 2} per cent., paid
on 15th November, 1900, absorbed £2,500, and
Income Tax £241 2s 3d, leaving a balance of £4,205
5s 4d, out of which it is proposed to pay a further
dividend of 3: per cent, making 6 per cent. forthe
year, and to carry forward to next account the sum
of £705 5s 4d. i .

Favourable weather was experienced during the
past year, and the yield of tea per acre was 602 lb. as
against 404 lb. and 438 lb obtained during the two
preceding years. The tea market, on the other hand,
has been over-supplied. and our average selling price
dropped to 6:40d against 7°56d at which the previous
17 months’ crop sold. ‘The lower cost of production,
brought about by the increased yield, has however to
some extent compensated us for the fall in the value
of our produce. The returns from coffee, cocoa and
cinchona diminish as these products are replaced by
tea. A heavy fall has taken place in the value of
plumbago, and for this reason mining has not been

‘actively pushed during the past year. Operations
have been chiefly directed towards proving the ex-
tent and value of the deposits. If a sufficient
body of mineral is proved to exist, it could be
mined profitably at present prices with the aid of
modern appliances. All the Company’s properties
are reported to be in excellent condition and promis-
ing well for the future. f :

The acreage of the Company’s property is now as
follows :—

ss acres.

Tea, over 5 years old 1,775

do Planted Nov.-Dec. 1896 151

do do 1897 133

do do 1898 23

i do do 1899 18
do do 1900 40
Area under Tea 2,140
Area under Coffee and Cocoa 386

Area under Fuel 336

Forest, Patana and Waste 713

Total Areas 3,575 acres

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 49

Mr, L Famin, a member of the Board, retires on
this occasion, and, being eligible, offers himself for
re-election: ;

Messrs, DeLorrre, Dever, Grirritus & Co., the
Auditors, also offer themselves for re-election,

By order, J. Auec Rosurts, Secretary,

London, 3rd May, 1901.

THE DIMBULA VALLEY (CEYLON) TEA
COMPANY, LIMILED.

REPORT

To be submitted to the Shareholders at the Fifth
Annual Ordinary General Meeting, to be held at the
Cannon Street Hotel, on Wednesday, 8th May, 1901,
at 12 o’clock noon,

_The Directors, in accordance with the intimation
given at the general meeting on the 25th June last,
that the accounts would henceforth be made up as at
31st December. instead of 31st March, beg to submit
the General Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss
ont for the nine menths ending 31st December
ast,

After bringing forward £1,987 13s 7d from las
account, and providing for general expenses, London
Office expenses, Superintendents’ commissions
and £380 8d for depreciation, the net amoun
at credit of profit and loss acconut for the nine months
ending 3lst December last is £13,293 9s.

A dividend of 8 per cent., less income
tax, has been paid for six months on
the preference shares, amounting to £1,720 10

An interim dividend of 8 per cent,, less
income tax, has been paid on the ordi-
nary shares. and amounts to

It is proposed to pay a final dividend of

43 per cent. on the ordinary shares,

making 74 per cent. for the nine

months, or at therate of 10 per cent.

perannum, absorbing a furthersumof 5,159 18 6
It is proposed to carry to reserve fund

& sum of 1,000 00
Leaving to be carried forward 1,973 10 6

£13,293 90
The crop amounted to 803,672 Ib. to 31st December,

To enable Shareholders to judge how the 12
months would haye worked out, had the year closed
on the 31st March as heretofore, it may be stated
that the yield for January, February, and March
has been 315,000 lb., thua giving a total of 1,118,672 lb.,
against 1,079,829 lb., for the previous 12 months, or
an increase of 38,843 lb.

The cest of cultivation and placing the crop on
board ship was 26:97 cents, against 25:77 cents the
previous year. Is must, however, be explained that
the reason for the somewhat higher cost is that
all expenses connected with the culture of the tea
fields fell upon a nine instead of a twelve-months’
season. January, February, and March teas, having
to bear only the cost of management, plucking,
weeding, and manufacture, would have brought
down the cost well under last year’s,

The total crop, including 50 cwt. coffee, realised
£27,405 188 8d, or an average, for the tea, of 8°98d,
against 940d last year and 10:09d for the previous
season,

The Directors regret losing the services of Mr.
Melville White as Manager in Ceylon, owing to his
retirement from the Colony. He has been succeeded
by Mr Herbert Sinolair, a gentleman hoJding a
large interest in the Company, and who has been
in its employ since its inception,

3,439 19 O

50 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

The Managing Director recently visited Ceylon,
and reports favourably on the condition and general
appearance of the Company’s Estates,

It is with extreme regret the Directors have to
record the loss the Company sustained during the
yene by the death of their colleague, Mr. A. R.

acdonell.

Mr. D Erroll Sinclair has been appointed to the
Board of Directors.

Mr. Theodore C Owen retires by rotation, but,
being eligible, offers himeelf for re-election.

Messrs. Singleton, Fabian & Co., the Auditors to
the Company; retire, and, being eligible, offer them-
selves for re-election.

Jamzs Sincuair, Managing Director; Rows, WHITE
& Co., Secretaries.

29th April, 1901.

THE SOUTH WANARAJAH TEA
ESTATES, LIMITED.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS,

The profit for the season, after writing off £250
for depreciation, is £1,490 19s 2d; out of which a
dividend at the rate of six per cent on £7,000 pre-
ference shares has been paid, £420, leaving a balance
of £1,070 19s 2d ; from this the Directors recommend
the payment of a dividend at the rate of five per
cent on £20,000 ordinary shares, free of income tax,
£1,000; and propose to carry to the next account
the balance, £7C 19s 2d.

The tea crop for the season, including that made
from bought leaf, amounted to 592,641 lb. and the
net average price was 4°93d per lb. ‘Lhe past
year was generally unfavourable for tea producers,
but the Directors are glad to be able to recommend
a dividend of five per cent on the ordinary shares,
after making a provision for depreciation to the extent
of £250. The rate of exchange was 1s 44d per rupee,
To meet the unsatisfactory state of the tea, market,
owing chiefly to excessive cups of inferior kinds,
which forced prices down, the Directors have decided
to adopt a finer style of plucking, and it is hoped
that this system, coupled with close attention to
manufacture, will enable the Company to secure
better prices for the coming season’s crop. The
estates and buildings are reported by the Managing
Director to be in good order. The acreages of the
Company’s estates are as follows :—South Wanarajah,
230 tea, three year’s old and over; 25 grass, &. ;
total 255—Dartry, 612 tea, three years old and over,
24 young tea, 44 grass, &., total 680.

Under article 95 Mr. T. J. Lawrance resigned his
office of Director, and the Board appointed Mr. William
Figg to the vacancy. Under article 97 Mr. Figg retires,
and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election. The
appointment of auditors rest with the shareholders
and Messrs, Fuller, Wise and Fisher offer themselves
for re-election.

HUNASGERIA TEA COMPANY, LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be presented to the sixteenth ordinary general
meeting of the Company on 14th May 1901, at 1 o'clock
p m, for the year ended 31st December 1900 :—The
tea, crop amounted to 479,170 |b, which sold in London
for £10,432 13s 8d, givingan average selling price of
5°22d per lb. he ordinary expenditure in Ceylon and
London amounted to £11,112 153 11d, showing a loss
of £6802s 3d on the year’s worklng. A credit balance
of £152 163 0d was brought forward from last year and,
after deducting this, there is a sum of £527 63 3d at
the debit of profit and loss account. The area under
tea’remains at 763 acres of which 31 acres are onlyin

(Juty 1, 2901.

partial bearing. A severe drought, extending over 24
months, was experienced during‘the early part of the
year, but itis satisfactory that in spite of this a good
yield has been obtained; the return from the 763 acres
in bearing being 628 lb of made tea per acre against
613 lb and 414 lb secured during the two previous
years. Cultivation has been well maintained and ex-
tended to the whole tea area and from an agricultural
point of view expectations have been fully realised.
The loss on this year's working is entirely due to the
adverse market position. Last year’s shipments of
medium quality teafrom Ceylon and India proved to
be largely in excess of requirements and a heavy fall
in value resulted. Our average selling price fell from
667d to 5'22d per lb. To meet the situation finer
plucking has been almost universally resorted to in
Ceylon, which while improving the quality will re-
duce the quantity coming forward, aud it is to be
hoped that this will tide over the present glutted con-
dition of the market. Mr P C Oswald, a member of
the Board, retires trom office on this occasion and
being eligible, offers himself for re-election ; and
Messrs J & J Sawyer & Co, the Company’s Auditors,
also offer themselves for re-election.

THE ANKANDE ESTATE COMPANY OF
CEYLON LIMITED.
Report of the Directors to 3lst March, 1901.

ACREAGE acres
Tea 35 156
Cocoa and Liberian Coffee 104
Cardamoms AS 96
Jungle 47 197
Total 53 552 acres

The Directors have now to present to the Share-
holders the Report, Balance Sheet, and Profit andj Loss
Account for the 15 months ending 3lst March, 1901.
Owingto the decline in value of tex during the period
covered by this Report, and also to the short crop
of cocoa, the result is far from being satisfactory.

Interest to the vendors was paid up to 80 June,
but it has since been in arrears,

The total crops harvested during the period have
been from ©

ANKANDE—Tea 35 71,024 lb
Cocoa a6 52-3-13 cwt

Guenury ‘Tea, Green Leaf 12,679 lb
Oocoa 55 45-0-9 cwk

ALTWwoop Oardamoms 5) 5,335 Ib

Depreciation amounting to R278-81 has been written
off from Profit and Loss Account.

The Directors regret that, under.the circumstances
disclosed by the Profit and Loss Account, they are
unable to recommend any dividend distribution on
this occasion,

Mr. John Aymer retires by rotation and is eligi-
ble for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for 1901 will rest
with the Meeting.—By order of the Directors,

Baxer & Haut, Agents and Secys,
Colombo, May 22nd, 1901.

PUNDALOYA TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.
REPORT ®

To be presented at the Fourth Ordinary Annual
General Meeting of the Company to be held at the
Office of the Company, on Tuesday, the 7th May,
1901, at Twelve o’clock noon.

1. The Directors now submit their Report for the
year ending the 3lst December, 1900, together with
the Balance Sheet and Accounts of the Company, made
up to that date, and duly audited, and they regret th

\

JULY 1, 1901.]}

the Accounts have been unavoidably delayed, owing to
the serious illness of the Manager of one of the Es-
tates in Ceylon.

2. The Tea Crop amounted to 697,359 lb. of which
697,155 1b. shipped to London realised a gross average
of 868d per lb. The crop exceeded that of 1899 by as
much as 52,794 lb., chiefly owing to unusually favor-
sble weather, but the average price of tea has
been tending steadily downwards -during the year,
while. in consequence of excessive stocks and
supplies, the state of the market is far from satis-
factory, and there is at present little prospect of any
permanent improvement.

8, Durimg the year 42 acres have been cleared and
planted with tea, which practically completes all the
extensions eontemplated. The young tea planted
during the past four years is reported to be coming on
well, and the earlier clearings will contribute some-
thing towards the crop of 1901.

4, The following statement gives details which may
be of intereat :-—

rice
ea.
y
e

i

per lb.
f.o.b, Culeibas
Average rate of Ex-
change per Rupee.
Dividend on Ordinar
3 Shares free of Incom
Tax

@
wt

Acreage Plucked.
Total Tea Crop.
Yield per Acre,
Cost of Cro
Gross Average
obtained per lb

Es
i)
Ou
fe]

Com mR:
Ge

acres. lb. lb. d.
1900 1,640 697°359 425 4°86
1899 1,640 644565 393 4°81
1898 1,640 627°886 383 5:29
1897 1,640 623°699 380 5:22

5. The net profit for the
year amounted to -. £7,857:10 7

To which has to be added
170 18 11

©o0ow
0d 1d &
BrORE

B9.=3 00 00
ee

Interest es
- And the Bal- :
ance from last :
year of -- £6269 0
Less Factory
Extensions oo 28800
—=- 338 9

(=)

£8,366 18 6

—————- +—

Making a Total of

The Directors have already
paid, out of this, Interest for
the year upon the Mortgage,
less Income Tax ae £486 3 1

Dividend for the year up-
on the 6 per cent. Perfer-
ence Shares, less Income
Tax Lat 141889) 5

Income Tax a6 216 14

And they propose to deal
with the Balance as fol-
lows :—

To pay a Dividend of 6

er cent., free of Income

‘ax, on the Ordinary Shares,
requiring -- 38,960 0 0

To Transfer to Reserve for
Depreciation and General
Purposes (increasing this Ac-
count to £6,000) «- 1,500 0 O

To write off cost of Invest--
ments ava 100.0 O

And to carry forward the
balance of ag

ao

£8,366 18 6

6. The Director retiring on’ this occasion is Mr.

Edward Christian who, being eligible, offers himself
or re-election.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 51

7. Mr. John Smith the Auditor also retires, and
offers himself for re-election.—By order of the Board,

Rosertson Bois & Co.,

Agents and Secretaries.
12, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C., 29th April, 1901.

SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY’S ESTATES,
ON 31ST DEC., 1900.

Lo} ac U
uA f=} q ror a u ns
See ecana sue Sime:
Estate, £2 $8 B73 FeS5H2 otal,
S38 «8 £3 eUSags
ge a3 ge Se” 25%
H 8, esi, Gyea)
Sheen 482 204 112 45 52 895 acres
Pundaloya 452 43 25 19 95 G34ee,.
Wootton 306 8s — 39 25 878 p
Deeside 400 — 10 _ 26 6436 =~,
Total 1,640 255 147 103. 198 2,343 acres,

———

CEYLON PROPRIETARY TEA ESTATES
COMPANY LIMITED,
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be submitted at the fourth annual ordinary
general meeting of shareholders, to be held at the
Office of the Company, on Monday, 20th May, 1901.

The Directors herewith submit the general balance
sheet and profit and loss account for the year
ending 31st December, 1900, duly andited.

The net amount at Credit of Profit

and Loss Account after providing 26) sds
for General expenses, Income Tax,
&c., is bo oe 96 4,695 16 0
Debenture Interest
paid to 30th Sept.,
1900 (Zess Income

Tax) amounts to £718 15 0

Less from last
account 181 6 O
——— 537 10 0
Three months’ Debenture
Interest to 31st December,
1900 (less Income Tax)
amounts to sve

Preference Dividends paid
for 1900 (Zess Income Tax)
amount to eo 1,246 96

Interim Dividend of 14 per

cent. on the Ordinary

Shares paid 31st October,

1900, amounts to -. 1,175 140
It is proposed to pay a

final Dividend of A oek

cent. on the Ordinary

Shares (making 3 percent.

in all, free of Income

Tax) which will absorb.. 1,175 14 0

And to carry forward to
next year a balance of..

178 26

382 6 0
———— £4,695 16

During the past year the Comany’s éstates: have
given an inctessed crop of tea of 89,047 lb., the
yield per acre being 490 Ib, against 439 Ib. i
and 407 lb. in 1898, Sr

The gross price realised for the teas sold in
London and Ceylon averaged 6.10d as against 7.11d
last year, and, the average rate of exchange is the

same as last year, viz: Is 4 13-32nds,
4

52 THE TROPICAL

The profits of the Company have been seriously
diminished owing to the general fall in the market
for teas grown at medium and low elevations.

© @ & ©
S3oas / Year
oom-] / ° |
S
LPN vs Acreage {of Tea 2
SESS > in bearing. re
= oO (a,
=
— i ° a
SES cs Yield per Acree ZA
oo w B
JQ
SEES :
ene pe Rate of Ex- BF
oo 09 Or st change. a @
co 2 OOD fo} B
oR a ) B ©
Y so 8
PBR ahs Sale price of 32 *
ee coco T =]
orro ea. i | 2.
a pie)
looiieye sie 2) =] zg
ews FF Se aM aber es
mone . ~s
Noro > =
oO
SESS ae
Foeone SS Bought Leaf mo
a © °
EwOoO Tea. I 2
4 a
dopnsees Tea Manufac- ¢
SSC i
02 > CO oD ured for others. % @&
AES a8 a
Reon
m >
ESss m1
L855 5 Total. 4
r@OnDo ~ °
DoRoe Led
Oreo a
Be
LAPD R
gees *
ocean Profits. Sf
Sowa # o
iH 3
ward mm

A re-survey has been made of a portion of the
Company’s lands, and according to this there are
2,269 acres planted with tea, and the total area of
the estates is 2,995 acres.

Under Glause 69 of the Articles of Association
Mr. H K Rutherford retires from the Board on
this occasion, but, being eligible, offers himself for
re-election,

The Auditors, Messrs. Harper Brothers, Chartered
Accountants, retire from office and offer them-
selves for re-election.—By order of the Board,

Wn. Jounston, Secretary.

London, 11th May, 1901.

THE MIDLAND (CEYLON) TEA PLAN-
TATIONS CO, LTD.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be submitted to the shareholders at the ordi-
nary general meeting, to be held on Tuesday, 21st
May, with the accounts, duly audited, for the
year ending 3lst December, 1900. ‘

‘Lhe receipts for the season are £7,198 13s 2d.,
less working expenses in Ceylon £6,858 18s 3d.,
leaving gross profit £339 14s lld. And the fol-
lowing being also chargeable :—Debenture inter-
est—6 per cent. per annum on £15,000 £900; inter-
est—of loans £175 6s 1d.: fees to trustees and
auditors, office expenses in London, &c., £107
5s 3d, — £1,182 11s 4d.; the loss on the season’s
working is £842 16s 5d. Deducting the balance of
profit for 1899, £300 6s 8d, the deficiency is, as
shown in the balance-sheet, £542 9s 9d.

It is with much regret that the Directors re-
port such a serious loss on the season’s working,

AGIRCULTURIST. [JuLy 1, 1901.

this Company heving suffered in common with
others from the severe depression in the tea
market, resulting from supplies both from#Ceylon
and India during the greater part of the year
being in excess of the requirements of the trade.
The account being so unfavourable, the Directors
have again waived their fees, and the London
Agents have reduced their charge for office rent
and secretarial work. Owing in a measure to
the very wet weather from June to October the crop
was a little short of estimate, and the amount
obtained was 376,499 lb., which realised a net
average price of 4:54d. perlb. The rupee ex-
change for the Company’s business averaged
1/4115 per rupee. The acreages under cultiva-
tion are :—Over four years old 966, under two years
old 75, total 1,041 ; and the crop for the season is
estimated at 385,000 lb, of which there have been sold
to date 32,675 lb, ata net average price of 5d per |b.
Every eftort is being made by the staff in the East
towards maintaining the efficient and economical
working of the estates, and a somewhat finer sys-
tem of plucking is now adopted, itbeing expected
that this change will be beneficial to the Company.
Under theArticles of Association, Mr W Dunn
retires from the Board and, being eligible, of-
fers himself for re-election. The auditors, Messrs
Brown, Fleming and Murray, also retire and
their re-appointment remains with the share-
holders.

THE GREAT WESTERN TEA Co. OF
CEYLON, LTD.

Report of the Directors for presentation to the
general meeting of the shareholders, to be held on
Saturday, the 8th June, 1901, at noon.

Directors:—J.C. Dunbar, Giles F. Walker, James
Ryan, A. Cantlay.

The Directors submit their Annual Report and
Aceounts for the Season ending March Slst, 1901.

The yield of Tea has been 428,510 lb., being an
inorease of 12,535 lb. on last season’s crop: the price
realized on 365,850 lb. for which account sales have
been received is 48°91 cents per lb. against 48°96 cents
last season, and 48°74 cents in 1898-99, a very satia-
factory price in view of the lower range of the market.

The Cost F.0.B. Colombo is 31°71 cents per lb.
(including 4:77 cents for manuring) against 31°27 cts.
(including 4°23 cents for manuring) last season.

Estimating the unsold portion of the crop ata safe
figure, the amount available for distribution, after
setting aside R6,079°19 for depreciation, is R64,728°85
out of which the Directors recommend the payment
of a dividend of 10 per cent absorbing ... 58,400 00

To place to Reserve Account a sum of 5,000 00

And to carry forward the balance of ... 1,328 85

R64,728 85

The result of the year’s working is fully equal to
that of the previous season in spite of a lower
market, as last year the balance carried forward from
1898-99 was R7,416°88 or R5,640°78 more than the
balance carried forward to this season, while the
general condition of the estate is at the present time
greatly improved, owing to the good and careful work
done by the Superintendent.

The estimated crop for the ourrent season is
420,000 lb., to cost R134,975-00, being at the rate of
81°89 cents per lb. te& inclusive of 449 cents for
manuring, but from the present condition of the
estate and the yield to date the Directors are now
of opinion that the estimated crop will be exceeded

JuLY 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL
The Acreage of the Estate is

A. R. P.

921 2 12 Tea in bearing.

39 0 0 Fuel clearing.

38 2 4 Ravines.
17 1 12 Grass field.
11 3 13. Building and Gardens.
30 0 14 Cart Road and Roads.
23 2 25 Railway.

1,082 0 0

In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. Jame§
Ryan retires by rotation, and being eligible offers
himself for re-election.

It will be necessary to appoint an Auditor for
season 1901-02.

___ By order of the Board of Directors,

J. M. ROBERTSON & Co., Agents & Secretaries,

Colombo, 25th May, 1901.

SPRING VALLEY COFFEE COMPANY,
LIMITED.

REPORT

To be presented to the thirty-seventh ordinary
general meeting of the Company to be held at No, 5,
Dowgate Hill, Sreaaant on Tuesday. the 14th day of
May, 1901, at 12°30 o’clock p m.

The following annual accounts are now presented
to shareholders ;—Balance sheet made up to 3lst
December, 1900. Profit and loss account for the year
ended 31st December 1900.

The crop of tea for the past
amounted to 656,220lb, and this,
with 15,845lb bought from neighbouring estates
and manufactured at Spring Valley, sold for
£19,062 193 5d, the average selling price being 6°81
pence against 7°73 pence obtaned for the 1898-99 crop.

The crop from the few remaining coffee trees
amounted to 173 cwts 8 gqrs 2 lb, and_ realised
£592 53 1ld, being at the rate of 688 2d per cwt
against 628 10d obtained for the 18498-1899 crop.
Coffee sold in Ceylon to. the value of £29 15s 6d.

The total proceeds from the sales of produce
amounted to £19,685 Os 10d and expenditure in Ceylon
‘and London to £16,007 0s 1d, leaving a profit on
the yedr’s working of £3,678 @s 9d. To this profit
has to be added a sum of £240 10s 4d brought for-
ward from last Account, and atter debiting £15 12s 11d
for Income Tax and £1,275 for Dividend on the Pre-
ference Share Capital for the seventeen months
ended 31st December, 1900, there remains a balamce of
£2,627 18s 2d to be now dealt with,

The Directors recommend the payment of a Dividend
of 2} per cent. on the Ordinary Capital, which will ab-
sorb £2,000 of the above sum, and that the balance
of £627 18s 2d be carried forward to next year.

Good flushing conditions prevailed during the year
under review, and a crop of 482 lb. of made tea per
acre was gathered, which compares with 326 lb.
secured during the year 1898-99.

Cultivation and manufacturing accommodation
and appliances are being well maintained, and the tea
slanted in recent years promises well.

The only unfavourable feature is the tea market.
Prices have been steadily falling for a long succes-
sion of years, and the heavy supplies, more especially
of common sorts, that came forward from Ceylon and
India last Autumn, caused a further severe shrinkage
in values.

This is being met by finer plucking on most Cey-
lon gardens, and the improved quality and antici-
pated smaller supplies have already had a beneficial
effect on quotations,

Present conditions mnu3t arrest further exten-
sions, whilst the consumption of tea should be
stimulated, and it is hoped that these causes will
operate to raise values to a figure that will leave »

season
together

AGRICULTURIST. : 53

fair margin of profit to the grower. The area of the
estate as on 31st December, 1900, was as follows :--
Tea 5 years old and over

aa HG 1,362 acres
Planted November-December 1896 .. 159
at 1897 .. 194
i 1898 .. 196
Total under tea a0 1,911
Total under fuel .. 163
Forest, &c ae 257
Oolanekande estate .. 365

Total area 2,696 acres
Oolanakande Estate, comprising 100 acres of tea,
has been let on lease for a term of years ats
nominal rental, The lease has now expired, and
the cultivation of the Estate by the Company is
for the present suspended, as it is found to be unre-
munerative.
Mr. P, C. Oswaup, = member of the Board; retires
on this occasion and, being eligible, offers himself for
re-election,
Messrs. Detorrs, Drver, GrirritH & Qo,, the
Auditors, also offer for re-election.—By Order, .,
London, May 3, 1901. J. ALEC ROBER®S, Secy.

THE MALAY STATES COFFEE
COMPANY, LIMITED.

The Directors beg to submit to the Shareholders
their report and accounts for the year ended February
28th, 1901.

During the year 79°97 piculs of coffee were secured,
netting R2,385°59, this being slightly in excess of
the amount estimated. The balance of the Capital
has now been called up and it is calculated that
the funds in hand will be sufficient for the working
of the Estate until March, 1902, when it should
be self-supporting. The cultivated acreage is now
as follows :—

144 acres of coffee (from which 300 piculs is estimated
as the crop for season 1901-1902.) 50 acres of Rub-
ber planted 12° ~ 12’

34 acres of the Coffee has also been planted with
Rubber 20’ » 10’ and with Coconut 54 trees to the
acre, the remaining 110 acres of Coffee has likewise
been planted with Rubber 20’ » 20’ and with Coco-
nuts, ‘lhe Rubber is all coming on well and we are
advised by the Superintendent that the older trees are
branching out, 8to 10 feetup the stem. Fy

The Directors have to record with much regret the
death of their colleague, Mr, W Sandys “homas, Messrs
F W Bois and W Kingsbury have, owing to their de-
parture from the Island, resigned their seats on the
board, and the three vacancies have been filled up by
Messrs. J Ryan, H G Bois and EH M Shattock.

In terms of the articles of association Mr. V A
Julius also retires from the Directorate but being
eligible offers himself for re-election,
~ It will also be necessary to appoint an auditor for
season, 1901-1902.

corer ep ee

‘“*SomE NOTES ON COCOA PLANTING IN’ THE
West I[NDIES”—is a neat little pamphlet of
70 pages, by our London “Cocoa Corres-
pondent,”’ Mr. H jHamel-Smith, and contains
a good deal of useful information, more
particularly in reference’to the industry in
frinidad and other West Indian. islands,
with estimates of cost of opening a planta-
tion of this product (also of bananas,) and
of the best means of improving the pro-
duct. The author holds the opinion strongly
that the world wants more cocoa than is
as yet available and yet Trinidad exported
over 260,000 cwt. in 1899.—Copies of the little
work (published at ls nett) will be made

available locally very soon,

ay

54 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

THE TEA TRADE:

Aceording to an old newspaper, the tea habit is
much more universal than is commonly supposed,
as the following schedule will prove :

People of all classes take tea. Dead people take
eterniT ; gay people, festiviT ; nice girls, puriT ;
free people, LiberT ; fashionable folks, socieT ;
good people, pieT : succesful candidates, majoriT ;
editors, honesT; solemn citizens, graviT; funny
roosters, leviT; orthodox citizens, deiT; polite
people suaviT; bashful fellows, modesT; kind
ones, chariT; bachelors, singulariT; short people,
breviT; cunning folk, rascaliT; romantic simple-
tons, novelT; respectable people, ChristianiT ;
artistic people, beauT; strong people, responsi-
biliT; criminals, penaltT; vicious cusses, enmiT;
grocers, varief—but the T-pot cracked at this
juncture.

Among the fragments were found: Wedded
couples, feliciT; Mormons, multipliciT; Quakers,
trapquiliT; the asylums, insaniT, mediciT, Ov-
erT, &c. ; pretty girls. incomprehensibiliT; lovers,
anil; everybody, longeviT; the one who does
not pay his subscription, T-total depraviT.—
American Grocer May 1.

SS

CACAO DISEASE IN TRINIDAD.

MR. MASSEE’S REPORT.

Some time during the end of the year 190C, I re-
ceived an enquiry from Surinam as to whether I
had noticed in Trinidad a disease attacking the
branches of cacao trees and causing growth in
bunches like the European ‘‘ Witches Brooms” or
‘‘Hecksenbesen.” I was glad to answer that I had
not yet seen such an appearance among our Trini-
dad trees. It was reported from several indepen-
dant sources that the disease was very prevalent
and did a large amount of damage tothe trees,
seriously affecting the crop. Specimens were
kindly procured for me, and these on examination
. proved to be infected with one of the Fungi known
to cause abnormal growth of the branches, running
into knots or ‘‘ brooms.”” Thespecimens were sent
on to the Director, Royal Gardens, Kew, and
attached is the Report of Mr. Massee the Mycolo-
gist who examined them :— :
“ Ezoascus Theobroma, Ritzema Bos, is the pro-
visional name given to the Fungus parasitic on the
Gacao branches, causing witches’ broom thereon
The Author of the species could not find the fungus
in a fruiting condition, neither did the material for-
warded to Kew furnish fruit. Material should be
sent at the time when the tips of the twigs are
only elightly swollen, and covered with a white delicate
bloom. In mach swollen branches the fruit of the
fungus has entirely disappeared and the persistent
or perennial mycelium of the fungus can only be
found. Owing to the perennial mycelium a crop of
apores is produced each season on the diseased
branches; such spores being spread to neighbouring
trees by wind, é&c., extends the disease. If it were
possible to remove all diseased branches, the disease
would soon disappear, but as this is hardly possible,
in addition to removing as many diseased shoots as
possible, it is advisable to spray with dilute Bordeaux
mixture from time to time, so as to prevent the
inoculation of young twigs and leaves.” i

It would be nothing short of a serious calamity
were the infection introduced into this Colony, and
ateps have been taken with the view of securing
effective regulations to prevent suchan occurrence.
Similar growths are to be observed in many trees
growing in this Colony, Arabian coffee being con-

{JuLy 1. 1901.

siderably troubled, but not so as to seriously affect
its growth or productiveness, This, however, isnot
the same as attacks cacao, but is related thereto.
It is probable that in the course of Nature many
diseases exist among our indigenous trees which, on
the occurrence of suitable conditions might attack
and destroy many cultivated plants as did the
Hemeleia with Ceylon coffee, and « careful watch
is necessary for the first indication of disease, so
that measures can be devised for its suppression
before the damage becomes too extensive to be
effectively deals with. The disease of which we
write is an easily recognised one and cultivators
may see 4 preserved specimen showing its character,
in the Herbarititt of this department. In any case,
where trees appear to be suffering, the department
would be glad to receive and secure the determina-
tion of specimens which may be thought to be
diseased.—Trimidad Bulletin.
— ei?

CHEAP NITROGEN.

After four years of research and application,
Sir William Crooke,the eminent agricultural chem-
ist, has solved the problem of furnishing nitro-
gen to the plant world at a cost which brings this
all-powerful stimulant and renovator within the
means of the poorest cultivator. Hitherto nitrates
have had tobe imported from far-away scattered
deposits and, though of recent years the price has
been brought down to between £7 and £10 per
ton, this has proved far beyond the means of the
average horticulturiss and farmer. Sir William
now separates the gas direct from the atmosphere by
electricity, and, although the experiment of fitting
the nitrates so obtained for commercial purposes
was costly, the product was sold at a remunera-
tive profit of £5 per ton.—Indijan Planters’
Gazette, June l.

eed

TEA PLANTING IN ASSAM:
THE OFFICIAL REPOHT.

Cacutta, 7th June.—The official report of
tea planting in Assam during the past year gives
the total number of gardens as 8041, against 815in
the previous year, the total area being returned
at 1,059,624 acres against 1028,431 in 1898. The
number of persons employed permanently increased
from 457,343 in 1899 to 468,326 during the year
under report. Over 97 per cent. of the area under
tea is in European hands, while less than 3 per
cent. is owned by natives. The total outturn was
141,118,644 lbs. against 128,371,857 lbs. in 1899,
showing an increase of 12,746,787 1bs.—Madras
Mout.

GEM MINING IN CEYLON.

With the exception of the diamond, emerald,
turquoise, and opal (says a writer in Kuhlow’s
German Trade Review) almost every precious and
semi-precious stone is found in Ceylon, and fre-
quently a great variety of them are dug out of the
same pit. Rakwana is especially famed for its
sapphires. Spinels of all colours and garnets are
almost invariably found in conjunction with the
other stones ; also the different varieties of zircon,
commonly termed jargoon. Cat’s-eyesare usually
found together with aquamarines and the different
kinds of beryl, ot which the alexandrite is the
mest sought after. A good proportion of the stones
found are cut locally in the village of Ratnapura
and in Kalutara, a-small place on the coast some
40 miles south of Colombo.—Globe.. ,

"Joiy 1, 1901.)
° THE CEYLON TEA: CESS FUND.

We have been compiling some figures for
our Handbook in reference to the above
Fund and the outlay by the ‘Thirty Com-
mittee” which may be of interest to plant-
ing readers. The Cess Collection was pro-
vided for by Ordinance No. 4 of 1894—an
Ordinance to provide for the continuance
of the Export Duty on Tea levied under
Ordinance No, 15 of 1892. The collec-
tion commenced the next year and, so far as
we can make out, the total collection up to
the end of 1900 was R3,140,333; but of this
R155,799 up to the end of October, 1894, was
taken for the Chicago Exhibition, leaving
R2,984,534 to be dealt with by the ‘Thirty
Committee.” Up to the end cf 1897, their
outlay was R575,141; during 1898 it was
R531,344 ; in 1899 it equalled R726,799, while
it rose to RI1,069,209 last year, and yet ap-
parently, so far as we can judge, there
should be a balance of R82,000 over on Ist
January last? We make the total receipts
to’ be on re ww» R2,984,534
ew R2,902,493

Balance ... jas e- «=©—©. R82, 041

Of special interest is it to know that the
total of votes for America would seem te
be R1,421,255 or not far short of £100,000,
or between 400,000 and 500,000 dollars. For
Europe altogether, including Mr. Rogivue’s
votes, the total would seem to be about
R1,033,950.

The total votes for Russia, so far as we
can judge, amount to R275,957 and for the
rest of Europe, including the Paris HExhibi-
tion, R757,975. Very likely some corrections
may be necessary on our figures; but we
think they should be found to be at least close
approximations,

Now, the point is what have we got in
return for nearly £100,000 spent in America.
It is true, as some one has said, that
Cavada should not be taken so much into
account, because the people there were bound
to become more and more customers for
Indian and Ceylon teas. It was the United
States that had to be fought for, and all we
need say now is that if there had been no
“subsidising”—partial and more or less myster-
ious—but open frank advertising of a good
article, with ‘* demonstrations” at all State
Exhibitions, we cannot believe that more cus-
tomers for our teas, and permanent ones
too, would not have been won, than by the
policy actually pursued. We know adver-
tising was partially tried, chiefly through
dealers—so gaining a temporary trade in our
teas; but the object should have been to
gain the notice of the masses in the way
in which every great advertiser with a good
article goes to work.

ee
TRADE IN CEYLON: COLOMBO
AND GALLE,

We have received the following remarks on
the present condition of Ceylon trade, more
especially among the natives, which come tous

Against disbursements ox

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 58

from a correspondent at the leading port of
the South :—

“Thearticle on Madras steamer freights repro:
duced from the Madras Mail in the Observer of the
24th ult. affords some interesting information re the
cute Bombay trader. It appears he has encroached
on the Piece Goods trade of the Madras Presidency;
and in Ceylon, too, we find the same element in
active competition with the ubiquitous Moorish
trader. The latter complains that he can make no
profit on his cotton goods, although he imports them
direct from Europe, so long as the Bombay trader
can afford to undersell him. It was thought at
one time thatinferior goods, unsaleable in Bombay,
were sent to Galle ; but the secret leaks out now.
‘J W’ explains that the Dealers’ Association’con-
tract price from Manchester to Bombay is 10s 6d
per ton measurement with ten per cent primage.
With such cheap freight, the Indian merchant is
well able to secure a margin, notwithstanding the
additional expense entailed on re-shipments to
Galle or Colombo.

*‘The Maldive Islands’ trade, which was formerly
in the hands of the Moormen and gave them very
lucrative returns, is now monopolised by Bombay
capitalists. These latter have their representa-
tives in Galle and Colombo, and carry on an ex-
tensive business in coconut oil, Bombay flour, curry-
stuffs, etc.

‘* Since the Indian coasting steamers commenced
to bring regular supplies of rice from Calcutta
and the coast, the Chittagong rice trade has been
extinguished. The Chittagong crafts traded re-
gularly between that port, (Galle, the Maldives,
and Calcutta, and found here a ready market for
their rice and paddy—but at present the grain
tradeis mostly in the hands of Chetty firms witia
agencies in all the principal rice ports, who effectu-
ally combine to discourage outside competition.

‘* Another feature of local trade is, that of late,
with the acquisition of capital acquired during
the plambago boom, Sinhalese dealers have en-
tered into keen competition with the Moormenr
and Parawas in the retail shop-keeping line.

‘“‘It is obvious therefore that our friend, the
Tamby, is being gradually ousted from many of his
happy hunting grounds. Even the trade in _ pre-
cious stones which has enriched so many Moor
dealers is doomed—if the large finds of rubies and
blue sapphires reported as having been discovered
in the United States and Canada prove to be equal
to the Ceylon specimens.” ;

With regard to what is said above wae
have made enquiries in a reliable quarter and
have found everything that is said confirmed.
What. is stated is only too true. Freights
from Manchester to Bombay are a half, or
a third, of what we have topay toCeylon. The
quantity sent out to the former place being so
enormous, the rates are low, and thus the
dealers havea pull. With regard to remarks
about the local trade and Sinhalese dealers
having entered into keen competition, as a
result..of the plumbago boom at Galle,
the same may be said of Colombo. During
the last year or two, travellers for
EKuropean houses have come to Colombo in
large numbers, showing samples through
native agents, and taking orders for quan-
tities of goods far in excess of what the
market could take off.

We understand that the Banke in London
are much to blame for granting {facilities for

56. THE TROPICAL

over-trading, by buying bills on natives in
the way they have done; the consequence is
that the place is full of: goods, for which
there isalimited sale. Bills cannot be met,
and large stecks are held practically in
pawn, stocks which should never have been
imported. The best thing those interested
could do with them would be to send them
back to Kurope.
——————

CEYLON DIRECTORS AND COMBINATION.

(To the Editor, Home and Colonial Mail.)

S1g,—The remarks from the chair at the recent
meetings of Ceylon tea companies, so far as they
refer to; the question of over-production of tea, are
singularly unsatistaclury: ‘They bring into pro-
minence the question of whether directors are
justified in taking upon themselves and imposing
upon their constituents the risks involved by
ignoring the present and prospective perilous po-
' sition of the tea industry. he statistics of the
last half-dozen years show, in spite of increased
consumption, that there has been during that
period a continually increasing excess of pro-
duction over consumption to the extent of
upwards of 50 million pounds of tea, The
leading brokers are urging upon _ producers
to take note of the Board of Trade returns, and
warn them that, if surplus production is to go on
increasing on the present scale, prices are likely to
be evenfurther reduced. Yet, with these and other
equally serious facts before them, what was the
attitude of the directors at the recent meetings ?
Several advocate a policy of drift, glibly disposing
of, the difficulty by stating that matters will right
themselves by the simple law of supply and de-
mand ; a simple law, certainly, thongh, in the
sense they intend it, not one to be contemplated
with equanimity by shareholders. Then with re-
gard to the late proposal to curtail output by
mutual agreement as a remedy—which, by-the-
bye, has fallen through entirely from the supine
indifference or active opposition of Ceylon
planters—some directors excuse _ themselves
by. expressing the opinion that it was not
practicable, that it is difficult to get plan-
ters to combine for such a purpose. Indian
planters showed that it was quite possible. Others
were of opinion that there would be a sufficiently
reduced yield, because a system of plucking finer
leet would be adopted by planters, though a refer-
ence to their own estimates of yield for the current
season showed that they had framed estimates for
an equal or increased yield. Expression was given
to, an opinion that it was even doubtful whether
times were so bad that any combined effort to alter
the position of the tea market was necessary. It
would be interesting in chis connection to know at
what point such combination would become neces-
sary. [t issaid there are some 70 or 75 per cent. of
Indian and Ceylon tea companies that are not pay-
ing. Some companies are calling up the unpaid
balances on shares, others are re-arranging their
capital. Bankers are hesitating about giving facil-
ities for credit to companies. Large areas of
pew plants are coming into bearing. As no
agreement exists among planters as to output, the
current season’s crop may be as heavy as, or even
heavier than, the last, for probabilities are that
those plavters who commenced the season by pluck-
ing finer leaf in order to reduce output may revert to
coarser plucking and a larger yield if prices should

AGRICULTURIST. [JuLY 1, 1901,

not sufficiently improve, and in the face of the

present vast accumulation ot tea in stock it is most
likely prices, even for fine teas, may be disap-
pointing.

Can such a state of things be considered as not
sufficiently serious to render some co-operative
movement necessary ?

It was remarked by one director—whose ute
terances, however, were somewhat of the hot and
cold order—that ‘‘planters have it absolutely in
their own hands, on the day they combine, to alter
the whole complexion of the tea market.” Let
planters then see to it that they combine, lest the
tea market alter the whole complexion of the
planting community.

There need be no denying the fact, indiscrimin-
ate sivalry—in other words, cut-throat competition
—has reached its limit. We have passed the
days of long profits, when wild and reckless
rivalry was possible. We are now in a period
of close-margin profits, when all kinds of
combination among buyers, carriers, &c., beset
the industry on all sides,

Shareholders are usually slow to attribute blame
to those who represent them, except in times of
disaster, when,. of course, it is too late. They
are, however, becoming anxious. It has even
been suggested that a shareholders’ league might
be serviceable.— Yours faithfully,

JAMES HODGES,

Birmingham, May 21, 1901.

[Qur correspondent is in error in stating that
the excess of production over consumption is to
the extent of upwards of 50 million lb. Last year
it was 20 million lb. in excess, and the pre-
vious year 14 million lb.]

———Q@»>____

GREHN TEAS FOR EGYPT AND
NORTH AFRICA.

A colonist recalls an enquiry made of him
in Egypt ten yearsago for ‘‘ green teas”
which were said to be in great request for
the Soudan. He wishes to know it samples
of Ceylons are’ being sent to Egypt, Tunis,
Algeria and Morocco ?

-_—_- eo SO

A CURE FoR DYSENTERY.—Dr. Mougeot, whose
investigations into the subject of a cure for
dysentery have been attracting attention in Saigon
for some time past, now claims to have discovered
aremedy for the disease. Thisis the seed of the
plant named Brucca Sumatrana, belonging to the
family Simarubacee, which is found in those
parts of Southern China, Lower India, the island
of Sunda and tropical America where the malady
prevailsin its more virulent form. Both the tree
and its seed are known in the vernacular of ite
habitat by thename of kosu or kosam. It. may
be remembered that several years agothe scientist
Roger discovered a bacilus which was held to be
the cause of dysentery. In experiments which he
conducted upon animals, Dr. Mougeot found that,
wherever these bacteria were most numerous in
the bowels, the use ot the kesy seed, which, b
the way, is about a centimetre in length and lies
hidden within a small oily kernel, led to their
utter destruction. He usually administered from
six to ten seeds on the first day and twelye on
the second, in which time achange for the better
generally became apparent. Dr. Mougeot claims
that 871 out of 879 cases experimented upon
proved successful.—Pioneer, June 2.

‘Juny 1, 1901.1 THE TROPICAL

ROYAL COLONIAL TOUR.
TEA CULTIVATION IN CEYLON.
(From Our Special Correspondent.)
H. M.S. ST. GEORGE, Singapore, April 22.

It is one of the penalties of a visit to Ceylon
that a great feeling of regret arises when the day
of departure arrives, tempered, it is true, by the
hope that in the future one’s eyes may again rest
on a land so fair ard beautiful. One of the leading
residents of the island remarked recently, at some
function, ‘*‘that it is the opinion of the present
Governor, Sir J. West Ridgeway, and of the lead-
ing Colonists and officials, that Ceylon only needs
to be better and more widely known to be still
more appreciated.” This isa true sentiment, and
the Royal visit should do much to enhance the
popularity of the most prosperous of the Crown
Colonies. It possesses features that should at-
tract all. As the island is today, those travelling
for pleasure will find much to gratify their tastes
in the rich and glorious scenery, the simple, quiet,
and inoffensive habits of the native races, and in
the hill districts a climate which has the reputa-
tion of being one of the most enjoyable in the
world. To the student of book-lore there is no
lack of opportunity for interesting research. The
several races which now form the native popula-
tion have woven in the past a fascinating record
in which many of the blackest spots are, it is
sad to say, due to the presence of unscrupulous
European adventurers. Inthe wonderful ruins,
which the archeologist delights to unearth for his
own instruction and that of mankind, are signs
that in the earlier days of the world Ceylon was
inhabited by a noble race, of high intelligenee
and capabilities.

The point of prosperity to which the island of
Oeylon has attained at the commencement

OF THE 20TH CENTURY

is the more remarkable and __ praiseworthy
since less than twenty years ago it was
nigh sick unto death through a_ trade disease,
brought about by the failure of the coffee berry
in 1874, from which, thanks to the danntless
spirit and enterprise of the planters, whose sal-
vation came with the planting of the tea-shrub,
a recovery so rapid and marvellous has been made.
Itis true that the tea plant was first introduced
into Ceylon as early as 1842, when a field was
laid out in the Ramboda Pass, but no serious
attempt at its cultivation was made till the col-
lapse ot coffee gave it the opening wanted. Hap-
pily, in this hour of tribulation, the planters did
not despair. Like men they put their backs to the
wheel, andshoved hard, until once ‘more the cart
of their fortunes no longer travelled brake-less
down the road of ruin. A brilliant and most
accomplished Governor, Sir Arthur Gordon, atver-
wards Lord Stanmore, was there to aid their efforts,
and until the culvivation of tea came to maturily
the evil years were tided over by the cultivation
of cinchona, a tree from whose bark is produced
the febrifuge, quinine, Its rise and fall forms a
short chapter in the agricultural history of Ceylon,
but it bridged over the most disastrous period.
The development of

TEA CULTIVATION

has been marvellous. Wherein, then, lies
the secret of the marvellous diversion of
a staple trade from an_ old-established cen-
tre a to new and younger rivals, who,

AGRICULTURIST. 57

moreover, were handicapped in their dealings,
owing to the artificial rise in the value of
the rupee, due to legislation, which operated
to the disadvantage of the Indian and
Ceylon planter in competition with the Chinese
manufacturer? The secret will be found in the
value, purity, and cleanliness of the tea manus
factured under European supervision, and scien-
tifically prepared by machinery, as compared with
the primitive methods of Chinese hand labour,
It is said by these speaking with knowledge that,
if peonle at home knew how the China tea was
prepared for the market, they would never drink
it again, Itis not my intention to enter into any
detailed description of tea-growing and manu-
facture. Although passing a few estates, the
journey to Kandy only takes the traveller to the
border of the tea country, which lies more or less
in a semi-circle running north and south to the
east of this town; but as many of those with
whom we came in contact during our stay were
connected with the industry, it is obvious that
with such an interesting subject for discussion our
knowledge of tea cultivation was materially
increased.

Of Colombo our glimpse was too brief to convey
more than apileasurable impression. It contains
many modern and handsome buildings, and,
further, possesses the reputation of having several
of the best hotel in the Hast.

Although I fear I have written at too con.
siderable length, for which the interest of my
subject can be my only excuse, mention must
be made of the

FAMOUS BOTANICAL GARDENS

at Peradeniya, some four miles from Kandy. Here,
in a large space of 150 acres, most carefully laid
out, and with its well-trimmed turf recalling at
times the precincts of an English park land, is
stored a marvellous wealth of tropical vegetation,
such as is, perhaps, to be found in no other spot
on earth, ‘The utmost care is lavished on the
growth and cultivation of the plants, with the
result that one may wander for hours through
avenues of stately beauty. Scientific instruction
has not been allowed to overrule picturesque effect,
and the feelings of the visitor are in a manner
largely reflected by the remark of one who said
his taste tor an English hothouse had been abso-
lutely spoilt by the view of this wonderful
garden, Perhaps, in the midst of all the marvels
of the earth’s raiment none is more remarkable
than the Talipot palm. The screw pine, the
banyan tree, with its weird roots crawling like
pythons over the ground, clumps ef bamboos,
which soar with tufted feathery crests a hun-
dred feet or more above ground, and many
others are all beautiful, but the Talipot palm
outdoes them all. In its early growth for the
first ten years it spreads out great fan-shaped
leaves, and then the trunk begins to form. The
natives compute the uses to which the tree can be

put as 801, of which the foremost are a rain-cloak |

and a sunshade. Some of the leaves will shade
or keep dry twenty men; three or four make an
excellent tent. Like the papyrus of the ancients,
the Talipot leaves when boiled and dried are
used for writing under the native terin of ola.
On strips of ola historical records and religious
codes have been handed down from time im-
memorial. There exist manuscripts 2,000 years
old in a perfect state of preservaticn, with the
Pali characters ay clear and distinct as when

58 THE TROPICAL

first graven, When the palm approaches full
maturity, it develops a great bud, which in due
course bursts with a report, and lovely white
blossoms unfold and spread in a pyramid shape
of creamy flowers. But like the swan’s song,
the flowering of the Talipot announces its doom.
Withina year it has druoped and dried.—Daily
Telegraph, May 22.

je ee
MR. THOMAS CHRISTY OF LONDON
ON HIS TRAVELS.

SOAP-MAKING AND COCONUT OIL:
A NEW PATENT.

IMPROVED ORANGE CULTURE FOR
EGYPT—WHY NOT FOR CEYLON?

There are few more enterprising, inven-
tive or interesting men of business in the
City of London than Mr. Thomas Christy, the
head of the well-known drugs and new plants
and products’ importing house, the inventor
of the Rubber-separating machine, and of
many more useful little articles, and the
first to utilise several new plants for medi-
cinal, art or industrial purposes. We have
just received two chatty letters from him,
telling of a recent visit to Egypt where the
temperature was so unusually cold that many
of his old China friends on board the steamer
pressed him to go on to Ceylon; but he could
not spare the time. We venture to quote the
purport of his letter regarding Egypt, dated
14th May :—

“While in Egypt I carried on my researches in
that wonderful country, and 1 think, from what I can
see, that it will come out one of the richest countries
connected with England,—the people are so hard-work-
ing and they use their brains to arrive at a result,
I take advantage of the present note to ask if you
can help me in a matter. I believe thatthere are
oil mills in certain parts of Ceylon; I want to know
what class of oil they press, and if they turn any of
it into soap; further, if the manufacture of soap
direct from the oil would be a matter worth following
up for Ceylon. The reason of my troubling you is
that in Egypt some of the soap-makers complained
that they were not successful in working the cotton-
seed oil. Ipromised them that I would at once look
into the matter, and I conferred with chemists in
this country who have worked at it, and I believe

we have hit off a very inexpensive process. If it -

works well in Egypt it will also be applicable for
Ceylon.

‘OrancEs.—I worked considerably at this, and was
interested to find out why the oranges were so degener-
ating and becoming full of core and pips instead of
being fine, large, juicy oranges. 1 learned that the
natives were grafting plants yielding the red or blood
orange on to grafts from their own varieties of oranges.
This resulted in an orange that looks very well on
the barrow or in the shop windows, and keeps its color
for some length of time, but the natives will not
allow the oranges to properly ripen; this is a very
bad feature. The first-class orange that we know of
in this country, and which stands the journey well
from California, is the Waval Orange, and I have
written to my friends in Egypt to try and secure
plants and cuttings of these, and do away with the
dry-cored, hard orange without juice. While on this
question of the red or blood orange, Imay say that
with the assistance of Admiral Blomfield I threshed
out this subject. The old idea was that the pome-
granate pollen, impregnating that of the orange,
caused the blood red color. This is a botanical im-
possibility, so I don’t go into that matter further ; but

AGRICULTURIST. [JULY 1, 1901.

Ilearned that itis the red pomelo which is found in
the island of Labuan, and which is a species of orange ;
these pomelos were sent to Amoy and as Malta is
supposed to be the origin of the red Maltese Blood
Oranges, I was curious to find ont how it was that
this occurred, I learned that the Jesuits had sent the
pomelo and orange trees home to Europe and they
had sent them to Malta; hence the idea of the Malta
blood orange being unique, whereas this red orange
is nowto be found all along the shores of the Medi-
terranean and in many instances has greatly de-
teriorated the fruit and it has also been largely sent
to Egypt. People often express their disappointment
when they see on a barrow or in a shop, especially
abroad, a fine orange, very black in the centre,
and on securing some from the same pile find
that they are not nearly so red as the decoys put
outside. I learned in Egypt that these decoys are
produced by allowing the orange to thoroughly ripen
on the tree, when it takes up a much deeper shade
of color. Further, if it is desired to increase the
pie ana Be depth of color they manure the tree
eavily. This will give them a good yiel

igceoy) fruit. - ; Agee:
_ ‘I was enabled to secure some very fine oran

in Egypt. One of the dealers nanicnt me a ae
basket, and when I went on board the steamer [
handed it over to the second steward, who put itin
the cool room. These oranges arrived in England in
perfect condition and were very much appreciated for
their fine flavour. I do not know if it has occurred
to any of your merchants in Ceylon to purchase
oranges at a low price and try shipping them in cold
chambers to London. The Navel orange sells in the
shops here for 3d, 4d, and 5d cach, and there isa
great demand for them.

“In Egypt the orange is being cultivated to an ex-
tent that is almost incredible; gardens of 300 to 400
acres each are not uncommon, and already the landed
proprietors are seeking to get into connection with
steamship owners to follow the example of the Jamaica
firms of shipping their fruit to England, but in Egypt
they have another great advantage, and that is that
the country produces the most magnificent vegetables.

Alas! that Ceylon should be so far behind
with its fruit cultivation, and that of oranges
in particular; but Mr. Christy’s letter affords
encouragement to any planters who have
gone in for Mr. Pearson’s offer to supply
reliable kinds. and we trust to hear of
improvement and success in culture. Mean-
time, why should not a Rangala, Hewaheta
or Maturata planter try a case of his
oranges—such as they are—to the London
market. Sent inthe cold room, they shouid
arrive in good order and possibly to a good
market.

As regards coconut-oil and soap-making in
Ceylcn we have no very encouraging story
to relate; but first let us hear what Mr. Christy
has to tell us in asecond letter, dated 17th
May :—

“I send you by sample post a specimen of soap
made in five minutes from coconut oil. I thought it
would interest you to have a specimen that you could
show, because it probably will become a valuable pro-
cess, especially in countries whereoil exists in gquan-
tities but yet is difficult of transport. I may say that
the process is very inexpensive and most simple and
it is done without heat. My friend, the chemist,
labels it ‘‘ process almost instantaneous.’ but I put
it down at 5 minutes. Use it in any way and put it
to any test you like; I can easily send you more at
any time. I send you copy of the letter with sample
that I received this moruing.”

(From the Chemist to Mr. Christy.)

“ By this post I am sending you a sample of pure
coconut oil saponified by my rapid cold process. Nothing
beyond very ordinary mixing arrangements are re-

Jury 1, 190i.]

quired for the purpose. It would remain sufficiently
liquid to allow of being run into barrels or boxes,
and it would quickly set as hard as a rock, The
packages need not be expensive, as no ordinary at-
mospheric temperature would re-melt it, This appears
to me the best way of packing this prodact, as in the
raw condition the loss is enormous. Of course in
this condition it would only be suitable for the soap-
makers. But this trade uses the bulk of the produc-
tion and in addition to the saving in waste they
would have the advantage of having a ready-made
soap which only requires mixing.”

The specimen of soap sent to us is rather
crude, and we fancy the article that used
to be manfactured at the Hultsdorf local
coconut oil mills was much superior. In
1890 we exported 660 cwt of local manufac-
ture, chiefly to Mauritius: but all this
manutacture and trade has died away; and
we import now over R220,000 (£15,000) worth
of soap each year, although we suppose more
coconut oil is shipped from Colombo than
from any other port in the world.

BSS I ag
CITRONELLA AND LEMON-GRASS OIL.

From the Semi-Annual Report of Messrs.
Schimmel & Co. (Fritzsche Brothers), Miltitz, near
Leipzig, London and New York, April-May, 1901,
we quote some paragraphs of local interest :—

CINNAMON OIL, CEYLON.—In consequence of
insutticient demand, it has at last been decided at
Colombo to reduce the price of larger parcels of
fine chips. The reason why the sellers of these
chips have given way is no doubt partly due to
the favourable prices which they have recently
obtained for the cinuamon quill shipments.

CITRONELLA O1L.—The value of this important
perfume has, during the last six months, under-
gone a further decline to about 94d per lb., at
which figure it has now stood for three or four
months, All reports agree that a further reduction
is impossible. It is much more probable that
there will be a decided rise: for it is stated in
authoritative quarters that, owing to the un-
profitable prices, the cultivation of citronella grass
has been entirely given up on many large plant-
ations in the Akuressa and Baddegama districts,
and has been superseded by tea plantations which
yield much more profitable results. Our corre-
spondent estimates the falling-off in the production
at at least 25 percent. If this estimate comes
true, which we do not doubt, the reduced pro-
duction would probably soon affect the quotations.
In spite of the low price, this article is constantly
being adulterated in a most unheard-of manner.
To the usual method of adulteration with kerosene
has now been added that with camphor oil; in
fact, no other article gives so much work to our
analytical laboratory. In what condition should
we be, if there were no means of checking the
quality ! The fine Java quality, specially distilled
for us, is more and more appreciated, and is also
purchased by many practical experts, who are well
able to estimate a thing at its proper value. The
yield of this quality is enormous, the perfume
exquisite. For fine honey soaps orly this oil
should be used. We received recently several
very interesting photographs of plantations and
distilling installations supplying this oil, and hope
to reproduce them, for the benefit of our readers,
jn our next Report,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 59

LEMONGRASS O1IL.—The value of this article
has risen during the last few months to 44d per
ounce, which woula be about equal to a quotation
of 14 marks. Whereas the annual export from
Cochin usually comes. to between 2000 and 3000
cases, the export in 1900 only amounted to 1600
cases, a quantity which is decidedly too small for
the present consumption, since the manufacture of
citral has placed this article in a totally different
position. A return to the previous values is not
to be relied upon. The opportune importation of
large quantities has placed us in a position to
accept orders below the present quotations.

<>
VARIORUM,

RaFIA Fisre in Mapacascar.—Rofia, or as it is
generally spelt, “rafia,’is the Malagasy name of a
Palm which furnishes astaple article of commerce,
called rafia fibre. It is indigenous to Madagascar,
and it istobe met with everywhere on the coasts,
needing neither cultivation nor attention of any kind,
It is not a stately Palm, but sends its enormous
branches from near the ground ;in a fine specimen
one branch is almost a tree in itself. The rib on each
branch is as muchas 20 feet long, of a pearly grey
colour, smooth and shiny, flat on the inner surface, but
otherwise round, without any knobs, and so exceeding-
ly hard. At the base it is as large as an ordinary
champagne-bLottle and tapers to a point at the top.
The inside consists of a light pith, which can be split
into layers of any thickness. Possibly, says the
United States Consul at Tamatave, it is thisor an
analogous production, which is used for making pith
helmets inthe East. Naturally these ribs combine
great strength with wonderful lightness and are
used for shafts for ‘‘filanjanas’”’ or palanquins, lad-
ders orother purposes, but otherwise have no parti-
cular commercial value. It is the pinnate leaves
which produce the rafia fibre of commerce. One
Palm frond will produce eighty or one hundred long
green leaflets, from 2 to 5 feet in length, like the leaves
of the Sugar-cane, but of a dark, lustrous green, and
both thicker and stiffer. These again contain a
round and pliant rib, which the natives utilise for
making baskets and dredges for catching small

fish and shrimps in the rivers after they have
stripped off the green part which furnishes
the fibre. The under part of this green leaf
(which is not exposed to the light, as it remains

folded), is of a pale greenish-yellow colour, and from
that side the inner skin can be peeled off in the same
manner as the skin on the outside of a Pea-pod, except
that it peels off straight to the tip without breaking,
It is then of the palest green, and after being dried in
the sun assumes a light straw colour. Thisis the rafia
fibre of commerce. It was originally sought for by the
natives for use in articles cf clothing. The men bring
in the fronds, and women and girls weave it on hand-
looms, of any coarseness or fineness. Woven just as
it is peeled off from the fronds, it forms a kind of sack-
ing used for wrapping goods, while the perfection of the
art, as known by the Hovas only, is to weave a tissue
of which the warp is rafia fibre split very fine, and the
weft of white silk. This gives an article called silk
lamba, which fetches fancy prices in Europe and
America. The coast tribes use it for clothing, but of
moderate fineness, with dyed stripes of indigo, saffron,
black, and adirty green. Itis a cold, comfortlesselook-
ing material, and refuses to adapt itself to any folds
that a sculptor would care to copy. Rafia fibre is used
in Madagascar by nurserymen, gardeners, &c., for tying
up vines and flowers, and possibly for grafting. It
possesses the advantage of being as soft as silk, and is
not affected by moisture or change of temperature so
as to risk cutting or wounding the most delicate ten-
drils, and it does not break or ravel when folded or
knotted. These qualities bring it into use all over
Enrope, and consequently maintain its price, It ig

60 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

virtually inexhaustible in Madagascar,the supply being
limited only by the scarcity of labour. For export the
fibre is merely colleoted in large skeins, twisted up or
plaited, and then baled like raw cotton, Madagascar
exports about 20,000 bales annually.—Journal of the
Society of Arts.

——__<,__-___..

THE MANUFACTURE OF COCONUT
BUTTER IN GERMANY.

The manufacture of cononut butter is an industry
of some importance in the City of Mannheim. The
Mannheim factory is said to be the only one of any
considerable size in Germany ; it has an output of
about 10 tons of butter a day. The product is sold
under the name of ‘‘ Palmin '’—a registered trade name
—or coconut butter (‘‘ Kokosnuss butter’). It is
manufactured from the kernels of coconuts, and is
used as a substitute for butter and lard in cooking.
Consul Harris of Mannheim says that, as sold, it is
generally white in colour, almost tasteless, melts at
about 80° Fahr., andis of about the consistency of
mutton or beef tallow. When desired by retail custom-

‘ers who are bakers, confectioners, &c,, the product
is coloured to resemble ordinary butter: When
furnished to dealers it is unlawful to colourit. The
proprietors of the factory at Mannheim, referred to
above, claim that an analysis of their product shows
it to contain more than 90 per cent. of vegetable fat,
with but a slight trace of water, while ordinary butter
contains about 85 per cent. of fat and nearly 15 per
cent. of water. It is stated that the substance does
not become rancid easily, that it will keep for three
or four months in a coolroom, and that it is much
more wholesome and easily digested than the ordinary
fats used for baking and cooking. For this reason
the product has met with considerable favour ir
German hospitals and other institutions, and for use
in army camps. Coconut butter is generally put up
in square packages, wrapped in parchment paper, a
small percentage being sold in tin cans. The latter
are hermetically sealed for shipment during hot
weather. The product is sold at one price through-
out Germany, namely, about eight-pence per pound,
or about half the price of ordinary butter, ‘The kernel
of the coconut is imported in thoroughly dried strips,
forming the ‘‘ copra ’’ of commerce. It is subjected to
various refining processes, by which all the free acids
and other substances are separated, leaving only the
vegetable fat. In the latter stages of the manufac-
ture the product resembles ordinary butter recently
churned, It is placed in machines, similar to the
Separators used in creameries, in which the water
and other foreign substances are separated by
centrifugal force. In the manufacture of coconut
butter a by-product, consisting of free acids and
other substances, is obtained, and sold to soap manu-
facturers.— Jowrnal of the Society of Arts, May 24.

Bee es aia
RUBBER NOTES.

Experiments in the cultivation of the ficus elas-
tica at Katha, in Upper Burmah, have not been
very successful, only eighty-two out of 370 seedlings
planted survived at the end of the past year, It is
stated that the Rubber Trade in the Lagos district
has almost reached a position of complete standstill.
This anxiety is well founded, and there are some
substantial reasons for believing that other causes
than the failure of the rubber trees are operating,
to obstruct and kill the trade.—India Rubber Journal,
May 13,

ee

SEYCHELLES NOTES.

Vani~ua.—Our next year’s vanilla crop promises to
be a very good one. IJ'he rains in November, how-
ever, prevented it being the bymper crop it then

perance, but is decidedly nasty.

[Jury 1, 1901.

appeared to promise. The owners of the mountain-
vanilla estates were the heaviest losers, owing to the
rain, It came down steadily just a day or two be-
fore the great flowering days, the result being that
thousands of flowers were not fecandated. The area
under vanilla in the Colony is steadily increasing,
There are a good many diseased vines about all
over the islands, bat now, owing to each vine being
kept distinctly separate from its neighbour, the fell
vanilla-disease cannot cause the ruin of our planta-
tions as it did in 1889 and following years.

Soap.—The exports of soap from the Seychelles
per the British India steamers to Zanzibar and the
Hast Coast of Africa continue to expand. Conse-
quently caustic soda is being imported here in in-
creasivg quantities. The bulk of it comes from New-
castle-on-''yne. One of the chief causes of the
flourishing state of our soap industry is the low
price at which coconut oil has been selling. This
oil is only worth now about 1°60 r per velt (13 gal.),
instead of over 2r a year or two ago.

Guano.—The exports of so-called “‘ guano” from the
Admirantes Islands (a dependency of Sychelles) are
also increasing. Shiploads have been sent recently
from Remire {sland to Durban and Mauritius. As
{ think Ialready told you, this stuffis only rich in
phosphates, but it is an excellent material to use
as a basis with which to mix other kinds of fer-
tilisers.—A Seychelles Cor. to the Chemist and Druggist
or May 11.

eq“

THE TRADE ON TEA:
(To the Editor, Grocers’ Journal.)

Siz,—In your capital leading article on “‘ The Trade
in Tea,” in last week’s Grocers’ Journal, you say that
tea is still, as it always has been, the chief glory of a
grocer's business. This is certainly what it ought te
be, but I must confess that it is difficalt te see where
the glory comes in. Selling a strong, dark, bitter,
dyspeptic Assam, with a little tasteless unfreshing
Ceyion thrown into the blend, and perhaps some un-
eommonly common China (not to improve the flavenr
but to make a little more profit), in possibly a very
handsomely decorated canister, at an impossible price,
does not, in my opinion, add largely to the glory of
the tea trade. Neither is it likely to assist the public
to value or enjoy the infusion. It is true there is
“nothing like tea’? when you get five China tea
properly made, and I have proved over and over again
that ninety-five people ont of a hundred appreciate
such tea, which refreshes them more than cocoa or
chocolate, and is palatable without milk and sugar.
This is more than can be said of common Indian
tea, which is not only injurious to health and tem-
I agree with you
that China tea has long been under a cloud. This
has been brought about through the trade, as a body,
shirking the trouble of selecting China tea when
they got strong liquoring Assams at low prices.
These latter produced a dark-coloured liquor, and
were puffed as more economical than China at the
same price; and it was asserted that three-quarters
of a pound made as much liquor as a pound of China
at the same price. Old-fashioned people who knew
anything about tea were not gulled by this specious
argument, and did not give up drinking pure China
tea ; but gradually it became more and more trouble-
some to get a pound of tea anywhere that was not
heavily dosed with Assam, which ultimately swamped
all the old flavour of China tea out of the blend, and
then the trade (all but a few old houses) bought an@
sold nothing but a mixture of Indian and Ceylon, te
save trouble and secure a profit. At the present time
itis almost impossible to find a grocer who has a
pound of really fine China tea in stock, and equally
impossible to find a customer who has any knowledge
of the quality be gets for his money. Whisky and
tobacco have not improved the public palate, or the
teas now supplied by the bulk of the trade would

Juty 1, 1901. THE TROPICAL

command a very limited sale. I again agree with
your remark about the complaint ‘‘I can’t drink tea”
beirg so common now, but this mostly comes from
People over forty, who are wise enough not to swallow
a tea that would give them dyspepsia, or from the
young who have not tasted a really enjoyable cup of
choice China tea, and are quite disgusted with the
bitter barnt flavour of cheap Indian tea.—I am,
yours, etc., Cinque Ports,

Boswell House, Bolt Qourt, EH. 0., May 20, 1901.
—Grocers’ Journal, May 25.

wes =e Oe

CINCHONA IN JAVA AND PROSPECTS.

The condition of cinchona cultivation in Java is
not altogether that of an open book, at least so far
as knowledge in the London market is concerned,
for it is a prey to all sorts of rumours, especially as
to cultivation being on the decline, We have during
the past ten days had the opportunity of getting
authentic information on the matter from two
gentlemen who are not primarily interested in cin-
chona production. Oneresided in Java for nearly
ten years, following a scientific pursuit, and the
other spent nearly two months in the island investi-
gating the cinchona question, Both agree that
cinchona cultivation is on the up grade in
Java, and that the cultivation of ledger trees there
may besaid to be inits infancy. Kverything is
giving way to ledger trees, which are all planted
as graftings upon succirubra seedlings. These
compound plants flourish exceedingly in the well-
cultivated soil, which is kept as clean as any
Surrey market-garden. There is no sign of any
plantations going out of cultivation; rather the
contrary, as the whole tendency is to get bark of
high quinine percentage. Much interestis taken
by the planters in the Bandong Quinine-factory,
and, as the planters can with advantage get their
highest-yielding barks worked ap there, they do
not export the best barks. The factory is now
the only one in Java, andit is slowly making its
influence felt on the market. Last year it sold
900,000 oz. of quinine by auction locally, the bulk
of it going to the United States. We may note

_ that the exports of quinine from Germany to the

United States decreased 1,000,000 oz. last year. It
has often been asserted that the Java planters
have the quinine situation in their own hands, if
they would come to some agreement to restrict
the output or control the supply of bark.
This is just what they cannot, or will not,
do, On the contrary, they ship larger quantities
every season. For instance, the shipments for
1898-1900 have averaged over 11,000,000 Amster-
dam lb, perannum, against an average of 9,000,000
for 1895-1897. During the first four months of this
year the shipments also show the large increase of
nearly 1,000,000 Amsterdam lb. To this fact, taken
together with the heavy London stock of quinine,
is attributed the recent depression of the market
and want of confidence among speculators. During
this week there has been a slight revival, but it
is thought to be merely a ‘‘ move” with the idea
of giving a fillip to the bark auctions at Amster-
dam at which the quantity offered is again large,
representing nearly 1,080,000 oz. quinine in the
bark, or over 30 tons. The result of these auctions
will be found in our Trade Report, and will be
eagerly awaited by quinine speculators and dealers
generally, for upon it depends the immediate
course of the quinine market. According to the

rug statistics there was a stock of 3,330,000 oz of
quinine in the London warehouses at the end of
April, and, although this is slightly less than the

AGRICULTURIST. 61

stock at the corresponding period of 1900, it has
none the less disheartened speculators. The deliy-
eries for April were only 37,000 oz., while theimports
reached the respectable total of 218,480 oz. The
above stock is a heavy one, and thefigures since the
beginning of the year, month by month, show that
it is normal in recent history :—

1901 1900

OZ. Oz.
January 3,300,000 2,800,000
February 3,100,000 3,090,000
March 3,150,000 3,320,000
April 3,330,000 3,430,000

We may repeat, in regard to the heavy shipments
of cinchona from Java, that they are not a matter
of uprooting trees or anything of that kind, but are
simply the natural outeome of a culture which is
carried on with excessively cheap native labour, and
under the best possible scientific conditions, There
is no evidence, as far as we can gather, that this is
done et a loss tothe planters, and they are not in
the slightest interested in what will suit quinine

Y

speculators.—Chemist and Druggist, May 11th.

PLANTING NOTES.

PISCICULTURE.—We are obliged to Mr,
Farr for his suggestive note on this subject,
To improve the fish supply of the island, to
stock our large rivers, tanks, and lakes with
new. and suitable species, is a matter of as
much importance to the Colony at large, in
its own proportion, as to spend large sums on
“irrigation” or “railways.” Let our Legis-
lative Councillors bestir themselves.

A New Lopevia.—Mr W V Fitzgerald has
published in the West Australian a description
of a new species of lobelia, named L Gowldii,
after Mr L H L Gould, of Mt. Malcolm, who
forwarded the specimens from which the species
isdetermined. 1¢ flowers profusely late in Septem-
ber, forms large patches in terruginous, gravelly,
or sandy soil, aud would be of horticultural value
where a bedding-plant of violet colour was required.
It is a little pliant, two inches to four inches
high, with large violet flowers, singly termina-
ting in large branch-like peduncles, The corolla
is three-quarters of an inch to nearly one inch
long. —Chemist and Drugqgist.

TOMATOES ARE MOST HELPFUL TO THE SYSTEM—
when eaten raw, as the volatile oil they contain is
dissipated by theheat ofcooking. Green vegetables,
such as spinach and cabbage, are invaluable as
medical articles of diet, as they possess blood-
purifying properties and act indirectly on the liver,
Turnips, are nutritious, while the young tarnip-
tops are possessed of tonic properties. Parsley is
a blood purifier, and should be eaten both raw
and cooked. An almost exclusive diet of fruit
and vegetables is supposed to induce purity of
complexion.—Indian Agriculturist, June 1.

THE CULTIVATION OF TEA IN NaTaAL.—Some
ten years since we gave afew figures respecting
the growth of Tea in Natal, supplied by the head
of the Aricultural Department. At that time it
was thought that a good market could be found
in this country and at the Cape for all that could
ve spared after satisfying the needs of the pro-
prietors of the Tea plantation. Progress has
certainly been made, but not by leaps and bounds,
The estimate for the supply of 1901 is 14 million
of pounds, or an increase over the production of last

year of 290,000 lbs. Gardeners’ Chronicle, May 20,

62

SHARE LIST.

[ISSUED BY THE

COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’
ASSOCIATION,

CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES.

paid

Company p. sh.
Agra Ouvah Estates Co., Ltd. 500
Ceylon Ta and Coconut Estates 600

Castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100
Ceylon Provincial Estates Co. Ltd. 600

Claremont Estates Co., Ltd. 100
Clunes Tea Co., Ltd. 106
Clyde Estates Co., Ltd. 100

Dsomoo Tea Go., of Ceylon Ltd. 100
Drayton Estate Co., Ltd. 100

Kila Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100
Estates Co., of Uva, Ltd. 500
Gangawatta 500
Glasgow Estate Co., Ltd. 500
Great Western Tea Co., Ltd, 510
AHapugahalande Tea Wstate Co. 208
High Forests Kistates Co., Ltd 600

Do part paid 400
Horekelley Estates Co., Luc, 100
Kalutara Co., Ltd. 606
Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 106
Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100
Kelani Tea Garden Co., Ltd. 100
Kirklees Estates Co., Ltd. 100
Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100
Maha Uva Estates Co., Ltd 600
Mocha Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 600
Nahavilla Estate Co., Ltd. 500
Neboda Tea., Co. Ltd 600
Nyassaland Coffee Co. Ltd 10
Ottery Estates Co., Ltd 100
Palmerston Tea Co., Ltd. 500
Penrhos Estates Co., Ltd. 100
Pitakanda Tea Company 600
Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60
Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 100
Batwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. 600
Rayigam Tea Co. Ltd. 100
Boeberry Tea Co., Ltd. 100
Ruanwella Tea Co., Ltd. 100
8t. Heliex’s Tea Co., Ltd. 600
Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 100

Do 7 per cent Prefs. 100
Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd. 600
Udabage Estate Co., Ltd. 100
Jdugama Tea & Timber Co., Ltd. 50
Onion Estate Co., Ltd. 600
Upper Maskeliya Estaies Co.

td. 500
Ovakellie Tea ©o., of Ceylon,

Ltd.

Vogan Tea, Co,, Ltd. 100
WanarajahTea Co.,Ltd. 500
Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd, 100

Buy-

ers.

55

Sell-

ers.

450
60
308

Onyiton OommerorAL Companigs.

Adam's Peak Hotel Oo., Ltd. 100
Bristol Hotel Co., Ltd. 100

Do 7 per cant Debts 100
Oeylon Gen. Steam Navgtn:

Co., Ltd. 190
Colombo Apothecaries’ Co. Ltd, 100
Colompo Assembly Rooms Co.,

Ltd. 20

Do prefs. 20
Colombo Fort Land and Building
Co., Ltd. 100
Colombo Hotels Company 100
Galle Face Hotel Co., Mtd. 100
Kandy Hotels Co., Ltd. 100

Mount Lavinia Hotel Co., Ltd. 600

New Coloinbo Ice Co., Ltd. 100
Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd, 30

Do 7 per cent prefs, 100
Public Hall Co,, Ltd, “ 20

1¢0
12

es 152°60
1

22°50

14

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Tran-

sactions

Eos Re

IS (ate Tela iets ys

[Jury 1, 1901.

LONDON COMPANIES. x

paid Buy- Sell- Tran-
Company p. sh. ers. ers. saction

Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 oy Bae oo,
Anglo-Ceylon General Estates Co. 100 35—45 -
Associated Estates Uo., of Ceylon 10 — 13-2

Do. 6 per cent prefs, 10 ar 4—6 a:
Ceylon Proprietary Co. 1 ree = ee
Ceylon Tea Plantacion Co., Ltd. 10 24-25 a,
Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd. 5 53—6 :

Do prets. 5 55-6 ae
Eastern Produce & Estates Co. Ltd. 5 on 43--£ Z
Ederapolla Tea Co., Ltd. 10 aaa 7—10), oa
imperial Tea Estates Co., Ltd, 10 o. 43-55 «.
Kelani Valley Tea Assen., Ltd. 6 oe 5—6 ¥r
Kintyre Estates Co., Lid. 10 0071 6—8 455
Lanka Plantation Co., Ltd. 10 44, 4—5 mm
Nahalma Estates Co ,Ltd. 1 + nom ;
New Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1 > 2'-—3
Nuwara tliya Lea Ksiate Co., Ld. 10 93 5 :
Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd. 10 45 6—7 “Fs
Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 16 ac 9-10 ..
Scottish Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 —~ 13--15
Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 10 ee 24—32
Standard ‘Te Ca., Ltd. ht) fies E
The Shell Transport and Trading
Company, Ltd. 1 . 22-33 s

Uknwella states Co., Ltd. 25 _ par
Vatiyantute Ceylon Tea Cu., Ltd. 10 w 63—7$

Do. pref. 6 o/o 10 10 —10} 2

BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE.
Colombo, June 28th, 1901,
* Latest London Prices.

io
RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO.
(Supplied by the Surveyor—General.)

Ay of

1896. |1897. | 1898. |1899. |1900 31yrs. 19C1
Inch | Inch | Inch _ | Inch.| Inch. | Inch.}| Inch*
January ..| 2°92 | 3°81 | 2°32 6°98 3°72 | 3°24 )11°9L
February ..| 0°35 | 1°68 | 1°98 278 0°63 | 1°89 | 3°55
March 5°64 | 3°66 | 4°21 0°88 3°71 Ap 4 S12
April 5°93 |10°97 | 22°81 6°66 | 15712 |11°43 | 8°71
May 9°31 | 8°30 | 5°80 {17°73 | 1063 |12°04 | 6°28
June 8°37 |10°14 | 10°94 9°23 7°83 8°35 | 5°90®
July 2°85 | 5°24 | 6°15 111 6°77 4°30
August ..| 6°35 |.9°09 | 0°97 | 0°62 735 | 3°79
September | 10°99 | 4°58 6°90 1°48 4°00 | 4°98
October -|16°78 | 4°71 | 20°60 {12:99 9°47 |14°36
November..| 19.81 |11°66 | 17°38 | 8°58 9°25 |12°55
December..|11°76 | 8°89 | 3-05 | 4°44 5°20 | 6°35
Total. .|101°06/82°73 }103°11 |73°48 | 83°68 | 88°03 |41°47

* From Ist to ¥éth June 4°36 inches, that is up to 9-36 a.m
onthe 27th June —ED. €.0

woe

BRICKS FROM SLAG.

The problem of what to do with slag seems to
have been solved by the George-Marien Mining
and Smelting Company, at Osnabruck, where
the granulated slag from blast furnaces is mixed
with slag cement in the proportion of one part of
slag to eight parts of cement, and the mixture is
compressed into bricks weighing 74 lb, After two
or three months’ exposure to the air these bricks
are suitable for building purposes. Whilst they
are newly made they can be cut to any shape
desired, and their rough surface facilitates their
use with a minimu.n of mortar. These bricks will
sustain a pressure of 1,500 lb per square inch, and
are very suitable for resisting the hizh tempera-
tureof factory chimneys. The slag finely granulated
and mixed with cement in the proportions of
eleven to one furnishes excellent mortar.—Sell’s
Commercial Intelligence.

Cn nn EEE

TEA In Sicity.—We learn from Nature
that an attempt was made to grow the tea
bush in Sicily (from Japan plants) so far back
as 1872; but not much success attended the
cultivation, and, as nothing has been heard of
it since, we suppose the trial was abandoned,

Juty 1, 1901.]
COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.)

EXPORTS.
Colombo, 24th June, 1901.

CaRDAMOMS :—
Allround parcel, well bleached per lb. R1°45
Do. dull medium do. R1:20
Special assortment, 0 and 1 only do. R1°80
Seeds do. R140

CrncHonA BARK :—
Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine 13c— 13 to 3 o/o.
CINNAMON '—

Ordinary assortment per lb. 56c.
Nos. 1 and 2 only per |b. 60c,
Nos. 3 and 4 only , per lb. 5lo.

CInNAMON OHIP3 :—
Per candy of 560 1b R80:00

Cocoa :— . ;
Finest estate red; unpicked per cwt R55) .,33¢
Medium do do Ri2(Saea9
Bright native, unpicked and undried R49 228 ag
Ordinary do do do RBIS 8H

Coconuts—(husked).

Selected per thousand R46:00
Ordinary p R38'00
Smalls 5 R29-00

Coconut CakE—
Poonac in robins f. o. b. per ton R82°50
Do in bags None
Coconut (Desiccated).
Assorted all grades per lb 16c
Coconut O1L—
Dealers’ Oil per cwt R15:25.
Coconut Oil in ordinary packages f. 0. b. per
ton R335°00. Business done.
CoFFEE.—
ei ae Estate Parchment on the spot per bus,—
one.
Plantation Estate Coffee f.o.b. (ready) per cwt.—
None.
Native Coffee, f.0.b per cwt.—None.
SITRONELLA O1L—
Ready do
Copra—
Boat Oopra per candy of 560 lb. R50-00

per lb.—47c

Calpentyn Copra do do R53:00

Cart do do do R47:00

Histate do do do R52‘00
Croron SEED per cwt—None

Einony—
Sound per ton at Govt. depot—R190. As per sales
of 3rd June.
Inferior R100. As per sales of 3rd June.
FIsrEs—
Coconut Bristle No.1 perecwt R10°50
Do syne AS None

Do o”
Coir Yarn, Kogalla,, 1

Trea—

Do mattress ,, 1 A 4:00

Do Colombo ,, 1
Kitool all sizes
Palmyrah

PrprpER—Black
PLuMBAGOo—

Large lumps
Ordinary lumps
Chips
Dust

Do (Flying)

_ SaPANwooD—
Satinwoop (ordinary) per cubic ft.

Do do

High Grown Medium Low Grown
Average. Average.

Broken Pekoe and Broken cts
Orange Pekoe per lb
Orange Pekoe do
Pekoe do
Pekoe Souchong do
Pekoe Fannings do
Broken mixed—dust, &o 26

59

* 3.00
to 8 18:00
to 8 16°00
oA None
50 None
per lb None
per ton R550
do 525
do 350
do 225
130
per ton None.
None.
per cubic ft. None.

Average.

cts cts
46 37
36 29
33 24
26 20
26 26
25 24

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

63

CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION,

AB AJ
FOR SEASONS 1900 AND i901.
eS a Leu ero wee Oh
ras S CORD :
liga a #S5S 25R8 § :
;£5 a OmOaM SSS = =
Se oa = 6 as a
jz 5 Sah a ren lly cei DUG 4 ey
iz thier a rasietiie Wretes
~ oa] mo ss 19 ca r= 2
=! cool Dosa! f=} oO OMN = iB
= sa sy ooo oO mf FONT Re}
n > cl eo

-{33 Soa . a

ee ee | 5 i
=

S |

= 1o uw Ou nc) 00

Z s

S Oo Mw nn w 63.60 WWigerst

Zz & Oo Daa H ae Ke
= 45 for} o So oO =i GY. Fane a.

Als oS a é Si: z 3
ae Sa
nO i

ADO AN je

2 Rr son & Ss a io

Nn ana AN Q wo
Bae l~Se OO DOD we wD ~ =
ES la & 2 es 3s 3

| 34) 5.7 Vas ete %
| : :
o
ree agee

Oo ada ——

° a re Osa es

3 » 1D ©1902 S

< COmmec za)

5 E CUE GA fal vette da Pachiepl sive tieslis) wi setistes =

8 MA wistel sl veMis ue)rsid wi it's Brel ns

a |

- | Amo SOnS > aos ae
| S| hseaase mie Dia OD =
5 = 1eaARans 00 =H oa SO GI lal
Ban | PASASD So BOwaA s
J-2Zs NMA we a ot Kk oS
D Bier ESSN EN SD Ai) eo
REgs : a
3)
i=)
5 |
DAr~OD WES Hie o ac, aly
3 nlasao-sS Sa gs ™ S
a Bl ankawo AD D S
2. Ey ose nist er) -
° mo NOD _— SNM feta .e'fyophlas cells a}
(ya omni : ; : =)

————————————————— ae es

f ~@o oF Qe o> nN
OOM oMmo~ a Se

-fon ie Om et se ee ee . co.

alse PGS GOR ciaca Assails tazdisiea alias Simi te. S02 23

° Sis \= nN oO s

»

g<

090015 of a a HI <
5 I-ARS S & S 33585 [hae
Sas SB = vat) ROSS Na x
i>) oe] i a =

coal omc wo i
6\s2 iF a! nae S
(a ° . . =
= ei

\
1 —=2QOoonon Ss

a [Resanear S5 B5 eS
| 4 DWDOENROND -oa as te Woo:
eg! aa SORRAIDR +O Big +e eee =

5 2 ne eC eS ad oa

BOR SUI c ducrs S

s i
5 meeoocoe

Ele NSSSssS SE ss s8 a

£13. MODARDS Om Om ry

ié) a 2 ONnMOOoonrs ies) =—™ tae a
[a= RB ANB Aw j16 roses g SB
& | me = | ey

an ,o oo om =

g tad ovr ws = DSS a

“ ls Sto ab ao yh S.

3} wo s Onn a a ey

Ely cape eiceyits mca ea) Bal er ees

- " Nn

e ' |

3S 5) I~ o) 300 2 for)

Sh lige S a I wo Ao Guess

Seyi 7 es HB in25.) 8

3 ol . ~

{S) ° a | 3
oY sr) co =A oD ~%

ape 23S See. S Hie

a n sae ire , 7)

8 3 3 © iaivetcel eltinh Samant is

as & ° > os —H

F3 '

9° o

Pe ; : = =

ds 5 Sere teerest: a} eater tome! be

Q oe A eh (cae Gn a a a

a !

ea [oO omn mito +
8 goj2 cc OH vera) me
om Q -: (ene ey) Oeics pve H oe
ea la . 5 eves 5
Se ese eit deg on 28 BS Bg i
—
a ey CONE ae) +
eS a Ss 6
Sera SSS she
ae eo ela lorie te Sloe oft le Wore em ei: oO
onl c— a
isc) =
PAS wWRDOOeADwWN <5
eS SSeS SSeS eeersass' &

° NDK-AOHSSKRARCAODKCHDOEGS | oO

saio. HONDWDDANMYON-HieNOD~- OS aq

v}oa © on BAMA DHnwOHH S cS}
aia2 1s Tisiace veo yet page Main ape tllaon

ad 1 oO

-)

s i NSORHOND AQvAeD

mt SSSSASRS SASRSBALSS %8

oo | aS sagsan RON SRODD 1
Orit. PACD OAOWOF OQ HMDADOD O10 H 00
Bk IDA HHH SIANDSSHHOSHS =
mS lor) are ~ Coons ia} el

— a) ~ [o>] eae a =
19 ; os

5 GIST Soa So SOLO RO SATE
Gece ep elMierfisit eitieci site ietied, vel iertenlser pele, n>
Loz)
n Re
5) og
ray as
a 2H.ze $2 §8 |e6
SI :83ecs @_ FR 622,88 5.4
Zz MESLSc paso taseSezqs) an
‘S) 2 ERR Pas OES a Pak eee | KS
Oo pPSTSVSeCSSesysans ess | oy
i) SSRRORAM Ane 4ONAA | as
[7.8 SUBIR BR Se SES R BIB al aa
es

64

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS
(From Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, June 12th, 1901.)

{Juty 1, 1901.

ALOES, Soccotrine cwt.
Zanzibar & Hepatic ,,
ARROW OOT (Natal) lb.
BEES’ WAX, cwt.

Zanzibar & (Wipe me
Bombay Yellow,,
Madagascar y
CAMPHOR, China s

Japan Gs
CARDAMOMS, Malabarlb

Ceylon. - Mysore

”

49 Tellicherry ,,
Long x
MAnaTiRS yA
i CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,,
CHILLIES, Zanzibar cwt.
CINCHONA BARK.-— Ib.

Ceylon
CINNAMON, Caylon ee
per lb

ae
4ths
Chips
CLOVES, Penang lb.
Amboyna
Zanzibar \
and Pemba
Stems 9
COFFEE

-| Fair

Ceylon Plantation ,,

Native
Liberian A)
COCOA, Ceylon a

COLOMBO ROOT a
COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton

Cochin ,,
FIBRE, Brush oo
Cochin ,,
Stuffing ,,
GOIR YARN, Ceylon ,,

Cochin ,,

do. 9

CROTON SEEDS, sift. cwt,
CUTCH Be
GINGER, Bengal, rough.,
Calicut, Guy A,

2

Cochin Aue 5p

Japan py
GUM AMMONIACUM,,
ANIMI, Zanzibar ,,

Madagascar ,,

ABABIC 0.13. & Aden
Turkey sorts

Ghatti

Kurrachee

”
”
”
”

Madras
ASSAFCETIDA

KINO
MRR, picked
den sorts
OLIBANUU, drop _,,
pickings ,,
siftings ms
INDIARU!BiK, Assamlb

Rangoon
Borneo

QUALITY.

Fair to fine dry
Common to good
Faiv to fine

Good to fine
Fair
Dark to ecod palish

QUOTATIONS.

448 a bEs

-|208s a 60s

57d a 64d

£6 a 27 108
£65938 £6 15s

£6 108 a£4 17/6d

Fair average quality Nominal
cos O68 34 15)s
Clipped, bold, br‘ght, fine] 's 8da 2s 4d
Middling, stalky & lean|is 5dals7d
Fair to fine plump Is 6d a 4s 3d
Seeds .. {ls 11d a 28s 6d
Good to fine ../28 lld a 3s
Brownish .}2s 6d
Shelly to good Isa 2s 2d
Med brown to good bold 2s 38d a 3s 3d
Ists and 2nds 43d a 43d
Dull to fine bright |35s a 45s
Ledgeriana Orig. Stem}|3da 53d
Crown, Renewed 5da 7d
Org. Stem |3#d a 53d
Red Org. Stem |32da 4id
Renewed 38d a 5$d
Root 33d a 4d
Ordinary to fine quill j10d a 1s 6d

” »”

” ”

Common dull to fair

Bold to fine bold colory
Middling to fine mid
Low mid. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary

Small to fine bold
Bold to fine bold
Medium and fair
Native

Middling to good

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to fine long straight
Ordinary to good clean}:
Common to fine
Common to superior

», very fine
Roping, fair to good
Dull to fair
Fair to fine dry
Fair
Good to fine bold
Small and medium
Common to fine bold
Small and D’s
Unsplit
Sm. blocky t9 fine clean
Picked fine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
Med. & bold glassy sorts
Fair to good polish

re

Ordinary "to ‘good pale

Pickings to fine pale ...
Good and fine pale.
Reddish to pale selected
Dark to fine pale
Clean fr to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and_ blocky
Fine bright

Fair to fine pale
Middling to good

Good to fine white
Middling to fair

Low to good pale
Slightly foul to fine
Good to fine

Common to foul & mxd.

Fair to good clean
Common to fine

9d a 1s 5d
4d als 4d

i 3 8d a 11d

We ne ida 10d

Dull to fine bright bold|43d a 93d
-|Dull to tine 45d a 55d
Good and fine bright j|4d a 4id

38d a 3id
1d

92s 6d a 116s
70s a 90s

50s a 60s
30s a 70s
35s a 408
7isa 94s
65s a 77s 6d
558 a 658
10s a 22s 6d
nominal
£13 10s a £18
£16 a £19
£20 a £24
£7 a £9
£15 a £30
£12 a £32
£10 a £14 10s
259 a 35s
23s a 35s
33s
80s a 1008
40s a 77s 6d
363 a 41s
30s a 35s
33s a 34s
20s a 45s

£107s 6da £20/SENNA, Tinnevelly

£7 153
70s a £9 2/6

INDIARUBBER, (Contd)
Java, Sing. & Penang lb.

Mozambique

Nyassaland
Madagascar
INDIGO, E.1,

MACE, Bombay & Penang
per lb.

MYRABOLANS,
Madras
Bombay

hewt

”

Bengal ,
NUTMEGS— lb.
Bombay & Penang ,,

NUTS, ARECA ewt.
NUX VOMICA, Bombay
per cwt. Madras

OIL OF ANISEED
CASSIA
LEMONGRASS
NUTMEG s
CINNAMON x
CITRONELLE .

ORCHELLA WEED—cwt

Ceylon
Zanzibar.
PEPPER (Black) lb.
Alleppee & Tellivherry
Singapore

Acheen & W. C. Penang
PLUMBAGO, lump cwt.

chips
dust
SAFFLOWER

SANDAL WOOD—
Bombay, Logs ton.
Chips ,,
padre oes 9
”
SAPANWOOD coe 3
Manila ,,
Siam; ,,
ewt.
Ib.

SEEDLAC

£5 10s a £7 10s|ISHELLS, M. o’PEARL—

80s a 100s

. |£4 88 a £8

£4 58 a £9
353 a 58s
50s a 75s
12s 6d a 35s

. [52s 6d a 55s

30s a 408

.. |238 a 35s

60s a 1378 6d
6s a 25s

ls 6da 1g 9d
90s a 1078 6d
50s a 80s
35s 6d a 50s
253 a 35s
18s a 28

16s 6d a 18s
28 2d a 23 9d
7d a \8 6d

23 a 28 9d
1sa 28 3d

.

Bombay ewt.
Mergui
Mussel %5
TAMARINDS, Calcutta...
er cwt Madras
TORTOISESHELL—

Zanzibar & Bombay Ib.

TURMERIC, Bengalewt.
Madras

”

VANILLOES—
auritius
Bourbon
Seychelles
VERMILION

2nds
3rds

WAX, Japan, squares cwt|Geod white hard

lb. lore pure, bright

QUALITY. QUOTATION
Foul togood clean . (8d a 28 $d
Goo to fine Balj] , [28s 6d a 3s 1d
iOrdinary to fair Ball Is 10d a 2s 6d
!.ow sandy B ll ls 3d a 1s 7d
Sausage, lair to good s (da 3s 1d
Liver and Livery tall Isidas
Fair to fine ball sida 328 11#d
Fr to fine rinky & white}-s 6d a 2s od
Fair to god black .,|2s a 2s 6d
Niggers, low to fine 7d a 2s
Bengal--
Shipping mid to gd yiolet|3s 8d a és 6d
Consuming mid. to gd.|3s8 3d a 3a $d
Ordinary to mid. isa 3s 2d
Mid. to good Kurpah |2sa 2s 10d
Low to ordinary ls Sda le 10d
Mid. to good Madras |1!s 9da 2s8d
Pale reddish to fine 26 a 38
-|Ordinary to fair Is4da Ig lld
Pickings 1s 3d a 1s 4d
Dark to fine pale UG |58a 6s
Fair Coast 5s
Jubblepore 4s 3d a 586d
Bhimlies 483d a 7s 64
Rhajpore, &c. 4s 3d a 6s
Calcutta 3s 6d a 5s
64’s to 57’s 2dl¢da 2s 6d
110’s to 65’s Ida 2s 1d
160’s to 130’s 64 alld

Ordinary to fair fresh

jOrdinary to middling |!s 2 5s 6d
‘Fair to good bold fresh |‘8a 10s6d
Small ordinary and fair| 8 2 65 9d
Fair merchantable 5s 6d
According to analysis | 8a 3s 6d
Good flavour & colour
Dingy to white 1jd a 3d
Ordinary to fair sweet {34d a 1s 6d
Bright & good flavour {lid a 1s 0fd
Mid. to tine not woody.. |'08 # 12s éd
Picked clean flat leaf ...|10s a 16s

,» Wiry Mozambique|!0s 4 11s
Fair to bold Heaye, 6d a 6d
Fair ... [6 1-16d a 64d
Dull to fine 5d a 64d
Fair to fine bright bold|3 $4 40s
Middling to good smalj{2'S 4 32s
Dull tofine bright .,|10s a 20s
Ordinary to fine bright|38 6da 8s 6d
Good to fine pinky 65s a 75s
Inferior to fair 4(s a 60s
Fair to fine flavour £20 a £50

5s a £8

Fair to good flavour £20a £6
Inferior to fine £4a £8
Fair to good £5 a £5 10s

{ Rough & rooty to good|#4 108a £5 15s
pold smooth | |£7

Ora. dusty to gd. soluble}205 4 55s

Good to fine bold green|°4 4 6d

Fair middling medium|?* a a 44d

Bole and A’s {

D’s and B’s £3
Small ( a£4 los
Small to bold £5128 6a £7 10a
Small to bold 208 & 65s

14s 6d a 22s 6d
24s

Mid.to fine bl’k not stony 10s ails

Stony and inferior -|73 6d alls
mottle part heavy {

Fair

Small to bold dark
Finger fair to fine bold

bright 22s a 273 6d
Bulbs 208 a 21s 6d
Finger . 120s
Bulbs . |@s a 7s 6d

Foxy & reddish 44a 8 ,.
Lean and inferior att

AGRIGULTGRAL MAGAZINE,

COLONIBO.

Added as a Supplement Monthly to

the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,”

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for

July :—
Vol. -XIIL]

JULY, 1901.

[No. 1.

OURSELVES.

r= HE present number of the Agri.
|} cultural Magazine begins a new
volume. With the issue of the
last number, the publication com-
pleted the 12th year of its exist-
ence, and is therefore now entering

upon its 18th-—a good age for a Ceylon Magazine.
There may be ventures of a similar character
that have been carried on for longer periods,
but we fear that these will be found to
have passed through occasional seasons of hiber™
nation, while our own menthly has appeared for a
dozen years without a break. A bound collection
of past volumes should, to the local agriculturist,
prove as full as the proverbial egg; and in
saying this we make no boast to ourselves, though
we would wish toimpress upon those for whom
we labour (with no recompense to speak of)
that they are bound to learn much and to derive
much help by taking in the Agricultural Magazine,
the subscription to which is the modest sum of
Rs. 3 per anuum. We have endeavoured with
each new volume to increase the usefulness of
its contents to our readers, and we hope to make
the present volume still more useful by furnishing
information on home industries and practical hints

connected therewith, in addition to papers con-
.cerned with practical Agriculture and Horti-

culture.
‘We take this occasion, on the opening of
a new volume, to thank our contemporaries for

- their kind ‘countenance and our readers for their

support and encouragement.
* THE EDITOR,

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE gcHooL op
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTEL
OF JUNE, 1901.

1 Saturday .> +05 17 Monda .
2 Sunday aig. ollésy 9 sit} Tuesday a oh
3 Monday Ove ON irom Kg Wednesday 04
4 Tuesday vee OL 20) Thursday Nil
5 Wednesday seek) Dy eal Friday i Ni
6 Thursday Set. 4 OES ia By} Saturday i of
7 Friday Sa Wintel | 2483 Sunday is 07
8 Saturday .. 158 2 Monday i 21
9 Sunday Hg ALTE aus Tuesday a 47
10 Monday os Nal 286 Wednesday ; *e9
Il Tuesday ae ROBY Ber Thursday sie LD

12 Wednesday ... Nil 28 Friday Ni
3 Thursday mye ge Nye Saturday a a
14 Friday -- Nil 30 Sunday’ i
15 Saturday eyege JNA A eked
16 Sunday gid) ee)

Total. 6°79
Greatest Mean,, +21
reatest amount of rainfall recist ,

. : er }
hours on the 8th inst. 1°53 idehontt ed in 24

Recorded by v, DRIEBURG
DOT eo :
OCCASIONAL NOTES,
The Queensland alii G
pe axett

the decision of the Ceylon Gardncar tae fe
on agricultural work though: rural school Tt
connected school gardens as “9 step preaent
Let us hope that the progression will cbeuiniia,

The village industry of desiccat;

seeds of the jak Plt is iepew ane ee
supposed ; in fact, though most people aie tanelic,
with the jak nuts that have been duiea | a
stowed awuy in sand—treatment which ue
of the seeds being kept for future use Mien WE
at the same time improves their Hats ae
few have probably seen the sun-dried ship
(dried with or without previous boilin ) a i
is & convenient form of reserve food to ry use
and cooked (like apple chips) whenever roquited

4

«

66

There are many parts (such as the Kesbewe
district) in which the industry is common, and
where it is found to be rather a profitable
business. We have been informed that when
jaks are plentiful they sell for 3 cents (equivalent
to aid.) each, and that in seasons when they
are scarce the dry stuff fetches as much as 6 cts.
per lb,, and jak fruits may weigh anything
from 6 to 60 lbs.

Among our latest visitors from abroad (and there
are many that call at the Colombo School of Agri-
culture—now, alas! only so in name) was Dr.
FE. Stuhlmann of German Hast Africa, who has
lately been touring in India, Java, and the East
generally. The Goctor is @ most interesting
personage, and has a fund of information to
entertain one with, not merely regarding his
own African experiences—botanical and agri-
cultural—but also with reference to the various
countries he has been so fortunate as to
visit with a view to studying their economic
conditions. We are making a fairly representa-
tive collection of the vegetable products of the
Island which Doctor Stuhlmann wants for a
museum in which he is interested.

An Australian exchange in taking over an
article on the composition of Indian cows’ and
buffaloes’ milk remarks that some information re-
regarding the quantity of milk yielded by milch
buffaloes would be desirable. In north-west
India the buffalo as a milk animal is found at its
best. Mr. Mollison, late of the Poona Farm, in
his paper on the Management of Dairy Cattle in
India, speaks of buffaloes ‘* giving over 30 lbs.
of milk per day (a quantity sufficient to make
8 lbs. of butter), and of an average animal
yielding 18 lbs. per day while suckling her calf.
In hig report on the Poona Farm for 1893, the
game authority records that the best buffaloes
yielded during the period of lactation (3871 days)
6,959 Ibs. of milk, and the worst (during 227
days) 1,971 lbs.” This will give some idea of
the milking capacity of the Indian buffalo.
At the time of our visit to the Poona Dairy in

1893, the best buffalo was giving 36 lbs. per day.

In this connection it would be interesting to
compare the yield of certain animals at the
Allahabad Dairy Farm. In a recent account of
a visit to this institution mention is made of a
buffalo giving 82 seersof milk (a seer = 2 lbs.)
equal to 5 lbs. of butter per day, and of a cow of
the Hansi breed yielding 26 quarts of milk per day.
We shall say more about the Allahabad Dairy
and its successful work in another issue.

Mr. George Weerakoon, Mudaliyar of Wella-
boda Pattu, Matara, draws our attention to the
reported extraordinary flowering of the bamboo
in Central India. ‘Ihe area over which the
flowering extends is estimated at 1,200 sq. miles,
and with the exception of a few isolated
clumps the flowering is said to be universal. The
extraordinary point is that clumps of all ages
are scen in flower. Last year, it is said, the

drought prought about floweripg jn the Dhaba

\

Supplement to the “ Tropwal Agriculturist.”

(Jury 1, 1901.

Range of this district, where the bamboo produced
a kind of manna, the seeds keeping thousands
in food for some weeks; so that this
year it is expected that the entire population
will flock, in ashort time, to gather the seed.
To the people in the vicinity it is said the result
of flowering will be serious owing to the impend-
ing death of the bamboos. The oldest inhabi-
tants recall the gregarious flowering of bamboos
over fairly large areas some 60 years ago,
a circumstance which points to the not unlikely
fact that the bamboo found inthe district flowers
at intervals of about 30 years.

Mr. Weerakoon states that he remembers seeing
a sample of the bamboo seed brought from Bin-
tennein the Badulla district some 35 years ago.
The ‘‘ paddy” as well as the “ rice” resembled the
products of oryza sativa, and in taste resembled
el-wi or hill paddy. It would be interesting,
as our correspondent remarks, to ascertain from
Bintenne how often seed has been produced since
then, and if it is procurable at present. We
trust some of our readers will give the desired
information.

Since wirting the above we find a reference to
the extraordinary flowering of bamboos in the
last (June) number of the Indian Agriculturist.
The approximate area over which the flowering is
taking place is put down at ‘‘ 75,000 acres extending
50 miles from North to South, along belts 3 to 8
miles broad.” Cart loads of bamboo grain are
now seen plying along the roads, and no action
is taken to arrest collection by the natives, as
the deficiency of rain has produced scarcity of
ordinary food grains, while this same drought has
no doubt brought about the seeding of bamboos,
The flour is either mixed with “ Jowari”
(Sorghum vulgare) or eaten by itself after pre-
paration into flour cakes. It is considered nutri-
tious by tlie natives, butit would be interesting
to ascertain (as we hope to do) its chemical
composition, and its true value as food.

oe
MORE ABOUT AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION

FOR COUNTRY DISTRICTS.

In the April number of the Queensland Agri-
cultural Journal Mr. F. W. Teck deals with the
question of Agricultural Education for our country
districts, and many of the arguments in his paper
apply forcibly to local conditions.

It is no wonder, says the writer, that with
the conditions of life as it is generally found
among the cultivating classes, our young country
folk get dissatisfied with their isolated position
and crowd into towns where life is made to appear
more pleasant if not so healthy and independent.
The pleasures of a town life and the alluring
fixed period of work per day tend to attract
the sons of the soil, who should be brought
up to have a stronger liking for agricultural
pursuits by better systems of education and by
practical teaching. And how, it is asked, are
the children of the rural districts brought up ?
As soon as they are old enough they are expected

JULY 1, 1901.}

to follow in the old-fashioned ways, the old
“ Jig-Jog” of their parents, while the school
teacher has to do all he can to prevent their
absence from school. But what little is learnt
in the school is soon forgotten, and that little
is of small service to the rustic. No difference
is made between the teaching in town and in
country schools in the midst of agricultural
districts. Nothing is done to meet the difficulties
in which the people of these latter districts
are placed. The system of teaching and the
curriculum laid down by educational authorities
are undoubtedly good, but so far as our country
districts are concerned, sro susceptible of much
improvement, as the curriculum is more applicable
to townchildren. What is desired is an education
in our country schools by which children may
be instructed in such matters as have a bearing
on their every day life. The writer suggests
the introduction of a series of Agricultural
Readers, forming a continuous upward course of
instruction. These, he says, would be of great
value, while being attractive and interesting.
Again, the writer, recommends object lessons and
cultivated school plots for the teaching and practical
illustration of the rudiments and elementary science
of agriculture. It is also suggested that prizes
should be offered for the best-kept home or school
garden and for essays ou subjects of agricultural
and ruralimportance. Thongh heis ready to admit
that he may not have hit upon the best methods
of teaching, he believes that the general out-
lines he has traced would be most suitablle for
the children’s calling in after life, It will no
doubt be stated by those engaged in teaching
and those connected with the educational staff
that there is no room for teaching agricultural
subjects, the daily routine of work being
already crowded and the teacher’s time taxed to the
utmost. Granted, but are there not some subjects
that could be easily dispensed with in country
schools, especially during the later years of school
life when the system of practical instruction
should take the foremost place in the curriculum ?
One of England’s greatest statesmen is quoted
to have said that ‘‘the successful pursuit of
Agriculture demands the exercise of a broader
intelligence than any other calling.” But do our
educational arbiters recognise this fact at all ?

ees
COCONUTS.

The Benefits of Mulching.—Mr. J. T. Last,
F.R.C.S. writes as follows upon the benefits of
cultivation as he has found them at Mangapwani:
—‘*There are at Mangapwani about 300 bearing
palms from which the nuts are gathered every
three months. About three years ago I had the
ground well dug up for some six feet round the
base of each tree, and then packed round the tree
any manure, grass cr vegetable matter I could
get, covering the same up with soil. This has
been repeated every year. The result of these
operations is that the number of nuts gathered has
greatly increased.

Yield of Nuts.—Formerly the three-monthly
gathering would average about 3,000 nuts, now
more than double that amount is obtained. The

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 62

last gathering reached the number of 7,033.
Since I started mulching the trees there have
always been one or more trees at each three-
monthly gathering from which I obtained 100
nuts. At this gathering 110 nuts were gathered
from one tree, 100 from two, 91 frou. cne, 89
from one, 86 from one, and 80 fiom one, makiug
a totul of 656 nuts from seven (res,

I think, judging from the above results, we
could fairly expect that with proper attention a
healthy full-grown coconut tree will produce 100
nuts a year.

Coconuts in Zanzibar.—The average yield of
nuts in Zanzibar Island is from 25 to 30 per tree.
Calculating the price at Rs. 20 per 1,000 and the
yield at 30, there will be a gross return of 93
annas per tree. Gathering may be set down at
Rs. 4 per 1,000, which leaves a net return of
about 7% annas or half a rupee per tree,

Pemba trees yield less, the average being prob-
ably less than 15 nuts per tree per annum. Lut
labour is cheaper and cost of gathering less, abcut
Rs. 3 per 1,000; so that the net return works
out about 44 annas per tree,

Planting Nuts.—Dr. Krapf in his Swabili
Dictionary has the following note :—The natives
plant the coconut on the 14th day of the moon
because the moon is then at her full power.
This takes place before the rain. They take :are
that the bud is placed downwards in the pit
which is dug to the depth of a cubit. The tree
(like the mango) requires five years’ growth before
it bears fruit.

The generally accepted way of planting a nut is
to lay it on its side ina trench about 7-8 inches
deep (its own depth.) 1t has been rightly pointed
out that if a nut be planted eyes downwards, the
young shoot may rot before it reaches the surface;
on the other hand if planted eyes upwards the
milk inside, which is especiaJly provided for the
first nourishment of the germ, will settle at the
bottom of the nut and the young shoot will then
run a risk of being dried up. Nature seems to
have especially pointed both ends of the nut so
that having fallen from the tree it shall remain
upon its side to germinate. In the case of the
mangrove the young seedling drops from the
parent tree upon its pointed end and sticks in the
mud and grows forthwith. But the bottom of the
coconut could not have been pointed to enable it
likewise to stick in the sand and germinate
because a nut always falls upon its side. This is
well shown by dropping a few nuts from the roof
of a high house. If the nut is suspended by the
stalk, in the way it hangs upon a tree, and
dropped, it will turn half over and fall sideways.
The same thing happens if the nut be held upside
down. If it be held horizontally it will maintain
this position till it reaches the ground. Nature is
always a safe guide. Allow a space of nine
inches or a foot between the nuts in the trench,
and 18 inches between the trenches. This gives
plenty of room to lift the nuts when the time comes

‘for them to be planted out, without doing much

damage to the roots. April is the best time to
plant out the seedlings, when they should be 5 or
6 months old. Hence the nuts should be planted
in the nursery in November. But no hard and
fast rule need be laid down, especially as our

68 Supplement to the ‘ Tropical Agricultwrist.”’

seasons are uncertain, 35 feet by 35 feet is a

good distance for them to be placed in the plant- |

a OF

ation. This gives 35 trees fo the acre.
[Lhe above notes are culled from The Shamba.
—Ep, A.M.]

————— $<

MILKING,

[The follotving interesting Prize-essay on milk-
ing was written by Mr. J. Petersen, of Dalum
Agricultural College, Denmark, and translated for
the Cape Colony Agricultural Journal by Mr.
Arthur Muller of Clare College, Cambridge] :—

CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTORY.

The udder is, from the point of view of the
milker, the most important part of the cow. That
a proper use developes the living instrument is a
maxim that applies to the udder of a cow as well
as to a multitude of other things.

That use developes the instrament is easily
shown by example. A workman knows that un-
usual Jabour causes a strain at first, The sower feels
tired in his right arm, the harvester tired in the
back, the milker tired in his arms and hands, etc.,
but before long they accomplish the one-sided
work without feeling much strain or tiredness.
Only the use which causes considerable exer-
tion brings on further development. The way to
exert the udder is to milk it completely dry. The
milker should imitate the greedy calf, which sucks
the last drop of milk out; this causes a greater
flow of blood to the glands of the udder,
and it is from the blood that all material for
further development and for the forming of more
milk must be sought.

It is in the above facts that one finds an explan-
ation of the case (so common in Denmark) of the
agricultural labourer’s wife getting quite a lot of
milk from her cow, whicb ona large farm would be
found useless for the dairy. Whoever undertakes
milking should certainly know the above facts.

CHAPTER II.—How To MILK.

The object of milking is to empty—-as com-
pletely as possible—all the milk present in the
udder, and in such a way that the cow finds it a
pleasant sensation, and thet the milk is kept clean.

The cow is by nature meant to nourish its
young, We ought therefore to learn from the
calf. The latter does not suck its mother ina
brutal manner; on the contrary, it knows by in-
stinct that if it wants milk it must behave properly,
Therefore it never grabs a teat at once, but asks,
by touching the belly and then the udder, if it may.

The milker ought to begin by speaking kindiy
to the cow, patting it, and afterwards with the
back of the hand rubbing it gently on the belly
and udder. By this means one not only puts the
cow into a good temper, but the rubbing helps to
get rid of loose hairs, scales and dust, etc., which
otherwise easily find their way into the milk pail.

Next the milk pail is placed under the udder
(always on the same side of the same cow), and
the work is begun by catching hold round both
the front teats with the whole hands. The hands
are now in turn moved up against the udder with
a gentle pressure, and they are then closed slowly
and softly (likewise in turn) about the teat, the

\JULY 1, 1901,

closing beginning at the top and extending down-
wards,

These gentle movements should be continued
until one notices that the cow lets the milk “come.”
The milk must now be emptied out in long
unbroken jets by means of the same movements of:
the hands as before, but applied with more vigour
than at the beginning. For every fresh grip the
hand ought to exert a new pressure up against the
udder, while at the same moment she first finger
and thumb should grasp that portion of the udder
which lies exactly above the teat. During this
part of the milking the conscientious miller ought
to fix the whole of his attention on his work,
since every interruption means a loss of milk.
Hence all loud talk or noise, which disturbs the
cow as well as the man, is to be strictly avoided.
A good enlivening song need not, however, be
out of place.

When the front teats give no more milk, the
work is carried on—without the preliminaries of
patting, rubbing and so on—in the same way as
regards the back teats.

The milk must be sgueczed—not dragged—out
of the teat. The teat should therefore be grasped
with the whole hand, and the latter must not
slide up and down the teat more than necessary.
The sort of milking which is carried out by
grasping the top of the teat with the thumb and
first finger or thumb and second finger (the latter
is the worse) and then pressing the fingers together
and dragging them down the teat, is very bad
indeed. The cow does not like it since it irritates
the skin on the teat, and easily causes sores, and
it is really much harder work for the milker.

In the case of those heifers, however, whose
teats are too short for the whole hand to grasp
them, the fingers must of course be used.

The milking is not over, even when the back
teats (or the last milked) give no more milk. A
vigorous second milking must now take place.
After one has again changed a few times from the
first milked co the last milked teat and back
again, the udder must be thoroughly “ worked ”
by means of gentle handling and afterwards the
last drops of milk must be squeezed out of the teats.

Here we could also iearn from Nature. Look
at the lamb, when it sucks! See how it
pushes its mother’s udder when the teat gives too
little milk.

The little pig also can be seen poking its mother
by means of its soft snout, so as to get all the
milk possible.

One would almost think that they found the
last milk sweeter than the first! So they no doubt
do, as it has been proved by a number of investi-
gations that it is dy far the richest.

If the first half pounds of milk are mixed

(equal amounts being taken from the four teats)
from each of say 40 cows, the 20 pounds of milk
thus collected will as a rule not even produce
half a pound of butter.
. But if in the same way one were to collect the
last half pounds, which after inadequ ite milking
can still be worked out of the udders of the same
40 cows, nearly 2 pounds of butter can be got
out of the 20 pounds of milk.

Any milker can roughly prove this for himself,
Collect the first jet from a teat in a small glass,

JuLy 1, 1901.|

and the last jet (or the last drops) which can
be squeezed out of the same teat in another glass.
Place the two small glasses in a cool place; and
after 24 hours it is astonishing to see the great
difference there is in the layer of cream. The
first milk is only good skimmed milk, while the
last is nearly their cream. Getting out all the
possible milk is therefore of importance not only
for the development of the cow’s power of giving
milk, but also for obtaining rich milk. Thus the
milker who does not take sufficient time to milk
the cow quite dry, either does not know her or his
work, or is not carrying it out conscientiously.

After the milking is finished the cow should
again be patted in a soothing way, and a kind
word may again besaidtoher. The milker should
always keep an eye on the state of health of the
udder and teats. If swellings or lumps or ten-
derness in the udder, sores on the teats or blocked
milk channels are observed, or the milk looks un-
natural (for example, lumpy, reddish, etc.), the
owner or other responsible person should be at
once informed.

As disease of the udder and teats are often
infectious, such cows should always be milked last,
and the milk from the diseased udder should be
carefully put in a separate pail and thoroughly
disinfected (and then thrown away, of course) or
thrown away where it cannot spread tie infection.

The milk canal inside the teat is occasionally
very narrow or has a frequent tendency to get
blocked. To make use of a straw or such means
to clear it, is very wrong, as it can set up inflamma-
tion in the corresponding gland. A teat with a
blocked milk canal should be rolled geatly between
the hands held out flat and then carefully milked.

After the first calf the heifer is apt to feel
tender and hence inclined to object the milker’s

‘ touch. This tenderness lasts, in a few cases, to

the later years. In such cases one must set about
milking with even greater gentleness and care.
Nothing but kindness should be used unless the
cow is very “ wicked.”

To milk quite dry, as a means of milk-giving
power to a cow, is especially important in the
case of a heifer after its first calf; since it acts
with even greater power ou the heifer than on
the older cow,

It would be a good thing if every milker was
provided with two smocks of washable material,
one being always in the wash or clean, so that a
clean one may be put on at least once a week.
AS one ought to milk with bare arms, these blouses
should have short sleeves and be made so that they
can easily be slipped on over the ordinary dress.

In wet weather, when milking is done out of
doors, a waterproof cloak is almost a uecessity.
It- should be a point of honour for the milker to
see that all pails, etc., in which the milk is
collected should be absolutely clean. This scru-
pulous cleanliness is of course a necessity, The
pails, etc., are best made of tin-plated steel and
must not be allowed to rust.

Complete cleaning is bess’ and most easily done
as follows:—Immediately they are finished with,
the pails are washed with two or three lots of cold
water; afterwards they are completely covered
both inside and outside with thick lime water,

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”’ 69

then scrubbed with cold water, rinsed and washed
again two or three times in clean cold water, and
finally in clean boiling water, and then allowed to
drain dry in the open air; they must not be wiped
with a cloth nor with anything else.

Be it morning, noon, or evening, the hands must
be carefully washed before going to milking, and
if the milking is done indoors one should also
wash and dry the hands whenever they get at all
dirty. For the sake of cleanliness it is best to
milk with dry hands,

(Lo be concluded.)
i age NE
AGRICULTURE IN THE TRANSVAAL AND
ORANGE RIVER COLONIES.

[The following reference to Agriculture in the
Transvaal and Orange River Colonies is taken from
a reprint of a lecture delivered by Prof. Wallace
on Agriculture in South Africa, delivered at the
Royal Colonial Institute on March 12th last,
The reterence should prove interesting at the
present time when so large a number of the
late inhabitants of these colonies is in our
midst. We shall probably make further extracts
from this interesting paper.—Ep, A.M. ]

The Transvaal and the Orange River Colonies
are grassy, pastoral, and essentially cattle coun-
tries. The area of the Transvaal is similar to
that of France, while that of the Orange River
Colony is less in the proportion of about 70 to 114.

Witwatersrand, or White Waters Ridge, is the
watershed of two great river systems, being the
highest surface traversing for about 300 miles, in
an east to west direction, the elevated plateau of
the ‘* Hoogeveld” or High Veld of which the
Transvaal forms a part. All the water to the
north discharges into the Limpopo, the northern
boundary of the Colony, and that to the south into
the Vaal. The name Transvaal implies the
position of the Vaal as the southern boundary.
Johannesburg on the highest part of the “ Rand,”
as it is curtly designated, is 5,735 feet above sea
level (at Park Railway Station). To the north as
well as to the south the elevation falls away
pretty rapidly, so that Pretoria, the capital, only
30 miles to the north, is 1,600 feet lower, and
Heidelberg, which is almost a like distance to
the south-east, stands at only 4,900 feet. Kim-
berley, to the west of the Orange River State,
has an elevation of 4,012 feet. The climate of
Johannesburg is one of the coolest in Africa, the
hot weather lasting for barely four months, while
at Kimberley it extends to eight months in the
year,

The high country—4,000 feet or upwards above
sea level—cecupies the southern section of the
Colony,

North of this is the Bush-veld or bush country,
at a lower level and having w warmer climate, In

places it is broken by a series of hills, and itis -

covered with high grass, bush, and trees,

The south-eastern parts, including New Scotland,
are specially suitable for sheep-brzeding as well as
for agriculture, the high central area for cattle
and corn, the northern and lower elevations for
coffee and sugar plantations and for tropical fruit

70 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

culture. Good tobacco is largely grown in the
Transvaal for export to other districts of South
Africa. Maize, Kafir corn and other tropical or
Semi-tropical crops are grown in summer when
rains are abundant.

In some parts, as near Pretoria, maize, the
most extensively cultivated crop of all, only grows
well on river banks, in the alluvial soil found
there. European cereals suffer from rust and
from hailstorms during the summer or wet season,
and probably only one crop in five years could be
Secured. Oats are not so much injured as wheat.
A variety known as the Sidonian oat, brought
from Australia by way of Natal, is not affected by
rust and is grown during summer. Planted in
December and January, it is ripe in April and
May. The Boer oat grows in suitable soils or
where irrigation is possible during the dry season
of winter.

Potatoes grow freely, and lucerne does remark-
ably well, and when planted in alluvial soil that
can be irrigated during the dry weather, after
frosts have disappeared, it can be cut as many as
eight times in one year. Turnips and swedes,
which suffer from the attacks of fungi, especially
in a very dry season, do not always prosper, but
mangels do better. Frosts are liable to do con-
siderable damage, especially in the low-lying areas.

The high-veld plateau, healthy for cattle and
sheep in summer, is too cold in winter when the
grass is dry and hard, and the animals are moved
off in May to the lower and warmer country,
where sweet grass anc shelter are both more
abundant in the “ Bankenveld,” or terrace country
to the eastern side of the Drakensberg range on
the Natal and Swaziland borders, or to the north
of the Magaliesberg mountains, to return in
September after rain falls. The dry and withered
grass on immense areas of the high-weld is burnt
off during September, chiefly with the object of
destroying ticks which swarm in countless myriads
on cattle from land which has escaped burning.
The ticks are then so numerous that the cattle
cannot thrive, and moreover are liable to suffer
from red-water or Texas fever. The periodical
burning is of recent introduction, since ticks were
brought into the country by “ transport riders”
(cattle-waggon carriers) from Natal, and the prac-
tice has so much injured the pastures that fewer
cattle can now be kept than formerly on a given
area, and the quality has also gone back in
consequence.

Horses are bred on the high-veld, especially to
the south-east, but they do not exceed more than
two to five per cent. of the live stock. In Bausto-
land, the greatest horse-breeding centre of South
Africa, they number from ten to twenty-five per
cent. of the live stock, On the low ground of all
the Colonies and other dependencies, and in the
valleys even at considerable elevations, horses and
also mules are subject especially during summer
(February being the worst month) to uncertain
and intermittent outbreaks of the deadly horse-
sickness, a disease peculiar to South Africa: It is
contracted by them at night when they are ex-
posed in the open air. They take into their circu-
latory systems the germs of a filamentous fungus,
Cdema mycosis, of the form of a beer barrel,

[Jury 1, 1901.

which are carried by thin streaks of mist rising
from the veld when climatic conditions are suit-
able for their propagation. Abont eight or nine |
days after such an exposure, or after eacing grass
from which the moisture deposited by the mist
had not been dried up by the sun, very few affect-
ed animals escape death by suffocation induced by
serum escaping into the air passages from the
affected lung structure.

The Transvaal is now outside the area which
is recognised to be affected by “tsetse fly,”
though at one time the river valleys, especially
to the north and north-east, were included in
it. The pest has disappeared from the whole of
South Africa south of the lower area of the valley
of the Limpopo and a comparatively narrow
belt of coast country surrounding Delagoa Bay
and terminating in the south at St. Lucia Bay.

The wholesale destruction of the large wild
game, more especially the South African buffalo,
has conferred this solitary advantage upon the
country asa solatium for the injury which has
thereby resulted.

A good deal of a mild type of malarial fever
exists, especially in summer in the low and
humid parts, but it is not confined to these areas.
It was present at Pretoria when the waterworks
were formed, on the surface of the hard dry land
above the city being broken.

The country is well provided with springs of
good water.

The Orange River Colony occupies the impor-
tant area of high-veld lying to the south of the
Transvaal. In the eastern part of the Colony the
Drakensberg and subordinate ranges of mountains
occur. The great breadth of the country is a
rolling, grassy plain, with a general trend to the
west aud north-west. Like the Transvaal, it at
One time grew Coarse grass, and supported im-
mense herds of antelopes and other species of
wild game, very few of which remain. But now
finer and sweeter grasses prevail, and the country
is stocked chiefly with cattle anda few horses,
and in certain places with sheep. From the
higher and more exposed parts stock require to
be removed to lower and more sheltered and
more succulent pastures during winter. In what
is known as the “Conquered Territory,” to the
south-east of the centre of the Culony, is the chief
agricultural district, about 100 miles in length
and 30 miles in breath. The soil is rich and
capable of growing good crops of cereals of all
kinds, including wheat, without being manured
or irrigated. It may be looked upon as a continua-
tion of Basutoland—the granary of South Africa.
Wheat produces 30 up to 80 fold even on land
which has grown grain crops successively for 4
number of years. Farms usually range in extent
from 1,000 to 3,000 acres, and the value of the.
land with buildings upon it is about £1 per acre
Considerable numbers of both sheep and cattte of
mproved types are bred in the district.

—————____

ABOUT MANGOES.
‘ Concluded.)
Mr. Knight certainly deserves the sincerest
tlianks of all mango growers for making known

Juty 1, 1801,

his process and experience. If others can achieve
a like success we need not long have inferior
Mangoes in Queensland, for every bad tree can be
converted into a good one. Mr. Knight says :—
“ Tt has been suggested that there is some room for
improvements in our mangoes, and the writer is
of that opinion also.” Undoubtedly there is, and
no time should be lost. Even in the West Indies,
where so many fine kinds exist, it is thought
desirable to import new strains from the Hast
Indies. The following is from No. 24, Trinidad
Bulletin:—“ It has been thought advisable to
import once more a number of selected varieties
from the Hast, and to this end application was
made to the Indian authorities for the best kinds
from the various provinces, and cases of plants
have been ordered from the Bombay, Bengal, and
Madras Presidencies. It is almost certain we do
not possess all the types of various strains of
mango grown in the Hast, and although our
number of seedling varieties is legion, yet it is
probable the introduction of further East Indian
kinds will be of great advantage in the endeavour
to improve the strains now cultivated in the
Western World.”

We are not half as far from India as Trinidad is,
and we have frequent and speedy steam com-
munication. How much easier, then, for Queens-
land to get supplied than the West Indies,

When mango plants are next imported, a trial
might be made of branches for grafting by
Mr. Knight’s method. He says:—‘ Experiments
have proved beyond a doubt that sections of the
mango-tree will keep good for grafting purposes
from three to six months’ time, according to
variety and to the constitution of the tree from
which they are obtained. This gives us the
opportunity to import sections of the most desirable
class of tree from any part of the globe with a
certainty of their growing when properly prepared
and tied on.”

May not Mr. Knight be induced to go to India
and procure a quantity of branches and plants of
the choicest varieties? His doing so would be an
inestimable boon to Australia. Branches in
Wardian cases or simply in boxes having holes
perforated at the sides near the top to admit air
might easily be imported. I have in this way
received fruit trees from California in first-rate
condition, all of which grew; indeed, they could
not have been better had they come from Sydney
or Melbourne.

I have heard it remarked in Melbourne and in
Sydney, ‘‘ You Queenslanders keep your good
mangoes for yourselves and send us your rubbish.”
My reply was, ‘‘ This is not so; you have much
the same mangoes as are sold in our shops, most
of which are poor,” Those who make mango
growing a business should bestow particular at-
tention on the keeping properties of their fruit,
as well as excellence in other directions; also to
careful grading and packing. Greater care should
also be taken in transit. I have seen cases
standing on their side and on end, and very
roughly handled. This, I must say, has not been
im our market, The carriage of mangoes long
distances is a problem that is not yet been satis-
factorily solved, I have eaten mangoes in London

Supplement to the ‘Tropical Agriculturist.” 7

from the West Indies, and in New Zealand from
the Islands; they were wretchedly poor. The
cause was probably owing to the necessity for
picking them unripe.

I noticed on a visit to the market recently
quantities of mangoes being sold by auction;
3s. per case was the highest price realised. I
saw a couple of hours afterwards, at a fruiterer’s,
two cases, for which he informed me he had paid
7s. acase. They were certainly a very fine sample,
in excellent condition, fairly large, clean, and not
over-ripe ; he was confident they would keep
good a week or more if necessary ; he expected to
realise 2d. each for all of them. This is an
instance of how desirable it is to cultivate only
good varieties.

There are various points that go to make a good
mango—on the outside, size, form, colour and
texture of skin; inside, freedom from fibre, size
of stone, and, most important of all, flavour. It is
very rare to find all these conditions in the same
fruit. The finest-flavoured mango I ever tasted
was at the Island of St. Helena, South Atlantic ;
but it possessed no other condition of excellence,
the price it realised was one shilling each. This
and other fruit trees were brought to the island
by Captain Bligh in H.M.S. “ Providence” from
Timor and the South Seas in 1792. I never saw
a handsomer mango than one grown at Wickham
terrace; it was entirely free from fibre, but had
an enormous stone, was destitute of flavour and
otherwise worthless. In marked contrast was
one produced here, of fine form and colour, and
without a blemish. It weighed 18 oz., the stone
2 02.; it was quite free from fibre, and of delicious
flavour. The tree is a shy bearer, and is this
year without fruit. The specimen described
was exceptional, the next being a bad second in
size, though equal in other respects.

The nomenclature of mangoes seems to be in a
hopeless state of confusion. This is greatly
owing to the immense variety we have, and to
our ignorance on the subject. I haveseen several
distinct kinds called the “ Bombay.” As well may
we speak of the strawberry as the ‘‘ London,”
simply because it originally came from London,
or an apple the “ Kuglish” becanse it came from
England. Hight or nine distinct varieties are
known as the “Apple” and as many as the
“ Strawberry,” though why they are so named it
is difficult to tell. They do not resemble the
apple or strawberry in appearance, flavour, oF
anything else. Mr. Parker, who has given con-
siderable attention to the cultivation of mangoes,
has this season been fortunate in producing a new
variety ; it is of peculiar form, fairly large, of
good colour, free from fibre, small stone, and of
excellent flavour, The mango is so good that it is
thought worthy of being named ‘‘ Bobs.”

——— 2

FIRST STEPS IN AGRICULTURE.

First Stage—2nd Lesson.
BY)\A, J. B.
In our last lesson I explained to you the
necessity of ploughing and otherwise working the
soil, which work is included in the word “ cultis

72 Supplement to the « Tropical Agricultwrist.”

vation.” You know that the farmer is not always
ploughing his land. If he were to do nothing
else but plough, he would not be able to sow any
crops. ‘There are certain times and seasons when
ploughing has to be done, and there are seasons
when the farmer and his men attend to other work.

You are not too young to understand why some
crops grow best during the winter and others
during the summer. 1 will therefore give you
a short lesson on what I will call the ‘ season-
able” work on the farm.

There are few Queensland children who do
not know what maize is; only they know it by the
name of “corn.” Well, maize does not like cold
weather, On aright frosty morning you like to
get near a good fire, or, if you go out, you like
to have a warm coat on. But a maize plant or a
sugar-cane plant has no warm coat to protect it
from the cold, so, if either of them happen to
have been planted at a wrong season, its tender
green leaves exposed to the frosty air of night
become frost-bitten, and the whole plant dries up
when the hot sun shines on it, and it withers
away. Then, such plants as cauliflowers and
cibbages love the cold weather, and if they are
planted out of their season—that is, if they are
exposed to the blazing heat of our summer—they
will not thrive, and the greatest care has to be
taken to make them grow at all. Then, again, the
climate of Queensland changes. If you live away
in the far North—at Cairns, Cooktown, cr Thursday
Island—you find that the weather is very hot
almost all the year round; soit is on the coasts
of the Gulf of Carpentaria, which you see on
your map. But up on the country above the
Main Range it is very cold in winter, even at
Herberton in the North. So you see that all over
Queensland the farmers have to remember the
climate they live in, and so arrange the time (for
ploughing and sowing. On the Darling Downs
they begin sowing the wheat in April—that is,
in autumn. Then the wheat, which loves the
cool weather, comes up, and if it gets sufficient
rain at the proper time the farmer will expect a
good crop, unless something happens which you
will hear about in a future lesson.

The maize crop, on the contrary, loves the hot
weather, so the farmers plough their corn land in
July and August—that is, in the winter—and, as
soon as there is no more fear of frost, they sow
the maize, and soon the fields are covered with the

beautiful dark-green maize plants, which produce
- their golden cobs in the height of summer.

Now, here is an easy lesson for you to learn,
Remember that all the common vegetables—such
- as cabbages, cauliflowers, carrots, turnips, and
many European vegetables--are best grown
during the cold winter weather; and that sugar-
cane, rice, yams, maize, melons,’ pumpkins, and
other, what are called tropical, plants must be
grown during the hot months of summer,

I told you that the farmer is not always busy
ploughing the land. When his crops are sown,
he has to keep the weeds down for the reasons
1 gave you in your first lesson, So he stops
ploughing and cultivates the soil among his grow-

[JULY 1, 1901,

ing crops in order to supply them with plenty of
plant tood.

Then by and by his time is occupied with
gathering in the harvest. In November he is
busy harvesting his wheat and barley crops. In
December and right up to April and May he
pulls his corn. Then he has to dig his potatoes
twice in a year, besides gathering vegetables.
And again he has fields of lucerne to cut and
turn into hay. And so, all the year round, each
season brings its round of duties, and the farmer
who does not watch the seasons, and who does
not plough, sow, and plant at the proper time,
will lose a great deal of time and money.

Now, having explained to you the necessity for
watching the seasons, you can easily understand
how a farmer may lose a great deal by
ploughing and sowing too late. If he puts in a
crop in June which should have been sown in
April, he is a bad farmer, and almost deserves to
lose his time and reap a bad crop. Andif he is
too great a hurry and hopes to get his crop out
before his neighbour, and so plants in April
instead of in August, he is just as bad a farmer,
and can blame nobody but himself for his want
of success,

Before we finish this lesson, I must tell you
that all soils, although close to each other, are
not alike. I may havea farm of which the soil
is rich, and deep, and warm, and sheltered from
cold and violent winds. My neighbour's farm
has a stiff, cold soil exposed to the strong winds.
If my neighbour and 1 were to cultivate our
farms in exactly the same Way, one of us would
be doing wrong, and would suffer for our want of
know.edge, If his farm is wet and cold, he must
do something to the scil to get rid of the wet,
and to warm it. If mine is too dry and too
light, I must do something to retain the moisture
and to make the land less lose and porous. So
you see that every farmer has to learn what ‘to
do to his land so that it may yield him good crops.

Here are eleven more questions, the answers to
which you can supply from what I have just told
you.

Questions on Lesson 2.

1.-—-Why does the farmer not spend all his time
in ploughing the land ?
2.—Name the seasons.
3.—What is meant by seasonable work 2
4.—Name any plants which thrive best in hot
weather ?
5.—Name some that grow best in winter?
6.—Name the warm and cool portions of the
colony ?
7.—In what months does the farmer plant
Sugar-Cane, sow rice, maize, wheat, barley,
and kitchen vegetables ?
8.—When does he begin to harvest maize and
wheat ?
9.—Why shculd the farmer watch the seasons?
10.—-Is the soil on. all farms of the same
quality P
11,—Describe two different kinds of soil?
(To be continued.)

e «| MONTHLY. be

XXI. COLOMBO, AUGUST Ist, 1901.

NOm+2s.

BASIC SUPERPHOSPHATE: ITS PRE-
PARATION AND USE AS A
MANURE.

BY JOHN HUGHES, F.L.C.,
Reprinted from the Journal of the Society of Chemical
Industry, 80 April, 1901. No. 4. Vol. XX.)

<7 hs ))HE manufacture of superphos:
) phate in this country may
f be considered to have com-
menced in 1842, when the late
Sir John Bennett Lawes, F’.R.%.,
obtained a patent for treating
ground mineral phosphates with

expressed, namely, that the agricultural value of
phosphate manures depended upon the extent to which
the phosphoric acid they contained was rendered
soluble in water through the aid of sulphuric acid.

It was contended that this solubility in water insured
the most complete diffusion through the soil that
could possibly be obtained, and this theory in itself is
still regarded as correct.

At first the treatment of ground coprolites with
commercial sulphuric acid was carried on in a cautious
manner ; onlya portion of the phosphates, amounting
perhaps to 20 per cent., was converted into what was
known as soluble phosphates ; and frequently as much
io 10 per cent. was still left as undissolved phos-

The manure so produced was in an excellent dry
condition. Indeed in those days complaints respect-
ing damp condition were of rare occurrence.

When acid, however, became cheaper, as the result
of improved manufacture, and as competition increased,
the utmost amount of soluble phosphate was got out
of the manure, so that only 2 or 3 per cent. of phos-
phate was left ina condition not soluble in water.

Superphosphates then became damper and more

acid, so that complaints respecting the condition were |

of frequent occurrence, because the farmer could not
obtain uniform distribution from the manure clogging
in the drill.

Superphosphate when first introduced was chiefly
applied as a manure for root crops, such as turnips and
swedes, which were usually raised on good arable
land containing a fair quantity of lime.

Indeed ag early as 1863 the late Dr. Augustus
Voelcker, writing in the journal of the Royal Agri-
cultural Society upen ‘‘ Phosphatic Manures for Root
Crops,’ writes :—

“ Superphosphates of lime applied to root crops has
a different practical effect on different soils.

“The more rapidly and completely the soluble phos-
phate in commercial superphosphate and turnip
manures is precipitated and rendered insoluble in the
soil, the more energetic will be its effect upon the
turnip crop.

‘« Purely mineral superphosphates fail to produce
good turnip crops on light sandy soils.

‘* Bone dust partially dissolved by acidis a better
manure on light soil than a purely mineral, super-
phosphate,

“Tt has indeed been observed that the exclusive
use of superphosphate, however beneficial it may be
inthe majority of instances, has in some soils led to
complete or partial failure or the presence of
disease in the turnip crop,

‘*The reconversion of soluble into insoluble phos-
phate perhaps may appear undesirable, but in reality
it isnotonly beneficial, but absolutely necessary to
healthy and luxuriant development both of tur-
nips andof all other crops to which superphosphate
js applied.

“No acid combination as such can enter into
plants without doing them serious damage; even
free vegetable acids, such as humic and ulmic acids,

74. THE TROPICAL

are injurious to all crops cultivated for fcod for the
use of manor beast: and unless these acids, which
are always present in what practical men call sour
humus, are neutralised by lime, or marl, or earth,
none but the roughest and most innutritious herbage
can be grown.

“Free mineral acids are, I believe, still more in-
jurious to all farm crops, and perhaps to all plants,
than the free organic acids that are found in humus.

“A very dilute solution of sulphuric acid—say
1 part in 1,000 of water—may be used with advan-
tage for killing grass in gravel walks made with
flint or quartz sand; after one or two applications
fhe weeds will be destroyed and will not reappear
tor a long time.

“ But if the walks are made with limestone gravel,
the application of amuch stronger acid has little
or no effect onthe grass or weeds; after some time
the latter indeed seem to grow all the better for
having had a taste of dilute sulphuric acid.

“In reality, however, no acid enters these plants,
but on coming into contact with the limestone gravel
unites with the lime to form that useful fertilizer
sulphate of lime or gypsum.”

The above paragraphs express the opinion of one
who was rightly regarded as an authority upon the
properties and application of artificial manures.

In 1875 the Aberdeenshire experiments, conducted
by Professor Jamieson, were instituted, and continued
for some years.

The published results excited much interest, for
they demonstrated by actual field experiments that
insoluble, or more properly termed undissolved, phos-
phates, ifapplied in a finely ground state and in
sufficient quantity, were of very considerable value
aS a mauure, whereas according to the previously
held theory they were supposed to possess no prac-
tical value at all.

Further, these experiments proved that on certain
soils ordinary soluble phosphate, that is to say,
phosphate of lime rendered soluble by acid, was not
superior in its action to undissolved phosphate to
anything like the extent that had hitherto been
generally supposed.

Not unnaturally, these results, keing opposed to
the theory hitherto held, excited a considerable
amount of hostile criticism, which, however, time
and more extended enquiry has proved to have
been unreasonable.

The experiments were carried out at five stations
situated in different parts of the country, and the
soils are described as being black mould resting
upon a granite subsoil, and the analyses show that
in every case they were specially deficient in lime.

The figures for lime at these five stations being
respectively 0:08, 0°17, 0°21, 0°33, and 0°38 per 100
parts of the dry soil.

Such soils were, in fact, exactly those upon which
soluble phosphate, as supplied by superphosphate,
would not be likely to exert its full benefit, while
the vegetable acids present in the black mould
would be certain to dissolve the finely-ground
mineral phosphate to a very considerable extent.

In short, the conditions were most favourable to
the action of dissolved phosphates.

About the year 1883 the now well-knowu Thomas
phosphate powder, prepared from basic slag, was
introduced tothe agricultural world as an entirely
new manure.

At first, agricultural chemists of high repute were
disinclined to place any agricultural value upon this
material, which was really ovly the refuse in the
manufacture of iron from ores which, by reason of
containing much phosphorous and_ silica, required
additional lime to be specially added to remove
the same,

Little by little, however, farmers were induced to
take small quantities for trial, chiefly on their
old grass lands, and the practical results were so
good on certain soils, rich in vegetable remains but

AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1, 1901,

poor in lime, that scientific authorities were soon
compelled to recognise the value of this manure
when applied to suitable soils.

In this country the importance of fine grinding
has been fully recognised asa test of the probable
manurial value ; but in Germany Prof. Paul Wagner
of the agricultural station of Darmstadt has in-
sisted upon the solubility in citric acidasa further
test of probable manurial value, and it is to be hoped
that theattention recently directed to this test by
Mr. F.J. Lloyd will accentuate the importance of
adopting some such additional test, rather than to
confine the examination to a statement of the total
phosphate of lime and the fineness of the grinding,

The author, however, had already adopted this
citric acid method of teating the probable manorial
value; but instead of employing the 2 per cent. cold
solution of citric acid used by Wegner, or the ] per
cent. cold solution recommended by Dr. Bernard
Dyer inhis paper ‘‘ On the Determination of probably
available Mineral Plant Food in Soils” (Journal
of the Chemical Society, 1894), he prefers to use a
solution very much weaker, and in his opinion more
nearly resembling the acidity of soil water.

The solution employed is1 in 1,000, namely 1 grm.
cf citric acld to1 litre of cold distilled water, taking
1 erm. of the slag or ground phosphate, and allowing
the same to be exhausted with occasional stirring
for 24 hours.

On referring to Table I. the relative solubility of
five different kinds of ground phosphate is compared
with that of basic slag.

The Peace River, with a fineness of 93°61, shows the
highest figures for phosphoric acid dissolved ont,
namely 9°90 as against 8°70 in the basic slag; but as
regards lime the latter shows 22°17 as against 15:23
in the former,

The French phosphate, specially rich in carbonate
of lime. upon which the citric acid first acts, shows
15°34 of lime and only 2°85 phosphoric acid.

Tapxez I,
Solubility in a Weak Solution of Citric Acid
1 grm. phosphate powder:

1 grm. citric acid
1,000 c.c. cold distilled water.
Allowed to stand 24 hours, with occasional stirring ;

then filtered, the insoluble portion weighed, and
the solution analysed.

~
oO
=
P 2: & 3
a Ss 4 8 B
Oo ‘D> ~ oOo ©
s 6) "2 5 ro) ad
x en eS R 3 a
me < a |
r re a a} ~ Lo} o
Containing phosphate
of lime per cent. 50°86 55°99 78°26 79°57 61:23 29:97
Fine powder passed
through 100- hole
sieve. 3 76°21 67°69 72°37 91°63 93°61 83:8
, Portion soluble in
citric acid solution 30°00 3000 22-60 22:80 31:40 38°80
* Containing —
Lime........s000... 2+ 15°°4 13°66 11°87 11°64 15°22 92-17
Phosphoric acid. 2°85 ,6°35 8:25 840 9°90 8-70
Equall to phos-
phate of lime. 6°22 13°86 18°01 18°34 21°61 18:99

These results certainly go to prove that much
of the good effects of basic slag must be ascribed
to the ready supply of lime rather than to the
supply of phosphoric acid. Further, that the solubility
in citric acid solution depends upon the character
of the phosphate, the fineness of the grinding, the
strength and quantity of the solvent, and the time
allowed for the treatment.

It has been stated that ordinary basic slag contains
as much as 20 per cent. of free caustic lime, but
this is not thefoase, and obviously so, because any
such excess of lime would indicate a wasteful method

|

Ave. 1, 1901.]

of manufacture, for lime is only added in sufficient
quantity to remove the phosphorus and_ silica
existing in the original iron ore,

Probably 2 or 3 per cent. of caustic lime is the

utmost present, for most of the lime not combined
with phosphoric acid exists as silicate of lime ina
form readily soluble in weak solutions of vegetable
acids, but not soluble in ordinary water, as may
be easily demonstrated by actual trial.
The Preparation of Basic Superphosphate.—Bearing
all the before-mentioned points in mind it occurred
to the author that a manure, superior to ordinary
basic slag in regard to its solubility, and at the
same time combining its alkaline character, could
be prepared by the addition of lime, preferably
slaked lime, to ordinary superphosphate in sufficient
quantity to convert such acid superphosphate into
alkaline or basic superphosphate.

Experiments were accordingly made, and, it being
found that the addition of lime in proper proportions
did not render the soluble phosphates insoluble in
very weak cold solutions of citric acid (1 in 1,000),
such as might be expected to exist in certain soils,
a provisional specification was at once filed and
eventually a patent as granted.
=The preparation in theory is very simple, but
in practice there are certain mechanical difficulties
to be overcome in order to effect a uniform and
complete admixture of the acid superphosphate
with the caustic lime.

The quantity of slaked lime required to be added
depends upon its quality and the care with which
it has been burned in the kiln. No particular
degree of purity is necessary, but by preference
the best commercially available is to be employed.

The orginal specimen of basic super was prepared
from asuper having the following composition:—

l Per Cent,
Sovable phosphate .. .. «w. .. 27°72
Insoluble phosphate .. .. .. .. 4°82

This would be regarded as a somewhat wastefully
made quality, having nearly 5 per cent. of undissolved
phosphate ; but it was found that a considerable
portion of such phosphate, though insoluble- in
ordinary water, was readily soluble in weak solution
of citric acid (1 in 1,000).

About $85 parts of the super were thoroughly
mixed with 15 parts of good slaked lime and allowed
to remain in a heap for fully 24 hours. Next day
lgrm, of the manure, with 1 litre of standard
solution containing 1 grm. of citric acid, was
placed in a large beaker, and, with occasional
stirring, was allowed to stand for 24 hours, no
artificial heat whatever being applied. On the
following day the solution was filtered, the portion
left insoluble was burned and weighed, and the
filtrate carefully analysed for lime and phosphoric
acid, with the following results:—

* Portion soluble in citric acid solution 94°70
{ Portion insoluble (after burning) in citric

solution 90 bd 5°30

* Containing soluble lime ane 34°66

do phosphoric acid we 12:00

Equalto phosphate of lime 26°19

f Containing insoluble lime cco 2°40

do phosphoric acid 0°65

Eqnal to phosphate of lime 1:41
According to calculation the sample so prepared
should have contained—
Ordinary soluble phosphate nee 23°56
Ordinary insoluble phosphate... 4°09
But the actual results obtained by treatment
with the standard citric acid solution were—
Soluble phosphate cco 26°19
Insoluble phosphate co 1:41
Consequently 2°68 per cent. of the phosphate
originally insoluble in warm water was found to be
readily soluble in the cold weak citric acid
solution employed.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 75

Taste II,

Works Samples of Basic Superphosphate as actually
prepared in England, Ireland, ane Scotland.
1 2 3

* Portion soluble in week

citric acid solution, 94°60 94°20 93°00 92°60
Portion insoluble in same
(after burning). 5°40 5°80 7°00 7°40
* Containing—
Soluble — lime......... 33°93 86°73 82°53 29°56
Soluble phosphoric
Greit eo pobeeeeen bE) 13°35 12°00 12°45
Equal to phosphate
OL lime ye seres ate 29°68 29°14 26°19 £718

Manufacturers hitherto have never been paid any-
thing on account of the so-called insoluble phosphate
in superphosphate,

When made from materials like Tennessee rock
phosphate, containing 4 to 44 per cent. of oxide
of iron and alumina, there must always be a
considerable proportion of phosphoric acid retained
in a form insoluble in water, but readily soluble in
weak vegetable acids, and therefore probably
available as plant food.

It is intended that the quality sent out shall
average 25 te 27 per cent. of such so-called soluble
phosphate, and that the manure shall always have
a distinctly alkaline reaction.

Basic super is much more soluble in ordinary
water than basic slag, as may be easily ascertained
by treating 1 grm. of each with a litre of cold
distilled water, allowing the same to remain in
contact for 48 hours, with occasional stirring, and
subsequently filtering off the insoluble portions and
analysing the filtrate as follows:—

Tasie III.

Relative Solubility in Cold Water after 48 hours,
Basic Super Basic Slag
0

EPPorblONeSOLUDO: ctccccossasceseseceeecs 66°80 66
Portion insoluble (after burning) 33°20 93°40
* Containing —

Soluble lime...... 80 22°28 4,70

No phosphate soluble in water.

These results demonstrate the superior solubility
of basic super and also may explain why basic slag
fails on soils which do not contain an excessive pro-
portion of accumulated vegtable matter.

it is not ordinary water, but water largely im-
pregnated with vegetable acids, that is capable
of dissolving a hard fused mass like slag. Ordinary
water has but a slight action on slag, however finely
ground it may be.

In this case the slag was very well greund, having
a fineness of 83:88 and containing 88:97 per cent.
of phosphate of lime,

T'aBLE IV.

Comparative Solubility in Ammoniacal Citrate
of Ammonia
Taking 1 grm. of phosphate, 24 grms, citrate of
ammonia, and 10@ c.c. water, gradually raised to
boiling point and filtered, and the insolube portion
burned and weighed.
Basic Super Basic sles

Pe Por tiONUSOlUDE ve cists niers clele ceicestere 86 70 28°91
Portion insoluble (after burning) 13°30 71°10
* Containing —
OLUD eM lime ccc cesccerersluciocicre 32°03 14°72
Soluble phosphosphoric acid... 10°20 3°35
Equal to phosphate of lime - 22°27 7:31

The above results show that basic super is very
readily dissolved by citrate of ammonia solution
(slightly ammoniacal), while basic slag is only very
slightly dissolved, though containing originally a
higher percentage of phosphate of lime.

Mechanical Condition.—As may be expected, the
condition of basic supper is excellent, being a dry
powder easily distributed either by hand or machine;
and the farmer need not fear that clogging in the
drill, resulting from damp condition, which is such
a difficult matter to overcome.

The light bulky character of the material as com:
pared with the heavy nature of slag may be con-

76 THE TROPICAL

i illustrated by placing the same weight in
Hoare diameter lesstenbeetabodt 1 foot long,
when it will be seen that the basic super occupies a
space of 11 inches, as compared with only 44 inches oc-
cupied by the basic slag the relation being as 100to 40

This greater bulk in itself ensures a more perfect
distribution, and will be appreciated by farmers who
have already recognised the difficulty of obtaining a
uniform delivery of slag, especially when applied by
hand, for the heavy gritty powder falls between
the fingers before complete delivery can be effected.

Tis use asa Manure.—Basic supez is not intended to
supersede ordinary superphosphate on good arable
land containing plenty of lime, but is intended to
be applied on soils that are either deficient in lime
or contain an excessive quantity of vegetable acids,

sour pastures do. é
a is also Eeemended as specially suitable as a
fertiliser for turnips grown on land subject to the
disease known as “finger and toe.

Manure manufacturers have suffered seriously from
competition with basic slag, because on sour grass
land acid manures were unsuccessful, but now, by
the simple addition of slaked lime, ordinary super-
phosphate can be converted into a manure par-
ticularly adapted to all sour soils. u,

Field Haperiments.—Of course, as the provisional
specification was only filed on the 1st November
last, no field experiments have yet been made, but
during the coming season a fair trial will be made
upon a great variety of soils throughozt the United
Kingdom, and upon the results so obtained the
future success of manures will depend.

It may, however, be interesting, and tend to en-
gender confidence in the new manure, if attention
is directed to the reports of certain field experi-
ments in which superphosphate and lime were applied
separately with most satisfactory results.

Im the joint report of Prof. Carruthers and Dr.
John Voelcker on the improvement of grass land,
published in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural
Society for March 1898, the following statement occurs
in reference to an experiment in Lincolnshire upon
a soil containing only 0:17 per cent. of lime.

The soil is of a very light character, with a subsoil
of clay; itis deficient in vegetable matter, and has
not much potash, butisfairly supplied with phosphoric
acid; and, from the analysis, lime would appear to be

requisite. ;
arcietie perimental plot was limed in January
1896 at the rate of four tons of lime per acre, and
the other half received no lime,

On the limed portion mineral superphosphate
was applied in February at the rate of 4 cwt- per acre;
and on the unlimed portion, basic slag, at the rate
of 8 cwt. per acre, was applied also in February.

The report states that ‘“‘the entire half that had
been !imed has shown marked improvement.

“Basic slag used alone has produced more clover,
but is hardly as good as mineral superphosphate

i ime.”

Vita the Journal of the Board of Agriculture, De-
cember 1900, Dr. Somerville, in a paper ‘‘Gn the
Influence of Manures on the Production of Mutton,

resulting from experiments carried out on Cockle
Park Farm, iu Northumberland, writes, respecting
the grass plot that had received a dressing of 7
cwt. superphosphate in 1897 and 1900, and 10 cwt.
of ground lime for 1897 and again for 1899 :—

“This is a plot in which the interest increases
each season, and this year it merits special notice,
as it has produced the greatest aggregate increase of all,

The results axe further favourably contrasted with
those obtained from two other plots, one of which had
received a dressing of 7 cwt., superphosphate, bat no
lime; andthe other had received as much as 4 tons
per acre of ordinary burned lime, but no superphos-

ate. lie writes:—

Bethe main reason for this difference in the
effect of lime is that where used alone its action is
limited by the want of phosphates, in which the soil is
very deficient ; whereas in the pregonce of a phosphatic

AGRICULTURIST. (Aue, 1, 1901.

dressing it is able to exert its full, or nearly its full
effect. ”

“On the other hand, phosphates, used alone, have
not been able to exercise the maximum influence
because of the want of lime.”

The practical results obtained by Dr. Somerville
agree so well with the opinions expressed by the late
Dr. Augustus Voelcker in 1863 that the author has a
reasonable hope that basic superphosphate will prove
a useful and economical manure on the particular
kinds of soils already mentioned.

Instead of going to the expense of liming a@ field so
thoronghly that every square inch of soil shall contain
sufficient lime to neutralise the acid superphosphate
that may be afterwards applied, it is proposed toadd
sufficient lime to the super before application, and
thus secure a very important economical saving both
of time and money,

If superphosphate can be thusadapted for applica-
tion to sour soils, a great increass in the demand
may in a few years be expected.

Moreover, the superphosphate employed may be
made from materials containing more oxide of iron
and alumina than usual.

Phosphates which have once been rendered soluble
in water by treatment with sulphuric acid are superior,
and must always remain superior, in their action to
all raw phosphates, which are merely mechanically
divided, however finely ground.

Though the total phosphates supplied by basic
super may be less in actual amount than that exist-
ing in ordinary basic slag, they will be found much
more certain and effectual in their results.

Mr, D. Wilson, D. Sc., of Carbeth, Killearn, very
truly remarked, in a recent lecture on the manur-
ing of farm crops; ‘Artificial manures sheuld be
so arranged as to yield a profit on the jirst Corp,
and should be of a quick-acting class, and limited in
quantity to the requirements of the particular crop.”

Basic super may be regarded as a quick-acting
manare, and may be used with advantage quite late
in the season, with a reasonable expectation that
under favourable climatic conditions satisfactory and
economical results may be obtained,

(To be concluded.)

—_____,»____

THE COCO-NUT-—INSECT ATTACKS AND
THE VITALITY OF PLANTS &e.,

Coconuts are largely grown in Trinidad, but little
attention, generally speaking, is paid to their require-
ments in the way of manure, At times they are
stricken with disease, when the soil, the climate, an
insect, or a fungus issure to be blamed for the trouble;
and in most cases special “remedies” are applied,
which are expected to act “likea charm” in the re-
moval of the mischief. Many instances could be cited
where this has occurred, but it would be invidious to
particularise. The scale insect is one which has
generally been combatted with potions, poisons, or
‘‘remedies,”’ and yet it still exists and is said to kill
out the trees. Now there can be little doubt that ill
health is one of the primary causes which lead to
insect attack inthe vegetable world; and, therefore,
a due examination should be made of the soil and
climate ofthe district in which the plants are growing
for the purpose of ascertaining whether they are in
reality getting all they require in theform of nutriment
for the maintenance of healthy growth. From our
personal observation it would appear that, if a soil is
deficient in certain constituents, there is always a
want of vigour inthe plant cultivated and, in most
cases, insect attack follows—and also follows where
there is want of moisture, or too much of it, viz.,
drought and bad drainage. Instances have been seen
where Coco-nut trees and other plants attacked by
scale insects have completely recovered by being
heavily manured, (7.e.,) supplied with those ingredients
necessary for the plant to maintain itself in a healthy
state. Although it may be quite clear that insect
attack always follows bad health, it would be too

: “na

Aue. 1, 1901.]

much to argue that plants are never otherwise

attacked ;for it may be freely admitted that there
are insects of a depredatury or predatory character,
which destroy plants in good health, without affect-
ing the point, whichis. that attacks are invited by
& condition of bad health, arising through weak-
* constitution, induced by unsuitable condi-
sof climate or season and frequently by starva-
on. {to many plants constitutional weakness can
be shown to exist, which is adequately proved by their
passing out of existence inthe struggle for life, and
no amount of skill in cultivation or manuring
could possibly give them the vigour or vitality of
their surviving brethren. Such plants may at times
have qualities which make them of value to the
cultivator, andif they are grown for economic pur-
poses, cultivation becomes one interminable fight
against such weaknesses, Where special products
are desired, it is always better to raise and select
seedlings possessed of sach vitality or vigour of
constitution as will suit the climate or soil in
which they are grown, and this may be generally
effected by the common processes of artificial selec-
tion, Inthis way we find that in the United States
and other places plants are being raised, the pro-
genitors of which could not stand certain climates.
The publication of the proceedings of the Hybrid
Conference recently held by the Royal Horticultural
Society in London makes it clear there is every
reason to hope that strains or varieties of plants
may be raised by taking certain precautions, which
possess a vigour or suitability of constitution en-
abling them to stand the extremes of either hot or
cold climates. Now, while we may not expect any
immediate or present advantage to the Coco-nui
from these methods, yet itis to be clearly pointed
out that a method of selection may be followed,

even with this plant, by taking seed nuts only

from those trees which show they possess a vigorous
constitution and mature nuts of saleable size in
paying quantity. Itis not to be expected, however,
that individuals willdo much with a plant which
would take so long atime before results could be
observed, and therefore in this, as in many other
cases, the work is best performed by Experiment
Stations that the objects in view may be carried
on through a series of years. Many years ago I
yecommended the practice of selection for the Coco-
nut but was met by the argument from a Trinidad
grower that ‘the smaller nut had most meat” or
as much “ meat”? as the larger one. Even if this
is granted it is an indisputable fact that the larger
nut sells better than the smaller one, always has
done, and probably always willdo. A Coco-nut tree
planted in an unsuitable position will scon show
signs that it is not gettin, all it requires and
much may be done by the cultivator to ascertain
and supply what is actually needed. In the Queens-
land Agricultural Journal for April, 1900, there is
published a complete analysis by Dr. F. Bachofen
of Mr. A Bain’s* chemical Laboratory at the Ceylon
Manure Works. Mr. Bain* writes:—

“Though there exist several analyses of parts of the
Cocu-nut, no one seems tohave undertaken the task
of getting acomplete analysis made with the view of
ascertaining the actual demand made by the Coco-nut
upon the mineral constituents of the soil. Yet this
knowledge is of paramount importance to those going
in for manuring.”

Dr. Bachofeu’s tables and analysis of quantities
taken out of the ground by 1,000 nuts are here given as
valuable addition to our knowledge.— Trinidad Bulletin.

———___$____@—___—_—_
COCOA IN TRINIDAD.

From sugar we pass to the newer industry of cocoa,
although, so far as ‘l'rinidad is concerned, this is by no

means a new industry. There are plantations in

* Sic. Mr. A. Baur, of course.—Ep. 7,4.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Mf

existence, the starting of which can be traced to over
a hundred years ago. The development of this in-
dusiry has certainly been rema:kable. Forvy years
ago there were only some 7,U00 acres of cocoa in
cultivation, Thetoval exports for the year 1899
amounted to the very large figure of 29,225 504
pounds—an increase in ten years of over tourveen
million pounds, ‘Che cultivation is swuill being ex-
tended. The system of cultivation in Trinidad is a
very interesting one. The present lurge estates have
been made by the gathering together of the smaliec
areas under cultivation. nese small areas have
been started under what is known as the contract
system. ‘he contractors have generally been the
descendants of the Spaniards aud the French, and
now to this class has got to added the cuolie
The proprietor pays the cost of cutting down the
forest, and when socleaned the land is turned over
to the contractor, who culvivates upon if plantains
tanulas, (Our cocoes, bananas and pigeon-peas for
a period of five or six or ten yeurs, in revarn tor
for thishe undertakes to plaut land with covoa
and shade trees, and when he gives the lana up, the
proprietor gives him a shilling for every tree Planted
‘he laws in protection both ot the contractu. aud of
the proprietor who gives tue contract are well drawn
enabling the contractor to get justice and at the
same time safeguarding the rignts of the proprietor
under the contract, ‘l’nere isnot much to be seen
of coco acultivation from the roadside, but undoubt-
edly it is an ideal cultivstion for a European
in the tropics. Iu ‘Vrinidad thé soil is of such a
nature thatit easily cakes and dries uuder the sun;
and consequently 1t is necessary—in Jamuica 1
understand, it is not so necessary—to plant per-
manent shade trees. In starting the plantation
after the trees have been raised in the nursery they
are planted out, each tree being surrounded by ton
banana suckers. ‘he banana which is principal

used for this purpose in Trinidad is the go-calleu fee
banana plant producing a much smaller variety of
fruit than ours, hese young bananas form ~ the
shade tor the young cocoa, but jat the same time
there has tobe planted the permanent shade tree
and by the consensus of all opinion the tree that is
best adapted for this purpose of permanent shade
is the Immortelle, known by the Spaniards as th
Madre de Cocoa, or the *‘ mothe of Cocoa,” This
tree grows very rapidly, much more Yapldly thao
the cocoa itself, and grows to a great height. B

the time it is necessary for the cocoa to have chads
the Immortelle is there. Lhe protecting intluence
ot this shade has given it the name 1b so well
deserves of the ‘‘ Mother of Cocoa.” the linmorteli
is a@ tree that does not throw deep roots into he
ground, and apparently takes nothing from the soil
which thecocoa needs. The falling of its Hower
and leaves seems to supplya valuable manure to he
soil, It is almost impossible to conceive a mo

beautiful sight than the hillside one mass of beanie
ful red when the Immortelle is in bloom tor ib
bears a red flower. Walking through the coco
plantations when the blossoms are falling aan
treads on a carpet of fallen blooms, There ar
other shade trees that are spoken of, notabl he
hog-plum, the sand-box, and that variety of the
rubber plant known as the Castilloa. The Tramortelle,
unfortunately, is easily blown down, and with Gia
immense length does considerable damage to the
cocoa trees when falling. Asarule, however whet
it falls it is very largely rotten, and the deca, ed
vegetable matter forms an important manure hho
best authorities agree that the cocoa fields should
be kept as free as possible from all grass, althou h
of course, as in everythiag else, there are peoais
who dispute this, The trees have to be pruned
regularly and carefully, and it is interesting to
state here that a very large percentage ot the
cocoa planters firmly believe that Ouly at cerain
phases ofthe moon should this be,done, the runnin
ofthe sap inthe trees being affected by the action

78 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

of the moon. This has been disputed by scientific
authorities, such as Mr. Hart, of the Botanic
Gardens; but still the belief exists among the
planters who personally told me that, though they
can find no scientific reason for it, nevertheless
they are right. It is necessary on cocoa estates to
have good drainage, and the drains must be kept
clear so that the land shall not get soured by the
accumulation of water. A large quantity of moss

is all the time gathering on the trees, and this
moss hag to be taken off by the process known as
“ brushing,” brushes made of stiff fibre being used

for the purpose. The moss, of course, accumulates
on the trees with varying rapidity, according to the
moisture of the climate, butit is generally conceded

that in most districts the trees require brnshing
once in three years,
How Prrparep For MarkeT.—It may, no doubt,

be of interest to some of my readers to know just
how the cocoa is picked and prepared for market in
Trinidad, and the following account, I think, about
covers it. Picking is started, say, on Monday, and
the pods when picked are gathered in piles which
are left there until Friday morning or afternoon,
according tothe quantity picked. The breaking or
opening of the pods commences either on Friday
or Saturday morning. The pods are opened at the
pile and the beans taken out and ‘‘ crooked ” to the
sweat-box that is to say carried in baskets on mule-tack
to the sweat-box. The reasons for not breaking and tak-
ing the beans in every night are many :—(1) Because
it would be expensive. (2.) Because the fruit is too
fresh from the tree. (3.) Because the sweating
would not be regular and it would not be possible to
get a regular kind of cocoa both as to size and colour.
(4.) Because too many sweat-boxes would be re-
uired. :

: By allowing cocoa to remain inthe pod for four or
five days inthe field before breaking, it is found that
fermentation gradually begins, and the fruit benefits
from allthe aroma there may be in the pod. Once
in the sweat-box, the beans are covered with plan-
tain leaves, and in a couple of days fermentation
is very strong. The sweat-boxes, on properly
arranged estates, are fixed ina series so that, when
fermentation commences, the beans are changed from
one box t9 another, and this process is allowed to
go on for four, five, or six days, according to the
quantity of the cocoa it is desired to produce,
Highly fermented cocoa formerly fetched very high
prices, but to-day the difference in price is so little
that the planters are seriously considering the
question as to whether it is wise to waste the time
and extra loss of weight that is required: for extreme
fermentation—thoughit is only right for me to state
here that there isa great divergence of opinion as
to whether after a certain period there is any extra
loss of weight by fermentation. From the sweat-box
the cocoa is put inthe sun and spread out very
thin, and while it is inthat state, labourers, prin-
cipally coolies, are employed to walk on the cocoa,
or, as it is called, to ‘‘ mash” it. Whilst the
labourers are walking over the beans they are also
busy picking off any pieces of fibre which may
adhere to them from the pods. During the first
day the beans are carefuliy watched and turned
about so as to let the sun get at all of them. If
the sun is too hot, the cocoa-house is closed and the
cocoa heaped up. Inthe afternoon, it is opened out
until sunset, After this process is over, the cocoa
ig “danced” for two or three days. That isto say,
coolies are employed to perform a dance on top of
the cocoa, This must be done when the beans are
still soft, as when half-dry it is too late and the
cocoa is apt to get spoiled. The cocoa is cured in
eight days, provided there is sufficient sun. The
cocoa drying-house is an interesting building and
requires some explanation to the uninitiated. Posts
are firmly driven into the ground at distances,
gay, of about four or six feet apart, On these are
laid beams, and on the beams is put an iron rail,

fAuc, 1, 1901.

The roof is apitched roof covered with corrugated
iron, and is made in two sections, the sheets of one
slightly overlapping the sheets of the other. Under-
neath the beams, forming the sides of the roof, are
wheels, which run onto rails. Ifthe cocoa house is
60 feet long, then 15 feetoneither side are left un-
floored, whilst 30 feet in the middle are floored.
The roof covers this centre part, but when the
cocoa is to be exposed to the sun the two parts of
the roof are pushed apart, leaving the boards bare
to the sun. A couple of men can open or close the
house, and they watch for every sign of rain in
order todo this. On many well-regulated estates,
underneath the cocoa house are situated all the rooms
necessary for the cocoa—the sweat-boxes, the pack-
ing-room, ete. A good many of the estates, espe-
cially those in districts where there is a gaod deal
of rain, are adopting artificial curing by means of
hot air, but practically all are agreed that there is
nothing like Nature for doing the work thoroughly
and properly. Incase of some of the finer grades
of cocoa, during the dancing process a particular
kind of red clay is sprinkled on the beans, which
gives them a bright, shining, brown appearance.
No cocoa is prepared by our method of washing,
although this is sometimes done when the beans
happen to get ‘‘ weathered.” A good many of the
estates are situated inthe highlands, and at present
there are very few good roads, so that all the cocoa
has to come down onmule-back either to the rail-
Mey station or to the commencement of the cart
road.

As regards the future of cocoain the markets of
the world, it is difficult to say. For many years
the consumption of cocoa was comparatively a small
one, and the article fetched avery highprice. The
fall which took place fifteen years ago called the
attention of many people to the enormous profits
being made by cocoa manufacturers. There was »
sudden development of the indnstry and the con-
sumption has been greatly increased. Unlike coffee
and tea, cocoa has still large areas of cultivation
to conquer,and, uniting in itself, as it does, the
properties of a valuable beverage and a wonderfully
Sustaining food, it does look as though the future
of cocoa is a good one. It must not be. forgotten
that large areas have been placed under cultivation
recently, and enormous quantities are being grown
in many parts of the world. The island of San
Thome, off the African coast, which was practically
unknown a few years ago, is now supplying vast
quantities of cocoa. The only thing that can be said
is that, at the present price, cocoa is an enormously
remunerative industry, and that it can bear a con-
siderable fallin price without its arriving at a point
where it could not be cultivated. In Trinidad it is
estimated that the cost of production of a fair bag of
cocoa is $8, the bag weighing 168lb. The value of
that bag of cocoa to-day is bout $21.

Nearly every day one is hearing of some new use
to which cocoa isbeing put. This is largely owing
to the advertising genius of the manufacturers. One
can hardly open any magazine or newspaper without
coming across some advertisement of cocoa or choco-
late. Jt has been discovered that the article is of
great nutritive value, and therefore it is constantly
being putto some new use. It has been largely
used by the British troopsin South Africa, and has
been found wonderfully sustaining under hard con-
ditions of campaigning, with the additional advantage
that a large quantity of nutriment can be compressed
into a very small space. But of course I would say
to Trinidad what I would say to Jamaica—that it
is a bad thing to rely upon one article of export.

The life of a cocoa planter in Trinidad is certainly
most pleasant, and work among the beautiful
shaded cocoa trees is possible to a European without
unduly suffering from the rays of the tropical sun.
A walk through the cocoa plantations when the trees
are bearing is a most beautifnl sight. The same tree
has on it flowers, bads, and pods, in every stage of

Ave. 1, 1901.]

development, and one can practically from day to day
watch the maturing of the crop.—The Journal of the
Jamaica Agricultural Society.

<_<». —__
SIMPLE METHOD OF STRIKING
CUTTINGS.

The accompanying illustration of a simple method
of striking cuttings, which we take from Farm and
Home, will commend itself to all horticulturists. We
have tried a plan somewhat similar and find it of
great advantage. The Journal in question, replying to
a correspondent, says of the method:—It has been
recomended to us by an experienced gardener. It
is made and used thus: Take two flower pots, one
large and one a few sizes smaller. Place in the
larger one a layer of pebbles, broken bricks, &c.,
afew inches of black earth. With a good cork plug
the drain hole of the smaller pot and put it inside
the larger one, centring it upon the layer of mould.
Fill it with water, and fill the circular space between
the pots with more mould. Insert the cuttings all
round, and without further attention they will
strike roots and thrive in a way calculated to make
the floriculturist’s heart glad within him. The roots
and fibres make straight for the sides of the water
reservoir, through which all the moisture they require
is absorbed. If the packing of the earth in the larger
pot has been properly~ done, the smaller pot can
be lifted out now and then, and the process of root
formation readily observed. Seeds can also be ger-
minated readily in a simple contrivance of this kind.
Choose fine sandy loam for striking the cuttings.
If the weather outdoors is very cold, stand the pot
in the kitcher, particularly at nights.—Queensiand
Agricultural Journal.

coe
THE PINEAPPLE INDUSTRY.

Pineapples attain to greatest size in the West
Indies, some weighing 12 to 13 pounds. Great
care is taken in packing them to secure their
arriving in England is sound condition. The
stalk is cut several inches below the fruit; an
ordinary large-sized flower pot is then filled wich
mould, into which the stalk is inserted in such a
manner that acasual observer would almost take
it to be the way it was grown. Each pine is then
put into a skeleton wooden case made just enough
to hold it, so thatit can be safely handled with-
out therisk ot being bruised or injured.

Pineapple culture is yet in its infancy in Florida,
but the success that it has already met with in
some parts of the State promises to establish it
as one of its most profitable industries. The
tollowing varieties have given the best satisfac-
tion ;: Spanish, Sugar Loaf, Cayenne noted for its
large fruit and the absence of stickers on its
leaves, and the Egyptian (Queen or Trinidad.
This latter is probably the first variety grown in
Florida: the fruit is of large size, superior quality,
and with an almost entire absence of the tough-
ness noticeable in some varieties. Cotton seed
meal is found to be the best fertiliser, and gener-
ally fifteen thousand plants are put to the acre,
yielding an average of ten thousand fruits. Three
or four annual crops are produced without re-
planting. Last year a crop of Egyptian Queen
yielded to the planter a net income of seven
hundred dollars peracre. The lowest returns the
same individal ever received were three hundred
dollars. Thenet price received ig from three
cents to twelve cents each, depending upon size,
quality, season, and condition of the market. But
the pineapple area is limited. The bulletin of

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 79

the agricultural division of the Census Bureau
states that there are now 23,496,000 bearing plants
in Florida, which is the only State in the Union
where it is cultivated.

MExIco,-—In the tropical districts of this country
the culture of the pineapple is being rapidly pro-
moted owing to the increased demand from the
United States. Experiments made last year
demonstrated that it was better to have the
plants wider apart (say 800 to 16,000 per acre)
as they then produced larger pines. The close
planting hitherto practised is the cause of the
larger puantity of small fruit that floods the
markets. Between the rows of pines they planted
corn, the product of which more than compen-
sated for the necessary labour in caring for the
pines, The pineapple not needing a very rich
soil and only moderate food was _ benefitted
rather than retarded by the corn: it was dis-
covered that too much fertilizing actually _ re-
tarded the growth of the pines, for being allied
to air plants a large share of its nutriment is
care from the air, leaving the roots, but little
to do.

OTHER CoUNTRIES.—In Ceylon, there are about
9,000 acres covered with pineapples, in Cochin
China about 8,000 acres and in India enormous
quantities are grown in great ranges in Assam,
in Rangoon, in the Tenasserim provinces and at
the footof the Himalayas. But it is mostly
consumed locally and does not figure in foreign
exports. From Acapulco there are annually
shipped to San Francisco about 800.000 pine-
apples realising about $6 per 100. Cultivation is
increasing, owing to the large demand from the
Pacific Coast.

Honduras annually exports to the United States
about 150,000 of three kinds—the hurse, cherku and
sugar-loaf.

Antigua exports to England about 5,000 barrels
annually of the black-pine pineapple.

Havana exports principally to the United States
the surplus over local consumption, about 60,000
barrels each containing 35 pines of first, 45 of
secona, or 50 of third cuttings. The average
price per barrel ready for shipment is $6 §5, and
$4, foreach quality respectively, and the freight
to New York is 30c. to 50c. per barrel. There
isa continued increase of production.

The annual import into the United States from
the West Indies is over 5,000,000 pineapples.

PRESERVES.—In Florida an excellent wine and
cider are made of the pineapple; and in the
Azores wine and alcohol are largely made,

In Nassau the local demand of fruit for tin-
ning equals the amount of fresh fruit exported.
The operation of peeling and slicing is performed
on tables in the yards near the waterside. The
cans are carried to the warehouse on wooden
trays (each containing fitteen), to be immersed
in syrup. The tops of the cans are soldered
on, and they are lowered in an iron framework
400 and 500 at a time, into the steam boiline
vats, After boiling, the cans are preforated at
the top to allow the stream to escape. They are
then hermetically sealed and spread over the yard
to cool. Each can of fruit, before the syrup is
added, weighs two pounds.

All the aparatus and the tins used in the ean-
ning factories are imported from new York.

Almost every modern cook book furnishes
receipts for making jellies, marmalade and pre-
serves from the pineapple. The following, which

ad THE TROPICAL

has been tested by the writer, is a receipt
largely used in Florida for making pineapple
marmalade for family use orin large quantities
for trade. ‘Select large sugar-loaf pineapples,
peel them, take out the eyes, which are not very
deep in the sugar-loaf, and grate them on a porce-
lain grater into an earthen dish. Do not grate
the core. Weigh the juice and pulp and measure
out to every pound three-quarters of a pound of
sugar. Mix the sugar with the pulp and boil ib
for an hour to an hour and three-quarters, until
it isasmooth, clean paste and firm.”

Chichi gr pineapple wine is a delightful and
favourite drink made of the pineapple in Mexico
and other tropical countries. A small quantity is
made as follows: Over the peelings of two pine-
apples pour one quart of boiling water: allow it
to steep until esld, then sweeten to taste, strain
and bottle. Tie down the cork and place the
bottleon its side; if placed in a warm place it
will be ripe in 24 hours. A small piece of ginger
placed in each bottle will improve the flavour.
If made in large quantities the whole pineaple
chopped should be used.

PINEAPPLE Fipre.—The plant affords fine fibre
of practical utility from the leaves, which are
about 3 feet long by 14 to2 inches wide, strongly
edged with spines except in the one variety known
as the smoothleaved Cayenne, Besides the fine-
ness of the fibre for textile fabrics, it is remark.
ably strong when made into cordage. A govern-
ment test made in India proved that a rope 3%
inches in circumference would bear a weight o
42 ewt., it actually breaking with 57 cwt. We
quote from published reports concerning this
fibre. ‘This fibre however is produced chiefly from
a species of wild pineapple, though the fibre of
the cultivated plant is of excellent utility.

“¢The pineapple grows in great abundance in
the Philippine Islands, but produces only a small
dry fruit. We require, however, more precise
information to ensbleus to determine whether
this is actually the plant escaped from cultivation,
Mr. Penelet, of Pondicherry, considers it a
distinct species, and has named it Bormelia pigna.

“In preparing the fibre for weaving, the truit
is not allowed to ripen early; its removal causes
the leaves toinerease considerably both in length
audin breadth. A woman places a board on the
ground, and upon it a leaf with the hollow side
upwards. Sitting atone end of the board, she
holds the leaf firmly with her toes, and scrapes
its outersurface with a potsherd, not with the sharp
fractured edge, but with the blunt side of the
rim; and thus the leaf is reduced to rags. In this
manner a stratum of coarse longitudinal fibre is
disclosed, and the operator, placing her thumb-
nail beneath it, lifts it up and draws it away in
a compact strip, after which she scrapes again
until asecond fite layer of fibre is laid bare.
Then turning the leaf round, she scrapes its back,

down tothe laver of fibre, which she seizes with
her hand and draws at once, to its full length,
away from the back of the leaf. When the fibre
has been washed, it is dried in the sun. It is

afterward combed with a suitable comb, sorted
into four classes, tied together, and treated like
the fibre of the lupi. In this ernde manner are
obtained the threads for the celebrated web ‘‘nipis
de pina,” which is considered by experts the finest
in the world,

‘‘fn the Philippines, where the fineness of the
workis best understood and appreciated, richly

AGRICULTURIST.

fAvc. 1, 1901.

embroidered costumes of this description have
fetched about £200 each.

‘This fine muslin-like fabric is also embroidered
by the nuns of the convents in Manila with great
skill and taste.

“The manufacture of the pina fabrie is carried
on in the metropolitan province of Fondo. From
the extraordinary facility with which the pine-
apple is grown inthe vicinity of the equator, it
seems almost certain that, by the application of
modern skill to the processof separating the fibre
from the pulpy matter of the leaf, a valuable
raw material composed of it might be obtained
for the nations of Europe. The fibre by the hack-
ling process could be rendered fit tor the finest
fabrics. The leaf consists of two different struc-
tures, the upper side being of a soft or pulpy
character, easy of removal; and the under side,
of aharder or more ligneous nature, and more
difficult to separate. These two external bodies
hold the fibre betwen them.

“In the Straits Settlements the Chinese
laborers have taken kindly to this new and pro-
mising branch of industry. The process they
a‘lopt in preparing thefibre appears to be much
the same as that pursued in the Philippines.
After being scraped with a bamboo plane they
are steeped in water and washed and then laid out
to bleach on rudeframes of split bamboo. The
process of steeping, washing, exposing to the sun
is repeated for some days, until the fibres are
considered properly bleached. Without further
preparation they are sent into town for exportation
to China.”

Nearly all theisiaads near Singapore are more
or less planted with pineapples, covering anu extent
of about 2,000 acres. But the manufaetnre of tlie
fibre or tradein fruit does not amount to much.

“The wild brother of the pineapple has a larger
leaf and longer fibre. It is common in the Antilles,
growing in the most arid spots. It makes excel-
lent mats, hammocks, and ropes. Almost all the
fishing tackle of the American mercantile marine
is made of it.

“The leaves are 5 to 8 feet long, and from 14 to 3
inches wide, thin and lined with a tough fibre.
The plant is self-propagating, and left to itself in
an open field will soon cover the ground. In
Central America, but particularly in Nicaragua,
it isso abuadant in the forests as to be a serious
obstruction to man or beast. Itis largely culti-
vated in the districts of Mexico. Itis indifferent
to soil, climate and season, while the simplicity of
its calture, and the facilityof extracting and
preparing its products render it of universal use,
From it is fabricated thread and cordage, mets,
bagging, clothing and hammocks.”—Hawaiian
Planter’s Monthly.

Banana Murau.—We call sitention to the letter of
Messrs. Haddon & Company, of London, in Cor
poudence Column, wand their offer to take Banana Meal
at from 303. to 35s. per cwt. It will just pay a4 the
price, when the maker isin a good banana district,
and yetis far from shipping places, and so can get
plenty of bananasat his owa door chesp; when also
he goes into the business properly with artificial driers
and other facilities for saving time and labour. At 303.
the price per lb, runs to about 34d., at 35s. the price
is 32d., andat the latter figure there is a good work-
ing margiu.—Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural
Society.

Awe. 1, 1901.]

IMPERIAL GARDENS FOR FRUIT-
TREE DISSEMINATION THROUGH.
OUT THE EMPIRE.

By Dr. Bonavia, F. R. H. S.

[Reprinted from the JOURNAL oF THE RoyaL Hortt-
CULTURAL Society. Vol, XXV. Part 3.1

Iris gratifying to learn that the two noble Bananas
of India—or Plantains, asthe English there call them—
have been at last introduced into the Royal Gardens
at Kew.

The Ram Keld and the Champa Bananas must have
been known to the British in India for perhaps a
hundred years, and yet nobody, until recently, has
ever thought of introducing these fine things either
into England or to any of our colonies.

I do not think there are many plants the stools of
which—like bulbs—can be taken long distances without
any special care. The Banana is such a plant.

The way itis grown in Northern India is this :-—

A trench is dug, three feet deep and as many broad.
The bottom of the trench is manured, and the bulbous
roots, with their sprouts, planted there, four or five
feet fromeach other. ‘Then every year a lot of fresh
cow-dung is thrown round the stems, until the trench is
filled up in the course of years, when the site is
changed and the same process 1epeated. The Banana
requires plenty of water, except in rainy seasons.

In Northern India the choicest varieties cannot be
cultivated, as both the hot windsand the cold winter
nights are unfavourable to them. Bombay, Madras,
and Bengal are the districts that suit them.

The comparatively inferior variety now so largely
grown in the West Indies cannot be compared with the
choicer ones of India.

It is surprising that wealthy persons in the United
Kingdom have never devoted a special glass-house to
the cultivation of these indubitably fine varieties of
Plantain.

The introduction of these choice Bananas into HEng-
land is a movement in the right direction. Eventually
they can be disseminated throughout the tropical de-
pendencies of Great Britain.

But this is not enough.

There is room for two or three Imperial Gardens,
where some of the choicest fruit-trees of the world
could be collected, studied, and not only disseminated
thioughout the Empire, but new ones evolved by seed
variation and cross-fertilisation; for it is idle to
suppose that all these choice fruits were originally
contained in the “Garden of Eden.”

Let us take them :—

(a) ONE on Two GARDENS FOR THE CiTRUS GENUS.

There are so many fine and distinct varieties of this
wonderful genus—some of which are very little known
out of the localities in which they are grown—that it
would be an advantage to the people of the Empire,
and also to mankind in general, to have them collected
for the study of their botanical and_ horticultural
characteristics and commercial values.

THE PortUGAL ORANGE GROUP.

* The Portugal Orange, of which the British markets
are now full, with its variations, the seedless oval
Orange of Malta, andthe oval Orange of Jaffa, also
seedless, and the Blood Orange, &c., are sufficiently
well-known to need no description.
Iam informed that in Malta there exists a unique
Orange of the same group, but which is never sour
from beginning to end, but sweet and juicy. It is
called there ‘“‘Loommi-Lazénj.” I have never met
with an Orange of this description in India. It would
be worth while getting{hold of it for the purpose of
multiplying it and bringing it into commerce. Such
a unique Orange, I believe, has never appeared in the
English market.
In India I met with two varieties of this group ; both
are fine and worthy of being more generally known.
The ene is the “ Bandir” of Tanjore, a large Orange,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 81

12 in. in girth or so, with a yellowish-orange skin
when ripe. The other is the “ Mussémbi”’ of Poona,
Its name is evidently a corruption of Mozambique,
and it goesto the Bombay market, The exterior is
orange-yellow, andis covered with longitudinal furrows
from base to tip. Natives say this can be kept on the
tree for a whole year without deteriorating.

Tue SuNTARA Group oF INDIA.

The loose-skinned ‘‘ Stnt&ri” Orange of India, as
far as I know, has only appeared once in the London
shops. There is a considerable trade in this Orange in
India itself.

Thete are two widely spread varieties of it. The one
is called ‘“‘ Nagpore ’ Orange, some of which find their
way to Bombay. It is this, I believe, which, on one
occasion, was sent to London.

The other is the ‘‘Sylhet” Orange, which mainly
goes to Calcutta, and is grown solely from seed.

The fruit of the two differs little, but the tree of the
former has a spreading form ; while that of the latter
is upright, somewhat in the fashion of a Lombardy
Poplar, although, of course, not so tall by any means.

There are other good varieties of this group which
are little known. One is grown in Lahore, the fruit
of which is distinctly pyriform (see Oranges and
Lemons of India and Ceylon, Plate cix.) It is wrongly
called ‘Karna’ in Lahore. Another is the ‘Jawa-
narun’ of Ceylon, resembling a purse with a much,
puckered surface.

A still more interesting variety is the green Orange
of Ceylon, called there‘ Konda-narun.’ It igs invari-
ably eaten in its green state, Rumphius mentions an
Orange which is green when quite mature, and if left
on the tree till it colours becomes, he says, worthless.
But in an experiment which I made with these green
Oranges in 1884, I found them better flavoured and
more juicy as they turned yellow.

Both the ‘Jawa-narun ’ and the green ‘Kondanarun’
are pictured in Miss North’s Gallery at Kew, No. 266,

In Ceylon, a number of the varieties of the ‘Suntara’
group are called Mandarins, but the only true
Mandarins I ever saw there were a few on a neglected
tree which the late Dr. Trimen showed me in
Peradeniya.

The Tangerines of the London shops are no other
than Mandarins. * I never could discover one in
London worth eating. Toenjoy it you must grow it your.

self, and take, it off the tree when fully ripe. The per. ~

fnme of its peel is not to be found in any other Orange

To the ‘Suntara’ group belongs a small Orange:
grown almost wild on the borders of Nepaul, north of
Goruckpore. It is the sweetest Orange I ever came
across, perhaps a little too sweet. It is locally
known by the name of Stmtolah.

Another important Indian Orange belongs to what
I consider a subgroup of the ‘Suntara.’ It goes by
the name Kéonla or Kamala. Its exterior is of a deep
lobster-red, and even when quite coloured is sourish,
but ifleft for a long time on the tree it sweetens. It
is the latest of all Indian Oranges.

The Laroo of Poona is, I consider, a variety of the
foregoing. It is flat and very loose skinned, so much so
that the pulp-ball can be made to rattle within the skin,

Thave enumerated all the Indian Oranges that could,
I think, be made marketable, although there are
several others.

It is not easy to find a place for an Imperial Orange
Garden, where all the Orange varieties of the Citrus
genus could be studied, for one kind of soil might not
suit them all, The Mediterranean climate would prob-
ably suit all varieties, and Cyprus or Egypt might
perhaps be mentioned as an eligible locality. It must
be a place where water could be easily procured, and
not subject to frost,

(b) A Manco Garpsn.

An Imperial Garden for Mango trees of the choicest
varieties, for the study, propagation, and dissemina-

* Perhaps they may be a seed variety, and a little
smaller than the true Mandarin,

89 THE TROPICAL

tion of this noble fruit. Thereare at least about fifty
choice varieties of this unique fruit, some of which can-
not be boughty but are grown in the orchards of native
gentlemen, and kept for presentation to important
officials and select friends.

The Mango isthe one fruit in which the native of
India takes a realinterest. You may mention to him
many other fruits, but he will tell you ‘‘They don’t
come up to the Mango.”

No one who has not lived some time in India, and
has discovered what a choice Mango, just ripe, means,
can form any adequate idea of the exquisite flavour
of this fruit.

New arrivals in India, having heard of the Mahgo,
very often get hold of seedling bazaar Mangoes, and
pronounce them a fine combination of tow and tur-
pentine. They have a sort of turpentine flavour, and
the inferior varieties are very stringy, and can only be
sucked. Nevertheless, there are often exquisite flavours
even among theses.

The Mango is never allowed to ripen on the tree,
but is plucked at a certain stageand packed in large
jars among straw, This operation is called putting
the fruit in pél. The reason given for this is that the
Mango ripens more evenly and thorough than on the
tree. In England Pears are treated in much the same
way. When taken off the tree they are not fit to eat,
and many kinds of Pears require to be kept a long
time before they are fit to eat.

This characteristic of the Mango fruit would prove
advantageous for exportation, as it would ripen on the
voyage.

All the choize varieties most probably originated by
seed-variation, and their good qualities are kept up by
proper cultivation.

All the fine varieties are propagated by grafting them
on seedlings of the ordinary ones.

The Mango tree cannot be grown successfully in
localities subject to severe frost. On one occasion, in
Lucknow; in the first week of January, five degrees of
frost were registered. All the Poinsettias in the
Horticultural Garden were, of course, killed outright ;
the young seedling Mango plants in the nursery pre-
pared for grafting were killed; and up to six feet from
the ground all the leaves of the large Mango trees were
blackened, but above that line no leaves were touched.

In the hot dry weather the trees want regular
watering.

Some place in India not subject to frost, and where
water can be easily got at, and with good soil, woulda be
suitable for a garden such as is here suggested.

There are so many exquisite varieties of Mango that
they could not readily be studied, and their character-
istics found out, without being collected in one garden.
From thence they could be disseminated to all parts
of the Empire where the climate would be likely to
suit them.

I have often tried those that sometimes appear in the
London shops from the West Indies and other Atlantic
islands. I never fonnd one worth eating. They would
not be looked at by an Indian Mango connoisseur.

I have often wondered why wealthy Hnglish
gentleman, with extensive gardens and acres of glass-
houses, have never, that I am aware of, undertaken
to build a special house for the reception and growth
of the trees that produce one of the finest fruits in the
world.

It is the same with oranges. The British markets are
flooded with foreign Oranges, which are often unripe
and sour. Whenripe they are mostly stale, and not
infrequently have a flavor of onions or tar. The
flavour of tar is acquired from the ship-hold, and that
of onions comes from a mixed cargo of oranges and
onions ! i

To eat an Orange off the tree when prefectly ripe
would be arevelation to persons who have not been in
Orange countries, and the difference between those im-
ported and those taken off the tree at the right time is
something like the difference between night and day.

And yet one never hears of any wealthy gentleman
undertaking to erect a special house for Orauges, and

AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1, 191.

to collect these fine things which are to be found in
various parts of the world.

There is sucha thing asa movable glass-house on
rails. Such contrivances would be very useful in Eng-
land, where foreign fruit trees might be kept warm
under glass in winter, and the house wheeled off them
in summer to expose them to direct sunlight and rain,
both being very invigorating to all trees.

Ifthe present movable house is somewhat cum-
bersome it could be made in sections; and surely
the engineers who have built the bridge over the Forth,
and have done other wonderful things, wonld be equal
toinventing a house that could be easily drawn away
by either horse, steam, or hydraulic power.

Then I am told that the reason why Orange trees
are not popularin Englandis that their leaves have
to be washed, which is a great bother. I am afraid,
however, that sufficient experiments have not been
tried, with washes syringed over the leaves, to rid
them of that curious sooty, powdery parasite that
more or lesscovers them. There is the ammoniated
sulphate of copper, used successfully by the French
to combat mildew on vines; there is acarbolic soap,
a ipet ner onao and other combinations that might be
tried.

I must not forget, however, that [am writing about
Imperial Gardens for the dissemination of fruit trees
which are little known, and not about private
gardens,

Where Mango trees in India can be grown, Guavas,
Lichis, and Bananas can be also grown.

Of Guavas there are two forms, the globular and
the pyriform. Those sold in bazaars are not choice,
but they make one of the finest fruit jellies in exis-
tence. You have to eat Guava jelly, freshly made, with
clotted cream, on toast, to understand what this
fine thing means.

All Guavas make a capital stew—peeled, with the
seeds scooped out, and stewed in sugar and a little
water. They are excellent, with a sua generis flavour.

The raw frnits are not much relished by the
English in India, owing to their strong scent; some
cannot tolerate them in a room. But there are
Guavas and Guavas. The choice varieties would be
worthy of cultivation in an Imperial Garden, There
is one fine variety whichI came across in Lucknow.
It was presented tome bya native gentleman, and
strange tosay,it had the flavour of Strawberries!
It is curious that this flavour should be imitated by
two such distinct fruits as the Grape and the Guava.

Of the Persimmon I know nothing, except what I
read of it. Of the Mangosteen Iknow nothing from
personal experience. iveryone who has eaten it
declares it to be a delicious fruit. I was informed that
it had been introduced into the lower ranges of the
Nilgiri Hills. Why they have not introduced it into
Ceylon and cultivated it for commercial purposes is
a mystery.

I think I have enumerated all the choice fruit
trees of which I have experience, and which might
be grown in Imperial Gardens for dissemination
throughout suitable places in the Empire. In such
gardens these trees could be studied, and the best
mode of cultivating them and propagating them
discovered. Moreover, it is only in such institutions:
that new varieties could be evolved from seed, for no
private garden could possibly undertake the creation
of new varieties of the fruits herein mentioned on
the scale that would be required for success.

It might be said, especially with regard to Oranges
—why undertake such a troublesome and expensive
job, when shiploads of Oranges are already imported
from various places? Well, no one will say that
Apples are not grown in this country in large
quantities—the bewildering number of varieties at
the shows testifies to this—yet shiploads of Apples
come from Canada andthe Onited States.

What is being done in America with regard to
fruit trees should bea lesson to the rulers of the
British Empire. / ;

AvuG. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

e left out of consideration a large number
pieatntics of the Citrus tribe which are to be
found in India, such as Lemons, Limes, and Citrons
&c. The latter might be utilisedin India and else-
where for making candied citron-peel. On one
occasion I gave some Citrons to a lady friend, and
explained to her how this preserve was made. She
turned out # candied peel which was much finer
than any I could obtain in the shops, and the late
Mr. Philip Crowley of Waddon always had most
excellent home-made citron-peel. :

The number of varieties of Citron to be foundin
India is astonishing, as a glance at the ‘ Oranges and
Lemons of India and Ceylon’ will show. : ‘

There is one fruit which must not be omitted in
this sketch. It is the red-fleshed Pummelo of Bombay.
When cut across, its pulp is of the colour of raw
beef, and itis the thinnest-skinned Pummelo that
I ever came across. It is fine-flavoured and juicy,
and when the large juice vesicles are taken out and
mixed with sugar they are delicious. This Pummelo
is of the size ofa child’s head, and sometimes of the
size of a child's head affected with hydrocephalus 7

I have done with these fine fruits, but there is one
plant which should be grown largely in India itself
—I mean the Date Palm. In Imperial Gardens
experiments might be systematically undertaken
with the innumerable varieties of tke Date Palm
which are known in Asia and Africa; about 150 at
least, although not all of first-class quality. The
success obtained with these trees by the Superintendent
of the Saharunpore Garden proves undoubtedly that
the notion that the Date tree cannot be grown
successfully ia India forits fruit is an antiquated
superstition. India is written with five letters, but
it is as large as Europe without Russia? The
Date tree experiments, if undertaken, should be
under the care of areca Date-grower imported

ersian Gulf. i
Hee er ae intended in this sketch that Imperial
Gardens should have anything to do with growing
flower-plants and vegetables. Thatis already done
in provincial horticultural gardens, The object should
be to collect in one place, and under one super-
vision, as many of the choice fruit trees that can
be grown in that locality, for the purpose of study-
ing them, describing them, classifying them, and
discovering the best mode of cultivating them, with
the object of disseminating them throughout the
Empire in suitable localities, for the health and
enjoyment of the people, and for commercial purposes,
—Reprinted from the Journal ofthe Royal Horticultural

Society,
ee

IRRIGATED COFFEHE.

The subject of improved coffee culture having
been freely discussed in our cclumns, we requested
Mr. Meeuashaya, a retired Judge of the Mysore
Chief Court, and now engaged in the interesting
occupation of growing coffee under a system of
irrigation at Gouripuram, near Tumkur, Mysore, to
favour us with a description ot his estate, methods
of culture and other particulars, He has very kindly
complied with our request, and we feel sure that
all coffee planters will be interested in what he
has to say. His estate is a small one of 40 acres
and when the trees are mature he estimates that
he will obtain 12 tons of coffee a year. The
value of the crop he places at the modest figure
of Rs. 10,000, or say Rs. 40 (68s) per cwt., while
the cost of production, including everything, is
estimated at only Rs. 3,600 oy Rs. 2,700 under tank
irrigation. Thus the net profit on the 40 acres is
Rs. 6,400 or Rs. 7,300 per annum. Multiplied _by 5,
to make 200 acres, which ought not to Le difficult
to obtain under tanks, and the profit is Rs. 36,500.
This does not, of course, include Capital account
and the necessary adjustments, but is the net profit
of a matured estate. There are many other dotails

AGRICULTURIST, 83

which prospective irrigation coffee planters would
have to look into for themselves; but even if we
halve the prospective net gain the return is still
at the rate of say Rs. 1,500 a month, a profit that
is not to be despised. Of course, it remains to be
seen what the life of coffee trees will be under the
irrigation system, but it does not seem unreasonable
to calculate upon at least as long a life as trees
which have to depend solely upon the lifegiving
rains for their vitality. How irrigated coffee would
fare in a famine year is another question that
remains to be solved; but even in famine years all
the rivers do not run ary, and the Cauvery certainly
is & perennial stream whose waters might be always
relied upon. Ihe prospect of irrigated coffee cer-
tainly pleases, but the performances, on a large
scale, may, conceivably, be vile. However, ‘ nothing
venture, nothing win’’is a maxim that has a good
deal to commend it, and as the capital necessary
to start a fair-sized irrigated coffee estate would not
be very large, if the worst came to the worst the
the loss would not be very heavy. At all events
the subject seems to merit the attention of practical
planters, and we hope that, if any of them resolve
to make the plunge, they will be rewarded on a
scale proportionate to their merits,

Mr. C, Meenashaya writes :-—

I have an experience of about 15 years in the
culture of coffee under irrigation, both in Bangalore
(Rock-Dale Park), and in Gouripuram, near Tumkar,
where I now reside. In Bangalore I had planted
15 acres, and here, during the last five years, I have
planted 40 acres. Having sold Rock-Dale Park six
years ago, I have no -precise information about the
state Of the coffee there. But, as far as my
experience goes, the results have proved to my
satisfaction that, with a never-failing supply of
water and careful management, an acre of coffee
trees planted 6ft, apart, and five years old, ought
to yield trom 6 to7 cwts. The plants when three
years old give a crop of from 4 to5 cwts. an acre,
a crop much too large and exhausting for their age ;
the next year they rest for recuperation, producing
little or no crop,’ and from the following year they
give a steady crop of 6 to 7 ewts. year after year.
Of the 40 acres I have planted here, eight are 5
years old, ten 4 years and five 3 years ; the
remaining 15 acres need not be considered, being too
young. My five-years-old 8 acres gave mein 1898 a
crop of 2 tons, 7.¢., at the rate of 5 cwts. for the wnole
eight acres, and this year Lhope to get about 3 tons,
My 4-year-old 10 acres gave me last year a ton and
half, at the rate of 3; cwts., but I hardly hope to get
more than 10 or \2 cwts. this year, but the trees
have thrown out an immense quantity of excellent
wood, and are just now looking so healthy that even
a crop of 4 tons next year would not surprise me,
My three-year-old plants (5 acres) have a crop in
difterent stages which I estimate at about) ton,
My experiments in Bangalore produced similar
results.

My system of cultivation is as follows. T plant my
coffee 6ft. apart, and plant simultaneously quick-
growing shade-tree seedlings, silver-oak etc., Coffee
grows more sturdily and with a much larger number
of primaries under the shade, but when the trees
begin to bear the shade-trees grow sufficiently
high to afford protection. After two or three good
showers in the Sout»-West Monsoon I get the plan-
tation dug up like a potato garden or apple orchard.
When that is completed, the plants are manured
pretty heavily with a compound of cattle manure,
tank-silt, and leaf-sweepings. When the North-East
Monsoon sets inT give oil-cake, about a ton for five
acres; but this is given only to plants which have
commenced to bear. I start irrigation in the latter
part of January and each plant is watered once a
week. The irrigation is stopped with the advent of
the South-West Monsoon. I commence picking in
July, and this lasts off and on till January. But I
must admit that the berries picked till about the

84 _ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

middle or end of August are comparatively smaller
and poorer-looking than those picked subsequently.
As the heavy pickings are from September to Janu-
ary, and as the quantity picked previously seldom
comes up to even one-twentieth ofthetotal outturn,
there is practically no loss worth mentioning. This
extended period for picking saves me the necessity
of employing cooly-labour. My wermanent staff of
servants, who are at that period relieved from irri-
gation work, do the picking and pulping. As to
the quality of my coffee, Messrs. Binny and Co.,
through whom I sent a consignment to England,
will bear testimony. In 1898, when the fondon
market was exceedingly dull, my good kinds fetched
82 and 78 shillings per ewt. Dr. Lehmann, Agricul-
tural Chemist to the Mysore Government, visited
my plantation three weeks ago, and Mr, Cameron,
of Lal Bagh reputation, so recently as the 4th
instant, and both were greatly pleased with the
condition of the plants, to say the least.

Assuming that my calculations will be realised in
the future also, (andI am sanguineabout this) my
40 acres ought to give me from two years heuce
about 12 tonsa year, or at the rate of 6 cwts an
acre, and this means, at a modest estimate, R10,000.
Now comes the most important question, viz., what
it would cost me to raise this crop. The purchase of
land and sinking wells or other means of irrigation
will be capital laid up, and this will vary according
to local circumstances. I may mention here that
when the plants are four years old and upwards, I
water them once in three weeks or a month only,
according to their condition, and this relieves the
irrigation works to a large extent. 1 have a per-
manent establishment which costs me R200 a2 month,
including my head maistry, which would suffice for
even double the acreage, as in a couple of years
more the irrigation work of the present plantation
will abate considerably. I have an oil-mill of my
own, which after paying its own expenses, gives me
the requisite oil-cake. In addition to the above
R2,400 a year, I spend about R200 for manure, and
a margin of R100 for contingencies is allowed, making
a total! annual expenditure of R2,700, which ought
to enable me from two years hence to raise a crop
of 12 tons, which means a ton at anoutlay of R225.
But I have special facilities for collecting, for the
mere trouble of collecting, a large quantity of cattle
manure from short distances where the cattle of
neigbbouring villages are sent out to graze, and I
fortunately possess a spring the water of which
flows throughout the year from elevated ground into
my plantation and irrigates abont 15 acres by
gravitation. But R900 ayear will more than ade-
quately represent the money value of these special
advantages, which additional item, in the case of
others, will bring up the outlay for raising a ton to
R300. This cheapness in production ought to defy
more than one Brazil and the threatened French
Customs duty.

Having said so much about cofiee under irrigation»
I must frankly admit that there is one important
source of danger to this industry under well-irrigation.
It is patent that water-springs in some localities are
gradually failing, especially where a large number of
wells are worked. A 50-acre plantation would
require not less than 10 ordinary-sized wells. The
constant drawing of water from so many wells must
necessarily affect the under-ground springs in
course of time, whereas a well or two only would
cause no diminution. Fora small plantation of five
or even ten acres, unless in specially-favoured locali-
ties, well-irrigation will answer all purposes, and
guch specially favoured localities can be had by
careful enquiry. But there ought to be no fear of
future failure of water supply if lands are taken up
for large plantations under any one of the magni-
ficent tanks which the Mysore Government has
constructed and is constructing. I feel confident
that the the Durbar, in its policy of progress under
the sympathetic advice of the distinguished British

“16 in Portland,

[Ave. 1, 1901.

Resident, will encourage the development of the
coffee industry under such gigantic tanks at Biruna-
Kanavay and Marikanayay by granting lands under
special concessions. One very great advantage in
raising plantations under such tanks will be that
they could be irrigated by gravitation, and the
expenses of sinking wells will be saved. Instead of
“putting all his eggs in one basket” the planter
could also grow various fruit trees.—Madras Mail.

pe
BANANAS.

We have seen it stated that the Banana is one Of
the most extravagant plants known in its dema®48
upon the soil, and very speedily exhansts it. We
do not think so at all; on the contrary, there 18
comparatively very little taken fromthe Jand in ®
banana-walk by the crop,—not so much as by a cr°P
of corn, and very much less than by sweet potatoe’
or any root crop, not so much even as Sugar Cané,
and less than half a crop of tobacco does,—in fact
we know of no common crop, except peas, which
makes so light a demand. In saying so we may
astonish many, but we adduce proof. The banana
plant grows from a large bulb, it spreads a number
of roots superficially and very widely ; it builds up a
stem or stalk ten or twelve feet high and a foot to
six inches in diameter from bottom to top; this
breaks into six or eight leaves, nine oc ten feet
Jong, and about a foot broad; it shoots forth a
bunch of nine hands or say 120 bananasona stem
three feet long and, say, three inches in circumference
at the thickest, tapering to one and a-half inch.
Now allthat istaken away from the field is this
bunch with the stem to which the hands are
attached, and the trash or withered leayes which
is used as packing to prevent damage to the fruit.
If a planter is wise, he brings back all this trash
or as much of it as the buyers do not use for
packing the fruit on the railway waggon. All the
old bulb root and the long feeding roots through
the soil remain to rot, the 10 or 12 feet of stem
and the long broad leavesare chopped up and are
dug or ploughed in around the growing suckers, and
the young roots ofthe ratoons thus find plenty of
available food atonce. In a wet climate so much
rank, juicy matter dug into the soil may cause some
sourness, but there is usually, in banana walks,
enough lime in the soil to counteract this, and at any
rate, the stems and leaves are not generally dug in
at once, but lie drying and weathering for a time;
besiées, the bananais asrank and gross a feeder as
a cabbage (and it would thrive ona dung-hill) and it
takes a deal of rough feeding to give it indigestion.
Then again, bananas have usually—until lately,—
been planted aswidely as 14or lifeet apart, even
and when we consider how fast
weeds and grass grow here, and that four to six
hoeings are given a year, we can easily see how
great a quantity of humus is being tarned in from
weedings, in an atea of seven feet round each root.
To be sure all this stuff—the stalks, leaves and
weeds,—is not really an addition to the soil; it is
not manure in the_sense of stable manure carted on
to the land, but still the point is how really little
is taken from a banana walk ; at any rate, the rotting
stalks and weeds form plant foodin a very available
form for the roots of the growing plants to feed
upon; andthat the roots appreciate such, rather
than having to search chrough the soil to get inorganic
food in littles, we have only to turn over a heap of
rotten weeds that have been hoed out a month or
two and left to decay. We should find a crowd of
banana roots right under and through the heap.
We think that when old banana walks begin to flag,
even when cultivated, that they should be
replanted in the middle of the old rows,and a free
application of lime given to counteract probable
acidisy from the decaying of the old roots and stems
and also to hasten decay. Or if this replanting
may not be done, half a bushel of lime fiung

Ava. 1, 1901]

round and into the old stool would have quite a
rejuvenating effect. If anybody would place his nose

- near to the heart of an old stool, when one or two

old rootsare decaying surrounded by ratoons, the
sour smell would soon convince him of the gocd a
sweetener like lime could do.—Journal of the Jamaica
Agricultural Society.

COFFEE-THA.

No the Editor Queensland Agricultural Journal.

As you invited experiences re coffee-tea in the
Queensland Agricultural Jowrnal of March last, I am
very pleased to send you mine. I acquired it
when on a selection, on the road to Emu Park
from Rockhamton. Having then an experimental
plot of about twenty coffee-trees growing, and reading
that tea made from ccffee-leayes dried was very

highly esteemed in some coffee countries, 1 deter-

mined trying it for myself. First, I dried leaves
in the sun, but the product was disagreeably
tasted when tried. Finally, I drieds some leaves in
acamp-oven, slung so as to swiug over a fire, keep-
ing them constantly stirred until they were dry and
fairly crisp. ‘ea made from them was much enjoyed
by all who tasted it; and one who did was the
editor of the Rockhampton Bulletin at that time, but
dead now for yeurs past. He greatly enjoyed
it, and my wife and I liked it better than any tea
we could purchase. I intend growing a few cofiee-
trees for the leaves only where I am now, as I am

~ gure if it be only dried properly we coald dispense with

tea, provided we had sufiicient coffee leaves to make
eur own tea from. To dry it properly is everything.
Té must be done quickly, and done to a turn; then
it hag an aroma «and flayour that any lover of tea
would enjoy.
; THEODORE WRIGHT.

Wellington Point, 1st May, 1901.—Queensland Agi-
cultural Journal,

SS eel

DURABILITY OF AUSTRALIAN TIMBER.

The durability of timber in a structure will depend
very largely upon the season when the trees are
felled. As matters stand in Queensland, timber of
all sorts is felled and hauled to the mills during
the whole year round. Now, it stands to reason that
some of this timber, when worked up, will not stand
as long as others, for the simple reason that, at one
period of the year, the tree is in full growing vigour,
and the sap in full flow. In such a case it is easy
to understand that, in the necessary proc:ss of sea-
soning, timber cut in this condition will shrink con-
siderably, and will be weaker than it would have
been had it been cut when at rest, z.¢., when the
sap is down and the growth diminished. We see
railway bridges and culverts built of timber often
felled close to tne line, and squared on the spot.
Directly afterwards, this dressed timber is built into
the structure. Then it is tarred or painted. Now,
what is the result? The timber is full of moisture.
This moisture is confined by the tar or paint, and
fungoid diseases are provided with an excellent breed-
ing ground at every joint. Then begins dry-rot.
Instead of .the logs, after or before dressing, being
allowed to season and shrink by evaporation of the
moisture contained in them, the shrinking goes on
after the beams have been fitted in their places,
Hence they warp and twist and open their joints,
and the element of danger to the structure comes in.

Mr. James Mann, assistant to the Professor of Ka-
gineering at the University of Melbourne in his
excellent work on Australian timber, says on this
point :—

Aslightly better condition is that of putting into
the structure timber which has been felled during
its dormant condition. It then contains the minimum
moisture a live tree can contain; but it is only
better in that it hascompleted its cycle of structural
work, and is in the best condition for felling. It

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 85

contains far too :nuch moisture to admit of bein
placed in any important position. one

Partly seasoned lies mid-way between unseasoned
and well-seasoned timber. The latter, of course, is
less likely to encourage fungus growth than an
But there are other advantages to be gained :— u

1. There is little or no shrinkage. If green timber

be used the amount of shrinkage is enormous
requiring the constant attention of a man to
put in wedges and screw up bolts. This ig
elmore unnecessary when seasoned timber is
used.

2. The whole may be finished, tarred, or painted

without incurring the danger of dry-rot :

3. The timber also may be stronger. ;

The same authority says that one of the peculiarities
of Australian timber is the great oxidizing effect it
has uponiron, Place aniron bolt through a piece of
partially seasoned eucalyptus, andin a few days there
will be a very considerable coating of rust, while th
boliuole wal be blackened all round. ; :

tis only natural that one should as ion:
How shall we prevent this decay ? Te thee ae
use seasoned timber ; it lengthens the life of the teaber
100 per cent. Where seasoned timber cannot be used
protect those Hoines here decay well first appear, and use
every precaution in order to allow or
while i position, Doe ae
Coaltar and paint, while preventing th ater
soaking into the wood, also repel the Rice ofGiasis
once, es coating at the joints when dry will retard
decay. al i
one Hee not paint unseasoned timber except at

If trees cannot be felled at the proper ti
may be ring-barked, and allowed a aecueer ene
When felled they will be better than green timber fe

As theze seems to be a great diversity of opinion
as to the necessity for tarring decks, beams, and piles
it may be stated that all the reports received of
timbers that have been so treated confirm the opinion
that tarring increases the life oy a sttucture,—Queens
land Agricultural Journal. i

OO

COST OF PRODUCTION OF COFFEE.

The following correspondence has a i
New York Journal of Commerce, in Sie the cone ne
production in Mexico and Brazil is compared:
“According to the owners’ statements the cost of
producing Santos coffee on the Fazendas Schmidt and
Dumont, wuich probably have more coffee trees than
any other plantationsin the world, is four cents per

pound bagged, ready for shipment on the plantation a

five cents per pound in Santos ; six cents :

in {Warehouse in New York. At this price wobeay
makes any money except the brokers, railway soe
panies and steamship lines. These figures are based
on the average product of the plantation, which would
probably be somewhere between numbers five and
six, New York exchange standards,

“Of course, the smaller plantations cannot pro-
duce at the same price as the larger ones Baer
question of the survival of the coffee planter is eeuine
to be largely a matter of transportation. Unieene
edly many coffee planters will be forced out of
business from mere inability to pay their labourer
for the picking of the coffee and the care of the
plantation. Probably the first decrease in Broddation
will come from this reason, The ~ planter who
shipping facilities are close toa railroad can Baenane
make expenses at the above figures, but the one aS
must cart his product five or twenty-five miles to a
railroad station must go to the wall. Of course
this applies with greater force ta those planters in
Mexico, Venezuela and Columbia, who must put a
couple of bags of coffee ona. ‘* burro” and eauanen -
where from one day to five days’ journey before he
can Feash a Beene point: All of them are a
present losing money largely and it is i
of time when they ae Boe ey orice aneenien

86 THE TROPICAL

“On the other hand those large plantations along
the line of the Tehuantepec railroad in Mexico have
a rate of freight of §0 cents per hundred pounds from
the plantation to New York, as against 250 cents for
the planter in Sao Paulo. These Tehuantepec plan-
tations claim that they can put washed Oaxaca coffee
in New York at a cost of five and one-half cents
per pound. Now suppose the Brazilian planter
receives nothing at all for his coffee on the planta-
tion. It still costs him two and one-half cents per

ound in New York in actual transportation expenses.
Tt is probable that no one will dispute the statemeut
that washed Oaxaca will always bring at least
three cents per pound more than the average Brazil
coffee. Consequently, while the Brazilian was getting
two and a-haif cents per pound for his coffee which
wonld only pay the transportation expenses, the
Tehuantepec planter would obtain five and one-half
cents for his coffee at which price he could live,
but not pay any dividends on his stock. There ig
no place in the world that can compete with him
in coffee production, largely on account of his
superior transportation facilities, and the superior
quality of-his product. Moreover, he can also raise
rubber, pineapples, sugar, oranges, lemons and other
products which pay a profit to reduce the cost of
coffee production. A rubber tree shades his coffee
tree and it costs him five cents per pound to produce
the rubber after the tree is matured. The rubber
sells for 65 cents. A handsome profit surely.

“Fortunately forthe Brazilian the area suitable
for coffee planting in this region ig limited or the
Bragilian would have harder competition than he
ever had before. There is no doubt but that, were
there area enough in Mexico along the line of this
railway, all other coffee planters would be driven
out of business, and no one in the world could compete
with such plantations as the “Doa Rios” and
“ Uberos,” run by American capital on American
business principles, with a stable government and a
railway depot on the plantation itself. Moreover
they have two ontlets, one by way of Coatzacoaleos
to New York and Europe, and theotaer via Salina
Cruz to San Francisco and the Pacific Coast. This
road is now being four-tracked so that it will be
able to handle all the freight which is presented to
it with facility, even to the extent of competing
with a Panama canal, because the saving in ocean
travel is several days in favour of the more northern
route.

“The practical question of decrease in coffee is :

“How long is the purse ofthe planter ? and how
long will he fight against what appear to be hopeless
odds ? and how can he pay his labourers for picking
his product ? ‘

Note by Ed. B. R.—The cost of productien of coffee
as of everything else is arelativeand not a positive.
quantity, andis a function of general local prices.
The price of any commodity is entirely distinct from
its cost of production, and is determined by the ratio
of supply todemand. But if price decline in sucha
manner ag to fall under the cost of production, it ig
clear that either the cost must be reduced or pro-
duction fall off. If, on the contrary, asis the case with
Brazilian coffee, production instead of decreasfng
increase, the only logical conclusion that can be
arrived at is that, however low prices may have fallen,
they have not yet reached the limit at which produc-
tion becomes impossible.

Because the cost of production may have ruled 4,
5 or 6 cents’ per lb. atone time, it does not follow
that it will always do so, or even that it does so
now. As exchange rises the cost of production
declines, and the fact that Brazilian coffee has been
sold as lowas 5centsin New York without stopping
but rather stimulating production shows that the
premises on which the whole argument of this corres-
pondent is foundedare unreliable. We do not pre-
tend thatat5 or 5.1/2 cents planting can be very’
profitable, Indeed, if itleaves any profit at present
it must be w very bare margin, But it does not,

AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1, 1901.

therefore, follow that it must be always so, or that,
by reduction of cost the margin may not be
considerably widened in a manner that would be
probably, impractieable elaewhere.

In the first place a readjustment of charges to the
altered circumstances created by the rise of exchange
is ultimately inevitable. Not only must the current
rates of wages be reduced, but railways and inter
mediaries of all kinds will be forced to reduce
their charges also. Half a loaf is better than no
bread : and if, as is stated, coffee at current prices
is so unprofitable to the planter as to leave him
only losses, the time cannot, evidently, be far off
when they must be reduced or he must give up
planting altogether and there will be nothing for the
railway tocarry ? Long before that could happen,
if, as the correspondent of the *‘ Journal of Commerce ”’
states, railway freights really represent a charge of
21/2 cents per lb or 100% onthe prime cost of the
coffee, there must be a tremendous margin for
reduction in that item alone.

The interest of the railways are indentified with
those of the planter to theextent that they depend
exclusively on coffee for their traffic, and would work
at the bare cost of maintenance rather than shut up
altogether. The very causes that are at present
prejudicing the planter, viz. the rise of exchange and
“overproduction ”, are a source of profit to the
railways and make it easier for them ultimately to
reduce their charges.

As regards the costof delivery from the plantation
in Mexico at New York, we have no means of
verifying the statement that it rules only 50 cents
per hundred lb, but it seems extr-mely low and
probably, if correct, applies only to a limited area
and does not include the cost of handling at all.
Anyhow, the cost of delivery from Sao Paulo planta-
tions which ig put down at 250 cents per 100 lbs. is
grossly exaggerated. The maximum freight eharged
in the Paulista railway, for example, is only 1§ 500
per arroba of 15 kilos, equivalent, at even the
relatively high exchange of 12d,, to omly 112 cents
per 100 1b, whilst, at 35 cents a bag, ocean freight
amounts to 26 cents, thus bringing up the total to 138
in lieu of 250 cents per 100 lbs. We do not include
duties and other chargesas they have evidently not
been included in the calculation of the comparative
cost of delivery estimated for Mexico.

The railways engaged here in this traffie nearly all
earn handsome dividends of 12 to 14% and could, in
Sao Paulo at least, probably reduce rates to half
without losing money. On the other hand, coffee
has been constantly carried to New York at 10 cents
per bag without loss and could be again if necessary.
So that, altogether, a reduction cf carrying charges
from 112 to 60 or 76 cents per100 lb. is by no means
an impossibility. The method of estimating the
cost of production followed by the correspondent of
the ‘‘ Journs1 of Commerce ”’ is, however, misleading
and arbitrary. Brazilian coffee is now selling in
New York at littleover 6 cents, or1/2 cent under
what he estimates to be thecost of delivery, and has
before been sold at 5 cents, the price he estimated as
the cost of delivery at Santos. In spite of such low
prices, however, coffee does not cease to be produced nor
to be shipped, which certainly would be the case had the
price really fallen under the cost of delivery. At 5
or 6 cents per lb, coffee may not leave much profit
to planters, but before Brazilian coffees conld be
driven from the markets, there are wide margins
yet to be reduced not only in the prime cost of
production but of freight avd handling. Should
extensive cultivation prove too costly,. it must be
made intensive and labour replace planters ag
proprietors, as was the ‘ase with cotton in the
Southern States. But, come what may, coffee will
never cease to be profitably produced, because
B.azil possesses an almost unlimited area and climate
suitable for growing coffee such as no other country
enjoys.—The Brazgiliaw Review.

|
i]

Ave. 1, 1901.]

FRUITS IN EGYPT.
(Annual Reperié: Brstish Chamber of Commerce

of Eqypt.)
A- tree of the orange tribe, known in India as the

‘*Bael fruit,” or Bengal Quince, (Aigle marmelos.

Corr.), is very rarely seen in Egyptian gardens,
but should be extensively cultivated if only for
its long-recognised merits as an invaluable remedy
in India in cases of dysentery and allied complaints.
Its sun-dried unripe fruits, so common in Indian
bazaars, do not seem to have found their way to
Alexandria or Cairo though the liquid extract is
official inthe Indian Pharmacopeia, Another medi-
cinal tree belonging to a different natural order
(Leguminosss) the ‘‘Khyar Shambar’”’ of the Arabs
(Cassia fistula Li.) of which Hugh Linddschoten the
traveller tells us he saw more than a thousand
trees in Egypt in 1580 A. D., mostly near Damietta,
has almost disappeared. although an avenue of them
is still to be seen in flower in the island of Rodah
in June. Its laburnum-like flowers are highly orna-
mental and fragrant, whilst the pulp in its long
cylindrical pods is a valuable laxative. The ‘‘ Habbel
Molook,”’ or Physic nut (Jatropha cureas L.) is also
rare in Egyptian gardens.

The “ Mozz,’”’ Adam’s fig or Tropical banana (Mussa
sapientium L,), with some of its many varieties, includ-
ing the Plantain (M. S. V. paradisiaca), has been
cultivated in Egypt for many centuries, principally
about Damietta, but with no pains to improve the
quality of the fruit. This lofty species cannot be
grown with snccess at Alexandria or anywhere near
the sea in Egypt, without the protection of a very
high wall, on account of continuous salt-laden sea
breezes, and its cultivation has of late years been
almost abandoned. During the last ten or fifteen
years the low-growing Ohinese species (Musa Caven-
dishii Lamb.) which grows toa height of only 6 or 8
feet, and is extremely prolific, has been cultivated
with considerable success near Alexandria and in the

~ interior. Itis well-adapted to the climate,and fruit

of excellent flavour has been produced. The Chinese
banana is much cultivated in the Canary Islands.

Dr. Seemman (1) tells us that the species was taken
to the Samoan or Navigator Islands by John Williams,
the missionary martyr of Hromanga, from the Duke
of Devonshire’s seat at Chatsworth, and was carried
thence in 1847 by the Rev. G. Pritchard to the
Friendly and Fiji Islands where its introduction
put an eflectual stop to the famines which previ-
ously were experienced. It has now spread over
the whole of Polynesia and has almost supplanted
the “ Musa Sapientum.”’

Of the latter species Simmonds (2) telis; us that
thete are 17,000 acres under plaintain gardens in the
Madras Presidency of India and 24,000 acres of
bananas in Ceylon.

Sufficient bananas are already cultivated to supply
the Egyptian market, and export has commenced ;
bnt it seems that the fruit from the Canaries, which
makes a better show but is inferior in quality as
regards flavour, is preferred to the Egyptian bananas
in the French market. Direct export to England has
not yet been attempted.

The import of bananas into the U.S. A. in 1892 was
13,000,000 bunches, valued at £2,000,000, mostly from
Honduras, Jamaica and Central America.

The Mango (Mangifera indica Li. is one of the best
of Indian fruits, and, although unadapted to the Alex-
andria climate, has been for some years cutivated with
success in the neighbourhood of Cairo and Ismailia ;
fruit of excellent flavour, although smaller than that
grown in India, has been prcduced, and the markets
are well supplied with it in August at a charge of from
P. T.1 to P. T. 2 per fruit.

As mangoes arrive in Egypt from Bombay in perfect
condition, when wrapped in tissue paper and packed
in boxes in such a manner as to prevent contact
between the fruits, it is probable that a more extended

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 87

cultivation would repay export to the Continent and
Great Britain.

Dates are not cultivated in Egypt to such an extent
beyond the requirements of the population ay to
become an important article of export. The varieties
are numerous, some being of the size and form of a
lemon, and others of a banana; but there is much
room for improvement by the the extended and care-
ful cultivation of the best kinds which are rare. Of
the Nakhlet el Basha or Vanille date, (facile princeps
in Egypt), Figari Bey tells us there were only, in
1865, four trees in the Ghizeh district near Bedra-
sheen, ‘“ Safr el Dunyeh”’ or Sultani, a large dry kind
cultivated near Belbeis and Zagazig and of excellent
flavour, is also rare elsewhere.

The average quantity of dates exported during the
15 years 1884-98 was 645 tons per annum, -valued at
£11,864 or at nearly L.E. 18 per ton. The export in
1899 was...892 tons valued at L. K. 14.221 and in

1900 ,, ...834 8 », 18.849

or at about L.H. 16 per ton, Of these Great Britain
took more than one half, Turkey about 1/6 and Austria
about 1/9. The import of dates is somewhat larger
than the export; probably from the cheapness of in-
ferior qualities from Turkish ports.

Out of a total import in 1899 of 1,061.tons valued
at L.E. 8,187, 967 tons of Turkish dates were valued
at LH. 6982 or at alittle over L.E. 7 per ton. On
the other hand the superior quality of Tunisian dates
of the best kind is evinced by 21 tonsout of the above
1,061 tons imported from Tunisia being valned at about
L.E. 657, or at about L.E. 31 per ton.

Shammam gawoon, &c., or melons (Cucumis’ melo
L) and Batteekh, or water melons, (Gitrullus vulgaris
Schrad), although cultivated on a tolerably large scale
(about 15,000 feddans in Upper Egypt and more than
20,000 in the Delta, much of the latter being sandy
desert), are not sufficient to supply. the Egyptian
market at all seasons, and there is a considerable im-
port of them. This amounted in 1899 to 2,492,863
fruits, valued at L.K. 23, 240 or at less than 1 P.T,
each, all from Syrian or Turkish ports.

Of other fresh fruit in general, although strawberries
during the last fifteen years have been abundant and
of good quality in the market, there is much to be
done in the way of improved cultivation and of ac-
climatizing new kinds. The loquat (Hriobotrya japo-
nica Lindl) is much cultivated but the fruit is of in-
ferior quality and not worth eating. The Guava
(Psidium pomiferum L, and P, pyriforme L,) is no
better) whilst the Pope’s Apricot (Diospyros kaki.
Thunb) of Japan is scarcely more than a botanical
curiosity. The Roumman or Pomegranate (Punica
granatuim L.) which has been cultivated since the days
of the Pharaohs all over Egypt, and as far South as
Khartoum, and is of good quality in the Delta,
especially near Rosetta and Damietta, ripens too late
in the season (August and September) for the Euro-
pean market, and is more appreciated for the beauty
of its flowers andfruit (especially the double-flowered
*€ culnar ”’) than for the flavour of the latter. But as an
economic plant it is most valuable, the powdered riod
being in great request for tanning, and dyeing yellow
Morocco leather, and as an astringent remedy in
dysentery ; whilst the root bark is considered a
specific for tapeworm.

The Kishta or sweet sop (Anona squamosa. L.) is in
common cultivation and of good quality; but the
better species of Anona, viz., the Cherimolia (A Cheri-
molia Mill.) the Custard apple (A. reticulata L.) and
the Bullock’s heart or soursop (A. muricata L.) are
never seen.

The Papaw apple (Carica papaya L.), which has a
commercial value in the drug market from the “pa-
payotin ” extracted from the milk of its half-ripe
fruits, andisa by-no-means unpalatable fruit to eat
when at its best, thrives in Egyptian gardeng, hut is
grown more for the sake of its handsome foliage
than for the market.

88 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

The Barbadoes gooseberry (Pereskia aculeata, Mill,) ;
the Granadilla (Passiflora quadrangularis, L.); the
Water lemon (Passiflora lanvifolia L.) the Cape Goose-
berry (Physalis peruviana L.) and the Cucumber Cus-
tard apple (Monstera deliciosa, Liebm.) are all culti-
vated in gardens, but, with the exception of the last
two, only for ornamental puposes, although they
should all be market produce. Of tbe Sapodilla or
naseberry tree (Achras savoia, L.),a good fruit, sold
in the Caloutta baznara under the name of “* mangos-
teen,” which itsomewhat resembles but cannot. be
compared to for flavour, a fine old tree exists in the
island of Roda which fruits annually; no other exists
in Egypt.

The “Tamr Hindi’’, or Tamarind (Tamarindus indica
L.), is cultivated in gardens and flowers well, but
cannot ripen itsfruit in the Egyptian climate. Two
fruit trees which might be introduced advantageously
are the Avocado Pear or subaltern’s butter (Persea
gratissima Gortn.) an excellent fruit, and the Litchee
of China (Nephelium Litchi Camb.); the former is
abundant in Algeria.

The total import of fresh fruit into Egypt is very con-
siderable, and in 1899, omitting dates, melons and
' water-melons amounted to 51,691 tons valued at L.E,
44,079; more than 1/5 of the whole came from Malta
and Gibraltar, the samefrom Italy and about 2/5 from
Turkish ports.

Although a humble annual, the ‘‘Ful Soudani”’ or
earthnut (Arachis hyogen, L.), claims our attention as
a larger export produce than dates from Hzypt; and
its cultivation, which only dates from the last twenty
years, doce not, as might be imagined from the Arabic
name, Lelong to the Soudan, but to the Fiyoun and
Deita, especially in the Pravince of Chorkieh, {ft is
of South Aerican o igin although much ealtivated in
Central Afiica and throughout the tropical world,
The export from Egypt was in

1899 1926 tons valued at L.H. 22,225

1900 1434 i
at obout L.E. 12 per ton.
went to Turkish ports.

‘The consumption of this seed,’’ says Simonds, (1)
‘is held in such estimation for eating in the U.S A.
(where it is known as the peanut) that flourishing
sale stands are seen at almost every street-corner of
New York. They are not much appreciated in Hng-
land except by children. In America 3} million of
bushels are sold annually. There are full 750,000
bushels (18,750 tons) sold yearly in the city of New
Yorkalone. Previous to1860 the product of peaunts
in the U.S. A. did not amount to more than 150,000
bushels (3,950 tons), and of this total nearly 5/6 were
from North Carolina. It was estimated that Virgina,
Tennessee, Georgia and Carolina, sent conjointly over
8,000,000 bushels (75,000 tons) to market in 1886, of
which 1/4 went to New York. As much as 10/- to 12/-
is paid for the bushel £20 to £24 per ton). The yield
is from 80 to 129 bushels per acre.”’ Apart from the
question ef food the earthnut is a valuable plant for
the oil contained in its seeds and pods, the former con-
taining 45 0/0 aud the latter 30 0/0 of oil; they make
an excellent but expensive oilcake for feeding cattle.

The cultivation of Henna (Lawsonia inermis, L. and
L spinosa, L.) represents about the same export im-
portance as dates and earthnuts. It is cultivated,
like the latter, almost entirely in the Delta and pro-
vince of Charkieh. The average export of the powder-
ed leaves during the 15 years 1884.98 was 1,115 tons
per annum, valued at L.E. 15,025 or about LE. 13°5

and in
» 16.763 or
Almost the whole export

per ton.
1899 1178 tons valued at L.E. 18.246 and in
1900 1294 ) », 21.036 or

at from L.B.16 to L.E 17 per ton. Nearly the whole
of this went to Turkey, Tunisia and Algeria. None
goes direct to great Britain but a portion of the small
export to Malta, valued at L.H. 74, may find
its way there for the purpose of making hair-dye.
The Henna is cultivated thr ughont India, as a hedge
plant and in gardens, for the same purposes as in
Egypt, and also as a hair dye. The glossy jet-blaek

(Ave. 1, 1901.

colour of the hair so prized in the Hast is obtained by
dyeing first with henna and then with indigo powder,
each being made into a paste for that purpose, with a
subsequent application of castor oil. Certain Moslems
prefer only the first part of the operation and leave the
hair of a brilliant red, dyeing the manes and tails. of
their horses of the same colour.—The Egyptian Gazette.

=——

THE COMMON DATE PALM.
CAN IT BE GRAFTED?

To THE Eprtrok oF THE EGypriaAN GAZETTE,

Sir,—I shall be glad if any of your correspondents
can inform me, by means of your columns, of an in-
stance they have known of a successful attempt to
graft the common date palm. An Algerian agricul-
turist, Count de F.—who makes the cultivation of this
tree a speciality—has recently pointed ont to a tra-
veller at Biskra a date palm which he said he had
himself grafted in the ordinary way when it was
between five and six years old ; this tree has now three
branches or stem3 at its summit. The count informed
the traveller that, for the purpose of grafting, he had
made use of the young shoots, known to the Arabs as
‘‘ragab, ”’ which, occasionally, are found in the axils
of the lower leaves near the base of the tree and are
much smaller than those arising from the rhizomes
beneath the ground (known as ‘*jobar’’) which are the
usual means of propagating the date palm. The fact
of the existence of the triple-crowned stem is indispu-
table; but that it has resulted from the ordinary pro-
cess of grafting appears almost incredible.

The curious mode in use in Egypt of continuiug by
“layering ’’ (marcottage) the propagation of a valuable
kind of date palm, which is deteriorating without any
young shoots by which to replace it, has been accurate-
ly described by Figari Bey in his “ Scientific Studies
in Egypt.’’ In this case, a cylindrical hole is bored,
horizontally, in the stem, about six inches in diameter,
at twelve feet from the summit of the tree; in this is
placed a corresponding piece of wood, projecting at
each end, to whichis attached, below, a sort of sack,
made of matting and filled with good earthand manure,
which is carefully watered every few days for nine or
ten months; the upper portion of the trunk is secured
by ropes to neighbouring trees during the above-men-
tioned period. When the new roots are well formed
(after expiration of ten months) the tree is sawn
through near the base, and carefully lowered down,
the newly rooted part being then removed and planted
in the place previously prepared for it. In two years.
if not tco old, it will give excellent fiuit of precisely
the quality of the original tree. With care, date-palms

forty or fifty years old many be safely transplanted.

But “grafting” a palm tree isa long way in advance
of any such process as the above, and I should like
to bo convinced.—Egyptian Gazette.
Iam, etc.,
APPELLA,

<i

To PresERvE Youno Iames.—Millions of limes go
to waste every year io this island, which with very
little trouble and slight cost could be made into a
delicious and very saleable preserve. The following
method of preserving young limes will be found
useful:—Use limes not over 3 inches in diameter,
Prepare brine by dissolving salt in water until an
egg will float, in which place the limes for from
ten to fourteen days;then cut these in halves and
scoop out the pulp; boil the skins in two or more
waters nutil the salt and essential oil are removed;
stew them in syrup made from white granulated
sugar. If crystallised limes are required, after they
are stewed dry them and dip them several times in
thick syrup, drying them after each dipping.—Journad.
of the Jamaica Agricultural Society:

Aue. 1, 1901.]

CEYLON AND JAPAN TEAS IN CANADA.
I-

The following letter, signed ‘‘P C (Larkin,
Toronto,” appears in the Canadian Grocer :—

“‘ We read with much interest in this week’s
issue your article headed ‘Japan Tea Market
Injured.’ In it you state that the Japan tea
market has been ‘ difficult to understand,’ and
you go on to state that, in spite of the material
diminution in the amount of imports, the market
has weakened rather than stiffened.’ We per-
sonally, and without prejudice, cannot see that
there is any reason for surprise. It is quite
apparent to us that you have overlooked the
strongest factor of allin biinging about the de-
crease of the demand for Jap:n tea, and that
is, the green teas of Ceylon. Every wholesale
house has, by this time, recognised the fact that
there is no future for Japans, and that there is
a great future for Ceylon greens in Canada, Con-
sequently, not only the wholesale houses, but
every bright retai'er as well, are afraid to stock
up with Japan teas, wishing rather to adopt a
hand-to-mouth policy.—Home and Colomal Mail,
May 31.

I

(To the Editor of the ‘Home and Colonial
Mail.”)

DEAR SiR,—Being an old Indian planter, and
having been engaged in the Indian and Ceylon tea
business in Toronto (Canada) for many years back,
I have taken a great deal of interest in the many
proposals made to better the state of the tea
market. And while watching with much interest
the very energetic campaign that has been carried
on by Ceylon for some years, and which has showu
such great results, especially here in Canada, I
have been surprised, as well as disappointed, that
as much, at least, has not been done by India.
They did have an energetic and able representative
in the United States for three or four years, with
a small amount of money at his command with
whizh to advertise; and he eftected wonders, [
think, with the amount at his disposal. But what
is wanted to turn the consumption of the one
hundred million pounds of Japan and China tea,
that is now consumed annually in the United
States, into a consumption of Indian and Ceylon
tea, is the expenditure in advertising, for the next
three or four years, of at least forty or fifty
thousand pounds sterling per annum. This, well
spent in the daily press, would force Indian teas
on the attention of all tea drinkers; and I venture
to say that in five years from now over filty
million pounds of Indian tea per annum would be
consumed in the United States.

You will ask how this money is to be raised
Well, why can it not be raised as I understaud
the planters of Ceylon have raised theirs for years
back? The imposition of an export duty of one-
sixteenth of a peiny per pound on all tea exported
from India would create a revenue of £45,000 per
annum ; this is, basing the zalculation on the
output of Indian tea last year, and the expendi-
ture of such a sum would enhance the va!ne of
Indian tea twenty-fold the amount expended.

It may be said that the planter is not in a
position to stand this one-sixteenth of a penny
per pound, The question just occurs to me, who

12

&

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 89

would pay it? Would not the consumer pay it
in the long run, instead of the grower or ex-
porter ?

In any case I consider that a real live campaign
carried on in the United States is the only feasible
plan that will bring about the position so much
desired by us all.

If one wants to see a recent 1 sult. of advertising,
I have only to point out the progress which Ceylon
green teas have made in Canada during the past
eighteen months, One firm to my knowledge, the
““Salada ” Yea Company, has for months back
taken, on regular orders from one garden in Ceylon,
over four hundred half-chests per month. Practi-
cally every wholesale house in Canada is now
handling Ceylon green teas, and they are all pre-
dicting that they will entirely displace Japan teas.
This has been brought about, first, by superior
quality, and, secondly, by the tremendous adver-
tising that ‘* Ceylon green tea ” has received. To
the Indian planter the moral is: ‘* Gothou and
do likewise.”—Yours faithfully,

Ross W. HAYTER,

50, Front Street, East, Toronto.

May 16, 1901.
—H. & C. Mail.

ee eee et

WHY NOT FIGHT MATE TEA IN
SOUTH AMERICA 2?
80 ro 100 MILLION LB. OF THIS ‘‘ HOLLY ”
MATE TEA CONSUMED.

It may come asasurprise to many people
to learn that no fewer than from 80 to 100
million lb. of the indigenous tea of Brazil
and Paraguay are consumed in the South
American Continent. From Brazil alone 30
millions lb. are said to be ‘‘ exported ”’—that
is to countries farther south, such as Argen-
tina, where the consumption of Maté is said
to reach to 151b. a head per annum. All
this we learn from the account we republish in
our daily and 7.4. of ‘‘ Maté,” from the latest
edition of the ‘‘ Encyclopedia Britannica.”
[The new edition or Supplement now in course
of preparation will no doubt have later in-
formation.] It will be observed that Maté
tea is really made from a kind ot ilex or
holly and, as apparently there is no culti-
vation of the plant, even the widespread
forests of Brazil and Paraguay cannot
supply groves of the ilex for ever, although
perhaps the cutting of branches in the manner
described, by the Indians, does not do perma-
nent injury to the trees. Be that as it may, we
cannot see why the people of the South
American States—in Argentina especially—
should not by degrees be won over from
Maté to Ceylon and Indian teas. Already a
few million lb. of our teas. as reported by
Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton, are taken
for South America and, if some trouble were
taken to exploit the States concerned, or
their capitals at least, with samples of our
stronger teas, it is quite possible that the
supersession of the indigenous article, Maté,
might go on a good deal quicker and that
no inconsiderable quantity of our teas, and
one yearly increasing, might be taken by
South America. We commend the subject
to the attention of the ‘‘ Thirty Committee.”

90 THE TROPICAL

CEYLON GREENS FOR AMERICA,

HOW THEY MUS!’ BE MADE: TO WIN
FAVOUR IN THE WHST.

We have pleasure in giving prominence

to the following letter to, a Colombo firm

from its Agents in the United States, in

_ which it will be seen that valuable suggestions

are made for the manufacture of green teas
to suit the American market. We feel sure
that all engaged in making greens so far will
give them their careful attention, even if the
time be not yet ripe for the measure sug-
gested. With the expansion in our trade in
green teas, the Ceylon Planters’ Association
should certainly consider the proposal made,
more especially if the market for black teas
is not to recover, as at present it shows signs
of doing. The imitation of Japans, however,
would not be confined to greens only, as the
agraph shows :—
a ganas May 20th.
We note trom late advices that the proposal
of the India and Ceylon Association for the re-
duction of out-put has tallen through, and there-
fore the importance of finding other outlets for
India and Ceylon Teas will become a matter of
extreme importance to those interested in India
and Ceylon Teas. Of late a good many so-called
Ceylon Greens have been sent to this market,
and have attracted some attention, but we feel
convineed that there will not be a ready sale for

this new description of Tea unless their manu-

facture is somewhat altered. If the leaf can be
made to closely imitate Japan Teas, both basket-
fired and panfired, we believe that there would be
a great opportunity and a small fortune for those
who are first in the field, To accomplish this, it
would be necessary to have a firing establishment
in say Colombo (and Calcutta, if the Indian Teas
prove serviceable for the purpose) the same as
exists in Yokohama and Kobé. The leat would
be trought down in the semi-raw state, viz., once
fired, and then treated and manipulated in the
same manner as Japan Teas. It would also be
necessary to have the Teas packed in half chests,
matted, and faced in the same way that Japan
Teas are treated, Weare forwarding to Ceylon a
small quantity of Japan Green ‘Tea for the
purpose of ascertaining whether they can
manufacture this leaf to imitate closely in
appearance Japan Teas. If they” can «do so,
the cup ey of Ceylons would certainly give
them a distinct advantage over Japans. The
annual export of Japan teas is approximately
40,000,000 Ib, and if this trade can be diverted
to Ceylon and India, the Ass ciations interested
in these classes of tea would certainly be greatly
benefited. Our suggestion is that a Company be
organised for the purpose of establishing firing
establishments in both Calcutta and Colombo,
provided, of course, that we are able to ascertain
by experiment that our suggestion to imitate
Japan teas is a feasible one. In a venture 6f
this kind, we should be willing to subscribe
liberally, and we think that both the India and
Ceylon Associations should make some consider-
able concessions to the pioneers. ‘The question
ig as to the best and most expeditious method
of taking up such a venture. Ib seems to us that
it would be necessary to form a small Company
of those interested and obtain some skilled
Japanese labor to initiate and start the manu-

AGRICULTURIST. [AuG. 1, 1901.

facture. Speaking in general terms, we think
that the export of such teas should be confined
to one or iwo houses in the States and Canada.

We are sending you, by today’s mail, samples
of Japan teas that we suggest imitating. You
will notice that one is a Jong black leaf tea
ealled ‘‘Baskettired” and the other is the regular
style so-called ‘‘ Panfired.” We feel sure that
the latter can be imitated very closely. Whether
or not leaf is obtainable in Ceylon“and India
similar to the Basketfired, is another question,
of which you are the best judge. Please advise
us as promptly as possible what suggestions you
have in this matter,

: f 2
PLANTING RUBBER IN BRAZIL.

An occasional correspondent to our contemporary,
The South American Journal, writing from Para,
advocates the cultivation of rubber trees as follows :
—The Government of this State could do very
much to draw large amounts of foreign capital here
by offering sufficient inducements for the establish-
ment of rubber plantations. At present all the rubber
exported is collected from the virgin forests; the
trees are widely scattered, and the collecting of the
rubber takes much time. If plantations were made,
ten trees could be placed in an area now occupied by
only one, so that a man collecting could work four
or five times the number of trees that he can attend
to now, resulting in a much greater production of
rubber per man, consequently more profit to all con-
cerned. Here is the natural! home of the rubber
tree, and the quality oi the rubber is the best in
the world.

About four or five years ago, a law was passed
by the Legislature of the State, offering a premium
of one conto of reis for every two thousand trees
planted; that it has but little or no effect shows
that the inducements offered are not sufficient; that
it would be wellif the Government would offer more.
Suppose the Government were to offer, in addition
to that now offered, half the export duties of all
rubber from such plantations for a term of years,
and exemption from all taxes of whatever sort for
the same length of time, and make these terms
known throughout the world. It seems credible
that it oniy requires something of the sort to draw
large amounts of foreign capital here to establish
rubbish plantations. Millions of dollars have been
invested in such plantations in Mexico and other
places, and millions of trees have been and zre now
being planted every year; if something of the sort
is net commenced here pretty soon, this country may
have an unpleasant surprise some day not very distant.
With sufficient inducements, millions of pounds

‘would pour into this State to establish rubber

plantations, which would revolutionise the whole
rubber business of the world. Public land can at
present he bought from the State on very favour-
able terms, from one milrei per hectare up, accord-
ing to location and quantity of land required. The
Governmenment would not be required to spend
any money in this enterprise for some years to
come, and compared with the benefits to be de-
rived, the sum to be paid in the future is very
little. It is certain that it is worth all the privi-
leges that might be offered as above, because
Nature alone and unaided will never establish such
plantations; they will only be planted by enter-
prising men, backed by large capital, and with the
hope and expectation of lange gains.—Zndia Rubber
Journal, May 13.

AHR lines dat
INDIAN TEA EXEMPTED FROM FRENCH

IMPORT DUTY.

Private teleerams receiyed in Pondichery state
that the French Government has decided to exempt

|
Ave. 1, 1901.) THE TROPICAL

tea and coffee imported into France from British
India from the prohibitive tariff, which comes into
force next January. The favourable solution of
this important subject—which will be hailed with
thanksgiving by the large community of planters
thoughout India—is in a great measure due to the
exertions of Monsieur Yves Guyot, editor of the
Paris Siécle, who has thoroughly studied the con-
ditions of the case.—M, Mail.

BENGAL AND MADRAS INDIGO.

THE CUSTOMS DUTY iN HGYPT.

~ Calcutta, May 14.—The Bengal Chamber of
Commerce has addressed the Government of India,
drawing attention to the very heavy incidence
of the Customs duty in Egypt on Bengal indigo
as compared with the duty imposed on Madras
indigo, which has worked adversely to the interests
of Bengal indigo, and requests that a fairer basis
of assessment should be arrived at, more in
accordance with the relative values of the two
descriptions of indigo. The difference in the
tariff rate between the two descriptions of indigo
is extren.ely disproportionate to the prices ruling
for the past three years. The average price of
superior Madras qualities has been R5) to R55,
while the average price for ordinary Bengal
qualities has been R60 to R6S per maund of
~25lb. The difference between the ruling rates of
the two qualities is under 17 per cent., while the
difference in the tariff rates on which duty is
charged is ahout 45 per cent., thus givine the
Madras dye an enormous advantage over the
Benga! product. The Committee is informed that
the Customs duty in Egypt on all foreign goods
and produce is 8 per cent ad valorem, and it is
clearly apparent that Bengal dye is valued too
high for the parpose of levying duty. The equi-
valent of 8 per cent. on 48 piastres, the Heyptian
valuation for Customs purposes of Bengal indio,
is nearly 4 piastres per kilogramme, while the equi-
valent of 8 per cent on 28 piastres, the Heyptian
valuation for Customs purposes of Madras in‘ign, is
only a little over 2 piastres per kilogramme. The
method of assessing duty on indigo which at pre-
sent prevails in Kyypt is unfair and requires re-ad-
justment.’ The Committee does not ask any con-
cession ‘in favour of indigo cultivated in one
Province to the detriment of that cultivated in
another. It simply desires that the whole of the
indigo exported from India to Egypt should be
placed on the same footing as regards assessment
of duty in the latter country.—Madras Mail.

MEDICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN INDIA.

THE MALARIA COMMITTEE.

The delegates of the Malaria Committee
of the Royal Society, Doctors Stephens and
Christopher, whose main object in visiting
India is to seek for and investigate cases of
black-water fever, a most deadly disease to
duropeans in Central and West Africa, and
some cases of which have been reported from
the Dooars, Sylhet, and other malarious
localities in India, are now at Simla, where
the following plan of work has been arranged,
in consultation with the Sanitary Commis-
sioner with the Government of India:—Dr,

AGRICULTURIST. 91

Christopher goes to Mian Meerand Amritsar
to make preliminary arrangements for the
autumn campaign (in co-operation with the
Medical Officers of those inilitary Canton-
ments) against malaria. He then joins Dr.
Stephens in Calcutta, by which time Captain
S) P James, I.M.S., will have returned from
China. All three will then go to Darjeeling,
the Terai, and the Dooars to investigate the
black-water fever.—Madras Mail, June 19.

cle
CINNAMON IN LONDON.

The information which -the last English
mail has brought does not disclose any special
features in the Quarterly Auction of Cinna-
mon held in London on the 20th ultimo.
The tone of the sale was quiet; and natur-

ally so, in view of the large leavingsfrom the .

heavy catalogues of February, when 2,132
bales had offered. The offerings last. month
were a fairly average quantity, having been
1,088 bales, against 1,058 at the correspond-
ing auction last year. It was, therefore,
scarcely to be expected that the fall in prices
experienced in February would be recovered,
the more so as heavy shipments of bark con-
tinue from this side, although the amount
is not as large as it was last year. Unless
there is a rush soon, following the big
harvest which is now fairly on, prices may
be expected to recover somewhat. It would
be something, even if they were maintained,
looking to the dullness of trade and the
unhinging of business through the prolong-
ation of the troubles in South Africa and
China, the shuffling which there has been in
the home duties on produce, and the recent
scares in Wall Street and the London Stock
Hxchange.

As it was, more than half the quantity
of spice offered was sold at prices which
were on the whole satisfactory, and sheuld
pay producers. Whether they leave any
profit to middlemen is another matter. Local
traders are rather fond of paying fancy
prices when there is a demand, hoping to
make a profit by mixing with coarse bark,
and they often burn their fingers, as London
buyers are wide awake. The fate of ship-
ments of wild cinnamon is proof of this. It
may take some time for traders to recover
who have embarked in ‘‘wild,” but with stocks
fairly easy in London, there is room for
legitimate trade.

We quote as follows from the Report. of
Messrs. Forbes, Forbes & Co., Limited :—

London, May 21,

Cinnamon.—The periodical auctions were held yes-
terday and went off with a very quiet tone. The
total offering was 1,088 bales plantation quill, com-
pared with 2,132 bales at the February sales, and
1,058 bales at this period last year. Of this supply
only 77 bales were good and fine ‘“‘ worked” quill.
The steamer “ Stentor” with fresh parcels of fine &e.,
some 240 bales, only arrived in the river yesterday,
via Amsterdam, and her shipments were consequently
shut ows.

There ws scarcely any change in prices, the 77
bales “ worked” realising about last sales’ rates and 621
bales “unworked”’ going irregularly and occasionally
easier.

92

‘* Worked ”’ firsts brought 11d to 1s 6d, seconds 9d
to ee thirds 1s 1d to 1s 4d and fourths 74a to 11d
per lb.

‘‘Unworked ”’ firsts sold at 9d to 1s; seconds, 8d to
104d, thirds 74d to 10d, fourths 74d to 94d per lb.

Of about 850 bags chips &., only a few bags sold
at 24d per lb. for coarse.

Witp Cinnamon.—About 212 bales and 578 bags
were offered and passed without bids. Present stocks
3,197 bales Ceylon, 2,666 bales ‘‘ wild.’ 3,515 bales
chips and 8,373 balestof wild bark, &c.

The next sales will be held 28th August.

ee
PLANTING IN TRINIDAD.
CACAO—RUBBER—COCONUTS.

From ‘‘Trinidad and its Future Possi-
bilities,”—a paper read by Sir Hubert Jerming-
ham, ex Governor, before the Royal Colonial
Institute, we quote :—

Trinidadians have every reason to take time by
the forelock, for they possess a soil which can grow
anything and everything. The cacao trade, which
comes next in importance to the sugar trade, is one
which, however remunerative, does not give work to
many hands, though fortunately it is one in which
the native Creoles take an interest, and the coolies
are beginning to invest their savings. It is atrade
which flourished ia Trinidad up to 1827, when,
owing to the fall in prices, it gradually dwindled to
nothing, until in 1856 there were no more than 7,060
acres under cultivation. As the average yield per
acre is 600 lb, or 2 lb per tree, some idea of the de-
velopment it has now reached can be gathered from
the fact that there are at the present time nominally
498 cacao estates, yielding 173,000 bags, or 29 million
pounds of cacao, hence representing some 48,000
acres under cultivation. [tis estimated that the
cost of production of a bag of cacao containing 165
lb is 34s, while the sale price average for the last
two years has been 75s a bag, representing a total
of more than £600,000, of which half was clear profit
and half was expended in the Colony. The demand
is so much on the increase that prices maintain
themselves in spite of accumulations and ofold
methods of growth; and the providential dispensa-
tion which places Trinidad outside the hurricane
zoue is also the guarantee of her future prosperity
froin this one article, if she had no other to rely on;
but a great impulse has been given within the last
three years to the cultivation of rubber, and this
important article of commerce is expected to rank
eventually as oneof the most remunerative of the
Colony’s resources. Thanks to aSwedish Professor
of botany and natural history, Professor Bovallius
of the University of Upsala, who was introduced to
me by letter from the Secretary of State, I modestly
hope thatI have had a slight share in the impetus
given to this new industry from which so much is
expected.

Vrofessor Bovallius assured me that he had not
seen along the Orinoco river any land better suited
to the growth of Hevea or Castilloa than that which
Trinidad affords, and he has since proved his con-
fidence in the soil by the purchase of some 4,L00
acres of Government land and the launching of the
Narva Estates Co., Ltd., for the cultivation of
rubber, cacao, and indigenous products.

I wish 1 had the time to explain to you how these
estates, situated in, I think,the loveiiest parts of the
island, and selected with the greatest care and
knowledge, ave expected to give returns in the

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST. [Ave. 1, 1901;

eighth year, when the rubber-trees yield their milk,
which are simply astounding to one who, like my-
self, has no money to invest.

But as the company is formed on what, I think,
is the safest basis of investinent in land, when the
investor does not reside on the spot, viz.,on a syndi-
cate system, in which dividends are paid pro rata of
the shares held after a lapse of halt the time veces-
sary for the produce plants to bear, it may be use-
ful to point ont that, in the case of a rubber plan-
tation, which takes eight years, the coconut trees,
the bearing cacao trees, the hardwood and the corn
are made to pay full interest on the capital for four
years, and a dividendafter. On the Narva Estate,
for instance, I see by the prospectus that at the
start there are sixty acres of bearing cacao, equiva-
lent to £1,200 a year, and coconnt trees yielding
nuts worth £750 ; while hardwood is expected to re-
alise £400, and fifty acres of corn a further £20u,
in all £2,550, which is more than necessary to pay
8 per cent on the gross capital of the company in
question, viz. £25,000 : that this revenue increases
to £3,000 the second year, £3,450 the third year,
£4,800 the fourth year, and to £7,300 the fifth year,
owing to enlarged acres of both bearing cacao and
coconut trees. In the fifth year it exceeds,by £2,500
the cost of working the estate in that year, that
cost, inclusive of interest, being estimated at
£3,475 the first year, £3,930 the second year, £4,360
the third year, £4,915 the fourth year, and about
the same in the fifth.

However correct these figures may be, they are
so far reliable that, provided the cacao trees are
bearing as well as the coconnt trees, 8 per cent
interest on capital is secure, though a deficit on
working expenses, averaging £70U a year for four
years, is expected.

But in the fifth year the balance of revenue covers
that deficit and a dividend of 9 per cent becomes
possible. The prospectus atter that becomes aggres-
sively alluring. Before the rubber adds its 100 per
cent, the sixth year gives a dividend of 33 per cent,
and the seventh year 44 per cent, and, although I
am not quite capable of understanding such high
profits, there is no reason, with the prices which
cacao and rubber command, that this should not be
realised, seeing especially that cacao is daily be-
coming more popular throughout the world as a
nutritive beverage, and the demand for pure rubber
is far in excess of the supply ; and it will be inter-
esting to note when the time comes how wise they

‘have been who have asked of the soil and vegeta-
tion of Trinidad for returns equiva'ent to those of
the best minerals elsewhere,

{ have mentioned coconuts, and most people do
not realise their value in the economy of nature.

In Trinidad these trees thrive particularly well,
and especially so in the district of Mayaro, where
the finest cocal, or coconut walk has curiously
planted itself from nuts originally cast ashore from
a wrecked vessel,

These trees bring forth a bunch of nuts every
month, and the bunches average nine nuts each,
Sixty good nuts go to a gallon of oil, and this
gallon averages $1, or4s 2d. The yearly value of
a ccconut tree is theretore roughly set down at
$1, from which it will be seen that 9,600 coconut
trees are sufficient of themselves to pay £2,000 in-
terest, at 8 per cent, on £25,000.

In 1899 some 13,000,000 nuts were exported, re-
presenting 118,000 trees at least, and £45,000. As
there are sixty nominal coconut estates in Trini-

ex

Ava. 1, 1901.]

dad, each estate exported on an average produce of
the value of £740, and this sum, at 8 per cent, is
interest on £9,250, a fact not be despised when a
coconut walk is advertised for sale.

I will not weary you with Indian corn or maize,
which gives two crops a year, and is only inferior
to wheat as a nutritive aliment; or withrice, which
is imported to the extent of £150,000 a year, and
could be raised in the island for more than twice
that value, were there proper appliances to thresh
and clean the grain ; or with coffee, every grain of
which finds a sale in the local market, as Verdant
Vale can testify ; or with tobacco, which has beer
pronounced as good as the Havana leaf : alas ! the
secret of the curing rests with the Cubans and no
one else—nor of the fruit, which is a drug in the
markets of the Colony, and awaiting the success of
Messrs. Elder, Dempster & Co.’s plucky venture in
Jamaica; nor, indeed, of the spices, vegetables, and
other riches which the marvellous soil offers eagerly
to all whoseek them ; but I will point out in a few
words the mineral wealth of which the Colony can
also _boast.--Journal of the Royal Colonial
Institute.

SCHOOL GARDENS AND NATURE
STUDY.

MR. J. C. WILLIS’ EDUCATIONAL
LECTURE.

(Special Report.)

Mr. J. C. Willis, Director of the Botanical
Gardens, Peradeniya, lectured to a large
audience at the School of Agriculture last
night on School Gardens and Nature Study.
The chair was taken by the Bishop of Colombo.
The lecture was of a different kind to those
of the educational series that preceded it. It
did not deal with the best and most practical
methods of teaching particular subjects to
junior classes : but had an altogether wider
scope. It dealt with a new scheme for the
teaching of Agriculture in Ceylon, a scheme
already drawn up and ready to be put in
practice. The lecturer did not begin at once
by unfolding this scheme.

Mr. WILLIS began by laying stress on
the need for improvement in agriculture
in Ceylon, and by pointing out what sort
of character must be developed before any
improvement could take place. He _ said
that at present all the efforts made
by his Department to push the culti-
vation of plants that could’ with ad-
vantage be grown more largely here, such
as cacao and cinchona, were unavailing owing
to the resistance they met with through the
ignorance of the people. There was also a
constant waste |jof materials owing to this
want of knowledge. In Jaffna, where there
was less ignorance, the scanty soil was made
to produce more than was produced by the
richer soil of the South-Western Province.
Constant complaints were being received by
Mr. Green against insects as pests, when, in
fact, these very insects were often not
only harmless but actually beneficial to the
plants. The only way to combat these
and the many other evils of ignorance was by

THE TRAINING UP OF A MORE SCIENTIFIC
SPIRIT.
There must be developed a capa-
city for taking accurate observations,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 93

and for drawing’ accurate’ conclusions
from them. It might be remembered, said
the lecturer, that it was by close and accu-
rate observation that Sherlock Holmes spun
those wonderful theories of his, whose cor-
rectness was proved so conclusively in the
Police Courts! Fora proper scientific train-
ing there should be first accurate obser-
vation, then the collection of facts, then
their classification, and lastly the deductions
drawn from them and their application to
life. The Germans were much ahead of us
in their application of science to practical
things. By their superiority in this, they
had succeeded in crushing out the aniline
dye trade in England, and they would very
soon succeed in crushing the Indian Indigo
industry as well.* Both with nations as well
as with individuals, those who chose to
neglect science must be content to fall
behind in the world’s race. It was in the
training of those still at school that
the greatest hope of improvement lay.
Children were by nature more observant
than adults, and their faculties of observa-
tion should be encouraged. It was with a
view to this that

A SCHEME FOR SCHOOL GARDENS

had been brought forward by the Director of
Public Instruction in conjunction with the
Director of the Botanical Gardens. Though
the scheme was new here, it was not in New
York where Professor Bailey (?) of the Cor-
nell University had made it a great success.
The gardens should be quite small, and useful
and ornamental plants should both be grown,
The seeds would be supplied by the Botani
cal Gardens, and a travelling Superinten-
dent would be sent to visit and exam-
ine these gardens from time to time.
They should be made to look as_ pretty
as possible, and every scholar’ should
grow a plant by himself. Circulars as_ to
the laying out of the gardens, and leaflets
with lists of plants would be supplied by his
Department, and the master and pupils should
make out the plan of their gardens together.
The products of the garden should be studied
for object lessons. Leaflets to assist the
teachers in this would be sent:them. The
object lessons would need preparation and
should be as informal as possible. The pupils
should also be taken out into the fields and
jungle and should be made to describe the
things that they had seen. If they made in-
accurate observations, they should not be
corrected, but should be sent back to examine
the things afresh. No other person’s observ-
ations should be accepted by them without
their being proved by themselves.

FORMER SCHEMES
for agricultural teaching in rural schools
had failed because too much had _ been
attempted. Another reason had been that

* The German Company here referred to, is, we
have ascertained, the Badische Co. Staufenfels, It em-
ploys 148 skilled chemists, 75 engineers, and 305
clerks, and makes a substitute for indigo by a syn-
thetic chemical process. This product does not decay
nor change its colour, and can be made much more
cheaply than indigo can be grown.—This is how
Gernane make use of their technical education !—

D, TA,

py’

94 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

the teaching was not hy scientific me-
thods; it had been too dogmatic. A child
should not be crammed with informa-
tion; it should be taught to observe for itself.
Formerly we had attempted to go too fast,
but in this scheme we were preparing to
go slowly, and imore surely.

At the conclusion of Mx, Willis’ lecture there
was general applause. The seriousness with
which it had been listened to was relieved by
Mr. Philip Morgappah who made a few
remarks on the benefits to character that
resulted from a life devoted to agriculture.

Mr. JAYATILLEKA said he thought the
scheme more applicable to village schools than
to town schools, for town schools rarely pos-
sessed the iuxury of a garden.

Mr. W A DE SinvA remarked that the
scheme was not really new. Lt had been tried
here before and had failed, but no doubt
Mr. Burrows and Mr. Willis together would
make it succeed. Vhe practical difficulty
had been in getting gardens; also in
getting time. ‘The teachers could seldom
devote more than half-an-hour to this lesson,
aad the boys needed all their time to prepare
for the ordinary school examinations.

Mr. F Lewis said that one of the many
difficulties in the way of teaching agricul-
ture in Oeylon was the many _ kinds
of climate to be found here. For instance,
the rainfall in. Anuradhapura was totally
different from’ what it was in Colombo.
No doubt there was a great deal of ignorance
of ‘agriculture among the natives. A native
knew much more about the cultivation of

addy than a Huropean, yet he had never
earnt to select the seed. Year after year
the ground was sown with the same seed,
and the crops grew poorer and poorer.
But at Tissamaharama, where seed had been
imported, and the land allowed to lie fallow

for a time, the good results had been
shown by the great increase in the
crops.

Mr. S. M. BuRRoOwsS said that it was their
intention. that the experiment should be
extended not only to Government Schools
but also to Grant-in-Aid Schools. In his
opinion nature study was applicable to town
schools as well as village schools. In town
schools there was a possibility of forming
School Museums in which botanical specimens
would take a large place. It was true, as
Mr. de Silva said, that former schemes had
failed, because. they had not been given a
fair chance. This time the scheme would
only be developed in those schools which
possessed or could POrsEsS gardens ; and time
for the proper study would be made in the
curriculum. One good result he hoped from
this scheme was that children would learn to
love school.

After a short

SPEECH FROM THE BISHOP OF COLOMBO
—a very graceful one, in which he spoke
of a knowledge of agriculture cheering
old age; of a story from Virgil of ,an old
man who had not enough land for grazing
or ploughing, but only enough to grow lilies
ana cabbages, and yet who was as happy as
a king and felt himself rich,—the meeting
was concluded with a vote of thanks to the
lecturer and chairman.

[Auc. 1. 1901.

THE CESS (FOR INDIA)
TEA ORISIS

GARDEN MANAGERS AT (HEIR WITS?

TVER THAN THEY HAVE DONE,
THEY LOOK TO 4 DOUBLE CESS FOR INDIA

AND CEYiLON. COLOMBO SHOULD BE THE
GREAT DISTRIBUTING CENTRE FOR
INDIAN AND CEYLON THAS,
(from the Indian Garden Manager's point et

AND THE

END tO DO BE

view. )
I have received, and gone through, the May
number of the Zropical Agriculturist. You
have never been bickward in giving all the

news on planting topics, but
reading that number from cover to cover would
not learn that there is, a ‘* Tea Crisis.” The
article ou page 759 by a specialist touches lightly
onthe matter. Your specialist was uot in fayour
of resting tea ; he would advise estates to ‘‘aban-
don outright ” any unprofitable area. This is a
remedy for each estate, and not for the industry.
On page 751 you have a letter to ‘ Planting Opin-
ion” from Mr. Ashton who deeries the voluntary
system of subscriptions and says that a Cess is
necessary. Mr Azhton is the Chairman of the
1T A,, and this letter, ‘ex-cathedra,” gives his
views. {He points out the way to safety. He says
that money is reqnired and cannot be obtained
by volantary subscriptions. This letter was
written in Mareh; subsequent to that time the
reduction scheme was adopted and dropped owing
te the failure of Ceylon.*

On page 371 of ‘‘ Indian Gardening and Plaat-
ing” I have found a fresh scheme proposed by
other members of the I T Association. They ask for

FREE GIFTS OF TEA.

This is in the face of the declaration by
their Chairman that the’ voluntary busi-
ness is a snare and delusion. The scheme pro-
posed is one which is sure to sueceed in its object,
i.e. to make profits for the subscribers, but
everyone knows that private sale of tea is cer-
tain to succeed, if undertaken on sufficiently
large a scale—vide Lipton, Mazawatte, &c. But
this will not help the industry. The dead silence
which has succeeded the letter by Mr. Ashton has
encouraged me to take up the cudgels and I am
endeavouring to stir up all concerned’; 1 have
dreaded attacks on my ‘ blooming cheek,” but
am_ ready to face anything. In his interview with
‘Tea ” (the new paper), Mr. Rutherford said that
there would have been no overproduction if India
had had a Cess. This is a “tall” saying
because after all India did subscribe a
considerable sum, and the small differenee
between the amount subscribed and what would
have been obtained from a cess at the same rate
as Ceylont would have made practically no differ-
ence in the great surplus which we failed to
place on New Markets.—I am a plain, practical
Planter like hundreds of others who toil, and
have toiled, to make the iadustry what it is.
We—I dare to speak for the rest—do not under-
stand the cause of the failure to produce and
adopt any scheme which shall at least give hopes

still a stranger

* Ceylon is practically carrying out the reduction
through finer plucking.—EHp. 7’.A.

+ The difference for all the years the Oess has been
ae in Ceylon would have been very considerable, —
Eo, 7.4.

— eer

Awe. 1, 1901.) THE TROPICAL

that prices will improve. How is it—we ask—that
the only scheme which met with any pronounced
favour—the reduction scheme—has been so wniver-
sally condemned ? We have absolutely come to the
the end of our tether as regards quality. We car,
and do, change the quality of our teas to meet
the requirements of the markets, but we invariably
make a thorough mess of it. The market howled
for coarse tea and paid up to 6d. for it; with
great joy, we responded. The extra duty was
imposed, but tons of coarse tea were on the sea
and in our tea houses—it had to go on.

Then came such foul abuse regarding quality
that every decent manager began to blush, and
it ended up by Mr. Skrine setting up acry of
“stinking fish.” He got a special man to find
microbes on dry tea. The tea they got hold of
was dry, yet rotten. May the Lord help us and
give us peace because, as the sentence goes,
“* there is none other to fight for us.” Tam speaking
out on behalf of tea managers, myself included.

I have done all that can be done. I have re-
duced myexpenditure, and forfeited the greater part
of my commission. If this state ot affairs lasts
much longer, the quality of my tea must suffer.
I shall have to reduce rolling, and fuel, and labour

~in the tea house. My garden receives the mini-

mum of cultivation, and will have to do with
less. I shall soon have to 1educe my own pay, or
look for fresh work.

None of this is my fault, (I speak for hundreds
of managers); ‘the fault lies with you, (the owners).
I tel! you out straight that, unless you get a Cess,
and a heavy Cess, your properties will be closed.
Some of you, like Mr Rutherford, own properties
that may weather any storm. Will you refuse help
to us who have been less fortunate. Some of you
have helped in the past, and are willing to help in
the future, but naturally you do not move heaven
and earth for redress: When it comes to the vote
will you help us?

There is room for all, and for double our present
area, of tea. If Ceylon and India will combine
and have a Cess worthy of the Industry we shall
be able to conquer the Tea world.

Tf Ceylon willlet good Indian tea in free of
duty, she would be able to blend her poor teas and
make them valwable.

COLOMBO SHOULD BE OUR DISTRIBUTING CENTRE
FOR AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA AND RUSSIA IN
EUROPE.

Tf it comes to a fight, India is much stronger
than Ceylon. We shall be able, by means of
cheaper labour, ana bigger ventures, to crowd you
out. Yousupply 37 per cent to our 53 per cent to
British consumption. We shall be able to run
you down—down—down as we did China, by being
more capable of expansion than you are. It will
be a dreadful fight, but we are bound to win.
‘We don’t want to fight but by jingo if we do!”
&e. &e. Again I appeal as a manager—to the
owners; why cannot you agree? and pull together,
and make our work certain ?

Up tonow, you—the owners directors, agents,
of tea properties—have pocketed the proceeds. [6
is time now to think, and to think seriously ; to
formulate some plan¥and‘ stick to it. In the past
your managers have pulled you through each
crisis asit came up... I have recently learnt the
reason why we cannot help you any more, [b is
because there is only seven million pounds of
China tea to be displaced ‘in British markets.

AGRIOULTURIST. 95

We can no more prevent our expansion than
ean the schoo!-boy.. We stick out at each end
and our chests are cramped by our clothes. You
have to get us a new suit, and if you imagine
that a mew suit costing seven lakhs of rupees
will cover our partial nudity you are mistaken.
But it will relieve the pressure on the chest and
let: us breathe, I beg to be excused if ! am too
outspoken, or frivolous, or for any other fault. I
understand that there is a crisis, a bitter fight
for existence. I cannot understand this lethargy,
this utter apathy, this heathenish way of sitting
down to meet our. fate.

We, the managers, have trusted the owners to
find a solution of the difficulty. , If they will not or
cannot findit, we shall be-better employed in
serving men who cam manage their business. If
another war was to the fore, I believe that we
could orgauize a managers’ strike, and take the
best brains out of the country. At present men
are waiting ; some of them will lose their reason
from the strain, many their lives, and more their
employment ;a large proportion of owners and
shareholders willlose their properties. A few will
gain in the end, and tea will become an industry
of bloated properties and trusts. Am I placing more
than the truth before you? If so, the papers lie, I
glean my forebodings from them, Have I ex-
ceeded my station by an inch? If so, it is for the
benefit of my fellow-managers. We, the managers,
cannot * strike,” but let us speak out, and blow
the consequences ; nothing worse can happen than
what we have toface in 1901, if our owners are
asleep. A.C,

COFFEE IN COSTA RICA,
(Prom an ex-Ceylon rescdent,)
Costa Rica, April, 1901.

Coffee planting and curing are carried’ on in
this country in ways and under conditions peculiar
to it. The only one which resembles it in some
respects is the sister republic, San Salvador, as
regards the size of the’ farms, and their being
owned piincipally by native farmers who with few
exceptions do all the manual labor necessary on
their own lands, besides going out to look for
work on larger estates when not too far off.’ The
farmer sells his crop to different curing: sta-
tions, and between these a lively competition
has at all times existed, thus securing to the
producer a lion’s share of the profits, which
would be much greater if he were to
undertake to increase the produetiveness of his
land by an effective system of manuring, whieh
alas is almost unheard-of, and cannot be hoped
for. The present generation shut their eyes: and
ears to the most convincing of practical proofs. By
this it can be inferred that coffee culture in
ceneral is notin a prosperous condition as regards
crops produced, or prices of the same ; the world’s
markeis naturally being the cause of the drop in
these of late years. With some exceptions, in the
neighbourhood of the cities, the land under. cul-
tivation is owned by the small farmer who plants
hi: ‘coffee in lots whieh range from one acre up-
wards, and cultivates it ina manner which can
well be termed orthodox, his principal implement
bein the broad shovel, in the handling of which he
is an adept, so much so that no imported labour
is employed to any extent, as all trials in this
direction have resulted in failures. ‘The :cost of
keeping up a manzana (1g acre). is between 30 and
40 colones per'annum and means four cleanings a

96 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

year in most cases, the colon being worth 46%
cents American gold; this means to larger estates
where a day’s work is the way labor is em-
ployed and paid for. In the centre of the republic
native laboris scarce only at certain times—in
June when the maize-fields have to be cleaned, and
in October when summer beans are planted,—the
labourer prefers to work in these districts for
less wages than are paid on banana farms or in
districts nearer the coast line.

MANURING AND PRUNING UNKNOWN.

As manuring may be considered almost an
unknown feature, the same is true of trimming
or pruning, it being almost impossible to follow
the native farmer when at this kind of work, and
establish a fixed idea, the tree in most parts being
shuck, which becomes more scraggy in appear-
ance as each succeeding crop is taken from it.
There are ideas prevalent that the introduction
of plantains and different kinds of shade trees
are ot benefit to the plantation, the first being
an article of food, and therefore the origin of
‘the idea ; the latter, though planted with the object
of giving shade to the coffee, is useful principally as
a wind-break, during the dry months from Dec.
to April, when the northerly winds are most violent,
and also for firewood in some cases.~ Both how-
ever have their disadvantages, as at all times
the plantain needs constant care to see that the
- stalks do not fall on the coffee, to say nothing
of their being exhaustive of the fertility of the
soil ; while the cutting of firewood is also attended
with damage to the coffee tree. _

One crop of coffee is hardly picked and sold,
before the farmer begins to think of

RAISING A LOAN

on the coming one, and has immediate recourse
to some curing station, where it has long been
the custom to make these advances for the
purpose of securing as. much as possible of
the creps. This transaction, barring some risk,
gives most of its advantages to the money-
lender whose rate of interest is often 14 per cent
a month, sometimes more ; capital and interest
payable in coffee of stipulated good quality in
fruit at current prices, the failure to deliver this
incurs an additional fine of 20 per cent or more
in,case cash is taken instead of coffee; a backer’s
signature and pledge is exacted in all cases.
This borrowing in advance has sent many a poor
farmer to the wall, legal prosecution often following
the non-fulfilment of such agreements.

Perhaps the most onerous of burdens laid on the
farmer is the government

EXPORT TAX
which is levied when the coffee is shipped out of the
country ;it amounts to about opecent American
gold per pound which means a considerable fraction
of its value as prices are at present. No complaints
are heard of, however on this point from the farmer,
as it does not come from his pocket direct, but
is paid by the exporter on whom he lays the
blame of all reductions in his selling price. The
daily papers often publish inflammatory articles
in the same strain. . When coffee begins to ripen,
everybody is on the alert in ascertaining prices
paid in the neighbouring stations, to make
sure of not having to sell at a lower price than
is possible, and soon afterwards men, women and

children are out with baskets and _ cloths,
some picking from higher branches, others
from lower branches and what is on the
ground, and everything is delivered to the

[Auc. 1 1901.

stations all of a rush, which puts some of the
receivers into a squeeze to know how they can
take care of it all. Pickingis done in December
on the lower levels of 2,500 and 3,000 on the
Pacific slope, and in January on the upper levels
of about 4.000 feet elevation.

The disheartening effects of
THE FALL IN PRICES

of coffee are felt alike by farmers and pur-
chasers, many manzanas being abandoned of
late years, on account of low prices and small
crops; the first is unavoidable; the second,
however, seems to have found a remedy in what
few farms have practised,—chemical manuring.
Coffee manured thus by a brand of manure well,
known in the London market yields 30 fane-
gas to the manzana, of high quality (the fanega,
equal to 4 hectolitres giving 116 lb.of cleaned coffee),
leaving clear profit of 300 colones upwards to
the manzana. Taking coffee at its current
price, as delivered in fruit, this cannot be
called a low return, and is only an exceptional
case on account of the use of manure. This
being so, many owners of coffee estates near
the capital have realised similar returns from
land that was supposed to be exhausted long
ago. The introduction of manures into the
country is free of duty, and obtains also 33
per cent reduction in railroad freight. What is
wanted, as Professor Voorhees expresses him-
self in the preface to his ‘‘ First Principles of
Agriculture,” is the teaching of the use of
manures in public schools according to practice
and theory: every inhabitant of the country
could have a manzana of his own whose yield
would not alter the markets of the world one
single point. As it is, the farmer in despair has
abandoned some or all of his coffee, and has
devoted himself to sugar-cane and yucca, the
produce of which has to be sold in the Republic,
both of them following the downward drop in
prices. Indeed, some are at their wits’ end to
know what to plant, and talk about leaving off
pants and taking to long shirts like the aborig-
ines. In the interior of the country coffee
may be said to be the only exportable product,
and this is the part of the country where the
farmer will always live if he can.

When coffee was at a good price, four
and five years ago, several large lots of land
were taken up on the Atlantic slope close
to the railroad by capitalised firms, principally
in the Turrialba and Juan Ninas districts:
at elevations of 2,500 and 3000 feet. The climate,
one of almost continuously daily rainfall all the
year round, is not favourable to the development of
a single uniform crop, as on the Pacific slope,
but has to be picked two or three timesa year.
The price. of labour is here fifty per cent and
seventy-five per cent higher also; and last, but not
least, the quality of the produce after a few crops
does not fetch such good prices as at the start,
blights in the crops being often heard of.

[There is no hope for coffee, we fear, until Brazil
abates her enormous crops, larger this year than
ever before. But has our correspondent never
seen ‘‘ cacao” in Costa Rica? It is said to be the
home of certain kinds and that the people cannot
grow enough for local consumption, so keen is
the demand in the towns. That then (Theobroma
Cacao—the cocoa or ‘‘ chocolate ” plant) ought to
he a profitable product in rich soil, though it can-
not stand wind.—Ep. 7.A4.]

Ave, 1, 1901.]

THE “MASHEER” IN NORTHERN INDIA.

Local fishermen have heard of the Mah-
seer, if they have not all seen it; and al-
though there have been many proposals in
the past to introduce the fish into our
streams from India, we do not think that
any have been successfully carried out. It
may interest members of our Fishing Club
and other sportsmen, however, to learn
that sportsmen in Northern India have
been obliged to take*steps to protect the
Mahseer from extinction in the rivers
of the Punjab, where they have been
systematically netted for years at all
seasons, with disastrous effects on the sup-

ly; The Giri river is nominally preserved
Be the Sirmoor Fishing Club; and as the
income of the Club had for several years
fallen short of the expenditure—probably
through the forgetfulness which obtains
here, too, on the part ot many members to pay
their subscriptions,—the Committee resorted
to the extraordinary expedient of letting port-
ions ofthe river to netting contractors! As
was to be expected, the contractors went
beyond the contract, and outsiders joined in
the game, until the river was almost de-
pleted. Netting has now been prohibited, the
Olub has improved its financial position, and
the Sirmoor State, to which the Club pays
heavy rental, has been asked to lend a help-
ing hand to stop poaching.

‘he river Poonch, which once had a large
stock of the largest Mahseer in India, isin
2 worse state; and there, writes an Indian
contemporary :—

« For the past two years a contractor has come
from Jhelum, armed with a permit signed by some
local official in the Jammu State, and has proceeded
to net the whole of the pools and runs between
Tangrot and Nar, a portiun of the river in which
nine-tenths of the mahseer in the Poonch hibernate.
With the last closing showers of the monsoon the
fish drop down from the upper waters, and the long
reaches below Nar, the Pota pools, the famous
water below the fantastic cliffs of Palak, and, above
all, the Jungoo pool close to Tangrot, are their
refuges. In the cold weather the Jungoo pool pre-
sents a wonderful spectacle, being filled with thou-
sinds of huge masheer in a_semi-comatose state,
packed as close as sardines. They begin to assemble
in September, and by the end of October the pool is
full. Latein February, or more usually about the
middle of March, the first slight spates come down
the Poonch, and this is the signal tor the mahseer
at Jungoo to begin to work upwards. The same
state of things holds good in the other pools of the
lower portion of the Poonch. When, therefore, a
band of men armed with nets, and with unlimited
time at their disposal, proceed to cléan out pool
after pool, sparing nothing, it is. easy to conjecture
the enormous damage done to the river. During
the summer time the large makseer would probably
succeed in breaking all ordinary nets; butin the
winter they are overtaken by a strange species of
lethargy, and lie for days together at the bottom
of the pools without moving,”

The Mahseer weighs up to 50 1b and affords
‘excellent sport, and we can sympathise with
those. who complain of operations which
sweep one pool after another of all fish.
No less than 200 maunds of Mahseer are said
to have been taken by nets out of twa pools

13

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 97

last winter. The local Government should
help our sportsmen to establish the Mahseer
in some of our Ceylon rivers?
cee ee ee
“MATH” THA.
(From the Encyclopedia Britanica.)

Mate, or Paraguay Tea, consists of the
dried leaves of Ilex paraguayensis, St Hil.,*
anevergreen shrub or small tree belonging
to the same natural order as the common
holly, a plant to which it bears some resem-
blance in size and habit. The leaves are from
6 to 8 inches long, short-stalked, oblong,
wedge shaped, rounded at upper end, and
finely toothed at the margin. The small
white flowers grow in forked clusters in the
axils of the leaves; the sepals, petals, and
stamens are four in number ; and the berry is
4-seeded. The plant grows abundantly in
Paraguay, Corrientes, Chaco, and the South
of Brazil, forming woods called yerbales. One
of the principal centres of the maté industry
is the Villa Real, a small town above Asun-
cion on the Paraguay river; another in the
Villa de San Xavier, in the district between
the rivers Uruguay and Parana.

Although maté appears to have been used
from time immemorial by the Indians, the
Jesuits were the first to attempt its cultiva-
tion This was commenced at their branch
missions in Paraguay and the province of Rio
Grande de San Pedro, where some plantations
still exist and furnish the best tea that is
inade. From this circumstance the names
Jesuits’ tea, tea of the Missions, St Bartho-
lomew’s tea, &c., are sometimes applied to
maté. Under cultivation the quality of the
tea improves, but the plant remains a small
shrub with numerous stems, instead of form-
ing, as in the wild state, a tree with a rounded
head. From cultivated plants the leaves are
gathered every two or three years, that in-
terval being necessary tor restoration to
vigorous growth. The collection of maté is,
however, chiefly effected by Indians employed
for that purpose by merchants, who pay a
money consideration to Government for the
privilege. '

Whena yerbal or maté wood is found, the
Indians, who usually travel in companies
of about twenty-five in number, build wig-
wains and settle down to the work for about
six months. Their first operation is to prepate
an open space, called a tatacua, about 6 feet
square, in which the suface of the soil is
beaten hard and smooth with mallets. The
leafy branches of the maté are then cut down
and placed onthe tatacua, where they under-
go a preliminary roasting froma fire kindled
aroundit. An arch of poles, or of hurdles,
is then erected above it, on which the maté is
placed, a fire being lighted underneath. This
part of the process demands some care, since by
it the leaves have to be rendered brittle enough
to be easily pulverised, and: the aroma has to
be developed, the necessary amount of heat
being only learned by experience. After

* Mr J Miers has proved that J cuctibensis, 1 gigantea,
L ovalifolia I Hunboldtiana, and I nigropunctata, be-
sides several varieties of these species, are in general
use for preparing mate,
>

98 THE TROPICAL

drying, the leaves are reduced to coarse
powderin mortars formed of pits in the
earth well rammed. Maté so prepared is
called caa gazu or yerva do polos, and is chiefly
used in Brazil. In Paraguay and the province
of Parana in the Argentine Republic the
leaves are deprived of the midrib before rcast-
ing ; this called caamirt. A very superior
quality, or caa cwys, is also prepared in Para-
guay from the scarcely expanded buds. More
recentlya different method of drying maté
has been adopted, the leaves being heated in
large cast iron pans set in brickwork, in the
sameway that tea is dried in China; it is
afterwards powdered by machinery,

The different methods of preparation influence
to acertain extent the value of the product, the
maté prepared in Paraguay being considered the
best, that of Oran and Paranagua very inferior.
The leaves when dried are packed tightly in
serons or oblong packages made of raw hides,
which are then carefully sewed up. These shrink
by exposure to the sun, and in a couple of days
form compact parcels each containing about 200 lb
of tex; ia this torm it keeps well. The tea is
generally prepared for use in a small silver-mounted
ealabash, inade of the fruit of Crescentia Curete
(Cuca) or of Cucurbita lagenaria Cabaco),
usually about the size of a large orange, the
tapering end of the latter serving fora handle In
the top of the calabash, or maté,* a circular hole
about the size of a florin is made, and through
this opening the tea is sucked by means of a
bombilla. This instrument consists of a small
tube 6 or 7incheslong, formed either of metal or
reed, which has atoneend a bulb made either of
extremely fine basket-work or of metal perforated
with minute holes, so as to prevent the particles
of the tea leaves from being drawn up into the
mouth. Some sugar and a little hot water are
first placed in the gourd, the yerva is then added,
and finally the vessel is filled to the brim with
boiled water, or milk previously heated by a spirit
lamp. A little burnt sugar or lemon juice is
sometimes added instead of milk. The beverage
is then handed round to the company, each persun
being furnished with a bombilla. The leaves will
bear steeping about three tines. The infusion, if

not drunk soon after it is made, rapidly turns”

black. Persons who are fond of maté drink it
before every meal, and consume about 1 oz. of the
leaves per day. Inthe neighbourhood of Parana
ic is prepared and drank like Chinese tea. Maté
is generally considered disagreeable by those un-
accustomed to it, having a somewhat bitter taste ;
moreover, itis the custom to drink it so hot as to
be unpleasant. But in the south-eastern republics
itis a much-prized article of luxnry, and is the
first thing oftered,to visitors. The gaucho of the
plains will travel on horseback for weeks, asking
no better fare than dried beef washed down with
copious draughts of mate, aud for it he will forego
any other luxury, such as sugar, rice, or biscuit.
Maté acts as a restorative after great fatigue in
the same manner as tea. Since it does not lose its
flavour so quickly as tea by exposure to the air
and damp, itis more valuable to travellers.

* The word caa signified the plant in the native
Indiin lanyuage. The Spaniards gave it a similar
name, yerba, Mate comes from the language of the
Incas, and originally means acalabash. The Paraguay
tea was called at first yerva de mate, and then, the
yerva beiug dropped, the name mate came te signify
the same thing. ‘

AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1, 1901,

Some writers attribute deleterious effects to its
use, while others ‘praise it to an almost incredible
degree. Its physiological action does not appear
to have been carefully worked out, but its extensive
use in countries where tea and coftve are known
seems to indicate that it may possess virtues pe-
culiar to itself.

Its properties appear to be chiefly due to theine or

caffeine. Analysed by Dr H Byasson, 100 grains
were found to yield. Grains.
Caffeine Py 1°850

Glutinous substance or peculiar fatty mat-

ter and colouring matter 3°870
Complex glucoside 2°380
Resin oes ee 0-630
lnorganic salts, including iron ... 3°920

Malice acid not estimated.

According to analyses made by Alonzo Robbins
it also contains abont 1°5 of a peculiar tannin which
does not precipitate potassiotartrate of antimony,
nor tan leather. The glutinous substance resembles
in consistence common birdlime, and is considered
by Byasson to be acompound ether, the aleohol of
which would be near cholesterin, Since the begin-
ning of the 17th century maté has been drunk by
all classes in Paraguay, and it is now used through-
out Brazil and the neighbouring countries. In 1855
the amonnpt of maté annually consumed in South
America was estimated by Von Bibra at 15,000,000
lb, and the consumption is now probably three or
four times as great; in Brazilit brings in arevenue
of about £410,000. In the Argentine Republic
alone the consumption is not less than, 27,000,000
lb per annum, or about 13 lb per head, while the
proportion of tea and coffee consumed is only
about 2lb of the former and + lb of the latter
per head. The export of maté from Brazil to
foreign countries has also increased from 2,720,475
kilosin 1840 to 5,206,485 kilos in 1850, 6,808,056
kilos in 1860, 9.507,086 kilos in 1870, and 14,063,731
kilos in 1879-80,

ee

TEA SEED OIL. :

We are much indebted to Mr. Collett for
his opportune letter on the subject of tea
seed oil. We had rather more than a little
doubt as to the prospect of its proving a more
paying product than tea in even a few cases ;
but Mr. Collett finds from practical experi-
ence that not only is it not advisable to
change non-paying tea-fields into seed-bear-
ing plots for the purpose of oil production,
but that even the plucking of the seed and
production of oil from abandoned fields will
not yield a profitable return. It will, in
view of these results in Ceylon, much sur-
prise us if Mr. Drummond Deane obtains
satisfactory returns and we await the news
of how his forthcoming shipment of tea-seed
oil is received, with considerable interest.
The Encyclopedia Britannisa speaks of the
gil as follows :— 4

Tea-seed oil is & commercial product in China,
where it is used for food, lighting, and soap-making.
It is said to yield a fine hard soap. ‘The oil con-
tains 75 per cent. of olein and 25 parts of stearin,
has a yellow colour, and is destitute of taste and
smell,

Ava. 1, 1901.) THE TROPICAT,

PRODUCH, PLANTING AND
COMMERCIAL NOTES.

An endeavour is being made in the United
States by firms prominently identified with the
Japanese tea trade to form a big combination
in order to control the market. We learn from
one American journal that the object is to ‘‘do
away with the ruinous competition which the
trade has recently been undergoing, which has
placed Japan tea at adistinct disadvantage with
the China and other teas which are fired and
packed by natives.” We like the term ‘ other
teas”; perhaps the firms who wish to establish
a Japanese tea trust are sensitive on the subject
of Indian and Ceylon tea in general and the greea
tea movement in particular.

. ——_

The following letter from Mr P C Larkin, of
Toronto, written to Mr Mackenzie, on reading in our
columns the report of the Ceylon Commissioner on
the American tea market, is of interest. He says :—
“*T have read with a great deal of interest your letter
in the Home & Colonial Mail of May 17th. Mr
Drummond, of the Angle-American Direct Tea
Trading Company, Limited, was good enough to
bring it over tome. With regard to the figures
which you gave as being the quantity of greens we
take per month from Whittall and Co., you
could have increased these one-fifth, as they ship
us every month at least 24,000 lb. of Ceylon green
tea. In addition to their shipments, we have
bought many hundreds of chests from Odell,
Crosfield and Lampard, and others. You know
what I have been predicting for the last eighteen
months ; that is, that these Ceylon greens will en-
tirely displace Japans in America, This is surely
coming to pass. ht may take twenty-five years or
five years, just as the planters wish. If the Indian
planter would do just as TI, and dozens of other
advertisers, do, viz., advertise, advertise, advertise,
it would bring about the desired state of affairs in
a very short time. If they don’t advertise it will

‘take them amighty long time, however superior

their goods may be in quality. I have shown you
an instance up in North Bay. There is a firm up
there who, under great persuasion, took a few
pounds of Ceylon green tea witi their black tea
order. We got a list of names of Japan tea drink-
ing customers, and sent out sample lead packets to
them. This brought about sales, and made them
fairly enthusiastic about our Ceylon greens, as
they had been about our ‘‘Salada” blacks for some
years. They said they could sell very large quanti-
ties of the greens, and displace Japans with them,
if we would do something towards advertising.
Well, I’ve shown you what we did. We subsidised
them to advertise in their local paper, and you have
seen the full pages and half-pages taney have
taken at different times to advertise our Ceylon
greens. What has been the consequence? They
have had three 500 lb. orders, the originals of
which have all been sent on to you. Now
that is only one very, very small point in our
whole territory ; and we cannot afford to sub-

“sidise all over, as you know ; but it should be

done bythe Ceylon and [ndian planters from one
end of America to the other. There is a whole
district around about North Bay now where the
people are interested in Ceylon green tea, and
who are drinking it; and Japan teas there have
been displaced. It was experimental on our part,
the subsidising of this firm, and we have shown

AGRICULTURIST. 09

you the results. It may be said that the planters
cannot afford to advertise. Neither ean I afford
todo so, but I can still afford less to drivel. I
note some remarks in your letter about 40,000°00
dols or 50,000°00 dols per year. It is not
forty or fifty thousand dollars per year you
want to exploit the United States and Canada
properly, but six times forty or fifty thousand
dollars, so that every newspaper will be full of
Ceylon and Indian Tea, samples will abound,
and so that the matter will be foreed upon the
attention of the whele people of the country
in avery short period. This would bring about
such a_ relief to the London market that teas
would be a penny per pound higher than they
otherwise would be. Iam awfully glad that you
look favourably on my suggestion of Ceylon teas
of Oolong flavour. If this can be done it will be
making our path still easier, and when they have
succeeded in making such admirable greens [
fancy they can produce anything in the tea line.
If we had had greens in Canada here nine years
ago, when I took up blacks, what an easy path
we would have had, compared’ with what
we have experienced. The same may be
said of the last four or five’ years in
the United States. Our sales there would have
been at least double what they are now. A
drinker of Oolong is just as much wedded to his
peculiar kind of tea as a drinker of Japan is to
his kind, or as a drinker of black is to his, and
they can only be weaned away from their kinds
by the greatest efforts, and it requires but one-
fiftieth ot the efforts to produce results when you
are offering them a tea of a similar flavour and
Soha la Mines

Last week we quoted some comments from the
Globe, referring to Indian and Ceylon tea com-
panies. These comments have called forth the fol-
lowing reply from Mr. George Seton, who, writ-
ing to the Globe, says: ‘t A paragraph in your
issue of the 28th instant with reference to Indian
and Ceylon tea companies seenis likely to lead to
misapprehension. Owing to excessive extensions
of the plantations during the good times, and to con-
sequent over-production, tea prices have dropped
very low, and resalts to tea companies last
year are poorer than previously. Estates pro-
ducing high-class tea, and those with a low cost
of production, have done pretty well; but those
with a weak financial position, or whose expenses
of administration were high, have done poorly.
The home market is at present over-supplied with
tea, but foreign and colonial markets are every
year taking off increasing quantities, and this
was especially the case last year. British inves-
tors who purchased shares at top prices are no
doubt disappointed, but up to 1898 they received
good dividends, and they will doubtless do so
again. Dividends, recently announced for 1900,
have ranged from 15 percent. down tonil. Share
capital ot 45 representative companies, whose
market value rose in 1897 to 124 millions sterling,
has now dropped to little over seven millions !
An ‘endeavour has been made to collectively re-
strict production, but it has been found im-
possible to form a combination, as has. been
done in the nitrate-producing trade. Ke-
striction of output, however, is being largely
adopted by the leading companies, and all
extensions, it is believed, have been stopped. Under
these circumstances, then, the trade is likely, even-
tually, to recover its prosperous condition,”

100 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

DISEASE IN PLANTS,

When a doctor is sammoned to the bed-side of a
patient, he listens attentively to the narrative given by
the sick man or his friends, forming meanwhile his
own general impressions from the aspect of the patient,
and from what he sees and hears. These preliminary
proceedings are generally quite inadequate, and, s0
far as the account and especially the theories framed
by the patient are concerned, almost always mislead-
ing if not wholly incorrect. Having gained as much
information as possible in this way, and having made
the necessary allowances, the doctor proceeds to inves-
tigate “ the case’’ for himself. He learns all he can
about the family history, mode of life, and ** constitu-
tion” of his patient; what previous illness he may
have suffered from ; when, and in what manner the
present sickness began, and what has been its progress.
Having thus obtained a general knowledge of the state
of affairs, the doctor proceeds to investigate, in due
and regular sequence, the condition and working of the
several organs of the body. And not till he has made
this through investigation of “ signs” that he sees
and can personally detect, and of “ symtoms’’ that are
made known to him by the patient, does he venture on
either diagnosis, or prognosis ; still less, unless he be a
quack, on methods of treatment. i \

Nether the patient nor his friends desire, or could in
most cases appreciate, the inductions that the doctor
makes. They wish to know, in general terms only,
what is the matter, whatare the prospects of recovery,
and what are the measures to be taken to secure that
end, ,

Plant doctors up to this time have been too communi-
cative, and not sufficiently practical. If they see a
fungus they forthwith measure its spores In fractions
of a millimetre, they compare it with other organisms
of a similar nature, and they draw up a highly techni-
cal description, which is quite unintelligible and
equally useless to the persons for whose benefit it is
supposed to be framed. Now, we are far from wishing
to depreciate these proceedings. For purposes of
scientific research they are absolutely essential, It is
likewise essential that the fungi be cultivated by the
plant doctor, and their life-history accurately studied,
as upon the information so obtained depend in most
aases our methods of combating disease or preventing
its onset. This cultivation takes time, and hence it is
not always possible to give an immediate or even a
speedy answer to enquirers. But the details to which
we have alluded are appropriate only to the student.
The busy cultivator has not the time nor the means
to make the necessary investigations. He wants
general results, and specially indications for treat-
ment. i

Many,perhaps we may say most, treatises and papers
hitherto written have been drawn up by experts, with
too little attention to the requirements of cultivators,
A book now before us proceeds to a large extent on
Aifferent lines.* ‘he very title, ‘‘ Disease i Plants ”
(the italics are ours), indicates this. No oneis more
competent to compile such a book as this than Prof,
Marzhall Ward. The work is apparently based on
a series of lectures, though we are not expressly told
50; nevertheless, the following passage shows the
intention of the writer:—‘‘ The purpose of these
essays fis to treat the subject of disease in plants with
special reference to the patient itself, and to describe
the symptoms [signs | it exhibits and the course of
the malady, with only such references to the agents
which indnce or cause disease as are necessary to an
intelligent understanding of the subject, and of the
kind of treatment calledfor,” The first part is devoted
to an admirably clear and concise acconnt of the
living plant and what it does, to the biology of the
goil—a comparatively new but most important subject,
and to a short account of hybridisation and selec-
tion.

Sn NSAI SEE ren

* Disease in Plants. By H, Marshall Ward, Sc. D.
(Macmillan & Co,)

(Ave. 1, 1901,

Part II. is devoted to diseases in plants, their causes,
nature, diffusion, and the remedial measures to be
adopted. Sundry chapters are given to “ symptoms ”
of disease, which in medical phraseology should be
“ signs,’ and these should be attentively read by cul-
tivators. The inclusion of scale-insects among symp-
toms seems rather incongruous, but this is a matter
of little moment. ‘ Silver leaf disease, characterised
by the detachment of the epidermis from the sub-
jacent tissues is, in our experience, confined to mem-
bers of the Rosacez, and is as common out-of-doors
as under glass, so that we do not think it has any
special connection with hot summers. Not only are
plants considered in their medical aspects, but their
surgical injuries are also discussed, such as wounds
of various kinds, including the burrowing excavations
made by certain insects in leaf or branch, Among
excrescences we do not find mention made of the warts
on the under surface of Vine-leaves, which are 60
common in vineries where the proper balance between
temperature, moisture. and ventilation is not main-
tained. Under ‘‘ Gummosis,” we do not find any re
ferance to Beijerinck’s observations on Coryneum.

The chapter on Life and Death is full of sugges-
tive matter; the more so, as we know of but one book
intended for the use of cultivators that deals with this
subject, and in that only in a much less complete
manner than in Prof. Ward’s book.

The book has copious references to the literature
of the subject, but these are not always sufficiently
explicit; for instance, to cite the Gardeners’ Chronicle
without specifying the date of publication and page, is
simply to embarass the enquirer. The author has
evidently been hampered by his desire to keep the book
within convenient limits, a circumstance which has
led to undue concision ; but, on the whole, we have
nothing but praise to bestow upon a book which will
be so useful to the intelligent cultivator that no
garden library should be without it.—@ardeners’ Chro-
nicle, May 18.

" Secs 5
MOSQUITOS AND EUCALYPTUS.

The British Medical Journal doubts the
wisdom of the proposal by the Sanitary
Department of Havana to plant eucalyptus
trees inallthe marshy and malarial districts
in and around Havana as a mosquito de-
terrent. The journal in question points out
that in a paper by Prof. Celli, which ap-
peared in the Journal of the Sanitary Institute
for January, that distinguished authority
says that the eucalyptus, so far from being
protection, is, like other trees, rather a
shelter for mosquitos, aud in the neighbour-
hood of dwelling-houses adds to the danger
of malarial infection.—Globe, June 7.

i
CEYLON VERSUS BAVARIAN
GRAPHITE.

This mineral, which is now much in request
as a lubricator of machinery, is one of the most
valuable products of Bavaria, the only formi-
dable competitor in the supply of natural graphite
being Ceylon. The production of graphite in
Ceylon has, however, dimininished, causing a great
rise in prices, as the deficit could not be made good
from other sources. The Bavarian graphite is
inferior to the Ceylon product, as, while the litter
is neirly pure, the former has about sixty to
seventy-five percent. ofearthy substances mixed
with it, With Bavarian methods, it is stated,
there is a great waste «f :aw material, and it is
alleged that nearly ninety per cent of the mineral
is absolutely thrown away, owing to the short-
sighted and unscientific system of working,—
United States Consular Report, . ANG

Aue. 1, 1901")

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION

IN CEYLON.
(Extract from Report of Director of Public
Instruction for 1900.)
SCHOOL GARDENS AND ELEMENTARY HORTI-

CULTURE.

An order was issued geveral years ago that every
Government schoo! was to have a garden, but nothing
was done to introduce method into the general scheme,
and, although a few of the most intelligent school-
masters set to work on practical lines, in the large
majority of cases the effort stopped short at a oy
unsuccessful crotons, The scheme now gradually
being developed is (1) to select in each Province phere
schoola where, owing to climatic circumstances cae
space, a garden can be profitably developed and to le
the other schools alone for the present, (2) to keep
twe objects in view, the picturesque ard the utilita-
rian : tocultivate the ideas of taste, neatnese, pleasant
surroundings on theone hand, and on the other, in
consultation with the revenue officer and headmen te
discover what economic products de best inor oug t
to be introduced into the neighbourhood, and to devote
a large section of the garden to these, (3) to start sD,
ply gardens at various centres for the issue of see *
cuttings, &c., (4) to appoint a special sae
Gardens who will take charge of the supply gardens,
visit all the selected school gardens in turn, instruct
the teachers how to instruct the papils and what points
to pay special attention to, and give a few plementey
lessons in school on practical horticulture and botany ;
The Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens has given
the scheme his warm support and his advice ae
been closely followed. Lhe matter 18 one a
great and growing importance. Whatever may De
urgued as to teaching the natives agriculture, there can
be little doubt that in horticulture (especially as con-
cerns manure, rotation, new products, &e.), there hey a
great deal they can be profitably taught if the eocee
is practical and the scheme removes from our ae
educational system one of the chief reproacl es
levelled against ibe thet it is mere book-learning
and of no practical utility.
SCHOOL Be AGRICULTURE : BY MR. C. Paes

The number of students on the roll was, as in the
past few years, kept low by the continued uncer
as to the future of the institution, and the persisten
rumours of its impending abolition. For the ee
under review it was 16, made up of 6 senlore aus
juniors, On the results of the final CUO aa at
in November, two students became entitled to firs ;
class certificates granted by the Department °
Public Instruction, and one to a second ene
tificate. M.D.S.A. Wijeyenayaka and HK. Jee, . .
old boys of the school, have been appointet stoc
a Meaney Commission, distinct from that botered ee
in my last report, was appointed to deal specially wit
the question of the continuance of the school. aa

The recommendation of this Commission was ip 2
effect that the School of Agriculture, as at presen Sie
stituted, should be closed at the earliest Coane ys
this will probably be en ne 31st March, the end o

school term of the year. :
eee for establishing an experimental gar-
den, and, possibly, scientific agricultural ee
in ‘connection with the Royal Botanic os ens
(the staff of which has been Buen y
the appointment of a_ number of scienti S a
perta), and another distinct scheme for eee cu a
instruction through the children of village ect ools,
by means of nature study lessons and schoo ae
dens, are under consideration. The developmen 8
under either scheme will be for further reports

al with. hie
rey experiment in bee-keeping continues, as ere
needs be with a pioneer industry, slowly, bat with it a

knowledge of the habits and instincts of our Czylon

bees is gradully acquired,

THE ‘TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 101

The school premises becime the headquarters
of the Paris Exhibition Committee’s operations.
I myself was connected with the Committee as As-
sistant to the Secretary-General (.fterwards Dele-
gate for the Ceylon Goyernment at Paris). The work
of organization, and particularly the collection and
classification of the vegetuble products of the
island, proved of special interest, and served as a
useful medium of instruction to the students of the
year, who themselves helped me a good deal.

The ‘Agricultural Magazina’’ completed half its
12th volume at the end of the year.

The rainfall registered at the school wasas follows:
—January 4°33, February 3°50, March 1:17, April
16:01, May 11:11, June 771, July 7°47, August 79°6,
September 7°12, October 11°85, November 6°98, De-
cember 6°98, This makes a total of 91°02 inches
for the year. For purposes of comparison I give
the rainfall as recorded in tha Fort, viz., 83°68.

Of the forty acres originally attached to the
Dairy about six acres were put up for public sale by
the Government Agent of the Western Province,
and the land sold (abont four acres) realized
R8,000 per acre. The land is tobe utilized for build-
ing purposes.
SCHOOL GARDENS, NATURE STUDY, AND AGRI-

CULTURAL TEACHING,
By Mr. J. C. Willis.

The most practical means of influencing the agricnl-
tural practice of the couutry for the better, and of
introducing new - products and ideas, is by working
through the children at school. I think a system of
school gardens, supplied from the Royal Botanic Gar.
dens withthe best kinds of plants. cultivated by the
teachers and students, snd used as object lessons by
the former, aided by leaflets issued by the staff of the
gardens for their guidance, and, if it can be arranged
later, by actual lessons given by the staff to teachers,
offers fair prospects of success and usefulness.

The opening of these school gardens and their stock-

‘ing with good fruit, vegetables, &c., is sure to lead to

the gradual introduction of new cultivations into the
villages. and the stocking of the gardens from the
Royal Botanic Gardens will ensvre that these new
introductions are good of their kind, In so far as these
cultivations are concerned, the school gardens may be
used to give a certain definite amount of agricultural
instruction, but in general they should never be regar-
ded as organizations for the teaching of agriculture,
The teachers are not themselves sufficiently qualified
to teach agricultare or to criticise methcds already in
use in the villages. The aim of the gardens should
rather be what is now called’ ‘‘ Nature Study,” the in-
culcation of habits of observation and induction among
the pupils. Such training will render such pupils much
more capable when older of appreciating definite agri-
cultaral instruction, acd will render them able to ori-
ticise intelligently the methods they employ in the
actual cultivations that they may carry on in after life.
They may be taught the reasons why such or such
an operation is performed, and perfurmed in such-
or such a wey, but they should never be given de
finite instruction in the cultivation of staple pro-
ducts; to do so will be fatal to the success of the
scheme.

School gardens should cultivate ornamental as
well as useful plants, and pupils should be en-
couraged to do the same. A_ few gardens should
first be selected for trial; these might be visited
by the officers of the Royal Botanic Girdens, and
the general plan of laying out and gardening de-
cided. The seeds and plants should be supplied from
the Botanic Gardens, planted and attended to ac-
cording to instructions by the school teachers and
scholars. Object lessons should be given at occa-
sional intervals, and experiments carried on upon
lines to be indicated in leaflets previously issued,
and the teachers should‘ never try to give these

’ lessons or try the experiments with the pupils till

they themselves have previously mastered them,

102 THE TROPICAL

The following titles are suggested for such leaflets: —

How a pumpkin plant gets | The soil,

out of the seed. Seed travellers,

Cuttings. | Why must plants be

Children’s gardens. watered ?

Annual flowers, The growth of a rice plant.

The planting of school The flower, what it is,
grounds,

Many interesting entomological subjects can also
be used.

Only a few kinds of plants should be cultivated in
any one garden, and new ones should only, as arule,
be distributed one kind at a time.

Children should be encouraged to grow plants at
home, and new kinds be given to those who do well.

The work done should not be made the subject of
examinations. Children should be encouraged to
observe accurately, and to record in writing and with
drawings what they cbserve. *

A book should be kept at school in which the
dates of planting and the subsequent history of all
the important products may be recorded. Much
valuable information about the districts, climates,
and soils suitable for such products may thus be
collected.

One-third of the produce of each garden should be
the property of the teachers in charge, another third
be given to the pupils, and the remainder, after
deducting what is needed for seed in the following
season, be the property of the Department of Public
Instruction, for distribution to other schools. What
is not wanted for this purpose should be returned
to the Botanical Gardens,

——— <>

TROUT, DEER, AND INDIAN ELK IN

NEW ZEALAND.

There were liberated in riversin the Wel-
lington acclimatisation district this year
46,000 brown trout and 15,000 rainbow trout
—a total of 61,000. There were 80,500 fry sold
to other societies—29,000 brown, 89,090 rain-
bow, and 12,500 Loch Leven.. The total quan-
tity of ova collected by the curator of the
Masterton ponds was 700,000. Of these 10,000
were from ‘“ fontinalis,” 25,000 from Loch
Leven, 65,00@ from ‘“‘rainbow,” and 600,000 from
brown trout.

Mr. Grogan, the African traveller, it was
stated at the meeting ot the Wellington

Accjimatisation Society last night, is very |

much struck with the extent of waste country
in New Zealand suitable for such animals as
African deer, and as it is the intention of the
society to import deer of this description, the
council will probably interview Mr. Grogan
on the subject when he returns to Wellington.

The annual report of the Wellington
Acclimatisation Society states that sambur
(or Indian elk) were liberated on Carnarvon
estate many years ago. The herd is now
reported to number about 100, but there is
good reason to think that they are really
more numerous. That they are slowly but
surely distributing themselves over the
country most suitable for them is evidenced
by areport just received by the Auckland
Acclimatisation Society to the effect that a
pair of sambur antlers had been found on the
hills near Cambridge, and that two sambur
had been shot there. No sambur have been
liberated in the North island except at Car-
narvon, and these deer must of necessity
have travelled overland from there, a distance
of about 200 miles. The four moose imported

by the Government, and liberated near Hoki-. ©

tika, haye been seen several times, and are

AGRICULTURIST,

‘come

[Auc, 1, 1901,

reported to be looking well. The society's
council contemp!ate importing some varieties
of deer from South Africa, and hope to be
able to get the Government to assist them in
this venture.—N. 7, Mail, May 23.

OO

PLANTING MANUALS AND
OTHER LOCAL PUBLICATIONS.

Taking advantage of his freedem from the
daily treadmill, Mr J Ferguson has been
revising the manuals on ‘* All about Spices ”
(Pepper, Cubebs, Nutmegs, Cloves, Ginger,
Vanilla, Pimento and Cinnamon) and ‘ All
about Tobacco-growing and preparation ”—
both of which have been out of print for
some time. He isalso desirous of completing
a Paper on the ‘‘ Rise and Progress of Coco-
nut Palm Cultivation in Ceylon,’—the mate-
rial for which he has been collecting for a
long time past. Any further information
bearing on the above products or subjects
from planters and others will be very wel-
and may be addressed to ‘ Naseby
House, Nuwara Eliya.”—The completion of
a new edition of the popular Handbook to
“Ceylon” (Ceylon in 1902) must come later.
Copies of the recent editions of the Manuals
on ‘*Rubber and Gutta Percha” and on
“ Coconut Planting” are still available. The
Observer Press is at present busy with re-
prints of two very useful little works,
namely,—a new (the Fourth) edition of Dr.
Vanderstraaten’s well-known ‘Index of the
Diseases of Children in Ceylon and their
Treatment” with several additional Notes by
the autnor; and also a Fourth Edition of
‘Cookery for Ceylon”—locally compiled, the
recipes being given in Sinhalese and English,
the brochure being dedicated to all house-
keepers, cooks, &c—A new edition is also
required of the handy pamphlet, published at
the Observer Office, on “Gardening Vegetables,
Flowers and Fruit in Ceylon” in the compil-
ation of which the late Messrs. W Ferguson,
F.L.S., and H Sims and Messrs. W Cameron
and W Nock took a part. Due notice will
be given of the completion of these works.

poe ee EE EA AD,
THE THA TRADE.

MESSR3. THOMPSON’S ANNUAL REVIEW.
38, Mincing Lane, June, 1901.

Int be statistical record of the twelve months, ending
8lst May, which we print at foot, will be found much
that is of interest, and even a little that is encour-
aging amidst the disappointments which so many
have suffered,

The figures show the great producing powers of
Indian and Ceylon plantations; unlooked for vitality
in China’s export trade; a larger volume of business
than ever before, but——a decline in the average
value of our product,so considerable as to seriously
affect the welfare of nearly everyone connected with
the Industry. :

As a year ago, so now, the statistics relating to
Home Consumption have been disturbed by the heavy
clearances before the Budget, and do not enable us
to gauge what increase there has been, ifany. We
incline to the opinion, however, that consumption is
increasing, notwithstandiug the raising of retail prices,
necessitated by the advance in the duty. That the
proportion of British-grown tea used hag increased ig
Gertain,

Ave, 1, 1901.]

But important as this would be if supply and de;
mand were evenly balanced, it is of comparative in-
significance at the present juncture, for production
‘has outstripped the combined reqnirements of home
aud foreign markets, and a limit has been found, for
the present, to the quantity that can be taken at
prices that will pay the producer.

To this untoward fact the decline in value must
be directly attributed. The fall would probably have
taken place eighteen months ago, if it had not been
for the heavy speculative transactions in anticipation
of the Budget of 19/0; it has been accentuated by
the re-sction which followed, by the strain upon the
Traders’ resources caused by the high duty, by the
heavy and poor crop, and to some extent by the use
of unsuitable chests.

An opinion is held by some that economy has per-
‘haps been pushed further than is wise, but we do
not propose to tread upon this debatable ground, or
to dwell upon market fluctuations, exchange, the
rainfall or the temperature, or to discuss those
details of administration and manufacture which
rightly occupy the attention of Managers—prefer-
ring to pass to the consideration of broader issues.

Stated inthe fewest words these issues are—im-
pep ween of quality, restriction of quantity, conso-

idation of interests, the development of new markets,
and the outlook for our home and export trade.

To revert toa higher standard of quality, where it
is possible, appears to us of primary importance. The
stocks held everywhere consisting of inferior tea, the
turn for a finer crop has come; London and Provin-
cial buyers ask for it and will handle it with more
confidence, whereas they regard with foreboding the
possibility of another large and common one. It is
quite true that trade has been stimulated in the past
by abundant and cheap supplies, but a low quotation
alone, without merit in the tea itself, no longer brings
new customers, and a larger business without profit
benefits no one but the shipowner, the warehouse-
keeper, and the Custom House.

We emphasise the need of listening to what the
Home Trade say, because they are in touch with con-
sumers ; while taking, as they do, 80 per cent. of the
total output of India and Ceylon they ultimately deter-
mine the value of the whole, wherever sold or how-
ever distributed.

Methodical and deliberate curtailment of quantity
is of almost equal importance. An agreement between
a large number of planters to effect it would have
Leen a useful addition to the measures which, others
are going to take in their own interest; but the reasons
of those who were unable to bind themselves in the
manner suggested are quite intelligible, and after all,
it might have failed of its purpose ifit had led mana-
gers to regard it as the one panacea for all ills, and to
relax their efforts to make better quality. Its failure,
however, isanadditional reasow tor those who know
that they can make finer and more valuable tea to do
so, and not be turned from their purpose if they hear
that a shorter supply has improved the position of low-
priced teas without benefiting fine—an eventuality
for which they must be prepared. It may be that,
if managers were not required to make estimates
before the season hascommenced, or at least if their
“estimates were not published, they would be less
tempted to realise them at all costs, when, perhaps,
they ought to be doing just the reverse.

The amalgamation of separate and sometimes of
conflicting interests might make it easier to unite in
parsuit ofa common policy. The process is capable
of development—not necessarily in the form of a Trust
but preferably on the lines of someof the older asso:
ciations under one strong central management and
control which have proved successful in Ceylon
and India, The risk being @istributed in this way
ovec wider areas, and between estates yielding
both high-prited and low-priced tea, the invest-
ment of capital becomes more secure, financing

is made easier, and the shareholder hasa more liquid
asset,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

103

We pass on to consider the markets outside the

* United Kingdom open to’ us, and the best means of

gaining entrance to them. The fact that of the tea
used at home only 5 per cent. now comes from China
shows how little margin there is for increased sale
here of British-grown tea, and illustrates the impor-
tance of finding customers elsewhere.

UsefuFand even necessary as xdvertisement, subsidy
and the intelligent work of special agents have been in
countries where our tea was practically unknown, we
have now to rely upon tusiness expanding throagh
the regular channels of trade, to work upon &@ com-
mercial basis, and to trust to our ability to sell
cheaper and better tea thyn can be obtained from
ae sources,

ere is not room for a much Jarger business wi

Anstralia, which already draws from Galddtes As
Colombo 80 per cent. of its supply (leaving only some
6 or 7 million lb. of Caina tea to be displaced), and
can obtain from those markets all it wants, as L Sidon
buyers will probably be ordering less this year,
Oanada takes about 45 per cent, of its import from ua,
leaving some 13 or 14 millions of Japan and China
tea to be displaced, The trade with Asia is becoming
useful, as it takes tea of which there is sometimes an
over-supply, thus relieving this market. Germany
South America, and South Africa are still small
outlets though steadily growing.

There remain the great markets of Rugsia and the
United States, using aanually some 180 million Ib
Of these, the Russian is the more hopeful, because it
requires black tea, appreciates quality, and is
taking more from us every year, by direct im-
portation or from London; it, too, is calling for
batter tea. Our trade with America continues
to disappoint some who had not grasped the diffi-
culty of persuading people who prefer tea uncoloured
or green to drink our strong black sorts. The attempt
to manufacture tea to suit their tastes is enterprising
but we fear lest it be made in a way which will give
trouble and bring disappointment to a number of
individual growers, without substantial benefit to
anyone. It will take a decade to create a trade worth
anything to us by means of specimens unlike in
make or fluvour; for large distributors hesitate to in-
ponies a neM kind of tea to their customers unless

L@y can rely upon a regular, uniform and fre
We think if Americans had this matter in Marten
their own account th®y would rent for a term of
years estates capable of producing, at the lowest
possible cost, millions of pounds per annum, have it
all made uniformly into two or three grades pro-
cure men and materials from China for packing it
in the way Americans like, give a constant supply
and undersell their rivals until the trade was made.
It would cost money, but it might prove the cheapest
and most effectual way of making a markst—assum-
ing, of cours2, that we can make unfermented tea
that Americans will drink, Seeing that we have
obtained less than 10 per cent of a trade amounting
to 84 million lb. per annum, after twenty years of
heavy expenditure by planters and strenuous effort
by the agents of London Dealers, it is obvious that
other means must be tried. It has been said that
tea is not likely to become in America the popular
beverage that it is here and in the Colonies; but it
may be that the small and declining consumption
in the United States—now only 14 Ib. per head
per aunum—is due to the astringent and un-
satisfying nature of the Japan and China teas
principally used, as compared with the softer
and richer teas of India and Ceylon which other races
of Auglo-Saxon origin find such a cheap and whole-
some article of diet that their annual consumption
has reached the rate of nearly 6 lb. per head. It
should be noted how largely the use of tea here has
increased since the introduction of our own in place
of Chinese growths.

As regards the Home Trade—which is the most im.
portant factor, inasmnch as our 42 millions of people,
taking their 230 million lb, per annum, use nearly ag

)

104 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

much as the rest of the world put together—its
position is financially soundt The tendency continues
for business tocome into the hands cf the large special-
lists, whether Dealers, Blenders, or Distributors, who,
by absorption or purchuse, seem to be getting the
trade under their control at the expense of the smaller
vendors, If this entail risk of possible combination

-of buyers against sellers, it finds some compensation

in the larger fiuancial resources they command aud
their greater power of holding stocks.

It is of importance to growers that those who buy
and pry for their produce should be financially strong
and doing a profitable business ; and we believe the
Trade have had a good year, though jast now they
are overstocked, Retailers having raised their prices
to the extent of the rise in duty a year ago, and
having bought the crops for about 1d. per |b, less
than before, it might be thought that they had
made ld. perlb. more profit on all they have
sold tothe public; but thy have not done that, for
although their quotations may be 2d. higher the aver-
age oftheir sales isnot. A great number of consum:
ecs pay no morenow than when the duty was 4d., and
it is owing to this that the increased tax hus injured
the growers ; consumers in thenaggregate are only
paying a portionofit and producers aye paying the
rest; the middlemen are untouched while those of
them who took the 40 million Ib. out of bond
before-the Budget last year and have filled their
stores with free sugar have made additional
profits.

Our Export Trade is also healthy and growing ; itis
larger, indeed, than it has been for many years,
notwithstanding that we have lost so much of the
China trade that used to pass through London, but
is now done direct. Nine years ago the total was
about 37 million lb., of which only 7 million lb. were
Indian or Ceylon ; in the interval the volume of busi-
ness hasbeen gradually contracting but during the
past season it has risen to 43 million lb., 284 millions
of this being British-grown tea.

We have said there is encouragement for producers
even in the statistics of such @& bad season as the last
has been: we find it in the fact that the worldis now
largely dependent upon India and Ceylon and in the
evidence that the use of our ten ia increasing. It is,
therefore, not an exaggeration, to say that Planters
hold the key tothe position, and by combined action,
resolutely followed on the lines indicated, have it in
their power to recover a considerable degree of
prosperity.

——__>____——

PARASITIC PLANTS.
A LECTURE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION.

At the Royal Institution, on Saturday»
Professor J B Farmer gave the first of two
Jectures on the ‘‘ Biological Characters of
Epiphytic Plants.” Epiphytes, he explained,
differed from parasites in demanding only lodging
from their host, without also exacting a food
supply. Permanent humidity was necessary for
them, and they were found at their best in tropical
forests. From their mode of life they derived the
advanteges that they were raised up to the light and
were enabled to occupy a space which every kind
of plant was not qualified to fill; the great dis-
advantage was the precariousness of the water
supply. Plants could only manufacture food when
the light was sufficiently strong and their cells
were turgid. If the water-supply was scanty orinter-
mittent they could either expose less green foliage
and so lessen transpiration, or store water, or in
rare casesendure being quite dried up. In ore
cactus (Phipsalis) there were no leaves, the green
stems takingon their functions. In Peperomia
the leaves were fleshy, with a water-jacket on the
upper surface. The band of green tissue was thin,
aud above it were numerons rows of water-holding

fAue. 1, 1901.

cells ; as the water was used these collapsed and
the leaf became thinner, thus preventing the
entrance of air. Many orchils had two kinds of
roots, one for attachment, the other for the stoi-:
age of water. The latter were covered with a coat
of strong- walled cells which would soak up water
like a sponge, Psendobulbs, 7. ¢, thickenings
at the base ot the stem and leaves, contained
tuucilaginous cells, which also retained water,
When Myrmecodia was discovered in Java it was
thought to be an ant’s nest which had turned
into a vegetable. Its tuberous base was chan-
nelled with galleries inhabited by ants, which were
supposed to protect the plant from enemies. This
theory, however, would not hold, for seeds grown
at Kew developed plants with galleries and
openings to the exterior, although no ants were
present. The real use of the galleries was to
aid respiration. Another orchid had fleshy
leaves, some slimy inside and others modified into
pitchers which caught the drops of water falling
from the boughs on which the plant grew. B

means of a root, running from the base of en

leaf into this pitcher, the plant could utilise the
water in times of drought.—London Times, Jane 3.

eS

THE MANIA FOR CHEAP PRODUCTION
OF TEA.

WHERE TIE LONDON AGENTS AND DIRECTOHS
DO HARM.

This wild mania for cheap production swamps
everything, without looking at ulterior results.
What does it matter what it costs a manager to
turn out his teas, so long as he gives a proSt?
Why look to cheapness if it is obtained at a loss
in the price realized? It is this incessant desk
work of irresponsible Directors without experience
that has ruined half the big companies in India,
and brought some to the verge of bankruptey ;
and, unless stopped, will bring more. The
manager of an estate is the best judge of how much
money be should require, and, as long as it reveals
a decent profit on overturn, should not be inter-
fered with, unless ina fair honest way; in fact,
as a rule, should require little or no criticism.
What does it matter if A’s tea cost 5annas to
make, if it realises 6, whilst B’s costing 4 annas,
sells for 34? Some of our readers may quibble
at our remarks, but let them follow the result
of gardens last year, ana they will find every
word we have written verified. In the ease of
one company, which paid a dividend upon the
prospective prices of the remainder of its crop,
and afterwards revealed a loss, the Directors make
as an excuse the exceedingly bad prices realised,
the fault, they say, of the unfortunate manager,
entirely forgetting that they had told him plainly
how much tea he had to make, not asking
him. If any one will mark the changes in the
Directorate of many of our leading companies
during the last year or two, a noticeable feature,
they will find, will be the eager way in

‘which old, retired and successful planters are

pounced upon as a panacea for the present
troubles ; and in many cases, no doubt, they have
done an immensity of good in restraining the
spirit of government by mandate, which has of
late years but too much made itself evident in the
instructions communicated by London Boards te
the local management. Of course there are excep-
tiens to this, as in everything else ; but we speak

er —______—__———

Aue. 1, 1901.]

of the mattter in a broad sense, and the London
school of Directors have been for many years gra-
vitating towards the Government style ef volu-
minous; reports ind tables of statistics that take
a long time to make up, and are practically nulli-
fied for this very reason. There is no reason why
a manager should not have the question putin a
fair and square way,—How much tea can you
make at such and such a figure, and how much
profit would you expect ? or, Can you do better ?
it so, we are willing to entertain your views. It
is absoutely absurd a man in an armchair in a
London office saying, Ob! that’s all nonsense,
you must make so much tea per acre, and at so
much, and unless you do this we will get another
man. What is the result ? The poor manager must
try, and, as must be the case, he either makes his
tea at the price named, and drops a penny per
pound ; or he falls far short of the qnantity,
aiming to keep quality up, and finis—gets the sack.
Until the London Awents and Directors leave a
little more to the judgment of their local managers,
and treat them as sensible human beings, doing
their utmost for their employers, so long will we
haverubbish to contend with in the market, and
the ouly ones to blame will be the Agents and
Directors, more especially at Home, as thosein
Caleutta understand the position and often them-
selves sharein the mud thrown at the manager.—
Indian Planters’ Gazette, June 22.
a

A DISTINGUISHED GERMAN COLONIAL
BOTANIST.

HIS VISIT TO CEYLON.

We have omitted to make special referenc®
to the departure of Dr. Stuhlmann, a _ dis"
tinguished German Botanist who has been visiting
Ceylon and who left for East Africa via Aden
in the ‘‘Hamburg” on the 24th _inst., after
having travelled all over India, enllecting informa-
tion which might be of use in the German Colonies.
Dr. Stuhlmann had visited Java as well, buying
seeds and plants for experiments to be started by
the Government at Dar-es-Salaam, the promising
eapital of German Hast Africa—Dr. Stuhlmann
is not only a prominent botanist, but also one
of the leading officials in German East Africa.
He has even been Acting Governor there. Dr.
Stuhlmann is one of the few, if not the only one,
remaining of the first generation of pioneers in
German East Africa, his time of service extending
over 14 years. He accompanied the well-known
Emin Pasha on an exploring expedition into the
interior of Africa, on which he afterwards wrote
a book of world-wide fame, ;

RICE CULTIVATION AND PRACTICAL
EXPERIENCE.

We are indebted to Mr. Hlliott for giving
our readers the results of his experience as
regards one important department —the sup-
ply of water—in paddy cultivation. Irriga-
tion Engineers would no doubt be all the
better for a course of training in the actual
growing of paddy. They have something to
learn in regard to the best means of utilising
water, and Mr. Hiliott questions if the grow-
ing paddy or rice plant can have too much
water? He instances the case of Burma with
its abundant rains and heavy crops; but we

14

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 105

suspect the latter are due even more to the
rich alluvial soil than to the heavy rain.
Still, a full water supply is undoubtedly
necessary, and it is well to have the result of
Mr. Hiliott’s personal experience as a rice-
cultivator.

i

AFRICAN MARKET FOR CEYLON TEA
INTERESTING INTERVIEW WITH
SIR HARRY JOHNSTONE, COM-

MISSIONER FOR UGANDA.

RELLEF FOR THE OVER-BURDENED
MARKET: SUGGESTION TO
EXPLOIT PORTUGAL.

A FIRM BELIEVER IN TEA-DRINKING AND THE
PERMANENCY OF THE TEA-INDUSTRY.

On the O.R.M.S. ‘‘ Orizaba ” at Naples,

19th June, 1901.

We arrived here early this morning. The
weather is lovely now, the sealike a mill-
pond all the way from Port Said, and it is
expected we shallreach London about 21st.

1 had an interesting chat with Sir Harry
Johnstone, Governor of Uganda, who joined
the ship at Port Said en route to England,
on furlough. His ideas on the tea industry
are distinctly refreshing in ‘these times, and
I think worth consideration.

To begin with, he takes a keen interest
in planting, studies the Tropical Agriculturist
and the Observer, and has tried growing
various products, including tobacco and
tea; this last with but small success. In
his opinion this depression in the tea trade
will not last, it cannot last, and when it
passes over. as assuredly it must, tea will
be in as sound a position as ever. Moreover,
if he had money to invest, he would have

NO HESITATION IN INVESTING IN CEYLON
TEA PROPERTY.

Regarding the question of over-production,
Sir Harry declares that Africa will be a
great tea-drinking country—already the
native tribes are taking toit;and provided
tea is good, cheap, and easy to get, Africa,
now only in its infancy, will do away with
the fear of over-production ; and there will
be no question, he believes, of glutting the
market with ‘India, Ceylon or -China teas.
Africa, for various reasons, will never com-
pete with recognised tea-producing countries,
like India, Ceylon, and China.

Talking of the “ Thirty Committee,” why
on earth, he said, do they not

EXPLOIT PORTUGAL ?

There is a good field there for tea shops.
Portugal, unlike Spain and France, is not a
coffee aid chocolate drinking country. It
drinks tea, and drank tea long before we
did ourselves, but tea is dearer there than
it ought to be. Then Morocco’ is another
country where tea is drunk all day long,
and the ‘' Thirty Committee” would do well
to turn their attention toit. The other day

' IN SOMALILAND

he stopped at a café, and asked for some
coffee ; they told him they had only tea,
and he was served witha delicious cup of tea,

106 THE TROPICAL

There were great possibilities for opening up
a trade in packet teas with the Arabs who
of late have taken to drinking tea. If India
and Ceylon turned their attention to these
parts of the world, over-production would
cease to cause alarm. Asked about the in-
creased duty on tea, Sir Harry said he would
have taxed fifty other things before he
touched tea; he would have clapped the duty
on, say, champagne, velvets, silks, and
various foreign importations. Sir Harry,
himself a good judge of tea, is a confirmed
tea-drinker, and believes that tea is
DISTINCTLY BENEFICIAL, ESPECIALLY IN
MALARIOUS REGIONS.

*‘ Bad for the nerves and digestion,the Doctors
say? Well, it has not injured mine,” said
Sir Harry, ‘‘and I don’t care a rap for
Doctors’ fads. Much of the illness in Uganda
is caused by scarcity of good cooks and
good food, with too free and too frequent
use of alcohol.”

EUs witty
“EPIPHYTIC PLANTS.”
SECOND LECTURE AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION.

Professor J. B. Farmer gave the second and
last of his lectures on the ‘‘ Biological Characters
of Epiphytic Plants” at the Royal tnstitution
last Saturday. Some plants, he explained, began
life as epiphytes, and later made connexion with
the earth. The seed of the common india-rubber
fig usually germinated in the fork of a tree; the
roots grew down the trunk to the soil and were
firmly glued to the bark by a cementing sub-
stance ; any excess of cement was re-absorbed, the
roots coalesced and soon enclosed the tree, causing
its death. The fig continued its existence as an
individual. In one epiphytic, Anthurium, the
leaves formed a sort of funnel in which vegetable
detritus accumulated, sometimes to the amount
of 20 or 30 pounds, and in this solid matter the
roots ramified. In a tern called Drymoglossum
the root hairs stood. absolute drying up, and
when moistened new root, hairs sprung from the
bases of the old. In Polypodium quercifolium
one kind of leaf manufactured carbohydrate food,
while another kind resembfing oak leaves were
adpressed to the dark, forming pockets in which
humus accumalatedaad in which the roots ramified.
Platycerium also had two sorts of leaves ; one
for assimilation and one which, thoneh becoming
dead and brown, collected nutriment and water.
Liverworts showed very diverse adaptations and
occurred wherever there were epiphytes; they
covered leaves or even grew on one another. In
Gottschea the leaves folded over one another and
held water by capillary attraction. In one species
of Phystotium the leaves consisted of two lobes ;
one, acting asa gutter, conveyed water into the
other, which was hollowed ont and provided with
a valve to prevent the escape of water. In Physto-
tium acinosum there were large sacs at the apex
of the stem, which in most species contained the
spore-bearing organisms, but had here become for
the most part water reservoirs. Wrullania, in
addition to ordinary leaves, had piicher-like
leaves, which held water and in which small or-
ganisms lived, Lichensendured unlimited dryiny,
and very little moisture served to swell them out
and make them gelatinous, Only plants with
small seeds or spores could attain to an epiphytic

AGRICULTURIST. [AvG. 1, 1901.

existence. Aiter Krakatoa wa: blown up, the
whole island was covered with red-hot cinders.
Three years atter these were overgrown with a
gélatinous alga, in which new vegetation, chiefly
ferns, had taken root, The spores had had a dis-
tance of 25 miles to cover, and only the smallest
kinds could be borne so far. Few, even of small-
seeded plants, could beeome epipliyies ; success
depended on the adaptability of the tadividnal
to change of enviroument.—London Times,
June ll.

—— a

TEA DISTRIBUTION AMONG NATIVES.
AN APPEAL TO CAPITALISTS.

Up to date only some 300,000 ib. of tea have
been subscribed to the scheme for disseminating
our teas among the natives in this country. To
ensure the project being a success, one million
eight hundred and seventy thousand pounds is
wanted ; but, as is usual, in al! matters relating to
the welfareof the tea industry in this land, utter
apathy is being evinced by those whose interests
are most at stake. Ibis diffieuls to fathom the
reasons for this only too apparent indifference, but
one of the motives assigned is that the larger and
more substantial proprietors (who are in a position
to pull through the crisis and stand a prolonged
strain, having ample means at their back) do not
wish their weaker brethren to pull through, as
it will be to their advantage if they fall in the
struggle and go to the wall. In such cases it is the
essence of selfishness which is at the bottom of the
great want of sepport, which is at present so con-
spicuous. To eliminate self-greed is impossible,
and we fear that the small concerns, with no re-
serves in the way of capital to help them to pull
through, will ultimately have to cave in and give
up a hopeless contest against adverse cirenms
stances. This is the age for great things, for
colossal undertakings, but compressed into one
word they simply mean ‘‘Money.’’ Without capital
nothing can be done; with capital there is noting
that cannot be done, It is hopeless, therefore, for
those who have not capital to try and compete

“with those who have. But thisis no reason why

capitalists should held back at the present
juncture ; yet, we are told, they are doing so, in
the hope that they will thereby wipe the indigent
concerns out of existence.—/.P.G,, June 8th.
Ns

THE POSITION IN CASSAVA.

A resent analysis made by Professor Carmody,
Government Anaiyst, confirms the previous work
of Francis as to the presence of Prussic acid in
sweet cassava, the proportion found varying from
0:005 ‘to 0°019 per cent. The skin was found to
yield from 0:014 to 0°042 per cent., while the
inner part gave only 0-008 to 0015 per cent.
The interior part of bitter cassava yielded 0°013
to 0-037 per cent., while the skin and outer layer
yielded from 0-012 to 0035 per cent. Peeling
sweet cassava before cooking is therefore a wise
precaution. Professor Carmody also suzeests that
the acid may in part be formed by fermentative
change.—TVrinidad Bulletin..

New ZaaAraAyD For Honey. —A shipment of
honey recently made by a Poverty Bay (N Z) set-
tler realised £42 10: per ton in the London market.
The settler in qnestion has been obtaining an
average yield of 991b. honey per hive during the
season.—Sydney Mail, June l.

=

Ave. 1, 1901.]

SUNSPOTS AND CLIMATE:

J. NORMAN LOCKYER ON THE
RECENT “SUNSPOT;
ITS BEARING ON LOCAL ‘
METHOROLOGY.

Sir J. Norman Lockyer first took an active
interest in the climate of India and the ap-
plication of the Sunspot and Rainfall Cycle
theory, when he came out to the Hast to
observe the Eclipse of 1871. Ina long paper
to Nature of December [2th, 1872, on the
‘““Meteorology of the Future,” the, distin-
guished Astronomer mentioned how, while
preparing to go to India, he got valuable
information from the editor of the Ceylon
Observer (the late Mr. A. M. Ferguson) who
happened to be in London, —as to the time of
year at which the monsoons broke up in the
island. ‘‘ Nor was this all; he added ”—said
the Astronomer—‘‘ that everybody in Ceylon
recognised a cycle of about 15 years or so in
the intensity of the monsoon, that the rain-
tall and cloudy weather were more intense
every I3 years or so. This, of course, set one
interested in solar matters thinking; and I
said to him: ‘ But are you sure the cycle
recurs every !3 years? Are you sure it is not
every 11 years ?’—adding asa reason that the
sunspot period was one of 1! years or there-
abouts and that, in the regular weather of
the tropics, if anywhere, this should come
out.”

Our senior sent us out an account of his
conversation with Mr. Lockyer, as he was
then, and on our publishing it in the Ubserver,
the late Mr. R. B. Tytler—who in his too dry
Dumbara Valley paid great attention to
Meteorology —wrote tous to point out that Mr.
Lockyer was right, that the cycle period in
Ceylon was one of 11 years—five or six years
dry and five or six years wet—although oc-
casionally thirteen years might move accu-
rately represent local experience. This state-
ment was sent to Mr. Lockyer whoat once paid
special attention to our local records, getting
also corroborative returns from Mr. Meldrum
of Mauritius, from Brisbane and Adelaide,
and later from Madras and the Cape. These
he worked up in a paper for Nature on ‘*‘The
Meteorology of the Future.” Recognising the
eleven-year cycle, he declared that the true
cause had yet to be discovered and for this two
things were necessary: an accurate knowledge
of the currents of the sun, and, secondly, of
the currents of the earth. Photography and

‘Spectrum Analysis were necessary for the

former and for the latter the pursuit of
Meteorology as a physical science.

Ever since that time, now thirty years ago,
we have, in our ‘‘Ceylon Handbook and
Directory,” endeavoured, in our ‘* Meteoro-
logical,’ to meet the requirements of the
‘Director of Solar Physics,” so far as the
maintenance of local statistics and observa-
tions is concerned. The dates of the advent
of successive monsoons and of the annual
rainfall are complete for well-nigh fifty years
and we have had Mr. Archibald analysing

the saine with a view to shew the close con- -

nection between the Sunspot Cycle and the
advent and magnitude of the Monsoon. The

subject is, of course, of far more practical im-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 107

portance to India—so often the scene of famine

—than to Ceylon; but it is not without a good |

deal more than theoretical interest even in
this favoured island. For, in respect of
coconut and paddy cultivation (as wellas a
good deal of fruit and root culture in cer.
tain districts,) a poor monsoon or a dry
season makes a world of difference.

We cannot say, however, that much pro-
gress has been made during the past thirty
years in arriving at the results desiderated
by Sir Norman Lockyer in 1872. But that
gentleman has never lost his interest in a
subject which is, of course, so closely related
to his daily work as the ‘‘ Director of Solar
Physics Observatory, South Kensington” ;
and in Black and White of June 15th, we
find an illustrated article headed “The
Dream of a Great Scientist: what a Sunspot
may mean for the human race.” The vete-
ran Astronomer is a firmer believer than
ever as to the relation cf solar influence
upon terrestrial meteorology, and he has
even now gone so far as to express the hope
that, in a few years’ time, meteorologists
will be able, as the result of observation
of solar phenomena, to predict the time,
and even perhaps the place, in India, in
which famine may be expected, so enabling
precautions to be taken against loss of life;
and that they will also be able to give
warning of high and low floods in Egypt.
Of more immediate importance is the fol-
lowing statement made in the course of
this interview :—

The sunspot observed lately he regards as of
the greatest importance. ‘‘It shows us, beyond all
question, I think,’ he informed the writer, “that
the minimum is past. And that is a very import-
ant matter. It is very remarkable that a spot in
the minimum period, apparently the first spot of a
new cycle, should be of such magnitude. We are
working at it, but cannot say anything definite for
the moment. Jt will take some time before any
certain pronouncement can be made, but it looks
very much as if it will enable us to fix the period of
the minimum, which before was uncertain to a year.
If we can fix tbat, it will be very helpful for
subsequent work.”

We take it that, in saying “the minimum
is past,” Sir Norman Lockyer means the
period of dry or short rainfall years, more
especially in India. We have not the figures
of rainfall for the Central or North-West
Provinces of India before us as we write:
and the Madras Presidency has had no
trouble with famine or short crops of late
years, or,a study of our meteorological re-
turns might be of interest. But, as a matter
of fact, in respect of Colombo at least, our
rainfall is more distinguished for alternate
years of heavy and light returns than for
the periodicity of the larger cycles of dry
and wet years. Thus, beginning with 1890
we get the following alternation ;— :

Year. Rainfall Year, Rainfall
inches. inches,
1890 ase 72°80 1895 ee 92:23
1891 on 419-03 1896 nS 101-06
1892 seu 60 83 1897 bes 82:73
1893 ae 89 67 1898 ose 103°11
1894 os 7746 1899 ace 73°48
1900 83 68

It will be seen that 1896 breaks the alter-
nation and a new series then begins, although

108

the fall of 1900 must be reckoned short (by
five inches, of the average, and therefore we
ought, with two scanty years in succession,
to have an unusually heavy rainfall for 1901.
That does not always follow, however, for
in the ‘‘seventies” we had four years in
succession with an abnormally low rainfall :—

inches, inches,
1871 ... 65°99 ... 1873 ... 85°62
1872 ... 62:07 1874 57°03

Total... 269°81
Normal Annual Average : 88.03 inches x 4= 352°12

Deficiency in 4 years ... 82°31

But to expect two more years—1901-2—of
abnormally low rainfall in Colombo, would
be contrary to the Astronomer’s declara-
tion that “the minimum is past” (and
we suppose that he has no fear of a
recurrence of famine in India for some
years at least.) So far as the present year
has gone, the first half shows a fall well up
to the average, and by the end of December
the prospect may well be of a total which
will bear out Sir Norman Lockyer’s belief
that ‘‘the minimum is past.” So mote it
be, we say, in the interests of local paddy
and coconut farmers; but still more with
reference to the vastly more important claims
of India throughout its length and breadth.

It only remains to be mentioned that
taking our Colombo Rainfall returns from
1870—the year when the late Colonel Fyers
established the Colombo Observatory (al-
though it remains for Governor Ridgeway
to place it on a proper footing before he
leaves us)—the average for the eleven years
1870-1880 was 86°82 inches (a dry cycle coin-
paratively) and of the next series 1881-1891,
the average was 92:16 (or 4 inches above the
average); while for the current cycle the
average for the nine years expired is 84°58,
pointing to another dry period and so far
maintaining the law of the _ eleven-year
cycle and its alternations, although in the
case of the South West division of Ceylon
—situated in the pathway of both monsvons
—the difference between a wet and dry
period, as illustrated above,—86-82, 92-16,
84:58 inches —is comparatively slight. Never-
theless, when we recall the fact that in 1874
the total rainfall was so low as 57:03 inches,
and in 1878 so high:sas 139-70, we must bear
in mind that, highly favoured as Colombo
is, it is not beyond the influence of a try-
ingly dry season, involving poor crops of
coconuts, rice, vegetables and fruit generally,
or again of a season of heavy continuous
rainfall—with all the injury which sudden
and persistent flooding means to thousands
of the people in the low-lying Colombo and
neighbouring districts.

pods Sete ;

RAW RUBBER NOTES.

Nicaracgua.—Mr. Consul Chambers, in his report
of trade in Nicaragua for 1909, states:—Rubber is
getting more scarce every year, and the planting of
rubber trees has not been taken up to any extent,
possibly through the long time necessary before any
result is seen, and the difficulty of preventing steal-
jog. Lhe Goverament allows a bonus of 1 dollar

”

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

markets, the merchants

[Ave. 1, 1901.

curcency (apout 1s 5d) on every rubber tree planted
in certain districts, also 5¢ currency (1d) for coffee
trees, 2Uc curreney (34d) for every cocoa tree, and
10c currency (ld) for every pound of indigo ex-
pérted. During the year 1900, in order to benefit
agriculture, the Government’ allowed the free trans-
port of coffee to Corinto on the railway, also free
transport of maize and plantains, when solicited,
for the use of the estates. Through this concession,
it is estimated, the Government lost 135,829 dollars
5¢ currency (100,611) in freight.

Brazit.—The report of Mr Acting-Consul Temple on
the trade of Para and district for the year 1900 has just
come to hand. In it he comments upon the com-
mercial crisis which has occurred in the Amazon
Valley during the past year, and, although many
similar crises have occured in past years, none has
been experienced so diastrous or so wide reaching
in its effects as that which developed during the
spring of last year. Rubber, which still maintains
its position as the, chief item of export from Para,
continues to show a steady increase in the total ex-
ported from the Amazon Valley, including Bolivia
and Peru. In twenty years the total quantity has
more than trebled the export in 1880 amounting to
8,635 tons, while that for 1900 amounted to 26,693
tons, Only in 1897 did the amount of any year fall
short of the preceding one, and this was only about
sixty tons. A considerable stir has been caused by the
recent re-enactment on the part of the Congiess at
Manaos of alaw which wa- referred to in our issue
on the Ist ult, whereby all rubber produced in the State
of Amazonas mast be disembarked in Manaos, eximin- .
ed, clussified, re weighed and boxed up. This would
entail a great quantity of rubber, which has hith-rto
been dealt with at Para, being treated at Manaos,
and shipped direct from there without touching the
port of Para, The Consulin his report says :—Trade
has, however, a conservative tendency; in additi n
to this, the fact tbat the subfluvial cable which
connec!s Manaos with Para has up to the present
been so liable to interruption that no reliance could
be placed upon it, and has caused a large proportion
of the trade, which would naturally go to Manaos, to
remain at Para, in justification of this law, the
Legislature states that the Revenue collectors are uot
able to calculate the export duties in a satisfactury
manner, whilst the rubber is in ‘‘ pelles,”’ and that
it is necessary, in order to secure the interests f the
Treasury, that fine rubber should be separated
from the inferor grades before leaving the State.
A land cable has been suggested, but it has
been considered almost impossible, owing to the
luxuriance of the forest growth which would
cause a8 manny interruptions as occur to the cable
in the bed of the river. As Maaos is, therefore, not
in such close touch with the exchange and produce
buying at Manaos must
always risk a large loss, especially with an article
like rubber, which is subject to such rapid fuc-
tuations,

Although the effect of the Amazonas rubber being
handled at Manaos would deprive Para of a con-
siderable amount of trade, yet it must not be sup-
posed that Para would be entirely eclipsed. Taking
the total crop to be about twenty-six thousand tons
per annum, eleven thousand tons of up-river would
probably be handled at Manaos, and nine thousand
tons ofisland at Para. Of the remaining six thousand
tons coming from Bolivia and Peru, a certain
quantity would still be handled at Para, thus bring-
ing up the trade of the latter port to about the same
total as the former. The probabilities of increase in
production are aboutthe same for both States. The
total crop of rubber shipped from the Amazon Valley
during the year was 26,881 tons, of which 12,474
tons went to the United States, and 14,407 tons to
Europe. Ofthis quantity, the State of Para produced
5,000 tons, Amazonas 4,300 tons, Peru 123 tons
Bolivia 465 tons, making a total of 9,888 tons, of fine

|

|
}
)
;
|

Saas

Ave. 1, 1901.

with a total valne of £4,906,000. Of this 5,100 tons
went to the United States, 4466 tons to. the United
Kingdom, 260 tons to France, fifty tons to Ttily,
and twelve tons to other European countries. The
total export of entrefine amounted to 1,124 tons, with
a value of ‘£402,000. This was about equally
divided between the United Kingdom and the United
States, a small quantitv going to France and
Ttaly. The State of Para preduced 4,000 tons of
Sernamby, Amazonas 913 tons, Peru forty tons,
Bolivia 235 tons, making a total of 5,188 tons, valued
at £901,000. Of this amount the United States
received 4,398 tons, the United Kingdom 664 tons,
France 115 tons, and Italy eleven tons.

Caucho amounting to 1,092 tons, valued at
£210,000, chiefly produced in the State of Amazo-
nas, about one-half went to the United States and
Europe.—India-Rubber Trades’ Journal, May 13.

eo

THE ALDABRA ISLANDS.
AN OUTPOST OF EMPIRE: LEASED FROM THE
SEYCHELLES GOVERNMENT,

The curious group of islands lying north-
west of Madagascar, and known as the Aldabra
group, have recently changed hands. The
Government of the Seychelles Islands, of which
politically Aldabra forms part, has leased the
group for a term of thirty years to Messrs
Bates, Bergne & Co., acting forthe Hon. Waiter
Rothschild, M P., and themselves. Mr Roths-
child’s interest in the islands is probably de-
rived from theirremarkablefauna. Aldabra
is almost the sole habitat of that antediluvian
relic, the gigantic land tortoise, and is cer-
tainly the only spot in the world where that
reptile flourishes. Some of these tortoises
might have been seen in the Bombay Dock-
yard last September on their way to Mr.
Rothschild’s zoological gardens at Tring Park.
Certain birds and insects, too, are beheved to
be peculiar to these islands. Besides Aldabra
proper, which consists of a ving of land
broken by channels and surrounding a lagoon
about fifty square miles in extent, the group
includes Gormoledo, an atoll of similar forma-
tion Astove and Assumption Islands. At the
west end of the Aldabra lagoon there is a fine
landlocked harbour named after H.M.5.
Huphrates, and capable of giving shelter to
the largest fleet. Uwing to the large volume
of water in the lagoon and the lack of
sufficient outlet the tides are at times very
strong, which israther a drawback Aldabra
itself contains little land capable of cultiva-
tion ; on the other islands, however, there
are hundreds of acres suitable for coconut
plantation, and the lagoons and coasts of the
whole group swarm with fish and turtle,
including the hawksbill variety, the source
of the so-called tortoise-shell. An interest
attaches to these islands from another point
cf view. In 1894 the French flag was hoisted
on Glorioso Island, less than one hundred
miles south of Astove. Before that date
Glorioso, with some adjacent islets, had been
considered British territory and was included
in the list of the Dependencies of Mauritius.
Aldabra 1s now the outpost of the British
Empire to the west of the Indian Ocean, with
the Comoro Islands, Glorioso and Madagascar
stretching in a French semicircle from the
south-west to the south-east. Glorioso was

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 109

lost, it is said, solely from the lack of a British
flag or from the neglectto hoist it; it is to
be hoped that the lessees of Aldébra_ will
take proper precautions against similar
ageression.—Times of India, July Ist.

&

TROUT AND GAME IN NEW ZEALAND.

The Auckland Acclimatisation Society is
doing its best to stock with trout all’ the
suitable streams in_ the district, but their
efforts are greatly discounted by the devas-
tations of shags. If, therefore, the country
settlers desire to profit by the efforts of the
society, they would do well to further their
intention by the destruction ot these voraci-
ous birds. Few people are aware of the havoc
they make. The number of young fish they
destroy is almost incredible; some persons
put the number they devour as high as 50 per
cent of those distributed.—Auckland Weekly
News, June 7.

Mr. Ernest Grogan, the African explorer,
has been in communication with the Wel-
lington Acclimatisation Society, and has in-
formed it that there are many varieties of
African game which would adapt themselves
admirably to a New Zealand environment,
and indeed thrive vigorously on _ the
vast waste spaces of the north. He is
insistent, however, that any importation of
the best varieties which are projected must
immediately be undertaken, because several
of the species are on the verge of extinction.
Indeed, he says, the transportation of these
species to the colonies is the only means to
prevent them being entirely lost sight of.

Mr. Avson, Tuspector of Fisheries, is cir-
cularising the various Acclimatisation Socie-
ties of the colony, asking them to co-operate
with the Government in securing the impor-
tation of South African game of different
varieties, as recommended by Mr. Ernest
Se oa Zealand Mail (Wellington)

une 6.

Se ES Oe:

BRAZILIAN ‘“*RUBBER” FARMS FOR
SALE,

We have before us descriptions of several “‘ rubber
farms ’ in the Amazon river country that are for sale,
Some of them are offered by the proprietors, and
others by banksat Para, which, having made advanceg
to the owners of the “farms,’’ have taken over the
properties in default of payment. We do not know
the merit of these particulas opportunities for invest-
ment, but the fact that they exist suggests several
points of interest.

In the first place, the rubber gathering busiuess prob-
ably is better organized than most of us hitherto
have supposed. It appears that the 50,000,000 pounds
or more of rubber annually exported from the Amazon
isnot gathered mainly by half-savages, roaming in
vast forests, tapping at random such rubber trees as
they may chance to find. It would require more than
such haphazard methods to form the basis for the
business of the banks and mercantile houses of Para
and Manaos,the hundr-d or more steamers on the
Am azon, and the rubber-carrying ships on the Atlantic
which transport not infrequently a cargo of rubber
wo 1th $1,000,000 or more.

On the contrary, each of the ‘ rubber farms ” is
described as consisting of a definite number of estradas
(paths, or roads), marked out so as to give ready and
certain access to the particular rubber trees to be

110

tapped, the approximate number of trees also being
given, This preliminary work of road making is not
done for a sipgle seasou, but is meant to be permanent
8o that, whe a plentiful supply of prolific trees is once
located on a navigable stieam, they may be visited
season after season, with an assurance of a yield that
will prove profitable, From one description we quote:
‘This farm was marked off five years ago, for whic’
service was paid 40 contos of reis (equivalent today
to $10,000).” The number of trees on this estate is
estimatea at 20,000. There are also said to be on the
farm wooden buildings, cattle, etc., besides which
four steam launches are owned. Doubtless on an
estate where the business of rubber gathering has
been prepared for with so much forethought and at
such expense, we might today see a force of workers
established all the year round, but for the fact that
the annual rising of the rivers scatters the rubber
hunters for a certain period. As it is, the crop season,
during which the trees are tapped daily, is something
more than six months in the year.

It may be asked why, in the face of such prepara-
tions aud the presence of rubber in paying quantities,
the owners of these farms should want to sell. The
reason given is the financial depression from which
‘all Brazil is suffering. Any m»nufacturer who buys
Paré rubber is prepared to believe that somewhere,
between the forest and the factory, good profits are
made on it. The owners of many of these farms have
profited largely, but their money has been made too
easily for any thought to have been taken for the
morrow. Hence the beginning of each new season
finds most of them with nothing but their estra as,
waiting to be worked. They must send for workers,
and provide for them until the proceeds of ihe
year’s crop come to hand, all of which mikes
necessary advances from merchants or bankers
who are generally at a distance. Whatever may
be the prime cause, money is now a scarce article
in the rubber country, the rate of exchange is most
unfavourable, and credits have become contracted to
an extent which leaves the weaker operators helpless.
It is quite possible that the number of persons in the
rubber gathering business, and .he number of estates,
affected by the Brazilian financial crisis will be so
great as tocurtail seriously the production of rubber
during the coming season,

All of which leads to the thought that, if the Para
rubber already produced has come to an important ex-
tent from systematically marked out farms, visited
year after year by workers under the seme control—
albeit the general management of these estates may
have been wasteful and improvident—there may bea
good opportunity for the investment of capital by out-
siders, on a basis of cash capitalinstead of advances
of goods and credit, in very large tracts of rubber
lands, to the profit of the investors, while rende:ing
the supplies of rubber more stable and the uliimate
cost to the manufacturer lower.—India Rubber World
June l,

THE RUBBER PLANTING INTEREST.
RUBBER PLANTING IN SOCONUSCO.

he Soconusco Rubber Plantation Co., incorporated
under (alifornia laws, October 16, 1900, to develop a
plantation in the Soconusco depariment in the state
of Chiapas, in the extreme southern portion of Mexico,
was organized by Mr, Charles G Cano, ¢.8., who is
its general manager. The company own 17.858 acres
and are preparing to plant rubber on an extensive
scale. They expect to ship considerable rubber this
year from native trees on the property, This property
is near the estates of La Zicualpa Rubber P! ntation
Co., comprising 18,791 acres, and whivh has teen men-
tioned several times in The India Rubber World.
This company, besides planting largely on their own
account, have acquired a plantation formed ten years
ago or more, from which some rubber has been
shipped. in the same region is the rubber estate Los
(erritos, on which 40,000 irees were planted eleven

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Avc. 1, 1901s

years ago, and which was sold recently by Rafael
Or.ega to Louis Tomalen for a large sum. Still an-
oth+r enterprise there is the Dona Maria Rubberot
Plantation Co., with 5,288 acies, owned by F A
Quimby. Mr. Cavo, mentioned above, has also in-
terested eustern capiti lists recently im forming the
Pacific Rubber Co., for planting rubber, which has
just been incorporated under Maryland laws. Mr.
Cano is interested in the sale of other lands, on a
large or small scale, suited for rubber planting,
either alone or in connection with other crops, and
may be addressed for the present to the care of The
India Rubber World. ;

It is in this department, by the way, that the late
Mexican ambassador, Senor Komero, made a rubber
plantation in 1873. Some of the trees then planted
still survive, in spite of long neglect, and rubber
gathered from them formed a purt of the Mexican
exhibit at the Paris Exposition of 19J0. The identi-
cal lands are now under covtrol of ur, Cano.

PLANTING ‘‘LANDOLPHIA” IN AFRICA.

The Compagnie Anverseise des Plantations de
Lubefa, formed in Belgium in 1897 to trade 1 Africa,
with 600,00 francs capital, aud which have been ship-
piog considerable ribber fcom the Cougo, are re-
ported in Congo Belge as having commenced a planta-
tion of Landolphia rubber vines on the river Lubefu,
to cover 1,000 uectares =2,471 acres besides which
the company have an optivuon 4,000 hectares more,
for the same purpose.—Jndia Rubber World, June 1.

te ee

FAILURE OF THE CAMPHOR
POLY IN FORMOSA.
OWING TO INCREASE OF PRUDUCLION IN JAPAN

The failure of the camphor monopolyin Formosa
is supposed to be cansed by the wnexpected in-
crease in the production of the staple in the in-
terior of Japan, with the result thav ue mark -ts in
Japan and abioad have been con=iderabiy ailecved,
It was therefore thought necessary by the last
Cabinet to extend the monopoly to Japan, sy as
to maintain the price of the staple and protect
the monopoly in Formosa. A prupusai to this
effect was agreed to by the last Cabiuet. Vis-
count Katsura, the Premier of the new Cabiuet,
is reported to take special interest ir the finances
of the territory, as he was fur a time the Governor-
General ot Formosa, avd it is helieved he will
take up the proposal of the last Cabinet and
favour the extension of the camphor monopoly
to Japan. The Kobe Chronicle says:—It is
stated uhat, if such a Monopuiy Bul is passed, the
export of camphor from Japau will be undertaken
by the Agriculiural and Commercial Depaitm nt ;
apd that Monopoly Otfices will be established at
Nagasaki and Kobe, the head office being at
K be. The purchase price of camphor wili be
fixed at 75 yen per picul for Kobe, aud 65 yen per
picul for Nagasaki, while the sale price will de 85
yeu per picul From these particuiars ib woud
appear the Government has piactically decided to
intioduce such a Bill.—Hongkong Press, June 22,

ee eee

THE ORANGE [NDUSTRY.—lt is said that more
oranges are grown abt Riversiie, Cal., than in any
other city of equal area on the face of the earth.
Out of fifiy-six -quare miles, which is the area of
Riverside, thirty square miles have been converted
into orange groves, This means that the coming
season’s product will ‘“ageregate,” as Americans
say, about 3,200,000 boxes et cranges. This
represents a money vaine of 6,00, U00d0ls, —AZorn-
img Leader, June 15.

MONO-

Aue. 1, 1901.]

THE TROPICAL

RUPEE COMMERCIAL COMPANIES.

RisE AND FALL DUKING 1900-01.

Ordi- Quot. Q :ot~, Rise or
miry Jan. June F 1L.*
Capital. 1901. 1901.
Adam’s Peak Re R. R. R.
H viel «- 113,800 28,450¢ 34,140 5,690
Brist-'i Hotel ... 315, 000 393,750 393,750 —
Ce lon General
Seen Naviga-
75,000 161,250. 168,750 7,500
Colom bo Apothe-
Caries 400,000 472,500 550,000a — 78,000
Col mo Assem-
bly Roows 28,760 21,570 21,5700 peel
Columbo Hotels 500,000 1,475,000 1,462,500 —12,500
Co omb» Fort
Land Beilding 360,000 324,000 306,000 —18.000
Gatle Face Hote! 500,000 700,000 762,500a —62,500
Kandy Hotels... 250,000 212,500 306,250 — 6,250
Mount Lavinia
Hotel .- 390,000 129,500a 129,500d —_—
New Colombo Ico 210,000 899,000 420,000 21,000
Nuwara = Eliya E
Hotels 50 42,000 49,000 31,500a —17,500
Fublic Hall 45,090 28,000 24,500 — 3,500
Total 3 179,560 4,494,520 4,610,960 116,440
SUMMARY.
36 Produce 13 Commercial
Com) anies. Companies.
January 1901 .. 11,879,035 4,494,520
June 1901 ... see LOLSOL A712 4,610,960
Fall aot alba BRB Rise 116 440

RUPEE PLANTING OOMPANIES.
RISE AND FALL DURING FIRST HALE OF 1901°

Ordina'y
Capital.
R
Agra Ouvah ..375,000
Ca tlereagh -.. 240,000
Ceylon Provin-
cials - 666,000
Ceylon Tea and
Coconuts --348 0002
C'aremout ooo 65,0002
Clunes ---332,000
Clyde ---270,000€
Doo 1100 - -400,000
Drayton vee 1 19,0008
Ella +-23800,000
Estates of Uva...710,500
Gangawatte .. 178,500e
Glagow 325,000
Great Western.. -584,000

Ha ugahalande 170,(\00e
High For-sts ++ 750,000
Do. Part Paid 200,000
Horrek lly 400, 000
Kalo'ara “..400,! 00
K: ‘napediwatte.. 334,000
Kad, n Hil’s ...125,000
KelaniT.Gai dens300,000e

Quot,
Jan,
1901.
R
750,000
228,000

666,000

249,000
260,000

120,000
355,250

633,750a
730,000

900,000
212.500
280,000
240,000
300,600

87,500

120,000
269,750

Kirkl-es ‘ een
» Knavesmire _ ...415,000
ey Rizurés: ‘Lopeaal by a o—

Ue

while the rest show :ncrease.
a Buyers’ quotations in the absence of those by sellers.

b Nom nal

quotat ons.

e Transactions in April.
ad Last quoted price.
e No quotations are given for these Companies.

Quot, _—_— Rise.
June or
1901. Fall.*
R R
675.000 — 75,000
180,000 — 48,000
666,000 Ns
249,000 pias
240,000 — 20.900.
120,000 a
355,250 ps
6'1,000 — 22,750
709,800 — 29,200
825,000 — 75,000
245,000 12,500
260,000a — 20,000
200,000 — 40,000
283,900 — 16,700
50,000 — 37,500
120,000 al
249,000 — 20,750
denote falling-v1

\

AGRICULTURIST. 111

RISE AND FALL DURING FIRST HALF OF 1901
Quot. uot. Rise.
Ordinary Jan, see or
Capital. 1901. 1901, Fall. *
R R R R

Maha Uva 20300,000 255,000 240.000 — 15,000
M cha 200 404,0002 == peel
Nahav:lla --396,500 297,375 237,9 900 — 59,475
Neboda -+-261,000 261,000 261,000 =
Ottery =:298,000e eo ee a
Palmerston ---410,010 369,000 328,000 — 41,000
Penrhos 221D90,000 159,000 150,000 —
Pive Hill ...208,740 173,950 130,462 — 43,488
Pitakanda . .305,000e a — _>
Putupaula ..-200,000 240,000 — =
Ratwatte ...125,000e x 62,500 — 62,500
Rayigam »--600,00 300,000 241,000 — 60,000
Roeberry 300,000 210,000 135,000@ — 75,000
Ruanwella .--265,009 79,500 79,500 _
St. Helier’s ... 50,000 51,000a 50,000 — 1,000
Talgaswela ...200.000 70.000 70,000 —
Tovacombe _ ...280,000 196,000 182 00 — 14,000
Udabage .--170,000¢ — —
Udugama ...315,000¢ = =
Union 320,000 128,000 128 3,000 —
Upper Maskeliya350,000 297,500 315,000 17,500
Uvakellie «240,000 168,000 132,000a — 36,000
Vogan +720 000 432,000 = 360,000 +=— 72,000
Wanarajah ...378,000 801,360 — 680,400e —120,960
Yataderia 190,00 665,000 570,000 — 95,000

Total 16,301,040 11,879,035 10,361,712—1,517,323

STERLING PLANTING COMPANIES.

( Continued.)
RISE OR FALL BETWEEN JANUARY AND
JUNE 1901,
Highest Highest
Paid-up Quot. Quot. Rise or
Name of Company, Capital. June Jan, Fall.
£ 1901 1901.
Alliance Tea Co. ... 65260 58734 58365 369
Anglo-C:ylon Gener-
al Hs‘ates -- 250000 137500 112500 25000
Associated 'T Estates
of Ceylon 50000 12500 12500
Bandarapola Tea Co. 7000 5600 8400 —2800
Do do 14000 11200 16800 —5600
Battalgella Est. Co. 15000 30000 30000 —
B. gawant:i\awa Dis-
trict Te. Co. - 100000 110000 110000
Burnside Tea Co. .. 6000 4800 6090 —1200
11600 8700 11600 —2900

Do aad
Crledonian (Ceylon)
Estates, Ltd. ae
Carolina Tea Co. ...
Do Deferred
Central Province ..
Centrel Tea Co. of
Ceylon
Ceylon Land & Pro-
duce
Do Cocoa and
Coffse
Ceylon & Indian P. A
Oeylon Hstates In.
vestment cee
Ceylon Proprietary
T. a Estates ve
eerian a Plantations
Co solida'ed Hstites
Dmoul: Valle, TCo,
Duckvari Tev Pian-
tation eas
Hastern Produce and
Estates 6
Edarapola Tea Co.
of Ceylon

35000 NominalNominal

50000 60000 50000
10000 Nomi alNominal
60000 20000 © 26000
22500 24750 24750
5500 ~=13200 _ 13200
19200 51200 51200
40000 32000 32000
300C0 380000 30000
78380 39190 48987
167380 401712 418:50
39000 27360 31200
114665 126132 137598
8000 8000 8000
.e» 298250 238600—

25500 19350 25500

— 9797
—16738
— 3909
—11465

293250 —59650

— 6150

112
THE
BETWEEN fk AGRICULT
N NEGO cee aed PURIST
Name of C Pai Hig ;
() aid ghes : AUG
mpany. Ca er Quot. st Highest La aeaS [Avc. 1, 19
Galeha 7 pital. J Quot = ac 901
Ne Tea Est ae June ee Rise or Bras Cie ;
Gane gency O ates 1901 aa. Fall E 22 2 2 1, -
ee (Ceylon) Tea 50000 Nomi1 fae = ee
Goo vers ... 10933 nal Nominal = = e —a A a
Estat (Ceylon) 9350 Nomi oe A a ° 2 Oo — 5
Tsay utes ii,, Lud minalNomi £ ee Ame D =: ©
laputalr C pq leteay ER ninal — 2b he 34 2 a
eae Ten C oon) NominalN a g A g = g
orn ea Co, . Me 34 alNomine ‘ 5
Fathes Tea Estates 32000 nee 7 ea i iS : es! =
Geeta Ce Tea (Ga ta 0 Re copRCee, ‘00 a oj}! ‘ . oR «
Hist: al Ceylon a + 22728 nalNomini ‘cam a jal es = N - A
rea teen ntB64t caseay) = | 23223 Packeteer : 4
evocation, Tea 000 40500 495 7 Vase Sas é | 7 & es
Kellie Pea Pl de Sihe 2580 Gea aati 1S | $een% att | g > a
Kin: ea Plantati 6235 ae 3036 is As . | a ee RES
yre Te: AAO SN 16235 86.2 bw
} BO ce Estates 20000 No 30 P5482 as 500 is ibe to toh No e n
fifance eae! 45090 3600 alNominal 3247 S = S S © 2 Packages | a
Mayfield USO ee yay 36000 — © Lm 10 mere x S
ile yeti ea Co. 50000 675 = | Ane Sw Pe [ices ines eles ee =
4 paola. 80620 ea 75000 — 750 = S2e38 r Cent. | 2 ao Sb a
fara 30. ; 15310 — 7500 Se || SOSOLS og &
Ay D BUCS Co. AO N 10400 Neat = 3 oo Soe ackages. o 2
aware Ki a U0, 2... 7 0 Nomi AQO = SS “1 ay Ss
Ou ig iya qT 78954 256 inalNom: ne —_ Bip Sa 3 3 - =
* vah Coffee oe neon sane vom val _— : BBe = = 3 Per Cent. & & S irr
Poona Poe LOUUED 0 2100 0 —10 S| ,oeese a 2
C es alter 17000 poe 7 itr —10000 FS = reece Pp No a
0. y 17 = Cl reo e=5 Pack 3 Sere
i j 700! 5 S535 cka, |
Porvlore T do... 0008 5000 See | 28 So c ss ay c= =
Puiduloya ae Co. .. ee 370 10000 — 5 hese Pook Per Ce | Ra o £ Bre is
Hea a T ae Co. Bente (0000 ae a ped S| Z29% ey Rog *2 Sas
ang ee Ha Aiea |G 5A 00 5 x3 wo mobo >
Fe eet Gas COSA 38000 79200 — 2| Sessa P No. | eet =
§ Bo hte = ~ R
Sau Spe es Pian eee 30008 3 oc 33 ackages. a +
oan © and 61500 2.000 — r Wooreatsics o oo we |
Sri 10. 6G j}e@-4 © & < : ar) i mb)
pring Valley Guess 45000 4500 1500h ee aR S a o3 2e Per Cent. a & 2 2 5 =
Sta : 5000 3750 a Po ~y <s s
nied Tea Co. riers ae 40000 00 —30000 ay BS me Ne Pp No. 3 77) Sg
Sun Ordin Seo 500 45 2809 = “4 ee) SBias ackages | ot =
Unit. gama Tea Ge oe SND A103 12000 cS Site Fie Camis bo wx
Cc d Plane - 50000 78000 74 = | 2erehn Pp on ay 3 «= &
q eylon rs of 15640 30000 74750 3250 Eu eager a=az prt Cantante cx ro 5
ee Ge | (|e 82 Be 8 3
ativan! O-. é 3340 5 | Se ; ‘s
yantota a 250 Bi i709 22 one : No. Ped =
D vane — ts +
hall 1.335) 6 Space eae 67500 —18¢ [ | NeSSOS @ a8, a =
36 3030926 3133 aA mR Re oo Per Ce me ee a >
n AS aaah ¢ — 3 Bea eS nt. Se ee) | |
THE A 12 —10288 = Mine a oe oS
aponlice hee ure 6 R| geR ESS packs fe =
a useful cz as establist LTURAL Ss dpa or) Ras Packa: ; | i
ay IReHaEl career. F Shed in’ 1835 OCIETY By ae o> ges. an
R nd, we qu rom. the 35 and hz: OF Ss | Bees ma ar jars: =
Berd atten ore ad crew Pe OBEE had Ll esses Be Eran Sh 28 Se
Be cai sources, wz XPENDITURE.- rt just | & 5s apd See z
iain) on tickets :—Sale of s ~The recei = oo Wat 00 N Ps
Ril hes a Eo the ble ak hatnee: from a BS BEZS paoies | =
See 2-3-3 and ee fee aie show, Hes Sand ELes, 2 Rec os ages. A st
cister: purchase of expendita grants am scription | | & Dr oo a 2 & oa
svos, printi seeds re b ount | Swed w Pe x me oS ies)
a bal printing s. plant y pay of ed to NSO ri@entan| aaa a wo)
Pees of R542 ad verlishig “i oe re Se & eS cyrsan's ° S = a
READ FRUIT! “14-0. ig, Ge R11 3 m hous we) | a wow =
the Perad RUIT (se 1329-5 & use Oo; cs ~ N S sy
sradent eed] 5 3, leavi , rs (emo in PS 0. oS
phennel, Sera Sete it nels MNS 1S | Sees" Packages. | iz
Ber ae faligy ees 25 ping out nt to us from ef Sie or NES wz &
acs es planted Coe ae Cree and beer Sy GS | B25 ee Per Cent a & ae ae
aad hs supply ae an open nah plant Pe fie fruits & rea SAT nS i a oS 2
bears & iat ; water is plae RET Pee the La peau arcs Fig oo gs = A
poias—L 2 ickly a not mo getting C- ala tp ta ho en ¢ No . o'
climbers Hay y appenrance--nos hae 8 ey a Nan eS oe ey = 2 Packages =
rod aay he 3 ori w dexd,— igh S )
sie Fe fruits ener is ie two Africa LANDot- © | 2 a iS S x1 = os 1 —_ = 7
Fro d_up fo profusio elicate ican rubp Nulmeeeicois ~ Per C CS &
g sous VoGEL oue trees alre a, and the ees plant RS Rie as eau as = =
ress yet, E 1 This oe, Baa dale tie ra eranie ge IRs Pras files
Evidently rapber plant peel fruit eee > B BRaZe No. s
e climat as mad yet. a Nou Dow Pack |
e doef not 16 no pro- (es) _ ons ages.
suit it. na RRR eo @ we
oewod bo Al Q co
KSRLSS Pee Gon nied ce
2
x

Aue. 1; 1901.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 113

TO ALL PARTS OF ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA AND OCEANIA.

eatis& Plants ofbommercial Products.

Hevea Brasiliensis.—Orders being booked for the coming crop, August-September delivery
1991 : booking necessary before the end of April ; quantities of 100,000 and over at special low rates.
Planis available alltbe year round. 100,000'and over at special low rates. A. leading Rubber planter in
‘Sumatra. who purchased 50,000 seeds in 1899, and 100,000 in 1900, writes us, under date 15th November,
1900 :— “<I received your letter of 20th October, from which I iearn that you added another case-of 5,000
seeds to replace the loss, &e. Iam satisfied hereby, and even after this adding I am satisfied by the whole
delivery of this year.”

Castilloa Elastica.—True superior variety cultivated in Mexico, seeds from specially reserved .
old untapped trees. Orders booked for August-September delivery, 1901, booking necessary before the }
end of March ; large quantities on special terms ; Plants in Wardian cases.

Manihot Glaziovii —See s and Plants available all the year round, 100,000 and over as |
special lowrates. A Mexican planter, in sending an order for this seed, wrote on the 22nd August, 1900: | |

=

“‘Tf they arrive fresh and germinate easily I may send you larger orders, as they are for high groun®
where the Castilloa does not thrive.”
Kickxia Elastica. —(Funtumia Elastica),—Seeds and Plants, orders booked. (Lagos rubber.) HI
Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available in May-June ; booking necessary before the end of March; ii I

also plants.
Urceola Esculenta and U. Elastica.—Same as above. (Burma rubber.) |
Pacameria Glandulifera.—Orders booked for seeds for January-February delivery ; also plants; —- LI
immediate booking necessary. (A good rubber creeper of Malacca.) |
LandolIphia Kirkii.—Seeds in July-August, early booking necessary. Plants can be supplied |
all the year round. (A highly-recommended species. ) it
Chonemorpha Macrophylla.—Seeds and Plants; orders booked. (A very valuable rubber- tl
yielding creeper.)
Memusops Globosa and Payena Leerii.—Seeds and plants in July-August, booking i
becessary beforeA pri). |
Achras Sapoca, Willughbeia Firma, W. Edulis and other Rubber and Gutta Percha
yielding Trees and Creepers, Seeds and Plants. ;
Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Cinnamon superior variety). New crop of seed in April to Jane,
booking necessary before the end of February ; also piants. : I}
Coffea Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragogipe Hybrid.—New crop March-April ; Lik
immediate booking necessary. Hi)
Cinchona Ledgeriama.—Seeds now ready, also other varieties. |
| Seeds and Plamis of Nutmeg, Clove, Sandalwood (white and red), Pepper, Cardamom,
| Vanilla, Cacao, Tea, Coca, Fibre, Medicinal and Fruit Trees, Shade and Timber Trees, Eucalyptus
various varieties, also Palms, Bulbs. Orchids, &c.
ti Our enlarged Descriptive Price List of Tropical Seeds and Plants of Commercial Products of

Foreigs countries for 1901-1902, now being prepared, and will be ready in a few months. |

“Sourm Arrica.”—The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says :— i}

“ An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the Kast. It is issued by WILLIAM BROTHERS, Tropical |

Seed Merchants, of Henaratgoda, Ceylon, and schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will

i thrive in tropical and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do good business, for now

that the great Powers have grabbed all the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove that

i they were worth the grabbling. We recommend the great Powers and Concessionaries under them to go

to Wiliam Brothers,”

\ Price List of Seeds and Plants for CEYLON use, post free, on application. My

Our new Deseriptive Price Lists of Seeds of Shade Trees for Coffee, Cacao, Tea, Cardamoms &c.,

Timber Trees, Trees for Avenues, Hedges, Wind and Shelter Belts, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and 1]

Climbing Plants ; and Seeds and Piants of Palms, Calamus, Pandanus, Cycads, Tree and other Ferns. 1]
Crotons, Orehids, Bulbs, Draczenas, now being prepared, and will be ready shortly.

Special Arrangements made with foreign Governments, Botanical and Agricultural Depart.
ments, Planters and others for supplying seeds and plants of Commercial Products in large quantities.

Agents in London :—Mussrs. P. W. WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street. HI]
. Agent in Columbo, Ceylon :—E. B. CREASY, Esq.

Telegraphic Address : J. P. WILLIAM &- BROTHERS,
WIiiamM, VeYANGoDA, C&YLON. Tropical Seed Merchants,
Lieber’s,. A.I. and A.B.C. Codes used, HENARATGODA, CEYLON, |

1

114

Gomespondence.

——<f> asa

To the Eaitor.

PLANTING IN MYASSALAND: B. C.
AFRICA.
FRIGHTENED AGAINST PLANTING TEA :
TO THE FRONT.
M’lanje, May 9.

DEAR SrR,--The prices Ceylon tea is now fetch-
ing frightens one from extending much here on
that product. Over-production and low prices
usually, in time, find a remedy. Low coffee
prices and short crops in B. C. Africa are causing
a great funk, and planters are going in for
tobacco and chillies at a great rate. I hear of
thousands of acres being put under the latter
product.

Chillies may be over-done, but tobacco won't
Tam sure. 1 am getting 1s per pound, for all
T can produce, in the South African market,
--J cannot go in extensively for this product for
want of a steady supply of labour. We have
now got established a Labour Bureau which is
doing good work, [have had thirty men sent down
during the last month. There is labour galere
in this country, but owing to the inserference
of Government Officials, and the unscrupulous
recruiting by native kapatus belonging to Trans-
port Companies and planters, the people are
afraid to leave their homes. H. B

P. S.—So the Nyassaland Company is likely to
close down. and I hear Lochnagar Estate is aban-
doned. It had bad treatment indeed.—H. B.

CHILLIES

INTERESTING INFORMATION FROM
PARIS IN RESPECT OF GUTTA
PERCHA AND RUBBER.

Paris, May 25th.

DEAR Srr,—You will receive by this mail a
little sample of Gutta Percha: submit it to any
expert. and he will report—‘ Gutta Percha fine
quality.’ And yet, I can certify that neither
Dichopsis, Palaquium, Isonandra, Payena, noc
any other plant yielding Gutta Percha has any
thing to do with this sample. ;

This little sample is perhaps the solution of an
urgent problem, the certitude of the supply of this
substance for the future. All the Gutta Percha
yielders trom the ‘‘Insulande,” * are localised,
and the crop will be quickly exhausted. Their
product is slowly obtained ; the trees require four
years and more and give 1 or 2 1b of marketable
cum. The extraction from the leaves has proved
till nowa failure, and has not been accepted by
the manufacturer of electric cables; extraction
from the bark is on trial and I cannot say any-
thing about it yet.

But chemists have recognised the presence of
gutta percha in a number of plants erowing in all
parts of the tropical world. All the Mimusops
contain Gutta; and M Balata and M Globosa are
reported to yield 60 to 70 percent of pure Gutta
in the gum. M Schimpen of Abyssinia and
very probably the species from Asia, contains a
limited quanity of the product. I know that other

Sic. What dces our correspondent exactly mean
by this ?—Hip. 7’,A.

%

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[Auc, 1, 1901.

Sapotaceous plants and a few Ewphorbiaceows
are in thesame case. Thesample I send yon has
been obtained from Balata, Mimusops Balata.

I do not know the process, but | knew it isa
very simple and economical one, One kilo of
Balata gives 7U0 grammes of Gutta. As the
sample is valued at 7 francs per kilo, one, can
obtain 700 grammes of a substance easily sold ab
14 francs for 700 grammes or 20 frs. per kilo.
The chemist say~ that, all expenses paid, the
kilo comes out at 12 to 124 frances the kilo.
Tbissample is sold here ata mnch higher price,
for 30 frances have been paid in every case, so you
can judge of the commercial value of the sub-
stance.

But just now [ write with another point in
view. [ write only to planters, and I say all the
gutta-yielders actnally known are trees, slow-
growing, requiring a special soil and climate, aud
very few will try the culture of thee trees out
of the regions where nature has sown Dichopsis,
Isonandra, &c., ‘

But amongst the numerous species containing
gatta, mixed with other substances, many are
easy to propagate and to grow in very varied
conditions of temperature, soil, and moisture.
So it will be of enormous interest to know
what percentage of Gutta all these plants
contain, and to see belurehand if the eul-
ture can be remunerative. ‘Till now the process
has been a secret, but I believe it will not be
so forlong. But never mind, if this gutta-yie der
becomes the subject of a great enterprise, Balata
gum will jump bigh, so the zrower will be in-
terested in trying some other gntta-yielders.
Balata (Mimusops Balata) is a tree more easily
grown than Lsonandra or others from the same
region, and other sorts of Mimusops are largely
spread over the world.

Any chemist wil give you the percentage of
true gutta the trees contain; do not take. any
notice if the chemist says it will be too expen-
sive tu isolate the gutta. My inventor says that
his process allows him to make a profit from the
gums containing only 10 per cent. of true gutta.
But we will speak of that again some day or other.

L received a few days ago two plants :n a very
bad state from the ceutre of the Orenoqnue region.
One of these plants has begun to show a few leaves
and I was very ashamed when [ identified it with
the numerous varieties of Sapium Biylandulo-
sum. The travellers reported :— Big tree. yielding
a large quantity of the rubber exported under the
name of Para rubber, *

I know that Para rubber is not the product of
Hevea alone, and an Englishman sent me a
few years ago a sample of rubber made from
Micrandra. But Sapiwm from the hot countries
has always been reporied to yield Rubber of very
inferior quality. Strange to say, I have had in
my hands plants collected by one of my collectors,
M Guillot, from English Guiana, known by such
an authority as Mr Jeumann as a had yielder;
others from Columbia, giving the virgin Caucho
known as a very fine surt: others from Keuador,
just at the limit where the Castilloa is'met: ail
these sorts are exactly the same in general ap-
pearance. But the area where fapiwm' gives
good rubber is immense, nearly as large as its
competitors, Hevea or Castilloa.

I have not been able til now to identify that
new Rubber yielder from San Luiz Potosi, Mexico.
I know that the plant is a very common one in
all the dry countries of the Mexican region, but I

Ave. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

do not know its botanical name. My correspondené
told me that the plant was known under the name
of Synanthera prepennia, but Syuanthera is
not the name of a botanical genus, so I believe
this species has been determined as a plant of the
Synapthera family, which wili also be called part
of the ‘‘composiie2” family. The sample I have
had_in hand is really a plant of this family,
but I have not had any flower, so I can say nothing
more. As the region where the plant grows pie-
sents many plants suitable for the dry countries
of North Africa, it bas great interest for us.

After many trials L have received in good order
seeds of the Mangiaba rubber (Ilencornia spe-
ciosa). These reached me in the forests, packed
in saw-dust, but I believe it will never pay to
import the seeds, All insects are fond of these
seeds, aud I have been obliged to place the pots on
supports with the feet of these supports in Lysol
to avoid the incursions of ants, It is a common
proceeding in your countries, but not here. The
seeds begin to germinate in a few days. The
plants remain very delicate in our houses, but
are easily propagated by cuttings.

I trust some of your pianters will be enterprising
and kind enough to send me through you a few
samples of the gum from sapotaceous plants from
your fine country, and if possible latex from the
same. The latter must be packed in_ bottles
mixed with 2 per cent of formol,* I believe that
will be sufficient for avoiding the coagulation of the
latex, for Lean do nothing with coagulated latex.—
Truly yours A. GQDEFROY LEBEUF.

(The following are the trees of the order
Sapotacee, mentioned in Trimen’s ‘‘ Handbook
of the Flora of Ceylon,’ of which the author
says that ‘ all contain a milky juice, which,
after evaporation of its liquid portion, affords
that variety of Caoutchoue known as Gutta-
percha :—(1) Chry:ophyllum; (2) Sideroxylon ;
(3) Lsonandra; (4) Bassia; (5) Palaquium and (6)
Mimusops —Ep. 7, 4.]

TEA SEED FROM NATAL.

AN INTERESTING HYBRID.
Ifafa, Alexandra County, Natal, May 28.
DEAR Sir,—At the request of the late Mr.
John Fraser, of Umzimkulu, formerly well-
knewn to you as of the “ Brae Group” of

- Gardens, Ceylon, I have taken the liberty

of sending you, through Messrs. King and
Sons of Durban, a small box oftea seed. Mr.
Fraser had a quantity, of the seed from me
and mentioned that there would probably be
an opening for seed in Ceylon, so pleased was
he with the jat. All the seed on my place
I have imported—some from Darjeeling, some
from the Kodanaavrd (Nilgiris) and some from
Ceylon (from a Mr. Inglis.) Consequently the
seed I am sending youis a hybrid I shall
take it-as a great favor if you would kindly
ask one of your friends to try the seed and
let me know what you think of it. Our
seed is ready for shipment February-April.
Thanking you in anticipatioa, I beg to re-

main, yours truly, |
JAS. A. McMILLAN.

(We will get the seed tried at once, but
there is certainly no opening for tea seed in
Ceylon !—Eb. T' A.}

* ? Bther or some acid—Ep Tod,

AGRICULTURIST. 115

THE OLDEST THA-TREE,
A SCOTTISH EX-PROPRIETOR'S CONFIRMATION.
Edinburgh, May 28.

DeEAR Sir,—A letter appears in your Over-
land issue of 9th May by Mr. Cottam from
Pen-y-lan estate, headed ‘‘ Have we tonnd the
oldest tea-tree?” I think so: for on reading
the name ‘‘ Llewellyn” and ‘“ Pen-y-lan,” a
dormant memory of the decade forty is
awakened. 1] remember Mr. Llewellyn
(senr.) visiting Captain Reddie at ‘““The Hagie’s
Nest” bungalow on Karagastenne estate,
somewhere in the middle of the ‘‘ forty de-
cade,” and of his saying either that he was
about to experiment in planting tea, or that
he had done so on his estate in Dolosbage.
The tea-tree mentioned by Mr. Cottam cannot
be under 55 years old—probably more, if it
could be found out in what year Mr. Llewellyn
bought and settled on Pen-y-lan.—Yours truly,

. P. D. MILLIE, ~

“THA SEHD OIL”:
MR. DRUMMOND DEANE’S LATEST
EXPERIMENT.
Travancore, S. India, June 16.

DEAR S1R,—! have read with interest the ex-
tracts you give of Mr. Thomas Christy's letter
asking for information about Ceylon oils. Now
I have been recently experimenting with tea
seed oil, the seed taken from ‘‘China” and
hybrid bushes, and am in correspondence with
my London agents about it and am sending
them a sample gallon of oil and also some
of the poonac by next steamer from Cochin.
The poonac when potash is added ‘ lathers’
freely and has the cleansing properties of
scap. The oil is clear and not unlike olive
oil; 1 lb. of clean seed gives, so far as my ex-
periments go, ‘20 ib. clean oil, but I think if
the poonac were boiled and oil taken out,
it would be quite °25. Tea seed oil has been
used in China from time immemorial for
burning purposes ; for light, it burns well and
gives little smoke.

I am unaware that it has ever been tried
as an article ot commerce, but the yield in
low jat fields if not pruned frequently is
very large and possibly it might pay plant-
ers to abandon such fields tor the purpose
of converting the seed into oil. Next hot
season | intend gathering off a field of low jat
tea systematically, with the object of testing
fully the cost of production.—I amy, sir,
yours faithfully,

H, DRUMMOND DHANH.

P.S.— Before reading your article I was in
correspondence with ‘* indian Gardening’
and the ‘1.T.A,” on this subject, and no doubt
that paper will shortly have something to
say about the matter, as I sent samples of
oil and poonac for.analysis. I am posting
you a small bottle of ordinary oil. Some I
have sent London is much clearer, Also a
small piece of poonac in case you think it
worth while to have them analysed for
your readers’ information, i

H, D, D,

116 THE TROPICAL

“ ACACIA DECURRENS”: AS A
“NEW” PRODUCT FOR CHYLON.

Albion, Nuwara Eliya, June 20.
DeAR Sir,—Your paragraph in Observer
of 17th instant, ve acacia decurrens as a
possible new product for Ceylon, is likely
to give anyone interested the impression
that it has not yet had a trial. I first
planted acacia decurrens here in 1887 on
very ordinary patana soil, and there is
no doubt as to its being a success, as I
have marketed several tons of bark from
a small belt, and during the past few years
have sold (mostly locally), over 300 lb. of
seed, the produce of my older trees; while
a sample of bark that was sent to the
last Paris Exhibition was awarded a medal.
(The tree that produced it was raised from
my own seed.) To make it areally paying
concern it should be grown on a large
scale for export, and if in a locality where
the timber would command a sale (fuel),
that item would add considerably to the
profits. You might publish some of the
detailed estimates given in Maidan’s *‘ Wat-
tlesand Wattlebarks ;’ and if a syndicate
could be formed to take the matter up,
Government might reasonably be asked to
lease or grant free for a term of 10 or 12
years, a few thousand acres of the now
useless patanas, not only in Uva but say
beween Nanuoya and Summit Level. Mr.
Thomas Kent ‘ discovered” the virtues of
mimosa bark extract and received as a
reward (10,000) ten thousand acres of the
richest land he could find in Tasmania.—

Yours faithfully, A. J. KELLOW.

BASIC SUPERPHOSPHATE AND “ HUGHES:
PATENT.”

London, June 21st, 1901.
DEAR Sir,—The Overland Observer received
this week contains a criticism on the above from

a planter who, you state, ‘‘has paid a good deal.

of attention to the subject of the proper manure
for tea.”

It would be very out of place for me to oc-
cupy your space with a view to supporting the
merits of a manure introduced by myself. Basic
Superphosphate must succeed on its own merits,

and it will be sufficient to mention that the -

material has been devised upon chemical princi-
ples in order to supply phosphate of limein a
readily available form, for application to soils
naturally deficient in lime, upon which ordinary
Acid Superphosphate, when used alone, cannot
exert, its full benefit.

The practical value of the invention has been
recognised by the formation last January of a
syndicate consisting of six of the largest manure
firms in the United Kingdom who have taken
up the patent rights, and the manure is now
being prepared and sold in considerable quanti-
ties. Ceylon planters, who are shrewd men of
business, will properly appreciate the above facts
and I now proceed to briefly reply to the points
of objection raised by the planter already re-
ferred to. He states that, unless Basic Super-
phosphate is cheaper than Basic Slag, he does
not think there will be much sale for it in
Ceylon. In reply I can assure him that this is
yo reason whatever, because the new manure

AGRICULTURIST. (Aue. 1, 1901.

is of superior solubility in regard to its compo-
sition and therefore should command a higher
price per ton.

I quite agree with the planter that tea only
requires Phosphoric Acid in comparatively small
proportion, but itrequires to get it ina form readily
available as plant food, and notin the condition of
a hard fused mass like slag, however finely phe
latter may be ground.

“Planter” rather contradicts himself in first stat-
ing that Tea only requires Phosphoric Acid as an
essential ingredient to a moderate extent, and
then going on tostate that Basie Slag which
contains fully 38 to 40 per cent of Pho-phate of
lime is more effective as a material for burying with
prunings than even burnt and slaked lime which
practically contains no Phosphate of lime at all.

The cost of Basic Superphosphate in England is
about £2 10s per ton for the usual quality which
contains 26 per cent of Phosphate of lime soluble
in a weak solution of Citric Acid (1 in 1,000 parts
of water.) For foreign shipmentit has the great
advantage over Acid Superphosphate that, being
Alkaline in character, there is no danger of the
bags being rotted dwiing the voyage; and importers
will fully appreciate what immunity from
damage in that respect means.

“Planter” evidently recognises the value of the
invention when he concludes his letter by remark-
ing that concentrated Superphosphate of lime
could be mixed with finely-slaxed coral lime, and
might be found acheaper form for restoring the
balance to crops which gre annuals, but he adds,
for Tea the problem is more complicated.

My patent consists in the conversion of Acid
Superphosphate into alkaline or Basic Superphos-
phate by the use of lime, andI am not restricted
to any particular strength or quality of the res-
pective ingredients ; so that the most concentrated
Superphosphate can be treated with lime prior to
shipment, and thus all the annoyance of damage,
through the rotting of the bags during transit,
will be avoided and the manure will arrive ina
fine, dry, powdery condition admirably adapted
for mixiug with the other ingredients necessary
to form a suitable complete compound fertiliser
for Tea or Coffee.

I enclose you an official reprint of my paper
read before the Society of Chemical Industry at
Burlington House on April Ist, which also gives an
account of the discussion which followed the same,

JOHN HUGHES,
Agricultural Analyst.

TEA SEED OIL.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME EXPERIMENTS.
Mount Lavinia, June 22,
DEAR SirR,—In answer to your request for
some information regarding tea seed oil,
perhaps the following notes may be useful :—
Some five years since, I experimented with
this oil, which was extracted in two. differ-

-ent ways :—(l) by pressing the seed in a

**chekku” and (2) by boiling the seed, when.
the oil was removed by skimming the surface
of the liquor. The first kind was like fine
olive oil in appearance: and, according to
the City Analyst, to whom I submitted
samples, it was possessed of many of the
latter’s properties. It made an excellent illu-
minant, being in that respect fully equal to
coconut oil: and was also very useful as a
lubricant for machinery, being equal ta the

Ave. 1, 1901.]

best vegetable oils used for that purpose. I
used it in the tea factory for some time,
and gave samples to my neighbours. who
spoke well of it. Tea seed oil has been used
for centuries by the Chinese and Japanese
for lighting, cooking and varnishing pur-
poses. Our estate coolies use it for lighting
and cooking, and also for anointing their
bodies. The boiled oil gives a good stain and
polish to wood work of all kinds, and would
make a very fair varnish; and the poonac
after the oil has been extracted from it
would most probably make an excellent fer-
tilizer for tea.

The raw oil is specially well suited for pur-
poses of soap-manufacture, and would in this
respect undoubtedly rival coconut-oil, if it
could be produced at the same cost. But
here is the ruob!—and I came to the conclu-
sion, after going carefully into the question
of production, etc., that, excepting perhaps
upon land already abandoned (i.e. unweeded
and uncultivated), it would not be harvested
with profit. And even then the seed would
inevitably deteriorate in quantity and quality
as the bushes become gradually enveloped
in new jungle grow:h. In South [India the
conditions may perhaps be different.

I published an account of iny experiments
in * Planting Opinion” for (IL think) June or
July 1896. but at present lam away trom my
notes. On my return to the estate, I will
furnish Mr. Deane with a copy of Mr. Coch-
ran’s report.—Yours faithfully,

OLIVER COLLETT.

TEA-GROWING IN SOUTH CAROLINA.

To the Editor, The Tropical Agriculturist.

Oftice of Special Agent, Tea Culture, U.S,
Dept. Agriculture, ‘‘Pinehurst,” Summerville,
S.C., June 6th, 1901.

Srr,—I note in the May No. of your ever-
instructive and welcome journal your ap-
arent surprise that the article written by
Mrs. Ellis for the ‘‘Keview of Reviews”
did not allude ‘‘to the part played by an
old Ceylon planter—Mr. Henry Cottam” in
the local experimentation. Aside from the
fact that the work was that of another, it
is but justice to Mr. Cottam and myself to
state that his visit to Pinehurst was most
agreeable, inspiriting, and advantageous to
me; although the first cold winter caused
me to abandon, as unsuitable to this climate,
the Ceylonese methods of cultivation of
which, very naturally, Mr. Cottam was the
enthusiastic exponent. And [ might add
that experience has demonstrated that it is
better to conform to the taste of the buyer
than to attempt to convert him. —Yours
very truly, CHARLES U. SHEPARD.

MR. A. COOKEH’S SCHEME FOR A
TEA RESERVE

Watawala, July 8.
DeaR Sir.—Referring to Mr. A. Cooke’s
scheme—I see no reason why it should not
be quite workable, with good agents in
Calcutta and Colombo ; provided that it re-
ceives’ sufficient support in India and Ceylon.
Qf course, there would be a tug of war, for

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 117

some months after its inauguration, be-
tween the buyers and the Syndicate ; and
the side that holds on longest wins.—Yours
faithfully, D. K

SOURCES OF TIMBER SUPPLY ON THE
NILGIRIS.

Srr,—A Forest Conservator in 1876 declared that,
if forest conservancy on the Nilgiris was efficiently

carried out and an adequate number of ‘exotic’

trees, Australian gums aod aca ias, planted, thou-
sands of tons of timber would be available annually
to send down the ghaut for locomotive purposes,
sleepers, building, ete. ; adding that eucalyptus
globulus, thongh inferior to te:k tor the interior
fitting of houses, is known to be a valuable build-
ing material and used in Australia for beams,
joists, rafters, and in outdoor work for piers,
bridges, fences, rails, railway sleepers and shafts
and spokes, and other purposes. Twenty-five years
have elapsed since this was said, and the sanguine
expectations of this enthusiastic forest official
remain unrealised, for no hill-grown timber finds
its way down the ghaut and the Nilgiri Railway
burns coal and refuses to depend for its sleepers
on a local supply.

It was not so long agoeither, that an indent for
timber from Calicut could not be supplied from
the Mudumallay forest for the reason that none
was available.

Mucumallay, referred to, is a forest lying co the
north-west of the Nilgiris on the Mysore frontier,
extending trom Tibbakadu northwards beyond the
Mudumallay Hill, until it joins the Wainad teak
hill. [tis approximately 300 square miles in ex-
tent, of which 200 square miles lave been leased
by Government from the Tirumalaped of Nilam.
bur, for 29 years, at a rental of rupees 3,500,
beginning with the year 1862. Before that date a
five years’ lease exisied of the same forest, from
which the supply of teak for the construction of
the Wellington barracks was drawn. This forest
contains much teak and other timber, but is so re-
mote that sacb timber reajly has littie marketable
value, except for the Nilgiri piateau and for Mysore,
and communication with the former is by a ghaut
of stiff gradient; and with the latter the road is
some 80 miles in length.

The teak planted at Mudumallay by the Forest
Department in 1868-69, is not promising—being
too far away from the influence of tie South-West
Monsoon ; in fact, experience has shown that teak
planting in mountainous countries does not promise
so well as when planted in rich valleys, though
the mountnin timber is regarded as superior to the
produce of richer and moister soils.

There is another teak forest on the confines of
the Nilgiri District, though strictly speaking no
part of it, named Bentie. It is 80 square miles in
extent, and the property of Government, very
similar to Mudumallay in conteuts, but more ex-
posed to the South-West Monsoon, for which
reason its growth of teak is judged to be finer.

Barring the above, there are really no indige-
nous timber forests on the Nilgiris, Officially
planted Australian gums and acacias amount to
something like 1000 acres\ in extent—buv they
have no appreciable effect on the house building
of the plateau, where the gum is found to be too
stringy and wanting in durability—though I have

heard the District Board Epgineer say that q

118

timber bridge of blue gum piers that had stood in
the water for 15 or 2U years were found on lilting to
be as sound as when put down. ‘This, however,
has not been the experience of others, and the
tact remains that no one who can afford teak or
vengay will build with blue gum.

The 1,000 acres of planted blue gum and acacia
above mentioned are in 21 plantations, but beyond
using these plantations for fuel the Forest Depart-
ment has no demand for their growths. Most of
them are not more than 20 years old, and this may
be a reason why the capability of the exotics are
not known and appreciated.

Of the blue gum—the Forest authority above
quoted says that from measurements made
he can state that 25 tons of dry timber per acre per
annum are sure of being returned,—but a proviso
is added that the growths in most if not all
the plantations sre very uneven and variable—
mere spindlings being interspersed with trees of 2
and 24 feet diameter.

The 21 plantations are scattered over a wide
area,—and are in some instances 20 miles apart, so
that every aspect and soil has been tried.

Private owners have done a great dealin the way
of growing blue gums, but no single planter that [
know of will admit that he is growing the tree for
timber, all being satisfied with it for fuel, and
more particularly for shelter, for which latter
purpose it is admirably adapted.

I was told the other day by the Forest Officer of
the Nilgiris, that the unrestricted growth of blue
gum was seriously menacing the water-supply
of the district, and thus stultifying the purpose
for which conservancy was being ecairied out.
That purpose will Se understood wheni tell you
that, at present, no less than 369 square miles
of forest are close reserves, and proposals are now
under consideration to add 5 or 6 more square
miles to the area. The proportion thus repre-
sented in a small district of only 957 square miles,
with 124 square miles of unculturable w: ste, is
simply unprecedented. Theonly benefit this officer
claims for such wholesale reservation is the
alleged regularity and abundance of the wate: flow
in the Cauvery River. But as this river has two
other confluents, one from Coorg and the other
from the Annamalais—it is hardly fair for the
Nilgiri Forest Officer to take all the credit—even
if the water-supply in the Cauvery River has
been as heclaimsit to be. The late scarcity and
drought in the Southern Presidency was attributed
to the deficiency of irrigation water—then how can
the river flow be what is claimed for it?

A. M. I. C. E.
—Indian Engmecring, June 22.

THE TEA OVERPRODUCTION QUSSTION:

MR. A. COOKE OF CHO'A NAGPORE
ON WHAT IS BEST TO BE DONE;

A BOLD SCHEME FOR TEA GROWERS ;

HIS PAST ADVICE IN RESPECT OF AMERICA.

Drar Sir,—In the pages of ‘‘ Indian Gardening
and Planting” J proposed a schen.e for the use of
the Cess: at that time (April) there had been such
strong recommendations for a Cess from the
majority of those who spoke at public meetings
that it appeared a certainty.

But as week followed week and nothing was
done, [ continued my exertions to get a Cess, and
acting under advice I confined my endeavours to

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

fAue. 1, 1901.

rousing the tea public to vote for the Cess. My
friends said that we must first eateh the Gess
befure we cook it. It is different in Ceylon,
You have a Cess, and are open to receive pro-
posals for the use of it, and so perhaps your
planters will receive my idea without scoffiing LI
strongly bold the doctrine that an absolute redue-
tion cf yield would be fatal, bnt that the prices of
tea at the open sales could be raised by with-
drawing the surplus; that is to say if the buyers
want 1,000 pounds or maunds, or tons, aud 1,100
are offered, prices will be low: but if the sur-
plus of 100 can be withdrawn the buyers will
have to pay the price we want.

Some time ago your planters offered to reduce
the yield by three million lb, and my advice is
to make that three million, but witlidraw it as
lequued by the rates ruling at the sales. If
prices are extiemely low it might be necessary
to withdraw 20 % from each sale for three or
four succe-sive sales, aud as prices improved the
amount to be withdrawn would become less until
absolute equilibrium should be established.
‘* Equilibrium” means a price which would pay
for production and also for selling, the producer
and buyer would both get their legitimate profits,

I may note here that a veserve of tea
would enable us to fill up apy temporary
deficiency which otherwise would force the buyer
to pay a price that left him no margin of profit.

Any sensible scheme must protect the interests
of the buyer.

To returu to the promised reduction of offerings,
I proposed that the tea should be made, but the
cost of making it would haveto be vepaid to
those who join the scheme.

The cost of making tea in India, i. e,
plucking, manufacture, fuel, boxes, freight to
Calcutta and sale charges, comes to about R123
pet mannd of 80 lbs, ie. 24 annas per pound of

ea.

_Ladvised Indian Planters to put on a Cess of 2
ples per pouud which would givea revenue of from
19 to 20 lakhs of rupees; the cost of 10 million
lbs of tea at 24 annas comes to about 15} lakhs,
and leaves 34 to 4% lakhs for expenses of dis-
tribution. I recommended that percentage of tea
should be drawn from the sales of each elass of tea,
not only the lowest, but of alZ classes. Thus ac-
cording to the orders for the amount ot tee to be
withdrawn, each garden would reserve one out of
20 or one out ot 30 or 40 chests of each class of tea.
This reserve could be forwarded on demand to the
Association fur disposal, and would be paid for at
23 annas per puund out of the Cess.

The tea thus reserved would be credited to the
garden at the prices actually obtained at the sale
for the unreserved tea.

‘The reserved tea would be sent to new markets
and disposed of.

If it is given away, there would be no return, bus
supposing it to be soid at 24 annas, clear of all ex-
penses, that sum would be refunded to the gardens,

By this means a certain proportion wou!d
refuud the cost of the Cess itself. The
Cess on 1,000 pounds at 2 pies comes to B10/6/0.
66 |b of tea at 2} annas is also R10/6/0, aud
66 is about 5% per cent of 1,400, so that 54 per
cent of tea reserved andsold at 23 annas would
recover the cost of the Cess at 2 pies per pound
on the whole ercp. There is an old saying that

* Fifteen cents per lb., to which cost of cultivati
has to be added.—Ep. TAs oR

|
i

Aue. 1, 1901.)

you get nothing for nothing and very little for
aha’penny. Apparently | want to propose that
the Cess shall pay itself and thus cost nothing.
But in this case we gain by unity and efficiency.
The mere fact of union amongst tea owners with
a sufficient capital at their backs, will, to begin
with, force the buyers to pay the Cess. The first
two pies increase in prices wiil pay for the Cess.
That sum of money, instead of being distributed
amongst the producers, will be collected for the
general good. It will buy average tea which will
be sent forward to create a demand. When you
give your surplus to the dealers they reserve the
best tea for their ordinary customers, and they
send forward the lowest classes to create a demand.

I have thus shown that, by pretending to pay
a Cess of two pies per pound, we shall force the
buyers to payit, and we shall be able to extend
our markets with average tea at cost price instead
of with low-class rubbish at double that price.

Our average tea will be placed on new markets
at 2} annasat Calcutta, say 34. annas anywhere
in the world, and the present low-class tea bought
in Calcutta at2 annas is placed on those markets
at about 4 to 5 annas, Doesit not follow that
better tea at half price would do more to create
ademand than worse tea at doubie the price?

To put it in aclearer light, we could transfer
the profit from tke buyer in Caleutta or London
to the pockets of the actual tea dealer in the new
market; and he, naving placed the new tea aca
big profit, would go to Calcutta or London and
get more of it.

In armed conflicts the one who can show over-
whelming force is not compelled to use it; it is
only necessary to’ send a commissioner vr two to
take possession of the desired territory.

In our case we can show an overwhelming force
by paying a cess of 2 pies per pound on the first few
invoices of tea, and we compel the buyer to
refund that, and to goon paying this heavy cess,
which we use in recovering that territory which
the force of cireumstances has made over to him,
We shall recover the two annas per pound of tea
which we do not get now, and which is due to us,
and which the buyer and consumer have taken
from us.

I have provided for the greatest difficulty,
which is the storage of the reserved tea, by
proposing that the reserves shall be kept (sealed)
on the gardens till required. We cain expect so
much loyalty from managers that they will hon-
estly reserve the tea, and not fill up the chests with
bad tea or sand.

Even if all is granted there will be a minority
who will refuse to reserve any tea. They will
benefit by selling their whole crop at the improved
rates. The only method of preventing this illicit
gain would be to impose a Cess at a rate that
would cover the gain in prices, and to r fund the
surplus funds to those who subscribed to any
generally approved movement, but this of course
is not practicable. i

I fear that I exhibit a daring which may be
considered folly in lightly mentioning sums of
20 lakhs of rupees per annum, but I have en-
deavoured to show that we shall not actually have
to pay wt ourselves, and these sums are small
compared with the amount of gain to be obtained.

Our Indian crop, when it reaches 190 millions, at
on eanna per pound represents 118% lakhs of rupees,
and an actual expenditure of 2U lakhs would be
cheap for such a return.’ And then I have stated

THE TROPICAL AGRICUL URIST. 119

that’ we shall be able to recover two annas per
pound, which comes to 237% lakhs.

You ia Ceylon spend about two to three lakhs
of rupees per annum, and you do noé get the
buyers to pay it, because India has no Cess and
the prices cannot be forced up. Let us suppose
that you get aretarn of 200 per cent. on your
expenditure, that is to say, you profit to the
extent of 20 or 30 lakhs of rupees; that is real
good business, but what is the use of this paltry
profit divided amongst all tea owners ?

Tt seems to me to be useless to struggle unless
we, the tea makers, get the absolute command of
the situation, and ITreckon that 20 lakhs in India
and J4to 15 in Ceylon would effecé this.

Unlike the simile used above, we send an insut-
ficient foree to capture the desired territory, and
that force is cut up, and we remain vanquished ;
we remain the absolute slaves of the buyers. They
will allow us only sufficient food to keep us alive.

By using ten times our present force we shall
conquer and make up tor lost time, and the tea
world will belong to us; and China and Japan
will retire into their own borders.

This scheme of mine surpasseseven Mr. Mace-
kenzie’s aspirations. You could let him handle
millions of pounds of good tea. Several years ago
I (** 1874”) advised you to make ‘‘ Green Tea,” and
to send bie lots of tea to Arnerica to sell for what
they would fetch ; but Mr Mackeazie would not
dare to be years ahead of his time.

Tanderstand that your Associations are feeling
sore with him, but in point of fact you set him
to an impossible task ; you wanted to get a return
of one anna per pound on your tea for an expen-
diture of two lakhs of rupees.—Yours,

A. COOKE,

GUTTA PERCHA AND RUBBER.—There can
be no doubt that in these we have two
products, the demand for which is bound
to go on increasing for many years; while
itis very doubtful if the present supply from
the natural forests of South America, Africa,
the Malayan archipelago and India can be
maintained, Planters in suitable regions are
bound more and more to study all available
information about Rubber, &c., and to go in
for the cultivation as far as possible. In this
connectior. we call attention to an interest-
ing suggestive letter from our correspondent,
Mr. Godefroy-Lebceuf, of Paris, accompanied
by a very fine sample of raw gutta percha,
due to some process not yet generally known,
although the tree is a well-known one in
the Straits. ‘In other respects, the informa-
tion of our correspondent is interesting, as
when he speaks of rubber-yielding trees
suitable toa dry climate and soil, such as
prevails in Algiers and Tunis, and which
might therefore be of service in Northern
Ceylon. We hope to hear more on this
subject. A great dealof information rexpect-
ing Mimusops baluta is given in our Manual,
> All about Rubber.” As to gutta-yielding
trees, we fear there are few ia Ceylon—none
yet grown by planters (?) we believe—though
the late Dr. Trimen did much to proiote
the growth of the best (Dichopsis gutta) inthe
Peradeniya and Henaratgoda Gardens. We
should be glad tohave any sample of “gum” or
“latex” to send to our correspondent in Paris.

12@ THE TROPICAL

PLANTING NOTES.

GETTING Rip oF Couch Grass.—The following
method is reported to be entirely successfnl:—
Plough during midsummer, and keep couch from
getting much headway by occasional harrowing
during autumn months. Cross-plough in spring,
harrow thoroughly, and sow some strong=growing
crop in drills, Hoe constantly uatil crop is mature,
Then repeat first year’s proceedings At the close of
the second year not 2 vestige of couch will remain.

—Agricultual Gazette of New South Wales.

CoconuTs.—The question has recently been
raised as to the largest number of nuts of
all sizes which a coco palm can have on it
at one time? Some one mentions 500 to 700;
but we are inclined to think this too much.
Has any one ever taken the trouble to count ?
—Then again, what was the largest
number ever got at one plucking from a
single tree? At Zanzibar wesee that in one
case, where quarterly pluckings were ob-
‘served, over 100 nuts (110 in one case) were
got from several trees. Is that unusual ?

TIMBER ON THE NILGIRIS —Some interest-
ing notes On the timber supply of the Nil-
giris appear in our daily and Z. A. It
is pointed out that the exotics, Austra-
lian gums and acacias, though extensively
planted, are not held in much favour for
timber, but are rather grown for fuel and
shelter. Wood for timber is usually drawn
from the teak forests of the Nilgiris. A
drawhack to gums and acacias is their great
capacity for the exhaustion of moisture.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SocivTY : ORCHIDS.—
The fortnightly show of the Royal Horticultural
Society was held yesterday at the Drill hall,
James-street, Westminster. The orchids made a
beautiful show, and nearly every collection in-
cluded numerous specimens of Cattleya Mossias.
Sir F Wigan sent a group which contained some
fine Miltonias, with a few Masdevuailias, a pretty
example of Sobralia macrantha alba, white with
a tinge of yellow in the throat, and two plants
of the Thunia Marshalliana, bearing white
blooms with variegated hairy lips, on the top
of flag-like foliage. Messrs. Veiich and Sons’
group included three Oncidinms of the divari-
catum variety, having long sprays of small
yellow flowers. Among the orchids staged by Mr
J Colman, of Gatton-park, Reigate, there was a
well-grown Cymbidium and many excellent
Odontoglossums. Mr H Smee, of the Grange,
Hackbridge, and Messrs. H,Sow and Co. ex-
hibited some handsome Cattleyas. Mr HT
Pitt’s collection included a splendid donto-
glossum Crispum Pittianum, well marked with
brown blotches on white; Messrs, Stanley, Ashion,
and Co. sent a large variety, one of the orchids
which took an award of merit heing a pretty
Cattleya Mossiz of the ‘‘Mrs F W Ashton”
variety, which had white petals, prettily crimpled
lip, with very light crimson-purple markings,
and » rim of yellow round the middle of the
lobe; and Mr H F Simmonds, of Beckenham,

staged a beautiful group All the above ex-
hibitors were awarded medals, and Mr R H
Murray, of Great Marlow, received “ cultural

commendation” for a grand plant of Dendrobium

thyrsiflorum. Among the miscellaneous groups
there were several charming displays of hardy
flowers.—London Times, June 5th,

AGRICULTURIST. [Ave. 1, 1901.

™ GAMBOGE FRUITS.—Mr. Gutteridge, the Cur-
ator of ihe Liverpool Botanie Gardens, obligingly
sends us frnits of the tree yielding the gam known
as Gamboge. Wedo not remember to have seen
them previously They are glubose, the size of a
small App!e or Dios yros kaki, aud of a yellow
colour. We may allude to them on a future
oceasi 1n —Gardeners’ Chronicle, May 25.

CoFFEE IN Costa Rica - is the subject of
a second contribution in our daiy and
T.A. from a planter who owes his birth
if not his training to Ceylon and who
has a good deal to tell us about the
mode of working in the Central American
Republic; but strange to say, as our note to
the letter mentions, nothing is said about
Cacao which we understand to be a great
crop in Costa Rica for local consumption.

TEA SEED OrL.- Mr. Drummond Deane's
letter elsewhere opens up a happy vista for
the proprietor with abandoned, or anything
but paying tea fields. Tea seed oil may
figure in our Chamber of Commerce exports
by this time two years hence! But we have
first to await the result of the experiments
Mr. Deane is making, unless any planters
in Ceylon will experiment for themselves.
We shall be glad, if so, to hear of their
results.

A CoFFEE EXCHANGE In R10 DE JANEIRO.—It
is proposed to establish « Coffee Exchange in Rio
de Janeiro, with branches ana depdis in Santos,
Bahia and Victoria, A petition has already been
made to the President of tie Repubiic. This Ex-
change is to he managed by seven directors to be
chosen by pariies interested in the trade, except
the ch-irman, who is to be nominated by the
Government. [bt is also proposed to establish
agencies to furnish statistics of the production

and consumption of coffee. in order to establish
a basis for arranging the prices.—Handel’s
Museum.

OVERRPODUCTION AND THE FUNCTION OF
GOVERNMENT.—There is a curious remark in
a recent London market Report in reference
to the Overproduction of Brazilian Coffee
which we do not think has been nusticed
locally. The writer says :—

“In December last, the popular figure was

9,500,000 bags receipts for the season, today
10,500,000 bags is likely to be nearer the mark,
Another object lesson is that, even haif way throngh
@ crop, estimates are anything but infailible.
It is curious that, whilst modern Governments
ean take away from the individual in money,
for the benefit of himself and his country, they
capnot take away from him in kind, for the same
benevolent purpose. We hear of Government
bounties to stimulate production, but we never
hear of Government action to eheck the same.
Ii the Brazilian Government were to destroy a
percentage of the Brazilian Coffee Planters’ pro-
duetion. the individual and the Government would
benefit, and why, if it be wi-e to stimulate,
it should be foolish to check, we cannot under-
stand.”
This has reference to the fact that the cur.
rent season’s Brazil Coffee Crop—or rather
Rio and Santos exports —are to reach 11 to 12
million bags, whereas the world (according
to W H Crossman & Brothers) only wants
8} million bags of ‘Rio and Santos.”

Ava, 1, 1901.} THE
‘THE DUMONT COFFEE CO., LTD.

Directors 1N Lonpon.—P R Buchanan (Chairman),
HK Rutherford, Hon. H A Lawrence, G A Talbot,
R Hart, and S Boulnois.

Drrectors in Brazin.—John Buchanan and Senhor
Rodolfo Miranda.

AupitTors.— Messrs.
Husey & Co,

SECRETARIES AND ManaGinc AGENTS.—Messrs. P R
Buchanan & Co.

Orricrs,—45, Leadenhall Street, London, H.C.

Report to be presented at the Fifth Annual General
Meeting of the Dumont Ooffee Company, Limited,
to be held at Winchester House, Old Broad Street,
London, E.C., on Monday, the 24th day of June,
1991, at 12 noon, The Directors submit the General
Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account fox the
year ending 3lst December, 1900.

The Gross Profit for the year, exclusive of

£7,097 12s 8d brought forward from

Jackson, Pixley, Browning,

previous year, amounted to w= =£58,495
And the London Charges were ee 3,340
Leaving a Nett Profit of asa deck 1) BSD ENLS ES)
Amount brought forward from 1899 Oe 7,098
£62,253
Interest at 54 per cent. per
annum (less Income Tax)
has been paid on the Deben-
tures, amounting to «. £20,981
Income Tax on same as 1,008
A payment of 2% per cent. (leas
: Income Tax) was made on
19th April, 19C1, on account
of arrears of Dividend on
the Preference Shares... 9,500
Income Tax on same co 500
—__— 31,989
Leaving a balance of be «.. £30,264
It is proposed to place toa Reserve Account 20,000
And to carry forward a balance of £10,264

The Crop, which was estimated at 75,000 cwt.,
amounted to 81,781 cwt. Of this quantity, 70,478 cwt.
were sold in London, and the remainder in Santos
and New York.

The gross average price realised for the whole crop
was equivalent to 40/2 per cwt. landed in London,
as against 29/4} per cwt. the previous year, but owing
to the adverse milreis Exchange the cost in London
was 6/10 per cwt. more than in 1899.

The spot price of “good average Santos
Ooffee,” during the period of the year in
which the Company’s crop was sold, was 35/8

per cwt., while the average price realised for the Com-
pany’s pulped Coffee, of which there were 22,760 cwis.,
was 47/7, and for the Oompany’s unpulped Coffee
87/4 per cwt.

Owing to the increased production of Coffee from
Brazil during the year under review, the price of
ordinary Santos Coffee has now fallen to 29/ per cwt.,
and With the Exchange at about 114d per milreis,
the margin of profit is considerably diminished,
causing the position of growers to be one of anxiety
at the present time.

Under these circumstances, and in view of the
necessity of providing working capital, the Directors,
after serious consideration, do not feel justified in re-
commending the distribution of any further dividend,
but consider it prudent to place the sum of £20,000
to Reserve Account, carrying forward £10,263 15s 7d.

With regard to the condition of the Hstate and
of crop prospects, the Manager writes, under date
the 8th April:—

“©GRmNERAL APPEARANCE oF PrRoPERTY.—This con-
tinues most satisfactory, and there is lots ot wood
to give another good crop in 1902. I suppose that
Bourbon Coffee at Agua Vermelha and Paty will

16

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 121

give less, as it seems only to yield well every second
year, but all the old Coffee looks as well as ever
it did, and the young fields at Guerra, Iguape, and
Paty have very much improved and ought to bear
well next year.”

e The Coffee crop harvested to 31st ultimo was 38,000
cwts,, aS against 23,300 cwts. to same date last year,
and the Manager’s latest estimate of the current
crop is 120,090 cwis.

Mr, & Hart and Hon. H A Lawrence are the re-
tiring Divectors, and, being eligible, offer themselves
for re-election,

The Auditors, Messrs, Jackson, Pixley, Browning,
Hnusey & Co., also retire, and again offer themselves
for re-election.—By order of the Board, P, R
Bucuanan & Oo., Secretaries.

12th June, 1901,

PITIAGAMA CINCHONA COMPANY.

Minutes of general meeting held at No, 11
Queen Street, Colombo, at 12 noon on Satur-
day the 29th June, 1901.

Present. —Messrs S Bois, H G Bois and C
E H Symons.’

Minutes of last general meeting were read
and confirmed.

Notice convening the meeting was read.

Proposed by Mr H G Bois .and seconded by
Mr C EK H Symons :—That the Report and
accounts for the 18 months ending 3lst Janu-
ary 1901 be adopted.—Carried.

Proposed by Mr C E H Symons and
seconded by. Mr F W Bois’ attorney :—That
Mr Stanley Bois be re-elected Director,

Proposed by Mr. C. E. H. Symons and
seconded by Miss W. Cross Buchanan’s
attorney, that Mr. HK. M. Shattock be re-
appointed auditor on a fee not exceeding R50.

The report was as follows :—

The Directors herewith beg to submit their
Report and Balance Sheet for the thirteen months
ended 3lst January, 1901.

The total quantity of Tea manufactured during
the period under review amounted to 106,948 lb.,
of which 101,195 lb. was secured during the twelve
months to 3lst December last, against an estimate

of 77,0001b. ; the average price per lb. realised
being cents. 33°02, against cents 38°33 in 1899.

The Directors have to point out that the amount
of R23,206'68 appearing in last year’s account as
in suspense has been transferred, which accounts
for the balance of the Profit and Loss Account (viz.,
R27,765 64, as will be seen trom the accounts) being
so cousiderably in excess of that for the year 1899.

As previously intimated to the Shareholders,
the estate has now been leased for a term of ten
years, with the option to the Lessee of discontinu-
ingsame after the expiry of seven years as trom
the Ist February, 1901.

The Lessee is to have the option of purchase at
any time during the currency of the lease for the
sum of £7,000—less £500 to be spent by him in
putting the Estate and Factory into good working
order—t.e., for £6,500 sterling nett.

Mr Stanley Bois retires from the board, but is
eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Anditor for the current
year rests with the meeting.

TEA COMPANY, LIMITED.
ANNUAL REPORT.
The Directors have the pleasure to submit the
Balance Sheet and Accounts of the Company for the
year ending 3lst Murch 1901, duly audited,

122

The yield of Tea largely exceeded the estimate in
spite of finer plucking during the last three mouths of
the season, and the cost of production, though slightly
higher than last year, is still moderate. The average
price obtained for the Tea is again lower, owing to
the unsatisfactory state of the market during the year.
The expenditure includes that incurred on New Clear-
ings, Buildings, and Machinery.

The total yield was 1,236,272 lb, Tea plucked off
2,185 acres, being at the rate of 565 lb. peracre all
round, costing free on board at Colombo 23°92 cents
or 3'93d per lb, The gross average price of the
1,220,246 lb. sold in London was 7°51 per lb.

The crops for the current season owing to finer
plucking are estimated at 1,188,000 lb. tea, :

The gross average at which drafts were negociated
was 1s 44d per Rupee against 1s 4 5-16d in the previous
season,

The Directors desire to place on record their appre-
ciation of the services of their Manager and his staff
in Ceylon.

STATEMENT SHEWING RESULTS OF WORKING FOR
THE FOUR YEARS ENDING 31ST MARCH, 1901.

Divi-
dends

Acreage Plucked,
Total Vea Orop.
Yield per acre.

f0,b. Colombo.

Tea sold in London.
Average Rate of Hx-
change per Rupee.
Ordinary.

Season.
aGross Average per lh,

Acres. lb. lb.
1897-98 2,041 994,413 487
1898-99 2,081 1,031,782 495
1899-00 2,185 1,209,451 552
1900-91 2,185 1,236,272 565 3°93

The Profit for the year
amounts to

To which has to be
added Interest oe

Andthe Balance from
last year of of 952 10 5

——_-_—_-- — £14,375 4 3

Interest on the Mort-
gage Debentures has been
paid, less Income Tax ..

Dividends onthe 6 per
cent. Preference Shares
for the 12 months were
paid on the 3rd October
1900, and 8rd April 1901,
less Tax O00

An Interim Dividend of

% per cent. on the Ordi-
nary Shares was paid,
less Tax, on the 9th
January, 190]

Income Tax to April
1901 has been paid ..

Irv 1s PRoPosED—

To pay a final Dividend
of 4% per cent. on the
Ordinary Shares, making
6 percent. for the year,
which will require, Jess
Tax, 00

To transfer to Reserve
(increasing this account
to £4,500) on

And to carry forward
to next year the balance
of D0

wm . Cost of Crop per lb.
i=)
—
7.
eS

Gey

om wes)
aoaag Preference.

SAAD

wen

£13,290 5 11
132 71

399 0 0

5,301 0 0

1,425 0 0
722 2 0

4,975 0 0
1,500 0 0

7538 2 3

£14,375 4 3

The Director retiring on this occasion is Mr Charles
Fetherstonhaugh and, being eligible, he offers him-
gelf for re-election, i

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Avc. 1, 1901,

Mr. John Smith, the Auditor, also retires and offer
himsge)f for re-elecsion.

By Order of the Board, ROBERTSON, BOIS & Co.,
Agents and Secretaries.

12, Fenchurch Street, London, E.0., 18th June, 1901.

SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY’S ESTATES.

a ro
Fagen eaten she
Se fo% ¢ 38
Estates. ¢ a ea a Ss Of Total.
Ho How © ayer
Kirkoswald 756 ak ff Jee _— 877
Bridwell 382 DOMED nae 15 473
Elbedde 705 — 27 15 — TAT
Bogawana 342 26 44 6 18 436
Total 2,185 97 180 38 33 2,533 acres.
Ts
PLANTING NOTES.
OTTERY TEA Company.—This Company

will be wound up shortly and the purchasers
of the property of the Company ought to
make a good bargain.

GREEN TEAS.—We call attention to the
weekiy report of Messrs. Walker, Lamhe
& Co. on another page. The quantity of
Ceylon green teas sent is said to have been
so insignificant as not to makeit worth
buyers’ while to attend to it.

A BIOLOGICAL STATION FOR CEYLON.—
Referring to the appointment of Professor
Herdman to report on the Pearl Fisheries of
Ceylon, unofficially announced by us, Mr. Collett
looks forwayd to its consummation in that it
will probably lead to the establishment of a
Biological station for the island, whither
students will come from all parts of the world,
a station such as is found at Naples today.
Fees from such students, it was pointed out
to us, would go a good way towards paying
for the expense of the station,

“ ACACIA DECURRENS.”—Wejhave pleasure
in publishing today the letter sent us by
Mr. A, J. Kellow of Albion estate Nuwara-
Hliya, giving his experience of growing
‘“acacia decurrens.” His experiment has
been attended with undoubted success, and
he thinks the cultivation of this plant could be
made a really paying concern if it were
carried out on a large scale for the pur-
pose of export. This could be done by a
syndicate and the reasonable suggestion is
made that Government might be asked to
lease or grant a few thousand acres of
the patnas in Uva and between Nanuoya
and Summit Level.

MANURING BANANAS.—Mr RH Elworthy, of
Priestman’s River, took 5 acres of his coast lands
in Portland, red soil which, he states, does not grow
bananas ; he manured one acre with sheep manure
and on this acre the bananas made luxuriant
growth, and came in earliest, but bore small
bunches of seven and eight hands. On one
acre rotten coconut husks were dug in, and
here the fruit came slow, with less stem and head
growth than the acre with sheep manure, but the
bunches were larger and fairly good on the
whole. On the remaining three acres no manure
was applied, and the bananas grew very poorly,
producing, when they produced fruit at all, small
bunches and poor fruit.—Jowrnal of the Dept.
of Agricultwre of Western Australia for June.

uc! 1, 1901.)

ADVERTISING TEA.—Mr. P. C. Larkin’s
letter to Mr. Mackenzie provides very sound
reading and his battle-cry, ‘‘ advertise,” is
well spoken. As to the progress of Greens
in the West, it rests with the planters, as
Mr. Larkin says. But for pushing black
teas Mr. Larkin’s argument applies equally,
except in so far as. an established taste
has tobe changed, and it is only wholesale
advertising, thus getting at the consumer,
that will make a way for Ceylon black teas
in America. _

“Basic SUPERPHOSPHATH.”-— We direct at-
tention to Mr. John Hughes’ reply to the
criticism «hich has appeared in our columns.
The contents of the accompanying pamphlet,
we shall give in our Tropical Agricuturist,
more particularly because the discussion—
where Mr. Hughes’ views met with a good
deal of criticism, though on the whole he
carried the experts present with him,—is ex-
ceptionally interesting. [tis curious to read
that ‘*‘some years ago (Mr. D. A. Louis, a
pupil in Rothamstead Laboratory, is speak-
ing) ‘“‘Dr. Augustus Voelcker, Sir John
Lawes and Sir Henry Gilbert all set their
faces against basic slag and considered it
absolutely valueless.” Again, later on, Dr.
John Voelcker considered it worthless. The
latter afterwards pointed out that the basic
slag as now used was a very different body
from the slag that was first introduced.—
But all the same, we infer from the dis-
cussion that the first agricultural chemists
of the age were mistaken at first as tothe
future before basic slag—and why not pos-
sibly in some other matters? We live to
learn.

THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION IN OAL-
cutta—is inclined to be bitter against the
Ceylon Planters or their Association for
reasons which will be found in their pro-
ceedings given elsewhere. If we could only
have foreseen war and a war-tax in 1898,
doubtless the course taken in Ceylon that
year in regard to the Tea Duty would have
been very different.—On the other hand we
have been urging the Indian Tea Association
and planters for half-a-dozen years back to
establish a ‘‘Tea Cess” after the example of
Ceylon; and only nowdo they realise the neces-
sity and importance; and yet, still, we may
ask, where is the Memorial to the Viceroy,
signed by every Tea or Planters’ Associa-
tion Chairman and Secretary—or better still
by every planter—in India? Instead of a
move of this kind, all the planters’ energy
seems to be spent in writing to the

ress, and we have even appeals to us in

eylon, to help them to get a Tea Cess!
So strongly do we feel in the matter that
we would have our P.A last year to ask the
Governor of Ceylon to mention the import-
ance of the matter to Lord Curzon; but
there is a certain degree of local jealousy ;
and it is far more important that the Indian
Tea Planters should memorialise on their
own account. Cannot so prolifica writer as
“A.C.” draft a brief pithy Memorial of half-
a-dozen paragraphs at most? Then, if such
were approved in Calcutta, printed and
circulated with sheets for signature, the
whole business could be done in a month

or so.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 123

_Mrimpuanps RAmiE SPINNING Co, Lrp.—Re-
gistered June 13th, with a capital of £10,000, in
£1 shares, to adopt an agreement with E A Wallis
aud W Watson, to acquire any patents, inven-
tions, and the like, and to carry on the business
of ramie manufacturers, growers and merchants,
cite. Noinitial publicissue. The number of direc-
tors is not to be less than2 nur more than 5; the
subscribers are to appoint the first qualification,
£100; remuneration as fixed by the company.
Registered by Fullilove & Co., 120; Cannon StE ©,

CoFFEE IN Braziu.—In his message to the
Congress of the State of S. Paulo, the Pre-
sident refers to ‘‘the financial crisis through
which the whole country is passing aggra-
vated by the low price of coffee.” He shows
that, in 1892, 2455 millions of kilograms of
coffee shipped were officially valued at close
on 252 million dollars; and, in 1900, about 267
millions only was the value of as much as
387 million kilograms! He then goes on :—

Undoubtedly other coffee-producing countries will
likewise feel the fall and have to contend with dif-
ficulties as great as ours. Planters in Java and
Sumatra already complain of the damage inflicted
by the over-production of this country and main-
tain that the future of coffee will be everywhere
controlled by conditions here, In Mexico, the West
Indies and Central America complaints are also
heard that coffee is no longer profitable in consequence
of our competition. After spending so much labour
and money on raising the coffee industry to its
present proportions, it would be a tremendous mistake
to abandon the struggle when the exceptionally
favourable conditions and the fertility of our soil
and the tenacity of our planters are the most certain
guarantee of ultimate success. If coffee cultivation
has to be abandoned anywhere, it will not bein §.
Paulo, where the conditions of resistance are better
than anywhere else!

What is wanted is that planters, merchants and
Government should work all together and harmoniously,
for the common end and give no attention to fanci-
ful measures that can effect no real remedy and
only make things worse.

To cut down working expenses, improve their
process and secure permanent and steady labour,
should be the aim of planters thus imitating the
example of countries where production igs far
more insignificant, but better prices are secured by
better products. On the side of commissarios, they
should aim at extending old markets and opening
new ones as well as at organising local elements
of resistance to speculation, and the elimination of
useless middlemen and consequent reduction of
commission and direct dealing wish consumers. The
Santos market, important as itis, is now too narrow
for operations so vast and branches of several ex-
porting houses have, we are informed, been already
started in America and Kurope, whilst a few planters
have commenced selling direct to consumers with
good results, Hnergy and agitation cannot fail to
produce good results for planters, if persisted in. By
Le Brésil I observe that during the last few days
a new house for exclusive sale of Sao Paulo coffees was
opened in Paris by Snr. Concei¢ao, with the object of
promoting consumption and raising the reputation of
Brazilian coffees so unjustly depreciated by retailers,

The responsibility of the government, deriving as
it does nearly all its revenue from coffee, cannot
and has not been overlooked. By promoting immi-
gration, improving the means of transport, reducing
railway charges, funding agricultural schools and
encouraging mortgage banks and other cognate
measures, the government has already done much
to benefit the planting interest.

There is much here that is applicable to
planters, merchants and the Government in
Ceylon in reference to tea,

124 THE TROPICAL

IMPROVED AGRICULTURE FOR THE
PRESENT AND NEXT GENERATION.

SCHOOL GARDENS AND THE SINHA-
LESE AND TAMILS:

A KACHCHERI EXPERIMENTAL GARDEN IN
EVERY REVENUE DISTRICT.

The Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
in his lecture on Thursday the 13th inst., laid a
sound foundation for all agricultural instruc-
tion and training with reference to the rising
generation of Ceylonese. The educing (edu-
cating) and training of the powers of ob-
servation among young people has long been
‘recognised as of much greater importance
than the ‘‘cramming” with facts, whether
of grammar, geography o1 history or the
learning of lessons ‘‘by heart”; and it has
also been recognised that no branch of study
is better fitted to educe and train the ob-
serving power of children than ‘‘ botany ”—
the study of plants. In this connection we
. may say there is immense encouragement
in dealing with oriental pupils, at any rate
in rural districts; from the simple fact that
all Sinhalese and Tamil villagers, as a rule,
know a great deal more about the plants
and vegetables around them, and their vari-

ous uses, than do the same class of
people in the United Kingdom or _ per-
haps anywhere in WHurope, save in

France where the peasantry cultivate a very
close and practical acquaintance with nearly
every plant within their reach. Dependent,
as the rural Ceylonese are, on the products
of the soil for their food and medicine,
they know far more in their own way re-
garding a great many plants than Kuropeans
usually give them credit for. Waring’s
“Bazaar Medicines of India” is a standing
proof of the wonderful extent to which the
people in Ceylon (as_in India), under the
guidance of their WVedaralas, utilise the
vegetation of all degrees within their reach,
from the stately tamarind tree or palm to
the lowliest of roots or mosses. Such in-
formation and experience trickles down from
father to son; and therefore it is that school-
masters interested in their agricultural work,
and well-equipped themselves, should find
apt pupils among Sinhalese and Tamil lads
and lasses as they teach them about
plants, how best to cultivate, observe, and
utilise them, with a view to gardens of
their own in days to come.

But a generation must pass before the fruit
of sucha course of study can be seen, even
if Mr. Burrows had at hand the qualified and
interested schoolmasters ; and this fact brings
us to another side of agricultural pro-
gress among the people, which, we trust, will
not be lost sight of by Mr. Willis, the
Revenue Officers, or the Government. Just
as every Village School ought to have its
Garden for experiment, teaching and observ-
ation, so ought every Kachcheri in the
island to have an Experimental Garden
attached to it, specially with a view to the
introduction of new products, but also for
the improvement of existing plants and
fruits. Such Gardens should be under the
direction of the Revenue Officers (with
trained gardeners from Peradeniya?) and
they should be _ periodically inspected

AGRICULTURIST. (Aue. 1, 1901.

by Mr. Willis or a member of his Staff.
Moreover, once a year there should be an
Agvi-Horticultural Show—an occasion as well
for holiday-making and games—at the head-
quarters of each revenue division, such Show
to be confined to the products of the district,
with prices in cash, medals, and even higher
honours (costing nothing!) for exceptionally
meritorious cases. The expense of an annual
Show, if carried on after a modest and prac-
tical fashion, and specially in the interest of
the native cultivators and their headmen,
should be very little; while the good achieved,
through stirring up emulation as to field and
garden produce and live-stock, could not fail to
be considerable and to increase year by year,
more especially when the annual gathering
afforded the opportunity for comparing the
villagers’ products with those from the
Kachcheri Experimental Garden, Cattle &c.
Establishment ; and for observing and trying
useful new vegetables, fruits or other products.
Ve do not overlook the progress
already made in multiplying Gardens, at
Badulla as well as Heneratgoda, at Anu-
radhapur2z,and Jaffna. But why not in the
same way at the capital of each province
and each district ? If Revenue Officers bestir
themselves to make a start with their Kach-
cheri Headmen, we feelsure the Peradeniya
authorities will help them with plants, seed
and personal aid—and that for this the
sanction of H.E. the Governor in executive
Council can readily be obtained. In this
way, every Kachcheri might have an Ex-
perimental Garden begun before the present
year expired; and if we were Governor we
should take special note, in reading the
Provincial and District Administration Re-
ports for 1901, of any mention made of such
Gardens and the progress attained with
them. In this way, we feel certain a great
advance could be made in and around our
rural villages, even in the present generation.
Recalling the great interest taken by Sir
West Ridgeway in this subject of improved
Agriculture and His Excellency’s evident
desire to see the well-equipped Peradeniya
Scientific Staff fully utilised for the benefit
of local industries, the multiplication of
Experimental Gardens or Stations must have
the Governor’s fullest approval. They cost
little (comparatively a trifle); but may
achieve much.
EE

THE PRACTICAL FARMRE (Price ls.)—A Vade
Mecum of Grasses, Roots and Forage crops.
—Messrs. James Carter & Co. have issued a valu-
able pamphlet book, which will be helpfulin the
selection of suitable grass seed as well as for
its directions for the preparation of grass land.
Numerous illustrations make it easy to recog-
nise the kinds common in Ceylon. One chapter
is devoted to ‘‘Pernicious Weeds likely to occur
in uncleaned samples of grass and clover seeds,”
and another to Furze, Gorse or Whin. From
the latter we learn that Gorse as a young plant
is useful as forage, being especially valuable for
milch cows as causing an increasing yield of milk ;
but the Gorse must be young and well bruised.
Other chapters are devoted to Crop Pests; Koot
cultivation; the cabbage as a tield crops
a description of tke soils of Great Britain ,(Agri-
cultural and Geological) ; Permanent Pastures.

Aue. 1, 1901.]

THE BANDONG QUININE FACTORY.

The annual report of the Bandong quinine-factory
expresses much satisfaction with the results of the
Batavia quinine-auctions, and states that new con-
tracts hive been made with the planters, which
ensure a full supply of bark for this year. As the
whole of the Company’s capital is invested in the
buildings, plant, and sitcck, it is proposed to issue
six per cent debentures for 6,250/., redeemable in
_ six years, inorder to provide the necessary working
capital; the whole of this issue has practically been
applied for. After allowing for depreciation there
remains a net profit sufficient to pay a dividend of
four per cent which the Directors propose.

The Board refers to the great assistance rendered
by Mr. P, van Leersum, who superintends the work
on behalf of the Government, and to whose advice
the improvement in the manufacturing process is due.
—Cheméist and Druggist, June 2%,

br ee DEERE POR REE

CARDAMOMS IN BRITISH CENTRAL
AFRICA.
(To the Editor of the Central African Times.)

Dear Sir,—In Mr Hastings’ very interesting article
on cotton cultivation it is suggested to plant cotton
between coffee, which reminds us once more that up
till the present no planter has given a proper trial
to Cardamoms.

It has been said that soms Mlanje planters have
gone infor them, but I gather it is only the wild
specimen that has been exported, From the fact of
their presence herein a wild state one may surely
assume that the cultivation of the marketable quality
is practicable. A circumstance to be observed in
general produce reports is that Malabar and Mysore
are the only qualities ever quoted, and this would
lead one to the conclusion that countries such as
Braziland the West Coast of Africa cannot produce the
Cardamom. A great drawback to a trial has probably
been the difficulty of importing seeds from India, but
it should be possible to obtain them from Kew, [
regret 1am unable to give statistics as to the yield
per acre, but I have, in Calcutta, sold Cardamoms
from Ceylon at prices from three to seven rupees per
seer (2 and1-7th lb); home quotations are from 1s 6d
to 48 per lb. The plant is, I understand, of the vine
speeies andis planted between six by six coffee. The
picking season immediately follows the coffee crop. I
am aware that this information is unfortunately very
meagre; but Mr Hastings having suggested that a
few acres of cotton at an estimated price of 5d per lb
willdo no planter any harm, I think that cardamoms,
at a possible 4s per lb deserve also to be experimented
with, especially as owing to our present crude and ex-
pensive transport methods only the higher-priced
products can be profitably handled. Few more valu-
able iteme than cardamoms can be found in the
produce market reports.—Yours, etc., JW Kirk

>
INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA SHARES.

“TEA” ON RECOVERY IN VALUES AND SPECULATIVE
TENDENCY,
June 15, 1901.

GENERAL REMARKS.—As I said in my last
report, only those companies which have conserved
their financial position are likely to see their
way comfortably through the present crisis.
In the future a closer criticism of non-effective
charges must be made, and directors will be wise
in limiting their dividend distributions in such a
way as to leave something ‘‘up their sleeves.”
Some of the companies appear to be feeling the
pinch of finance, as witness the Imperial Com-
pany withits recent issue of debentures, and the
Dooars Company seeking power from its share-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 125

holders to create fresh preference capital. In
regard to the immediate market prospect for the
produce, it is satisfactory to note that from Ceylon
the exports appear recently to be tending smaller,
while in Iudia, owing to drought in some of the
districts, the opening of the season has been hack-
ward, and no great bulk of tea is hkely to come
to the market here until about a month later
than usual, In regard to the question of shares,
there appear to be indications to an increasing
extents of speculative enquiry for the cheaper as
well as for the move solid issues, and shares on
the whole are difficult to obtain. )

At the present juncture it is interesting to
note that of Indian and Ceylon companies revis-
tered in this country with sterling capital, there
are altogether nearly 150, with a share and
debenture capital amounting to between fifteen
and twenty millions sterling. The figures com-
piled by Mr. George Seton, of 120, Bishopsgate
Street, relating to the values of the shares of 45
representative companies, and to which we refer
elsewhere, will show the depreciation on a portion
of this capital—some £9,000,000. On the whole
amount the loss would probably be proportionately
the same, or even more so.—Zea for June.

—— -—< > ee ee

FIBRE IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA.

Itis expected that the cultivation of fibre will be
very profitable. Thereare at present over 800,000
Fourcroya gigantea plants and 750,000 Agave
sisalana, Compared to other products, the culti-
vation of fibre is very simple and inexpensive.
The only fear is that, owing to over-production,
the price will fall considerably, aud the article
will hecome a drugin the market. Within the
last few months Fourcroya hemp has fallen from
33s to 25s per ewt. The first Sisal Agave bulbs
were introduced by the German East Africa
Company in 1891, forty-six being brought from
Yucatan and planted in the Kikogwe estate.
From the original forty-six plants over 700,000
have been obtained in nine years. At Kikogwe
alone there are 640,000 covering an area of 1000
acres, whilst 65,000 have been distributed amongst
the German East Africa Company’s other estates.
The Sisal Agave at Kikogwe only lives for five
or six years when allowed to go to seed. When
the leaves are regularly cut, the life of the plants
will probably be considerably longer. The annual
produce of each plant is about forty leaves, or
2 lb of dry fibre. During the year under re-
view a sample of 100 ewt of fibre was sentout
and sold for 50s per ecwt.— British Acting Vice-
Consul at Dar-es-Saleam.—British Trade Journal.

eee eee
‘ANNALS OF THE R. B. GARDENS,
PERADENIY A.”

We have to give a hearty welcome to this
new periodical, edited by Mr. Willis as
Director and to be representative of the work
of himself and the full scientific staff now
attached to his department. We have _al-
ready published the prospectus, and the first
part opens very appropriately with a succinct
and interesting history of the Ceylon Botanic
Gardens, from the days of Governor North
onwards, from the pen of the Director. It
is interesting to be reminded that J. G. Lear
who was in charge of the Gardens from 1837
te 1840 (and many of whose letters are re-
produced in our Literary Register) planted

126 THE TROPICAL

tea at Nuwara Eliya so early as 1837! He also
laid out the beautiful group of palms at the
entrance to the Peradeniya Gardens.

A second paper by Mr. Willis is on ‘: the
Royal Botanic Gardens of Ceylon as a centre
for Botanical Study and Research,” a popular
statement which ougdot to be the means of
bringing many scientific visitors to Ceylon.
It is mentioned, inter alia, that a resthouse
is shortly to be opened at Peradeniya and
other accommodation is often available.

It will be understood that the ‘ Annals”
are tobe devoted chiefly to scientific botanical
papers (some in French and German) and will
not intertere with the appearance from time
to time of the Gardens *‘ Circulars” on plant-
ing topics which have hitherto been so much
appreciated, and most of which have been
reproduced in our Tropical Agriculturist.
In conclusion we may quote the following
particulars from the History of the Gardens:—

The present organization and staff of the Depart-
ment is as follows :—

Director: J.C. Willis, M.A., F.L.s.
Chief Clerk: R. H. Pereira,

SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.

Botanist : The Director.

Assistant Director and Mycologist: J. B. Oarru-
thers, F.L.s.

Entomologist: H. E. Green, F.E.s.

Agricultural Chemist: M. K. Bamber, F.c.s.

Assistant: H. Wright, a.R.c.s.

Draughtsman: W. de Alwis, Muhandiram.

Herbarium and Laboratory Attendants, and two
Pjant Collectors.

BOTANIC GARDENS DEPARTMENT.

Peradeniya.—Curator: H. #'. Macmillan, and native
staff.

Hakgala.—Superintendent: W. Nock, and native
staff. .

Henaratgoda,—Conductor: §. de Silva, and coolies,

Anuradhapura.—Conductor: D. F. de Silva, and
coolies. ¥

Badulla,.—Conductor: D. D. Fernando, and coolies.
PROPOSLD EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS DEPARTMENT

AND AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL,
(Not yet organised.)

Superintendent, foremen, and coolies.
Teaching Staff: The Officers of the Department.

-—_——___———__-—___
GREEN TEA REPORT.

(FOR THE WEEK ENDING 6TH JUNE, 1901.)

Cryiton GreEN TrA.—The prices paid are a little
stronger than at last sales, full-sized breaks being
competed for, but so many of the teas arrive in
quantity so insignificant as not to make it worth
buyers while to attend to them: twenty lots this
week totalled only 103 packages, only one line ex-
ceeding 13 chests, many being but one to three
chests or halves: the prices consequently being very
low, one invoice averaging 23d per lk.

Waker, Lamers & Co.

et bee NNN ARON STAY 1 ROE EAR SST V OY PAA ERM gd RD a NE

THE DEAF Hrar.—No. 479 of The Illustrated
World of 626, Chiswick High Road, London, W.,
England, contains a description of a Remarkable
Cure for Deafness and Head Noises which may be
carried out at the patient’s home, and which is
said to be acertain cure. This number will be
sent free to any deaf persons sending their address
to the Kditor.

GRICULTURIST. [Avc. 1, 1901.

INDIA AND FRENCH IMPORT DUTIES.
EXTENSION OF THE MINIMUM TARIFF.

Simla, July 10.—The following has been
issued by the Finance Department :—‘‘ By a
Decree published on the 27th December, 1900,
the French Government continued till the
30th June, 1901, their minimum tariff for
Colonial produce of various countries, includ-
ing British possessions. Intimation has been
received from the Secretary of State for
India, that the minimum tariff has been
further prolonged till the 23rd Feb. next.”

NO FRENCH COUNTER-PROPOSALS.

Simla, July 11.—No special proposals from
the French Government have reached the
Government of India for relaxing the Indian
import duties in favour of Franee, or facili-
tating cooly emigration to Madagascar, in
return for continuing the present French
tariti.—Madras Mail.

—
NEGRI SEMBILAN.

(Extracts from the Annual Report for the
year 1900.)

Tue REvENvE collected during the year amounted te
$1,251,366:14, as against $1,085,015 collected in 1899.
The total value of trade amounted to no less than
$11,330,000, being an increase of $2,489,000 over that
of the previous year, The export of coffee, tapioca,
and tin showed a considerable increase, but in the case
of gambier and pepper there was a decrease,
_Corrre.—The price of coffee, which showed some
little improvement in March, has again fallen toa
figure which can only be remunerative to the most
economically managed, as well as the most produc-
tiye, estates. To make matters worse, in June, a
yeritable plague of caterpillars, the larva of Gephe-
nodes hylas, one of the bee hawk moths, was found
to be infesting.many estates: Previous eXperience
in Selangor has shown that the only remedy likely
to be of use was to pick the catorpillee off by hand,
and toenable this to be promptly done the Govern-
ment lent as much labour as was available. Many
estates were attacked, most were rescued after @
large expenditure, but one had to be cut down and
burnt. The owner of the latter, a Chinaman, was
compensated by the grant of a tract of mining land.
The Resident of Selangor rendered much assistance
to Negri Sembilan by sending Mr. Butler, the
Curator of the Selangor Museum, who had experience
of previous outbreaks in Selangor, to advise and
assist in the extermination of the caterpillars. I
desire to record the'thanks of this Government to both
the above gentlemen. More than one estate went out
of cultivation during the year, which has been one of
great severity to all coffee estate owners,

Papi.—The crop of padi just harvested has proved
generally poor. ‘This is attributed to a prolonged
drought, which set in soon after the young plants
were transplanted to the fields, and to the absence,
through the ravages of rinderpest, of a sufficient
number of buffaloes when the fields were prepared.
In parts, rats are said to have done much damage,
Next season it is proposed to experiment with Loffler’s
typhimurim bacillus, which, if successful, should prove
a great boon to the native community. In the Coast
district steps were taken to encourage the settlement
of some Banjarese padi planters, but nothing has yet
been settled. These people have shown themselves
most expert padi planters in the Krian district of
Perak and their settlement in Negri Sembilan is
greatly to be desired.

Tapioca.—Applications continue to come in for
lands for tapioca cultivation, and attempts, not alto-
gether successful, have been made to insist on some

Ava. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

form of permanent cultivation on lands to be planted
with this product. I doubt whether the results would
in any case be commensurete with the outlay involved.
Chinese who understand the cultivation of tapioca do
not necessarily understand the-planting of coconuts
or rubber, and are consequently loth to undertake
such cultivation.

OoconvTs.—I am glad to say that the cultivation
of coconuts has received much attention and many
new plantations have been started, more especially
in the Coast district, which is the most suited to
them. Coconut planters, like other agriculturists,
have their troubles. In new plantations wild pig
do enormous damage by rooting up and eating the
seed coconuts, Nothing seems to be quite effective
against their ravages, although both barbed wire
fencing and deep ditches have been tried. Again,
when the trees have grown, the boring beetles
(Oryctes rhinoceros and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), by
eating the heart of the trees, kill targe numbers.
A special enactment has been provided to compel
owners of trees to keep them clean and free from
the larva of these beetles. The provisions of this
enactment were carefully enforced by the Forest
Officer and Inspector. The District Officers write
in favourable terms of the work done by the Inspec-
tor, who visited upwards of three thousand gardens
during the year.

THE NEW GRAFFE-LIKE ANIMAL.

SKIN AND TWO SKULLS RECEIVED IN LONDON.

Prof. Ray Lankester has now received the case,
shipped at Mombassa on April 19th, containingthe
skin and two skulls of the remarkable new giraffe-
like animal obtained from the Semliki forest by
Sir Harry Johnston, and sent by him for preserva-
tion in the Natural History Department of the
British Museum. Writing to the Times with re-
ference to the specimens, Prof. Lankester says :—
‘The animal is a giraffe-like creature devoid of
herns, with relatively short neck and with colour
stripes on the limbs, but nowhere showing spots or
areolz like those of the giraffe. Sir Harry John-
ston was ainply justified in assimilating the
animal to the extinct Helladotherium, but after
an examination of the skulls I am of opinion that

‘the ‘Okapi’ (the native name by which the new
animal is known) cannot be referred to the genus
of the Helladotherium, but must be phaced in a
new genus. I must say that, although the horny
hoofs are not present, yet the double bony supports
of the hoofs are preserved with the skin, and leave
no doubt, even without reference to the accom-
panying skulls, that the animal which bore the
skin was not a horse-like creature, but one with
cloven hoofs.” —Natwre, June 20,

——_$___—____

A LONG PERIOD SUNSPOT VARIATION.*

It has long been known, and Dr. Rudolf Wolf
of Zurich was the first to draw attention to it,
that the length of a sunspot period is only in the
mean eleven years, and that the real length of any
one period might differ from this value by as much
as + two years. Another fact of observation is
that the times of maxima do not occur a constant
number of years after a preceding minimum, and
Dr. Wolf determined the mean interval as 4°5
years. The minimum also follows the maximum
ja a mean interval of 6:5 years

* Extracts from a paper, “The Solar Activity
1833-1900,’ read before the Royal Society on May
23rd, by Dr. William J. S. Lockyer. ;

AGRICULTURIST. 127

It has further been noticed that the intensity
of each period, 7.e. the total amount of spotted area,
included between one minimum and the next, was
not constant. Dr. Wolf held that these quantities
indicated a certain periodicity, and at first sug-
gested a perlod of 178 years, and later 55:5 years,
or a period extending over five eleven-year periods
(11:1 x 5=55'5).

The present investigation was limited to the
interval of time, namely, 1833-1900, over which
systematic observations of the sun’s surface have
been regularly made, and, as Dr. Wolt’s relative
uuinbers agree well with the actual facts of obser-
vation over this period, these numbers have®been
employed.

Since then, in addition to the well-known eleven-
year period of sunspot frequency, there is another
cycle which extends over about thirty-five years,
and which is indicated clearly, as has been shown,
both by the changes in the times of the occurrence
of the epochs of maxima and in the variations in
area included in consecutive eleven-year periods ot
both sunspot and magnetic curves, it is only
natural to suppose that this long-period variation
is the effect uf a cycle of disturbances in the sun’s
atmosphere itself.

Such a cycle, if of sufficient intensity, should
cause a variatiou from the normal circulation of
the earth’s atmosphere, and should be indicated in
all meteorological and like phenomena.

We are indebted to Prof. Ed. Briickner for the
great work on the changes in climates, and in this
investigation he sought variations in the observa-
tions of the height of the waters in inland seas,
lakes, and rivers; in the observations of rainfall,
pressure, and temperature ; in the movements of
glaciers ; in the frequency of cold winters; growth
of vines, &c.

The result of the whole of the investigation
led him to the conclusion that there is a
periodical variation in the climates over the
whole earth, the mean length of this period
being 34:°8+0'7 years.

Prof, Briickner wasso convinced of the undoubted
climate variations which he deduced, and so cer-
tain that such variations could only be caused by
an external influence, that he investigated Wolf’s
sunspot numbers to see whether such a cycle was
indicated. Not finding any, he was led to make
the bold suggestion that such a variation as he
sought must really exist in the sun, but might
possibly be independent of sunspots. He finally
concluded that the climate variations are the
first symptom of a long-period variation in the sun,
which probably will be discovered later.

In the light of the secular period of solar activity
dealt with in this article, Prof. Briickner’s con-
clusions are of great interest, because not only
does the length of the period, but the critical
epochs of his cycle, completely harmonise with
those found in the present discussion of the sun-
spot and magnetic curves.

Prof. Ed. Richter, in a detailed investigation of
the movement of glaciers, has also found a cycle
of thirty-five years, and he pointed ont that the
variations agreed generally with SBriickner’s
climate variations, the glacier movement being
accelerated during the wet and cool periods.

Again, Mr Charles Egeson not only finds a
secular period of about thirty-three to thirty-four
years in the occurence of rainfall, thunderstorms,
and westerly winds in the month of April for

128

Sydney, but the epochs of maxima of the two
latter harmonise with the epochs of the thirty-
five-yearly period deduced for sunspots.

There seems little doubt that, during the inter-
val of time covered by the present sunspot dis-
cussion, the meteorological phenomena, number
of aurore, and magnetic storms show secular
variations of a period of about thirty five years,
the epochs of which harmonise with those of the
secular variations of sunspots. As we are now
beginning to approach another maximum of sun-
spots which should correspond both in intensity
and in time of occurrence after the epoch of the
present minimum with that of 1870-8, it will he
interesting to observe whether all the solar, me-
teorological and magnetical phenomena of that
period will be repeated.

WILLIAM J. S. LOCKYER.
—Nature, June 20.

pe

RAW RUBBER NOTES.
LAGOS.

The exports of rubber from Lagos show a marked
falling off since 1896; the figures for the past five
years are as follows :—1895, £269,892 ; 1896, £347,721;
1897, £283,184; 1898, £285,409; 1899, £160,315. The
decrease in the export of rubber, from £347,721 in
1896 to £160,315 in 1899, is clearly due to the reck-
less amd unskilful manner in which rubber was
collected, which resulted in killing the ‘majority of
the trees, The collecting of rubber has been pro-
hibited for a period of two years, to give time to the
trees that survived to recover themselves. Planting
is also being encouraged. Concessions of timber
lands are being granted to Europeans and natives,
with exclusive timber-cutting rights, on the condi-
tion that certain payments are made to the native
authorities, and young trees planted to take the
place of those eut down.

In places where the native authorities are un
willing to protect the timber, trees continue to be
felled recklessly, and no attempt is made at replanting.
But it is hoped in time to overcome these diffi-
culties and extend the protected areas. Vigorous
action is being taken to suppress the ruthless tapping
of the rubker trees, and every assistance is being
given with regard to planting. By these means there
are possibilities in the future of reviving this industry

PARAGUAY.

Rubber is not found in the wild state to any great
extent in Paraguay, but attempts are being made to
cultivate it, and it is thought that the most suitable
species for artificial cultivation will be the manicoba
of Brazil, owing to its rapid growth and general
hardiness. The manicoba is said to have given excel-
lent results in Brazil and in Central America, and it
is stated that the Paraguayan Government intends to
offer special inducements to agriculturists in order to
develop this industry.

GUTTA-PERCHA FROM CENTRAL AMERICA.

Dr. Paul Preuss has found plentifully in the west
of Central America, especially in Nicaragua, Salvador,
Guatemala, and Mexico, a plant with strange-shaped
leaves, which the natives called ‘‘ Cojon de puerco,.”
Its real name is 'abernemontana Donnell Smithii
Rose, and it belongswto the family of the Apocyuace ;
it grows mostly as bushes, but often attains the
height of trees, and can therefore be used as a shade
to coffee and cocoa trees in regions up to 700 metres
above sea level, The leaves, bark, and especially the
fruits, produce a great quantity of milk, which does
not change in a solution of salt, acetic acid, or cold
citric acid, but is coagulated by cooking in water
into a yellow-white, and later on yellow-brown, mass,
that gets hard in the open air slowly, and is soft

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Ave, 1, 1901.

and kneadable again in warm water. By order of
the Colonial Committee of Berlin, the plant has been
cultivated from the seeds in the botanic gardens at
Berlin and Victoria (in the Cameroons), and it is
pretty sure that it will be introduced into the Came-
roons or a large scale, About 6 gr. of the coagulated
milk have been analysed in the Pharmaceutical Labo-
ratory at Berlin by Professor Dr. Thoms and Dr,
Mannich, and no substantial distinction has been noted
between this product and the rea] guttapercha, Fifty
per cent. of the coagulated stuff is soluble in acettne,
but Dr. Mannich does not think this bad, as many
descriptions of gutta-percha in the market do not
contain less resin, As the power of resistance against
solutions of salt especially is all right, it maybe well
used as a substitute for gutta-percha. Dr. Preuss
thinks that this discovery is of a great and practical im-
portance, for in his opinion there is nothing in the way
of cultivating the plant. The first fruits are received
after four to five years, whereas the growing of the
Sapotacez, which furnishes us at present with
gutta-percha, takes a much longer time. With regard
to the high prices of gutta-percha, it may be recom-
mended to ascertain the quantity of gutta-perchain
the dried leaves, bark, and fruits of this plant in
order to effect the most advantageous method of
cultivation,
BOLIVIA.

The German Consulin Cochabamba, in his recent
report, states that the export of caoutchouc has much
increased during recent years. According to the port
ef shipment, Bolivia is divided into different regions:
(1) The region of the Acre River takes the first place
on account of the quantity of caoutchouc exported,
Villa Bella has been appointed by the Bolivian-
Brazilian Government as the port of shipment for this
district, a town about 44 miles from the Brazilian
frontier, (2) The region ofthe rivers Madidi, Beni,
Orton, Manurini, Tahuamann, and other small rivers,
which are of great importance to the ecaoutchoue
trade. (3) The region of the forests belonging to La
Paz—namely, Challana, Songo, Mapiri, Huanay,
Coroica, and the province of Oanpolican partly. The
export of these districts goes chiefly via Puerte Perez
(Chililaya), on the Titicaca Sea, Puno, and Mollendo.
(4) The region in the north and east of the department
Santa Cruz, with the Velasco and Magdalena pro-
vinces. The regions round the Paragua and Verde
rivers are the principal districts in this part, and
they are not much explored on account of the bad
lines of communication. But these districts will doubt-
less gain some importance later on. The export goes
mostly via Puerto Suarez, on the Paraguay River, and
only a small quantity comes via Cochabamba. Many
caoutchone trees have recently been discovered in
Yuracares, Puerto, Santa Rosa, ete., in the Cocha-
bamba departments, and the right to explore these
forests has been granted. These districts will also be
of great importance in later years. The export wa
Puerto Perez, Villa Bella, and Puerto Suarez amoun-
ted io 1895 to 820,410 kilos., in 1896 to 1,140,712 kilos.,
in 1897 to 1,674,216 kilos,, and in 1898 to 3,155,955 kilos.
—India-Rubber Trades Journal, June 10.

’

ee

THE ‘“‘VOANDZOU” is a bean from tropical
Africa which, by the analysis of M Balland, com-
municated to the Academie des Sciences, Paris,
consists of 10 per cent water; 19 of nitrogenous
matter, 6 of fatty matter, 5 of amylaceous matter,
and 4 of cellulose or sugar. A kilogram of voandzu
contains the food required to support a man each
day, namely, 120 to 150 grammes of nitrogenous
matter, 56 grammes of fat, and 500 grammes of
hydrate of carbon, The conclusion is that voandzu
is a complete food in itself, and would be
serviceable for troops in the field. It could, no
doubt, be cultivated in most of our tropical or
even hot countries,—Globe,

Aue. 1, 1901.}

“THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

The twentieth annual volume of this peri-
odical was completed with the June number ;
but the title page, index, &c. for the same
are included with the first issue of a new
year, the July number, and we give the same
as a Supplement today. We began the
Tropical Agriculturist in 1881 (‘‘Timehri” in
British Guiana began a year later), and we
do not know of any similar publication in
the British Dependencies, at any rate within
the tropics, that has lasted so long. or been
so generally appreciated by the constituency
for whose benefit it was started. It has
carried the name and reputation of Ceylon
and its planters far and wide, and the copies
officially filed in the West Indian, African,
and some of the Australian Colonies afford
evidence of the value attached to its con-
tents. Of late years, not the least flatter-
ing testimony has come from French and
German Dependencies ; but the greatest
compliment was that paid by the Agricul-
tural Department in Washington where, on
our visit in 1884, the ‘‘ 7.A.” file was brought
forward as including one of their most treasur-
ed foreign receipts, and we were even asked
ifweknew of the existence of this Magazine
from the Hast Indies! Of course, primarily,
the periodical has been begun and continued
with reference to Ceylon, Southern India
and the Straits, and there are certain features
—the London and Colombo Sales of Produce,
Reports of Tea Limited Companies, &c.,—
which make the periodical specially useful
for local reference, so that it has been
well said a copy should be filed in each large
Tea Factory or on all plantations, especially
where several products are being cultivated.

Having concluded a third series of ‘‘ Plant-
ing Pioneers” in our monthly, we cried
“halt” for a time; but we have been urged
to resume, as there are several names of
departed and living worthies still available,
that ought to be embodied. The new
volume is likely, therefore, to include several
for a new or fourth series. But what is
now wanted is a more concise and yet
general Dictionary of Biography for Ceylon,
to embrace, say, all the notable men of the
past century in connection with the Colony
with brief accounts of their career, some-
what after the fashion of Mr, Henniker-
Heaton’s Australian compilation, or of
‘“Who’s Who.” Believing that such a work
would be widely appreciated, and having a
great deal of the material at hand, we are
anxious to put one through our press.

Meantime as regards the Tropical Agri-
culturist, the chief desideratum will now be
a Topical Index to the twenty volumes, and
this is hastening to completion, and will
enable all who possess the set (or a goodly
number) of the volumes; to refer very quickly
to information in respect of any product or
subject treated.

oa
A RECORD BLOCK OF MICA.
A block of pure mica, measuring a cube of

six feet, has been found in Canada. This isthe |

largest piece ever discovered, and is to be
exhibited at the Pan-American Exhibition at
Mare Ne May 3lst.

1 2

»

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 129

‘ANNALS OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC
GARDENS.”

A new Official periodical makes its appearance
on the scene with the second half-year of 19(1,
and we have to thank Mr Willis for tie first
issue to hand, It is introduced thus in a Circular
from the Royal Botanic” Gardens, Peradeniya,
dated June 1901. ‘‘Commencing with the present
year it is interded to issue a new Botanial Peri-
odical, to be called ‘The Annals of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya,’ It will be a
journal of pure and applied Botany and will
contain chiefly the results of work performed
wholly or in part in the _ laboratories and
herbarium of the Ceylon Botanic Gardens,
or upon materials supplied by the gardens, It will
also contain notes, papers, and reviews dealing with
general tropical Botany and its applications.
While in general conception it thus resembles the
well-known ‘‘ Annales du Jardin Botanique de
Buitenzorg,” it will include a somewhat wider
range of matter. Asin that journal, papers written
in French or German will at times be included. It
will be issued by the Government Printer, Ceylon,
in an octavo form equal in size of page to the
“* Annals of Botany,” and will be illustrated as
required.

The “Annals” will appear at irregular intervals,
each paper of any considerable size being published
separately as soon as ready. The number of pages
that may appear in one year will be variable, prob-
ably at first between 250 and 300. When sufli-
cient matter has been published to make a volume
of convenient size, the Index and Title Page will
be issued; there will not necessarily be annual
volumes.

It is not of course possible to mark out in
advance the exact line to be followed by such
a publication. One great object in view is
the keeping together of the large amount
of work dealing with Ceylon Botany, and
the fostering of an esprit. de corps among
the workers in the Research Institute now estab-
lished in the Colony. Inthe pursuit of this object,
not merely will original papers be inserted, but
also reviews of other papers and books and sum-
maries of preceding work. It is intended also to
publish short floras of special districts or of bio-
logical areas in Ceylon, and figures and descrip-
tions of the less-known species of the Ceylon Flora.
The following list of papers that may probably
appear within the first two years will help to indi-
cate the scope of the journal :—

A History of the Botanical Department in Ceylon,
by the Editor.

The Research Institute of the Royal Botanic Gar-
dens of Ceylon, by the HKditor,

The Life-History of the Cacao Canker, by J B Carru-
thers.

A Revised Catalogue of the Phanerogamic Flora of
Ceylon, by J C Willis.

A Revision of the Podostemaces of India and Ceylon,
by J © Willis.

The Ceylon EKbonacex and their Timbers: a Syste-
matic and Anatomical Monograph, by H Wright.

A Botany of the Maldive Islands, by J C Willis and
J Stanley Gardiner-

Notes on Hemileia vastatrix, the Coffee Leaf Fungus,
by C Holtermann, *

The Oitronella Oil Industry of Ceylon, by J C
Willis and M K Bamber.

Notes on the Sapotacew of Ceylon and the Gutta-
perchas yielded by them, by H Wright.

130 THE TROPICAL

Studies in the Phylogeny of the Sympetalx, by J C
Willis.

The Growth in Thickness of Tropical Trees, by H
Wright.

OF THE PRODUCTION OF
THA IN INDIA.
THE OFFICIAL RECORD FOR 1900.

AREA.—The area under tea in India at the end
of 1900 extended over 522,487 acres, nearly two-
thirds (64:6 per cent.) being in the valleys of the
Brahmaputra and Surma, which contain as much
as 337,327 acres, namely, 204,985 in Assam (the
Brahmaputra Valley) and 132,342 in Cachar and
Sylhet (the Surma Valley). In extent of cultiva-
tion Bengal comes next. the area under tea being
134,572 acres; or 25°8 per cert. of the whole, and
a little more than that in the Surma Valley.

The production of tea is, therefore, to the extent
of nine-tenths of the whole area, limited to the
two provinces of Assam and Bengal,

The other tenth is divided between Northern
and Southern India, thus :-—

STATISTICS

Acres. | Acres
Norreern Inp1A— SournEern INpIA—
North-West Pro- Madras 6,107
vinces se 8,055 Travancore ... 25,202
Punjab 60 9,745
Total ... 17,800 Total ee 31,309

The principal localities in each province where
tea is grown are these ;—

In Assam, In tHe Nortu-WrstERN
PROVINCES.
Acres. a Acres,
urma Valley : amaun oe 2,921
8 Cachar 5 .. 60,852} Dehra Dun +. 5,134
Sylhet .. 71,490
Brahmaputra Valley.
Sibsagar we = 78,422 In THE PANJAB,
Lakhimpur -- 67,509
Darrang .. 41,708 | Kangra ee 9,645
Nowgong -- 12,673
samrup rs 3,973
In BBNGAL. In SoutHerN InpIA.
Darjeeling eo 50,769
Jalpaiguri eeet O52, | seen
Chittagong -. 4,146 | Nilgiris eee 2,542
Ranchi and Malabar -» 3,058
Hazaribagh .. 3,284 | Travancore 20025,202

There ig a small area of 1,479 acres in Upper
Burma, but in this province the leaf which is
produced is not made into tea, but is pickled to
be eaten by the Burmans, and the area and pro-
duction may therefore be left out of account.

Tea cultivation in India has been mainly concen-
trated in tracts where a heavy rainfall and a humid
and equable climate permit of repeated flushes
and pluckings of the leaf. In the valleys of the
Brahmaputra ard Surma the yield averages about
468lb to the acre ; in Jalpaiguri (the Dooars) 484lb.
in Darjeeling about 2791b in the North-Western
Provincesit is 3091b. In Travancore it is stated
at 3601b. Elsewhere it is much lower.

The area under tea has expanded from year to
year without a pause during the sixteen years
comprised in the statistics appended. In 1885 the
area, was about 284,000 acres;in 1900 it had
increased to 522,487 acres, the increase being in the
ratio of 84 per cent.

AGRICULTURIST: (Aue. 1, 1901.

The number of acres added to the tea-growi
area each year has been :—

Acres S

1886 .. 14,294 | 1893 DS
1887 .. 14,584 | 1894 . 4
1888 -- 11,524 | 1895 .. 156
1889 .- 9,374 | 1896 s. Iie
1890 -- 11,126 | 1897 vs 366
1891 -- 17,610 | 1898 3.181
1892 we» 12,482 | 1899 5 lB
| 1900 vet's 22

It appears then that as much as about 107,000
acres have been added to the area under tea
during the last five years. Thisarea, in full bearing,
will yield at least 40 million pounds of tea a year.

The plantations vary greatly in size, In Assam,
where the industry is mainly carried on by
Europeans with ample capital, where fusions of
estates have been in progress for some»years in
view of economy of management, and where most
plantations have large unplanted areas attached
to them, the area of a plantation averages as much
as 1,318 acres. In Bengal the average area ofa
plantation is 734 acres; in the North-Western
Provinces the average falls to121 acres ; while in
the Panjab, where natives grow tea extensively in
the Kangra Valley, there are only about four
acres to each plantation. In Madras the average
is about 172 acres, and in Travancore 445 acres.

PRODUCTION.—The quantity of tea produced
has increased in much greater ratio than the area
under cultivation, for while the area has increased
by 84 per cent, the increase in production had
been 176 per cent.

Repsesenting the area and production in 1885 by
100 in each ease, the ratio of increase is stated below,
the actual increase of production each year over the
production of the preceding year being also
stated :—

Area Quantity Actual increase
produced annually in lb,

1885 .. -- 100 100 Ae

1886 .. oa) 05 115 10,899,835
1887 .. reLLO 129 9,826,270
1888 .. a5) ines 139 7,540,462
1889 ... et lily 149 7,250,331
1890 ... Bo PL 156 4,993,531
1891 .. BG yy 173 11,831,496
1892 .. aeutoo 170 —1,873,628
1893 .. bao pa Alet) 185 10,253,626
TSO4 pesiik lela 188 2,465,144
1895 .. «. 146 200 8,694,783
1896 ... e. 152 219 13,018,227
UE Ga ses 215 —2,643,846
TOO Or Peace mela 299, 3,693,192
WE): on ee LS, 254 24,322,055
1900 any ley 276 15,663,209

PERSONS EMPLOYED.—The number of persons
employed ia the tea industry in 1900 is returned
at 621,287 (permanently) and 98,446 (temporarily),
or altogether a little below three-quarters of a
million (719,733 persons), which would work out
to about 1°38 persons to the acre.

EXPORTS AND CONSUMPTION.—Thetea produced
in India is exported, mainly to the United King-
dom, to the extent of about 96:6 per cent. of the
average production, ‘The subjoined figures give
approximately the quantity of tea consumed in
India, the figures representing the average of the
last five years :—

Produced ee 170,509,067
INDIAN THA. | Baportea -. 164,634,913
Left in India .. 5,874,154
Imported é, 5,801,241
FOREIGN TEA { Re-exported -» 2,663,029
Lefé im India 3,238,212

Auce. 1, 1901.) THE TROPICAL

Thus more than 9 million pounds were left in India
on the average, of which 5'87 millions were Indian
and 3°24 millions foreign, the bulk of the foreign
tea being Chinese, though a substantial quantity
consists of Ceylon tea, More than a million
pounds: are purchased annually for the British
army, and a larger quantity must be consnmed by
the European and Eurasian civil population, as
also by natives who, in some of the larger towns,
are adopting the tea-drinking habit.

The principal markets for Indian tea are stated
hereunder, with the quantity exported (in lb.) to
each country in the last five years :—

BY SHA.
1896-97 1897-98 1898-99
United Kingdom. .135,456,884 137,655,957 139,245,995

Australia -- 6,155,895 6,792,654 6,306,135
United States and

Canada .. 1,607,731 1,523,236 2,457,880
Persia e. 1,993,823 1,464,394 3,456,791
Russia -- 457,634 689,271 500,889

1899-1900 1900-01

United Kingdom .. 154,161,492 166,171,556
Australia ... 8,362,797 10,438,984
United States and

Canada me 4,677,797 3,490,451
Persia Mee 1,953,900 2,429,140
Russia ave 467,451 772,495

TRANS-FRONTIER-—-
1896-97 1897-98 1898-99

Kabul, Kashmir, &

other countries

on the North-

Western Fron-

tier eo 1,498,672 867,888
Other trans-fron-

tier countries .. 13,552 18,144 23,968

1899-1900 1900-01

1,040,704

Kabul, Kashmir, &
other countries
on the North-
Western Fron-

tier 50 2,099,328 1,942,640
Other trans-fron-
tier countries .. 95,312 25,760

The production of tea in India and Ceylon has
increased so much more rapidly than the consump-
tion in the United Kingdom, which is the principal
market for these teas, that there has been a heavy
fall in price and the tea industry is at the moment
in a position of great embarrassment. Producers
are busily engaged seeking relief from the intro-
duction of economies and from the enlargement of
markets other than that in the United Kingdom.

Prices.—The course of prices of tea in Calcutta
is illustrated in the appended figures in which the
price in March 1873 is taken as equal to 100.

They represent the course of prices of fine Pekoe
in January of each year as given by the Bengal
Chamber of Commerce. It will be observed that
the price in January 1901 fell to the lowest level

yet known :
1873 eee 100 1888 as 84
1874 6a 123 1889 cD 77
1875 xe 123 1890 OG 63
1876 Bie 136 1891 ae 81
1877 fe 148 1892 se 71
1878 Go 135 1893 ies 87
1879 be 129 1894 do 52

1881 eis 135 1896 BAS 84
1882 Si 126 1897 she 64
1883 36 110 1898 50 61
1884 nee 116 1899 one 58
1885 a0 90 1900 ote 64
1886 ee 90 1901 dd 45

1880 Diy 26 | 1895 be Ngi97
1887 ae TE |

AGRICULTURIST. 131

In the Statistical Department the average prices
of the various descriptions of tea sold at the public
sales held in Caleutta during the tea season have
been computed for some years past. From these
accounts the figures below are taken, being the
prices in annas and pies per pound of the three
descriptions which form the largest proportion of
the tea sold and the variations in the prices, the
average price of 1888 being represented by 100 :—

Broken Pekoe Pekoe Pekoe Sou.
(TST GSE rare ETT
Price Varia- Price Varia- Price Varias
tion tion tion
As, Pies. As. Pies, As. Pies.
1888.. 10 3 100 8 1 100 6 3 100
1889... Sg 95 7 5 92 517 89
1890.. 8 102 87 Fed 89 5 84 91
1890s. CEBNITE. 85. HVT) OF f)(87 10115) Bein 184
1892. 0.11) 34) ,.110 8 9 108 6 25246103
1893.. 9 24-5 90 7 22 90 5 44-5 87
189 te es 114 9 44-5116 7 25-7 116
1895.. 9— 88 7 34-7 91 5 11 95
1896.. 8 72 85 6 99-10 85 5 54 88
1897.. 7 55-7 73 6 02 75 4 102 79
1898... 7— 68 By) ts} 70 4 7 73
1899.. 6 92 | 66 5 88-71 5 02° 81
1900.. 6— 59 5 — 62 4 12 66

J, E. O?;CONOR;
June 28th, 1901. Director-General of Statistics.
—Capital, July 14th.
orb

GREEN TEA REPORT.

[FoR THE WEEK ENDING JULY 4, 1901.]
( Walker, Lambe & Co.)
London, July 5, 1901, E.C.

Owing to the small stpply left in importers’
hands, there has been no auction sale this week,
but privately there have been afew transactions
at fully late rates.

CEYLON GREEN TEAS.

The only offerings have been three small lines
of very nice cup teas, which, being in such
small quantity, buyers neglected and they sold
very cheaply at from 4d to 64d. Buyers are
remarking that, having taken trouble to’ intro-
duce these teas, the supply is not continuous
enough to meet the enquiries which have followed
from the earlier sales, and that, as it is put
by some, ‘' They will have to do the work of
introducing them all over again.”

San nEEaESETaRRREREREDIERS Scammememmneemmmmemeees™

THE RUBBER INDUSTRY IN. NATAL.

A few months ago the Government advertised
for a man capable of carrying on experiments
in connection with the institution of a “rubber”
industry, and for a man competent to point out
where rubber trees existed in a wild state, or
where imported trees might grow. It is under-
stood that such a man could not be found in
South Africa. Messrs. Medley Wood and Maurice
S Evans interested themselves in the subject,
and it is probable that a Commission will start,
when the labours of the session are over, for a
part of the Colony in which itis probable good
rubber soil will be found.—Natal Mercury, June 24.

Sree err

Castor OIL TREES IN NATAL.—The General
Manager, Natal G. R., has seen that the new
engine-sheds on the Zwaartkop Road have been
constructed near large plantations of castor oil
trees, and it is rumoured that a castor oil fac-
ctory is to bestarted near the City, with the N.G.R.
as chief consumer.—Natal Wéatness, June 18,

132 THE TROPICAL

ABYSSINIAN ‘ TEF’ (poa abyssinica) is the seed of
a grass which the people consume (see Sagot’s
‘Manuel des Cultures Tropicale’). By analysis it
contains 84 per cent of nitrogenous matter, 754 per
cent of anylaceous, and nearly 2 of fatty master,
besides nearly 2 of cellulose. It is, theretore, a
grain worthy of attention in other hot countries. —
Globe.

Burma Rusy Mines Co:—164 Par Cant.—
The report of the Burma Ruby Mines 9o., for the
year ended February 28th. shows a profit of
£33,845, from which the percentage payable to
the Government of India, amounting to £12,440,
has to be deducted. Including £8,881, brought
forward, there is a total balance of £36,286. he
Directors recommend a dividend of 163 per cent.,
free of tax, on the ordinary shares for the year,
leaving a balance of £10,123 to be carried forward.
During the year under review 947,444 loads of ruby
earth were washed at an average cost of 10°39d.,
as compared with 888,135 loads in the previous
year.

Mr. A. CooKE’Ss SCHEME FOR A TEA
RESERVE.—So far we have had but three
opinions vouchsafed to us upon the striking
scheme for a great tea Indo-Ceylon reserve and
an immense increase to the forces available for
exploiting foreign markets. One of them is
that the proposals are quite impracticable.
Another, which we shall publish tomorrow,
comes from a planter who adds that he
““cannot see that Mr. Cooke’s scheme is prac-
ticable at present. What we want is more
money to encourage Traders in foreign
countries to hold and make known by adver-
tising and other methods the high qualities
of our teas.” The third appears elsewhere. This
scheme is not one that can leap into popular
favour at once and will require a good deal
of backing before it can be put into forces,
But it cannot be denied that the exploitation
of foreign markets will have to be taken up
on a good deal larger scale than now if
cultivation continues to increase with the
opening up of new land—outside the countries
where it is the leading product today.

Frg1.—The Receiver-General’s annual report ou
the trade and commerce of Fijishows that the
exports from the colony for 1900 were valued at
£619,836, as against £481,856 for the previous
year. The imports were £349,890 (including
£6,027 for re-exportation) as compared with
£263,044 for 1899; and the total trade of £969,726,
as compared with £744,900. The improve:
ment in the export is mainly due to the
greatly increased production of copra. The im-
port of live stock amounted to £23,358, as
against £8,292 for 1899. The Customs duties levied
for 1900 were £65,932 lls 5d, an inerease of
£13,305 163 11d on the previous year. Included
in the exports were 32,961 tons of sugar, 15,605
tons of copra, 158,224 gallons of distilled spirit,
and 396,242 bunches and 46,224 cases of green fruit.
The export of copra exceeds that of any previous
year by 7,090 tons. Minor exports show no tend-
ency ¢o iuvrease. Of the total trade the port of
Suva coutributed £770,266 and Levuka £199,460.
The wharves at the former port are now being
extended. There are in the islands 68 European-
owned vessels aggregating 1,106 tons, and 105
native-owned vessels ageregating 893 tons.—
Londen Times, June 19.

AGRICULTURIST. [Aue. 1, 1901.

ANGLO-CEYLON AND GENERAL ESTATES
Company.—We direct attention to the full
report of the past year’s working of this
Company which we give on our sixth page
today, having been kindly placed at our dis-
posal by the Hon. Mr. J. N. Campbell. The
very wise precaution has been taken of
strengthening the reserve fund and, making
allowance for a dividend of 4 per cent on the
consolidated stock, there is the substantial
balance to be carried forward of over £13,000
in order to meet contingencies in view of the
unsettled state of the market. The price
of the Company’s tea has, we are glad to see,
been well maintained. A fairly good account
is also given of the Mauritius sugar estates
as well as of the rubber, coconuts and other
products in Selangor.

INDIAN AND FRENCH Import DuTIEs.—
Indian and perhaps Ceylon planters willbe glad
to read the Notification of the Finance De-
partment, issued on Wednesday, to the effect
that the French Government has decided to
prolong till the end of February next the
minimum tariff for tea, coffee, vepper, etc.
The fact that the minimum tariff has merely
been prolonged temporarily for eight months
shows that the French Government has not yet
altogether made up its mind in the matter.
The truth seems to be, as was lately pointed
out, that the French Government has a
quid pro quo in view; and it has prolonged
the statws quo for eight months longer in
order that there may be time to negotiate
with the British Government. There seems
to be no room for doubt that the principal
“compensation” that France is seeking is ~
British Indian cooly emigration for Mada-
gascar, where such labour is urgently re-
quired, Already one batch—says the Madras
Mait—of Indian coolies has been sent there
from Pondicherry, as the result of a private
recruiting venture.

“‘ NATURE SruDY” IN RuRAL” ScHoots.—
The Technical Instruction Committee of the Bed-
fordshire County Council have this year arranged,
for the assistance of elementary teachers in rural
districts, a series of 12 lectures on Saturday morn-
ings upon ‘‘ Naked-Eye Botany,” supplemented
on six of the Saturday afternoons by field exeur-
sions under the direction of local botanists at
which “‘ attention was specially directed to the
commonest and most widely representative exam=
ples.” Both the lecturer and excursion guides
we are told, disclaimed as an end in view the
collection of rare specimens or minute scheduling
of variations, their ebject being to encourage in
young teachers such a knowledge of the common
plants of the countryside as may enable them
to stimulate in their pupils ‘‘an interest in the
vital processes and in the leading characters of
the vegetation of both farm and garden.” Those
who atvend are invited to answer weekly ques-
tions on paper, and also to forward specimens
of plants for identification to their excursion
guides”—an invitation that might conceivably -
encourage the spoliation of rare flora, that is com-
plained of elsewhere. But the scheme, speaking

generally, seems carefully designed to avoid
such a result; and is stated thus far to
have been much appreciated.—London Times,
June 21.

“Ava. -1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

/

THe Export oF CAouTcCHOUC—from French
Tonquin last year—amounted to 300,400 kilos, says
the India Rubber Journal, the greatest part of
which went via Hongkoag, only asmall quantity
being shipped from Haiphong direct to Hurope.

A New Process FoR MOULDING SWEET BIs-
CUITS is being worked in Philadelphia, which in-
cludes the use of rubber. It consists in placing a
thin sheet of tough elastic India-rubber between
the moulding dies and a layer of dough. When the
die cutter is forced into the dough the rabber
ecniorms exactly to the design in the die by
minutely reproducing the same through the rubber
upon the dough. By this process very thin wafer-
like biscuits, with a highly embossed surface, can
be turned out at much greater speed than ordinary
methods.—IJndwu-rubber Trades’ Journal, July 24.

PLANTERS AND NEw PRODUCTS.—A corre-
spondent writes :—‘‘ We tried making tea
seed oil and the oil was successfully made, but
the cost was prohibitive. I was reading
somewhere about sunflower-seed oil being
valuabie. Now sunflowers grow like weeds
here and our patanas could soon be tull of
them, if some one with means and leisure
would kindly experimeat and give less
fortunate planters the benefit of his experi-
ence?” We fear neither sunflower nor tea
seed oil will pay to make in Ceylen. But
sunflower seed is said to be valuable for
feeding stock. The time is approaching when
systematic experiments can be made at the
new Government Farm, Gangaroowa, under
the auspices of Mr. Director Willis and _ staff.

CoMpPpANyY REpoRtTS.—We publish on page
121 the annual report of the Boga-
wantalawa Company. The yield of tea largely
exeeeded the estimate in spite of finer
plucking during the last three months
of the season, and the cost of production,
though slightly higher than last year, is
still moderate. The expenditure includes
that incurred on new clearings, build-
ings, and machinery. The total yield was
1,236,272 lb. tea plucked off 2,185 acres, being
at the rate of 565 Ib. per acre all round, costing
free on board at Colombo 23°92 cents or 3.93 d,
per lb. The gross average price of the
1,220,246 lb. sold in London was 7'51d. per lb.
‘Yhe crops for the current season owing to
finer plucking are estimated at 1,188,000 Ib.
tea. The gross average at which drafts were
negotiated was ls. 44d. per rupee against
Is, 45-16d. in the previous season. The profit
for the year amounts to £13,290 5s, lid., to
which has be added interest, £132 7s. 11d., and
the balance from last year of £952 10s: 5d.
It is proposed to pay a final dividend of
44 per cent. on the ordinary shares making 6
per cent, for the year, which will acquire less
tax, £4,275; to transfer to reserve (increasing
this account to £4,500) £1,500 and to carry
forward to next year the balance of £753 2s. 3d.
—Wealso give the report of the Dumont
Coffee Company in which Ceylon men are
interested. The causes are explained, which
have led to a considerable diminution of
profit. As the result of this the directors have
considered it advisable, instead of declaring a
further dividend, to place the sum of £20,000
to reserve account and carry forward
£10,263 15s. 7d. The property of the Company
seems to be in a satisfactory condition.

AGRICULTURIST, 135

Tot FrENcH InDO-CHINA CoNSULAR REPORT
for 1900, sent here May 8th; states that the ex-
ports of gutta-percha for 1900 amounted to 39,000
kilos, against 58,813 kilos in 1899. The gutta
percha comes chiefly from Annam and Laos. A
picul of good quality is worth about £13. The
rubber and gutta-percha are subject to an export
duty per 100 kilos of 100 francs—equal to £4.—
India-rubber Trades’ Journal, July 24.

SUGAR-GROWING IN THE STRAITS.—It appears
that sugar planters are prepared to take up
thousands of acresin the Selinsing division, if the
Governmeng will grant the land for that purpose.
A large sugar factory of the latest type was opened
on the Gedong Hstate late in the year, where over
a thousand acres are under cultivation. There is
no doubt a great future before sugar in this dis-
trict, if difficulties be not thrown in the way of
its cultivation.—Oficial Report for 1900,

PLANTING IN THE STRAITS.—The Collector of

Klang reports high prices prevailing for landin the
neighbourhood of Kuala Klang, on which he has
reason to believe the presept owners propose to
erect permanent buildings, and, although there isa
tendency to surrender the unopened land on some
EKuropean-owned estates, agricnitural land is still
in request by both European and Native planters.
Coconuts, rubber and coffee are the principal
products at present under cultivation.—Offceal
Report for 1900.
_ BoLivIAN EXxPLoRATION.—Reuter’s Agency is
informed that an expedition sailed yesterday for
the Isthmus of Panama, whence it will proceed to
Bolivia for the purpose of continuing the explora-
tion work in that country which was begun by
Sir Martin Conway. The region to be explored
lies between the crest of the Andes and the great
Amazonian plain, and between the rivers Kaka
and Beni and the river Pando or Tambopata, an
area of over 10,000 square miles. The expedition
is equipped and sent out by Sir Martin Conway,
Its leaderis Mr John W Evans, D.Se., a well-
known geologist and traveller, who has previously
done good work in the western part of Brazil,
With him go Mr John Turie, assistant geologist,
and Mr Gerard A Watney, B A., surveyor. They
will be joined by an experienced botanist from the
United States and by a zoologist already in the
country. The expedition is fully equipped with
all neediul scientific appliances, and will spend
one year in making a thorough scientific examina-
tion of the region. They will make as complete
scientific collectivus as possible, and, if expecta-
tions are realsied, will bring back valuable
observations and maps %f general scientific and
geographical importance. ‘The collections will
ultimately be presented te the public museums of
London and New York, and it is hoped that they
may fill a gap in the national collections on both
sides of the Atlantic. The country to be explored
cannot be described as wholly unknown, but it is
for the most part unmapped ; it has never been
scientifically explored, and great areas of it have
only been visited by native prospectors. In this
region are the fertile valleys of Las Yungas and
the famous gorges of the Tipuani, Mapiri, and
Coroico, whence so large a part of the gold of the
Incas was brought. The hill-sides produce every
kind of tropical and sub-tropical crov, Yungas
coffee being in the opinion of many expe: ts the
best in the world. Indeed, all the products of the
Yungas valleys,are not merely vich, but of singular
excellence.—London Jimes, June 27,

=

134 THE TROPICAL

SHARE LIST.

ISSUED BY THE
COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’
ASSOCIATION.

CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES.

paid Buy- Sell- Tran-

Company p.sh. ers. ers. sactions
Agra Ouvah Estates Co., Ltd. 500 — 865xD 865xD
Ceylon Ts5a and Coconut Estates 500 — — iy
Castlereagh Vea Co., Ltd. 100 70 : rat
Ceylon Provincial Estates Co. Ltd. 500 -. 500 500
Claremont Hstates Co., Ltd. 100 ae ra oe:
Clunes Tea OA 106 = "5 A
Clyde Hstates Co, 2 bi eS Le
Tested Tea Co., of Ceylon Ltd. 100 2 BE 65
Drayton Estate Co., Ltd. 100 oh

Eile Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 1. 40

Estates Co of Uva, Ltd. poe e250) —
angawatta _— = Ae
Sige Estate Co., Ltd. 500 940 915xD —
Great Western Tea Co., Ltd. 500 600 — a3,
Hapugahalande Tea Hstate Go. 200 — — ae
High Forests Kistates Co., Ltd 500 .. 550 ad
Do part paid 400 ce VN) pe
Horekelley Estates Co., Ltd. 100 — aS 65
Kalutara Co., Ltd. 606 0! uae
Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 106 — 40 =
Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100 = 85 ee
Kelani Tea Garden Co., Ltd. 100 -- _ =
Kirklees Estates Co., Ltd. 100 S10)
Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100 = 60 as
Maha Uva Estates Co., Ltd 600 — 400 aes
Mocha TeaCo., of Ceylon, Ltd. 600 650 — i
Nahavilla Estate Co., Ltd. 500 S00 om
Neboda Tea,, Co. Ltd 500 o6 GOW) —
Nyassaland Coffee Co. Ltd 100 = ae
Palmerston Tea Cc., Ltd. 500 .. 400 _
Penrhos Estates Co., Ltd. 100 — 100 =
Pitakanda Tea Company 500 — =
Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60 — 37°50 —
Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 100 se =
Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. 500 — 250 pe)
Rayigara Tea Co. Htd. 100 —_— 40 ‘
Boeberry Tea Co., Lid. 100 50 60
Ruanwella Tea Co., Ltd. 100 — 30 uae
St. Helier’s Tea Co., Ltd. 600 _— 500 ‘
Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 100 — 35 i
Do 7 per cent Prefs. 100 50 70 03
Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd. 600 55) BR Bt
Jdugama Tea & Timber Co., Ltd. 50 ae ae a
Onion state Ge, tie ale 600 we 200 es
er Maskeliya Estates Cc.
pe y 500 -- 450 _—
Uvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon,

Ltd. 100 55 GO —
Vogan Tea, Oo., Ltd. 100 «660. —
WanarajahTea Co.,Ltd. 500 os = —
Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. PS 100 — 300

OxyLon OommmroraL ComPANiss.

Adam's Peak Hotel Co., Ltd. 100 ao 30 —
Bristol! Hotel Co., Ltd, 100 po 1s _

Do 7 per cant Debts 100 «6105 — —_
Ceylon Gen. Steam Navgin;

Co., Ltd. 100 220 a 220
Colombo Apothecaries’ Co. Ltd. 100 .. 1873 _
Colombo Assembly Rooms Co.,

Ltd. 20 15 a0 009
Do prefs. 20 a co _—
Golombo Fort Land and Building

Co., Ltd. i100 75 85 do
Colombo Hotels Company 100 292750 — 0
Galle Wace Hotel Co., Ltd, 100 155 eee
Kandy Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 P2250
Mount Lavinia Hotel Co,, Ltd. 500 nod aA ae
New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 100 ved 190 175

Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. 80 CAE, on oon
Do 7 per cent prefs, 100 100
Public Hall Co., Ltd. 20 12%

AGRICULTURIST. [AuG. 1, 1901.
LONDON COMPANITIES.,
paid Buy- Sell- Tran
Company p.sh. ers. ers. saction

Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 8—9 oe
Anglo-Ceylon General Estates Co. 100 -» 49-55 ..
Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon 10 = 1—3

Do. 6 per cent prefs, 10 oe 4—6 5
Ceylon Proprietary Co. 1 reo = 3
Ceylon Tea Plantacion Co., Ltd. 10 -- 24—25 4
Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd. 5 oe 5—5$

Do prefs. 5 a: 5-6 ;
Eastern Produce & Estates Co. Ltd. 5 ones EAS -
Ederapolla Tea Co., Ltd. 10 aC 6—8 =
{fmperial Tea Estates Co., Ltd, 10 m4 aA
Kelani Valley Tea Assen., Ltd. 5 ae 3—5 one
Kintyre Estates Co., Lid. 10 nae 6—8
Lanka Plantation Co., Ltd. 10 -- 83-45 2.
Nahalma Estates Co.,Ltd. 1 ee nom 5
New Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1 -- 2-3 :
Nuwara Eliya ‘Vea Esiate Co., Ld. 10 93 10 =:
Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd. 10 35 6—F ke
Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 10 be 12 Pr
Scottish Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 — 12-15
Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 10 aa 2—4 es
Standard Tea Co., Ltd. 6 103 10—11 ...
The Shell Transport and Trading.

Company, Ltd. 1 -. 2%—34 s
Ukuwella Estates Co., Ltd. 25 _ par oe
Catiyantota Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 bad E—6 =

Do, pref. 6 o/o 10 . 9—10 os

BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE.

Colombo, August 2nd 1901,
* Latest London Prices.

oe —_—_“—-
RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO.

(Supplied by the Surveyor—General.)

Av of
1896. |1897. | 1898. |1899. |1900 3lyrs. 1901
Inch | Inch | Inch | Inch.| Inch. | Inch.| Inch
January ..| 2°92 | 3°81 | 2°32 6°98 3°72 | 3°24 |11°91

February -.| 0°35 | 1°68 | 1°98 2°78 0°63 | 1°89 | 3°55
March ..| 5°64 | 3°66 | 4°21 0°88 3°71 | 4°75 | 512

April --| 5°93 |10°97 |22°81 | 6°66 | 15°12 |11°43 | 8°71
May --| 9°31 | 8°30 | 5°80 |17°73 | 10°63 |12°04 | 6°28
June --| 8°37 |10°14 |10°94 | 9°23 7°83 | 8°35 | 5°93
July 2°85 | 5°24 | 6°15 111 6°77 | 4°30 | 4°52
August ..| 6°35 | 9°09 | 0°97 | 0°62 7°35 | 3°79
September |10°99 | 4°58 | 6°90 | 1°48 | 40 | 4:98
October ..|16°78 | 4°71 | 20°60 |12°99 9°47 |14°36
November..| 19.81 |11°66 | 17°38 | 8°58 9°25 |12°55

December..}11°76 | 8°89 3-05 | 4°44 5°20 | 6°35

103°11 |73°48

Total. . |101°06|82°73

* From 1st to 31st July 4°62 inches, that is up to 9-30 a.m
onthe ist Aug.—ED. C.0O.

erent eee

TEAK PRICES.--The rise in the price of Teak
timber is thus discussed by an Indian paper.—
“‘ The large rise which has taken place in the price
of teak-wood is attributed to a number of causes,
of which, curiously enough, the experiments con-
ducted with the ‘‘Belleisle” is one. The last
Report of the Burma Forest Department, in “dis-
cussing the state of the market for this timber in
London and on the Continent of Europe, states:
‘*Planks have been in even greater request than
before, owing to new sources of demand for ear-
pentry and decorative and electrical purposes.
The satisfactory results reached with H M §
‘‘ Belleisle” as to the degree of inflammabilit
of teak have tended to increase the demand for
this wood by the British Admiralty.” So great
was the effect of these various causes that the
price of teak rose in the London market, in twelve
months, from £10 to £17 per load, and the Con-
servator of Forests, Pegu Circle, writes :—*‘ Every
indication points to acontinued increase in demand
and to steady maintenance, or even enhancement

: ’
of present prices.”

Ave. 1, 1901.]
COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished bg the Chamber of Commerce.)
EXPORTS.
Colombo, 29th July, 1901.

CARDAMOMS :—
Allround parcel, well bleached perlb. R1:40

Do. dull medium do. R1:20
Special assortment, 0 and 1 only,do. R1:80
Seeds do, R1°35

CrncHona Bark :—
Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine 13c—14 to 3 o/o,
CINNAMON :—

Ordinary assortment perlb. 54c¢.
Nos. 1 and 2 only per lb. 59c,
Nos. 3 and 4 only per lb. 490.

Cinnamon Cures :—
Per candy of 560 lb R75:00

Cocoa :—
Finest estate red; unpicked per cwt R50) Quotations
Medium do do R48 ( nominal. L
Bright native unpicked and undried R45(_ business
Ordinary do do do R41 doing,
Ooconuts—(husked).
Selected per thousand R46:00
Ordinary or) R40:00
Smalls ns R30-00

Coconut CakKE—
Poonac in robins f. o. b. per ton R82°50
Do in bags None
Ooconut (Desiccated).
Assorted all grades per lb 16c
Coconut Om—
Dealers’ Oil per-cwt "R16:00.
Coconut Oil in ordinary packages‘f. 0. b. per
ton R355°00.
CoFrrEE.—
ein Estate Parchment on the spot per bus.—
one.
Plantation Estate Coffee f.o.b. (ready) per cwt.—
None.
Native Coffee, f.o.b per cwt.—None.
SITRONELLA OIL—

Ready do per lb.—45c
CoPRa—
Boat Oopra per candy of 560 lb. R56:50
Calpentyn Copra~* do do R56:50
Cart do do do R52:00
Estate do do do R56'50
Croton SEED per cwt—-None
EBony—

Sound per ton at Govt. depot—-R190. As per sales
of 3rd June.
Inferior R100. As per sales of 3rd7June.
FrpREs—
Goconul Bristle Now percwté R12°00
0

9 ry) None
Do mattress ,, 1 Be 3°75
Do sae ‘ 3:00
Coir Yarn, Kogalla,, 1 to 8 None
Do Colombo ,, 1 to 8 None
Kitool all sizes Me None
Palmyrah ih None
PrppER—Black per lb None
PLumMBAGo—
Large lumps per ton R550
Ordinary lumps do 530
Chips do 350/Fine quali-
ties scarce.
Dust do 200
Do (Flying) : 120
SapaNwooD— per ton None.
Satinwoop (ordinary) per cubic ft. 2°50
Do do per cubic ft. None.

High Grown Medium Low Grown

Tra— Average. Average. Average.

Broken Pekoe and Broken cts ctg cts
Orange Pekoe per lb 55 46 41
Orange Pekoe do 51 36 32
Pekoe do 40 29 25
Pekoe Souchongdo 37 26 20
Pekoe F'annings do 36 24 21

Broken mixed—dust, &o 22 20 20

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

135

CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION
.
FOR SEASONS 1900 AND i901.
5 = RROD Qoao < =
Onl shen ~ mons ASSS & S
| » ss OH HID ate nN H
2 E 9 btcel tS Nea
S| ° mclts seecrucy totes : me
ANDAR A Ss mo}
bol wOotn i=} 3 Sih a g
i oO <ARaAa SS FR RSS Ye)
aa Biiiesuhoas | Bre} co
-{Svr oo . ia) —
alae 2 Oe 2 ON
mo
: | |
Q
5 i OOM a) aaa rss
s b co c-0O0N a oO OD oO
ati (oor 2 BAS S nea) Ye)
a as af} 315% Ro sICOmns CU sir eme)ieiae oO
Se : co a
Ps)
= a. 2o> A
& io Aon x S = 3S
= i~ oN ie) fox) Sa ion)
Fath [aoe eel aniee2) ea) ee) o Pal
s oO = & fea) a ~
oZ%la .-7 nN et fon}
Sealey : Bt saculeaSs
o
So OS OD
° oh ed) | Gsiores 1 8
3 » S ae Ye)
SI EB Couecomtens Meflelsaieaeles|ieid eleg:ern sys S
3 | cs ss Muetcetishpediatiisi| wig isess tiatlte
[-¥)
0 Onno
| S|3S2568 Le Seaa 3
Sas | CSIR eae, SR ESRI: 2
lage Rok’ So a] aa a
Os 5S an © ab S
Ass : : ihe oe
3|
DAD ne
8 mn | Qtads Col oa oti a a
x Ril naosra a Ye) =H
Q Ee re1910 HOO co sh
5 2 00 ca “a Eel W Ler ueul eter te o
3 Ost dey oo SIP Be aheeID |
roo Oot AA ror)
mea os DO oO ao
,,on [ass (i OO AG ~
3 Se gion ote Oonous is Py Za
oO =
a 4
» - |
=) moe
419 00 CO sH I Oly
Oo 1S$RS 8 & Q WMaoros 1 3
° »;e2am i=) ao al a =) ~ i>
nv ann
SiSe is Ona a B
Be [(- ° Bein) onl
a4
|
1 s>essese gs ss Fr)
3 OWSSONOHWEY SS Ree) l a
12 DWDENAAND -OA ox a) a)
a! =a 0910 OD OD COTO DD 9 OD et MOU pisses) ee) Le, nn
5 2 1D RO aa for)
=H Siaaia te = i
3S —
: wWOSOMNSS SO oS S95
5 n SSaan55 5S nS SS wo
alae |88285S2 8 8h SE 8
2 ~
° |) 85 Ro BARA 2H Fa eat lf siectpaae 8 3
Q Lan! | f=>)
a 12) Can On a O19
g 16 SSm BS & DeSe s
. [12 SHO Sy oOo RAN a
° n a SH a aA © ral
f= = lie a hy aio &
d
sé 0110 oO 1d 05 On
Se ah a) a CoS AH N38
3° b aA) I ol AQ orice . a
8 E o ort ar 5 =)
! ° ag
on
. ; S oO sh OO bos! mom boa) 1 fer)
i) a 09
gs 3 A et ESRB S| Pace ieee 3S
US S x ° | : ‘ oO
Puen
bY o
i S
g 3 ofourelhciouayselielviciiieilishite elells te) este
i Pitcbletusittsins sWEntsiiselssheet sins
cI At
i)
2A 1S SOUS H =
oO BO}R 82 i! Gan 8
oa or} o nN Dal SPO Oreo ee 1D
aS “ oS oe ° G oO
~
a S
San/2 ax? 8
a2 Dille} Lestteniey fei jaije tefpes s miko °o eo 8 fos)
t= 2 ON BoaBii8 4 Ori om oe wR
S) = mts 3
TANS OL OCSOLRAOODER oO
x SSSSSSSRRSGSCRSSSSS) a
cS BODDD SSN MAD OMOORMNOD | cy
gis SHAOBRAHMBDANHSI SK x
a sre Bota) me Tra Hr COCO OO 41d LOH a
i 2S [3 Totes One ee 3
o oO
oO
ic)
Gy moO and toeooe
aa) S8SS8aan8 PSSSLEESRB 3
ct LO Hrd 10 SH DOHOWDNnAMHON [=
Os SOMIHORM -OCORSHONHONH
Qn IFAD SIANTODSOWDAN &
m2 fora) ko | 1d GO 00 1 r400 N ot
= 2 16 ae ow Lm k=)
et | 2
————————_————————_———————————E——————
BBB 8 8 BkGsBs8 BTS Ars eB 8 iB Bll antsy
ae
D Ea
& ied
Dn HS
ion] a BB Ss 53
2 hod a8 Ovm eh
& ~SSegs @¢ Gh So as 54
z, MEROS Ss eae Go RE Sages] sv
iS SSRs he esess Bese SL 1 RR
= Roo
5 PSDEDCSSS ERE SHO SASS 1%,
re) 9 CARON EM nnnat<dOnaA tale
3
Bipssessahesiaaas aa asi se
eR

136

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Avc. 1, 1901.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS
(From Lewis & Peats Fortnightly Price Current, London, July 0th, 1901.)

ALOES, Soccotrine cwt.
Zanzibar & Hepatic ,,
ARROWKOOT (Natal) lb.
BEES’ WAX, cwt.

Zanzibar & \ tee is

Bombay Yellow,,

Madagascar 9
CAMPHOR, China

Japan hs
CARDAMOMS, Malabarlb

”

Ceylon.—Mysore

”

a Tellicherry ,,

Long
” Mangalore ,,
CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,,
CHILLIES, Zanzibar ewt.
CINCHONA BARK.—Ib.

” 2?

Ceylon

CINNAMON, Ceylon sts
per lb, ands
3rds
4ths
Chips
CLOVES, Penang Ib.
Amboyna F
Zanzibar }

and Pemba
Stems Se

COFFEE

Ceylon Plantatien ,,

Native
Liberian
COCOA, Ceylon A

COLOMRO ROOT 2
COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton
Cochin ,,

FIBRE, Brush Wh
ochin ,,

stuffing ,,

COIR YARN, Ceylon ,,
Cochin ,,

Chis, An
CROTON SEEDS, sift. cwt.
CUTCH »” a
GINGER, Bengal, rough,,
Calicut, ae A 1)

Cochin Rough ,,

Japan ny
GUM AMMONIACUM,,
ANIMI, Zanzibar ,,

Madagascar

ARABIC FE. 1. & Aden
Turkey sorts

Ghatti

Kurrachee

Madras
ASSAFCETIDA

KING
MYRRH, picked

Aden sorts
OLIBGANUM, drop

pickings ,,
siftings ,,
INDIARULBEK,Assamlb

Rangeon
Borneo

QUALITY.

Fair to fine dry
Common to good
Fair to fine

Good te fine

Fair Me

Dark to good palish
Fair average quality

Clipped, bold, bright, fine

2s8da 2s 4d Madagascar

Middling, stalky & lean
Vair to fine plump

Seeds als
Good to fine
Brownish 3
Shelly to good My
Med brown to good bold
ists and 2nds
Dull to fine bright

Ledgeriana Orig. Stem

Crown, Renewed
Org. Stem

Red Org. Stem
Renewed
Root

Ordinary to fine quill
” ”
0 ”

” ”

Dull to fine bright bold

-|Dull to tine

Good and fine bright
Common dull to fair
Fair

Bold to fine bold colory
Middling to fine mid
Low mid. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary

Small to fine bold
Bold to fine bold
Medium and fair
Native

Middling to good

..|28 11d a 3s

ls 6d als7a
Is6d a 4s 3d INDIGO, E.I,
is 11d a 2s 6d
2s 6d

Isa 2s 9d

2s 38d a 383d

.j4d a 42d

358 a 45s

3da 53a per Ib.

5d a 7d

37d a 55d MYRABOLANS,

Bada dod Madras

3da, 53d Bombay 3)

37d a 4d
Wd a 1s 6d

9d ails 5d Bengal ,,
sod als 4d NUTMEGS— D.
8d a 11d Bombay & Penang ,,

24d a 10d
45d a 94d

p NUTS, ARECA
43d a 5d

4d a 4id per ewt. Madras
38d a 3id
1a OIL OF ANISEED ,,
CASSIA ”
92s 6d a 110s LEMONGRASS m3
. 70s a 90s NUTMEG »
CINNAMON 5)
50s a 60s CITRON ELLE ”
30s a 70s ORCHELLA WEED—cwt,
35s a 40s Ceylen “3
Visa 95s Zanzibar. oA

65s a 77s 6d

55s a 62s PEPPER — (Black) lb.

Ordinary to fair Bi
Ord. to fine long straigh
Ordinary to good clean
Common to fine
Common to superior

5p », very fine
Roping, fair to good
Dull to fair
Fair to fine dry
Fair
Good to fine bold
Small and medium
Common to fine bold
Small and D’s
Unsplit
Sm. blocky to fine clean
Picked fine pale in sorts

Part yellow and mixéd|£7

Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
Med. & bold glassy sorts
Fair to good palish
oa) op py etl
Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to fine pale...
Good and fine pale.
Reddish to pale selected
Dark to fine pale a:
Clean fr. to gd. almonds
Ord. stony and blocky
Fine bright

Fair to fine pale
Middling to good

Good to fine white
Middling to fair

Low to good pale
Slightly foul to fine
Good to fine

Common to foul & mxd.
air to good clean
Common to fine

MACE, Bombay & Penang

ewt|Fair Coast

oak. Ordinary to fair fresh
NUX VOMICA, Bombay {

Fair to god black ../28 a 2s 6d
Niggers, iow to fine ..|7d a 2s
Bengal—-

Shipping mid to gd violet
Consuming mid. to gd.
Ordinary to mid.
Mid. to good Kurpah
Low to ordinary

Mid. to good Madras
Pale reddish to fine
Ordinary to fair
Pickings

Dark to fine pale UG

QUOTATIONS. QUALITY. QUOTATION
., [445 a 80s INDIARUBBER, (Contd))
.|20s a 60s Java; Sing. ¢& Penang lb.|Foul to good clean Ha 8d a 2s 9d =
./53d a 6rd ( Good to fine Ball ...|28 6d a 3s 25d
Ordinary to fair Ball ...|1s Pe 28 es
£6 3, £7 bhidue y san Pee) als 7
A Gna ees en eel cove
£6 10s a£$ 17/6d Liver and Livery Ball ..|2s Br a 4
Nomina Vyassala Fair to fine ball ..(28 eda 3s
eae Nypselane Fr to fine pinky & white|2s 6d a 2s 9d

8s 8d a 4s 6d
38 3da 3s 9d

Jubblepore 4s 3d a 5s 6d
Bhimlies 4s 3d a 7s 6d
BRhajpore, &e. 4s 3d a 6s
Caleutta 3s 6d a 5s

64’s to 57’s
110’s to 65’s
160’s to 130’s

Ordinary to middling
Fair to good bold fresh
Small ordinary and fair
Fair merchantable
According to analysis
Good flavour & colour
Dingy to white
Ordinary to fair sweet
Bright & good flavour |103d a 11d
10s a 12s 6d

Mid. to tine not woody...
10s a 14s

Picked clean flat leaf ...
wiry Mozambique

29

10s a 22s 6d Alleppee & Tellicherry Heir to bold heayy .... ed Sead Be
Cente Singapore) Dull to fine” 2. /58da ead
rst a cr pee a 1 e. BeLaUE Fair to fine bright pold|3as a 40s
£20 a £24 * 2 ump ¢W"-!Middling to good small|20s a 32s
£7 a £9 ais Dull to fine bright —..|108 a 20s
£15 a £30 dae Ordinary to fine bright 3s 6d.a 8s 6d
£12 a £32 SAFFLOWER Good to fine pinky 9S a 758

£10 a £14 10s

22s a 30s SANDAL WOOD—
238 a 358 Bombay, Logs ton
338 Chips / 3;
80s a 100s Madras, Logs ,,
40s a 77s 6d : Chips _,,
36s a 41s SAPANWOOD Ceylon ,,
30s a 35s Manila .,,
3388 a 34s Siam BS
rae abs SEEDLAC_ cwt.
Hf = da £20/SENNA, Tinnevelly Ib. Fair middling medium 33d asad

70s a £9 2/6 Common dark and small|24 a 23d

£5 10s\'a £7 10sISHELLS, M. o’PEARL—

80s a 100s Bombay ewt. [Bold and A’s
“|£4 88 a £8 D’s and B’s £3a £4 158
‘|£4 5s a £9 Small...

35s a 58s Mergui iN Small to bold .-|£512s 6a, £7165

45s a 55s Mussel .” {Small to bold ...|228 a 65s

12s 6da35s |TAMARINDS, Calcutta.,,|Mid.to fine blk not stony/10s a 11s
"152s 6d a 55s - perewt. | Madras |Stony and inferior .|78 6d a 11s

Breit aes LO Uo Neostyle

20S a 358 i P

pei Bose Zanzibar & Bombay Ib. Taga ey NSE { 14s 6d a 228 6d

6s a 25s TURMERIC, Bengalewt.|Zair +. {238

1s 8da 1s 6d Madras ,, Finger fair to fine bold

90s a 107s 6d bright 22s a 273

50s a 80s Do. __,, {Bulbs «.|208 a 21s

35s 6d a 508 ochin _,, |Hinger -»|20S

253 a 35s Bulbs | (S & 78 6d

188 a 23s VANILLOES— 1b. : ‘

163 6d a 228 Mauritius ...\ 1sts|Gd. crysallized 33 a 9in|16s a 268 6d

28 2d a 2s 9d Bourbon J Ids|Foxy & reddish 43 a 8 ,,}15s a 188

7d a 1s 6d Seychelles 3rds}Lean and inferior of 88 a 138

23a 28 9d VERMILION Ib.) Fine, pure, brignt « {a8 3d =

isa 2s 3d AX, Japan, squares ewt Good white hard foes 6A

_|Fair to fine flavour

Inferior to fair 4)

Fair to good fiayour
Inferior to fine aoe
Fair to good ail
Rough & rooty to good|*4 10sa £5 15s
bold smooth...|£/
Ord. dusty to ed. soluble
Good to fine bold green

AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE,

GCeGL@NMBS:

Added as a Supplement Monthly to

the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for

August :—-

NATURE STUDY.

We have placed ourselves in communication
with the authorities who are conducting the
agricultural extension work in connection with
Cornell University College of Agriculture with so
such success, and are extremely gratified at the
encouragement we have received at their hands.
In addition to a letter of welcome to us to
join in the movement for the promotion of
Nature Study, we have also received a collection
of very useful publications that have been issued
by that body. These consist of leaflets of in-
structions to teachers for the preparation of lesson$
in Nature Study, with directions for the laying
out of school gardens, numbers of the Nature
Study Quarterly and Junior Naturalist Monthly,
and reading-lessons for farmers, all of which have
furnished us with most entertaining information,
inasmuch as we are only just beginning to work
on the same lines in connection with our
village schools in Ceylon, where, we venture
to think the new movement for the promotion
of agriculture is particularly well adapted, and
that if persisted in without too great an anxiety
for speedy results, which it would indeed be
absurd to expect, would be attended with a
full measure of success.

We have to thank Mr, J. C. Willis for
bringing the Cornell University Organization for
Nature Study to our notice. Wenow proceed to
cull from the papers referred to above with
a view to laying before our readers the aim and
object of Nature Study.

AUGUST, 1901.

Nature Study consists in a word, of seeing the
things which one looks at, and drawing proper
conclusions therefrom. itis not the study of a
science as of botany, geology, aud the like. That
it takes the things at hand and endeavours to
understand them, without reference to the
syStematic order or relationship of the objects,
Indeed, it is wholly informal and unsystematic,
the same as the objects are which one sees
It is therefore supremely natural. It simply trains
the eye and the mind to see and to comprehend
the common things of life; and the result is not
directly the acquirement .of science but the
establishing of a living sympathy with every
thing that is.

If the objects to be studied are informal, the

methods of teaching should be the same. [f
Nature Study were madea stated part of a cur-
riculum, its ‘purpose would be defeated. The
chief difficulty with our present school methods
is the necessary formality of the courses and the
hours. ‘Tasks are set, and are as a rule,
hard on a learner. The only way to teach

‘ Nature Study is with no cours? laid down, but

by taking up and studying natural objects, as far
as possible as we find them, and it is the pupils
who must do the work under the eye of the
teacher, and the exercise should not be long.
It should, imdeed, come as a real exercise, (if
possible whenever the pupils become listless),
and above all, the exercise should not be looked
upon asa recitation, and there should never be an
examination. The teacher must studiously avoid
definitions and types. For instance, he must not
speak of tle mpdel flower which indeed does not

138 Supplement to the ‘' Tropical Agriculturist.”

exist in Nature, he should begin with things and
not with ideas; in other words, the ideas shouid be
suggested by the things, and not the things by the
ideas and proceed from the known to the unknown.
This will give some ideas of the raison d<*re
of Nature Study, about which a great deal more
might be said, if necessary, but sufficient has been
said, we think, to show that the intention of the
new movement (for it is little known out-
side America) are such as to commend Nature
Study as the most rational method of enlarging
the minds of children, giving them a new interest
in life,and placing them in closer sympathy
,with Nature, results which will at once be
admitted by all to be most worthy of attainment
under any circumstances, and especially so in the
case of village children.

i
RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH
OF JULY, 1901.

Sunday NG We
Monday peel PNGIS 24:
Tuesday .. *26 25
10 Wednesday ... °59 26
11 Thursday .. °*60 27
12 Friday
18 Saturday ..
14 Sunday .. °86 30
15 Monday 5) COP) West
16 Tuesday See NILE neh

Tuesday .. Nil
‘Wednesday Nil
Thursday .. Nil
Friday .. Nil
Saturday ... °70
Sunday .. Nil
Monday .. +10
Tuesday .. Nil
Wednesday Nil
Thursday .. 13
Total. .6°45
Mean.. *20
Greatest amount of rainfall registered in 24

hours on the 6th July 1°16 inches.

Recorded by CU. DRIEBERG.

1 ‘Monday .. Nil 17 Wednesday Nil
2 Tuesday soe) NALS hursdaye 0 Nil
8 Wednesday ... Nil 19 Friday oS
4 Thursday ... Nil 20 Saturday .. :2I
5 Friday 56) Ollisy ls Sioreebyy Gan 1055
G6 Saturday .. 1:16 22 Monday .. Nil
q
8
9

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

On ist July last the Government Dairy was

transferred from the Department of Public Instrue-
tion to the Veterinary Department. Presumably,
the change was necessitated by the fact that the
late Superintendent (who was the Superintendent
of the School of Agriculture as well) is now doing
duty as Inspector of School Gardens, an office
which calls for his frequent absence from
Colombo.

Mr. P. Samaranayake, late manager of the
Colombo Stcck Garden, has been appointed clerk
to the Colonial Veterinary Surgeon.

1t is intended to establish typical school gardens
at Murugampola, Kahatuduwa, Jambureliya, Kir-
riwattuduwa, Panala, Handapangoda, Kumba-
Joluwa, Danowita and Matugama schools during
the present half year,

[Auc. 1, 1901.

On June 15th, Mr J. C. Willis, Director of
Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. delivered a lecture on
School Gardens and Nature Study at the School cf
Agriculture, Colombo.

—__—_

Mr. J. H. Barber of the “‘ Grove ” cacao estate,
Ukuwala, Ceylon, and the only local manufacturer
of chocolate and cocoa essence, has ieft on a tour
through the Australian Colonies with a view to
establishing a business in the chief cities there.

—_-—_+
FIRST STEPS IN AGRICULTURE.
First Staye—3rd Lesson.
BY A. J. B;

In the last lessen you were told something about
the soil. We will continue that subject and find
out what soils are made up of. Jf you go into the
country and look round you, you will notice that
in some places the soil is black, in others it is
red; further on you find brown or chocolate-
coloured soil; on the open hillsides you will often
observe stony, gravelly soi]; and, lastly, you will
meet with soils which contain a good deal of sand
(this is called a sandy loam), or others, again,
which are composed entirely of pure sand. It is
too soon to explain to you what it is that gives
the various colours to all these soils. That you
will learn when you are more advanced in ‘he
subject. Now, if a farmer were looking for a good
piece of land which will yield him good crops, he
would not be content with merely looking at the
surface. You have already seen that the roots of
many farm crops run deeply into the ground, so
the farmer wants to know what sort of soil there
is beneath the surface. To find this out he must
dig down into it forat least two feet. Thesurface
may be composed of rich soil, but just below it
there may be very bad soil, which would prevent
the land from yielding heavy creps.

A rich soil, you told me the other day, is such
as is found in scrubs and on the black and red soil
plains of the Darling Downs. What is it that
makes scrub soils, as arule, so rich and fertile?
lf you were to examine scrub soil by the help of
a microscope, you would find that it is principally
made up of decomposed (that is rotten) Jeaves,
sticks, and trees, which have fallen to the ground
during a number of years, probably tor many
hundreds of years. Mixed with this rotted matter
called “ humus,” thereis a quantity of lime. This
lime is derived from countless thousands of snail
shells, which you can find in most scrubs. If you
have ever seen the great mounds heaped up by the
scrub turkeys, you must have noticed the ground

surrounding them strewn with these shells. The ~

mother turkey has gathered them day after day to
feed her little chickens until they are able to run
about and hunt for their own food. At a future
time you will learn that lime is very valuable to
the farmer. Then, in addition to the humus and
the lime, there is a certain quantity of fine sand
and slime washed on to the land during floods,
These scrub soils are often of great depth, and the
deeper a soil is the better it is able to supply plang
food to the crops,

Auer 1; 1901.)

The great black and red soil plains are not
formed in the same manner. Most of them are
what is called volcanic soils. Their great fertility
is not derived from decomposed vegetable sub-
stances, but from decomposed mineral matter.
This also will form a subject for future lessons.

The soil which lies below the surface is often
very different to that on the surface. It is called
the ‘‘subsoil” from a Latin word which means
“under.” So remember that the soil immediately
below the surface is called the subsoil’. This
subsoil consists sometimes of stiff clay, sometimes
of gravel, and in very rich lands is as good as the
surface soil when it is turned up by the plough
and allowed to sweeten in the air. Well, the
farmer who is looking for good Jand will first of all
examine the surface, and will then look below it
to see what the subsoil is like. Perhaps he finds
a stiff clay close to the surface. This he passes by,
bezause a shallow soil, no matter how rich it is,
resting on stiff clay will not yield good crops
without a great deal of labour. When heavy rains
come, the water sinks through the shallow upper
soil, but. it cannot sink through the clay, so, if the
land is at all flat, the water lies upon the clay, and
when the roots of the plant pass into it they begin
to turn sickly, and if the root is sick the whole
plant suffers and at last dies. Just think how
you would feel if you had to sit all day with your
feet on a cold wet floor. You would soon become
ill, and if something were not done to dry and
warm the floor, you would die. So it is with the
plant. If its roots are resting on a cold, wet, sour,
clay subsoil, it soon turns yellow and dies. But
clay soils can be cultivated and made to yield large
crops, especially of turnips. The work of making
such soils fertile is, however, very expensive, and
only farmers with plenty of money can afford to
cultivate them. You will learn as we go along
how these soils are treated. Now, I am not going
to tell you at this stage all about subsoils, because
it is a very difficult subject, and there is no need
for you to know much about it at present. All
you need learn now is that a good farmer will
always try and find out what lies below the sur-
face, and by knowing that, amongst other things,
he knows whether the land he is examining will
be suitable for growing good crops or not.

You have seen farms which are perfectly flat,
and others which lie on a hillside. Land which
is flat is exposed to the sun all day long, and it is
also exposed to every wind that blows. But land
on hillsides running north and south can only
receive the sun’s rays either in the early morning
and during a great part of the day, or else it does
not receive the morning sun until late, owing to
the height of the hills towards the east in which
direction the sun rises.

On the other hand it has the benefit of the even-
ing sun. The position of the land with regard to
the sun is called its ‘‘aspect.” If it faces the
rising sun, it is said to have an easterly aspect,
and if it faces the setting sun, the aspect is called
westerly.

The aspect of a farm is a very important matter.
In cold countries like Scotland and Denmark and
North America, farmers always try to avoid a
northern or a north-western (sometimes a north-

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 139

a
eastern) aspect. The reason for this is that the
cold cutting winds from those directions cause
injury to the crops. The soil remains cold and
wet until far into the spring, when the farmers
should be sowing his crops, and the cold winter
sets in earlier thau it does in more sheltered local-
ities. You will easily understand how this comes
about. When a strong, cold, westerly wind is
blowing, place yourself on that side ot the house
facing the wind, You soon begin to feel cold,
Now go to the opposite side of the house. Here
you are sheltered from the cutting wind and you
do not suffer from the cold. Now imagine the
house to be a range of hills. The hillsides facing
the west are exposed to the full force of the cold
wind, whilst the opposite slope is entirely shel-
tered. From this you can at once see that a farm
on the western side in this State must be much
colder than one on the eastern side in the winter
time, and that consequently the planting season
will be later, and the hot weather of shorter dura-
tion on the western than on the eastern slopes.
There is one more little thing I may mention to
you in connection with aspect. The rays of the
morning sun are more beneficial to plant growth
than those of the setting sun, and in case I may
forget to tell you later on, it is always well in
sowing a crop of corn or potatoes, or in planting
any crop in rows, to arrange the rows so that the
tays of the morning sun may pass along them.
Sach an arrangement has been found to result in
better crops than if the rows cross the sun’s rays.
Why this is so is not for us to consider here.
Now, we will close this lesson, and I will, as
before, give you some questions to answer.
Questions on Lesson 8.
1. Of what materials is a rich scrub soil com-
posed ?
2. What is meant by a sandy loam ?
3. Why should a farmer want to know the kind
of soil beneath the surface ?
4, What is a ‘‘subsoil”? Why is it called a
subsoil ?
5. Of what does a subsoil usually consist ?
6. Why is clay subsoil bad for field plants ?
7. Can land with a clay subsoil be cultivated 2
8. What is meant by the aspect of land ?
9. What aspect is the best with respect to Crops?
10. Why is this so?
—Queensland Agricultural Journal,

—_—_—
POULTRY NOTES.

(Culled from various sources.)

When poultry are at liberty, animal food need
not be given them, especially in warm weather,
Indeed, it is quite out of place. The birds get as
much healthy insect and animal food as they
require, and a sufliciency of nutritious green food
to balance it and act asa corrective. Birds kept
always in confinement may have an occasional
allowance, even in warm weather, as they have no
chance of securing insect life for themselves, and
when there is an abundance of green food supplied
at the same time no harm is likely to result,
But the animal food should not be too strong and
coarse for usein warm weather. Boiled and grated

140

liver and fish food are the best for such times.
There are few things more detrimental to the well-
being of poultry than an excess of animal food.
Birds become listless and unhealthy and cease to
lay regularly under such treatment.

If the poultry-keeper has no idea of raising his
or her chicks to renew or increase his stock, no
males whatever need be kept- Many people ima-
gine that mules are necessary for the production
of eggs; whereas the males are orly needed for fer-
tilising the eggs for hatching, Indeed, the hen will
do a trifle better in laying if no male is present.
This uselessnes of the male should be noted by all
poultry-keepers who want eggs only, as some-
times the male is an absolute annoyance and hin-
ders egg production toa much greater extent than 1s
commonly believed. For egg production the so-
called “non-sitters” should be chosen, viz., Leg-
horns, Hambuygs, Houdans, Polish, Spanish, and
Minoreas. The white Leghorn, Minorca, and Hou-
dan lay the largest eggs; Hamburgs the smallest of
any of the breeds named.

The sterility of eggs may arise from various
causes. Over-feeding is a very common one, Cspe-
cially over-feeding penned-up fowls with Indian-
corn. If some ot the eggs be fertile and others
clear, the cause may be, amongst others, either
neglect on the part of the cock or some fault of
the hen. In some cases the average of the ferti-
lity of the eggs may be improved by taking away
to another pen those hens which lay fertile eggs,
when they are kuown, for a day or two, and then
putting them back for a like period, and 30 on
until some improvement 1s noticed. The pens
should be as much alike as possible, so that the
fowls may feel at home, and obviously they should
be kept isolated from a cock. This temporary
absence is at times quite beneficial to some hens,
which become weakened by the too constant at-
tention of the cock, and they, 1m consequence,
begin to lay clear eggs. Sometimes one hen is the
favourite of the cock, to the neglect of the others ;
in this case the hen should be taken away fora
time. This may be suspected if only a small per-
centage of the eggs are fertile, especially if those
eggs look as if they had been laid by one hen, and
often the question may be settled by watching
the fowls in the pen. Sterility may sometimes be
overcome by removing the cock during the day
and putting him back at evening feeding time, or
keeping him away altogether for a couple of days
at a time, and then giving only a few hours’ run
with the hens. When all kinds of dodges have
been tried, and the feeding and housing are not
at fault, and yet the eggs are clear, you may con-
clude the fowls will not breed together in the way
they are mated. Some cocks will not breed with
certain hens, and some hens will not breed with
certain cocks. Ip such extreme cases the sexes
should be separated for quite a fortnight, and
then an entirely different mating be tried, the
fowls being put together even in a different pen
if any way possible.

In an article on the “ British Egg Supply ” in
the Royal Agricultural Society's Journal, the

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

“may lead to recovery ;

iAuG. 1, 1901,

writer classifies the breeds thus :—Non-sitting
varieties are Hamburgs, Minorcas, Campines, Leg-
horns, Anconas, Andalusians, Redeaps, Houduns,
Seotch Greys, and Barbezheux. General purpose
varieties are Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Lang-
shans, Orpingtons, and Brahmas.

Says an American Bulletin :—Poultry are quite
susceptible to diseases of the brain. Commonly,
symptoms of brain disorder are due to indigestion
or intestinal worms. The removal of these causes
otherwise no remedy can
be applied. Vertigo, due to congestion of the
brain with blood, shows itself in an unsteady,
staggering gait, the bird walking backward, side-
ways, or turning inacircle. Sometimes this giddi-
ness is followed by epileptiform attacks. As
treatment, apply ice to the head until thoroughly
cooled. Then open the bowels with a purgative,
as Epsom salts 30 grairs, or calomel 13 grains.
Keep the bird in a quiet, shady place. If this
method is not successful, administer bromide of
potassium in 1 to 5 grain doses three times a day.
If the trouble is due to intestinal worms, treat the
fowl for worms. Epilepsy, commonly known as
fits, is occasionally seen in fowls. Birds attacked
may.fall and may lie on either the back or the
abdomen, the eyes opening and closing. After a
time the attack subsides. Unless due to intestinal
worms, no reliable treatment is known.

W. B. Tegetmeier, the well-known authority on
poultry, says:—One of the fallacies of the present
day is that the production of eggs can be increased
by the use of highly-spiced stimulating foods,
These are consequently advertised by the makers -
very extensively. The slightest acquaintance with
anatomy and physiology would prove the absurdity
of such a belief. Animals cannot be made more
fertile by giving them an unnatural diet and
irritating their digestive organs with food which
they do not obtain in a natural state. Some of
these substances which are sold as egg producers
are fiery and stimulating to the highest degree,
and cannot possibly tend to increase. I have
recently received several complaints of the ill-
health of birds that had been fed on spiced foods.
If the natural diet of a fowl is taken into con-
sideration, it will be found that the bird never
takes voluntarily any substance of the kind. The
production of eggs in quantity requires that the
fowls shall be provided with the materials out of
which they can be secreted or made, and certainly

turmeric and cheap waste peppers do not furnish
these substances.

We give the following extract from Station
Farm, and Garden:—Much of the foraging done
by fowls is more for grit than for food. Do not
content yourself with the fact that your hens
have a gravel run, for hens do not, pick up gravel
for grit unless it is sharp. They may be but a
week on a gravel bed, and yet in that short time
a large flock will clear it of the material they
require, as is shown by their constant search for
sharp material, which they always need. Yet
there are those who have kept hens in large
numbers on one place for years, without supply-

Ave. 1, 1901.|

ing them with any, and when the hens become
sick from indigestion they resort to poisonous
nostrums. Keep a box of pounded glass where your
hens can always get at it. Perhaps some may
smile when advised to give pounded glass to the
hens, but try it and notice how readily they will
eat it, and you will wait quite a long while if you
expect any of them to die from eating the glass.
Anything that is hard and sharp will answer.
The hard pearly-portions of oyster-shells make an
excellent grit, but they lack hardness, though they
are better than nothing at all. Pounded bones
are a delicacy to any flock of hens, and this is a
material which is available at the cost of a little
trouble in every household. Remember, fowls
cannot lay well unless kept healthy, and cannot
be kept healthy without grit.

A writer in the eld writes to prove that
Shakespeare knew even the merits of poultry !
When Master Robert Shallow orders a dinner for
Fulstaff, he is made to say ‘‘Some pigeons Davy,
a couple of short-legged hens, a joint of mutton,
and any pretty little kickshaws.” This passage,
it is said, shows that even in Shakespeare’s time
short-legged hens were regarded as being, what
they undoubtedly are, the best and plumpest
for the table, At that time the fancy breeds
were unknown, and the farm-yard fowls that
were regarded as the most valuable were those
that had, like the Dorking and the present Surrey
and Sussex fowls, short legs. Many fancy breeds
are characterised by long legs produced by un-
natural selection, until some enormities such as the
long-legged game, Langshaws, &c., have resulted,
the former being so obviously useless as table
fowl that they have been excluded from the
schedules of the Royal and other Agricultural

Societies,
er ee eee

MILKING.

(Concluded from last number.)
CHAPTER III.

Whoever has the care of the cows, it should be
their object to keep them clean. If the udder is
in a filthy condition it must, before milking is
begun, be washed clean with lukewarm water and
rubbed dry with a piece of cloth.

Mil “has great capacity for absorbing gases
from the air, and since it offers an extensive
surface as it passes in jets through ‘he air
between the teat and the pail, the air in the shed
shoull—especially during milking—be kept as
pure as one can posstbly keep it. Tor this reason,
if the cows are indoors, they should be made to
stand up a little while before milking begins.
They will then probably get rid of their manure,
Afterwards all available doors and windows
should be opened for a few minutes, the litter is
arranged and things are put in order, So that
everything isas it should be when the milking is
to begin.

Light helps to keep the air pure, so one should
always have plenty of daylight in the shed; and
if the cows are milkeG indoors in the dark winter

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” 141

mornings and evenings, pienty of lantern light
gives a better chance of good clean milking.
MinkinG TIMES.

If a cow is milked three time in every twenty-
four hours the milk obtained is both more
abundant and richer than if milking takes place
only twice a day. But whether one milks three
times or only twice daily, the times between the
milkings should always be as nearly as possible of
the same Jength.

The cow is a creature of habit ; its udder works
steadily and regularly. Hence the milking tunes
should be most carefully kept, and the same
pair of hands should milk the same cows in the
same order. If milking is begun too late the cow
sbecomes restless, and as regards those which
give much miik the tension in the udder can give
pain—in all cases milk is lost.

Altogether it ought to be clearly realized that
Teco repays all unpleasantness by giving iess
milk,

Goop ADVICE (IN BRIEF).
(1) The cow is aw living creature.

Use her kindly and you get more milk
from her.

(2) Use develops the living instrument.

a. Milk dry! Milking dry develops the

udder and consequently the power
of giving milk.

6. And one obtains richer milk, sence the
very last milk is by far the richest.

(8) Milk in the right manner.

a. Grasp the teat with the whole hand.

6. Press the milk out.

c. Don’t forget the gentle push up against
the udder. f

d. Never stop nor let the work be in-
terrupted when milk is “ coming.”

e. Remember the second milking and the

i last drops.

jf. Pat the cow when you have finished
milking,

(4) Cleanly milking.

a. Have clean pails (to milk into and for
carrying the milk),

6. Wash your hands before and (in the
shed) during milking.

e. It is best to milk with dry hands.

d. Milk in a suitable and clean smock.

(5) The state of health of the udder.
a, Tenderness or hard lumps in the udder
or on the teats.
6. Blocked milk channel, etc., or
e. Unnatural looking milk—should all be
at once reported to the owner or
other responsible person.
(6) Milking Times.
a. Begin at a fixed time.
5. Milk the same cows in the same order.
To whoever has charge of the cows :—
(1) Clean cows,
(2) Good air in the shed.
(3) Plenty of light,
—Agricultural Journal of Cape Colony.

142 Suoplement to the ‘ Sropical Agricuturist.”

AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS IN ZANZIBAR.
We have to acknowledge with thanks receipt of a
copy of the Annual Report (dated the 24th Feby.,
1900) of the Agricultura! Department of Zanzibar.
Among the more important crops referred to are

1. Croves.—The year is reported to have been
a bad one for this product, the geveral crop of the
island having been about 3}-tenths of last season.

2. Coconuts.—At Dunga the average number

‘of nuts per tree is put down at 31 perannum; the
price varied between Rs. 18 and 25 per thousand.
A new plantation of 1,579 trees is said to have
been laid out in April and May, the palms being
put 85 feet apart. Mr. Herbert Lister’s report on
Tundana plantation puts down the total yield at
14,300 nuts, an average of 18 nuts per tree, show-
ing an increase of 2,400 last year, and 4,400 over
1897. The price at the end of the year was Rs, 24
per thousand. Aye

‘3. CorrEE.—A small beginning has _ been
made with both the Arabian and Liberian variety,
both of which are reported to be doing well,
particularly the latter, Snails seem to be the
chief enemies.

4. TEA has been grown experimentally, seed
having been procured from Horagalla, Ceylon.
The experiment has so far proved successful, and the
opinion is expressed that Zanzibar should be able
before leng to meet all local demands, though
there is not sufficient suitable land for an export
trade.

5. Cacao.—The verdict as to cacao is ‘‘ Cacao
-is a most disheartening product to grow; it is
the most delicate of all the economics . ;
nearly every insecs attacks it, &c.” It is evident
that the requisite conditions for cacao growing
are wanting in Zanzibar. There are few plants
more particular as regards its natural conditions,
but given these conditions it will grow like a
forest tree if not interfered with. The area under
cacao is comparatively small owing to the un-
suitability of the greater part of our planting
areas to the growth of the plant ; and it is rather-
misleading to read “ Cacoa does well down to sea-
level in Ceylon,” which, indeed, it does not do.
As suitable shade—not referred to in the report—
we might mention Erythrina indica and L£.
lithosperma. ;

6. RusBBER.—The summing up of the experi-
ment in growing this product is that the experience
has so far been unfavourable both in Zanzibar
and Pembe.

7, VaAni~LA.—The plantation of Vanilla is
favourably reported on. There is little to report
regarding rhea which is only being grown on a
“*small plot.” As regards chillies it is a surprise
to read that ‘‘there is no doubt that in Zanzibar
these do not pay to cultivate, except for the native
to whom time is no object,” Asa ‘‘Catch crop”
jt has given excellent results on a large scale here.

a
THE GOVERNMENT DAIRY FARM.

‘his institution has had a record yeur of success.
It still continues under the good management of
Mr. J, A, G. Rodrigo, whose experience of dairy

[Auc. 1, 1901,

cattle and of breeding, gained during the eight
years he has been in charge of the farm might be
considered mature, and therefore particularly valu-
able. The expenditure during the yéar on the
dairy was Rs. 21,20762, and the receipts

s. 26,838°86, so that the nett profits from the
working of the institution as a milk dairy was
Rs. 5,631°24 (vide Statement-A.),

Two lots of cows were purchased and added to the
dairy herd on 31st March and 22nd December.
The first consisted of 15 Seinde cows which were
imported with the help of Veterinary Surgeon Haji
of Karachi, no special officer having been sent from
here to effect the purchase. The second batch of
animals was secured in Madras by Mr. Rodrigo him-
self, who was sent to India for the purpose, Mr,
Wijevayaka acting for him in the dairy. These
latter were principally of the Nellore breed, and
the new departure of purchasing other than Scinde
cows (which have proved so satisfactory) was
necessitated by the great advance in the market
value of our favourite breed, chiefly owing to the
losses resulting from famine in North-West India.
The new animals are good of their kind, but cer-
tainly not as good as our old stock, and the calves
bred from them will, I fear, be of small value in
the eyes of stock owners, among whom the young
Scinde animals bredin the dairy are highly prized for
improving their own herds. Itis hoped that we shall
be able to get future supplies of cows from Scinde,
so asto preserve the uniformity of the dairy herd,
which certainly cannot be improved by the addi-
tion’of South Indian cattle, though the introduc-
tion of a good English milking strain should prove
an advantage. The first purchased batch cost
the dairy Rs. 2,375°99 and the second Rs. 2,514:98,

The sales were held in the dairy on 30th March
and 8th June. At these sales 10 cows and 27
calves were disposed of for Rs. 1,955°S6. The
average price per calf ‘taking both sales into con-
sideration) was Rs. 50; at the first sale of rather
old animals it was Rs. 62. As a result the Scinde
breed is being introduced into the Western, South-
ern, and North-Western Provinces. No public
sales were held at provincial centres as in past
years, but three bull calves were sold to the
Government Agent, Ratnapura, for Rs. 320; two
to the Assistant Government Agent, Kegalla, for
Rs. 220; one to the Government Agent, North-
Central Province, for Rs. 100; and one heifer to
the Government Agent, Northern Province, for
Rs. 60. These animals were the pick of te older
lot of calves, and are intended for breeding pur-
poses under Government auspices. The dairy has
been most fortunate in the matter of casualties,
only one cow and one calf having died from
ordinary ailments during the year. The calves
suffered from a peculiar affection during the latrer
part of November and beginning of December, This
disease, which attacked the most thrifty animals
of about two years of age, was considered by the
Government Veterinary Surgeon to be ‘quarter
ill,” which though as a rule very fatal in England
did not cause the death of a single animal in the
dairy herd. I have no doubt that Mr, Sturgess
will refer fully to this outbreak in his report, so
that 1 need not give any further particulars with
regard to it,

=

i

Ave. 1, 1901,]

Considering that both rinderpest and foot-and-
mouth diseases prevailed i in the near neighbourhood
during the year, it speaks well for the manage-
ment thatthese contagious diseases did not reach
our herd.

Thongh the lease of the Havelock Racecourse
grounds (for which the dairy pays Rs. 60 per
mensem) secures distinct advantages in the way
of providing pasture und exercise for the stock,
the difficulty of checking cattle trespass under the
conditions of the lease is much to be deplored,
as it will be readily understood what serious risks
are run in permitting our cattle to graze over
pasture at the disposal of outside cattle all night,
and sometimes also by day. I trust that in the
interests of the dairy, with its excellent herd, put
together at so much cost and pains, and forming
a valuable asset (potentially if not so intrinsi-
cally), some means will be found to cope with the
evil complained of. A much needed additicn to
the building was made by the erection of a small
detached block of two rooms to be used as a food
store. Hitherto much trouble and some loss was
experienced by the incursiors of rats that persis-
tently burrowed beneath the foundation to reach
the cattle food, and so formed excavations which
affected the stability of the dairy walls. After
trying various remedies it was decided to erect a
separate building in the open, as a surer means of
watching for and preventing the nuisance caused
by the rats.

Model Farm.

‘As shown by Statement B. appended, the gross
receipts for the year were Rs. 3,980°20, the ex-
penses Rs. 240°35, and the profits, after deducting
a sum of Rs, 1,350 paid as rent to the Government
Agent, Western Province, Rs. 2,389°85.

The Kelani Valley Railway runs through the
farm, and to meet the requirements of Govern-
ment in this connection about five acres of culti-
vated grass land were appropriated for the rail-
way. The reduction in the revenue as compared
with last year is attributable to our giving up this
land as well as the digging for cabook and gravel.

An extent of 11 acres was given over with the
sanction of Government to Messrs. W. H. Davies
& Co., who lave acquired the land on a 25 years’
lease and a rental of Rs. 1,000 per annum for the
first ten years, and Rs. 1,500 for the fifteen years
following.:

As appendices to this report are annexed the
following statements :—

A.—Receipts and expenditure of the Government
Dairy for the year 1900.

B.—Receipts and expenditure of the Model Farm
for the year 1900.

C.—Financial statement of the Government Dairy
and Model Farm for the year 1900.

D.—Capital Account of the Government Dairy,
1900.

.—Balance Sheet showing tke position of the
Government Dairy attained of 1900.

¥,—-Live-stock return of the Government Dairy
for the year 1900,

Supplement to the ** Tropical Agricutiurisi.' 143

A.—Receipts and Expenditure of the Dairy for the
Year 1900.

° Amount.
Receipts. Rs. @

January . To amonnt realized by sale
of milk soe 221 2B"56
February... do. me LOL 75
March gy do. Aon dieses ata)
April ae do. LT 20, 35
May me: do. ... 2,000 29
June ote do. eo UotooL 30
July id do. ... 2,648 89
August Bc do. -. 2,589 64
September ... do soar NOON DD
October is do. 2 A0.2:726 25
November ... do. ee 251267549
December ... do. wt i20136' 36

To amount of fees for the
services of the stud bull ... 20 00
Carriage for delivering the ‘
milk ie ee 33 50
Total ... 26,838 86
Expenditure.

Expended in the purchase of milk 6,186 64
Paid to the Manager as part salary 300 00
Paid to Mr, Kuruppu 180 00

Paid as rent of Havelock Racecourse ay 720 00
Paid as salary for dairy coolies 1,539 00

Paid as salary for grass land coolies 1,656 00
Paid in transporting milk... 279 25
Paid in repairing dairy utensils and the

dairy building 305 00
Paid in purchase of dairy utensils and

two grass garden carts.. .., 181 00
Paid in purchase of cadjan, coir, and lime 32 63
Paid in purchase of provisions for cattle... 9,663 36
Paid in purchase of oil, menicines, and

stationery... : ane 118 97
Paid for licensing two earts. tne 10 00
Paid for analyzing a sample ‘of milk aes 10 50
Paid in. purchase of a boiler, a hose, and

Jeye’s fluid . 70 15
Paid for binding the dairy account book 1 00
Paid for lucerne seed for experiment at

tbe School of pe eculate a 13 12
Nett profit *s ob §,631 24

... 26,838 86

B.—Receipts and Expenditure of the Model Farm

Total

for 1900.

Receipts. R. «
Receipts of the Model Farm for the

year 1900 ee aot ee 3,521 20
Rent of the Bungalow Ah «. ~-: 120 00
Do Old link 1 we 3 00
Do New link aie Be 300 00
Do Health Depot ... ae 36 00
Total ... 3,980 20

Hupenditure.
Pay of the Watchers bb «240 00
Rent paid to Government ... we = 1,350 00
Cost of a check-book of receipts ane 0 35
Nett profit sled ne wo 2,389 85
Total ... 3,980 2

144

Supplement lo the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

C.—Financial Statement of the Government Dairy
and Model Farm for the year 1900.

teceupts.
* J RAC:

To balance in bank on

January }, 1900 5,194 63
To recoveries on account of

1899 credited in 1900 4,302 45
To profits on the working of

the Dairy Farm during

1900 he ... 0,631 24
To profits on the working o

the Model Farm during

1900 sto .» 2,089 85
To sale of live stock in 1900 2,655 86
To interest allowed by Bank _

Total
' Hapenditure.

By purchase of stock for the

Dairy Whe 4,755 97
By cost of advertising sale of

cattle oe ite 49 00
By cost of extending Dairy

buildings 700. 00
By commission at 6 per cent.

to Manager, Dairy, on

R5,631°24, being nett pro-

fits on the working of the

Dairy Farm during 1900... 337 87
By balance in bank on De-

cember 31, 1900 . 12,652 30
By amount recoverable on

account of 1900 during 1901 1,870 14

Total

By

9,497 08

10,676 95
191 25
. 20,365 28

5,842 84

14,522 44

. 20,365 28

D.—Capital Account of the Government Dairy.

Receipts.

To amount expended from the sam of
R22,980 voted for the establishment
of the Dairy Farm in 1893

To amount of special advances for the

working of the Dairy Farm received
in 1894

Total

Hapenditure.
By amount paid into revenue
as proceeds of sale of
milk in 1893... bb

Do in January, 189 ;

By amount paid to Treasurer
in part settlement of the

aavance on Dee. 31, 1895 5,237 35
Do Dec. 31, 1896 2,087 55
Do Dec. 31, 1897 4,175 10

By amount paid on June 13, in part
payment of the original vote

By balance of vote not repaid to revenue...

» 81,039 12

Fotal

Tits Os
. 19,539 12

. 11,500 00
. 31,039 12

IRS.

8,890 51

11,500 00

4,000 00
6,648 61

[Aue. 1, 1901.

E,—Balance Sheet showing the position of the
Government Dairy at the end of 1900.

Licceipts.
hh. -¢.
To balance of vote not repaid to
Government... ° i 6,648 61
To assets over liabilities on December
31, 1900 . 31,273 83
Total ... 37,922 44
Expenditure.
By amount paid as compensation to
the late lessees of the Model Farm
from the sum voted uF ... 4400 00
By estimated value of Dairy stock and
utensils bie ix ... £9,000 00
By balance at credit on Dec. 31, 1900 ... 12,652 30
By amount recoverable during 1901 1,870 14
Total ... 37.922 44

F,—Live Stock Return of the Government Dairy

for the year 1900.
oe Ee 2. EDs BD) gu:
=w ie ays 4 =e 62) 5 52
2. $F 25 g £5 58 25 g
Particulars: | /ge@llas 27) Wo So eee 1S
28 pen BSF uae peat
Ea ae oF a7 23> e-|
ea Ty a iat 72
Cows so 02) 37) —— 12> ee ta
Calves -- 69 — 51 114* 1 34 35 79
Stud Bulls. 2) 4a 1) Ses
raught Bulls 3 — -- 3,—) 1 J 2

* Six calves were transferred to the list of cows.
—————o——
INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY.
(Miss ELEANOR A. ORMEROD,)

Classification of Insects.

Opinions of different writers vary much as to
the most desirable form, but the method appears

_ to be the most simple and comprehensive in which

are divided into thirteen orders, arranged ac-
cording to general similarity in the early stages,
and also in the general appearance of the perfect
insects composing each order; also. according to
the number or nature of the wings or the method
in which they are folded beneath the wing-cases.

In the table the orders are arranged accordingly
in the classification given in Prof. Westword’s
Introduction to Entomology, these thirteen orders
being formed into two great tribes of Mandibulata
and Haustellata, according to whether they feed
by means of jaws (mandibles) as in the case of
beetles, or by means of some kind of sucker
(haustellum) as in the case with butterflies,
aphides, &e.

These orders are placed in succession according
to the nearest-resemblance which the insects of
one order bear to the one preceding or following ;
and the reader will noticé that the two last sylla-
bles of the name of eneh order are Ptera, meaning

:

Awe le 1901:

“ wings,” from the Greek word Petron, a wing.
The preceding part of the word signifies the
nature of the wing.

Mandibulata.

Coleoptera—Sheath-winged—Beetles. :
Euplexoptera—Tightly-folded- winged —Earwings.
Orthoptera—Straight-winged—Cockroaches. Crick-
ets, Grasshoppers, &c.
Thysanoptera—Fringe-winged—Thrips.
Neuroptera—Nerve-winged— White ants, May
flies, Dragon flies.
Trichoptera—Hairy- winged—-Caddice flies.
Hymenoptera—Membraue-winged—Saw-flies, Gall
flies, Ichneumon flies, ants, wasps, bees, &c.
Strepsipetra—T wisted-wings—Bee parasites.

Haustellata.

Lepidoptera—Scale-winged—Butterflies, moths.

Homoptera—Similar-winged—Lanthorn flies, Cuc-
kkoospit flies, aphides, scale insects, &e.

Heteroptera—Dissimilar-winged—Plant bugs, &e.

Aphaniptera—Imperceptible-winged—Fleas,

Diptera—Two-winged gnats—Dabby, long-legs,
gad flies, bot flies, flesh flies, &c.

—_—___—____—__

GENERAL ITEMS.

Perjeval-ky’s horse is the name given to what
has not been decided to be x distinct species of
the horse in the desert region of Central Asia:
Further specimens -of the animal have lately
been secured and the characteristics of the
animal have been well studied. It has mnch
shorter ears than any species of ass. In its
shape it resembles the horse, with thicker legs
and broader and sounder hoofs than the ass. The
colour is dun with a yellow tinge on the back,
but without a stripe down the centre. Under
the belly itis almost white. The hair, which is
long, is brick red on the head, cheeks and jaw,
the muzzle is white. There is no forelock but
an upright hogged mane, which extends to the
witters and is of a dark brown colour. The tail
is thicker at the root than that of the ass, and has
long dark brown hair at theend. The legs are

Supplement to the Tropical “ Agricultu ist.” 145

brow near the hoof—a character never found
in the wild ass.

A well-known English Veterinary Surgeon
gives the following recipe in réply to a cor-
respondent inthe Farmer and Stockbreed er —
In general use among horses where some ob-
struction is likely enough to be the cause of
gripe there is a good formula, but a horse given
the mixture should not be worked the following
day though apparently well :

Barbadoes aloes in solution are 6 dr.
Spirits of turpentine use 2 0z3
Sweat spirit of nitre odd 1 oz.
Compound tincture of Morphia ais

and Chloroform dc 4 drs.
Linseed oil ast 3 pt.

Mix with a pint of thin gruel and- drench
slowly. If the animal’s bowels are known to be
in soft condition leave out the aloes.

The Hush tomato (of which the botanical
name is not available to us) is the latest reported
novelty. It is like the ordinary tomato, a native
of the new world (coming from Mexico) and has
been succeesfully introduced into the Channel
Isles. [tis described as no bigger than a horse
chesnut and enclosed ina hard skin which dries as
the fruit ripens, so that it is easily pulled off. It
is never eaten raw in the land of its origin, but is
most palatable when properly cooked, and is
especially good when prepared as a conserve.
The Farmer and Stockbreeder thinks that it will
doubtless be in considerable evidence before many
seasons are past.

The Hechange says:—There are hundreds of
horses and thousands of cattle in the Hawaiian
Islands which never take a drink of .water through-
out the whole course of their lives. The cattle runs
are in the upper altitudes of the mountains, and
bere they run wild. Excepsing possibly two or threr
months in the rainy season, there are no pools oe
streams in these parts, but everywhere there
grows a recumbeut pointed grass known as the
‘*maninia’° which is both food and drink to the
animals.

4

AY yore DW atonal
peel: bate

, . ice
ree itet
uit al

wid Vis begae:)
adie

f fe a ne rel ae a

’

oAEF

ThLtd rrr, LPO 7
Pant ie i,

ee

XXI. COLOMBO, SEPTEMBER 2np, 1901.

INOW os

SCHOOL, BUNGALOW, AND. REST-
HOUSE GARDENS, AND SOME
HINTS ON HOW TO PLANT

THEM.

(Circular, Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon.
Series 1.—No. 22, July i901.)

A>, ]) HE general scheme for the work-
ing of school gardens, as has
been set forth elsewhere, is to
have small gardens at the
schools, worked by the personal
labour of the masters, and
scholars, who may divide two-
thirds of the produce between

them, and to give the scholars simple lessons
in “Nature Study,” using ag objects of study
the simpler operations of the garden, and the innu-
merable natural objects and phenomena around them.
In providing these gardens with plants, the object
to be kept in view is to provide only the best varieties
of each kind, so far as possible. There is no great
variety of plants in most of our villages; what is
cultivated in the school gardens will gradually diffuse
into the neighbourhood; hence it should be the best
possible of its kind. In the second place,the village
teacher is not qualified to teach agriculture, nor to
criticise intelligently the agricultural operations of
the district: he must carefully avoid trying to grow
the staple crops of the neighbourhood, lest he fail—
as ha probably will—to do as well as the villagers
and thus bring himself into ridicule. Hence the
school garden must cultivate in general things not
common inthe district.

Every child in the school should help in the
garden, and if possible grow a few plants him or
herself. We want allthe children to learn some-
thing about plants, to grow them as well as they

can, and to come to love them. The school garden
and perhaps more especially that part that is worked
by the joint labour of masters and scholars, will
of course contain many useful plants, but we do
not want the children to look upon all cultivation
for the sake simply of the rupees it may bring in
and ornamental plants should be grown also, There
are other interests in life than mere money-making,
The child who grows up to love nature, and the
beauty of natural objects and phenomena, and to
observe what goes on around him, will live a happier
life than the one who gives himself up from the
first to the consideration of monetary gain; in the
long run, too, he will probably be the richer in
actual money, and he will be less liable to spend
his earnings on coarse and expensive pleasures.

Let, then, the school garden, in addition to the
useful plants in the narrower sense, cultivate as
many as possible of the ornamental, Let it be laid
out as beautifully as possible with the means at
disposal, Let masters and scholars take a pride in
the prettiness of their garden. An attractive school
garden will be a great benefit to the neighbourhood
in many ways; it will make school more attractive to
the scholars, will promote in them good taste and
love of natural beauty, and will stimulate the
neighbours to do likewise,

The remarks made below apply equally to rest-
house or private bungalow gardens. Parents should
encourage their children to work in the garden and
take an intelligent interest in it and in the plants
growing in it.

The first point to be borne in mind is that the
beauty of a garden depends, not on the particula™
plants it may contain, but mainly on the skill with
which it is laid out, its natural advantages further
improyed and emphasised, and its defects lessened
or ceneealed. The world-famous beauty of the

148 THE TROPICAL

Peradeniya Gardens depends partly on the natural
advantage of the site, with its broad river and
mouutain background, but quite as much on the
great skill and taste with which it was laid out and
planted by Dr, Gardner and others, The plants
with which the beautiful scenic and gardening
effects are produced are nearly all the same as the
common ones that one may see in almost every
large garden in the Island, but by skill in grouping
and laying out so fine an effectis produced that it
is often difficult to get people to believe this.

In an ordinary native garden the planting is not
ornamental, because the object isto obtain asmuch
monetary return from the land as is possible, and
the ground is thickly planted up with useful trees
and plants with no attempt at artistic grouping.
The bulk of the trees are usually coconuts. In-
dividually or in clumps these are very beautiful
trees, but their effect in great plantations is
wearisome, depressing, and inartistic. We do not
want our school gardens to be mere monotonous
coconut groves: we want some variety, some taste
in laying out, some pretty flowers, something which
will make the garden pleasant to look at. If, as,
in some cases, the land is already a dense coconut
grove, then, unless some of the trees can be cut
down, not much can be done, for few things will
grow in the shade of coconut palms.

Let us now consider some general principles of
laying out, which are applicable equally to any
garden on a small scale, such as a resthouse or
bungalow garden. The first great thing to remember
in ornamental planting is the provision of open
spaces ; not merely are these pleacant in themselves,
and useful as lungs and playgrounds, but the trees
and shrubs, as well as the flowers, have room to
be seen to advantage, and make much better growth,
forming leafy masses, instead of growing up tall
and spindly with all their leaves at the top, Pat
the larger trees and shrubs near to the sides of the
ground. Hspecially put them on the sides that will
protect the central parts from the wind in the
monsoons, 7.¢,, in most localities put them on the
south-west and the north-east. But do not have
too many trees—give them room to grow and
spread out so to show themselves to the best
advantage,

Plant the trees and shrubs in clumps or singly,
as the case demands, not in rows or belts. Con-
trast the ugliness of the wind belts in the tea
estates with the beauty of the irregular patches of
natural jungle. The latter are also made up of
different kinds of trees, and this is an important
feature in their beauty. In mixing trees, however,
do not mix those which differ too radically in form
and habit; do not mix many palms among ordinary
leafy trees of conical or spherical form; palms
lend themselves very well indeed to massing in
groups of palms and cycads, with the larger in
the middle or at the back and the smaller near
the edge or the front, as in the beautiful groups
at Peradeniya. Remember, too, in mixing trees,
the colour of their flowers, and do not put trees
whose flowers are of inharmonious colours together.
For instance, do not put a pink-flowered Cassia
beside a red Flamboyant or grow a purple Bongain-
villea or an Amherstia, If the trees do not flower at
the same time of year, this is of less importance.

3efore you begin to plant, look at your ground
from all sides and think howto use it to the best
advantage. Draw ayrough plan of it on the black-
board, and mark out on this as youthink best the
way in which you mean to plant your ground.
Make the most of its natural advantages. If there
is an unpleasing view or building in any direction,
plant so as to conceal or diminish its ugliness, but if
there is a pretty view donot hideit, but give it a
good foreground, 7.¢c., one clear of trees and shrubs
or flower beds in the centre, so as not to interfere
with the view, but prettily framed with trees or
shrubs at the sides; hamboos make especially pretty

AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 2, 1901.

frames to a good view, but there are many ways
in which the object can be attained. If there are
any steep bauks in the ground do net, if you can
help it, plant them with trees ; they lend themselves
well to small plants, especially if rocky. Bring up
all the stones that interfere with the work in other
parts of the garden, and put them in natural posi-
tions on the bank, and plant the tank with ferns,
mosses and flowers. When it is planted put the
smaller stones close togetherin the surface earth
between the plants, and this will keep the earth
from being washed away by the heavy rain. Go
out into the country round and see how beautiful
nature makes these steep banks at the sides of the
roads and elsewhere with ferns, mosses, and other
little plants, provided ic be shady enongh. Try to
imitate nature; bring in pretty plants from the
banks of the roads and put them in places as like
those they came from asyou can. The success of
a gardener depends on his being able to give to his
plants the nearest possible imitation of the conditions
under which they do wellin nature. Let each child
have a little piece of the garden if there is room for
it, and let him try toimitate nature, bringing in
wild plants and trying to grow them successfully.
Tf the bank in the garden is not shady enough, plant
some trees nearit, butnotupon it. Ifitis too high
for convenient working, makea terrace on it. Other-
wise make pockets in it and put the plants in
these.

We must also, if possible, find room for some
shrubs as wellas trees. A close shrubbery makes an
excellent screen for outhouses or for ugly surroun-
dings outside the school grounds, and serves as a
good background for flower beds. Shrubs and trees
may be mixed together; some shrubs will do well
in the shade of trees and may beput right among
them, others must be put at the edges of the
groups of trees. Do not, however, plant
shrubs among or around all the tree clumps. Leave
most of these as they are. Large flowering or
foliage plants may often be mixed among shrub-
beries with great advantage: caladiums, alocasias,
Seer &e,, are especially suitable under this

ead.

Ceylon gardens are famous for their pretty
flowering creepers, and we must not forget these very
effective plants, if we have an old tree, or a trellis, or
aside wall to plant themon,; but do not have many
in a school garden, and do not cover the building
with large loose-growing creepers. Ficus repens,
which clings closer than ivy, is very suitable for
the walls of the building. Remember the colours
of the flowers of the creepers yon plant, and do
not have a Bougainvillea, as it is too overpowering
for a small garden, and to makeit effective from an
artistic point of view everything else must be sub-
ordinated to it, even ithe dresses of the people
frequenting the garden.

The garden must have someflower beds. Flower
beds should not be put withouta background in the
middle ofthe lawn or open space—flowers want a
dark background to show up their bright colours, so
we must put them against a mass of trees or shrubs
or against a wall with creepers on it, or near the
house, or against the dark shadow of a mass of trees
at a little distance. If you put them near the
school house wall, be careful that the drip from the
eaves is taken away by guttering ; otherwise, they
will not thrive.

In laying out flower beds, do not put the plants
in stiff rows but in groups and clumps, and fill up
the ground ‘as much as possible ; nature does not Jeave
patches of bare earth between her plants, and if
such are left the best part of the soil is washed
away andthe plants are injured by mud splashed
upon them. Let the plants grow as they will till
they fill up the spaces, and keep away weeds, and
trim the plants carefully to keep them in their
places when they have filled those places. Use aa
many different kinds of flowers as you can, and bring

Sept, 2, 1901]

i tty wild flowers from similar situations as
Eaeuia ligut and soil and plant these. Remember
not to mix inharmonious colours. Put the small
plants at the front and the larger at the back.

Do not mak2 the beds more than three feet wide,
so that the children can easily get at all the plants
in them. When first making them dig ont the soil
to a good depth and remove all the roots of trees
from it: break up thesoil finely with the mamoty and
the fork if you have sucha tool, and mix with it a
supply of well-rotted manure if you have any, If
you have not, mak2 a pit in some out-of-the-way
corner of the garden and begin a leaf mould store
putting into itall the dead leaves and other Rarded
rubbish and keeping it covered from the rain as wel
as possible. Pat your flower beds in well-jrained
places, not in the lowest parts of the garden. ne
digging up and manuring should be a yearly ope:a-
tion and in some case; even more frequent.

We must not forget the walks in laying out our
garden. Do not,as arule, make straight ones, unless
the distance is short or between points where short
cuts are possible. If the walks are in the open spaces
of the garden let shen be walks only, do not plant

ds beside them.

Denon leave the schoolhouse or bungalow a bare
exposed building in the middle of an open spice;
group your trees so as to make a p’cture in which
the schoolhouse shall be the prominent feature as
seen from the principal road. For instance, puta
clump of trees near to the house on one side and
tapering away into the open area, but do not let
th line of the trees be at right angles to that of
the building. Put some flower beds near the building
inesuitable positions, Avoid exact regularity in the
arrangement of the gwden on the two sides of the
building, from whatever direction it may be seen,

Now, let us turn to the consideration of the eco-
nomic or more stricily useful plants of the garden.
Many ofthese will be trees or shrubs, e.g., cloves,
nutmegs, sago, oranges, caca), limes, mangoes,
coffee ‘I'hese my be planted, with strict regard to
the principles of ornamental gu rdening daid down
above ino tke places best suited to them. (j1cao must
be inthe shaie of other trees, also cofiee, but not
very dense shide is required, S.ago palms must be
put in damp or even swampy places. The other
trees will do very well almost anywhere and mov
be planted in clumps, but oranges and limes, which
are small trees, must not be put in the centre of

mps. -

ure olk Beeiornins as are climbing plants may be put
among the trees or shrubs on suitable supporis if
they require shade, or out in the edges of the clumps
if they require sunshine, as the case may be.
Pepper and vanilla need a good shade, but many
yams, Wc., prefer some sunshine. Other economics,
such as yams of some varieties, pineapples, ginger,
maize, guinea corn, cassava, arrowroot, sweet potatoes,
and other vegetables, are herbaceous or only small
shrubby plants, and are best cultivated in special
beds laid out in rows. These beds should be in good
sheltered parts of the garden, but need not be
obtrusive. — They must of course be prepared and
cultivated with special care, }

Lastly, w2 must have anursery in which we muy
start our trees and shrubs, and even come of the
smaller plants. ‘bis also must be in a yvood soil,
well-drained, in a sheltered but not too shaly part
of the garden, and must be the object of special
care and attention. i

Now, io conclusion, let us sum up the main points
to be attended to. First attend to the bro vd
general features of the garden, then to the detnails.
Go over all the ground, dig holes here ani there if
necessary to see what kind and depth of soil
you have in different parts,and makes a rough plan
showing the house and boundaries, and any other
unalterable features of the land, such as neighbouring
houses visible from the ground, pretty views &e,
Decide the position of your clumps of trees, with

tte >
a
Pena:

THE TROPICA!L AGRICULTURIST 149

referenc3s to the miking of screens from wind, hiding
ugly views cr buildings, emphasizing pretty ones,
making a good setting for the schoolhouse, &ce. ‘Vhen
settle the position of the shrubberies, vegetable
garden, nursery, and flower beds, and see that the
most is made of steep banks or of other good natural
features, such as rivers, streams, cr ponds. Then, as
your plants comegon in the nursery, plant them out
according to your pre-arranged plans, of which
you should keep acopy, but do not try to arrange
everything in an hour or two. Go into the garden
again andagainon different days and think every-
thing over carefully, and look at everything from all
sides and decide what willbe best,

Attention must always be paid to the special local
or other conditions of the particular garden, For
example, in the case of railway gardens, or of
bungalows which have merely 2 narrow strip of
garden along the front or side, the provision of open
Spaces is impracticable in the sense described above.
With a railway garden, the object to be aimed at
is to provide for travellers by the passing trains
and for people walking along the platform, a succes-
sion of small pictures of the greatest possible
beauty. Along platform garden js perhaps — best
treated by being laid out in irregular smalier plots
open tothe platform, and with a few trees and

- shrubs at the back and sides of these and flower

beds and creepers in suitable places. In the case
of a bungalow with only a strip in front, it must
be decided whether privacy shall be aimed at, ora
a preity appearence as seen from the road, fn the
one case shrubs and trees must be planted along
the road, and the space between them and the
house laid out to make the best possible effect as
seen from the latter. In the other case the house
hould be used as the centre of a picture as seen
from the road, and shrubs and _ trees planted near
it as required, the clumps tapering away down the
sides of the plot towards the road.

JOHN C. WILLIS,

Director, Royal Botanic Gardens.
Peradeniya, June 25; 190),

<p—
BASIC SUPERPHOSPHATE: ITS
PREPARATION AND USE
AS A MANURE.

BY JOHN HUGHES, F.1C.,
(Reprinted from the Journal of the Soctety of Chemical
Industry, 30 April, 1901. No. 4. Vol, XX.)
(Continued from page 73,

Discussion.

Dr. J. A. VorncKer said that not many weeks ago
a lecture had been read to chemical manufacturers,
and more especially to manufacturers of superphos-
phates, to the effect that they must “put their house
In order.” Now they had another Warning—they must
no lunger use dissolyed phosphates ; that seemed to him
a retrograde step, for, when one considered the great
benefits to agricalturists which had coma from the
introduction of dissolved phosphates, one could not
but wonder at the proposal to dissolve phosphate first
and then precipiate it again; in other words, to go to
the trouble of undoing the work already done. Mr.
Hughes had refe-red to the labours of hig (the
speaker's) father on the subject: but it was necessary
to consider the present question in its different as-
pects, and to remember also the attitude taken up by
the late Dr. Voelcker with regard to the compar.tive
values of dissolved and undissolved phosphates. Mr.
Hughes had referred to one point which the late Dr.
Voelker had always insisted upon, wiz, the very
fine state of division of the phosphate when super-
phosphate was washed into the soil by rain; but Dr.
Voelcker was always decidedly opposed to the views

THE

150 TROPICAL

held by Mr, Jamieson, of Aberdeen, as regards the
harm done to the soil by the use of superphosphate.
On his farm at Woburn he (the speaker) had a plot
of land which had been manured yearly with super—
phosphate for the jast 24 years to his own knowledge.
The soil had, at the commencement, a very small
amount of lime, 0°25 per cent. of carbonate of lime
only, but the plot had not yet suffered from de-
ficiency of lime. There were other plots in the same
field which had, indeed, so suffered, the lime having
been removed toa very great extent by the continued
use of soluble nitrogenous manures. He could not,
therefore, altogether agree with Mr. Hughes as to
the great necessity for a manure which had the
acid character taken away by admixture with ench
a substance as finely ground lime. He had certainly
come across soils which were so poor in lime as to
require nothing so much as a good dressing of lime; he
had not yet had experience with the new material
which Mr. Hughes had just introduced, and so did
pot know whether that purpose might be well served
by it; but, if so, he ventured to suggest that it could
be done without the necessity of buying a patent
‘manufactured manure. He was not going to discuss
the question of citric acid, and how far it was a
test of the availability of phosphatic materials ;
but, as they had just heard the use of hot water
mentioned for determining the amount of phospate
available, and had been reminded that it did not
occur in the soil, he might equally well point out
that they did not have citric acid_in the soil cither.
With regard to basic slag he did not think they
had yet arrived at a solution of the cause of its
utility, Attempts had been made to estimate this
by the solubility in citric acid solution; but there
were many other things in the soil which might
exercise an influence on the solubility of the
materials applied to it. He would like to haye seen
some comparison given between basic slag and basic
superphosphate with regard to their respective
solubilities in citric acid solutions of different
strength. What was the behaviour of each in a
solution of the strength likely to be met with in
soils? It might be taken for granted that there
were soils which were sorely in need of lime, and
where superphospha‘e might do harm; but he would
ask Mr. Hughes where was the advantage of using
superphosphate mixed with lime as compared with
the use of a material like precipitated phosphate,
which was just as soluble in c'tric acid as was Mr.
Hughes’ mixture. And then, even if it were granted
that the mixture had advantages, what was there
to prevent the farmer from buying the lime and
the superphosphate separately and mixing them
together himself? If Mr. Hughes said that a farmer
could not do this, but wovld be bound to buy a
patent manure, ready mixed, he (the speaker) had
still to learn that such a patent was of any value
when it was taken out. If the farmer thought it
a good thing to neutralise superphosphate by lime
he would mix the two materials together, patent or
no patent. There was, to his mind, a further
disadvantage, inasmuch as Mr. Hughes did not suffi-
ciently imitate the action of the soil in the mixing
together of the two materials. If superphosphate
was taken and ground lime added to it, the lime
did not work through the whole mass, but there
was only a superficial action, the external portion
being neutralised and the inner left as is was. So
one did not get a through neutralisation and dis-
tribution of precipitated phosphate purely by a
mechanical mixing of the ground lime and super-
phosphate. The only advantage apparent to him
was that there might be some places abroad or in
the colonies where lime was not obtainable, or
where it wes so expensive that its use in any
quantily was practically out of the question. If
soils in such places were very deficient in lime
one might certainly get some advantage by using
lime and superphosphate together, but, for that
matter, he did not see the advantage which the new

AGRICULYURIST. {Sepr. 2, 1901,

material had over precipitated phosphate in this
respect, nor why one shonld not get the materials
separately and mix them for himeelf.

Mr. F. J. Luoyp said that it was now about a
quarter of a century since any new manure was
brought before the agricultural world and that was
a sufficient reason for thanking Mr. Hughes for
having brought before them a new manure. Whether
it would prove of value or not, time only could
show. ‘The author had given two reasons why it
might prove valuable: first, because from the em-
pirical] tests made there was every reason to suppose
that the phosphate of lime would be quite as
available to the plant as the phosphate in super-
phosphate, and more available than that in basic
slag, which for the last twenty years had proved
a valuable and effective manure; and, secondly,
because it was not acid, and therefore suitable for
soils of an acid character or deficient in lime.
There was another reason, in his own opinion, why
Mr. Hughes’s mixture should bea valuable manure,
The progress oi science in agriculture had of late
years been mainly bacteriolcgical. As lecturer on
agriculture at King’s College, it was his duty to
explain why we manure the land. Formerly there
were only two reasons: one, to supply a deficiency
of any material in the soil; and the other to supply
material of a nutritive character to the particular
crop to be grown. But science had recantly shown a
third reason of considerable importance, and one
which threw light on the action cf manures hitherto
difficult to explain. The soil was full cf bacteria,
and many of the plants grown in the soil were
affected by bacteria. These bacteria must be fed
in order to carry on the functions of their life.
Taking the bacteria most studied, those which pro-
duced nitrification in the soil, it had been proved
that they were most active in a material of an
alkaline nature, and did not act and grow, except
slowly, in any material of an acid nature; therefore,
if one added something to the soil which, while it
supplied the plant with one variety of focd, also
supplied conditions which enable the bacteria to
supply another form of fod, and helped the nitrify-
ing organisms to carry on their work, that manure
served a double purpose. Basic slag had had that
effect, because of the double aciion brought into
play—the supply of nitrogenous matter to t'e plant
as well as phosphatic food. Arguing a priori, there
was every reason to suppose that this basic super
phosphate would have the same effect, and he
really believed that they had to thank Mr, Hughes
for the introdution of a material of considerable

value, It was all very well to say that, if the soil
contained lime and acid. superphosphate did no
injury; but they had to deal with the British

farmer, and he was a peculiar map. For the last
twenty years liming had gone out of fashion, and
the soil was deprived of lime as much by the use
of nitrogenous manures as by superphosphate. Con-
sequently, the soils of the country were becoming
more and more deficient in lime, and an acid su-
perphosphate, was not, in his opinion, likely to
have the same effect as a basic superphosphate,
which gave the farmer the lime and available phos-
phates at the same time. He would not enter into
the question of the estimation of the value of this
material; but he did hope, as an cfficial agricul-
tural analyst having to carry out the Fertilisers
Act, that those who put the manure on the market
would give a distinct guarantee as to what it should
contain. He was sure they would find it beneficial
to themselves, and it would bea subject for future
discussion to determine whether that guarantee was
a satisfactory one or not. He felt personally grate-
ful to Mr. Hughes for bringing this valuable com-
munication forward.

Mr, J. Rurrie agreed with the last speaker. He
was not surprised that Dr. Voelcker should throw
cold water on this new idea, for it was just what
happened on the introduction of basic slag 20 year

Gort, 9, 1901.) THE TROPICAL

ago. One after another the authorities refuse to
have anything to do with it, and he got a wigging
because he suggested that it would have a manurial
value. The fact was that basic slag had become a
very useful manure both in England avd on the
continent. Dr. Voelcker asked, Why should not a
farmer take his superphosphate and add lime to
himself? He might, but he would not doit so well
asamanufacturer. But would one gain anything by
taking superphosphate and adding lime to it? He
ventured to think one would, wherever an alkaline
phosphate would be useful ; also because the ordinary
acid superphosphate was, after all, not on the
average in a very fine condition; it would hardly
go through a 10-hole sieve. But after mixing it with
lime, one could send the mixture through a 3()- or
40- hole sieve. Taking the relative surfaces which
the increased fineness yielded, one would find very
great advantage by that superior subdivision, so
that in many cases it would be found quite equal
to the ordinary acid superphosphate, even where
this article was successfully used. One advantage
it had was that it was more readily distributed,
and that it would allow of the simultaneous use of
nitrate of soda, and where it was desirable to put
them together that could be done. One point had
not been touched upon which he thought the
makers of this article would find desirable, namely,
the degree of hydration of the lime to be added
to the superphosphate. If they took quicklime and
added it after grinding, they would get tricalcic
phosphate, but if they nydrated it with as much
water as it would carry, they would get a finely
divided powder; this, added as Mr. Hughes directed,
was one that produced a hydrated mono- or dicalcic
phosphate which was far more soluble. Therefore
he suggested that they should take a lime that
would take two-thirds of its weight of water, and
Lydrate it at that rate; this would break down
readily. If they took lime .and water in those
proportions, namely, one of lime (CaQ) to two of
water (H2O), when added to the superphosphate
it would form a body which would be more soluble
than with a greater number of molecules of lime
(CaO) only. He believed it would prove to be more
valuable as a manure than even basic slag had been.

Dr. Bernarp Dyer said that it was interesting
to think that the author of the p per before them,
Dr. Voelker, Mr Lloyd, Mr. Ruffle, and himself
were all old pupils of the same grand old master,
and he could not help thinking that most ot what
was best in the knowledge af all of them had been
derived from him. For really the quotations that
Mr, Hughes had made from the early paper by
Dr. Voelcker went to the heart of this matter.
The great value of a superphosphate lay in its
diffusibility, and the utmost value to be derived
from this quality could only be realised in those
soils which had a satisfactory proportion of car-
bonate of lime. He had tried to persuade farmers
to use more discrimination as to the kind of phos-
phatic manure they employed, and had laid it
down as a rule for guidance that, if they had a
soil that would effervesce when hydrochloric acid
was poured on it, an acid or dissolved phosphatic
manure was the most valuable one they could use ;
but that, when no such effervescence took place,
they should have resource to some other form,
such as bonemeal, guano, or basic slag. There
was another material which was m*«nufactured
to a large extent some years ago, and was referred
to by Dr. Voelcker, mamely, precipitated phosphate.
Large quantities of it were made on the Rhine by
precipitating a solution of phosphoric acid with
lime, and it was suitable for use on soils which
were deficient in lime. What Mr. Hughes made
was precipitated phosphate. He felt inclined to quarrel
with his term “basic.” He really made a preci-
pitated phosphate, and he probably made it more
cheaply by this ‘‘dry’’ process than it could be
made by the “wet” method of precipitation, But

AGRICULTURIST. 151

the manufacture of precipitated phosphate by the
“wet”? process had almost entirely disappeared
since the efficacy of basic slag had been recognised,
and basic slag had quite taken its place. That
fact was presumably due to questions of cost. The
question now was whether it was more eco omical
to dissolve phosphate by the process of “ir, Hughes,
and then use lime te neutralise it He took it
that the uuit price of the phosphoric acid in this
material would be higher than in some other forms
of manure; and they had yet to learn whether it
was so much more useful as to warant that higher
price. Following the teaching of Dr. Voelcker, he
had recomended farmers having soils poor in lime
to buy superphosphate and bone-meal, and make
a compost of it and also neutralise it, It occurred
to him that it might possibly be more economical
to use finely ground phosphate itself instead of
lime. One would thus be retaining in an available
form all the phosphate already dissolved, and_ the
free phosphoric acid which existed in the phosphate
would react on the fresh quantity and make some of
that available, as well as being itself converted into
the non-acid form. What Mr. Llyod had said with
regard to farmers being reluctant to use lime was
quite true. He did not think, however, it was due
to obstinacy, but rather to poverty; for to lime
soil in some districts was very expensive, and in
the present time the farmer had to look at every
source of expense. He had no doubt that Mr. Hughes’
mixture would be a very useful and valuable
manure; his only doubt was as to its economy.
He had shown it to be more soluble than slag
phosphate in such weak solutions of citric acid as
he had taken; but he feared that, if he took acids
of such strength as were used on the continent,
those great differences would disappear. As to the
doubt which Dr. Voelcker had thrown on the valid-
ity of Mr, Hughes’ patent, he would not like to
express an opinion, Patent law was very compli-
cated, and there was no knowing what the result
of litigation on such a subject might be. He should
think the case would go right up to the House of
Lords, and that a great many experts would be
found on each side of the question,

Mr. A. G. Buoxam presumed that the 277 soluble
in Mr, Hughes’ table represented that percentage
of tricalcium phosphate rendered soluble. Mr.
Hughes treaed the same sample of superphos-
phate with lime, and found 94 per cent. soluble
in citric acid. Did he mean to say that the calcium
sulphate and all dissolved up? If so, the comparison
appeared to the speaker to be valueless, Then, with
regard to that same determination, the sample
mixed with lime was washed with water and citric
acid, the soluble mattter weighed, and the residue
ignited and weighed; the whole then added up to
100. Was that so?

Mr. Hueues replied that it was so.

Mr. D. A. Lovis said it might interest the meet-
ing to hear the views of one who had not had the
advantage of being in the late Dr. Voelcker’s
laboratory. Some years ago, however, he had
been in the laboratory at Rothamsted and he
remembered the position taken up by Dr. Augustus
Voelcker, Sir John Lowes,and Sir Henry Gilbert
in connection with basic slag, They all per.
sistently set their faces against it, considered it
absolutely valueJess, and even refused for sume
time to experiment with it. It was thought to
contain deleterious ingredients, andthe phosphoric
acid to be in an unsuitable condition, and that it
could be valuable as a plant food seemed to them
ao impossibility, He remembered discussing the sub-
ject with Dr. John Voelcker some years ago, who,
too, considered it quite worthless. In course of time,
however, all these gentleinen came to recognise basic
slag ag an important manurial agent. That fact
showed the position that some of our dear old
agriculturial friends were liable to take up when
anything novel was presented to them, although

159 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

one would think it would be wiser to suspend judg:
ment until experimental evidence was forthcoming.
By Mr. Huzhes’ suggestion it seemed that a fac-
tor which rendered superphosphates unsuitable for
certain soils was removed in a very simple manner,
and at the same time yielded a mixture in a con-
yenient from for use on the farm, which, more-
over, on the face of it, might prove of high manurial
value; but, of course, this point could only be
decided by trustworthy experiments, to which the
speaker, amongst others, vould iook forward with
interest. A3 chemists, of course, they must all admit
that in these mixtures they had sulphuric acid,
phosphoric acid and lime, and these bodies had
always been the constituents of such artificial manures
from the beginning, When Mr. Hughes told him
of his invention, it struck him that the proposal
was somewhat retrogressive, and he suggested that
to him; and further, that on putting lime into the
manure the phosphoric acid would possibly assume
a reverted condition, that was, go back to tribsaic
phosphate. However, in practice things did not
always happen as we expected them to happen, and
so perhaps in this case the expected miyht not
happen. He would like to ask Mr, Hughes how
long the mixture given on the table had been
prepared, so as to yield 66% of soluble matter,
inasmuch as if it consisted of phosphate, it would
at once put out of court Dr. Dyer’s argument, as
there was no dibasic phosphate that would give that
soiubility in water.

Mr. Hueues: Table III. represents the portion
soluble in water. The whole of the phosphates
were rendered insoluble in water, and therefore it
did not appear on the table.

Mr. Louis, continuing, said, if that were the case,
Dr. Dyer’s contention might be tight Then there
was the other point mentioned by Mr. Lloyd, and
admitted by all who knew, that without any doubt
it was valuable to add lime ia some soils; and, as
Dr. Voelcker held, the farmer might be free to
buy the lime and phosphate separately and mix
them himself; bat the farmer would not do that;
he liked things made easy for him, and liked to
buy his materials ready for use as ‘‘ wheat manure, ”
“barley manure,” and so forth. The farmer, for
want of means, would not put lime on his soil, but
he knew that he must put some phosphate; and
if he could conveniently buy the lime at a moderate
price along with the phosphate, he would very
likely do so, especially if he got it in a form con-
venient for handling, and could by one sowing and
one expenditure introduce two valuable factors into
his soil. He was sorry to learn from the author
that the 65°8 was not the material one would have
liked to see soluble and suitable for plant food,
though it might prove suitable for Mr. Lloyd’s bac-
teria, ad probably do good in that way.

Note.—At. the time of speaking Mr. Louis was not
aware of the fact that excess of lime was employed
in Mr. Hughes’ mixture.

The CHainman had no wish to stand as umpire
between two contending parties. °No doubt each of
these materials had its value in the right place,
and each of them was useless in the wong place.
If Mr. Hughes’s mixture could be made at such a
price as to be as cheap as other phosphates, he
thought it had a considerable future before it. But
when he considered that firstin the making of the
superphosphate the original raw phosphate got diluted
by sulphuric acid, and then still farther diluted by
the addition of lime, the net result was a mixture
containing only a fraction of the tribasie calcium
phosphate present in the raw material; and it was
difficult to see how auch a mixture could compete
with a material like Thomas slag, which had not
to undergo these processes of dilution. Assuming
that the material of Mr. Hughes was more soluble
and more avuilable than soluble Thomas meal, the
question was, how could such a material, which had
to stand the cost of grinding, treatment with solphu-

[Sepr, 9, 1904;

ric acid, lime, and carriage on a redaced percentage of
phosphori¢ acid, hope to compete with basic slag ?
If, however, Mr, Hughes could give satisfactory as-
surances on that point he had rendered a service
to agriculture.

Mr. Rurrve said that Dr. Voelcker had referred to the
precipated phospnate made on the Rhine, and had ques-
tioned whether Mr, Hughes’ material would be able to
compete with it. Was that precipated phosphate hy-
drated? Ele believed it was a very rich tricalcic phos-
phate, but not hydrated. Mr. H aghes’ proposal really
was to take the hydrated P2 O, in the superphosphate;
to that he added hydrated lime, and thus gota hydrated
compound of phosphoric acid and lime. Would not
et hyaraion give it ioe a start of superiority

hat it would answer ipé

Wont eae where the precipated phosphate
‘The Cuatnman: Does Mr. Ruffle assume that a
different compound would be obtained by adding
cwlcium hydroxide instead of calcium oxide? Is there
any chemical evidence to that effect? No matter
what form the lime may be in, the same prodact would
probably result.

Mr. Rurpie said he thought one would get Mr.
Haghes’s compound by putting 15 to 20 per cent. of
hyd-ated lime. One would want more than that to
form @ tricalcie phosphate; but by adding 17 per
cent, One got a phosphate which had some water and
some lime, In fact, Hughes produces an alkaline
hydrated dicalcium phosphate in the superphosphate
(P205. CaO, CaO, H20, plus a slight excess of
Ca02H,0 for alkalinity.

Mr, Stewart remarked that if one added calcium
oxide there wasa danger of forming pyrophosphate
of lime. Did Mr. Hughes confine himself to producing
dibasic phosphate? Was there just sufficient lime
to form two of CaO to one of PO 5?

Mr. Hucues, in reply, said he was pleased to find
that he had very little to answer. Dz. Voelcker
had suggested that farmers would addlime to super-
phosphate themselves. They were quite welcome to
do so, for it would increase the sale of superphos-
phate ; but they would find a difficulty in preparing
a perfectly uniform mixture. Further, it was a fact
that in those parts of the country where lime did
not occur in sufficient quantity in the soil, the
farmer would have to purchase it from a distance and
at considerable cost ;-therefore the application of
lime where it was most required was generally
neglected. Moreover, instead of purchasing superphos-
phate and lime separately, the farmer cculd purchase
basic super, and so supply both available phosphates
and lime atone dressing. With regard to preci-
pitated phosphate, which had been referred to, if was
well known that it was an expensive material, pre-
pared by a wet process, whereas basic super was a
comparatively cheap material prepared as a dry
mixing, so that any manufacturer could make it ;
consequently there was no fear of eompetition with
precipated phosphate. Bearing in mind the Opposi-
tion that basic slag had originally met with at the
hands of scietific men, and knowing the immense
qaantities of it that were now used, he took en-
couragement that,even if his material met with
similar opposition now, ke fell confident that the
practical results in the field would be satisfactory.

De, VorLcker, interposing, said he thought it
ought in justice to be pointed-out that basic slag
as it was knowa now wasa very different body from
the slag that was first introduced, and the results
now obtained could not have been obtained by the
material then conlemned and rightly condemned,

Mr. Hugues, resuming, said that the only improve-
ment that had taken place in the quality of slag
was due to improved grinding; and he would like
to refer to Table I., in which the Peace River phos-
phate, with a grinding of 93°6) fineness,- actually
showed a greater amount of phosphate of ;lime
dissolved by the weak solution of citric ,acid chan
was shown by the basic slag, the figures being
21°61 as against 1899, He ventured to think that

Serr. 2, 1901.]

had the Aberdeenshire experiments been carried
aut more extensively in this country the actual
value of finely ground raw phosphates would have
been demonstrated long ago. Basic slag being, how-
ever, introduced just when these experiments in the
north had terminated, attention was naturally con-
centrated upon it, especially as the cost was then so
low, andit naturally became the fryoured material
for field experiments, with increasing success;
thongh, as will be seen from Table I., its solubility
was greitly inferior to that of basic super.

Dr. Dyer: But the solability of basic slag in a
stronger solution, such as 1 per cent, Was much
greater than that referred toin Table I.

Mr, Hueues, continuing, said no doubt alin 100
solution, would dissolve out more than his weaker
solution, 1t0 1,000; but the relative solubility was
still against basic slag andin favour of basic super,
as the following figures clearly indicated :—

Comparison of Solubility.

lgrm. of each of these materials was treated
respectively with 200c.c.of 1 per cent, solution of
citric acid, 400 c.c. of 0°5 per cent., 1,000 c.c. of O01 per
cent., and 2,000c.c. of 0:05 per cent.; allowed to
stand 24 hours, with occasional stirring.

Basic Basic

— Supers Slag.

Portion solublein 200 c¢.c.1 percent.. 94°70 64:70
* UTA Dr 0:5 el we 95:30 5450

Pe Pade OOOr NOs sis 95: 10 33°30

>> 2010 ,,005,, oe ~92'40 30°30

Tt would be seen that while the solubility of the basic
super remained practically constant up toa dilution
of only one part of citric acid in 2,090 parts cold
water, che solubility of the basic slag declined with
the dilution enormously. Hecould not agree with
Dr, Dyer’s suggestion that perhaps it would be more
economic:’l to use ground phosphate instead of
slaked lime. The lime was hydrated andin a very
soluble form, whereas the raw ground phosphate
would be coarse or fine according to the grinding,
and the action of the acid iu the superphosphate
would be directed rather upon the carbonate of lime
than upon the phosphate of lime, In conciusion he
would say thatthe new manure must stand upon
its own merits; and it only remained for him to
thank those gentlemen who had supported him in
expressing their opinion that the manure would
prove useful. Experience had shown that basic slag
was a very valuable manure, and if his manure was still
more soluble and rapi ily available, as was indicated by
its much greater solubility inthe particularly weak
solution of citric acid (1 in 1,000), he had every reason
to hope that the field experiments would prove it to be
a quick-acting and reliable manure, which was just
what the farmer wanted.—Journal of the Society of
Chemical Industry.

a

CULTIVATION OF SEEDS FOR OIL AND
CAKE EXTRACTION,
SUNFLOWER AND CASTOR OIL PLANT.

Sir,—Seeing that there are some planters thinking
of going ia tor the cultivation of sunflower seed
Cfor oil extraction), I thought it might not be out
of place to give a few particulars with reference to
the growing and treatment of the seed to be con-
verted into oil.

I think a valuable vegetable oil industry might
be carried on in Ceylon if the planters would go in
for the cultivation of the various kinds of oil plants,
such as castor oil, sunflower seed, pea nuts, mustard,
cotton seed, gingelly, and even olives, I think, might
be grown to advantage.

I have extracted a very large quantity of oil from
the above variety of seeds, grown in Victoria by the
Department of Agriculture, in whose services I was
gor eects) years as manager of the department's
pos,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

153

To encourage the oil seed industry the epart-
ment gave a bonus of £2 per acre to farmers to
cultivate the seed for three years, and extracted
the oil for them at a nominal cost, refining and
packing the oil ready for the market.

If the Ceylon Government would do likewise, the
planters wonld only be too glad to try some new
industry to help them over the present very hard time.

Sunflower seed: 8 lbs.of seed per acre is enough
to plant, the oil cake is excellent as a food for
horses, cattle, pigs, &c., and is worth about £6 per
ton for feeding purposes.

The best to grow for oil is the small black variety
(grandiflora) as it yields the larger precentage of oil,
20 to 25 per cent of good oil, almost equal to the best
olive cil; it isa first class table oil and there is
always a good market for it if properly refined,
When in Colombo I could let you see samples of the
above oils if you care to inspect them, | hope to
be down in a week or so.

Since writing the above, I see another correspond-
ent asks information about the castor oil plant,
There are two kinds of this seed that I have manufac-
tured into oil, the large and small variety. The
small is the best, a3 it contains from 40 to 42 per
cent. oil; the price of the seed varies from RS to R6
per cwt, It can be obtained in Bombay, and is
grown in the Gujarat district ; castor cake is worth
from R49 to R50 per ton, and it is an excellent manure,
as it contains a large percentage of nitrogen. It
should find aready market in Ceylon.

For “ Palma Christi’s ” information ;—

(1) In my opinion it is better to put in seed
say 3’ 3’—two seeds in a hole about 2,

(2) Bombay, that which is grown in Gujarat dis«
trict is the best,

(3) After the seed is ripe enongh, it is cut off in
clusters, allowed to dry and then trampled on by
bullocks, same as paddy, then collected and cleaned.

(4; About 40 bushels per acre, or more on good soil,

(5) There is a good market both in England and
France for good castor seed, also oil ; seed is worth
say in Colombo from R5 to R6 per cwt. Oxrstor
cake should bring at least R40 to R50 per ton.

(6) By hydraulic pressure, a small plant could
be got for £500 or 600, but this would depend on
what power could be got on owner’s property.

(7) ln my opinion plants grown as an annual
give best value. After seed is sown, there is little
or no attention required until seed is ready for
plucking.

(8) The plants would certainly crop best grown alone,

When in Colombo I could give yon more infor-
mation than by writing, such as cost of machinery,
refining oil, &c.—Yours, We.,

EK. WILSON,
Engineer, Finlay Muir & Co.
Katugastota Estate, Katugastota, August 10th.—

* Local Times,”

WnreEps.—On new and unexhausted lands the bad
effects of weed growth are doubtless due fully as
much to the waste of moisture going on through
their leaves as to the competition with the crop for
plant-food. Hence all good orchardists are very
careful about keeping their ground clear in summer :
but it must not be forgotten that by doingso they
quickly deplete their lands of vegetable matter
which requires systematic replacement by, green
manuring if production is to continue normally yet
of the two evils, the lossof moisture is more *o ‘he
dreaded, and very generally in practice the more
difficult to remedy.—Prorressor Hingarp. Weeds ina
a dry country waste enormous quantities of soil mois-
ture, each pound of weeds reducing the growth of
corn by two pounds. Clean farming conserves mois-
ture for the useful plants and useful plants produce
more bulk as well as more valae from a given amount
if available moisture—W. M. Hays, Minnesota,
Agricultural Experiment Station,—Agrieultural Gazette
of N. &. Wales,

154 THE TROPICAL

THE COCO-NUT.—INSECT ATTACKS

JNISHD)” GUBUR WIGUAILIE DS (OE)
PLANTS &., &c.,
DR. BACHOFEU’S ANALYSIS OF THE COCONUT:

Husk. SHELL, Kernex. MILE:

Total weight in lbs, .. 2702 0°546 0°875 0°593

Do. in percent.. 5728 1159 15°54 12°58
*( Moisture in percent... 65°56 1520 52°8(

| Dry matter in percent 3144 64:80 47°20
Pare ash in per cent Bee 63 OS20 OG mera
Containing viz :—
Silica Si O»2 an jo) SRB ARG TeaL AS}
Oxide of iron and alumina,

[Fe,0,;AL,0;.. 0.54 1:39 0°59 Trace.

Lime, G10... .. 414 6:26 310 748
Magnesia Mg O oo ANG) tee. Me} 8 BPN
+Potash K, O .» 30°7L 45°01 45:84 8 62
Soda Na, UO ou no. Bil) asset}
{Pot-ssiumn chloride KCL doo oe 13°04 41-09
Sodium chloride Na CL .. 45°95 15°56 SOL 26 32
Phosphoric acidP,O; ... 1:92 4:64 2033 5°63
Supharic acid So, S83 bya) 6 Ge) aE

100-00 9999 99:99 100-00

}+Containing total i
potash K ,O ve S071 45.01 54°05
*Contaiuing nitrogonN ... 0137 0-100 07504
Thns ofthe more important ingredients of the soil
1,000 nnts remove the following ;—

34°54

In Ls. Husk, Suevu. Kerner, Minx. Toran
LBS.
Nitrogen N .. 87017 65460 44100 abe 8 6577
Phosphoric
acid P O .. 08156 0:0735 1°4058 071279 2°4523
Potash K,O... 13'°5255 0°7127 3°7362 0:7723 187527
Lime Ca O ... 1°8234 0°0991 0°2143 01674 2°3012
Sodium
chloride
Na CL ... 20°2375 0-2464 0°3563 05431 2174283

It will be seen that sodiwm chloride is found in the
Coco-nut at 21 1b. to 1,000 nuts, and shows therefore
that common salt should enter largely into all
manurial material applied to this tree. One of the
best and cheapest methods ofapplying this is to use
the waste pickle of the salt provision stores, such as
that from herring and pork barrels, &c. Other
constituents shonid be supplied ina suitable manner,
ov inaform that comes cheapest, Chemists tell us,
however, that weshould not depend upon a single
analysis, which is undoubtedly true, and therefore
growers should know whether nuts of Trinidad, nuts
of Tobago, nuts of Grenada, &., &c., &c., would give
the same results in the Laboratory as those obtained
in Ceylon. It isreputed that the water or milk of
the Coco-nut isa powerful diuretic, but to which
of its constituents this property is dueis not stated.

It is clear from the analysis that it is not sufficient
merely to bury the nut in earth or sea sand to
succeed in raising five trees, but that such cultivation
requires considerable attention, and the trees are
benefitted, like all other plants, by the application of
suitable manures when necessary. The want of sach
applications, where the plant food is deficient, un-
doubtedly leads to ill-health and subsequent insect
attack.

The question of vitality in plants is not generally
well understood, but it means everything to the
cultivator, The Pine Applein the English hot-honse
is ruined by an attack of mealy-bug---but growing
in the open under natural conditions and with allits
requirements at command, the Pine Apple laughs at
and despises the attack of this insect. Some stools of
seedling sugarcane succumb to the attack of fungus
and insect pests, while growing under exictly the
game conditions a3 to culture, soil, and general
attention, as their untouched stronger brothers (i.e),
their vitality islow and their constitution weak,
which renders them unabletosucvive. his vitality
ja alsg seen in fields newly planted, among cang

AGRICULTURIST. — [Supr, 2, 1901:

cuttings planted on the same day on the same land¢
and under exactly the same conditions. One row
will have but very few misses, while another variety
will require supplying to the extent of 40 or 50 per
cent. ln some cases thisis due, as is well known,
to the condition of the cane;for joints or tops
containing a large amount of glucose are much
quicker in developing growth than the hard or ripened
joints which contain a major portion of sucrose. It
may be argued that plants, if well cultivated, can
have no weakness of constitution : but nevertheless,
it can be shown in hundreds of,instances that, where
plants are exotics, itisa difficult matter to get them
to thrive ; and their adaptakility for culture often
depends upon their power of becoming acclimatised
(i.e.,) acquiring a strong constitution. Some plants
never appear to acclimatise, and others are appa-
rently ubiquitous and appear to adapt themselves to
change of climate with greatest facility. From
those facts it is fairly clear that the constitution
plants possess is affected and also weakened or
strengthened by several conditions.

Ist, by inheritance; 2nd, by temperature; 3rd, by
humidity; 4th, by want of nutriment; 5th, by un-
suitable lands; and 6th, by persistent attacks of
fungoid or insect pests. So far asit is yet known,
the best course to be followed, instead of using the
nostrums often advocated, is to. secure by hybridi-
zation and seminal selection, varieties possessing a
vitality and strength of constitution which will
enable them to overcome attacks of fungoid or
insect enemies, It is of course admitted that the
application of insecticides is often of the greatest
service when the plant suffers from special invasions
not due to want of cultivation, plant food, or
lessened vitality, but the cultivator should be
careful -in discriminating between attacks caussd
by these wants, and attacks having a
special character or cause. In the latter, insecticide
can be used with advantage—in the former, even
endless repetition of their use will not render
them effective.—Zrinidad Bulletin.

Se

FIG GROWING IN SMYRNA,

In his report on the trade cf Smyrna, Mr. Vice-
Consul Hampson gives some information as to thecul-
tivation of figs in Smyrna. He says that the fig district
lies almost entirely along the Smyrna-Ardin Railway,
the best quality of fruit called “ erbeilli’’ coming from
Inovasi, while those from Nasli and Sultan Hissar are
also much valued, though their skins are thicker and
lighter There are two kinds of figs, both from the
same tree : those for eating and those for distilling
purposes (hurdas). ‘The fruit of trees growing on the
plains is larger and richer in saccharine matter: but,
ou the other hand, the trees in the plains often suffer
from excess of moisture in a wet season, which those
on higher ground escape owing to facilities for draining.
The trees begin to bear in their sixth year, and are
in full vigour in their 15th year. The fruit ripens about
the middle of August, wheu it is picked and dried Jn
the open air for from three to six days. It is then
packed in sacks of about 250lb, each, two of which con-
stitute a load for each camel, by which means figs
are carried to the nearest station to be conveyed by
train to Caravan Bridge, Smyrna. Thence the sacks
are again conveyed by camels to the depots of the
purchasers. An attempt was made to employ carts
(arabias):in the place of camels, but it was found
that the fruit was damaged if the sacks were piled
one on theother. The arrival of the camel load of figs
in Smyrna each season is celebrated as a popular
festival, as the washing, drying and packing of the
fruit gives employment to thousands of families,
The sale of dried figs for food takes place from the
end of August till the begining of November, after
which the sales are almost entirely of ‘ hurdas ”
(figs for distilling.) A certain quantity of these latter
are also sent to Austria-Hungary, where they arg
used as asubstitute for chicory. a

——

Supr. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL
PRUNING FRUIT TREES.

The general principles of pruning have already
been discussed in the previous issue of the Journal
of the Department of Agriculture, and to these the
Yeader must be referred, Several of the most ap-
proved methods of vine pruning have also been
reviewed and illustrated by means of diagrams in
the same publication. In this chapter the shaping
and the pruning of the several varieties of those
temperate clime fruit trees grown in our orchards
will be more particularly referred to.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

There are a few rules, however, which are ap-
plicable in every circumstance, and which should
be borne in mind whatever the system of training
or the kind of tree to be pruned may be. ‘Thus,
when pruning, cut off all dead wood; also one of
any two branches which may happen to cross and
rub against each other, thus chafing the bark and
injuring the limb. Supress water shoots and suck-
ers. When cutting to a bud do not leave a stump
above the bud; but on the other hand donot cut
the wood off too close to that bud. When com-
pelled to cut large limbs, pare off the wound with
a sharp knife, and cover the wound with some
dressing, such as already recommended in the pre.
vious chapter on pruning (p. 316), or even with clay,
which, while preventing the air and the dampness
from drying and rotting the wood, will not pre-
vent the young bark overgrowing the wound and
gradually healing it. Before cutting the limb off
try to see what the result of your action is likely
to be a few years hence, and thus save at an
early stage the possible necessity of having to cut
large limbs at some future period.

Should it be found necessary to cut a large limb,
saw it a short distance from the bottom first.
Then saw down from above, and the limb can be
removed without fear of splitting off below. Under
the climatic conditions which prevail here, it is
better to err on the side of cutting hard back, so
as to keep the tree low, than on the side of spar-
ing the tree the first year of its growth, and let-
ting it run up a high stem, topped with long
lanky branches,

SysTEMS or TRAINING AND SHapinc Fruir Trees,

Climatic conditions to a great extent influence
the methods of training trees. Thus in colder
climates they often trained Cordon fashion, or in
Lispaliers, Then again the Pyramid shape was for
a long time a favorite in warmer climates, until
the Low Standard or Vase system supplanted it.

This latter method of training fruit trees has
been found by long experience to be the form best
suited to the Australian climate ;it is also the one
best adapted to Californian conditions. Unlike the
pyramid shape, which has the cone pointing upwards,
the naees goblet ox wine-glasg form, as it is at times

«

AGRICULTURIST. 155

called, rests on its cone, and directs its branches
upwards and outwards

Amongst the advantages it offers it is simple to
understand and to master; it is applicable to all
kinds of fruit trees; it is suitable to all localities
where frnit trees can be grown out in the open
without artifiicial shelter; it forms a vigorous, stocky
tree, well balanced, easy to prune, spray and pick;
it efficiently shelters the stem against sun scald;
it resists the onslaughts of heavy gusts of wind
better than the other forms of training ; it requires
less space than the pyramid form; it offers greater
facility of approach to the stems by the horses when
cultivating.

First PRrRuNING.

Young budded trees in nursery rows present the
first season of their growth the appearance of a
straight switch, with good buds all along the stem,

Sometimes they grow so vigo-
rously that they throw out \
laterals. Both such young
trees are found in nur-
series. As their customers
like to see as much growth
as possible, nurserymen gen-
erally send out their trees
without cutting them back.
Experienced orchard owners
generally prefer, when order-
ing from the nursery, one year
old trees, which are merely
straight switches with good
buds all along the stem.
These they can cut back to
the height they prefer, with
a length of stem pretty well
uniformly the same all through
the orchard. If they plant
trees with a head ready form-
ed inthe nursery they cut it
short back on the laterals.
Those who, on the other
hand, have little or no ex-
pericnce of fruit growing,
would do wisely to select
from the nursery trees with
their heads ready formed.
When entting back, especial-
ly in the warmer and drier
localities, a stem, 12 to 18
inches high, will be found the pea iG
best. In the cooler districts ;
it can be given a height of 18 A Yearuing Tree
to 24 inches. Cut back to a wirHour Brancurs,
good bud, care having been The cross line shows
taken that the tree has not where tocut back when
been planted too deeply, but — planting.—Barry.

that its collar, or point of junction between the
roots and the stem, be as nearly as possible flush
with the surface of the ground. If the tree has
suffered much, and the buds are very small, the
bark leathery and wrinkled, the stem somewhat dried
and the roots much injured, it is advisable to cut
the stem lower still, say at a height of about 9 in-
ches from the ground, or even lower, but in every

case above the graft. In such cases, however, the
proper height should be given to the stem, either
by pinching the straight shoot which will grow from
it, as soon as it reaches that desired height, or by
cutting it back later on at the time of winter prun-
ing, From stem topped to a height of 15 to 1g

Zee

156 THE TROPICAL

inches, several short shoots will be sent up from
the upper buds; of these three or four of the best
shoots, placed symmetrically round the stem, are
allowed to grow, all superfluous vegetation being
rubbed off. These three or four shoots, which will
form the main limbs of the tree, should be placed
in such a manner that they form a well-balanced
head, and do not all come out together, but spring
out of the stem with an interval of an inch or two
between them. This knits them better to the trunk,
and they are thus less liable to split, as they some-
times do in windy weather, when grown in forks
and laden with fruit. The apricot move especially,
with buds very close together, has a tendency to
grow its limbs all in a bunch,

Three limbs growing symmetrically round the stem
are better than four. During the first season,
these three or four shoots are left to grow without
interference, so as to favor as good a root system
as possible. Should one of the rods, however, grow
with such exuberant vigor that it draws all the sap
for its own use, to the detriment of the other two
or three, it would be advisable to pinch it off and
check it, so as to maintain a fairly equal growth
' of the head. A tree is very easily thrown off its
balance at this stage of its growth, and unless pro-
perly trained and watched it might be difficult
susequently to re-establish the harmony of growth
between the main branches that constitute the head.

SrcoND PRUNING.

During the summer following the first pruning,
the young tree should be allowed to grow unchecked,
so ag to ensure a good root development. Some

young trees, however, at times
persist in sending up one soli-
tary shoots. Should this be
the case, the tender growth is
pinched back whenit has reach-
ed a length of five or six in-
ches, and this will excite the
bud immediateiy underneath
into life, with the result that
the three or four limbs re-
quired to form a well-balanced
head will be secured.

The reverse at other times
happens, the young trees
sending up a bunch of shoots
of such vigorous and luxuriant
shoots that thereis danger of
the stems splitting, To guard
against this, it is in such case
also, although for a different
purpose, advisable to has in sel
the sails, and relieve the plant Fe
of any excess of shoots, or of “S< a
its threatening top weight SRC EGET

During the first winter fol- Pruning of a two-year-
lowing the planting of a year- old tree from the bud.
ling tree, the three shoots, or —BARRY.
may be the four, which constitute its head, are short-
ened to four to ten inches, according as to whether
these shoots are feeble, or strong and vigorous.
Fruit-growers often get their trees from the nursery
at this stage of their growth, and the accompany-
ing figure illustrates their shape after pruning.
This operation excites the somewhat dormant buds
at the base of the shoot into active life. As pre-
viously said, the terminal bud should be a plump
and healthy one. It should be directed either up-
wards, downwards, or sideways, so as to prolong
the growth of branch outwards or inwards, or to-
wards a lateral blank space,

The growth of the main shoots is regulated by
pinching, and should a third or fourth twig grow
amongst them between the forks they are rubbed
off. When the tree is ready for pruning a third
time it has then, if three main limbs only, six
hranghes, which, at the time of the

AGRICULTURIST. [Sepr. 2, 1901.

TuirpD PRUNING

Are cut back to 6012 inches, according to their
strength. T’'wo of the top shoots on each of these
branches with an upward direction are left, and the
lateral shoots from the other buds on the limbs
below are pinched back in the summer time, when
they are a few inches long, to four or five leaves.

These little tufts of leaves
shelter the branches, streng-
then them by coverting sap
into woody tissues, and ulti-
mately develop fruit spurs.
Branches which approach the
vertical line most are cut
shorter than those inclined
to an angle, to thus force the
buds at the base to grow.

FourtH PRuNina.

The same treatment de-
scribed in the case of the first,
second and third pruning is
applied in the case of the
fourth pruning, and generally
at this age the tree will begin
to bear readily. At this
period a stocky, low standard
tree will have been formed,
which will have a well-ba-
lanced head, constituted of
branches growing in an up-
ward direction, and carrying
fruit spurs all along their
length. Such a tree, will
resist high winds well, can
easily be approached by horse
and implements, so that comparatively little hand-
labour will be required to keep the orchard in a
high state of cultivation; the crop will be evenly
carried along the main branches, which will not
stand in need of artificial props, lest they should
break down under the load of fruit which, at this

Winter Pruning of a
tree three years from
the bud.—Barry,

Voung standard tree, four years from the bud,
° after pruning, BARRY,

Pyemin

Serr. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

early stage, they will begin to carry. The pinch-
ing of the superabundant laterals is best done in
the early autumn, when buds, which would other-
wise have remained sterile, are transformed into
fruit buds. This operation will besides save much
butchering in the winter time, as, by suppressing
either entirely or partly an undesirable shoot at an
early stage, much sap, which would be turned into
wood growth, destined to be cut off in the winter,
is saved, and the energy and the vitality of the
plant throwa into more useful channels. This
practice leads to the enunciation of the fact that
severe winter pruning induces wood growth, while
summer pruning tends to fruit production. Thus,
if a tree is stunted, and for some obscure reason
does not make much wood, but shows a tendency
to produce more fruit buds than it can safely carry,
prune close in the winter; if, on the other hand,
a tree grows so quickly that all its energy is wasted
in wood and leaves, and does not pause to produce
fruit, either summer pruning or root pruning will
throw it into bearing. By such means the plant
realising, while in full flow of sap, that its constitu-
tion has been attacked and its life menaced, will
make an effort to reproduce its kind forthwith and
the result will be the evolution of leaf buds into
fruit-bearing spurs. Subsequent prunings consist
mostly in rubbing off water shoots, in suppressing
branches that cross and rub against one another,
and trimming the twigs and the fresh growth made
during the season’s growth. As this stage the tree
will have ceased making much wood, and will begin
the business of setting and carrying fruit.

REDUCTION OF SWELLINGS AND HrpE-zounD TREES:

At the time of pruning swellings are occasionally
noticed on the stems or limbs of trees, These
swellings are either due to the disproportionate
growth of the scion or fruiting part, compared with
the stock or root end of the tree.

hey may also be due io strings used in previ-
ous seasons as ties, which have cut through the bark.
These swellings, which intefere with the free cir-
culation of the sap, must be reduced. This is best
done by running longitudinal incisions from C down-
wards to the stock B. The bark will thus expand,
and, should the deformity continue the next season,
these incisions should be renewed.

Trees which have been neglected, or
whose growth has been stunted by the
presence of moss and lichen, scale
insects Jor other pests, or by want of
drainage of the soil, by the aridity and
poverty of the ground, or are debili-
tated in consequence of haying been
allowed to bear too early, often show
@ miserable, sickly appearance. Their
growth is stopped, the bark becomes
tough and leathery; they are hide-
bound. The cause of the mischief may
have already been removed, and still
they will make no growth.

Such trees should be similarly treated
at the time of pruning. They should be
cut hard back and at pruning time the
knife should be run longitudinally
through the bark, from the hee! to the Incisions to
top of the stem, and even along the yeduce the
main limbs. It is also advisable to swelling of the
whitewash the stems of such trees. graft or the
Lime, in the shape of whitewash, is stem,
Well known to be beneficial in most bark diseases.

Soot

EN

Under this treatment the stunted trees of last
season are seen to spring into fresh and healthier
growth. The cambium or,growing wood layers force
the strip of leathery bark apart, the stems and
limbs are soon seen to swell, the sap runs freely
from the roots to the top branches of the plant
and the whole growth looks healthier.

AGRICULTURIST,

Incisions To CoNTROL Tan Growre or
SHoors AND Bups.

J) » Should; during the pre-
JX ceding growing season,
jy any one of the lateral
branches have been imper-
fectly developed, it should
be cut back lightly when
pruning, and, if it is much
too small compared with
the others, it is sometimes
advisable to make imme-
diately above the point of
attachment to the branch
(B)a notch or small in-
cision through the outside
layers of growing wood, so
as,to force the sap to run
up the branch and develop
i it. The cut should be pre-
i | vented from healing too
Wang aret vapidly. It is also some-
LA times idcsisebls) for the
‘ ? AES ce symmetry of the tree to

INcisIoNs.--Du BRENIL. force a aornant bud into
growth, and in that case an incision as shown atA
will be found useful. On the other hand, should a
strong branch become uncontrollable in spite of
heading back, it may, in extreme cases, be abvisable
to check the flow of sap towards it by making an
incision as shown at C, immediately below its point
of attachment to the stem.

Thus we have a means of transforming wood bud
into a fruit bud and vive versa, by making a cut
below the rudimentary bud if we waut a fruit bud,
or above if it we want a wood bud. These, methods
should, however, be only used with discrimination,
else more harm than good will ensue,

RENOVATING OLD TREEs.

Fruit trees, planted in good soil and possessed of
a good stem, are susceptible of living to a great
age. It, however, often happens that through years
of neglect their branches have grown to excessive
length and are, to a great extent, deprived of fruit
shoots, or that the cropis carried up too high, hence
adding considerably to cost of
gathering ; or again the trees
are diseased, and in order
to successfully combat the
pests which infect them they
must be shortened in. Again
the variety of fruit the tree
bears may be unsuitable, and
it may be expedient to change
the variety by means of bud-
ding or of grafting. In all
these cases it may be desir-
able, or even imperative, to
shorten the tree and head it
back. For that purpose the
saw is called into zequisition,
and the cuts smoothly pared
with a sharp knife, the wound
being then smeard with clay, Top of an old plum tree
or with the shellac paint, or headed back for the pur-
some of the other paint al- pose of renovating.
ready referred to.

The figure illustrates an old plum tree which has
thus been renovated. The plum, better than mest
other fruit trees, stands cutting back hard to old
wood without showing symptioms of dying back,
which, under similar conditions, are often shown by
apples and more particularly peaches and nectarines,

Harly in the spring, the roots of the tree, which
may be good for many years more, become active,
the sap commences to move upwards and a number
of hidden and dormant buds are excited into life.
Shoots burst out of the old stumps and as tkey
grow they should be thinned out to the number oi
three or four only, woll placed and likely to form a

158 THE TROPICAL

symmetrical head. Shonld these few shoots, which
are destined to serve as main limbs, grow too rankly,
they may be pinched or cut back during the sum-
mer. and laterals will grow on the tree, which will
be shortened at the time of winter pruning. Should,
however, these shoots show only a moderate growth,
they are better left alone until the pruning season,
when they are cut back and treated as directed under
the heading “First and Second Pruming.”

Except in the case of plum trees referred to
already, it is inadvisable to cut back trees in the
process of renovation to blind stumps, but this
should always be done just above a young branch
or a small shoot, so situated that it can be used
for giving start to the fresh growth. Old apple
trees, apricots, and especially peaches are at times
killed through overlooking this detail. The sap
becomes stagnant, a dying-back process sets in,
and carries off the limb, Peach trees more particularly
must be cut back with judiciousness when it is in-
tended to renovate them, the reason being that
fewer buds are found on the old bark of peaches
and nectarines than on the old bark of pippins,
and what few kuds there may be left are less easily

‘ thrown into active life again than buds of apple
and pear treees. In the case of peach trees, indeed,
the basal buds are freqnently bloom-buds which
blossom and then die off, leaving no wood buds to
spring into life at a later period and send up fresh
growing shoots.

When renovating trees of the citrus tribe, it is
also advisable to cut large limbs above on young,
fresh growth, although in their case this is not so
essential as in the case of peaches. These trees are
fairly well stocked with miniature, dormant buds,
which are thrown into life whenever the emergency
arises.—Journal of the Department of Agriculture.

- <p
A FEW NOTES ON CITRUS TREES
AND ALSO WORKING OVER
WORTHLESS OLD ORANGH

AND PEACH TREKS,
W. J. ALLEN.

In many of our citrus orchards are frequently
found a few or perhaps a good number of trees which
do not bear as well as they should, orit may be that
the fruit is of such inferior quality as tobe of com-
paratively little value. {n such cases it would pay
the grower, if the trees are vigorous, to cut them
pack and graft or bud the new shoots to varieties
which have been found thriving and bearing well in
the particular district. In California many good
old seedling and other orange orchards have been
treated in this way and worked largely to the
Washington Navel, which is the most popular
orange grown there.

While many growersin the Cumberland district
might deem it advisable to rework some of
their trees, there are but few who would care to bud
to the navel, as, upto the present, most of those
who have done so havefound to their sorrow that
the navel orange has proved a shy bearer with
them, and consequently these feel disposed to re-
work snch trees with other varieties which bear
regular crops of fruit. The srower should be most
careful that the buds or scions intended for use are
taken from good trees, and not from young imma-
ture trees which have notiyet justified their existence
in the orchard,

In the orchard at the Hawkesbury Agricultural
College Ihave been, and am even now, gelting
some of our worthless trees worked over to better
varieties, and from time to time the Department is
importing some of the best Californian varieties. In
the accompanying illustrations Ihave had the ertist
photograph one specimen of each of the following
Mandarins, viz.;—The Emperor, Scarlet, and
Thorny—these three being largely grown throughout

AGRICULTURIST, (Sept. 2, 1901,

our citrus-growing districts. At some future time I
hope to have the Beauty of Glen Retreat illustrated.
Other illustrations show the progress made from
year to year by worthless trees which hayebeen cut
back and reworked at the same orchard.

Fig. No. 1(a) is atypical Hmperor Mandarin tree,
which is carrying a heavy crop offruit, Up to the
present time it has been found that this is one of
the most profitable varieties to grow, andis a good
mid-season variety. If held on the trees tov long
the fruit is likely to become very puffy in many
districts. Should the Beauty of Glen Retreat prove
to be a constant, heavy bearer it will no doubt
supersede this and other varieties.

Fig. No. 1() shows another ‘style of Emperor
Mandarin tree, started out nearer the ground and
trained to spread wider, and not allowed to grow
as high as fig No.1. The tree is carrying a very
heavy crop ‘of fruit. The fruit is more eesily
picked from this tree, and the process of fumigating
for the destruction of scale is carried out more
easily in the case of this tree than in that fig. No. 1.

Fig. No. 2,a Scarlet Mandarin tree, heavily laden
with fruit. The tree grows more upright than the
Thorny and not so tall as the Emperor. A good
cropper, fruit rather large and flat, but inclined to
go puffy when kept onthe tree any length of time.
This variety has not found the same fayour with
growers as the Thorny and Emperor.

Hig. No. 3 shows the Thorny Mandarin tree. A
very heavy cropper. Fruit small and rather flat.
One of the best flavoured of all the Mandarins, and
very much liked by the public. Ripens about the
same time asthe other varieties The tree shown
isa typical one, but at the time of photographing
it was bending in all directions with the weight of
its fruit, which, however, being green, does not
show.

Fig. No.4 shows an orange-tree cut down to
force out new shoots preparatory to budding, which
method I prefer to grafting, The tree will throw
out numerous shoots, but as these grow the surplus
ones should be removed, andonly a few should be
left. and these in positions where the new main
limbs are required. If this workis carried on early
in the spring there will be some good strong limbs
by the fall, ready to receive the buds, which should
be inserted about the first week in Mareh, or just
sufficiently late that they will not start into growth
that antumn, but lie dormant until the following
spring, when they will push out and form a very
good.tree by the next autumn, and in all probabi-
lity some of them would carry a little fruit the
second year.

Fig. No. 5 shows the tree at the time of budding,
the buds being imserted at the base of the new
growth. : i

Fig. No.6 shows atree after the new buds have
made their first year’s growth.

Fig. No. 7isa Washington Navel tree two years
after budding. Five fine oranges were picked from
it this season, but owing to the visitation offnight
birds of prey it was thought advisable to pick them
before they were coloured, and in consequence they
do not show to advantage, asthe rind would have
been much thinner and the cells finer if the fruit
could have been allowed to hang nutil properly
ripe. It will, however, be seen that the size is all
that could be desired. Fig. No.8 shows the fruit
before being cut, and fig. No. 9 shows the same
orange cut in halves.

Fig. No. 10 shows an assorted row of best varieties
of imported orange trees, two years from the dor-
mant bud, and consisting of the following varieties,
viz.:—Washington Navel Paper Rind, St. Michael,
Mediterranean Sweet, Valencia Late, Hgg-shaped
St. Michael, and a few other varieties. 4

Fig. No. 11 shows part of a consignment of orange
trees procured from California twelve months ogo.
All arrived in gocd condition and are doing well

.

Set, 2, 1901.]

The trees shown in figures 10 aud 11 are worked
On orange stocks, as were also the parent trees
from which the buds were taken to work these
trees, so that when they come into bearing it will
give us a good idea as to their suitability for this
district. The object in importing these trees was to
ascertain which were the best and most profitable
varieties to grow in this State, as also to prove
Whether itis the true Washington or some other
variety of navel which has provedsuch a shy bearer
with us.

As there are thousands of peach trees bearing
poor fruit in the State, it will be of interest to
many to have the reworking of such trees demon-
strated. Fig. No. 12 shows a large pesach-tree cut
back during winter’s pruning. If the grower
wishes, however, he may leave them until the
latter part of August, when they can be cut back
and grafts inserted, by splitting the bark down the
side, then raising the bark and inserting a scion
between the wood and bark. Bind firmly with
waxed cloth, and cover the cut witha thin coating
of grafting wax. Should any of the grafts miss,
buds may be inserted the following February in
the new growth. All surplus growth should be
rubbed off, leaving young shoots in such positions
as are most desirable to start main branches, the
latter to have buds inserted in the exact places
where main branches are required. It is generally

“found best to bud on the outside of the tree as

that generally gives the tree a good crown,
whereas, if the buds are put on the inner side of
the branches, the limbs grow towards the centre
of the tree, making a very close and undesirable
crown.

Fig. No, 13 isthe same tree after it has made six
months’ growth.. The buds will be ineerted withina
few inches of the base of the new growth. The top
will be well cut back inthe winter at pruning time,
and the growth forced into the buds so that they will
form a good crown.

Fig. No 14. A tree which has been cut back and
budded—the buds showing the first summer’s
growth.

Fig, No. 15. The same tree as in fig. 14, two
vears after budding. It will be seen that this tree
had longer armsleft on it at time of cutting back
than fig. No. 12, and consequently the tree is not
nearly so well shaped asit would have been had the
main branches been well ‘cut back in the first
place.

It willbe seen that in treating a tree intended for
reworking to better varieties it‘ isbest to cut it back
to within 6 inches of the trunk rather than to leave
arms 2 feet or more in length.—Agricultwral Gazette
of N. 8, Wales. ;

>
CULTIVATION OF RUBBER TREES,

Some people may be surprised to learn that there
is still a raw product that man finds just as difficult
to obtain as it wasa hundred years ago, and that
it is harder to obtain thanever. It is the milk of a
very insignificant-looking tree, growing in great
quantities over a large tract of territory. The tree
itself is generous; liquid follows the incision; a
wait ofa few hours for the milk to harden and a
man has the equivalent of a day’s wages. This
white liquid, after exposure to heat, and many
species to that of the sun alone, and without any
further treatment, gives thirty per cent of its bulk
in pure rubber. Despite this, the world’ cannot
obtain a tithe of the supply it needs. The simple
reason for this state of affairs is that the tree,
although generous itself, elects to grow in regions
which for the most part are death to white men,
and are removed from civilization by thousands of
miles of swamp and jungle,

To alter this condition of this two sets of men
are working on oppositelines. They are engaged in
a sort of race for a very high stake—an unasally

/

THR TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 159

high stake indeed, as the pure rubber is now
selling for something more than $1 a pound. One
set are chemists, who have been trying their best
for the lest twenty-five years te find a substitute
for rubber. So far there has not been an unquali-
fied success among their attempts, ‘and there are
experts who go so far as to say that chemically it is
impossible to combine for the market a substitute
having the different properties of pure rubber. Be
that asit may, hardly a day passes but the long-
expected substitute is brought forward ard the com-
pany formed to exploit the perfect substitate of
the year before goes into the hands of a receiver.

The field of activity of the other set of men is
very different. Itis found ina few farms in Mexico
and Central America, and in a few government
stations, notably in Jamaica and- Ceylon, There
are a small number of farms where something like
a systematic attempt is being made to farm rubber
on a large seale; some half dozen in the Isthmus
to Tehuantepec and a very few more in Nicaragua,
Costa Rica and the rest of Central America.

The difficulties which confront this handful of
farmers are peculiar. In the first place, no one ever
tried before to make rubber grow as a crop for
the market. There are no data, no facts of even the
simplest kind to tell these men whether their ideas
are the right ooes. The natives of the country take
no interest in this outside their own particular
business, and a man about to establish a plantation
has had to start fresh, with his own ideas to guide
him! and these latter cannot be said as yet to
have become authoritative, for none of the farms
are more than six years old, and the trees must be
up that time before the question of growing them
can he settled. Rubber planting, then, is not only
an absolutely untried undertaking, but there has
been nothing of tradition or general knowledge of
the subject with which to makea start. If rubber
were a delicate tree, or difficult to cultivate, the
outlook would be disheartening indeed.

Second, the general conditions are against the
planter, The nature of the country throws him
entirely upon his own resources, and the climate is
apt to be enervating, to say the least. ‘l'ranspor-
tation is a great problem. Labour is scarce and
not easy to handle, the native peon of Central
America being a mixture of childishness and indepen-
dence, anda hard drinker to boot. Although strong
and active as young men, excellent axemen and
better with a spade than any other labourers in the
world, they become debilitated very early in life.
They have no constitution and must be cared for
like children. Furthermore, they look to the patron,
or owner, for the settlement of every ill, spiritual
or temporal, You must keep them sober, get them
out of debt, make peace between them and their
wives, arrange any infelicities that may occur between
them and their neighbours’ wives, doctor the whole
family and educate the children, if you have time.
For the peonis essentially a creature formed for
the patriarchial system. With achief or employer
whom they know or respect the better class of peons
become in many essentials ideal labourers—steady,
careful, hard-working, quick to catch an idea, faith-
ful to follow it out, entirely honest; their employer’s
interests become their own. But in order to obtain
this desirable state of things a farmer should be a
first-rate judge of capacity and character, a fair
lawyer, physician and man of business.

A third problem before the farmer of rubberis
where to plant. Castilloa elastica, for practical pur-
poses the only rubber in Central America, has an
extremely varied habitat, Itit found at all eleva-
tions up to 2,000 feet and in a great variety of
soils and locations, with a consequent variation of
rainfall. So, here, again, the farmer must meke a
choice, and one upon which his suecess will prob-
ably depend, with nothing to guide him in the
making. As regards location, it is conceded that
Castilloa needs a tropical climate, a rainfall that

—————oooe ee

160 THE TROPICAL

ean be depended upon, a good drainage, and an
elevation of less than 1,500 feet, but these conditions
have great latitude of choice,

The most important of the questions relative to
the method of planting rubber is the one about
which the farmers ere most divided, and is probably
the most vital connected with its cultivation. If is
the question whether to plant in groves, in the open,
or under forest shade. The advocate ‘oi the for-
mer system says that in any other pact of the world,
if one wants to geta particular crop, it is custom-
ary to give the tree or plant all the chance possible,
One clears the ground, turns it up, and after the
tree is planted keeps all weeds from encroaching
upon its light and food space. Why uot apply
these elementary principles to rubber and plant in
plowed and open land, in groves, like an apple
orchard ?

The advocate of the forestry system points, how-
ever, tothe manner in which the tree grows natu-
rally and says that rubber is found thriving best
under shade, in a cool, wet spot, and by “thriving”
he says he means gives the most rubber. The
tree will grow, it is quite true, faster in the open
than in the forest, and you will get your groves of
rubber trees more quickly, but the question is, Will
you get the milk from them? For it does seem to
be a fact that rubber found in open pastures will
not yield so much milk as those trees growing in
the forest, where it is cooler and moisiev. If it
could be ascertained exactly what function the milk of
the tree performed, one would probably be able to telt
how much sun and how much rain would produce the
tree with the largest quantity of rubber. The milk is not
asap, but a latex, which iscarried just under the outer
bark, and the slightest nick from a pen-knife will be
followed by a thick liquid, which if caught on the
finger dries at once, leaving a shred or two of pure
rubber, like small elastic bands.

There are farms established by exponents of each
theory. One can see in Mexico rows of young
trees in open cleared land, in every respect like a
coffee or orange plantation; and again in Costa
Rica the farm consists of rubber trees planted in
among the forest trees, only cleared where the
growth is very thick, though of course the bush is
kept down by cutting twice a year. Those who are
following these two theories will be relieved when
they get their first crop. But at present they are
having rather an anxious time of if. for on the one
hand it- will be expensive business, not to say im-
possible, to plant shade among those trees in the
open, and the rubber may be ruined before the
shade comes up. But this course would be imperative
should the advocates of the orchard theory find
themselves in the wrong. On the other hand, should
the forestry people beat fault, it will require con-
siderable skill for the owner of {tke rubber growing
in the forest to cut ous the treesand let in thesun
without injuring the rubber. Ringing trees at the
right phases of the moon, some eminent scientists
to the contrary notwithstanding, will go far toward
solving the problem for the grower of rubber in the
forest and make his position the stronger of the two,
on thewhole, inthat he runs the lesser risk, as it is
easier to cutout the shade than to put it back.

As for the rubber planter’s profits nothing definite
can be said about them as yet. A man might buy a
thousand acres of goodrubber land for $5,000, and he
might plant it and bring it to production for $45,000
more—$50,000 in all. But now as to the returns, it
is like figuring on the chicken industry; one becomes
alarmed at the rate chickens, eggs and profits pile
up. Inthe same way it is estimated that rubber will
produce a handsome return every yerrat the end of
of the sixth year from planting. Anyone can work
out for himself the following sum in multiplication
for the profits of the eighth year: One thousand
acres with 200 trees to the acre, one pound of rubber
to the tree each year, sold at a net profit of 50 centsa
pound,—Ayricultural Gazette.

‘scattered here and there about

AGRICULTURIST.

VANILLA CULTIVATION.

To judge by occasional notes, which appear in
our planting journals, this product appears to be
having its full share of attention at the hands of
those planters who are on the alert for any-
thing in the shape of a profitable auxiliary to the
main crop they may be growiog. In certain plant-
ing districts it is being propagated year by year
with the view of raising a sufficient number of
plants to form a plantation of an acre or 50, in
order that a regular squad of people may be told
off specially to look after the plants. This is ab-
solutely necssary, and is the right way to go about
the matter,—where there are only a few plants
a compound, they
cannot get that special attention whichis necessary
to forming an vcpinion as to whether the raising
of them on a larger scale will be a profitable un-
dertaking. Of course there is always the probability
of over-production, and this onght to be’ steadily
kept in view, and nothing but the very best quality
of pods pnt upon the market. If we may take
South Sylhet, for instance, which, by the way, we
are inclined to place in the very first front rank
amongst planting communities, in the matter of the
introducing and cultivating of valuable plants from
other regions with an analogous climate and habitat,

[Sepr. 2, 1901,

we can see no reason whatever why that district -

should not make a name for itself for a good quality
of vanilla.

The large majority of our planting districts in
Assam will grow vanilla. There are a few districts
in Upper Assam, which are sometimes too cold and
damp during the winter months, and the plants
get what is known as ‘‘spot.” This is not what
we should call a disease, but simply a ‘hurt’
caused by water resting upon the leaf when the
atmosphere is at a low temperature. The vanilla
“plant” will stand a much lower temperature than
any we ever get in the vallay of Assam, but it
will not tolerate dampness as well. Even in the
South Sylhet district, where we never get such a
degree of cold as is usually experienced in Upper
Assam, vanilla will not succeed in a lowlying situa-
tions where there is sufficient moisture during the
dry season to cause a continual raw feeling during
the day.

That it grows, flowers, sets and grows pods of as
good quality as are produced in the Seychelles
Islands has been already proved. The prices have
been well maintained, for many years past, despite
the invention of yanilla (the coal tar product) which
has not commended itself as anything likely to be
a competitor, where the real vegetable product is
to be had. There arelands more suitable for its
cultivation than others, but any ordinary forest land
with a good surface accumulation of vegetable mould
will be found adaptable for the cultivation of
vanilla. At the same time, vanilla-growing, being
one of the most concentrated of Agri-Horticultural
industries, can be grown upon the most barren of
lands, in the absence of other unfavourable condi-
tions. The writer is not aware as to what size
the vanilla plantations of Reunion and Mauritius
run, but we may take it that a 5-acre vanilla
garden would te considered a very large ‘ auxiliary ”
indeed to a 500-acre tea garden. And if 5 acres
of first-class forest land could not be had, 5 acres
of scrub jungle could very easily ke made almost
as suitable by carrying fresh jungle soil to plant
the vanilla plants in. It would cost no more than
it does to make large pits and fill them with fresh
soil—a necessary work when filling tea vacancies if
any measure of success is to be counted upon,
The Mexican system of allowing the vines to grow
under trees nearly wild appears to be almost uni-
versally adopted now, and is a deciGed improve-
ment on the old system of training the vine on
artificial supports, According to a report on the

Sept, 2, 1901.)

vanilla growing in Seychelles nothing pays better
than vanilla. its production cosis the planter about
Rs. 3 per lb., and as prices vary from Rs, 8 to
Rs. 16 per lb., a net profit of from Rs. 5 to Rs.
13 is the result. The average price was Rs. 16 in
1898, and at the present time runs mnch about the
same. The yield may safely be taken to be 200 lbs,
an acre according to the report above alluded to.
“Taking, therefore, an average of Rs. 10 only, an
acre of vanilla should produce Rs. 2,000.” Five acres
of vanilla at this rate would not come amiss to
plenty of large tea concerns, to say nothing of
small ones.

It would even pay them to keep a European who
throughly understood the plant, its erowth, fertilisa-
tion (which has to be done artificially) and last,
but by no means least, the curing, sizing, and
packing. The object of this article is not to make
planters believe that thay have nothing to do but
procure vanilla plants, stick them in and wait for
the pods tocome. We may go the length of asserting
that out of every 100 planters who attempted
vanilla growing 98 would very probably not succeed.
It requires special knowledge all through as to the
habits of the plants and its requirements. The
curing alone requires considerable study, care and
experience. The plant when growing, although pre-
ferring to take its own sweet will during its ado-
lescence, is entirely helpless when it comes to
maturity. It will keep on growing certainly, but is
quite incapable without human aid of reproducing
its own species ; consequently, if this process is not
understood, the growers will have no produce in the
shape of the fragrant vanilla pods of commerce.

Whatever may happen in the future the industry
is not suffering at present from over-production to
the extent of affecting the profitable nature of the
industry. In 1898 the vanilla crop of the Seychelles
amounted to 63,0001b., and was sold for Rs. 936,900.
It cannot be gainsaid that the large output of vanilla
has given a fresh impetus to its cultivators, and
large quantities have been planted during the last
two years. Still, according to the chemist and
druggist, the consumption of vanilla pods is increasing
every year and likely to continue to do so far a
long time —“ A. P.” in Capital,

SP

COFFEE CULTIVATION IN BRITISH
CENTRAL AFRICA,

To the flowering of coffee the planter looks for
a forecast of the season’s crop. Naturally one
would expect this to be correct, but, for several
reasons; i cannot always be depended upon. It
is now well known that Andtestia vartegata is responsi-
ble for the reduction of both the flower and the
berries after they have been formed. Drought was
supposed to do considerable damage also, and, in
fact, is the reason given for the failure of so much
crop. I assumed this as correct, and, by some
notes on the subject to the Central African Times,
T concluded that, with the destruction of Antestia
variegata, and a system of irrigation, our success
in coffee production was assured. Now 1 must
admit I have been misled, and, therefore, made a
mistake. My views of the subject now are that
irrigation would do very little good, and that it is
not the roots that require moisture, but the plant
above ground. This drought which we get occasion-
ally is not directly the cause of our failure of crop,
or the burnt-up or dead appearance of our plants,
but of course it is so indirectly.

From my observations I with no hesitation declare
thrips to be almost the sole cause of this damage
put down to sun and heat. Damage caused by
sun and heat is relatively so immaterial {that little
account need be taken of it. We have thrips every
ary season, and it is only the want of rain or a
drought which helps to bring them forth in such

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

161

vast numbers, At the beginning of the dr

they are few and far between, but Beebe pane
conspicuous towards its close. Some time before the
wet season commences, I should say, they are found
at the very least to average a dozen larve to every
leaf, and the whole of the underside of that
lesf is sucked and discoloured completely. The time
whea the destruction is disatrous is immediately
after the coffee has flowered. Here are tender berries
much superior in the estimation of thrips to leaves
months old, or leaves that they have been living
on and sucked from the under side, giving them the
appearance of pieces of brown paper hanging from
the branche& instead of leaves, and now discarded
for berries. Ultimately these leaves fall off, leaving
the branch and berries black and dead.

Thrips are first seen as minute red insects gen-
erally with a drop of dark fluid or excrement attached
to their abdomen ; they afterwards change to a lighter
green than the colour of the leaf; a few of the
imago or perfect insect with wings and dark body
are also observed. The elongated abdomen of the
larve gives them the appearance of minute worms
or caterpillars. In fact, there is sometimes seen on
the coffee leaves a grub resembling them which is not
unlike the larva of a fly, Wherever they are they
darken the leaf, tender stem, and berries by their
panei and excrement. }

s to the possibility and feasibility of destroyi
eee Le unine in check by hand Sigking in thee
initial stages, am not i siti
Eeone g u & position to say at

Besides hand-picking we have another alternative;
we are aware that some seasons we get a shower
every month; those showers and everything else
being favourable, we get a good crop; in other
seasons these beneficial showers fail to come, and
our crop is more or less a failure. Now those
monthly showers have been the means of keeping
the thrips incheck. Likewise the wet season almost
completely overwhelm them. From these facts we
may conclude that spraying with a syringe or a
garden engine is the next best thing, and with the
addition ot tobacco juice or any other insecticide
less spraying may be required,

There Gan be little doubt as to thrips being indi-
genous, and possibly new to science. The nearest
approach I can get to the species of thrips on
‘coffee, is one found on grass, which may be the
same species or quite different. To me it appears
smaller or shorter. The result of thrips on grass is
that they are accompained by a fungus. This fungus
is red, and can be easily noticed; it is on the under
side of the blade, but can be seen from the top, so
that grass with thrips can be easily detected. This grass
had not been burnt in the previous year with bush fires;
on grass that had been burnt, or grass grown from seed,
I have not noticed them. The appearance of this
fungus in most cases resembles the larve of thrips
in their red stage.

The next nearest approach to the species found on
coffee is one found on a shrub, Dissotis princeps,
growing in our marshes.

Thrips belong to the Thysanoptera order, and like
our plant bugs imbibe the juice of plants by suction.

At the recommendation of Dr. Sharp, F.R.S.,
Cambridge University, I have sent all the specimens
of thrips, &c., to Miss Embleton, Balfour Laboratory
of the above University, for identification, and any
advice which may be of use to us in the matter.

Kennet J. C

Namasi, Feb, 26th, 1901. irae

—Journal of the Society of Arts.

SHIKAR AND TRAVEL:
ONLY <A CUP:

That there was a tigress in the jungles somewhere
near my camp I knew, but she could not be persuaded
to kill any of the baits that [had had tied up for

her. Her tracks one morning showed that she had
gone along a nullah not ten yards from one of the
tied-up bullocks, but she had not touched it, and it
seemed as if she fedon game only, as no damage
to any of the cattle herds in the neighbourhood had
been reported. I had quite given up all hope of
getting a shot at her, and had, on my last day at
the village of A., arranged fur coolies to be collected to
peat through a hill near my camp which was a sure find
for bear if only they could be persuaded to break which
was not always the case, as there were so many caves in
the hillside), when word was brought that a kill
had taken place in a nullah between the bear's
hill and my camp. On going to insfect the place
where this had happened, I found that the carcase
had only been dragged a short way from the nullah
into the jungle along its banks, and but little of it
had been eaten. The tracks showed that there was
a cub with the tigress—a fact of which I
had not been aware, and the tracks further showed
that after their meal the two animals had
separated, the cub remaining in the jungle near by
while its mother hadreturned by the way she had
come tothe kill. For about two miles we followed
. her tracks which led us away from the aullah,
and then they struck a small village path and we
lost them. nis was disappointing; but there was
the chance that the tigress had gone round by some
other way to join its cub, so I gave up all thought
of having a bear beat, and instead made arrange-
ments to beat along the foot of the hill on _ both
sides of the nullah forthe cub, and, if possible, for

its mother too. The spot that I selected for my
Biauon was on the side of a small Gried-up
stream (a tributary in the rainy season of the nulla

where the kill had taken place); all around me was
grass jungle with scattered trees, and about 400
yards to my left was the bear's hill. Directly
behind me, about 600 yards away, was another hill,
for which it was anticipated the tigers would make
on being disturbed. It was necessary, in such a
grass jungle to have a large number. of stops, for
although the grass was high and thick it was not
matted, and a tiger could get through it easily any-
where, so I selected forty of the least stupid-looking
from among the coolies assembled and_ placed
twenty on each side of me, those on the left ex-
tending up tothe foot of the hill. While laying
the stops on the left my “‘shikari” came face to
face with the tigress who was sleeping alone—
the cubnot being with her, at least my shikari’
did not see it—in asmall depression at the foot of
the hill. Fortunately, on being disturbed, she bounded
off into the forest through which the beaters were to

ass.
f I had waited about two hours in my machan before
I heard the welcome sound of the beaters advancing
and, as 1 lifted up and cocked my rifle, I scared a
covey of bush quail, that had allowed me to watch
them feeding among the sal leaves below me and
they scurried away across the Jry stream and into
the grass on my right. Ten minutes later I heard
the soundof an animal coming towards me on my
right ; at first I thought it must be the tigress as
it made so much noise among the dry leaves in
the nullah, but it was only a four-horned antelope
buck that stood and looked at me and offered a
most tempting shot at twenty yards which, of
course, 1 did not take. Then after another wait of
10 or 15 minutes, the tiger-eub appeared. It came
towards me across the bed of the nullah at a
good rate, and I fired, when it was almost below
me, between the shoulders, killing it at once,

All this time I was not aware that the tigress
was in the beat, as my shikard didnot tell me till
afterwards that hohad almost stumbled upon her
as he was laying out the stops, and I was conse-
quently very pleased to hear a low growl that
could only come from her, soon after I had shot

tae cu, Lheard her moving about the hed of the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Suvr. 2, 1901.

nullah, apparently coming and recrossing it, and
though I imagine she saw me, I never caught 4
glimpse of her, until the beaters were nearly up to
her, and then she sprang across the nullah and
through the grass to my left offering me two snap
shots, both of which were unfortunately misses-
They were both difficult shets: the first among the
trees, and as there was a bend inthe nullah when
she crossed it, { could not get a clear view of her;
and the second, in the long grass. The Jatter 1
ought to have made fairly sure of, but as I was
on the point of firing I noticed that one of the stops,
who was in a low tree to my left and rather
below me, was almost inthe line of fire, and 1
had to hold my fire until the tigress got well
clear of thisline. This delay put me off my shot,
and, in all probability, accounted for my miss.
After the beaters had come up, and I had searched
carefully to see if either of my shots at the
tigress had taken effect, [ decided on another beat,
through the low hill thatI have already said was
situated behind where I had been stationed, The
tigress’ track lay straight in this direction, and it
appeared as if she must be lying up there; but the
beat which was a miserable, uncomfortable one, as
a drizzling rain set in while the stops were being
placed, proved blank, and we found that the tigress
had made for this hill; but instead of ascending it,
she had skirted along its foot and gone thence to
some thick jungle and hills to the south-west. It
was too late then to think of trying to hunt her
up there, forI had 8 miles to goto my next camp
and the sun was then very near the horizon, so I
had to be contented with the cub I had bagged, and
leave the mother for some future occasion.

ANTONG, Raipur,C.P. LONG TOM.

Indian Forester.
—__»—___.

Grascow ExuisitioN; BLackman Export ComMPANY
Lrp.—The Blackman Company’s Exhibit 700 sq. feet
is an interesting one. Seventeen of their well-known
Blackman Fans are shown in motion, the largest of
which, 96 inches in diameter, is driven from the
shafting overhead by means of a belt ; others varying

from 72 “‘to12”in diameter are driven direct b
electric current, these Fans being combined wit
Electric Motors of the Company’s own manufacture,
especially designed for this class of work. Four of
the Fans deliver air, warm or cold at pleasure,
from the four sides of the upper part of a central
celumn or Kiosk, which is a prominent feature of the
stand. On this stand thereis alsoa Model Drying
Installation consisting of a drying compartment

‘arranged in conjunction with a Blackman Electric

Fan 24”? in diameter and suitable Radiators for
heating the air. The main advantages gained by the
Blackman System of drying is that almost every
class of material and produce is effectively and
rapidly treated with the greatest economy both in
cost of drying and in the space occupied by the
drying chambers whilst the quality of the material
so dried is mueh superior to that baked or stewed in
closed stoves. Twenty-four Blackman Hlectric Fans
are used for ventilating the Restaurants in different
parts of the exhibition. Messrs. McKillip & McKen-
zie have 14 of them, from 24 ‘* to 42’ in diameter,
in Restaurants Nos. 1, 2 and 3, where their cooling
and ventilating effect is highly appreciated. Four
others of similar sizes are usedby by Mr. Jenkins,
in Restaurant No. 5: two more in the Indian
Theatre, and two in the Bermaline Model Bakery.
An imposing addition to the Exhibit is a large
assortment of Keith’s patent UHydr2zulic Rams and
pumps, heating Apparatus, and High Pressure Gas
lamps of great brilliancy, for which the Blackman
Export Company Ltd., of 70, Finsbury Pavement,
Landen, E.C., are the Exporting Agents,

Serr. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 163

RHODODENDRONS.

After the floral floed-tide of early spring, there
is a brief but perceptible ebb in the beauty of the
lawn and garden-border. The ever-welcome bulbs,
whose gay but not deep colourings remind us a
little of the tremulous winter sunshine, have had
their hardy day, and Nature pauses as if to gather
strength for the production of the richer and riper
beauties of the glowing summer. But this won-
derful pause is garlanded for us with a magni-
ficent display of flowers, which belong to the land-
seape rather than the parterre. They do not
easily Jend themselves to the restrictions of “ in-
teriors, ” nor to the narrow embraces of the tlower-
vase. But when a.dry May-month gives them
their opportunity the tree flowers are not to be
surpassed for the veritable enchantment which
they work upon the scene, The half-dozen homely
kinds upon which we customarily rely for this
magical effect have been this year close confederates
and have conspired to delight us by an almost
simultaneous effort. The white and pink of the
chestnuts have challenged the white and pink of
the hawthorn. Honours are fairly easy, but, as
if to abate any nascent feeling of rivalry, the softer
syringa with its white and ‘lilac’ has held a
commanding position between its loftier fellows.
And the golden tassels of the laburnum have so
brightened and relieved the competition that the
wide sylvan stage has been a scene of the most
refreshing variety and enjoyment.

Flora thus descends to our meadows and pastures
by way of the trees ; and true to time and season,
and her own good will, she finally alights upon the
iawn ina blaze of triumph lighted among the dark
evergreen leaves of the rhododendrons, The fire has
been smouldering for some days, but the punctua-
lity of the plants in “lighting up” is proverbial.
They seem to claim the early days of June as their
special prerogative, and seldom indeed do they dis-
appoint us. As handsome evergreen shrubs they
do splendid service all through the year: and
when their too-fleeting glories have passed away,
we may enter the portals of the garden proper,
with all its marvellous assortment of ‘‘ bedded-out”’
plants, making themselves at home, and gradually
expanding into blossom, But for the moment, the
rhododendrons hold us; nor are we in the least
doubt as to the point of view from which they are,
and should be, popularly regarded. The botanist
tells us—in the seemingly callous, but perhaps
necessary, way which makes so many persons
shrink from him—that ‘‘the rhododendron is a
genus of glabrous, pubescent, tomentose, or lepi-
doted shrub.” Not even Mrs Gamp herself would
have been provoked into a ‘‘deniging” of this
proposition. But a pleasant voice floats across
the lawn freighted with a dictum much more ger-
mane to theoccasion, ‘‘Are they not perfectly
lovely ?’’ The precise value of which phrase iies
in the intonation, which, unhappily is not produci-
ble in print. But it is true--so far as it goes.
Critics, indeed, might demur to it, as placing the
rhododendron on the same plane of comparison 4s
its latest fanciful imitation in ladies’ headgear.
But that is a captious objection. The flowers are
lovely. The mere man only employs a more square-
set word when he calls them magnificent.

When the early settlers in Virginia had time
to look about them their first astonishment was at
the splendour of the autumnal forest tints. Against
the dark livery of the pines were set the golden
yellow of the beech, the red foliage of the maple,

and the glories of the scarlet oak. Bat another
natural teature presently drew their eyes down-
ward. The mountain-sides and valleys were thickly
covered with a handsome shrab which they soon
learned to call the mountain laurel, and which in
its season bore abundant flowers ofa “pale blush.”
This was simply the quite unauthorised American
edition of the rhododendrop, which does not ap-
pear to have fonnd its way to England much be-
fore the beginning of the last century. Even its
great Oriental predecessor, the Pontic rhododendron,
from which so many of our present varieties have
sprung, was little known among us before the early
years of the 18th century. Since that time, however,
the florists have found the tribe so very teachable
that they have devoted much time and skill to their
higher instruction. Both the oleander and azalea
are scientifically included in the family, which even
at the beginning of its school career was one of the
greatest promise. And now in the parks of town
and country rhododendrons have long been flowers
of course. Planted ‘‘walks” have enlivened the
more sombre vistas of forest scenery, and no
garden which attains to the dignity of alawn can
now afford to dispense with them. The very
severity of their dark, leathery, but always
attractive, leafage affords only the greater contrast
to the vivid splendour of the flowers. The colours
of the more delicate greenhouse kinds area won-
derful feast for the eye, passing from white to
silvery, and through the softest sulphur-shades to
yellow and deepest orange. In another direction
we are led through the gradations of rose and
mauve to the most gorgeous depths of crimson
and purple. Nor are their open-air sisters much
behind them, though here we are scarcely in the
mood for nice discrimination. The flowers strike
us by theirsplendid massing, and the one truth
which impresses us is that they are the glory of
the lawn in early June.

Travellers take pleasure in assuring us that we
know but little of the possibilities of the rhodo-
dendrons until we have seen their lavish beauties
in the Himalayas. I[t.may well be so, but then
the entire natural scale differsaccordingly, and
contrast is only greater or less by the sum of its
surroundings. We are standing on a verdant
stretch of English turf, and, at least forthe mo-
ment, are willing. to leave comparisons to those
who seek them. Our own varieties are “beautiful
exceedingly,” and that suffices. The plants yield
their blossoms freely; there is nothing of the coyness
and reluctance which scems a natural, though
not always unpleasant, feature of so many of our
English beauties. Sut this is mainly due to the
shrub’s natural habit. When once the rhododen-
dron is in flower, it seems to be all flower, because
the innumerable blooms are socompletely unveiled.
Every flower-head is amass of separate flowers,
the calyx of each being so very slight that the
whole beauty of the bloom is unfolded, Let us
gaze at the rhododendrons while we may. Fast
fleets their transient beauty, and the greater
perhaps is the delight of its return.—Globe,
June 10th.

<n

A TYPICAL MEXICAN RUBBER
PLANTER.

The “India Rubber World” has published so
much in the last few months regarding the planting
of India-rubber in Mexico, that further information
regarding the individuals who have made a study
of this question should he of interest to its readers

164

The following is a brief sketch regarding Mr. Max-
well Riddle who ig now acting as general manager
and treasurer of the Republic Development Co., which
is engaged in planting a large property for the
Obispo Rubber Plantation Co., on the isthmus of
Tehuantepec.

Mr. Riddle was born in Ravenna, Ohio, where his
father has been engaged in the manufacture of
carriages for nearly half a century. On leaving
college Mr Riddle entered his father’s office and
started to learn the details of carriage manufactur-
ing. During the course of the six years which he
devoted to this business, he became much impressed
with the increasing use of rubber in rubber tyres,
which led him toa study of the sources of supply
for the crude product, aud then to the question of
rubber planting, in the investigation of which he
was assisted greatly by the Bureau of American Re-
publics in Washington, the various foreign consuls,
and the late Minister Romero, After studying the
question for more than a year, he started on a trip
through Central America to learn for himself the facts
regarding this interesting question.

After a long trip through Central America he visited
various localities in Mexico, making a particularly
thorough examination of the plantations in the states
of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas and Tabasco. He
found that the true rubber belt in Mexico was a nar-
row strip of land following the border of the states
of Vera Cruz aud Oaxaca and continuing along the
border of thestates of Chiapas and Tabasco. This
narrow strip having been enriched for centuries by
the wash from the mountains behind it, and being
drenched by the continuous raing due to its prox-
imity tothe great plateau, made it ideal for the
cultivation of tropical products. He decided to pur-
chase a property near the border of Oaxaca and Vera
Cruz. After returning to the United States for a short
trip, he went back to Mexico and started planting
his property in earnest, and has now set out more
than 100,000 trees, which he reports are doing magni-
ficently. During the year 1899 he became interested
with Chicago capitalists, chief of whom was Mr Alfred
Bishop Mason, president of the Vera Cruz and Pacific
railway, in the purchase of a tract of 2,500 acres in
the state of Vera Cruz to be planted in rubber and
sugar cane and pasturage for cattle. This company
have already succeeded in putting their plantation on a
dividend-paying basis and are anticipating very large
returns when their rubber is in bearing.

Some months ago some capitalists in New York,
recognizing the value of Mr Riddle’s practical expe-
rience as a planter, induced him to become associated
with them as general manager Of the Republic De-
velopment Co., now planting about 1,500,000 trees
on their Obispo plantation in Oxaca. Mr Riddle is
compelled to make frequent trips between Mexico
and the United States, and the proper management
‘of this plantation, as well as his private place, keeps
him very busy. He reports that they have hid no
difficulty in getting all the labor they could ase up
to the present time,and anticipstes no difficulty in
the immediate future, asthe large town of Tuxtepec
is within walking distance of the plantation, and the
men much prefer to work on a place where they can
get into town tosee their friends on Sunday, He re-
ports also that the town of Tuxtepec ships a large
amount of crude rubber every year, much of it coming
from the region immediately adjoining their planta-
tion. Although their system of planting requires the
burning of the timber and the underbrash. they are
in hopes of saving many of the wild trees, the returns
rom which will assist materially in paying dividends.

It is encouraging to see people of Mr Riddle’s busi-
ness experience engage in this important undertaking.
The question is becoming recognized as of vital im-
portance to the rubber manufacturers, and when men
of training and experience take hold of it, its ultimate
success seoms assured,—Jndia Rubber World, June 1,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Sepr. 2, 1901,

AFTER CROCODILES IN CEYLON.
[By Tom-TIT.)

To the sportsman who has time and means to
spend amongst elephants, buffalo, and deer, the
attractions offere by the crocodile will perchance
not be very great. But, as elephants and buffalo
are scarce, and the pursuit of them an enjoyment
entailing great expenditure and much equipment,
there are many who are giad indeed to spend a
day or two alter the crafty saurian, especially as
these days are usually attended bya little diversion
among the innumerable wild ww! which share
their haunts. The two species that will most
interest the sportsman in Ceylon or India are the
estuarine and the marsh crocodile. The tormer
are ferocious brutes, which frequent the mouths
of rivers and salt-water lakes hy the sea, feeding
on anything from a bird to a bullock, and only
too often on human beings. The marsh crocodile
is very common in Ceylon, and is to be found
in most rivers and lakes all over the country. It
grows to an enormous size, though to shoot any-
thing over 15 feet isnot common, The “ mug-
ger,” as it is often called, seldom attacks man,
unless it is wounded or its nest molested, when
it becomes a savage and dangerous customer,

Most crocodiles feed and roam at night, returning
to the water before dawn, and leaving it again
to bask when the sun is at its hottest, about noon.
Their favourite basking haunts are on shelving
rocks and mounds of sand or mud that have silted
up during flood time; and in tidal waters on
mudbanks left by the receding tide. In unfre-
quented localities it is easy to approach crocodiles
in a canoe at mid-day, as they are then usually
asleep or dozing on the sand spits aud rocks,
and can be shot before rezching the water. They
become very wary, however, if often molested,

Crocodile shooting, if not the highest form of
sport, is at least exceedingly good fun ‘Lhe
outfit required for an expedition of a few days
is by no means extensive; a felding canoe, a
deuble or repeating rifle, a tent, some rope, and
a sharp grappling iron, skinning knives, food and
cooking apparatus abeut make up the list.
When staying with a coconut planter near Batti-
caloa some years ago, I was much attracted by
the wonderful lake or fresh water lagoon which
extends over thirty miles along the coast—a
perfect chaos of islets, river mouths, and man-
wrove swamps. This lake teems with fish and
willfowl, and some parts of its serrated edges
literally swarm with crocodiles. Cranes, pelicans,
duck, snipe, and endless varieties of aquatic
birds find sanctuary on the many islands and
swampy nooks: while at night the place is alive
with crabs, crocodiles, and snakes, which seek
their food to the tune of mysterious ‘ musical
shell fish,” which live at the bottom of the
lagoon, and tinkle away all night, the effect in
toto of these myriads of tiny voices vibrating to

the surface of the still water being very im-
pressive.

But to return to the crocodiles, which range
in size from a few inches to twenty
feet. I soon found outs the whereabouts

cf some of the monsters—the old ones fre-
quent the same spot for years—and we decided
to have a good try forsome of them. My host,
who was an old hand at the game, sent a couple of
coolies on with our tent ete. in a bullock cart
giving them some instructions about mosquito nets

Serr. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

the value of which I afterwards appreciated. When
we arrived all was ready, the coolies having, at my
friend’s dictation, arranged some very effective
bait, consisting of two dead dogs, cut open and
secured to the ground by stakes about twenty yards
apart. Whenit was dark, and just before the
moon rose, we crept down to within a few yards of
our baits, and, taking the best cover we could find,
waited for whatever might turn up. After a little
time our friends began to show themselves—and
ugly beygars they looked in the moonlight, slowly
crawling out of the water, with that hideous, jerky
motion peculiar to the saurian. It was not long
before our dainty offerings, which were about
fifteen yards fromthe water's edge, were dis-
covered. One, and then another, approached
the bait opposite me, and~ as the creeping
monsters drew nearer I[ became _ conscious
of a feeling of nausea I had never felt
before. But the excitement of the moment soon
overcame any other emotion, and, picking out
the longest reptile, I covered him and waited
for the signal from my companion. That
wait ust have made my hand unsteady, for
when the signal came and we both fired, I saw
my gentleman turn and make for the water as
hard as he could shuffle. I was using a Colt 44
repeater, ard gave him two more before he splashed
into the water after the others. My companion
had done better, having placed a 450 bullet slap
in the brain of his beast which was a fine one,

We left the coolies to skin him and anchor his
careass in a suitable spot as an enticement to his
cannibal brethren to return, and, launching the
canoe, started off for another place, where we were
pretty sure of a find. But the moon clouded over,
and we had to give it upand turn in, which I did
in anything but a good mood. However, next
morning I[ had the satisfaction of finding my croco-
dile belly upwards at the bottom of the water a
few yards out. He was fished up, and had been
hit twice—in the jaw, and by a lncky fluke also
in the spine, which was: broken.

Betore it was time to start in the canoe te pot
baskers, I took my rifle and wandered along the
reedy banks, intent on killing something. ‘i here
were birds galore, but nothing for a rifle could I
find till [came upon a mound of rotten leaves,
the sight of which sent my heart into my mouth.
It was the first crocodile’s nest I had ever seen,
and I knew tbe owner was not far off, lying in
watch for intruders. I pitched stones about in
every direction, but did not move in the thick
reeds, having no fancy to be taken by the leg.
At last, a slight movement in the rushes at my
side betrayed the presence of the lady. There
she was, a few yards off, with one wicked eye
fixed unfearingly on me. I moved quietly round
till I could see the other; then, taking careful aim
between them, relieved her of her brains.

That morning we had good sport. Paddling
quietly along the banks we came across some
monsters. Though numerous, they were very
wary, and, while apparently asleep, at the slightest
sound glided into the water and disappeared.
However, we got some good shots, the best being
at one that was crawling out of the water on to a
bank, and which I shot through the head as he
was half in and half out, and just as he spotted us.

In shooting on tidal waters it is essential to
kill dead, as otherwise the beast will scramble
into the water, sink, then be carried away and
lost. <A dead crocodile rises to the surface after
about fifteen to twenty hours, but by that time

AGRICULTURIST. 165

is not a pleasant object to approach. Speaking of
the keeping propensities of the tribe reminds me
of a young subaitern, newly quartered in Colombo,
who was very anxious to shoot his first crocodile.
He returned one day in a state of high excitement,
with a reptile in a state of still higher condition.
It had been shot ten hours before, aud he could
get nobody to take it to the local taxidermist, one
Lazarus. Ultimately, by the help of the all-
powerful rupee, a man was iuduced to take it in
his rickshaw, which he did, withits tail tied to its
head like a whiting. What the good Lazarus said
when it arrived I never heard, but he skinned and
set it up, and, afterall, our young friend had not
yet shot his first crocodile—it was a harmless
iguana !—Shooting Times and British Sports-
man, June 1d. :
—_——__—____
BLACK PEPPER (PIPER NIGRUM.)

This does not get the attention in Assam and its sub-
districts of Cachar and Sylhet as it ought to. Idon’t
know what amount ofthis spice is annually imported
intofAssam, but it must be enormous. Everybody uses
it, from the highest to the lowest. Assam used to be
informer years, a very large producer and now it is
only found in barris here and there up and down
the country. We have a@ variety of it growing in
South Sylhet, but it must be the Bengal variety, as
it does not compare in either pungency or flavour with
the true Assam plant. So much is this the case that Lf
am inclined to think that itis an entirely different
species. The Bengal species has got into Upper
Assam too and the real old original Assam Black Pepper
plant is exceedingly rare, and anyone who has once used
it will never think of using any other that the writer 1s
acquainted with. This plantshould not only be better
known commercially, but from a botanical point of view
itis well worthy ofthe closest attention. I don’t know
whether the pepper growers of Malabar or Sumatra are
aware that Piper Nigrum is a diccious plant, but Mars-
den never mentions it being soin his ‘‘ History of
Sumatra,’ and it does not appear to have been gene-
rally known in Roxburgh’s time. But there is every
reason to think that this plant, like many thousands
more, is in its transitory stage, and little if any
perceptible change in such a plant will take place
in the comparatively short period of one hundred
years. So we may conclude that the plant occurs
in some instances in a complete dicecious state, some-
times in the monecious and probably most otten in
the hermaphrodite condition. When these circum-
stances are taken into consideration the intending
planter of Black Pepper will do well to bear in mind
that he has more chance ofs having a good well deve-
loped crop of corns when he plants his vines three
or four together round theirsupporting tree. Coffee
and pepper are eminently adapted for growing with
each other, because the shade trees can be utilised
for the vines. Such I believe is the common prac-
tice in Southern India. I tried Vanilla upon our
shade trees, but it would not answer owing to the
difficulty in fertilising them. The pepper of course
presents no such difficulty, as if is capable of fer-
tilising itself, We have no less than three species
which we are going to try and cross fertilise in order
to get a bigger corn, at the same time retaining
the far-famed Assam flavour and pungency.—South
Sylhet Notes, June 22,

ae

FISHING IN NEW GUINEA.
BY CHARLES PROTHEROE.,

The methods of fishing in different parts of the
South Sea Islands are manifold, and some of them
would surprise the disciples of Izaak Walton.
One of the most ingenious may be laid claim to
by the natives of a portion of British New
Guinea, namely, Dawson Straits, Here, the weh

166 THE TROPICAL

of a spider made use of in conjunction with a kite
affords a novel and successful method of fish
catching. ,

On first visiting these islands, and seeing the
natives kite flying, 1 thought I had dropped among
them whilst at play. I was mistaken, for upon jn-
vestigation 1 found they were engaged in fishing.

On shore many of the trees are covered with
cobwebs, spun by huge spiders. The kite is made
of the dry leaves ofthe sago palm, stitched to-
gether and ribbed. It is furnished with two
wings, and when flying looks not unlike a good-
sized bat. To this is attached a long tail, having,
at the extreme end, cobweb gathered from the
trees and rolled into a ball, The native paddles
out in his canoe against the wind, his kite made
fast to the canoe, and flying behind him, The
craft, being propelled gently, keeps the kite flying
ata certain altitude, and the ball of cobweb, fast
to the tail, is kept bobbing on the water. The
fish common in these waters, a long narrow kind,
not unlike barracouta, or like our garfish, but

“much bigger, and often two or three feet long,
jamp at anything moving, They no doubt take
the cobweb for a flying-fish, and getting their
teeth into it are unable to withdraw them, and
so fall an easy prey. The native then pulls in
the kite and fish together. As the fish are plenti-
ful, and seldom miss anything they jump at, a
few hours of this sport well repays the native tor
his labour.

About thirty miles from Dawson Straits the
natives make use of the cobweb in another kind
of fishing, and catch flying-fish during certain
months of the year—from December to March,
which is the calm season of the year, as you know.
Coconuts grow in bunches, and, after they are
plucked, the pliant, tough, elastic stem, with
perhaps twenty or thirty shoots along it oa which
the nuts once grew, is brought into use. A lot
of these stems are covered with cobweb, and
thrust into long narrow baskets made out of the
coconut leaf. A. Jong line is made fast to the
basket, and after paddling perhaps a mile or so
from the land the basket is thrown out, and
allowed to drift astern. The flying-fish, to escape
from their voracious enemies, which are numerous,
seek refuge in these baskets, and, once in, the
cobweb effectually prevents them from. coming
out again. The basket as it gets wet sinks just
below the surtace ef the water; then, after. it
has been out some time, the native pulls it in,
empties the contents, and then repeats this
operation. The craft most used in this part for
fiying-fish catching is the catamaran, just three
jogs of cedar, roughly shaped and lashed together,
and cut away anderneath at the ends, to cause
less resistance on being driven through the
water. You may meet them three or four miles
from the shore when engaged in vhis occupation,
lazily floating, and going with the tide. f

This sort of fishing appeals to the native mind,
for there is no real work about it, the only exer-
tion required being to haul the basket in from
time to time, Heisa keen trader, and is always
willing to doa deal with you for his flying. fish,
which are excellent eating. The size of the fish
range froma few inches to a foot ; the biggest
one I ever saw was little short of two feet long.
Their lot is not, Ishould think, a very happy
one, the big fish driving them up from below,
and a flock of sea-birds waiting to pounce upon
them as soon ag they show above the surface.

The larger fish Bing them no rest, and you can

AGRICULTURIST. [Sepr. 2, 1901,

tell the course they are taking by the birds
which hover about and follow them for miles.
he flying-fish use their wings when startled
orin danger, which indeed seems to be their
chronic state in the day time. Their flight is
limited to six or seven hundred yards, for, as
soon as their wings dry, the fish drop into the
water again, and do not continue their flight
unless compelled to. The picture shows a party
of New Guinea men net-fishing. The way the
natives keep their equilibrium, standing upright
on the catamaran, is an acrobatic feat only to be
attained by practice. The confident manner in
which they move about on their primitive craft
gives one theimpression that it is easy. I thought
so myself until [ tried it, but was glad to drop
gingerly on to my hands and knees until I came
within reach of something more solid, which in
this instance took the shape of a thirty-ton cutter.
When engaged in fishing each catamaran earries
two men anda pile of netting. Thisis shot and
laid out onthe water in the-torm of a_horse-
shoe. ‘Two catamarans are then paddled up the
centre of this net, the natives on them beating
the water with long poles, and making a violent
noise so as to frighten the fish into their net.

The mode of fishing in favour with the white
people in New Guinea, when they do not use the
ordinary baited hook and line, is quicker and
more simple than any of the native methods. At
the same time it is more brutal and destructive,
and the man who makes use of it without absolute
necessity should be looked upon in the same
light as a sportsman would regard a person who
shot ata sitting bird. When a shoal of fish is
sighted in shore they go out in a dinghy, or
small boat, the fisherman having a fire-stick in
one hand anda charge of dynamitein the other.
Shepherding the fish round for a time until he
gets them in a favourable position, he touches
the fuse thatis inserted in the dynamite with
his fire-stick and throws it in the midst of the
shoal. The fish, instead of taking fright at the
splash caused by the cartridge falling among
them, rush towards it. A dull explosion follows,
and hundreds of fish rise to the surface, but
quickly sink again. Some people believe that
dynamited fish float on the water, but such is not
the case; theshock having stunned them, and
burst their swimming bladders, they immediately
find the bottom. The natives then dive and pick

- the fish up with both hands, the dynamiter having

taken care that they were not inmore than three
or four fathoms of water when the charge was
thrown among them. I fired a charge one day,
and the boys (natives) had gone down in this
usual manner to pick the fish up, Looking over
the side of the boat I was horrified to see five
or six large sharks quietly picking up the fish
on their own account, and taking not the
slightest notice of the boys, who were close
enough to have touched them with their hands.
The immunity enjoyed by tke natives in this
respect is remarkable. They are constantly in
the water, but for one of them to be attacked,
or bitten by a shark, is almost an unheard-ot
occurrence. ‘This is explained, I think, by the
fact that the island shark finds plenty of food
in the fish which abound, and so is never very
hungry, A white person, however, does not enjoy
the same immunity as the native, perhaps because
the colour of his skin is more attractive. The mid-
ocean shark, on the contrary, will tackle anything,
and is yo respecter of persons, black or white,

ieee)

Serr. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

Having to travel a long way for what food he
picks np he is always in a_ savage state of
hunger, and I doubt if it is ever fully satisfied.

The native simply delights in dynamite-fishing.
The noise, the splash, aud the result all appeal
to him, and give him the idea that they are just
what they should be. He would give anything
to possess the explosive, but fortunately a wise
and paternal government has stepped in, and
made it a punishable offence to supply natives
with fire-arms or explosives, The man who is
foolish enough to furnish them with the means of
blowing up themselves or their friends wili find
himself liable to a fine of abundred pounds. A
spice of danger about dynamite-fishing is perhaps
answerable to some extent forits use. Witnthe
trader dynamite is looked upon as an essential
part of his outfit, and he would almost as soon
think of leaving port without a mainmast as start
ona cruise without a supply.

Familiarity breeds contempt. In the handling
of dynamite it generates carelessness. The man
who understands it, and has used it frequently,
is usually caught in the end, and the old saw of
the pitcher that goes often tothe well is fully
justified. One could hardly imagine a man
throwing away the fire-stick and retaining the
cartridge in his hand. Yet that is what one
man I know did, in his excitement and absent-
mindedness, with the result of losing his arm ;
and had not a friend been on the spot. with
surgicai knowledge enough to amputate the limb
above the elbow, he must have lost his life. As
it is; he adds one more to the long list of one-
armed and one-handed men in the islands,
maimed through the careless use of dynamite,
I was cnce lying at a place called‘ Senapa,’ on
the north-east coast of New Gulneem A small
trading-vessel called in one day, an

the trader
after the usual fashion started fishing. Putting
half a dozen cartridges down, and turning his back
for a moment, the natives, who were expert
thieves, purloined one of them. It was impossible
to recover it from among such a crowd, so my
friend sailed away and left it in their hands, [
came back to the place some few days after,
and then I heard what hadhappened, The man
who had stolen the cartridge, when the coast was
clear, invited his friends to come and witness
him dynamite fish in the same manner as the
white man.. Poor fellow ! he didwt know much
about the article he was handling, and it is
certain he never will. The dynamite was a
double charge ; it was two days since he had given
his exhibition, and they hadn’t found all of him
then, After witnessing many accidents, dynamite
strikes me as being a splendid article—for what it
is intended for, that is mininz purposes in the
hands of experts.

The sort of fishing practised by the native
women is mostly done from the beach, orin shallow
water. A number of them, each provided with
large two-handed nets, will wade out at different
points, meeting when upto their armpits in some-
thing like a half-circle. The fish, if any re-
main visible, are then frightend into the nets by
the women who remair on shore. As many as
fifty will sometimes take part in this kind of
fishing, furnishing a most animated scene, The
only wonder is that they catch anything at all, for
the shouting and laughter that goes on should be
sufficient, one would think, to frighten fish that
avere half a mile away.

AGRICULTURIST. 167

Tow-line-fishing is too well known tu need much
description. When you are sailing, a hook covered
with a piece of red and white rag is stowed over
the stern with a good length of line, and proves
a tempting bait the kimg fish. Fifleen to
twenty pounds ji ie average size of this fish
which in appearance is something like a salmon.
but white flashed, and remarkably good eating,

The canoe on the beachisasailing craft, used
by the natives to go fiom oneisland to another
and long journeys are undertaken in such boats
when used on trading sxpeditions. The bottom
is a large cedar log hollowed out, the flat sides
being built up with sage palm slabs, sewn together
with cane, and made watertight with a gluey sub-
stance extracted from certain trees. A large mat,
made of sago leaves, aud oval in shape, is
hoisted on the mast as a sail, and the way these
canoes jie in the wind.and travel is nothing short
of marvellous. There is a platform for deck,
and an cutrigger stetching five or six feet out
on one side, the outrigger being a light log lashed
to two poles that are fastened to the main canoe.
This outrigger givés such stability that it isim-
possible to capsize the boat, and aliogether they
are & mosb seaworthy cratt. Another good poiat
in them is that when they are required to go in
an opposite direction to what you have been sail-
ing there is no need to turn them round. Both
ends Leing alike the nativesimply sines the sail
about, and what was the stern then becomes the
bow. Great care is taken of this class of canoe,
and some of the carving on the ends is really a
work of art. They are also decorated with cow-
rie shells along the water line, and on the
stem and stern posts.—Badminton Magazine
for July.

SE

ORANGE CULTIVATION IN EGYPT.

There is no doubt but that the cultivation of oranges
is a far too neglected branch of horticulture in Egypt
which has been especially recommended by experts
as one of the best suited spots for the establishment
of a garden for oranges and other fruits of its class.
Although much progress has recently been made in its
cultivation in this country, there is still room for
much greater extension, At present the export of
oranges oniy amounts to about one-eleventh of the
import, and, fortunately for those in the orange trade
the fruit comes in at the same time of the year as
the annual influx of visitors, much to their mutual
satisfaction. The ‘Yussuf Effendi” is the variety
most extensively grown here. These are mostly sold
locally or at neighbouring ftarge towns at a fair
price. Although a nicely-flavoured and satisfactory
fruit it has been cultivated too exclusively. The
smaller variety, sold in England as Tangerinés, fetch
about the same price as the Lest Jaffas, They should
prove very remunerative to growers here for export,
Belonging to the same loose-skinned group are the
‘‘Nagpore” of Bombay and ‘‘ Syihet” of Calcutta
Both of these are grown very largely in India and are
very much alike. The ‘“‘ Nagpore”’ tree is a spreading
variety while the “‘Sylhet”’ is an upright tree, grows
higher, and is only grown from seed. Both are
excellent varieties for exportation. Two other varieties
which should do well here are the ‘‘Suntolah” and
the ‘‘ Keonla.”. The former orange is very small but
extremely sweet, It grows almost wild in the hot
humid part of India between the Himalayas and the
Ganges. It should be suitable for those parts of
Egypt or the Soudan which have a similar climate
but should, of course, be tried in any part which
can be kept well supplied with water throughout the
year, Naturally, it requires very little attention,
‘Ag Dovelties are always acceptable in English markets

————————

168 THE TROPICAL
and as it is sweet almost before it is quite yellow, it
promises well. The ‘“‘ Keonla,” another Indian
orange, is to be greatly recommended on account
of its lateness. On comparing one of these trees with
the ‘“‘Yussf Effendi” one wouldimagine that, as both
oranges were of the*same hue and size, they would
both be ripe. This, however, is not so. Long after
the other oranges have been gathered the ‘‘ Keonla”
stays on the tree until at last its colour is a beauti-
ful dark red, and not till then is sweet. Of course,
in Egypt, this should be ready for gathering just
as the ‘‘Yussuf Effendi’ is over and when the
‘Portugal’ is dearest, atabout the end of April.
Many other varieties of the Santara group, grown
in India, Ceylon, South China, and Hast Indies, and
Australasia, might be tried. The Australians have for
two or three years been sending oranges to England,
They are mostly of the Portugal variety and have
reddish skins. This is, of course, rather an attraction,
and so they sell at about two or three times the
price of the ordinary ones. Considering that it takes
three times as long for ships to reach England from
Australia than from Egypt, this should greatly en-
courage growers here.

Belonging to the Portugal group there are many
kinds which ought to be grown here with great
success, Already Egypt has successfully reproduced
the blood orange from seed—a feat apparently as
yet unaccomplished in any other country. Other
varieties have been grown well in private gardens,
There should, therefore, be a great extension in the
growth of the seedless egg-shaped orange of Malta, the
Jaffa seedless varieties, and the ‘‘Bisray,’” which is
grown from seed, and is one of the best of Jaffa
oranges, Allof these are too well known to need
description. The great advantage of this class of
orange is its keeping qualities. With careful packing
it will keep for twoor even three months. The British
Chamber of Commerce in Egypt reports that the egg
orange has been introduced into Florida and has been
so successfully cultivated that it is probably now more
extensively planted there than any other kind. In
Malta there is saidto be also a unique orange of the
same group which is never sour from beginning to end
but sweet and juicy, It is there called ‘Loomi
Larenj.’”’ Such an orange should be well worth culti-
vatingand should always command a good price.
Another crangesold in Bombay, the ‘“‘Mussembi,” is
brought from Poona, and it is said that it can be kept
onthe trees for a whole year without deteriorating.
The Chamber of Commerce rightly complain that the
“Lemoun Hindi,” often exhibited at our _horti-
cultural shows, is not properly cultivated. To
obtain a really delicious fruit the trees must have,
as nearly as possible, conditions of soil, heat, and
humidity similar to what they have in the island of
Labuan and at Amoy, where they grow to perfection.

As regards the treatment of the orange tree,
practical experieuce, combined with logical reason-
ing, is of far more value than theoretical book in-
formation. Nevertheless, it is both interesting and
very useful to read of the results of others’ experi-
ments and work, and to profit by their successes
and failures. ‘Tbe number of trees per feddan should
be .to obtain the best” results, one hundred. At
Jaa, however, as many as six hundred per feddan
are generally to be found. Abundance of irrigaton
water is the sine qua non of a plantation and the
watering should be done continually- The fruit-
consisting of over 90 per cent water, it will be an-
derstood that without a sufficient supply the tree
cannot possibly do well. he average of several
analyses of the orange shews that there are four
parts each of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash
per thousand. Calculating from this, 1,009 kilos of
oranges will contain 4 kilos of each of these three
constituents. Growers generally fail to supply this
amount again to the soil, and consequently it gets
weaker and the produce of oranges less. To obtain
theoretically this amount each of the trees supplying

the thousand kilos of fruit should receive 24, 2%, and

AGRICULTURIST. [Sepr. 2, 1901.

% kilos respectively of nitrate of soda, superphos-
phate of lime, and sulphate of potash in return,
besides an additional quantity for their growth of
wood and leaves, Manure is one of the absolute
necessities of the orange tree if it is to produce
well. Every piastre properly expended in well
manuring the trees brings much over a piastre’s
worth of extra fruit, either numerically or in
size, besides giving a better flavour to it.
The soil of Egypt is admirably suited to the
physical requirements of the orange tree. A perfect
soil is a mixture of sand and a little clay and lime. The
lightness of this soil allows the water to sink in easily
and the rootsto spread out well. Now, if there be
added to this good food for the tree, it can of course do
well. The Nile mud, like the “loess” of China, is #
typical fertiliser. But growers must remember that
where the deposit is thin or absent, cultivation cannot
be carried on profitably without abundance of artificial
manures. Speaking in a simple way, nitrogen produces
wood and leaves, phosphates produce fecundity, and
potash produces sweetness and flayour. Lime is abso-
lutely necessary for the orange tree, which absorbs
great quantities of it. If not present in the soil it
should be supplied in the form of Gypsum. If too
abundant the sap will not run freely, but 4 kilo of
sulphate of iron for each thousand kilos of fruit pro-
duced will correct it. The Gypsum and iron sulphate
also help to fix the fruit onthe tree. Seeds should not
be treated with mineral fertilisers but should be given
plenty of organic food. Stable refuse is excellent for
the seed beds, but it should be passed through a very
course sieve and the big straws taken away. Most
people in Egypt make the mistake of digging holes
round their trees and filling these with water. Instead
of a hole, in the middle of which stands the tree, a ring
should be madeso that neither fertiliser nor water will
touch the trunk. One very successful orchard owner
bores holes in the ground ina circle round the tree vary-
ing in size, depth, and distance from the stem accord-
ing to the size of the trees. These he frequently fills
with liquid fertilisers so that the roots thus receive
a greater benefit and the tree can better keep its up-
right position. The best time to apply the manures
is about a month after the gathering of the crop and
again when the fruit is about half-grown. Thus the
first part will strengthen the tree for producing the
fruit and the other part will supply the nourishment
for the fruit when growing.

Lemons, limes, citrons, and other trees of the
Citrus group require almost the same treatment. The
lemon and citron need more nitrogenous manures than
the orange to the extent of about 12 per cent. and
the other sour fruits of about 10 per cent. Lemons
in this country are smaller but mere juicy than others
and Jimes are very inferior, Both would repay gen-
erously more liberal feeding. A few only of the best

‘and most suitable kinds of oranges have been named.

There are many others which might be grown to ad-
vantage. Young trees and picked seeds can gene-
rally be obtained from the nurserymen and horticul-
turist in the different countries, Those who are an-
xious to obtain them would no doubt be able to get
information and help from their respective Consuls.
It is to be hoped that orange growers will take ‘“Excel-
sior ’ as their mottoand that we shall soon see a great
development in the orange trade. With a little experi-
menting and care, many new varieties should be well
established and both quantity and quality improved,
Those who prefer to keep to their present variety
should at any rate spend a little on improving it.
One thing is certain, any expenditure the growers
may make in doing either or both will prove a good
investment.—Hgyptian Gazette, July 1.

RUSSIAN TEA.
A PRINCB’S ENTERPRISE ON THE BLACK SEA,

It is not generally known that Russia—next
to England the greatest tea-drinking country

Sept. 2,-1901.] THE TROPICA::

in Europe—is making great efforts to grow a
portion of her own tea in Russia. Along the
eastern shore of the Black Sea, a district
favoured with a suitable soil and climate, a
number of Russian Jandowners, ab their head
Prince Voronzoff, have begun tea-planting on a
considerable scale, and the result of their efforts
encourages them to persevere. One planter has
about 40,00) acres which he is carefully prepar-
ing for tea culture. This year’s harvest pro-
mises to be about six tons, but each year, as
the plants grow older, the harvests will increase,
On Prince Voronzoff’s estate it is expected that
next year a harvest of twenty-five tons will be
gathered. These are only small beginnings, but
it has now been proved that tea will grow in
that favoured locality, and that its growth will
pay. The quality of the tea grown on the
Black Sea coasts is said to be of the purest. -M. A.M.
—Leisure Hour, (July.)

THE M. P’S ORCHID.

** Odontoglossum erispum var Triomphe de Ram-
bouillet.” This isthe name of an orebid for which
Mr J Rutherford, M P for the Darwen division of
Laneashire, paid the Land Horticole Coloniale of
Brusse!s £80 in November 1899. According to the
diagram supplied by the sellers the flower had a
pinkish ground, dark red marks and spots, and a
pure white lip. Instead of this, when the plant
flowered in 1900 it had, said Mr Rutherford, a
muddy yellow ground with brown spots. Yester-
day Mr Rutherford sued the Uand Horticole
Coloniale to recover damages for breach of war-
ranty in regard to the sale. The detendants
admitted the warranty, but contended that a
genuine Rambouillet had been sent and that Mr
Rutherford must have got his orchids mixed.
John Lupton, Mr Rutherford’s gardener, said that,
had this orchid blossomed as represented, is would
have been worth £150. As it actually bloomed it
was worth something under £5. The case was
adjourned.— Daily Mail, July 3.

Se |

CINCHONA PLANTATIONS IN BURMAH.

It would be interesting to learn what has become of
the cinchona plantations spoken of in 1880 as existing
in the Toungoo district by Major Spearman in his
Gazetteer. In December 1863 a small plantation way
commenced on Plo’o-ma-do hill, south-east of Toungoos
at an elevation of 2,100 feet. One hundred and eighty
plants of the ‘‘ Succirubra,” or red bark variety, were
planted, of which 128 were living twelve years after-
wards. Two plants of the same species planted on
Bogale hill at an altitude of 2,800 feet. butin rather
an exposed situation, had attained a height of nine
and ten feet in thirteen years, A plantation was
formed in 1871-2 at Thandaung, eighteen miles east of
Toungoo, at anelevation of 3,700 feet. Toe red bark
variety is the only one of the different species tried
which has succeeded at all. Plants of this species,
though vigorous enough, have a bushy and gnarled
appearance, and were covered with seed though only
about ten to fifteen feet high. The other variety,
planted over two-thirds of the whole area of 100 acres,
failed. The plants grew well for two or three years
‘but then began to sicken and die. Plants were gra-
tuitously distributed to heads of Christian Missions.
We have not noticed in any Forest Department
report any account of these cinchona plantations, the
oldest of which were planted from thirty to thirty-five
years ago. It would be interesting to learn what has
become of them.—RLangoon Gazette, July 15.

AGRICULTORIST. 169

SISAL HEMP INDUSTRY.

Dr. Morris [in a letter dated Barbados, Janu-
ary 28th] has estimated that under favourable
conditious the cost of cultivating and extracting
the fibre should not exceed about £10 or £12 per
ton. The market price, however, is very variable.
It has been as Jow as about £13 per ton; on the
other hand, it has, for one or two years continu-
ously, been as high as £30 to £49 per ton, or
even higher, The plant will undoubtedly grow in
Trinidad and Tobago. There are already a large
naniber of plants running wild in the latter island,
It is to be remembered that io is not a cultivation
for small proprietors. [t is carried on on very much
the same lines as cane eultivation. [ estimate
that it requires a capital of about $7,009 to £10,000
to start and maintain a plantation,say,of 1,000 acres
in regular working. Anything less than the area
above given would not keep the scutching machines
in full working, and thus add to the cost of
management and the up-keep of the plantations.
As only about three per cent of the weight of leaves
is returned in fibre, there is a heavy cartage of
these to the factory. On an estate turning out, say,
500 tons of fibre, not less than about 15,000 tons
of leaves have to be bronghb to the mill, ‘This
necessarily involves considerable expenditure in
carts and stock, or in estate tramways. It is
stated that in very rich soils the fibre is not so
strong and abundant as in comparatively poor soils
in dry climates. Again, in the Bahamas, it was
found that absolutely barren land was quite use-
less and led to disappointment and loss. —Proceed-
ings of the Jamaica Agricultural Society.

<>
TOBACCO GROWING IN NORTH NEW
ZEALAND.

Mr. G@ F Sutherland, of Fiji, who was com-
missioned by the Government of New Zealand to
report upon the suitability of the North Island tor
growing tobacco as a commercial crop, has just
sent in his report. Mr, Sutherland has had 23
years’ experience as a tobacco-grower in India,
Australia, and Fiji. He has ou the present oceasion
visited the whole of the North Island, and we
understand thao his report is generally of a favour-
able character. He ceals with the questions’ of
soil, climate, economic conditions, former experi-
meuts, and the reasons why they failed. Mr.
Sutherland leaves on the 26th inst. for Fijii—Awek-
land News, June 2). ;

ee ee Ree nena

Tra IN MAurRITIUs.—According to a report
recently received at the Colonial Office from the
Government of Mauritius and Rodriguez, there
are four factories of tea in that colony and several
plantations, covering approximately 200 acres,
The tea made is nearly all consumed in the
colony, In 1898 there were five factories and 367
acres under cultivation, The average selling
price in 1898 and 1899 was R1:20 per kilo. The
approximate quantity manufactured in 1899 was
27,000 kilos., of which only 2,585 were es »orted,
chiefly to the United Kingdom. In 1898 i: was
40,000 kilos., of which 7,266 kilos. were exported,
chiefly to Madagascar. The year 1899 shows an
approximate decrease of 13,000 kilos.—Tea
(May.)

176 THE

THE PROPOSED TEA GROWERS’ ASSO-
CIATION.

[To the Editor, HOME AND COLONIAL MAIL. |

Str,—Asa private proprietor in Ceylon, i am
more than pleased to see Mr Sholto G D Skrine’s
resolution at the meeting this last week of the
Ceylon Association in London to form a ‘* ‘fea
Growers’ Association,” and if it is to be a snecess
we must get India to join us and look to the
support of all the large companies in India and
Ceylon ; the smaller proprietors, I am sure, will
follow. I am plucking finer this year and throw-
ing away all ljeaf three rounds at least after
pruning. What has it benefited me up to date?
A yield of 3,500!b Jess tea and lower price per
Ib. It is no good to say that some of the ‘* tea
companies” have done well, and therefore they
cannot join a ‘Tea Growers’ Association,” or
some such scheme of this sort. The small proprie-
tors might equally say the same. No, we must
all help one another by joining in some such
' scheme as this for the common good, and the sooner
the better.— Yours faithfully,

CHARLES BE. G HATHERELL.
Radford House, near Leamington,

July 1, 1901. t

—H and C Mail, July 5.

COCONUTS AND TAPIOCA IN PAHANG,
STRAITS.

Tn the Pekan districts 3,000 acres of Jand on
the coast have been alienated to ‘a Syndicate
(for planting coconuts, L understand), of which
about 500 acres have been cleared and are being
fenced. A block of another %,000 acres, alie-
nated tor tapioca cuitivation, will probably re-
vert to the Government, no work having been
begun on the block,—Offictal Report, 1901.

PRODUCE, PLANTING AND COM-
MERCIAL NOTES.

Although the tea industry is under a cloud, which we
hope is but temporary, the attendance at the Annual
Assam Dinner last week was remarkably good, nor
were there any marked signs of depression observable
in the tone of the speeches. These festive gatherings
are of ancient standing now. ‘The first teok place in
1883, and since then death has claimed some of those
who were wont to be so regular in their attendance. It
seems long, although it is but really only a short time,
since the Jate Mv Johu Berry White was a conspicuous
figure at these gatherings, of which he was one of the
chief founders, and his cheery ‘‘ Hear, hear,’ when
one or another of the speakers referred to the old
Assam days or touched a choyd of memory, still ring in
one’s ears. But although several of the veterans no
longer grace the festive board, the attendance does not
diminish, and the chairman of last Thursday was as
full of eloquence and enthusiasm as in the good old
days when tea was higher by some pence per lb, If
some of the old familiar faces were absent those present
were fairly representative of all depaxtments of the in-
dustry, and the dinner was a great success. We trust
that when next Assam planters meet to dine the out-
look for tea will be brighter. A special feature of this
occasion was the presence of Lieutenant-Colonel D M
Lumsden, of Liumsden’s Horse, who, needless to say,
received a very hearty welcome.

Commenting upon the position of the tea market in
the Dominion, the ** Canadian Grocer” says ;—“ Japan
teas are in 2 somewhat unique position at present, they
being etrong in price, while those of other countries
are weak. The chief factor in this is the buying on

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Sepr, 2, 1901.

United States account. If the present high price of
Japan tea is maintained, benefit will certainly accrue
to Ceylon greens.”

America took considerably more Indian and Ceylon
tea in the first three months of 1901 than during the
corresponding period last year—5,112,871 lb., against
4,043,062 Ib., an increase of 1,069,809 lb. As the
maiz increase was received from London, there is
no doubt, say Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton, in
their last report, that low prices have been the
cause, and the expansion has therefore been in black
tea. To capture the North American market for
green, unfermented, and Oolong teas is more im-
portant, say they, than ever. There seems no reason
why this should not be done, now that absolute
necessity demands it and it has been proyed that
suitable tea can be made.

In view of the finctuating fortunes, in the paat
ten years, of the Assam Frontier Tea Company, the
directors are no doubt acting prudently in the policy
they will recommend to their shareholders for adop-
tion at the coming meeting. The available surplus
for the year 1900, after providing for the six per
cent. dividend on the Preference shares, is equal to
a distribution of 7 per cent. on the Ordinary; but
they propose to pay 3 per cent. thereon, and to
devote £4,454 in part payment of the upkeep of
recent new extensions, leaving £1,229 to be carried
forward, as against £2,873. Last year the Ordinary
shares got 8 per cent., previous dividends having
been (reading backwards) 4, nil, 6,6, 3, nil, 24, 74
and 11, this last being for thecompany’s fist year
—Fome and Colonial Mail.
oe ee

RAILWAY ENTERPRISE IN EcuADOR.—Our,
Guayaquil Correspondent writes under date May.
13 :—‘* The extension of the Railway from Guaya-
quil to Chimbo and the capital of Eneador
has made some substantial progress in the
course of the past year. A large quantity of rails
and other material for the construction of the line
has recently been received. Some 25 miles of
earthworks have been built, and over the first
half-dozen miles the track is now laid. The re-
maining portion of about 100 miles, however,
presents greater diffiezlties than any hitherto
encountered by the contractors. Before Quito is
reached many steep valleys must be crossed, and
innumerable rivers and streams bridged. The
construction will be costly and calls for engineer-
ing skill of no mean order to carry the undertak-
ing to a successful issue. While the line may
prove to be a benetit to Ecuador from a political
point of view , inasmuch as it will give easy access

-to the national capital from the seaboard, the

commercial prospects of the undertaking are not
brilliant. The city of Quito contains 18C0 in-
habited houses and 40,000 may, therefore, be
regarded as a most liberal estimate for the popu-
lation. The route followed by the line traverses
no thickly settled districts, nor does it tap a
couniry where the natural resourees promise
any great future development for mining or
agricultural industry. The climate throughout
the regions lying between Chimbo and Quito is
totally unfitted ior the settlement of immigrants
from Europe. In the vicinity of Quito there is
little production of any kind, except of such food-
stuffs as are required to meet the demand of the
local markets. In these circumstances it is im-
possible to see where the trafficis to be obtained
tosupport the railway on any satisfactory com-
mercial basis Unfortunately if is British capital,
largely subseribed in Glasgow, that has been
invited in this enterprise.—London Times.
June 17,

a i

"SEPT. 2, 1901. ]

PLANTING IN JOHORE.

The following information respecting the State
of Johore has recently been received from the
Jorresponding Agent of the Imperial Institute,
the Hon. Dato James Meldrum, F. R. G. S. :—

The cultivation of gambier is beginning to lan-

_guish, owing to the distance planters require to go
from the water before they can find virgin forest
and fresh land for new plantations. This industry
is entirely iu the hands of Chinese. The destruc-
tion of valuable forest trees is to be regretted—
thousands of acres have been cut down by gambier

lanters, who, when the soil is exhausted, seek for

“fresh fields and pastures new.’ Some have gone
to Raja Brooke’s territory, Sarawak; some have gone
to British North Borneo.

The cultivation of tea has practically ceased, owing
to want of cheap labour; otherwise. the frequent
rains and heat are favourable for leaf crons.

A new steam saw-mill has been erected by Chinese '

assi-ted by Johore officials. The Johore Steam Saw
mills, erected in 1866, are in full work; supplies
are now brought from greater distances. Ballow,
sometimes called Johore teak, has become scarce ;
this wood was admitted by Lloyd's for “all parts
in ships of the highest grade”; it is harder and
heavier than Zectona grandes, and nearly double the
strength.

No planting of gutta percha trees has been at-
tempted ; the supply cannot be kept up much
longer. As regards forest trees, there are no private
individuals in Johore to undertake such planting ;
indeed it is only Government who can perform this
important duty.—London and China Hxpress, July 5.

A es SN

THE MANURIAL RELATIONS OF THE
BOIS IMMORTELLE AND CACAO
TREES.

With reference to the Analysis of Bois [mmor-
telle Flowers made in the Government Laboratory,
and recently published by command of H.H. the
Governor as a Council Paper (No. 38 of 1901),
we quote as follows: Ihave the honour to add for
the information of the Agricultural Society that

these flowers appear to supply all the Nitrogen
' permanently removed from the soil by the cacao
beans. And in support of this I submit the fol-
lowing figures :—

Nitrogen per acre.
250 Cacao Trees—500 lb cured cocoa

containing 24 per cent of Nitrogen 124 lb
50 Immortelle—500 lb dry flowers
containing (say) 4% of Nitrogen 20 1b

In’ making this estimate, I have allowed fora
full yield of cacao; and I believe I have not over-
estimated the yield of Flowers.

The Flowers lose their Nitrogen rapidly as the

following results show :— ;
Nitrogen %

1st Analysis (fresh flowers) o- 6°82
Qnd do (2 days old) een
3rd do (5 days old) we 414

‘I recommend the attention of cacao ciitivators
to these results which appear to me to be of con-
siderable importance.

BOIS IMMORTELLE AND OTHER FLOWERS,
, MANURIAL VALUE OF.
Source of Flowers % of Nitrogenin dry

: Flowers.
Saman fresh Bo w- 440

Do same sample older oe O00
Poui Bs 56 we 4°55
Sugar Cane (old flowers) ee 1:43
Hibiscus a cries U3
Water Lily eh SWAG 4568

22

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 171

Immorielle (anauca) from Tacarigua 6°30 fresh flowere

Do same sample older 405

Do do skh 3196

Do from Tortuga ... 6°32 fresh flowers

Do same sample 2 days later 5°16

Do do 5 (ao) 414

Do do 6 do 3°91

Do from Botanic Gardens 4:21 fresh fowers

Do do Cascade Valley 4S) do

Do do Caroni Aion sees) do
Immortelle (Bocare) from Cunipia 4:95 (2or3d’ysold)

Do do Caroni 3°84 fresh flowerg
Immortelle leaves ido a DOr
Locust Beans (from Saman tree) 3:07

P. Carmopy, Government Analyst, Trinidad,
14th March, 1901,

BRAZIL AND OVERPRODUCTION OF
i COFFEE.

THE LABOUR SUPPLY—RAILWAYS—GOVERNMEN®
PAPER—FOOD SUPPLIES—THE RUBBER INDUS-
TRY—SUGAR AND RUM—COTTON AND WEAY-
ING—AMERICAN FARMERS—GERMAN SET-
TLERS—ITALIAN LABOUR—BRAZILIAN EX-
CHANGE—PURCHASING POWER OF THE MIL-
REIS.

Great changes have taken place in Brazil dur-
ing the past tWenty-five years. The coffee crop
has doubled in quantity and improved in quality.
Many of the coffee planters of Brazil have pat up im-
proved machinery and take great pains to cure their
coffee properly and endeavour,to improve prices. The
yreat difficulty is that a large number of the planters
still harvest their cropsin a slip-shod manner, strip-
ping off the green coffee with the matured berries,
and leave the cherry too long oa the ground before
raking ib up and sifting the coffee from the rub-
bish. The consequence is that, however much
trouble and extra expense the leading coffee plan-
ters take to improve their prices, the small farmers
undo all by their slovenly work and, instead of im-
proved prices, Brazilian coffee still bears a bad
reputation and the middlemen make capital out
of the producer’s want of co-operation and want
of system in preparing their coffee crops for the
markets of the world.

Attraciive labels are printed for the grocers,
calling the ordinary Santos and Rio Ceffee ‘* Old
Java” or rather ‘* Old Government Java and
Mocha” and the conservative old ladies in all
parts of the world still believe they are using
the genuine article and get quite angry if any-
thing but ‘* Old Government Java and Mocha
Coffee” is offered to them.

The origin of the brand ‘‘Old Government Java ”
was, 1 believe, brought about by the Java Dutch
Government leasing land to the farmers of Java
on condition that the coffee crop was sold to them.

The Dutch would in all probability receive
(he bnik of such coffee and, after Amsterdam
anil Rotterdam were served, there would be
very little left for the United Kingdom, Canada,
aud the United States of America.

Then again the Brazilian planters call their
pea-berry ‘‘ Mocha” and itis duly shipped from
Santos and Rio de Janeiro as Mocha coffee !

‘What's in a name? The rose by any other
name would smell as sweet,” and so does Indian
and China tea when labelled Ceylon !

The overproduction of tea is a very serious
thing and so is the over-production of coffee.
Will the cheapness of coffee as compared with
tea lead to the return of some of your tea-drinkers

to coffee ?

172 THE TROPICAL

Will the wholesale adulteration of coffee still
continue wien Brazil has despatched her twelve
millions of sacks or fifteen millions of hundred-
weight ?

I remember a nice old German coffee-dealer in
Canada who was one day very busy mixing
roasted barley with his coffee. The perfume was
delicious, and he looked up with a grim smile
and said, “Itis goot for dare stomacs. When
I give dem pure coffee, day say it give dem de
headache and now day say my coftee is de best
day ever drink it.”

There will be plenty of Brazilian coffee with
the addition of chicory, beans, and barley, con-
verted into fine ‘‘old Government Java and Mocha.”

It was thought that, when the slaves of Brazil
were withdrawn from cotton and sugar culture
and concentrated on coffee growing in Brazil,
the coffee crops would reach their zenith and
diminish with the dying out of the two-and-a-half
million of slaves ; but this is not the case, for the
Brazilian Government imported European labour-
-ers from Germany, Austria, Spain, and Italy ;
hence the large area planted by the poor slaves,
who have disappeared from the face of the earth,
is now harvested at great expense by Italians and
Spaniards. ’

I have no sympathy with the latter race who
rose to grandeur by slavery in South and Central
America and now substitute themselves in the
place of the dead and departed slave in Brazil.

Betore the railways were made many colonists
made a footing in thecountry by the carrying of

coffee, on mules and by bullock-carts, to the ship- -

ping ports.

The Germans are small farmers and form
snug settlements both inland and on the coast—
some are engaged in cattle-farming at Rio Grande
de Sul and many keep hotels. The making
of the railways employed thousands, many
of whom are now well-to-do coffee planters
and storekeepers in the numerous Brazilian
cities, such as Rio de Janeiro—Santos—San Paulo
—Campinas—Rio Claro—San Carlos de Pinhal—
Avaraquara.—Jabatacabal—and many other thriv-
ing townships scattered throughout the coffee dis-
trict. It is true that, through the rise in the value
of the milreis or paper money of Brazil, many colo-
nists take advantage of the cheapness of gold to
visit their homes in Europe and therefore labour
is very scarce just at the moment when the big
crop is coming in with a rush.

Food supplies are much dependent upon the
weather; the corn and bean crops are often failures
through prolonged droughts in Brazil ; each es-
tate or Fazenda grows corn and beans, manioe
and tobacco, between the rows of coffee as well
as separate fields ploughed and harrowed for
reserve supplies of food.

It is a melancholy fact that in Brazil one
travels hundreds of miles through monotonous
country without seeing villages or market gardens.
Everybody must work for the coffee planter and
nobody is allowed any ease or independence in
that country where the slaves were locked up
at night inside an enclosure by the planter’s
house and coffee stores.

Out of the coffee region there are rubber col-
lectors who recruit men and make them ad-
vanees of fool and money. The export of
rubber from Brazil is very considerable, but
they have a wasteful way of harvesting by cut-
ting down the rubber-bearing trees and leaving
them to rot on the ground.

AGRICOLTURIST. [Sepr. 2, 1901.

Sugar is largely cultivated, chiefly for the
making of a cheap rum called “ Pinga,” largely
used by all sorts and conditions of men in
Brazil; it is so cheap that everybody can drink
it, sometimes only two millreis per gallon or about
four pence per bottle on the estate.

Cotton was once largely exported from Pernam-
buco and other parts of Brazil and weaving
establishments were making money from the
ready sale of cloth. At Santa Barbara a num-
ber of Americans grew cotton for a mill located
in Santa Barbara, but they discontinued grow-
ing cotton and cultivated melons. Near Santa
Barbara in the Province of Sao Paulo; there is
a German Settlement called Limea where a num-
ber of pretty fruit gardens and orange and lemon
groves may be seen by the traveller journeying
from the city of Sao Paulo to Rio Claro, many
pretty flower gardens round their neat little
cottages bordering the railway track. All the
railway stations are crowded with a miscellane-
ous crew of every nationality under the sun, but
chiefly Italians with their wives and pumerous
families going and coming to and from Italy.
The rise in exchange and the cheapness
of gold in Brazil is the main cause of
so many Italians returning to Italy where
they buy a small farm and place some ree
lation in charge of it, then returning to Brazil
and taking more contracts to cultivate and harvest
coffee on the Fazendas.

The Jtalian seems to be the only colonist
that thrives in Brazil; he grows grapes and
makes his own wine—keeps pigs and goats
—grows his own Indian corn and beans—
does alittle trade in tobacco and rum (Pinga) ;
he even receives his regular mail and is well up
in tke rise or fall of Exchange, discusses the War
in South Africa and is a sea-lawyer generally,
being quite a match for his master, the coffee
Planter or Fazendero. The stay-at-home store-
keeper is a very different kind of animal ; he likes
his pipe of strong tobacco, his pinga, and his dirty
cards, does not bother about Exchange, the pur-
chasing power of the milreis not affecting him;
his prices are always thie same to his customers,
and he laughs and grows fat.

The prosperity of Brazil depends on the labour
supply from Italy. HENRY COTTAM.

——$——$—_———

NEW PRODUCTS IN THE WEST INDIES.

In the course of a lecture before the Royal
Colonial Institute on ‘‘Impressions of the British
West Indies,” Mr. Henry de R. Walker, a visitor
from England to severe! of our Colonies (with
a view to qualifying himself to speak on Co-
lonial subjects when he goes into Parliament),
made the following interesting reterences to
products cultivated in Ceylon :—

The most salient fea:ure (after sugar) is the
enormous increase in the cultivation of cocoa* and
bananas. Grenada has so largely replaced sugar by
cocoa that it no longer grows enough of the former
for its own requirements. Dominica, from its physical
configuration, should never have placed its coiitidence
in sugar. It was not introduced until the bd zinning
of last century, and has never thriven as well as the
coffee for which it was substituted. At present cocoa,
limes, and coffee are in the ascendant. ‘Trinidad
divides its allegiance between sugar and cocoa; but,
whereas the output of sugar products other than ram

* More properly cacao; but I have preferred the
popular designation.

ey.

=

Sept. 2, 1901.]

_has fallen during the last fifteen years, that of cocoa

-

has nearly doubled, and two-thirds of the amount

_goes to Europe. This is an additional proof, if any

were needed, that, under fair competition, the British
West Indies are able to hold their own. Equal success
might be anticipated with fruit if the facilities enjoyed
by Jamaica for the transport of perishable produce
could be extended to some of the otherislands. The
Royal Commission recommended, as astart in that
direetion, that Dominica and St. Vincent should be
placed by a subsidised service in direct communication
with New York. But the Secretary of State has pre-
ferred to persuade the Imperial Parliament to pay
£13,500 annually for a connection between the Lesser
Antilles, British Guiana, and Canada. The experi-
ment has not been altogether 1 success; one of the
ships was wrecked on the coast of Grenada under
circumstances which were the reverse of creditable.

The only other subsidised service, with the exception
of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, which has
been in existence for nearly sixty years, is the direct
line between Jamaica and Bristo), which has been
inaugurated so recently that its value cannot ade-
quately be determined. Its object is to encourage the
growth of fruit in Jamaica, and especially of bananas
and oranges. The extent to which the cultivation of
bananas has already been carried is an exemplification
of the results following from the judicious application
of brains and capital. Two extracts will show the
transformation undergone by a district in the north
of the island.

In 1861, after a personal visit, Trollope wrote that
Port Antonio was once a goodly town, and the country
round it, the parish of Portland, as fertile as any
inthe island. But now there is hardly a sugar estate
in the whole parish It is given up to the growth of
yams and plantains. Jt has become a provision
ground for Negroes, and the palmy days of the town
are of course gone.

Twenty-six years later Dr. Morris could write the
following glowing report:—At first the fruit was
purchased in small quantities from Negro peasants in
the neighbourhood of Port Antonio. There was prac-
tically no capital invested in the cultivation. The
settlers were induced to grow bananas in small patches
of an acre or two and to deliver the fruit at the port
of shipment. In the aggregate these small patches
produced bananas sufficient to fill all the first ships
enguged in the trade. The fruit trade in Jamaica is
now the means of circulating nearly £500,000 annually
amongst all classes of the community, and this large
sum is immediately available in establishing other and
more permanent industries. Bananas come into bear-
ing at the latest in about fifteen or eighteen months
from the time of planting, and, as the return is usually
from £10 to £20 per acre, the planter is able, with a
comparatively small capital, to establish his land in
cocoa, coffee, nutmegs, limes, oranges, and coconuts,
which, when the bananas are exhausted, will remain a
permanent source of revenue. It is on this account
that the fruit trade has always been regarded as
capable of building up, little by little, an improved
condition for the people, not only of Jamaica, but of
other West Indian Islands suitable for the industry.
Latterly, many sugar estates have been converted into
banana walks, and all sections of the community have
taken part in the enterprise.

This vast improvement is entirely due to the Boston
(now United) 'ruit Company, which, duringthe season,
which lasts from March to August, despatches as many
as six or eight steamers weekly to Boston, Phila-
delphia, and New York. And the progress has been
well maintained, eight million bunches having been
exported in 1899 as against four and a quarter in 1895,
‘When it is considered that each bunch contains more
than 100 bananas, some idea may be formed of the
magnitude of the trade.

or the present the Bristol to Jamaica line will
operate on a much smaller scale than the United Fruit
Company; but it is understood that Messrs. Hilder,
Dempster & Co, are prepared to extend their under:

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST; 173

taking as soon as success is assured. We should
welcome this scheme, not only because it fosters trade
between the Mother Country and a British Colony,
but because it affords to that Colony access to a secure
market. It is an open secret that Jamaica desired a
Reciprocal Treaty with the United States, not so
much for the sake of the sugar industry as in order to
obviate the danger of a duty upon its bananas.
Citrus fruits are heavily taxed in the interests of the
growers of California. and Florida, and it is feared
that a similar fate may befall bananas if Cuba and the
Philippines are admitted, similarly with Puerto Rigo
and Hawaii, into the American commercial union.
It is almost superfluous to point out that the present
policy of the United States is to impose heavy duties
upon all articles which are, or might be, produced
within its borders. And in Cuba and Puerto Rico,
however it may be in the Philippines, are many
districts thoroughly suited to the cultivation of
bananas. ‘The new line is, therefore, a most wise form
of insurance: nor can Jamaicans grumble at the
annual charge of £20,000 when the Imperial Pazrlia-
ment pays an equal amount.

Mr. Walker had much to say about “sugar”
and the work of Dr. Morris, and here is a curious
paragraph :—

I wish to touch upon a somewhat delicate matter.
There is not the cordiality of relationship between the
Department and the planters which might be ex-
pected in view of its principal aim and object. To
this extent its utility is impaired ; but, while I sym-
pathise with Dr. Morris and his subordinates, I cannot
altogether blame the planters if I am right in seeing
herein the cloyen hoof of the bounties. They argue,
IT take it, that an increase in the productivity of the
cane might be counterbalanced by higher bounties,

‘and that it could have no effect in improving the credit

of the industry, the lack of which is its greatest
misfortune, while it might be heid to weaken the claim
to countervailing duties. In any case, the protected
cane-sugar growers of Louisiana are equally able to
profit by the work of the Department, and they do not
hesitate to do so.

a

THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT
QUITE TAMABLE
(To the Editor of the Zimes.)

Sir,—In several journals I have lately read
allusions to the supposed fact that the African
elephant cannot be tamed, or, at all events, that
all modern attempts to use it in the same way
as its Indian relative have tailed. I venture to ask
the authors of these paragraphs (which appear to
have been derived from Belgian authority) to pay
a visit to this society’s gariens, where they may
see every afternoon a full-grown elephant of the
African species engaged in carrying women and
children up aud down the principal parade. So
far as the experience of this society goes, the
African elephant, if proper measures are taken,
is as easily-trained and reduced to obedience as
the Indian elephant, although the males of both
species, when they attain fully adult age, become,
in some instances, liable to occasional fits of ill-
temper.

It is desirable that the fact of the African
elephant being perfectly tamable should be more
widely known, because the belief that the ecn-
trary is the case may tend to interfere with the
very laudable efforts now being made in several
of our African protectorates for the preservation
of this noble beast.—Yours, &c.,

t P, L. SCLATER, F.R.S.
Zoological Society of London, 3, Hanover-square,
July 3rd,—London Times, July 5,

174 THE TROPICAL

PRODUCH, PLANTING, AND COMMER-
CIAL NOTES.

Last week the long threatened movement for
establising private sales of tea in Mincing Lane
took practical shape. The object is, of course, the
securing of secrecy as to the price paid, and this does
not atallsuit the retail tea trade. The ‘‘ Grocer”
warns its readers to be very careful in making any
purchases of Ceylon tea, otherwise they will probably
find that they have been paying the dealers the very
large profits that these secrel’ tea auctions are de-
sired to effect, with the result that their tea trade
will be seriously damaged,

Referring tothese private sales, which opened last
week it says: “ Last Tuesday the usual public sales
of Ceylon tea took place, but the result was more or
less a fiasco, asseveral leading buyers decided to abs-
tain from active operations pending Thursday’s private
sales, and the greater portlon was withdrawn, although
the various parcels havebeen since dealt with privately
without material change in values, On Thursday 9,839
packages Ceylon were offered atthe private auction,
_which quantity was sold with fair competition at, on
the whole, steady rates, showing no alteration from
the public sales of last week. The attendance was
very large, many being doubtless present from cuti-
osity. In answer to the question whether buying
brokers were to be allowed to circulate their lists of
bought-over teas amongst buyers, it was stated that
no cbjection would be raised, and beyond this there
‘was no discussion. Some further private auctions are
‘announced for next week besides the usual public ones,
but so far Indian tea has not been included. The
success of these private auctions depends on whether
all those whom itis intended to benefit are able to
see theix expectations realised, bat it would appear as
if the majority of buyers were dubious as to its*
ultimate good effects, Merchants doubtless expect
that by joining this experiment they will get better
prices ior their teas, but most buyers are keenly alive
to the importance of purchasing in the cheapest
market, and it is unlikely that an artificial rate of

rofit can be mainteined. It must be refreshing *o
Bavice brokers to know that their presence at these
sales is tolerated, especially in depressed times, when
they have often proved to be the backbone of the
market, as other important operators are content for
the moment to fill the role of spectators, whilst upon
buying brokers the principal burden has fallen of
carrying over stock and taking their chance of selling
it later with commission only.”

At the conference held last week at Brighton of the
Federation of Grocers’ Associations, Mr. Oollis Clark
pcoposed the following resolution on behalf of the
Metropolitan Association :—‘ That in the opinion of
this conference the proposals which have recently been
made to hold private auctions for tea sales, and so
to establish a private tea exchange, is undesirable, and
appears to be an attempt to bring about a corner in
tea.’ Mr. Palmer Bryant (London), in seconding the
resolutios, said he did not think they had anything to
fear from the scheme. He believed it would die out
very shortly. The resolution was carried, and the
Secretary was instructed to forward a copy to the
Tea Brokers’ Association.

The French Government has again postponed the
application of the Jaw of February 24th, 1901, which
provided for the imposition of the French maximum
tariff on foreign colonial produce. This latest post-
ponement is to Mebruary 23rd next.—H. and C, Mail,
July 12,

THE UNITED STATES TO RAISH THEIR
OWN COFF EE,

The United States is a wonderful country and
Americans # wonderful people worthy of their origin
but there ave some things that cannot be done, no
even by electricity, aud one of them ig t¢ grow coffe

AGRICULTURIST. (Sept, 2, 1901.

on the sea, Wedo not know to anicety what the area
of the American ‘‘ possessions” suitable for coffee

growing may be, but are willing to risk a guess that,.

even with Cuba thrown in, it would not reach « quarter
of what is already under cultivation here. ‘There is,
of course, the resource that we refer to in another
column of building plantatious ont on trestles into the
sea, but short of that, however anxious Americans
may be to raise everything they consume within their
own borders, it is impossible just at present. Besides,
why he in a hurry? Is it not written that, in the
fulness of time, when American markets are surfeited
with their own products and the power of the Trusts is
waning, Americans will enter on the fulness of the
vast inheritance reserved by Monroe and annex South
America inalump with Brazil and her Coffee planta-
tions, all ready made, without any complicated en-
gineering at all? Meanwhile, why alienate the sym-
pathies of a possible possession by so cruelly usurping
functions so alien? Let Brazil grow her coffee and
sell it to the beneficent protector of South Americans
—at a price—and be thankful it is no lower.

No doubt the programme of raising everything you
consume is attractive enough to some minds, but, un-
less it can be completed by consuming all yon raise, it
has its weak points. It is all very well to assert that,
come what may, decrepit Enrope must take the States’
produce at any price; but, if Huropeis to go on buying
without selling, she must. soon have nothing left to
buy with and be bankrupt, when we suppose the U.
States would supply everything gratis, out of pure
philanthropy. Ali the same, Brazil has a few advan-
tages in the coffee line that defy competition and will
enable her, in the expressive American vernacular, to
lick not only the States, but the whole creation,
Every time more Revenue is required, or a commer-
cial treaty with this country is involved, pressure is
brought to bear and Brazil warned of the awful con-
sequences that obduracy may entail. Its undisgnised
official origin is sufficient this time to show that, like
its predecessors, the present is but another attempt to
bluff reluctant Brazil into reciprocity. We can see
no use or advantage in so tying our hands. No com-
mercial treaty would prevent Americans from cultivat-
ing coffee in their ‘ cclonies”’, ifit pays; and, if it
doesn’t, we require no treaty to give currency to our
products in the States; because, if as they are so fond
of saying, Kurope cannot do without their cereals,
the States cannot do without coffee, and in that parii-
cular line we boss the show!—V'he Brazilian Review,
June 18.

—_—

GERMANY AND SPAIN: AND
FERNANDO PO.
- THE RIGHT OF PRE-EMPTION ACQUIRED.
(London Times correspondent.)
Berlin, July 16.
The report of the acquisition by Germany

of the right of pre-emption of Fernando Po

is confirmed by the Coloniale Correspondenz,
which states that the agreement in question
was made while the former Oonservative
Ministry of Senor Silvela was still in power.
The value of the island, according to the
same authority, consists in its cocoa and
coffee plantations. These, which at the
present moment are about 140 in number,
are inthe hands of half-breeds, Spaniards,
Englishmen, and in some cases Germans,
The trade is concentrated in the port oi Santa
Isabel, and is carried on almost exclusively
by Spaniards and Hnglishmen. The British
firms of Holt and the Ambas Bay Trading
Oompany
Santa Isabel, with branch offices on the coast.
At present almost all the goods imported

have each an establishment at

Sepr. 2, 1901.]

come either from Spain or from England,
but itis hoped that German goods will find
a market if they are once introduced. A
“Fernando Po Committee” is being formed
in Berlin for the purpose of promoting
German trade end of directing the attention
of German manufacturers and merchants to
the commercial possibilities of the island.
yA ee

A BOER PRISONER—EX-JAVA PLANTER
—ON COFFEE CULTIVATION.

Sir,—Having, from past experience of t®&
and coffee planting in Java, always retained
a strong interest in these important branches
of tropical agriculture—I could not help
noticing in your issue of the 16th instant the
article, ‘‘ Wynaad Planting Notes” and the
reprint from the Ceylon Observer headed
‘Coffee in Brazil.’ What struck me more
particularly in the first-named article was
the reference made therein to a seemingly
enthusiastically advocated system of leaving
coffee plantations (old ones, I presume) ‘un-
weeded. ‘‘ Weedy” gardens must be detri-
mental to the production of the crop. This
at least is my experience both in Java and
Sumatra, while during a visit in 1895 to an
important coffee-growing district in Mexico
I had ample opportunity to see the superior-
ity of weeded over unweeded coffee gardens
illustrated, and that under climatological con-
ditions and nature of soil vastly differing
from those of Java and Sumatra, Ceylon and, I
should say, the Nilgiris as well. In Swazie-
land (South Africa) I visited a small coffee
plantation, started by some enterprising
Scotchman (but unfortunately guided by a
West Indian planter of limited experience),
where the three year-old trees were only fit
to be pulled up by the roots, standing in
almost a forest of weeds, and black and
shrivelled up by the AHemeleia vastatria.
Although unacquainted with the state of the
coffee industi:y in India, I should say that,
the words of the President of the State of
San Paulo, as quoted by you from the Ceylon
Observer, might be studied with advantage
by ‘‘ Herobollollos.” ‘To “ give no attention to
fanciful measures that can .effect no real
remedy and only make things worse,” is
sound advice to coffee planters in every part
of the world, where the enormous output of
the Brazilian article threatens the very ex-
istence of the local industry, a danger only
to be warded off by studying quality rather
‘than quantity, and which sc far has enabled
Java coffee planters to maintain their foot-
hold, and prevented their being swamped by
the ever-increasing flood of the Santos article.
While in charge of the Java exhibit at the
World’s Columbian Exhibition in Chicago,
during 1893, I noticed the strenuous efforts
made by the Ceylon Tea Growers’ Associa-
tion for the capture of the American
markets, and which I saw repeated at the
Brussels Exposition in 1897. The brazen
‘audacity of modern advertising speaks
volumes in this revolution of the world’s
tea markets, which towards the end of the
‘first half of the 19th century was still in
the hands of the Chinese and Japanese.
Let us hope for the honour of the civilised

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 175

world’s palate that the tea history does not
repeat itself in the future of coftee ; for in
that case we may expect to see some day
the Liberia coffee holding the same position
in the civilised world over the coffee Arabica
which Assam tea holds at present over the
Chinese article—and why not, with these
respective articles running on almost parallel
lines. The Liberia coffee has more bedy and
less flavour than the Arabica, and the same
qualities hold good in the case of Assam
versus Chinese teas. However, Arabica will
last our day, and I[ think that I am expressing
the spirit of our times when I exclaim, Apres
nous le déluge! This deluge, however, might
arrive a little ‘‘too previous” at those
plantations which indulge in ‘‘ weedy
gardens,” - pour reventr # nos moutons !
J. N. KALFF.

Officers’ Quarters, ¥

Boer Prisoners of War Camp, Bellary,
Isth July.—Madras Mail.

) eh Asse
THE INDIAN TEA TRADE IN 1900.

MR. J. E. O’CONOR’S OFFICIAL REVIEW.

To producers and all concerned in the trade,
the year was one of anxiety and depression
resnlting from the decline of prices to a level
mucb lower than the lowest ever before touched.
The statement appended of the prices realised at
the public sales in Caleutta illustrates the depth
of the descent (annas and pies per pound) :

°

fa 4 ge BN eg. OURS
3m 2 s & a By oe
Rae HOTS BULLAE Nil nelle) Dek GS 08
Sisi nes Beil rerio uae 1 Migs
1895-96..11-13 9 7-34/7 6 5-11 5-64/5 8-9
1890-97.. 9-112 8-72 6-99/10 5-94 5-54 5-35/6 8-8
1897-98.. 8-9 5/2 7-55/76 OZ 5 4-10$ 4-62 8-5
1898-99... 8-12/5 7 5-8 4-82 4-7 4-3 3/7 8-1
1899-1900 7-91/106-92 5-83 5-23 5-04 4-11 8-8
1900-01... 7 6 5) 3-112 4-14 3-94 7-11

While prices were falling so heavily, the im-
position of the additional duty of 2d a lb in
April 1900 on tea imported into the United
Kingdom also filled the minds of producers with
dread that the additional cost to the consumer
would have the effect of reducing consumption,
and the alarm was revived towards the end of
the year when it was rumoured, but untruly,
that the duty was to be increased. The fall in
prices reduced profits on all tea estates so materially
that dividends were paid to shareholders in but
few cases and then on a very reduced scale.
The reduction of prices was the consequence of
overproduction, that is, of production expanded
in excess of the expansion of . consumption
in the strictly limited market which now
exists for Indian and Ceylou tea, According
to the returns made by the owners and managers
of tea estates for 1900, it appears that in the
five’ years ending with that year about 107,000
acres were added to the area under tea in India,
being an increase of about 26 percent. ‘This area,
in full bearing, can produce at least 40 million
pounds of tea. Unfortunately, while reduced
prices were the consequence of over-production,
they also became the cause of the continuance of
over-production, for, to compensate for the fall in
prices, as much leaf as possible was taken
from the plant, and the quantity was increased

176 THE TROPICAL
at the cost of the quality. This operation
again, by lowering the quality, had _ the
effect of maintaining and accentuating the
fall in prices. It is not intended here to tender
advice to producers in respect of their own busi-
ness, or to join in the lively controversy on the
merits of ‘* coarse” plucking versus ‘‘ fine” plucl-
ing. It is only intended to record the conclusion
that, when prices fell because tea was produced
in excess, the fall induced directors to endeavour,
by further increasing production, to continue divi-
dends to shareholders, anc that this endeavour
to increase quantity was inevitably attended by a
reduction in quality, the combination cf the two
bringing about a further fall in prices. The ob-
vions inference is that the remedy is inefficacious,
and that the quautity produced must be propor-
tionate to the consuming capacity of the market
which the tea enters. Hither the market must
be enlarged, or that area in which tea is produced
ut the greatest cost, whether by reason of the nature
of the soil or of the remoteness and inaccessi-
bility of markets, must necessarily be abandoned
and some of the existing tea estates be thrown
out of cultivation.. The extent to which the sup-
ply of Indian and Ceylon tea has exceeded the
demand is thus presented by the well-known Lon-
don brokers, Messrs. Gow, Wilson, and Stanton,
in a recent circular (ib):

Imports. Consumption. Excess.
1895 «. 233,834,519 227,806,249 6.028,270
1896 .. 253,141,438 246,607,478 6,533 960
1897 +. 268,865,989 261,875,872 6,990,117
1898 -- 276,437,473 279,031,828 —2 594,355
1899 .» 302,590,293 288,695,931 13,894,362
1900 334,072,942 314,230,316 19,842,626

It appears from these figures that the quantity
thrown on the market during these six years has
exceeded the demand by over fifty million pounds,
and that the excess of the last two years has
been quite remarkable, amounting to 333 million
pounds, As the firm who issue the figures justly
observe, there is in this excess supply ‘‘ abundant
reason for the present severe depression in price.”
If nine-tenths of the Indian and probably a
similar proportion of Ceylon production are
sent to the United Kingdom, and if the ex-
ports increase as they have done from year
to year for the last ten years, it is not
easy to see how a further fall in prices can be
avoided. There is no circle of people in the
United Kingdom to whom the advantages of
drinking tea are unknown, and it is probably
not going in any way beyond the facts to say
that every person in the British islands who
desires to drink tea can and does obtain of it
as much as he or she wishes to consume or can
safely consume. It is indeed likely that some,
women especially, drink more tea than is good
for them. No material expansion of consumption
can therefore be looked for amongst the population
of those islands beyond that which is the conse-
quence of waste when the article consumed is very
cheap, and that which follows the annual increase
of population, but the rate at which the population
increases is far slower than the rateat which the

roduction of tea increases. For a material
increase in consumption, therefore, the Indian
producer must look to the further exclusion from
the British market of the remnant—some 35 or 40
million !b.—of non-Indian (or Ceylon) tea still
taken in that market. He must also depend upon
the capture of markets other than that of the
United Kingdom, Some progress has been made

AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 2, 1901.

in this direction, but it is not fl1ttering to our self-
esteem to find that in this campaign the producers
of Ceylon have made much more headway than
Indian producers. The following figures are quoted
from a circular issued by Messrs. Gow, Wilson, and
Stanton Jast month, in which they printed 1 table
to show the expansion in foreign and colonial
markets of Indian and Ceylon tea :

Indian. Ceylon.
1896 34 19,226,789 23,222,434
1897 ote 22,440,687 29,074,498
1898 a 25,892,985 36,353,643
1899 ie 29,651,933 38,778,595
1900 ; 83,566,241 49,255,833

It appears then that the increased consumption
of Indian tea in markets outside the British
islands between 1896 and 1900 was over 14 million
pounds, but the increase of exports from India in

the same years was over 41 million pounds. The
principal consumers in these markets are :
million lb.
Australia os -- 9°68
United States and Canada - 6°96
Turkey and Persia .. 771
Germany and Russia 5°58
South Africa oes 1°27

The owners of Indian tea estates, while striving
to gain possession of such markets as these, also
rec:gnise, somewhat late in the day, the im-
portance of creating a market in India and in the
countries across the Indian frontiers. They have
sent a small venture overland from Quetta to
Seistan, and are considering arrangements to place
packets of tea for sale in the bazaars of Indian
Cities, at railway stations, and other places where
consumers are likely to be found. As these ar-
rangements will be undertaken by an enterprising
and substantial mercantile firm in Caleutta, there
is reason to anticipate that the business will be
done in a manner to deserve success.

The exports of tea have expanded without a
pause since 1893-94.

ib
(000 omitted) R
1893-94 © 126,332 .. 6,58,58,355
1894-95 129,099 ee 7,55,57,447
1895-96 ee 137 710 es 7,66,48, 887
1896-97 se 148.908 “0 8,12,45,480
1897-98 aS 151 452 -- §,05,86,233
1898-99 ae 157 471 a 8,04,48,038
1899-1900 175,028 see 9,09,21,120
1900-01 190,305 ... 9,55,09,301
Last year’s exports were directed as follows :—
tb
(000 omitted)
United Kingdom =e -- 166,171
Australia we ac -. 10,439
Turkey, Asiatic 50 33 3,240
30 European a5 5 618
Persia 50 a0 As 2,429
Canada Bas ole 35 1,725
Hongkong =e sae 1,143
Germany 30 a00 35 838
Russia 50 ase a0 172

These are direct exports as declared in India
and do not include re-exports from the United
Kingdom.

sd

RUBBER SUBSTITUTE-—The following appears
in the American Rubber paper :—For Sale, the
American patent of a new substitute (floating,
white) superior to the best on the market, and
already appreciated in Europe. Enormous profit
for the manufacturer. Address Substitute, care
of the India Rubber World,

Sept, 2, 1901.} THE TROPICAL

THE ;‘‘ SHOT-HOLE ” BORER.
ADVICE TO THE PUSSELLAWA PLANTERS.

WHAT THE GOVERNMENT ENTOMOLOGIST THINKS OF
THE PEST.

At yesterday's meeting of the Pussellawa Planters
Association, Mr. EH. Ernest Green, the Government
Entomologist, attended and gave the members some
valuable information regardivg the ‘‘ shot-hole’’
borer, a beetle which does damage to tea plants.

The CHarrman (Mr. G. C. Bliss) said Mr. Green
had been making extensive enquiries regarding the
“shot-hole”’ borer, and his information would be
valuable to planters, The pest was undoubtedly one
of the most serious that attacked the tea plant, and
he had offered Mr. Green opportunities of studying
it on the Atgalla estate.

Mr. Green said the insect was a minute beetle
known to scientists by the name of zyleborus
fornicatus, and belonged to the family of scolytide.
It was popularly known as the ‘‘shot-hole”’ borer.
He had known the pest in question for about twelve
years in the Nawalapitiya district and probably all
those present were well acquainted with it. They
would see from the specimens of tea trees that were
on the table that the beetle bored holes in the wood,
which very much resembled a single shot. It seemed
to affect the tree from the top to the bottom practi-
cally. Its modus operandi was to commence from the
base and go on to one of the branches; it almost
went through the jbranch, and then took a spiral
turn round which girdled the branch just ‘above
where it went in. It then went back and made
another girdle below the original circle. The object
of the beetle was to choke the flow of sap and enable
it to go on breeding without having too much
moisture. The way that it had affected whole fields
showed that it had been going on for @ very large
. number of years. It was very difficult to do anything
with it whenit had got to that stage. If it was
noticed in the beginning, the way to treat it was
by cutting and burning the prunings. Where the
beetle had affected the whole field, of course, to
prune would not be worth while, as it would be neces-
sary to practically hack the bush away ; he thought
the best thing to be done under such circumstances
was to leave as much bearing weight as possibie and
to stimulate the tree by manuring, producing more
sap to counteract the effect of the beetle. In fields
where the beetle had only just appeared it certainly
should be possible to control it by cutting down below
the place wherever the beetle had been, and carefully
collecting and burning the clippings. It would be a
great pity in young clearings to let the thing get a
hold from the commencement. It was absolutely
necessary to burn the clippings. Their Chairman had
very kindly consented to undertake any experiments
that he (Mr Green) might suggest ; it was, however,
more or less working in the dark, excepting that they
would have to try all sorts of things likely and un-
likely. Probably they would have to try and fiud som»
deterrent which would render the bushes more or less
obnoxious if attacked after pruning, and he proposed
experimenting in that way. He would put the resn't
of what would be done in black and white for the
benefit of the planters, andhe hoped to be able to
himeelf find the time to supervise the experiments and
see how they were going on. His main object at
present was to point out the gravity of thepest. When
it had got to the stage in which it was at present
on many fields they never knew where it would stop.
After pruping, they would find that a certain number
of the branches did not throw out any shoots, or at
any rate they were very much retarded and might
appear a month or six weeks after the main part of
the bush. That was because of the beetle, and they
could easily see that there was no limit to its ravages,
It had thoroughly infected the estates around Na-
walapitiya and Gampola, and it had also appeared
sporadically on one or two estates up-country. Many

AGRICULTURIST. 177

8

people had an idea that it had got into the estates
from the grevillea trees ;he (Mr Green) had examined
those trees and came to the conclusion that it was
much more probable that it had got into the grevillea
trees from the tea. With the assistance their Chair-
manhad been good enough to offer, he hoped to be
able to dosomething., (Hear, hear.)

Mr. Green produced specimens of the male and
female beetles, which were examined with interest.
The beetle was allied to the true weevil, but 1t had
notthe long snout. The weevils were very dangerous,
but as a rule they preferred dead wood to any
other. The shot-hole borer unfortunately, preferred
the half-living wood, for, assoon as the branch was
absolutely dead, it seemed to desert it, or at all
events did not continue to breed in the dead wood,

Mr, Curistir enquired whether the beetle was able
to fly and whether it did fly.

Mr. GREEN said the female insect flew about, but
the male insect had no wings. The male insect was
very mch smaller than the female.

Myr. Curistiz asked whether Mr. Green would
recommend the prunings to be burned green, or
would it be sufficient to burn them afterwards, as
there was, of course, a difficulty in burning the green
prunings.

Mr. GREEN said it was most important that the
prunings should be burned as soon after being cut as

ossible. It would be a great mistake to let the

ranches dry, and if the branches were only scorched

when green and not entirely consumed, it might be
enough. He had made experiments to try and at-
tract the beetle by light and also with a preparation
of alcohol, but the only result was the inebriation
of ants, (Laughter.) It was avery bad night forthe
experiment, as there was a very bright moon and few
insects were flying about, and ashe did not consider
it by any means conclusive, he meant trying agaiu
under more favourable circumstances.

The CuarrmMan thanked Mr Green for the informa-
tion hehad given the meeting, There was no doubt
that the shot-hole borer was avery serious pest, he
would say the most serious pest that they had.
The best return they could make to Mr Green for
his kindness in attending the meeting and giving
them information as he had done was to thoroughly
try every suggestion that he made, and thus co-
operate in the attempt to exterminate the pest.—
Local “Times,” July 26.

oo,

A BOOK ON MOSQUITOS.

Dr. Howard, Chief Entomologist of the United
States Department of Agriculture, has published
a book on Mosquitos, in which the fly and the
remedies to be used against the infection of
malaria and yellow fever are fully treated. I[tis
published by M’Clure, Phillips, and Co, New
York.—Globe. -

see

QUININE-INJECTIONS.—M. Emery-Desbrousses
reports that during the Madagascar expedition the
military physicians found themselves frequently
obliged to ad ninister quinine hypodermically to
soldiers with fever. It was found, however, that
patients who had received the injections of qui-
nine developed tetanus. The injections had been
made in the limbs, and were then ordered to be
made under antiseptic conditions in the abdomen
and sides, with the result that no further case of
tetinus was produced. These facts suggest that
tetanus miy have a non-microbie origin, the
cause being probably aneuritis, due to irritation
caused by the quinine solution.—Chemist and
Deruggist, July 13.

178 THE TROPICAL

TEA, RUBBER AND CLOVES IN THE
STRAITS.

A resident of Malacca, on a visit to Singapore,
states that the tea industry is making headway
there by leaps and bounds. It is now just over
nine years ago since the first seed was planted upon
the soil of the Peninsula, and the enterprise of
those who have pioneered the country has been
well rewarded. The area under cultivation on one
estate is 500 acres. Tea, together with para rub-
ber and cloves, which have a great tuture
before them, will soon, it is said, form important
items uf export trom Malacca. Already, four
thousand pounds of tea a month are exported, and
the demand for the leaf is growing.—J/. P. G.,
Aug. 3.

: TERT TANGER AUPE Da
YIELD OF TEA PER ACRE IN CEYLON.

The question has been asked us by Mr.
Bamber: - Is the average yield of tea in Ceylon
per acre increasing or diminishing? It is
‘not easy to find out exactly; but if we
begin with 1896, the export of that year of
108,141,000 lb. must have come from about
273,000 acres, making an average of 396 lb.
an acre; in 1897 our crop was 116,054.000
from 288,000 acres, giving 403 lb. ; in 1898,
we find 305,000 acres giving about 120 mil-
lion lb., or very close on 400 lb.; then 1899
we had very nearly 1380 million lb. from 330.000
acres which again works out as nearly as
possible to an average of 400 lb.; while last
year our crop of 148,431,000 lb. must be
reckoned as from 350,000 acres which would
give an average of 424 lb.—so that manure
has not done much more than maintain the
average for the past five years, and evid-
ently ‘‘fertilisers” will be required to keep
up a large number of the older plantations
especially.

—__.

PLANTING NOTES.

RUBBER.—The ‘‘ India Rubber World” has
been applied to, through the consulate of Sal-
vador at New York, for information bering upon
the suitability of the Ceara rubher tree for culti-
vation in that republic. A Jate issue of the Salva-
dor Boletin de Agricultura prints an advertise-
ment of Ceara rubber seeds for sale in San Sal-
vador, and also mentions the planting at San
Miguel of seeds of Sapium biglandulosum. an
important rubber tree of Columbia.—Jndia Rub-
ber World, July 1.

ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM PITTIANUM—is the
name of the famous orchid, which was in flower
at Mr. Borace Pitt’s place, Rosslyn, Stamford
Hill, when last mail left, and has won the highest
prizes at home. It was discovered three years
ago by the agents of Mr. John Corder, the col-
lector, in the Columbian Woods, flo vered near
London last year for the first time in Europe,
and stands only second to Baron’ Schroder’s
anatum.

ManvreE vor 'l'opacco.—Where wattle ashes can be
procured, they are said to form an excellent manure
for tobacco. Mr, J.M. Van Leenhoff, tobacco expert
in Natal, states that they may be used for procuring
a mild, good-burning tobacco. The ashes should be
plonghed in very shallow, four or five months before
planting.— Queensland Agricultural Journal.

AGKRICULTURIST. (Serr. 2, 1901.

THE REPORT ON THE GOVERNMENT HoR-
TICULTURAL GARDENS, Lucknow, for the year
ending 3lst March 1901—does not contain
much of interest to Ceylon readers; but we
quote on fruit culture :—

The principal fruit crop in the garden (from a
revenue point of view) viz. the mango crop, was almost
a complete failure. Pine apples were fairly good.
Nearly all sections of the citrns family did well, the
Sylhet oranges and pummelos bore good crops of
fruit; peaches and alulukharas were moderate crops, but
dluchas were bad, loquatas were 2 light crop, while figs
and leechis were fair crops. The seedling Malta orange
trees again bore well, and a large amount of seeds
was secured from the fruit and sown with the object
of raising a good stock of seedlings, among which
possibly new varieties may eventualiy be found.

CINCHONA Bark PRoSPRCTS.—Mesrrs. C. M.
and C. Woodhouse report on 9th July, favourably,
as follows :—

In spite of the temporary depression in the Quinire
market, the present statistical position, taken as #&
whole, cannot be considered unfavourable. On the
one hand, the exports of Bark from Java for first six
months show an increase of about 1,100,000 Amst. Ib.
compared with last year, and 130,000 1b, compared with
1899, but thisis probably more than balanced by decrease
in exports from British India. It will be noticed that
during the last three years the exports from Java
during the last six months of the year have been nearly
the same as a total, though they have differed very
much month by mouth. They have averaged slightly
over 1,000,000 |b. per month. The Stocks of Bark in
London (which are now 11,107 packages, against 16,598
packages in 1900) were reduced by 7,600 packages last
year between 1st July and 31st October. A similar
reduction this vear would not leave London with much
stock. The Stock of Quinine is now slightly the
largest of recent years, but as Importations since Ist
January are 200,000 oz. less aud deliveries 100000 oz.
more, it is evident that it mus compare more fayor-
ably with last year n-w than it did on 31st December.
After all it only represents about three months of
world’s consumption, and in the absence of stocks of
Bark it forms the only reserve to meet any extra
demand that might arise. Consumption shows a marked
increase this year, especially in United States, British
India and Italy.

A COLONIAL GARDEN AT PARIS.—Do English-
men appreciate Kew? What is certain is that
foreigners envy them their superb botanical garden.
The Dalham Gardens at Postdam are probably
known to German tourists, and an interesting
brochure about the Kolozsvar Gardens (Hun-
garian University)-was distributed to the members
at the Paris 1900 Botanical Cungress. The Paris
Jardin des Piantes is a small, starved affair.
The Colonial Garden at Nogent-sur-Marne, near

‘Paris, is a new and interesting experiment by

the French Government. M Dybowski, the superin-
tendent, is an African explorer and an ex-director
of agriculture in Tunis, Many interesting studies
and experiments are carried ont in his pleasant
leafy gardens. near the Bois de Vincennes,
Naturally there is a laboratory, to which any
explorer from the French colonies has only to
submit his specimens and a scientific analysis will
be made gratis. The results may be exploited by
the explorer, and the Garden does not interfere
with his commercial rights. As a consequence
of this, it is reported that two kinds of wood
from the Congo were shown at the 1900 Exhi-
bition, and examined by the laboratory. From
{hese a new perfume is now made, which, if
properly pushed and advertised, may be worth
a fortune. We have Congo soap: why not Congo
perfume ?—Chemtst and Druggist. ii

SEE 21901.) THE ‘TROPICAL “AGRICULTURIST. 179

TO ALL PARTS OF ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA AND OCEANIA,

Seats & Plants oi Lommerciai Prd

Hevea Brasiliensis.—Orders being booked for the coming crop, August-September delivery
1911 : booking necessary before the end of April ; quantities of 100,000 and over at special low rates.
Pianis available all the year round. 100,000 and over at special low rates. A leading Rubber planter im
Saimatra, who purchased 50,000 seeds in 1899, and 100,000 in 1900, writes us, under date 15th November,
190):— I received your letter of 20th October, from which I iearn that you added another case of 5,000
seeds to replace the loss, &e. J ain satisfied hereby, and even after this adding [ am satisfied by the whole
delivery of this year.”

Castilfoa Elastica.—True superior variety cultivated in Mexico, seeds from specially reserved
oli untappeil trees. Orders bookel for August-September delivery, 1901, booking necessary before the
ead of March ; large quantities on special terms ; Plants in Wardian cases.

Manihot Glaziovii —See!s and Plants available all the year round, 100,000 and over a®
special low rates. A Mexican planter, in sending an order for this seed, wrote on the 22nd August, 1900:—~
‘If they arrive fresh and germinate easily I may send you larger orders, as they are for high ground
where the Castilloa does not thrive.”

Kickxia Elastica.—(funtumia Elastica).—Seeds and Plants, orders booked. (Lagos rubber.)

Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available in May-June ; booking necessary before the end of March;

also plants.

Urceola Esculenta and U. Elastica.—Same as above. (Burma rubber.)

Parameria Glandulifera.—Orders booked for seeds for January-February delivery ; also plants;
immediate booking necessary. (A good rmbber creeper of Malacca.) ;

Leandoliphia Kirkii.—Seeds in July-August, early booking necessary. Plants can be supplied
all the year round. (A highly-recommended species. )

Chonemorpha Macrophylia.—Sces and Plants; orders booked. (A very valuable rubber-
yielding creeper.)

Memusops Globosa and Payena Leerii.—Seeds and plants in July-August, booking
necessary beforeApril.

Achras Sapoca, Wiilughbeia Firma, W. LEdulis and other Rubber and Gutta Percha
yielding Trees and Creepers, Seeds and Plants.

Cinnamomum Zeyianicum (Cinnamon superior variety). New crop of seed in April to June,
booking necessary before the end of February ; also plants.

Coffea Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragogipe Hybrid.—New crop March-April
immediate booking necessary.

Cinchona Ledgeriana.—Seeds now ready, also other varieties.

Seeds and Plants of Nutmeg, Clove, Sandalwood (white and red), Pepper, Cardamom,
Vanilla, Cacao, Tea, Coca, Fibre, Mediciaal and Fruit Trees, Shade and Timber Trees, Eucalyptus
various varieties, also Palms, Bulbs, Orchids, &c.

Our enlaiged Descriptive Price List of Tropical Seeds and Piants of Commercial Products of
Foreign countries for 1901-1902, now being prepared, and will be ready in a few months.

“SouTa AFRICA.”—'The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says :—
“ An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the East. It is issued by WILLIAM BROTHERS, Tropical
Seed Merchants, of Henaratgoda, Ceylon, aad schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will
thrive ia tropical and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do good business, for now
that the great Powers have grabbed all the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove thas
they were worth the grabbling. Werecommend the great Powers and Concessionaries under them to go
to William Brothers,”

Price List of Seeds and Plants for CEYLON use, post free, on application.

Our new Descriptive Price Lists of Seeds of Shade Trees for Coffee, Cacao, Tea, Cardamoms &e.,
Timber Trees, Trees for Avenues, Helges, Wind and Shelter Belts, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and
Climbing Plants ; and Seeds and Planis of Palms, Calamus, Pandanus, Cycads, Tree and other Ferns,
Crotons, Orchids, Bulbs, Draczenas, now being prepared, and will be ready shortly.

Special Arrangements mide with foreign Governments, Botanical and Avricultural Depart-
ments, Planters and others for supplying seeds and plants of Cominercial Products in large quantities.

Agents in London :—Mussrs. P. W. WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street.
Agent in Colombo, Ceylon :—. B. CREASY, Esq.
Telegraphic Address J. P. WILLIAM & BROTHERS,
Wiitiam, VeyaNcopa, CsyYLoNn. Zropical Seed Merchants,
Lieber’s, A.J. and A.B.C. Codes used, HENARATGODA, CEYLON,

24
La

186 THE TROPICAL

THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION
(LONDON),

The following is from the annual report of
the Association :—

The General Committee of the Indian Tea
Association (London) have the pleasure to submit
to members the following statement on the con-
clusion of the twenty-first year of its operations.

THE INDIAN TEA CROP OF 1900.

The estimate of the erop issued by the Indian
Tea Association in Caleutta on September 8, 1900,
which was based on the actual ontturns of tea to
August 15, 1900, was in round figures as given
below, the final results being alongside for com-
parison :—
Estimated. Actual Crop.

District. million lb. million lb.
Assam ae a. 662 AO 68
Cachar and Sylhet .. 60% Ba 61
Darjeeling and Terai ... 104 men 11
Dooars : 23 ate 30

Kangra Valley, Dehra
Dun, Chittagong, Ku-
maon, and Chota Nag-
pore 358 et RAG) oar 64

Private and Native Gar-
dens, including those
from which no returns
were received boa, Le me 11;

182 187}

Owing to ircomplete returns, about five millions
pounds of tea were included in the last item of
the estimated crop which should have been added
to the figures furnished for Dooars.

The crop of 1899 was 175 million lb, the
increase in outturn last year being therefore
123 million lb, exclusive of the tea produced in
Southern India, of which no reliable statistics
are obtainable.

GREEN TEA.

As mentioned in last years report, a bonus of
14 anna per lb. was offered to planters who were
prepared to manfacture green tea for the American
market, but the committee regret to say that
few applications were received for the same, and
it is not, therefore, as yet definitely ascertained
how far tea of this description can be made in
India to take the place of the China and Japan
greens, now so largely consumed in America. A
misunderstanding also arose in Calentta as to the
terms on which the gardens apptying for the benus
were entitled to receive it, and the proposed
200,000 Ib were not made. The offer of a bonus
at the same rate has been renewed for the pre-
sent year, and it is hoped that in view of the
great importance which attaches to the securing
of this outlet for Indian teas, more advantage
will be taken of the offer.

The terms of the committee’s resclution on the
subject were as follows :—

“That 14 annaper|lb, up to a maximum of
200,000 lb to be manufactured this season, be
allowed out of the funds of the levy on
shipments of green tea to the American
market sent there direct from India, such
funds to be distributed as a bounty at the dis-
cretion of the Caleutta Committee, the difinition
of the term ‘green tea’ for the receipt of the
bounty being taken to be tea made from the
ordinary leaf plucked on the gardens such as would
ordinarity be made into black tea, but which in
its altered manufactured state would not compete
with the sale of black tea in America or elsewhere,

AGRICULTURIST. [Sepr, 2, 1901.

The bounty to be paid on the same quantity as
before sanctioned, viz., 200,000 lb, until it is seen
what success is attained in the manufacture of
green tea.

‘‘The Association in Calcutta to be requested
to notify the committee promptly if a larger
quantity than 200,000 |b is likely to be specially
prepared for shipment to America,”

In a report furnished by Mr. William Mac-
kenzie in connection with a recent visit to America,
he says that of green teas and partly fermented
Oolongs and Formosas the imports are about as
follows :—

lb.
Green Japans as 36,000,006
Green China Bi 15,000 ,0UU
51,000,000

Oolongs and Formosas 55 17,000,000

68,000,001 b.

[Then follows Mr Mackenzie’s statement as to
winning the market for green teas, familiar
to our readers.—Ep. C. O.]

To attain success, however, Mr Mackenzie re-
commends a syndicate being formed in Caleutta
and another in Colombo, to take over the green
teas manufactured, and to blend and pack the
same in uniform and attractive packages, making
regular shipments to one or more firmsin America,
so as to ensure continuous supplies of teas ot
standard qualities. The committee have advised
that steps should be taken in Calcutta to carry out
Mr Mackenzie’s commendation.

It is essential also, the Cummittee consider, that
Indian planters should make greater efforts to pro-
duce the class of tea.required, which, so far, they
do not generally appear to have succeeded in doing,

LEVY FOR 1901.

The large increase in the crops of British grown
tea in 1900 has rendered it imperatively necessary
that continued efforts should be made to find new

. outlets for the growing output, and as will be seen

by the lately issued report on the operations in
America and other foreign markets for the year
ending May 31, 1901, it has been decided to call
for a levy for 1901 on the same basis as in previous
years, viz.:—4 annas per acre of cultivation and 4
anna per maund of tea manufactured, to be paid
as usual in Calcutta, and the Committee earnestly
beg that allinterested in the welfare of the industry
will subscribe to the fund.

WORK ON THE CONTINENT.

Mr. J E M Harington, as mentioned in last
year’s report, was deputed to visit Italy, Turkey,
Austria, and Germany to inquire as to the pros-
pects for Indian teas in those countries, and the
best means of increasing their sale. Mr. Harington
afterwards visited Belgium, and extracts from his
reports are annexed :—The tea rooms in Rome,
which were subsidised on Mr. Harington’s recom-
mendation, have since been successful in enlarging
their sphere of operations, and branches have been
opened by the proprietors in Flerence and
Naples, where a taste for Indian ‘eas appears
to be developing. The question of opening tea
rooms in Berlin aud Frankfort is now under
consideration, as well as the establishment of an
agency in Antwerp.

The committee have come to the conclusion
that now is the time to make a strong effort to
develop the market in Kussia “for Indian teas,

Serr. 2, 1901.]

Sy and H Thompson in their last annual
yee Nae out that Russia is a most operat
market. ‘‘ because it requires black tea, appr eee
quality, and is taking more from us every year by
direct importation, or trom London; it, too, 1s
calling for better tea.”

The committee are now in negotiation with an
agent who has been in the tea business for was
years, and who, it is thought, will prove a goo
medium for carrying out the measures which may
be considered desirable in order to push the sale o
our teas in Russia.

TEA SAMPLES BY POST.

rther correspondence has taken place
pettced your eeatnittes and the Postmaster-
General on the subject of permitting samples
of tea to be sent by the sample post in hermeti-
cally sealed tin boxes so as to fully preserve
their condition. Unfortunately, it appears that
the department is precluded under the conde
tions settled by the last Congress of the Posta
Union, which met at Berne, and which will not
reassemble until the year 1903, from allowing
samples of tea to be sent at the sample-post
rate of pastage, except when paeked in such a
manner that the contents can be examined, The
Postmaster-General has therefore been asked to
take the earlist possible opportunity to get; this
particular rule amended,

DOCK TRUST FOR THE PORT OF LONDON.

3 mentioned in last year’s report, it was
ocutideecd advisable, in the interests of the tea
industry, to support the opposition to the proposals
of the dock companies, and a donation of £10 10s.
was given to the London Chamber of Commerce
towards the necessary expenses. The Royal Com-
mission appointed to consider the whole question
of dock accommodation for the Port of London is
now engaged in taking evidence on the subject

PRIVATE AUCTIONS

Importers having been approached by the buyers
with a view to the restriction of the publication
of prices realized at auctions, a meeting was
held on December 11, 1900, to consider the ques-
tion. It was then suggested that the printing of
garden marks in the catalogues might be dis-
continued, but this proposal was not approved of

ssociation.
Beware a proposal to establish a Tea Exchange
was put forward, and a meeting of the committee
was held to discuss the matter on April 23 last.
Considerable divergence of opinion was found to
exist on the subject, and no decision was come to.

‘As an outcome, however, of these proposals, some
importers, with a view to meet the wishesof the tea
buyers, expressed their willingness to the experi-

- ment of offering their teas at private auctions, and

the Tea Brokers’ Association was asked to draw up
rules for holding these. These rules have now been
formulated, and the first sale under them took place
on July 4, when a quantity of Ceylon tea was
catalogued. :

{Reference is also made in the report to the fol-
lowing subjects, all of which have been fully dealt
with in our columns during the past few months—
Reduction of output; the import duty on tea ; the
Labour Bill; Consular reports on the position of
the tea trade in various countries; Indian tea at the
Paris Exhibition; regulation of sales; and tea

statistics. ]

THE ‘TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 181

TEA BLIGHTS, &C.: THE DISTRIBU-
TION OF FUNGI SPORKS.

A USEFUL SCHEDULE FOR OBSERVATIONS.

The following schedule of observations to
be taken by the co-observers in the taber-
nacle experiments, planned to gain inform-
ation as to the distribution by wind, insects
and other agencies of spores of parasitic
fungi, has been issued from the Scientific
Department at Peradeniya Gardens :—

The Mycologist, while wishing to reduce the
amount of trouble taken by each observer, will be
glad to receive as complete answers as possible.
If the terms suggested in the footnotes only are
used the comparisons of the observations at the
different stations will be simplified. When con-
venient the returns should be sent to Peradeniya
next day, so that the aiseased leaves can be
examined with little delay. All the diseased
leaves should be sent unless too bulky, when they
should be weighed and the weight sent, with as
many of the leaves as possible. The tabernacle
should be kept closed and only the kangany or
cooly who is to pluck the bushes admitted,

Name of Estate; Date of Plucking; Weather
Conditions (very wet, rainy, no rain, no sun,
suuny, hot sun); Wind (uo wind, little wind,
variable, coustant wind, strong wind); Weight
of leaf plucked from enclosed bushes (green) ;
Approximate number of bushes from which the
diseased leaves came; Conditions of nearest bushes
on north side of tabernacle; Condition of nearest
bushes on south side of tabernacle; Does the flush
on enclosed bushes fairly agree with the rest of the
field? Remarks or Observations.

[The tabernacles are all erected or will be
by the end of September. They are at
various heights from 50 to 5,000 feet above
sea level and in various districts in which
the areas over which the wind has passed
is different. Nothing has been done to solve
some of the knotty questions as to spore
distribution by wind, heretofore, and as this
has a most important bearing on the spread
of diseases caused by parasitic fungi, all
knowledge gained by these experimental
screens will be valuable.— Ep 7’. A.]

a

PEARL OYSTER INSPEOTION,

Captain Donnan’s last inspection was a
very full and exhaustive one and his Report
is now published in a Sessional paper, the
summing up of which runs:—

The result of the inspection may be summed up
thus. There are nine pearl banks with oyster beds on
them aggregating 8,338 acres inarea, and estimated
to contain nearly 543 millions of oysters, most of
which have survived their first year on the beds,
which is the most disastrous period to young pearl
oysters. Of the nine banks the two chief and largest
ones, the Cheval and Muttuvaratu, attract the most
attention. Both of these banks are now largely stocked
with young oysters, and judging by their present
condition they onght to be capable of giving two large
fisheries in succession each, the first one coming off in
March 1903, by which time the large’ number of
oysters now estimated to be onthem will no doubt be
much reduced, probably by half. Of the remaining
gseyen minor banks the Perlya Paar Karrai, Kondatchi,
Paar, Karaitiva Paar, and Alantura Paar may
probably keep a due proportion of the oysters now on
them until they arrive at maturity but the times
remaining hanks J have no faith in,

182 THE TROPICAL

Captain Donnan concludes that rock fish run-
ning from 5 to 151b, weight each, are res-
ponsible for the destruction of young oysters.
As regards the conservation and culture of
oysters, there is the following interesting
paragraph :—

A few months ago in Colombo I had a visit from
Dr. H Lyster Jameson, Fishery expert, on his way
home from Conflict Group, British New Guinea, where
he had been studying the subject of pearl oyster
cultivation on behalf of a London Company, which
had sent him out for that special purpose. Dr. Jame-
son told me that the oyster be had to deal with is
commonly named the black lip, a different class of
oyster to that of the Gulf of Mannar, but he had not
doubt the system of cultivation or preservation that
would suit the black lip oyster would also be found
suitable for the Gulf of Mannar oyster. He also said
that after studying the question for some time, he had
eome to the conclusion that the only successful way
of dealing with the black lip oyster would be by plac-
ing the young oysters in baskets made of wire mesh-
ing, of a suitable size of mesh, and then placing the
baskets on the oysters’ natural beds and keeping
them there until they were old enough to be able to
resist attacks of their enemies ; then to take them out
of the baskets and lay them back on their natural
home without the baskets. And he was of opinion that
beds similar arrangement would be likely to prove
the most successful in dealing with the Gulf of Man-
nar oysters. I quite agree with Dr. Jameson that
his plan would be likely to prove quite successful as
regards preserving tha oysters, but I am inclined to
believe that by the time such oysters came toyield a
fishery, what with the cost of the number of wire
baskets that would be required to cover the bottom
of a pearl bank—say, half a mile square or more—
the cost ofa staff of boats and divers required to
place the baskets on the bottom, and to take them up
again after (say) two years, remove the oysters, and
place them back again without the baskets, there
would not be much profit left from the fishery,
Mr. Jameson (who, called upon us) had
much the same experience as Mr. Savile-
Kent. No doubt, Professor Herdman, F.R.S.,
who is coming out in charge of the Ceylon
investigation, will inquire into all that has
already been done off the Australian coast
with a view to its bearing on the conditions
found in the Pearl-oyster Banks of Ceylon.

———-____.

PROPOSED TEA-GROWERS’
TION iN LONDON.

THE MEETING OF IMPORTERS.
(Special Report.)
LONDON, July 19.

Theré Was a meeting of some 20 of the largest
Tea importers av Winchester House on 17th inst,
to discuss a proposal to form an Association with
a capital of £1,000,000 to protect Indian and Cey-
lon ‘Teas in the London and other markets,

Mr. THOMSON of Messrs. Whittall & Co. was
in the chair and briefly explained the scheme
which was, he said, to regulate the quantity of tea
for the Trade by purchasing any quantity in excess
of actual requirements and holding the same—
until required. Some discussion was begun by those
present on the details of the scheme, when Mr,
H K RuvHERFORD pointed out that it would be
advisable, before they went on to discuss the de-
tails, that the meeting should come to a decision
whether such a gigantic combination was neces-
sary in the interests of growers at the present
time, He said that, after giving the matter his

ASSOCIA-

ee oa’

AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 2, 1901.

most careful consideration, he regretted he did not
see how he could support the scheme. The pre-
sent state of affairs solely hinged on! the question
of supply and demand, and he firmly believed,
with the influences now at work, that supply and
deniand would kecome more evenly balanced in
a shorter time than most of them seemed to think,
The proposed scheme did not strike at the root
of the existing evil; as it would still Jeave the
surplus tea in existence and act as a drug on
the market, whereas he contended, if a remedy
was necessary, it could only be found at the
fountain head and that was either in the non-
production of the tea or the opening out of new mar-
kets, or acombination of both, and not in simply
holding the tea eff the market for a given period,
Poor Jands going out of cultivation would, he
thought, counterbalance the crups from new areas
coming into bearing; the uulikelihood of

a favorable season taking place concurrently
in India and Celyon in 1900 and the
expansion of new markets coupled with the

severe lesson planters had learned from coarse
plucking last year, would inevitably tend to bring
supply and demaud into closer reJationship, and
prosperity would return. his scheme, which was
to protect the grower, instead of diminishing the
output woulda have tne tendency to increase it
as the proprietor with a non-paying estate would
make as much tea as he could it he were as.
sured of protection to even dd per |b over the cost of
production. We were undoubtedly, as had been
pointed cut by Mr Thomson, at the present time in
the hands of the buyers, as regards the price of our
teas, }his was only the natural position, for, when
there was an over-supply of a commodity the
purchaser had the seller under his control, but
the position becomes reversed when the supply is
uot in excess of the demand. This altered situation
was bound to come about in the tea industi

in time, and we could not force that period by
any such scheme as the one proposed as it did
not permanently get rid of the tea. He eon.
cluded by saying that, once this crisis of Over-
production was over, which he ventured to pre-
dict was not far off, we would gradually euter
a period of remunerative prices, aud he did not
think that in our time at least we would again
suffer from over-production.

Mr ALFRED BROWN said he reer
could not share Mr Rutherford’s vise hh ie
also had given this matter a great deal of
thought, and _ willingiy hailed the proposal
for the promotion of such an Association. The
buyers had combined and were strong, and
unless we also combined we would continue to
be in their grasp even if there was no over-
production. lt would require a very great
margin between supply and demand to
make them compete and pay up for our teas
He asked how it was that, before we heard aA
much about over-production, indeed since 1890,
the price of teas had gone steadily down entirely
in his opinion through the workings of the dealer
combination to keep down prices. and we would
never be right until we put combination against
combination. He certainly thought that some
(oa ve necessary.
r. CKENZIE pointed out tha

fall in the price of tea dated fega he ee
the packet-tea man, and that Lipton Ltd made
nearly the entire profit of their business ont of
tea, selling most of their other commoditicg

\

Seer. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICA:,
at cost, or under. He could not agree with
Mr Rutherford in his opinion that Ceylon
had practical!y reached its maximum pro-
duction. Ceylon, if prices improved, could double
its yield by manuring, so the qnestion was
a wider one than that of excessive areas of new
land coming into bearing. With reference to
green tea, there was an enormous field for their
energies in America and Canada; but he re-
gretted to say, while they talked of combination
between India and Ceylon, the former had started
to undersell tlie latter in green teas, and this, he
understood, arose from India giving a higher
bounty than Ceylon. ‘This state of affairs should
not be allowed to go on.

Mr. JAS. SINCLAIR said he would like to know if
any one present could authoritatively say there
was a combination amoung dealers or whether the
low prices of our teas were solely due to excessive
supplies.

Mr, Macor (Williamson and Magor) gave it
as his opinion that what importers suftered
from was the waut of combination to give the
trade the quantity required at the proper
time. (At one time of the year: we
throw thousands of chests at them, and sell re-
gardless of price, At another time we have
nothing on the market. He thought if an Asso-
ciation could be formed to ‘‘ carry” the tea it
would be a good thing,and he also thought it
was necessary to have such an Association. He
believed, it the great mass of importers came to
this conclusion, then he was sure the money
would be forthcoming.

Messrs. Macleod, Bryans and others spoke in
favor of something being done, if not exactly on
the lines proposed, in some way that would limit
the offerings to the buyers,

It was finally desided to appoint a Committee
of eight, four representing India and four Ceylon,
to consider the whole question and report.

Seen eee
BRAZIL’S ECONOMIC POSITION.

TOO MUCH COFFEE.

The production of coffee in Brazil is so severely
felt, says Mr. Consul Rhind in his report on the
finaucial economic situationin Brazil, that a strong
opinion has gained ground that a 20 per cent.
reduction in output is necessary and that compul-
sory destruction of the crops to that proportion
should be insisted on.

It is stated that the world’s production of coffee
now attains 16,500,000 bags per annum, while the
consumption is only 14,500,000, the excess of
2,000,000 bags being attributed entirely to Brazil ;
and it is felt that this surplus should be done away
with.

Happily, other action of a more practical nature
has, in the meantime, been taken to relieve the
agriculturists, in the form of reducing the railway
freights and conceding extension of time for fore-
closure of mortgages on agricultural estates. The
improvement in the valuation of Brazil’s fiduciary
currency by the recent funding operations is in-
contestable, and the appreciation attained, in com-
bination with the system applied in the collection
of duties, more than balances, from the importer’s
point of view, the additional gold taxation now
imposed. In demonstration of this fact the follow-
ing table may be instructive,

AGRICULTURIST. 183

4 It is Intended to show the relative cost
in milreis ci a parce: of woods invoj :
ye a Hl fee pace of soods mvoiced at

ian paying duties to the amount of 30
mureis at the higher exchanges of the
present time, as compared with the local cost of
a similar value at the time when the Funding
Loan was arranged, ig

Bit 1D aS a
A a4 Diese, girs
So gee82 SF Sin
a5 pera aea A OF Om:
ng see So a 25 2888
a3 on =A ° SEL Sas
os Bas EsS2 SESS
ake d Reis. Fer cent. Reis. Fer cent. Reis. Reis.
1893 6 ie 2008-00 100 3050900 us . 2308000
1899 77-16 161 310 9) 27 000 10 10899. joy ono
1900 84>) 137 1407.80. 25.500.’ 15 13 0 6 410
1901 192 £6 000 75 22.500 = 85-16 2Cc0.—s«-134- 709

On a transaction, therefore, as here imagi
there would be, at the rate of 124d See
a reduction of 955300 reis in comparison with
the conditions prevailing in 1898,

_ Unfortunately the necessity for increased taxa-
tion has shown itself simultaneously with a great
loeal depreciation in the value of the national
produce, which depreciation, strange as the state-
ment may seem, is in great measure due to the
enhanced sterling value of the carrency. It is
not always realised that, although expenditure
within the country has naturally to be liquidated
In paper currency, the exports, which represent
Be Mipes dent wealth of the community, are
valued according to the sterling -
Heron Saas e sterling value on con.
; Thus, a bag of Coffee which, when exchange
1S at Gd per milreis, may be worth in London
30s, is still worth there only the same amount
i! exchange be at 12d, but loeally the 30s represents
60 milreis when exchange is at 6d and only 30
milreis when exchange is at 12d. With the rise
of exchange, therefore, the local value will have
diminished by 50 per cent. This is exactly the
position of coffee at the present time. i

Altogether 1t 1s a trying time for Brazil, and
there Is a general absence of prosperity amongst
3 i a p) By
ae AO at large.—Sell’s * Commercial

: iReader

a8 pre AND ITS TRADE” —is the subject of a
ve cake ey s ‘Monthly Review” from which

Practically speaking, the exports igeria ¢
confined to palm-oil ‘and ea eh Mole eae
comes out—there will be more some day, though at
present Lagos holds the monopoly—but to all intents
and purposes a little nut accounts directly or in
directly for the white man’s presence in Nigeria It
grows beneath the curving tronds of a palm ix
clusters Which, although it is not a very good nile:
resemble a pineapple, and when detached it looks like
a plum painted scarlet and saffron. Under the thin
skin lies a layer of scented grease, which is scraped
off, and boiled to extract the fibre, and the pestle is
palm-oil, indispensable in many manufactures, and
worth from £20 to £25 a ton, Then there remains
a thin-shelled nut, which is cracked, and its two
back kernels thrown into baskets, to be shipped b
thousands of tons to Kvrope for dilsextraction. It z
asimple process, for it must be remembered that
the tribesman, who makes no attempt at cultiva-
tion, merely gathers what Nature lavishly provides
but it is probable that every few puncheons cost a
human life. ‘he possession of favourite native
markets is periodically fought for, petty robber chief.
tains waylay the oil-carriers going down stream, or
exact illegal blackmail, until an expedition is sent u
against them, while the mortality among the white
men who purchase the’ oil is very heavy,

184 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

THE TRAGEDY OF COFFEE.

We drink our coffee as a matter of course for
breakfast ; we sip it contendedly after luncheon
and dinner; but never a thought passes through our
minds of the tragedy that may he in the accus-
tomed cup. Yet many a brave British heart has
been broken, and many a British life sacrificed in
the struggle for the berry which we buy com-
placently from our grocer, and grumble over when,
over-roasted or badly prepared, the beverage
purns out too bitter for our taste. If our coffee
be bitter, we ring the bell and the servant takes
it away. If their coffee proves bitter they have
to drink that bitter drink to the last dregs,
waiting silently until death shall remove them out
of the loneliness of exile and close their eyes to
the hopeless. wreck of all youth’s golden dreams.
They--those well-plucked British coffee-planters
—have suffered defeat through no fault of their
own. It was just the luck of life. They had to
battle against Nature; Nature was too strong for
them :she remained the conqueror. Woe to the
conquered !

Most of the coffee consumed in the United
Kingdom comes from Ceylon and Southern India.
Five-and-twenty years ago Ceylon was practically
ruined as a eoffee-producing country. Men, who
two or three years previously had been accounted
almost millionaires, found themselves face to face
with absolute proverty. This was due to the
appearance ofa red fungus called the ‘ hemileia
vastatrix,” which wasted thousands of acres uader
coffee. The long and glorious records of the Empire
hold no more splendid illustration of grit and
iron determination than the final triumph of
Ceylon over this overwhelming disaster. There
was no wailing, no thought of retreat, but first
cinchona cultivation was tried, then tea-growing,
and new methods were introduced on the few sur-
viving coffee plantations, until at last the tide
turned, and prosperity reflowed, but in fuller
flood than before. In South India the story of
coffee growing reads the same, but with this
difference. In the isle of spices the whole com-
munity suffered simultaneously, on the mainland
individuals have fallen one by one.

Coffee and tea belong to the same natural
erder of plants, but, whereas tea is the easiest
plant possible to cultivate, coffee is the most
difficult. It needs a peculiar climate, one free
from extremes of heat and of moisture. If too dry
the shrub will not blossom treely, if. too wet after
a few years ic falls an easy prey to one of the
many pests that beset it. In India the virgin
forest that clothea the Western ghats were
selected. Young fellows with capital at their
backs and enthusiasm in their hearts threw them-
selves gladly into the enterprise. The life was
lonely but adventurous, and visions of fortune
danced before their eyes. Only a few, a
very tew lucky ones, ever realised them. The
forest soil was sodden with malaria, In the early
days a mud hut, grass thatched, was the recog-
nised planter’s home. When the rains came, and
for weeks the hills were enveloped in cloud and
mist, he lived perpetually in sopping raiment.
‘there was no leaving the work then, for it was
the time for planting out. So in utter loneliness
ke shivered and sweated when the fever gripped
him ; no doctor within fifty miles ; his next-door
neighbour five miles away. He vainly hoped for
better days, One would die before his capital

(Serr. 2, 1901.

was ha)f expended, anovher would live on till all
his noney was gone, his property mortgaged to
the hilt. Then followed foreclusure. Perhaps he
would receive a pittance to manage what he had
formerly owned, or else the plantations on which
his life’s work had been spent, and to which
health and fortune had been freely given, would
be again swallowed upin the jungle. There are
valleys in Sonthern India into which literally tens
of thousands of pounds sterling have been poured,
and from which not a dozen good crops have been
picked. A more melancholy prospect than an
abandoned coffee district can hardly be imagined,
and the sadness of the scene deepens when it is
remembered that every ruined plantation means
at Jeast one brave life broken in exile.

The contrast between a thriving and a deserted
district is not a whit greater than between life
and death. Thereis no happier prospect than a
planting district in full working order. Every acre
has been won labouriously, and at risk of death in
the jungle. Until the European planter came, these
acres of dark-green coffee bushes were the haunt
of wild elephant, tiger and bear, and where to-
day go up the sound of the healthiul toil and
the bright laughter of children, formerly the
silence was only bioken by the booming ery of
the black monkey aud the hideous laughter of
the solitary jackal. ‘ihe coffee planter has done
well for the land of his adoption, cruel step-
mother though she has often proved herself,
He has created anew industry ; he has given
work at high wages to thousands who needed it ;
has practicaliy populated the solitndes, drawing
the people trom areas already too thickly crowded
—waragaiust nature no less than war against
man has its roll of martyrs, of victims, and of
heroes, and the roll of coffee planting is brilliantly
iilustrated with many bright deeds of which the
world has never heard and never will hear anything.
The good work still goes forward in Ceylon and
in South Africa, and has also now been extended
to Central Africa. On the Shiré Highlands coffee
plantatious have been opened by Europeans, and
there again the white planter is proving himself
a true philanthropist.

Of recent years the coffee planter’s life has been
brighter. His bungalow nowadays is a pleasant
brick house, embosomedintrees and surrounded by

agarden An epoch of prosperity, all too brief,:

enabled him to make himself comfortable. Many
married. But there has been a return of bad
times. Prices have fallen when the seasons have
been good, and short crops have not raised them.
Tragedy still lurks in those hospitable bungalows.
Coffee isa bitter brew for many a planter today.
He seldom grumbles at fate, though constantly
at the weather. He fights onto the last without
a thought of surrender, and when the end comes,
leaves behind a memory of silent endurance and
unfailing courage, which all who knew him love
to cherish. Over the lintel of the coffee planter’s
bungalow might be eugraved those lines from
Kipling’s sorrowful song of exile :—

“Oh, the toil that knows no breaking! Oh, the

heimweh ceaseless aching !

Oh, the black dividing Sea and alien Plain!
Youth was cheap—wherefore we sold it; Gold was

good—we hoped to hold it;

And today we know the fulness of our gain,”
— Globe, July 9% .

SEpr. 2, 1961.1 THE TROPICAL

TEA CROPS AND MANURE.

It may be of interest to mention the im-
ports and transport (by Railway) oi manure,
for the series of years corresponding to
those for which we have reckoned the
average yield of tea per acre. Taking the
country as a whole, it is not easy to say on
what particular crop, within one, two or
three years, an application of manure has
most effect. But for a rough comparison
it will do to contrast the ‘‘ manure” figures
for any particular twelve months with the
succeeding year’s yield, thus :—

Imports of Carried

Average yield of Manure. by Rail:

tea per acre. tons. tons.

US95 ihe WIZ 4872". .7, 213

1896 .... 396 lb; 1896... 11,576 8,186
1897... 403 lb; 1897... 10,874 8,431

1898 ... 400 Ib; 1898 ... 12,745 9,025

1899 .. 400 |b; 1896 ... 14,200 11,126

1900 .. 424 1b; 1900 ae ZOLSA WT i i,
It may be said that the increased yield per
acrelast year corresponded with an increased
application of manure in the previous twelve
months; but the most striking fact is the
enormous increase in imports and carriage
upcountry of fertilizers during the past year.

ith *‘ fine plucking” following on ‘‘ liberal
cultivation,” estates should continue in very
good order for some time.

——— i
SUB-TROPICAL CULTURE IN

QUEENSLAND.
VITICULTURE.

The area under vine cultivation in Queensland last
year was nearly 2,000 acres, showing an increase of
about 300 acres on the two preceding years. To judge
from the demands made on this department for
cuttings this season, the area is being rapidly extended,
applications for upwards of 8,000 cuttings In excess
of last season having already been made, Fruit-
growers are beginning to find out that a vineyard
properly looked after is a paying undertaking, and
that the demand for grapes exceeds the supply. If
table grapes are sold at as low as ld per lb., the
return from an acre of vines is not less than £18 ;
and ifsold at 2d per lb., a common price, the return
is £36 per acre. Wine grapes would return not less
than £10 and turned into wine by the grower himself
would realise much more, The cost of cultivation in
both cases is about £3 per acre, if labour is employed.

. Much of the grape crop fer 1899 was injured by frost,

yet it totalled £3,230 627 lb. weight of grapes, which,
calculating the value of the wine made from the
wine grapes, has a total value of £46,000, Experi-
ments are being carried on at the State farms with a
view to establishing in Queensland one or more of
the Almeria varieties; if successful, a large export
trade in grapes to Canada and Great Britain would
row up. Hxperiments in currant growing and
heeine are being also carried on; the imports of
currants into the State for 1899 were 1,636,185 lb., with
avalue of £13,646. eet ,
Some of the finest varieties of European wine
grapes have been imported by the Department for
propagation and distribution, which should eventually
materially assist in improving the quality of Queens-
land wines. Withregard to winemaking, we have a
satisfactory proof that some of our vignerons appre-
ciate the assistance given them by the Viticulturist,
one winemaker having written to the Department to
the effect that £500 a year had been put into his
pocket by Mr. Rainford’s services, Improvement in

AGRICULTURIST. 185

the quality of table grapes and wine is evidene
although in the latter case the result is obtained mort’

slowly.
TOBACCO.

Since the last: meeting of this Conference, an ex-
periment farm for tobacco has been established at
‘Texas, and 93 acres of desirable leaf has been suc-
cessfully grown, housed and cured. The varietics
grown are those producing the favourite tobacco for
the British and United States markets of the heavy
pipe-smoking sorts. The results, so far, have been
satisfactory. ‘Che industry is growing, and may be
said to be in a fairly prosperous condition. White
men are going more into the cultivation as they
realise the value of thecrop. New South Wales buyers
have entered the market, and, if the product proves
satisfactory to them, and there is every reason to
believe it will, the future of the industry is most
promising. It is to be regretted that an interest
has not been manifested in cigar tobacco, as under
federation, Sydney and Melbourne would give an out-
let for considerable quantities and at a fair price.
These tobaccos can be grown on many of the alluvis]
soils north of Brisbane, below the Range, the crop
being suitable for both the large and the small farmer,

COFFEE,

In view of the great demand for coffee, and of the
suitability of a large portion of Queensland for its
cultivation, nothing has been left undoue to place
the coffee-growing industry on a sound kasis, and to
bring before the growers the latest and most effective
methods of production, For years the Department
scattered broadcast the best literature on the subject,
and in 1899 appointed a most competent expert to
give practical assistance and instruction to the
planters, with the result that at present coffee-growing,
though not conducted on a very extensive scale or
in all the localities adapted for it, is one of the most
prosperous of our industries. So favourable, indeed,
is our seaboard from Rockhampton northward, so far
as climate and soil are concerned, for the cultivation
of coffee of the best kind, that Queensland within
the next decade will be able to supply the coffee
required for the whole population of the Australian
Common wenluli sca s(and Agricultural Journal,

une 1,

—$—$$_—__—_»—____—__—-

JAMAICA ORANGES.

he ‘‘Fruitman’s Guide” of New York publishes
the following interesting figures on the receipts of
Jamaica oranges in that city from September
to March :—

Month. Boxes.
September on ob 12,700
October cic ae 51,200
November aye 56 105,200
December na 58 19,300
January Ad On 4,700

February ais ae 800—193,900

This amounts to over 530 carloads, and indicates
that Jamaica is quite a factor in the orange market
in spite of the tariff. The crop was a_ light one
this year and under normal conditions with a
lower tariff the island could easily put one
thousand or even two thousand carloads of
oranges into New York. Naturally the California
orange grower does not enthuse over any reciprocity
treaty that will increase imports from Jamaica—Cal,
Cultivator in the Hawiian Planters’ Monthly for
June 1901,

——————

ALOE: A NEW INDUSTRY IN SOUTH

INDIA,

Str,—It may interest your readers to know that
a new planting industry is being opened up in
our midst and one which may help the much
distressed tea and coffee planters ont of their

186 THE TROPICAL
difficulties. Irefer to Agave, or as it is commonly

known Aloe, planting and the extracting of fibre
therefrom on a commercial scale, A Syndicate
has been formed in this Presidency under the
designation of ‘*The South Indian Fibre Syndi-
cate” and the Manager has taken, on its behalf,
tor aperiod of years, all the aloe plants belonging to
the Forest Department and the Local Fund Board
along the various roads in the Anantapur District,
in all perhaps some 300 miles. Probably, if all India
were searched, no such extent of aloe hedging
could be found, and therefore the concession is of
priceless value to the Syndicate, for money could
not purchase it in any other part of India, tor it
issimply not to be had. Further, it has secured
Ithrough its Manager a grant of 20,000 acres of
and for planting purposes. The Syndicate is now
turning out fibre superior to anything that is pro-
duced by the Bahamas or Mexico, the two chief
fibre-producing countries. JI hear from a reliable
source that a gentleman named Gribble has, on
behalf ot a Company at Home, offered to purchase
the rights and property of the South Indian Fibre
Syndicate for a sum ot £60,C00, and Iskould say,
from all I hear, that the property is fully worth
this or more to any Company in Engtand with
capital, and that they are getting a cheap bargain.
1 may mention that the fibre now being manu-
factured by the South Indian Fibre Syndicate has
been reported upon by experts at Home as superior
ic every way to that received from other countries.

AGAVE.
—Madras Mail, Aug, 6.

qj. _—_____..

PLANTING NOTES.

THE REPORT on the progress and condition
of the Government Botanical Gardens, Saha-
ranpur and Arnigadh, for the year ending
3lst March 1901, shows that certain drugs—
Colocynth fruit, Kamela powder and .extcact
or dried leaves of Hyoscyamus—are given and

-supplied to the Indian Medical Lepartment.
Could this not be done in the same way in
Ceylon? In regard to fruits and palms we
quote :—

Seedling trees of the coarse stringy mangoes bore
heavy crops in some of the groves in the district,
but the crop carried by the choice grafted kinds
grown in the garden was very light. Bers, figs,
lichis, loquats, peaches, country pears and country
plums were somewhat better in yield; but in no
single instance was tbe crop sufficiently heavy to be
classed as good. Oranges, limes, lemons, and grapes
all gave very light crops, and so very light in the
case of the lime that considerable difficulty was ex-
perienced in collecting sufficient seed to meet, the
wants of our nurseries for sowing purposes,

Arabian Date Palm (Phenic dactylitera), —The date
palms, with some few exceptions, are making excel-
lent growth, bu: the yield of fruit is still insignifi-
cantly small. Fruit of excellent quality wus prodncer:
by 17 trees, but the bunches were all too smail to
be of any value for market purposes. The irees
which were noted in the last annual report as having
been treated to a cart-load of manure apiece threw
out a magnificent crop of leaves, but those which
fruited did not bear larger bunches of fruit than
trees which were not manured. The manured trees
are however without question stronger and hea! thier-
looking plants than those which have not been manured,
and are almost sure to respond to the manuring
given by yielding larger-sized bunches of fruit within
the next year ortwo.

\
AGRICULTURIST. (Sepr. 2, 1901.

“THE WAxX-PALM OF BRAzIL”—referred to
by a correspondent the other day—is thus
noticed in the ‘‘ Treasury of Botany ” :—

The Carnaiiba or Wax-Palm of Brazil, C. ceri-
fera, grows about forty feet high, and has a trunk
six or eight inches thick, composed ot very hard
wood, which is commonly employed in Brazil for
building and other purposes, and is sometimes sent
to this country and used for vencering. The upper
part of the young stems, however, is soft, and
yiells a kind of sago: and the bitter fruits are
eaten by the Indians. The young leaves are coated
with wax, called carnauba wax, which is detached
by shaking them, and then melted and run into
cakes; itis harder than bees’ wax, and has been
used by Price and Co. for making candies, but, as
no process of bleaching has been discovered, they
retain the lemon-coloured tint of the raw wax.
The leaves are also used for thatehing, making
hats, &c., and while young as fodder for horses.
—A.S. >

CocoNUTS AND RICE IN THE SOUTHERN PRO-
VINCE CEYLON.—Here is an interesting paragraph
from Mr. Fowlers able Administration Report
just received today :—

New Areas oF CULTIVATION.—The extension cf
coconut cultivation progresses rapidly, and the sale of
land affords a fairly correct index of the extent
annually brought under cultivation. Tea planting
is at a Stand-still, and very little additional land
has been planted with citronella. Most of the small
lots are cultivated as gardens, and the total area
of these is very considerable. A large extent of
paddy land can be sold if the purchasers are allowed
to buy under Sir Henry Ward’s Minute, payment
being made in four instalments, and I expect to
be able shortly to submit applications. Mr Elliott
has favoured me with some notes on his interesting
experiment at Walawe, and it is pleasant to hear
that experience has not affected his belief in paddy
cultivation as a paying investment. He has found
that working with hired labour, as ou an estate
upcountry, is impracticable. It is contrary to all
Sinhalese traditions and customs. No reasonable
wages would secure the services of the regular
cultivators, and he could .only get men who took
no interest in their work. He then adopted the
custom ry share system, and had then no difficulty
in securing any number of the regular ‘“ goyas,”
and only the want of sufficient buffaloes has pre-
vented him from securing a highly satisfactory
return. Ploughs cannot be used on newly-opened
land, and buffaloes, for which a high rate of hire

must be pxid, are indispensable. The area now
under cultivation is nearly 500 acres, and the
yield per acre was about 30 to 35 bushels
His experience shows that, exclusive of cost of

land, a sum of 6! cents represents the working
expenses in producing a bushel of paddy. including .
European supervision. As the price of paddy varies
fr.m R133 to R156 per bushel, the return on a
large acreage is sufficient to justify Mr. Hiliott’s
faith in bis enterprise, and it may be hoped that
the time will come when Huropeau capital will be
largely nvested in the ovore seres that He waiting
unger so many restored tank. aud channels. I: is
poscible that iu the Hambsntota District cotton-
planting may prove to bs remunerative. Ona
circuit in that district in comp ny with Me. Broun,
the Conservator of Forests, we found cotzon grow-
ing apparentiy wild in the juugle and bearing
freely. Mr. Broun took specimens of the pods which
proved to be those of a cultivated variety gone
wild. As the locality was far from any existing
village of any importance, it must have been planted
very many years ago, a proof that the soil and
climate are congenial.

' Hayter says.

Srpr. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

Goyyespondence.

To the Eattor.

HOW TO CAPTURE THE UNITED
STATES MARKET FOR THE
TEAS OF INDIA AND
CEYLON.
ADVERTISE—WIDELY AND BOLDLY.
MESSRS. P. C. LARKIN & CO.’s VIEWS.

Toronto, June 12th.

DEAR S1R,—We are enclosing herewith a
copy of a letter which we have written to
the Home and Colonial Mail of London,
England, as we thought it might be of
interest to your readers also.—Yours very

truly,
Y P. C. LARKIN & CO.

(To the Editor ‘‘ the Home & Colonial Mail.”)

June 12th,

DeAR Sir,—I have been reading with a great
deal of interest the many suggestions made by the
friends of the tea trade, to bring that Industry
intoa better condition than it has beenin oflate. I
read with special interest the letter signed ‘* Ross
W. Hayter,” and agree with everything Mr.
In the first place I believe that the
only cure-all India and Ceylon can find is in the
conversion of the hundred million pounds of Japan
and China Tea, used in the United States
annually, to the consumption of the products of

“India and Ceylon. That this is feasibleis beyond

question, and is best evidenced by the progress
that has been made in the United States during
the past six or seven years, for I consider that
wonderful progress has been made for the amount
of money that has been expended. Surely the
newspaper writers, who occasionally give expres-
sion to their unsatisfied expectations, can
know little of business, and less of this Conti-
nent, when they expect such wonderful

results (as they apparently do) from the small

efforts, in the shape of expenditure, that have

‘been pnt forth by these two tea-growing coun-

tries. Nosum less than Mr Hayter mentioned,

» viz.—forty or fifty thousand pounds sterling per

year, and continued for at least five years, can
have the effect of converting this Continent to

the use of Indian and Ceylon Tea. And to put
‘this into the hands of an inexperienced man,

and allow him to purchase his experience on

arrival here, would be a great wa:te. The money —

should be given to a man with a wide experience.
To give you an idea of what amounts are expended
by single firms, who exploit much more insig-
nificant articles than tea, we might quote what
is a well-known fact among advertisers ; and it is
that the Royal Baking Powder Co. spends in the
United States and Canada five hundred thousand
dollars, or one hundred thousand pounds sterling,
annually in exploiting ‘‘ Royal Baking Powder ” ;
and they have done it consistently for years, and
have found it most profitable. In our small way,

IN CANADA,

; we spend and have for many years past, an
average of twenty-five thousand dollars per
4

AGRICULTURIST, 187

year on newspaper advertising alone, In addi-
tion to this we expend large sums_ on
sampling, showcards, street-car advertisements,
demonstrations, ete., ete. Now, if we, in our
small way, find this profitable (and the best
evidence of the fact that we have found it
so is that we are at it today, after nine years)
how very much more profitable could the Planters
of India find it,if they took tke matter up in
a whole-souled manner. Mr. Hayter suggests the
collecting of one-sixteenth of a penny per pound
on all exports from India, which would amount,
roughly speaking, to about forty thousand pounds
sterling per annum. This sum would be excel-
lent, and, if continued for five years, would have
a wondertul effect. But I venture to say that,
if, instead of one-sixteenth, one-eighth cf a penny
was collected, the much desired state of affairs
would be brought around much more quickly ;
for not only would the Loodon market be—re-
lieved of an enormous quantity of tea in a few
years, tut I believe that the advertising would
greatly increase the consumption of tea per head
per annum in the United States. The vast
majority of teas soldin the United States today
are poor teas, and to an amateur it seems the
easiest thing in the world to convert the con-
sumers of this poor stuff to become consumers
of good teas; but Mr. Amateur has only to
try it to be convinced that it is by no means
an easy thing. Getting at the people of the
United States is a most expensive process, and
it has to be kept up for a number of years
before the desired object can be achieved.

In conclusion, I can only say that I agree
thoroughly with Mr. Hayter that India has had
wonderful results for the amount expended.
This continent consumes now close upon twenty
million pounds of Indian and Ceylon black and
green tea per annum, as a result of a few years’
work and only a moderate amount of money
expended. If it is desired to increase this five-
fold, increase the amount five-fold. There is no
‘royal road ” toit. There is only the every-day
road travelled by mauy, who, when advertising
was first suggested to.them, said they could not
afford it; but they soon found that they could
still less afford to do without it, and that ad-
vertising made them rich, always providing they
had a good article to offer the public.

I might mention that in Canada the Ceylon
green tea is meeting with the most wonderful sue-
cess, and in a very few years it will have driven
out ten million pounds of Japan tea entirely,
Now I have seen some of the most beautiful
green tea, the product of Travancore; and there-
fore the Indian planters can supply both black and
green tea to the United States. The deplorable
condition of the Indian tea market, I think, calls
for fresh, vigorous efforts to be made to exploit
the great market of the United States.

The India planters must go whole-souledly into
this matter, or else the results will be as_ they
have been before; that is, ‘‘ small expenditure
and only comparatively good returns.” If you
were to ask a man, who has successfully ex-
ploited any article in the markets of the World,
what he would do if he owned the entire tea
product of India, I feelsure his answer would
be.—‘*I would exploit the United States market
by advertising.”—Yours truly,

P, C. LARKIN,

188 THE TROPICAL

FARMING AND STOCK IN TRINIDAD:
OFFSPRING OF ‘CINGALESE”
CATTLE,

Government Farm, Trinidad, June 13.
(The Editor ‘‘ Tropical Agriculturist.”)

DEAR Sir,—May I ask you again to accept
my Annual Report. IL cannot say whether
there is any matter of importance therein:
simply that last year was successful, and
that the department has been removed to
much larger and superior ground and the
work can therefore be widely extended.

The Cingalese bull has quite recovered from
his broken leg and is as pugnacious as ever.
Two calves have been born to him, altogether
unlike the sire. They are marked like Alder-
neys, and I wonder whether these Cingalese are
a distinctive breed or only dwarfed by inbreed-
ing and environment. Every one is struck
by the unsimilarity between sire and pro-
geny. The bull was put to a well-bred red-
poll heifer, first time. She produced a bull
calf, a strong sturdy animal, but a nondescript
showing no characteristics of either parent.—

I am, yours truly,
C. W. MEADEN.

[We must ask Dr. Sturgess to give an
opinion on the question raised by Mr. Meaden:
we know of no records available to show how
far back Sinhalese cattle have had their pre-
sent distinctive characteristics. Mr. Meaden’s
Report is a very practical and_ satisfactory
one, such as no doukt we shall be getting
from the ‘“‘Gangaroowa Farm” by and bye.
We make a couple of extracts of local interest
ang application and showing the good work

one :—

The chief occupation during the year has been
‘the transfer of the Farm from St. Clair to St.
Joseph. The latter place will in time become an
ideal farm. ‘There is an extensive range of first-
class land for stock, well-watered and laid out
for irrigation. The work of the farm can be
widely extended to the evident advantage of the
colony. A fine set of buildings are in the course
of construction. In acquiring this property the
Government will be in a position to produce the
meat, as well as milk, for the Medical institutions
at a great saving. I have shown above that
384 lb. of meat was produced at a cost of $4:80.
- This quantity at the present!contract rate would
cost $28 80. If there were sufficient stock on hand
to fulfil the institutions’ demand for beef, a clear
saving of $7,000 per annum wight be made in their
expenditure. This is a question worthy of con-
sideration, and whether it would not be advisable
to spend a sum of money in the purchase of
stock so that the supplying of beef might be
speedily undertaken. ‘his would nct interfere
with any private enterprise as all the money for
beef practically goes out of the Colony. Another
advantage to the Government would be that they
would have a large reserve of cattle on hand in
the event of a beef famine. Twice during the
year, the Colony has had to face this though for-
tunately without great inconvenience. Quoting
froin the Port-of-Spain Gazette the following was
stated—

“‘At present there is very little beef to be had,
aud on some days during the week the sales close

AGRICULTURIST. (Sepr. 2, 1901,

as early as noon. The larger and more important
proprietors can boast of having a few head of cattle
in their pens, but this is not so with the smaller
proprietors who have to go a scouring all over the
country, with much inconvenience and with little
and in some cases no success.”

Although Trinidad may never be a pastoral
country still she ought to bein a better position as
regards her meat supply. An enterprising firm
introduced a first consignment of cold storage meat
with apparent success. This would fill a certain
demand, but would be of little service to the poor
or country districts.

Altogether the sale of stock during the year real-
ized $3,727 60, and stock to the value of $1,396
was transferred to the Tobago Farm. This with
the production of 132,000 quarts of milk and leaving
live stock in hand to the value of $18,500, off
about 150 acres of land, is, I respectfully submit, a
record of a good year’s work. <A profit ot 9°32 per
cent was made upon the capital outlay.

Ata time when “poultry” are under local
notice, the following is of interest :—

Sale ot poultry and eggs realized during the
year £12 7s 34d. The White Minorcas were dis-
posed of, These fowls were unsuccessfal: they laid
a large number of fine eggs but generally they
proveu unfertile and any chickens produced died.
The probability is that in a tropical climate their
abucdant egg-laying tended to weaken their
fertility, The Silver Wyandottes have proved to
be suited to the climate and soil and their intro-
duction has been a success ; they grow to a good
size and lay weil. Silver Dorkings were imported
during the year and so far promise to make a use-
ful addition to this branch of the Farm, Dorkings
are well-known for their table qualities and their
introduction will be useful.

Ep, 7.A.]

THE REARING OF ‘‘ HELOPELTIS
ANTONII.”
(To the Editor of the‘Tropical Aqriculturist.”)
Salatiga, (Java), 7th July, 1901.
DEAR Si1R,—In reading the very interesting
Helopeltis antonwi sign., published in the
Tropical Agriculturist of June, 1901, I was
-struck by the mention that Mr. Green was
not able to rear up this insect from the egg
to the adult. One year ago I also made
some observations on Helopeltis antonii and
I found that rearing up this insect is very

. easy, bringing up the freshly-hatched larvze

on young cacao pods, which are often re-
newed (every 1 or 2 days) and kept in closed
glass-boxes. In doing so I could point out
that the larve of H. antonii change their
skin five times. The freshly—-hatched larva
are about 1 to 1:25 millimeter long, the pro-
cessus of the sentellum is visible, but only
0:2 millimeter long, while nothing at all is
to be seen from the wing rudi:uents. After
the first moult the wings are indicated, the
hind edges of the meso and metanotum pro-
jecting slightly behind. After the 2nd and
3rd moult these rudiments become bigger
and bigger, so that, after the 4th, they ex-
tend themselves to the middle of the length
of the abdomen ; and with the 5th moult
the insect acquires its perfect wings. As to

Smpr. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

the duration of the different stages I noted
the following data :—

Egg stage ee an ... 6 days
Until to the tirst moult pire Adar
AC second ,, URC ley
a third a arin Vrain
a fourth ,, Ne ere a
fifth 4s PE OsOu ities

Rofaliae. ...15-17 days.

Not longer than two days after the insects
were full-grown, they entered into copulation;
and one day after copulation the females
commenced egg-laying. Each female is able
to lay about 30 eggs. In captivity I could
conserve alive the adult insects during 4-6

,— Yours ve truly,
He Senha » L. ZEHNTNER.

Salatiga, (Java), 7th July, (Cacao Experi-
ment Station.)

[Mr. Green, towhom we showee the manu-
script, thinks this a very interesting letter.
He would like to know if the Helopeltis is
found on tea in Java; and, if so, the experi-
ment would be an interesting one. to try if
the tea insect thrived on cacao and vice versa.
—Ep. T7.A.|

THE DEMAND FOR PLUMBAGO IN
THE UNITED STATES.
Jersey City, N. J. (U.S.A.) June 19.

GENTLEMEN, — You will remember the writer
as Vice President of the Dixon Crucible
Company. We receive every week your
Ceylon Observer paper and you have our
order for your ‘Ceylon year book,” the
particular book that is to have a detailed
account of all the plumbago pits. 4

The question was raised some time ago in
one of your numbers, in the corresponctence,
of Mr, Peto, which was followed by an
editorial from you, as to the demand for

lumbago ceasing in the United States, or
if not ceasing, of its being very much less.
The enclosed editorials, one called ‘‘ Tricks
in Crucible Steel Trade” and the other called
“ Crucible Steels Hard Struggle” in the
‘ American Manufacturer and Iron World,’ one
of the leading trade papers in the United
States, bears on this question and will speak
for itself. The condition of affairs as described
in these editorials is somewhat overdrawn ;
nevertheless, there is a good deal of truth
in them. You need notreturn these articles
as we have duplicates here, and we submit
them to you as more or less evidence on a
topic that is vital to the plumbago industry
of Ceylon.—Yours respectfully,

JOHN A. WALKER, V.P.

[The articles are from the ‘‘ American Manu-
facturer and Irgn World” and we make a few
extracts :— y i

A correspondent calls attention to one of the
_ tricks in the crucible steel trade, that of substitu-
ting open-hearth steel for the product made in the
crucible. . . For many years the *‘ American
Manufacturer” with many other good publications
have been calling attention to the advancement in
the science of steel-making. Columns upon columns

of reading matter has been offered on the subject of .

CUM baa SE aD.

AGRICULTURIST, 189

the substituting of open-hearth for crucible steel.
Those who have been paying fancy prices for cruci-
ble steel, if there are any such, are vrobably those
who will not subscribe for a technical or trade
paper, believing they know all that is possible for
them to know about their business. , . . It can
searcely be possible that many consumers of cruci-
ble steel have been buying open-hearth steel and
paying the same price they paid forcrucible steel,
Right bereit might be well to add that the purchase
of steel by brand such as has been the practice for
centuries is not in keeping with modern methods.
Many manufacturers are paying two prices for
material which can be had for far less money and
will answer the same purpose. . The strong
invasion of the field that was formerly held exclu-
sively by crucible steel by high carbon open-hearth
is even more serious to the crucible trade than the
mere fact that competition may beso easily intro-
duced in the crucible field itself. The makers of
crucible steel employed open-hearth furnaces and
much of that product went into the crucible market
as genuine crucible steel. The character of high
carbon open-hearth steel so closely approaches that
of crucible that, except for special uses mentioned,
the making of the very hardest tools, that consu-
mers accepted the substitute without question, It
might be strong to assert that the Crucible Steel
Company will be compelled to make a fight for ex-
istence, but in the light of the development of the
manufacture of open-hearth sieel and the decline of
crucible, except for those special uses referred to,
probably the statement is not too strong. When
the consumers of crucible steel become aware of
how much open-hearth steel they are buying as
crucible, there cannot but be severe changes in the
crucible steel trade. The higher cost of making
crucible as against open-hearth, will be another
important feature of the competition. Not the
least, however, will be the fact that the latest
crucible, company will have new and modern plants
with whick to compete with the older and less eco-
nomical plants of the crucible combination. The
field for open-hearth steel is bound to expand
rapidly and with the extension of its active terri-
tory will come the decline in crucible as was the
case with the cruder and cheaper Bessemer pro-
duct.” [All this would seem to point to a lessened
demand for plumbago for crucibles, ere long ?
—ED. 7.A.]

THE CARNAHUBA PALM OF BRAZIL,
Hatton, July 27,

DEAR SiR,—I enclose a cutting from an old
“« Review of Reviews” on arather wonderful sort ot
palm that grows in Brazil. Have you ever heard
of it? Perhaps the tree would grow in Ceylon. —
Yours faithfully,

A MIRACULOUS PALM TREE
which grows like a weed in Brazil, but the like of
which is unknowu in any other part of the world,
It is the carnahuba palm. (Copermeta ceriferi),
which grows uncultivated in the States of Parahiba,
Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Piauhi, and some of the
neighbouring States. The descriptions given of it
to me seem incredible. Perhaps iu no other region
isa tree to be found that can be employed for such
varied and useful purposes. It resists intense and
protracted droughts, and is always green and vigorous,
Its roots produce the same medicinal effects as
sarasaparilla, Its stem affords strong, light fibres
which acquire a beautiful lustre, and serves also for
joists, rafters, and other building materials, as well

190 THE TROPICAL

as for stakes forfences. From parts of the tree wine
and vinegar are made. It yields also a saccharine
substance, as wellas 2 starch resembling sago. In
periods of famine, caused by protracted droughts,
the nutritious cubstances obtained fromit are of im-
mense benefit to the poorer classes. Its fruit is used
for feeding cattle. he pulp bas an agreeeble taste ;
andthe nut, which is oleaginous and emulsive, is
sometimes used as a substitute for coffee. Of the
wood of thestem musical iustruments, water-tubes
and pumps are made. The pith is an excellent sub-
stitute for cork. From the stem a white liquid,
similar to the milk of the coconut, and a flour resem-
bling maizena may be extracted. Of the straw, hats,
baskets, brooms, and mats are made. A considerable
quantity of this straw is shipped to Europe; and a
part of it returns to Brazil manufactured into hats.
The straw is also used for thatching houses. More-
over, salt is extracted fromit, and likewise an alkali
used in the manufacture of common soap. But from an
industrial and commercial point of view, the most
valuable product ofthe carnahuba tree is the wax
obtained from its leaves.

[We do not find the name of this palm in
Trimen’s Guide to the Peradeniya Gardens ; but
it is very probably growing there and we think
we noticed the description in the magazine at
the time it appeared. At the same time, this
palm is no more wonderful in the multifarious pur-
poses to which it can be put than the coconut or
palmyra with the hundred or more uses found for
the fruit, leaves, fibre &c.—ED. C.0.]

rr EE eS ES me

THE TEA CESS AND THE THA INDUSTRY.
August Ist.

S1r,—1 want to put a searching question to
our readers, 4.¢., to Ceylon tea men generally :
ff there is a ‘‘Cess,” who pays the Cess? Mr
Ross W Hayter, writing to the ‘‘ Home and Colonial
Mail,” advises a Cess of £45,000 and says :—‘‘ It
may be said that the planter is not in a position
to stand this l-16th of a penny per pound. The
question just occurs to me, Who would pay it?
Would not the consumer pay it in the long run
instead of the grower or exporter?” How is it that
such a question can be asked by any business
man? [8 it not evident on the face of it that
any article which is successfully advertised pays
for the advertisement. Does anyone suspect for
a moment the Ceylon planters are actually out of
pocket—t e, have paid the Cess which they im-
posed on themselves ?
the Ceylon Cess, if it had not been imposed,
would have remained in the pockets of the pro-
ducers? With that money you created a demand
for your teas in America. Your tea is not as
good as Indian tea and yet it has made more
headway. Can you still doubt that the Cess was
not paid by yourselves but by the consumer?
Mr Larkin says that he not only dares to spend
large sums in advertising but does not dare not to
advertise. Theonly fault about your Cessis that it
is not largeenough. It ought to be ten times as
large, so that you could not only advertise but
purchase tea with which you could back up your
advertisements. Mr Hayter’s question is ridicu-
lons. He should have put it as a statement. He
knows well enongh surely that planters do not
pay the Cess. Seeing that he put it as an ine
terrogation I am encouraged to put the same
uestion; there may be a few tea owners who
have not looked at the subject in its obvious light.

Can anyone say that :

\

AGRICULTURIST. [Supr. 2, 1901.

Let us look at what your owners promised.
They promised to reduce the yield by four million
pounds of tea. They knew that if they made
this 4 millions they would get money for it
at market Yates, that is to say, 5 annas per
pound—4 millions at 5 annas is equal to 1,250,000
rupees. A few of your owners promised to give
12 lakhs and fifvy thousand rupees with the hope
that this sacrifice would raise the prices of the
remaining tea. The statement is so startling that
it is worth while to work ont the sum in full
and leave no doubt of the figures. Four million
pounds of tea would have been sold at the lowest
rate at 5 annas per pound,

4,000,000 1b
5 annas

16) 20,000,000 annas

i 1,250,000 rupees
That is to say, these few owners promised nearly
as much as the whole Cess at two pies per pound,
which I advocate. Why should these owners now
refuse to advocate the two-pie Cess? The promised
reduction was about ten per cent., so we can
conclude that the above owners make 40 million
pounds of tea between them. 40 millions at two
pies works out as follows: —

40,000,000 lb
2 pies

12) 80,000,000 pies

16) 6,666,666 annas

4,16,666 rapees

This is less than one-third of their former promise.
In the first case they would have paid 12 lakhs
of rupees, because the simple reduction of 10 per
cent from old markets would not be sufficient to
raise prices. But in the second case, whatever
is paid is paid by all equally, and there is tea
ready wherewith new markets can be opened,
and demand increased, and, after all is said and
done, no one can refute the statement that
the Cess would be paid by the consumers.
Whatis it thenthat prevents the producer from
demanding a big Cess? Let each man amongst
you answer this question ; some may know the
real reason. And when once the obstacle is known
it can be overcome.

A pony will not face a paper screen ; he has to
be shoved through it backwards ; when the screen
is torn the rest of the competitors gallop through
without fear. The obstacle between us and the
Cess is a paper screen, and it is to be feared that
a great numberof the runners in this race have
longer ears than ponies. Who will tear the
screen and let all through? I have been trying to
show that there is open country beyond the
sereen. ‘The producer fears that he will have to
pay the Cess! The pony says ‘‘ Mon Dieu, that
wall will break my head !” Our Association do not
wear spurs, and when the producer jibs he is
allowed to stand, and the world is amused at the
spectacle of our crowd jostled around the paper
screen, and no race worth looking at. In
‘‘Indian Gardening and Planting,” of July 25, an
expert gives his views asto what should be done
and asks the question, Howis this to be done?
The time for questions is over, let every man
answer his own questions, let him say this should
beand must be done. Producers fave an object

Sept. 2, 1901.]

in view, and itis absolutely ridiculous that they
should be undecided as to their course, but human
nature en mosse requires a lead. However, some
of your men took the lead and promised to reduce
ten millions ; let them now moderate the big Cess,
and force it on by all means in their power. Were
those promises false? Were they merely blinds to
deceive others? If not, if they were “‘pukka,” honest
real promises to do whatever was required, let
them now adopt some other course.

The Tea Industry hada promise of 12 iakhs of
rupees from these men, and if they are asked to
subscribe four lakhs is there any good reasen why
they should refuse? Remember that a ‘* Cess”
means that all shall pay equally and without fail,
there will Le uo possibility of subterfuge, there
ean be no doubt that a certain sum_ will be avail-
able and that it will be sufficient for the purpose,
and that it wil) be paid by our natural enemies, the
buyers. We ourselves have allowed the buyers

_to become our enemies—we have forced them to

be so, because we had no Cess, no system, no
union of any sort, no common knowledge of. the
rulings of supply and demand, no common sense to
foresee that supply would overtake demand unless
we ourselves increased the demand by advertising,
and shoving our tea into new places. I should
like you to note that those who object to my
scheme do not propose any alternative; they
merely doubt the possibility of this, that, and
the other thing. You remember about Cleopatra’s
Needlein Rome and how it was got up by the
suggestion of one man out of ten thousand ; he only
suid *‘ throw water on theropes!!” Well, then! I
say to you:—Break down the paper screen. ‘There
will be long-eared ones who will shy at the broken
screen, but ‘‘ the Cess” will force them through.
A.
PLANTING NOTES.

THE CAOUTCHOU export from New Caledonia
reached in 1900 only 24,083 kilos. No rubber was
exported in January last year.—India-Rubber
Trades’ Journal, July 22.

THe CaMPHOR MonopoLy.—The Vernacular
papers report that the Japanese anthori-
ties contemplate the creation of a monopoly
to cover the sale of the camphor manufactured
in Japan outside of Formosa. The camphor

industry in Japan has made great progress |

in recent years, and threatens to encanger the
monopoly in Formosa. Mr Gato, the chief of
the Formosan Administration Bureau, has framed
a scheme for the restriction of the camphor in-
dustry in Japan, and recently laid the scheme
before Government. It is understood that the
camphor monopoly law will be put in operation
in Japan in order that sufficient protection
may be given to the industry in Formosa.
The construction of an additional building to

the Kobe branch of the Formosan Camphor

‘Bureau at Ono, Hyogo, and the improvement

‘of machinery and plant having been completed,

operations for refining camphor will be commenced
shortly. Three oil engines of 17, 5 and 3 horse-
power have been fitted. The nunaber of operatives:
has been gradually increased, and there are now
fifty-three men and \ omen employed, in addition to

-atechnicalexpert:; About twenty thousand pounds

of camphor recently refined for trial was delivered
to Messrs Samuel, Samuel and Co., who shipped

it to India and Australia.—Chemist and Drug-

gist, July 13,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 191

PERUVIAN COCA, COCAINE, CINCHONA, &¢.—
The vaine of the cocaleaves exported from Peru in
1899 was £17,359, against £22,437 in 1898; of co-
caine, £67,097, against £65,197; of cochineal, £499,
agains: £709 ; of borax, £61,1U2, against £57,422 ; of
cinchona bark, £7,830, against £3,046. No weights
are given for Peruvian exports as a whole, but they
appear in relation t» various centres. Thus,
Salaverry exported 335 tons of coca leaves in 1900,
and 214 tons in 1899, and 284 kilos of cocaine in the
former year as well, this being the beginning of
the alkaloid trade at this port. Most of the leaves
were sent elsewhere in Peru, probably to be re-
exported. Germany received direct 16,019 kilos
of coca and 110 kilos of cocaine, whilst the United
Kingdom received direct ony sixty kilos of the
latter. Mollendo sent to Liverpoolin 1900, 48,575
kilos of bark ; to London, 93,051 kilos of bark, and
670 kilos of cocaleaves ; to Hamburg, 32,962 kilos
of bark, 212,922 kilos of coca leaves, 261 kilos of
cocaine ; to New XY ork 138,549 kilos, of coca leaves,
and 137 kilos of cocaine. Lhe total export of bark
was 183,549 kilos ; of coca leaves, 352,161 kilos ;
of cocaine, 398 kilos. There was no sarsaparilla
exported from Mollendo in 1900, but 35 kilos were
exported the previous year. From Cuzco 617,150
1b of coca leaves were exported, the average price
being 16s per drum of 25 Jb in Cuzeo. The ship-
ments have gone principally to Hamburg via Mol-
lendo, but some hundreds of pounds went to New
York.—British and Colonial Druggist, July 12,

“IMPERIAL GARDENS FOR FRUIT-TREE
DISSEMINATION THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE,”
—Such is the title of a pamphlet by Dr.
Bonavia, F.R.H.S, sent to us with the author’s
compliments, the six pages of which we
shall have pleasure in reproducing ia our
Tropical Agriculturist. Dr. Bonavia is well
known for his horticultural writings, and
his monograph on the Citrus genus in two
large volumes—one of them almost entirely
diagrams—we frequently refer to. In the
pamphlet under notice, he discusses bananas,
guavas, mangoes, mangosteens and date palms,
as well as oranges. The date palm ought
to do well in the drier regions of Ceylon;
but not better than the useful palmyra, a
grove of which ought long ago to have ex-
tended from Jaffna to Anuradhapura. One
remark of Dr. Bonavia we must notice: he
says ‘‘Why they have not introduced. it
(the mangosteen) into Ceylon and cultivated
it for commercial purposes is a mystery.”
Well, Dr. Bonavia should know that the
mangosteen is not unknown in Ceylon. Both
in Kalutara and Colombo on the moist
warm South-West coast it grows and bears
well in some gardens; but it is a very
ticklish plant to deal with, We have
half-a dozen times over got relays of healthy
plants from a Kalutara friend to grow ina
Colombo garden; but without being success-
ful in growing a single tree—they take root
and look very healthy for six months or so
and then wither away and die down. We
have at present two plants of a larger growth
(which have cost us Ro each) and they are
being sheltered from the sea-breeze and
coddled as well as we know, in the hope of
sturdy trees resulting. But evidently the
mangosteen is far less easily cultivated com-
mercially than either the mango or orange
in Ceylon. ere

199 - THE TROPICAL

THE EAST INDIA AND CEYLON TEA
COMPANY, LTD.
THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

for the year ended 30th November, 1900, to be presented
at the meeting to be held in London on 8th instant,
states that the amount at credit of the profit and loss
account, after crediting the balance (£8,669) carried
over in last year’s accounts, is £10,459. From this
the preference dividend to 3lst May 1899, on account
of season 1898-1899, absorbed £3,000 ; preference divi-
dend final on account of season ended 30th November,
1899, £3,000; interest on debentures for year ended
30th November, 1900, £100; Mahaousa Factory,
amount written off, £701 ; deficit for the season 1899-
1960, £2,911, leaving a balance at debit of profit and
loss account of £152. The crop, excluding that
from Madampe, amounted to 1,811,850 lb., as against
1,841,718 lb. the previous year. There was thus a small
decrease from the older estates, and this reduction in
yield is mainly attributable to the severe hailstorm
which was mentioned at the last annual meeting.
The average sale price was 5‘32d per lb. and the
cost of production 5°77d. ‘The yield of the Ceylon
estates was satisfactory. ‘The chief cause of the
diminished receipts of the Company is tbe reduction
in the market price of tea. For Ceylon tea the aver-
age price fell 2d per lb. during the year and that of
Sylhet 1}d per lb. This heavy drop has undoubtedly
been caused by over-production ; however there is
reason to hope that, with the contemplated reduction
of output, prices will improve. The capital cost of
Madampe estate, after crediting the value of its crop,
stood on 30th November last at £10,594. The Direct-
ors consider the block account should now be closed,
and have every hope that this property will now make
a profit. Its yield during the past year was 123,565
lb. and the latest estimate for the current season is
175,000 lb. When the serious position of the tea
market and probable result of the year’s working were
seen, Mr Richardson, at the Directors’ request, visited
the Company’s Indian estates, and at his recommen-
dation it has been thought advisable to change the
management of these properties, and considerably
reduce the expenditure. Iv order to replace tea in-
jured by drought and hail in India, 75 acres of which
have been abandoned, 70 acres of new land have been
planted out, and the cost of same has been all
charged to revenue. If the rate of exchange ruling
for the past season had been the same as that in
the first year of the Company’s existence, the result
would have been £3,139 more favourable. The increase
of duty by 50 per cent, that is, from 4d. to 6d., has
undoubtedly curtailed the expansion of consumption,
and, vonsequently, injuriously affected the market.
With reference to the Hopewell Tea Comnany, one-
third of which belongs to this Company, calls to the
amount of £5 per share have been made this year,
making £9 per share paid up. Payment of this has
been mainly met by withdrawing the deposit of
£32,000 placed in anticipation of calls with that Com-
pany. The properties are said to be in good order and
coming on well, and it is reasonable to hope that,
with a better market for tea, the estates will show a
substantial profit when they come into full bearing.
With a view to manufacturing a better class of tea,
the current season’s crop estimates have been reduced
by 107,400 tb. The total crop expected this season
is now 866,600 Jb. as compared with 529.934 lb.
gathered during 1900.

EMPIRE OF INDIA AND CEYLON TEA
COMPANY, LIMITED.
RgepPoRT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be presented at the fifth annual ordinary
general meeting, to be held on Thursday, the

AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 2, 1901.

4th July, 1931. The Directors have the pleasure
to present to the shareholders their fifth annual
aepote, with accounts made up to the 3lst Dec.

The following table shows the area of the Com-
pany’s properties, and particulars of the Jand
under tea:—

Name of Garden. Tl, Area of Total acres

Group. Grants, under tea.
Assam Borjuli opel geyole 1,985
do Sonajuli 5 1,135
do Namgaon 1,487 : 692
au Dubaraddae ve 3,910 731
Dooars Good Hope se 1,610 971
do Hahaipatha yee hdl 700
do DanguaJhar ... 260 235
do Tasati ase £500 1,100
Ceylon Tebanon sol ed GAN! 675
do Knuckles aoe 950 847
Total oe 175474 9,592

Capital expenditure on ‘‘ Tasati” has ceased
with the charge to block account in the present
balance sheet. 1,100 acres have heen opened out
most economically in the last three years, and
the work has been thoroughly well done.

CROP AND PRICES.—Alike in Assam, the
Dooars and Ceylon, the gardens of the Com-
pany showed a satisfactory increase in crop in
1900 as compared with 1899, as will be seen by
the foregoing tables, But the results of 1900
were unsatisfactory. This was partly due to
the general fall in the price of tea, and to
other causes which have injured the tea industry
all round, but it was also partly the result of
increased expenditure on all the gardens of the
Company. Generally speaking, the local manage-
ment deserved commendation tor their successful
efforts to improve cultivation, but the Board
could have wished for a more strenuous effort

to keep within the sanctioned expenditure. The

average of the Bramapootra Valley of the As-
sam Province was 8°53 against the Company’s
average of 8:19 for its Assam gardens. The
Dooars district secured 5.69, while the average
for this Company’s Dooars gardens was 6-32,
In Ceylon this Company’s gardens secured only
5°56 which price is below the rest of the dis-
trict in which the Company’s gardens lie.

DIRECTOR’s ViIsIT.—Mr Geo, Moore, a Dir-
ector of this Company, has again spent several
months in India during the past cold weather,
and, while successfully promoting further measures
to better the health of the labour force and improve
cultivation, has done a very great deal to-
wards introducing and _ enforcing economies
which are of vital necessity in face of the present
critical position of the Indian tea industry, owing
to the heavy fallin prices. The Buvard, is, how-
ever, pressing for still further efforts at economy
under all heads of charges except wages, a reduc-
tion of which is often the worst form of extravar
gance. !

Serr. 2, 1901.]

THE ANGLO-CEYLON AND GENERAL
ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED,
ANNUAL REPORT.

The Directors herewith submit their Report and
the Accounts for the year ending the 31st March,
1901,

The nett profit, with the balance of profit carried
forward from the previous year, after debiting the
Debenture Interest and placing £4,000 to Reserve,
as shown in the audited accounts annexed hereto’
amounts to £23,C75 6s 7d., and the Directors recom™
mend the payment thereout of a Dividend of Four per
cent. on the Consolidated Stock of the Company»
leaving a balance of £13,075 6s 7d, to be carried for-
ward. The very unsettled outlook, and the disorga-
nization of the market for tea, in view of the existing
excessive supplies, make it necessary in the opinion of
the Directors to carry forward a larger sum than
usual. It is proposed to pay the Dividend on the 22nd
July, 1901.

_ Ihe year in Weylon was generally favourable to the
production of Tea; and the crop, which in the pre-
vious year amounted to 2,064,515 lb. from Estate leaf
and 70,103 lb. from bought leaf, rose to 2,180,675 lb.
and 133,672 lb. from Estate and bought leaf, respec-
tively. The crop of Cocoa amounted to 2,285 cwts,
as against 1,938 cwts. in the previous year. ‘he gross
price of the Company’s Tea was equal to a price of
768 pence per lb. in the London market, as against
7°70 pence per lb, in the year 1899-1900, Thus, not-
withstanding the general weakness of the tea market
during part of the year, the price for the Company’s
tea was well maintained. The average price for Cocoa
was 74/3 per cwt. as against 73/3 in the previous
year.

In Mauritius, the crop of canes was in most places
abundant, though drought affected the Beau Sejour
Estate. In all, 3,106 tons of cane were handled on
the Estates in which the Company is interested, and
produced a crop of 8,565 tens of sugar, as against
10,723 tons in the year 1899-1900. This diminution
is accounted for by the sale of Mon Songe, one
of the estates of the Beau Sejour Company, in
which this Company is interested, and by the fact
that the crop of Mon Songe is no longer handled
by this Company. The sale of the Mon Songe
Estate enabled the Beau Sejour Company to pay
off the mortgage of £30,105 lls 7d. due to this
Company. The sales of, and realizations from, the
Highlands and La Flora lands were continued, and
the net proceeds have been applied to the reduction
of the Mauritius assets.

The result of the working of the Estates in Ceylon
and Mauritius respectively is given in the Profit and
Loss Account, calculated at the average rate of ex-
change of 1/44, as against 1/4 in the year 1899-1900.

The crop prospects of the current year, and the

. condition of the estates, both in Ceylon and Mauri-

tius, are reported te be good. From Selangur, the
reports of the progress made by the Rubber, Coco-
nuts and other products are satisfactory. A state-
ment of the Acreages is given in the ‘schedule
annexed hereto,

Mr. Henry Kerr Rutherford, under the provisions of
the Articles of Association, retires from the Board,
and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election.

The Auditors, Messrs. Welton, Jones & Co., also
retire from office, and have expressed their readiness
to act, if re-elected.

By Order of the Board,
Henry GREEY,
24th Jane, 1901, Secretary.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

1938
*asvoro BOALHMND1SCOCAN val
mot Ssebasececge | 8
ao ao
‘ome ayy) for] ADAOM ass
A v 0 0 sH fy)
4So1O RI SSSseeares les
*sollosIn Nt a
pure soddes SWANS DoS om 4 @
“oy ony SAASHA GH | Is | s
pmromepaeD 23) Bale Se tell (et
“TOCT/O0GI ue
pa}ue] 1
sdurreaigy Olle l del LSet ae de?
¢ MONT
— “{06T/O06E o OOS
re) © ~oo x
E dulBoq Ik 118 A3a l"2R | cr
& af jou vay,
re) i q BARS OSHO wor for)
< ‘Sumo SESSSseaengn |S
Pa) UNO) 7 ket ea Teg ie a
a e Boas:
Oo A
e E A GEinipn iain
5 ° Sia
Set an: Bua ese
to) > =] © fo}
2 s 3 sal g S 3 5 a S a
a SB esse qggsasa
om Ses SSA ES sae
a OFsso ooo kas
TABAD THeMAgA
Ara ucli sacl pe ash anite!
Sige avohmtenkey hs Ma Si :
=a
FS co
if $28 cgieee ns
o twiag Of2e9g20
3 Segesbseasee
a Eewe see esgses
x Sesecl2s8sq.38
QOQAASAAZAADE
CEYLON COCOA AND COCONUT ESTATES,
Dumbara District.
20 ° .
Se Seg a Gils
up iaita en) iene a 3 ° a
Sag3 3% 8 £8 =8 8&8
Estates. Gase 25 3 83 $2 4
eh) koa 2a a ma ss
a0g™ 28 3 Lt g Ga 3
° 3 ow 0 mM tC) oO Pe)
eaese 5 s °
Ss Bq Fy a
Kondesalle 579 10 33 238 20 880
Mahaberiatenne 473 a 19 125 645 1,262
1,052 10 52 363 665 2,142
SELANGOR COFFEE ESTATE,
mn Ss 5
1SKe 35 q 3 oe
oe SHES yg os 68 é
Estate Oe gy mah 28 3) = 5
Pah selarS ara can enor cous
a e2seh so) oS lls
Osea5 Oo r=
Bukit Rajan Klang 490 95 616 1,201
MAURITIUS ESTATES,
Cane
lands
Estates. Under under Other Total
Cane. rotation, lands, Acreage.
Britannia -. 1,599 101 807 2,507
Cent. Gaulettes os 898 — 865 1,768 ©
states in which the Company is interested :—
Beau Sejour Sugar
Estates, Co. .. 1,274 962 295 2,531
Bon Air son), 462 32 123 617
Highlands we — 172 172
La Flora aes — a 268 268

194

TROUT CULTURE IN NATAL.

Pietermaritzburg, June 18.

A meeting of gentlemen interested in angling
met at theNatal Club yesterduy to form an an-
gling association. Mr Cecil Yonge took the chair,
and there were present 25 anglers. The Chairmau
gave a sketch of the efforts made to introduce
trout into the Colony, and said results showed that
a penny spent in Natal in trout culture was
equal to a pound spent in any other country. Mr
JC Barker proposed that the objects of the as-
sociation should be to obtain fishing rights on the
rivers of Natal, to preserve and reyvulate the ecap-
ture of fish. Mr RJ Harrison said that land
owners would see that it was to their advantage
to have their rivers fished. The Chairman said
that, although the Attorney-General had given the
opinion that the Government and the pubhe had
no rights over the landowner, in future the Gov-
ernment in putting trout in should have a right
over them. He questioned whether the land-
owners wonld or could decline to assist the anglers.
—Natal Merery

SNAKES’ SKINS AND MILLINERY.

At a vecent meeting of the Bombay Narura!
History Society a suggestion was made for the
utilisatjon of snakes’ sloughs or discarded skins.
Mr. EL Barton exhibited a number of pieces of
the slouch cast by the large python in the
Society’s rooms, mounted on different niaterials,
with a view of ascertaining what use, if any,
these sloughs might be put to. The specimens
mounted on bright-coloured calicoes, especially
green, were by far the most successful, and the
concensus of expert opinion appeared to be that,
from a millinery point of view, the sloughs might
be used with advantage for the purpose of trim-
ming hats!—Madras Mail.

————<.——___——_

THE CONSUMPTION OF COFFEE.

One-half of the world’s production of coftee berries
is brought to the United States. Americans are the
greaiest coffee drinkers on the face of the globe now,
and every year the consumption of coffee is increas-

ving here. Last year if was more than 80,000,000
. pounds for the whole country, or more than 10%
pounds a head of the population. Germany and
. France together only consumed half as much coffee.
Germany less than 64 pounds a head and France
only 44 pounds per capita. The United Kingdom
used little more than halfa pound of the berries
per head of the populaiion, but over there they
made up for it by drinking more tea than any
other nation. More than a million dollars is sent
out of the United States every week in payment
for coffee. South and Central American countries,
which supply us with more than 6,000,00€ pounds
of coffee a year, get most of the money Porto
Rico, Java and the Philippines vet almost all the
rest, but a little goes to Hawaii. Last year the
total value of the coffee imported into the United
States was abont $60,000,000, and that was less
than for several yeurs, because the ivaport price of
coffee has fallen about one-halt.— Bradstreet’s.
_

RUBBER.

ACCORDING TO THE CONSULS.
The exports of rubber from Sierra Leone in
‘1900 amounted to £3,406 to Germany, and
‘£22,335 to Great Britain, In Cochin China the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Serr, 2, 1901.

Government is patronising
the gutta-percha tree, and
being tried in various parts,
also in Annam and Tonkin. In Indo-China the
exports of gutta-percha for 1900 amounted to
339,000 kilos, against 52,813 kilos in 1899. Gutta-
percha comes chiefly feom Annam and Laos,
A pienl of good quality is worth about £13.—
India Rubber Trades’ Journal, Suly 22.

the cultivation of
planting is now
chiefly in Laos,

eee

‘

COFFEE AND TEA IN THE UNITED STATES.
—Quite a number of publicists among our
American cousins have gone ‘‘a wee bit daft”
over the idea that coffee as wellas tea can
be successfully and profitably grown within
the bounds of the vast western Republic.
The talk about coffee-growinge is the sub-
ject of amusing conment by our Brazilian
contemporaries, of which the paragraph we
quote today from the Brazilian Review is a
specimen: and now we have a long article
on ‘American Tea Growers” in the Florida
Agriculturist from which we take an open-
ing paragraph :—

Ere the present cycle of a hundred years is
rouuded out, Uncle Sam will, in all probability,
be producing within his domain sufficient tea leaves
for all the soothing beverage which his people can
possibly drink, and mayhap will have some to
spare for his brethren across the sea.

That this will bea highly desirable consummation
must be appreciated even by the person who never
sipped a cup of tea in his life. For one thing, it
will enable the poorer classes to obtain good tea at
lower prices, and for another it will keep in the
coffers of the American people a fortune, amount-
ing to many million doliars annually, which now
goes to feed and clothe men and women on the
other side of the globe. Under present conditions
every man, woman aud child in the United States
consumes about twenty cents’ worth of tea each
twelve months, and the immense aggregate sum is
divided between the tea growers in China, Japan
and Ceylon, several middlemen and agents, and
the vessel owners who carry the precious product
to market.

The best feature of the new era which is coming,

. however, isfound in the fact that finer tea can be

grown in the United States than in the Orient.
This has been conclusively proven by some interest-
ing experiments which the United States Depart-
meit of Agriculture bas been conducting during
the pust few years ab the pioneer tea plantation
established in the New World.

All this ‘‘ high-falutin” is based on the fact
that Dr. Shepard has produced some few
thousands of pounds from his tea garden in
South Carolina which he can sell at a dollar
per lb; while the very finest *‘ Darjeeling”
or choicest high-grown Ceylon can be im-
ported and sold for hali-a-dollar a lb. As
to fineness, delicacy and flavour, it is not
likely the two kinds-we speak of can be
excelled. With labour in India and Ceylon
costing from one-sixth to one-tenth what it
does in the States, it is not likely any great
Tea Industry can be profitably developed in
the latter. A few gardens as novelties may
succeed, so long as people like to pay a fancy
price from patriotic or such-like feelings.

‘pleased to

‘Serr. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

THE VETERINARY SURGEON’S
REPORT FOR 1900.

It cannot be said of many Administration
Reports that the bulk of them provide read-
ing matter of universal interest; but an ex-
ception to this general rule must be found
in the Veterinary Report of Mr. Sturgess,
M.R.C.V.S., presented by itself this year for
the first time and which came into our hands
yesterday. Considering that the writer was
engaged in special work in connection with
conveyance of the C.M.I. horses to South
Africa and an examination of the treatment
and conditions of rinderpest there—the
Ceylon Government thus killing two birds
(but no horses!) with one missile—we con-
gratulate him the more on the full and
clear statement he has given for 1900.
As the records available have hitherto been
more than meagre, it is satisfactory to find
that Mr. Sturgess’s systematic efforts to
render these annually more complete have
met with a fair measure of success: during
the year under review. And now that the
importance of his work is coming to be
officially recognised, no obstacle should be
placed in the way of his thorough supervi-
sion of the scientific duties of his staff in the
shape of necessitated personal attention toa
quantity of clerical work which might be un-
dertaken by lessskilled hands. A mere perusal
of the Government circular (given elsewhere
with extracts we quote from the . Report)
will indicate the proportions to which this
labour has attained.

Rinderpest and inoculation are, of course, the
two principal topics of which Mr. Sturgess
treats, the usual visits to Delft and Ivana-
tivu having nothing of exceptional interest,
except thecuring of Iranativu ponies ofinternal
trouble during the October visit. Rinderpest,
we learn, has been worst in the three thick-
liest populated provinces—Western, Central
and Sabaragamuwa. The cause of its spread-
ing, when an outbreak occurs; is generally
found to be the fact that the animal (the
disease usually occurring in a town or some
way from home) is hurried back to the estate
and this infects a perfectly free place. In
introducing reforms among a _ people where
so personal a property as cattle is reared and
kept under the shadow of many supersti-
tions and popular prejudices, a trained
western officer will not find his route one
that facilitates unimpeded marching. So
original a people as the Sinhalese will not
be driven into doing what the white doctor
tells him and ancient custom has to be won
by persuasion, by the persuasive force of
success in treatment and in their neighbours’
adherence to new rules—not conquered by
the overriding weight of official order or
decree. In following Mr. Sturgess’s
remarks on native methods, we _ are
read between the lines
how appreciatively he grasps the native
ways and mind and recognises what perhaps
Tennyson meant when he said :—

Science moves but slowly, slowly,
Creeping on from point to point.

On the subject of inoculation Mr. Sturgess

has much of interest to say and for experts

a)

AGRICULTURIST. 195

his remarks on the various methods of in-
oculation are of high interest. For practical
purposes, however, we quote details of only
the Cape Colony method, which is to be
followed in Ceylon. Passing over the sub-
jects of the staff, returns of stock imported,
foot-and-mouth diseases, and classes at the
School of Agriculture, we come to the Gov-
ernment Dairy and the Improvement of
Native Cattle.

Mr. Sturgess thinks that the want of g6od
cattle and absence of native effort to im-
prove their stock is partly due to the fact
that Ceylon does not possess a meat-eating
population and partly because the native
cannot (or will not, in some cases?) afford
to feed his cattle better, the better the cattle
the more being the food required. The plan
pursued at present, of sending the best bull-
calves from the Government Dairy, through-
out the island, wherever applied for by the
Government Agent of a province, is likely
to prove a first step towards extending a
desire among the natives to devote ‘more
attention to their cattle. In due time, per-
haps, they will come to exercise greater care
over their herds, alter the breeding methods
(or want of method !) in vogue and generally
raise the quality of the stock, to the
increased welfare and prosperity, agricul-
tural and otherwise, of the population gene-
rally. Next to the promotion of staple
agricultural industries—in cereals, palms,
vegetables, &c,—there is nothing so important
in respect of native interests, as the main-
tenance of healthy herds of live stock and
the improvement of the same. The best
guarantee that such a course is being opened
out with all judicious rapidity is to be
found in the fact that it is under the im-
mediate charge of a gentleman of Mr,
Sturgess’s experience and keenness in his
work, admirable sympathy with deep-rooted
custom and recognition that the pace cannot
be forced where the immemorial ways of an
ancient people are concerned. On the one
side of the District and Provincial Revenue
Officers, Mr. Sturgess has as notable work
to do as have Dr. Willis and his Scientific
Staff on the other.

~<}—
VETERINARY WORK IN CEYLON,
(Extracts from the Report of the Govern-
ment Veterinary Swrgeon for 1900, )

I have the honour to present my report for the
year 1900. Early in January ae services were
placed at the disposal of the Commandant, Ceylon
Volunteers, in connection with the despatch of
the Ceylon Contingent of Mounted Infantry

TO SOUTH AFRICA,
I left for South Africa on 24th February with
seventy-five horses, reaching Capetown on the
evening of 16th March, The horses were all
safely landed on the 18th in good condition. I
was on duty with the horses until 9th April,
when I returned to Capetown and commenced the
investigation of the methods employed in South
Africa in dealing with rinderpest, as directed by
His Excellency the Governor before my departure
from Ceylon. After presenting my letters to the
Government of Cape Colony, L was referred to

196

the Minister of Agriculture and the Principal Vete-
rinary Surgeon, Mr Hutcheon, who kindly assisted
me inevery way he could, and whose office { at-
tended during my stay in the Colony. collecting all
the information possible, which was presented to
Government on my return to Colombo on 8th July.
Dr. Turner, the Principal Medical Officer, also gave
me great assistance and copies of his reports upon
the subject.

On my return rinderpest was prevailing in the
Kegalla and Ratnapura Districts, and I visited
Badalgama, Katukinda Dehiowita, Yatiyantota,
and Ruanwella and surrounding villages, leaving
Stock Inspectors to carry out the measures advised
for the suppression of the disease. On the 25th
July 1 left Colombo for

DELFT AND IRANATIVYU

to inspect and carry out the necessary work in
connection with the horses there. On Delft the
_mares and foals, about seventy in number, were
put into the kraal and examined one by one, all
being found healthy. From Delft I went on to
Tranativu, where the young growing stock are
kept. The ponies, forty-eight in number, were
examined, and fifteen colts caught and operated
upon on 30th July and Ist August, all successfully.
None of them had to he caught again and were
not dressed in any way after operation. In Octo-
ber reports reached Colombo of disease amongst
the ponies on lranativu, which I left perfectly
healthy the first week in Angust. I again
left for the Island on the J7th October in
company with the Government Agent, Northern
Province. I discovered after considerable trouble
it was due to internal parasites in the shape of
‘thread worms,” and all the ponies were caught
and warm medicines administered, There was no
further loss. Up to the time of our visit six had
died, and the cause had been wrapped in obscurity,
as there was no one to observe and give an intelli-
gent account of the symptoms when a pony fell ill,
and the animal was dead long before the report
reached Jaffna from the island, and trom Jaffna to
Colombo. ‘The disease is referred to under the
name of ‘‘ Helminthiasis.”

THE OFFICE WORK AND GENERAL
CORRESPONDENCE

has greatly increased during the year. Information
relating to various cattle diseases has been given
whenever applied for. Before leaving for South
Africa I prepared a special paper on Rinderpest for
the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, which has
been circulated amongst the members. During the
year a circular was issued by Government making
the following rules :— t

(1) That Government Agents do impress on
headmen the necessity otf promptly reporting
every outbreak, or hold them responsible for fail-
ure to do so.

(2) On receipt of intimation of an outbreak,
Government Agents are to at once report the
matter by wire to the Colonial Secretary and to
the Veterinary Surgeon direct.

3) So long as an outbreak lasts, weekly reports
are to be furnished to the Colonial Secretary by
them, ;

(4) The Veterinary Surgeon is, on being com-
municated with by the Government Agent, to
take necessary steps and report to the Colonial
Secretary action taken by him.

(5) Heis also to jurnisha list weekly, showing
all the localities in the Island where the disease

prevails, and exyeyt of (he gutbreakin each case,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[SepT. 2, 1901.

(6) Further, he is to furnish a monthly report
showirg what has been done by each member of
his staff during the preceding month.

These rules have been regularly observed, with
great benefit. It will be seen that considerable
clerical work is entailed, which principally falls
upon me, as I have only the assistance of the
Stock Inspectors, who are very often away from
Colombo.

RINDERPEST. ,

During the year the Western, Central, and
Sabaragamuwa Provinces have been niost affected.
Small ‘outbreaks occurred in the Central, Southern,
and Uva Provinces. All the outbreaks have been
sporadic and not epidemic, and have principally
been on the line of main roads caused by cart bulls
spreading the disease trom place to place.

Much is written and said abont the losses due to
rinderpest and other cattle disease. No doubt
serious loss does occur, and is due to various causes,
amongst which carelessness, prejudice, and apathy
occupy a prominent place. The first few cases
are not reported or isolated in the majority of
cases, and infection is spread from one village to
another because the cattle from adjacent villages
mingle and graze together. In some cases the
disease is not known, and so it goes on until a
firm hold has been gained. Villagers are, as a
rule, very conservative, and object to the new-
fangled European interference. There is also
deep-rooted superstition to deal wiih, as they
think the disease is due to the anger of seme
supernatural being, and if they endeavour to check
it some evil will fall upon themselves, or they
fear that some measure may be ordered by Gov-
ernmeut which will give them a little trouble
and so try as well as they can to conceal cases.
My aim has been to meet their prejudices and
objections half way, and explain what I wanted
to do and the reason forit. So far we have worked
smoothly, and the methods of treatment have been
steadily gaining ground, slowly perhaps, but
changes against deep-rooted beliefs and custom
have to be gradually effected everywhere. In
several villages when [ first suggested inoculation
the greatest fear and reluctance was shown, and
only one or perhaps two cattle could I obtain
for inoculation, and only these to satisfy what I
am quite sure was regarded as a mad freak on
my part. Afterwards, when it was found the
cattle did not die or evil happen to them, owners
would perhaps allow a few more to be done, and
so more and more would be brought. Another
thing to be considered is the

QUALITY AND STAMINA OF THE CATTLE
in the villages. Hundreds of semi-wild cattle

(I. am not referring to working bulls on
estates in any way) are kept by village
owners for apparently no purpose what-

ever. hey are not milked or fattened for food,
not ted or housed, and perhaps only seen once or
twice a year. They are allowed to wander about,
often in drought time, miles from their owner’s
home; they breed ‘‘inandin” and degenerate
until they are no larger than good-sized sheep
dogs. If disease appears, as it often does amongst
these miserable rats of cattle, no one looks after
them ; half of them die, and a report comes of the
alarming prevalence of murrain in a district, and
the Government Veterinary Department is ex-
pected to put things straight by a few days’ stay in
the place, or by the enforcement, as people call it,
of some imaginary regulations, but which they are

Smpr. 2, 1961.) THE

unable to frame or even suggest in practicable
shape. The regulations, if I suggested, would be
to compel owners to feed and take better care of
their cattle or else not to keep any at all. In
reading *‘ A Naturalist on the Prowl” by ‘‘ Kha,”
I was much interested in the following passage,
which I cannot do better than quote in full, as
it exaetly expresses what I mean. It occurs, I
think, in the description of an Indian morning :—

“Then a slow procession of spectral cattle
will come upon the scene—gaunt frames 0
bullocks and cows and calves, with scabby hide
drawn tight over sharp bones, lustrous eyes staring
wantingly, and prematurely-grown, distorted horns.
And they will greedily feed on what the bats have
dropped. WPoor things! The wide world seems to
have ro food to spare for them. The ground is
bare of grass and the shrubs are bare of leaves as
far as their fan:ished tongues canreach. They be-
long to somebody, of cuurse; a farmer somewhere
calls them his. But he does not feed them. Why
should he? He does not need them just now. In
due time the rain will come and the grass will grow
and keep them alive until ploughing time. Then,
if well beaten, they will put forth allthestrength
needed to pull his little crooked plough through
the muddy rice ground. It the lives of some of
them flicker ont before that, his loss will be small
and his conscience will be free. If he lifted his
own hand to shorten their lives the waters of the
Ganges could not purge away his sin.”

There is also the question of reporting cases. The
disease may exist for days and weeks in a village
before the headman hears of it, and then in some
cases it is not reported quite as soon as it should
be. Asa general rule, however, headmen do report
as soon as they hear of an outbreak; one cannot
put blame on a class for the negligences of a few
‘individuals. This is the crux of the whole ques-
tion. Ifthe first few cases were reported at once,
and destroyed if necessary, there would not be
much difficulty in dealing with an ordinary spora-
dic outbreak as is usual in this country.

INOCULATION.

The great preventive measures are the methods
of inoculation discovered and worked out during
the South African outbreak, and which gave
the very excellent results most people have heard
all about. But the conditions of life under which
cattle are kept in the East generally render such
results almost impossible. The conditions are
in every way different from those under which
European and South African cattle are kept ;
the numbers, too, are immense, as will be seen
from the returns of each Province. Aimost every
man endeavours to keep his trotting bull fcr
travelling purposes, and a few semi-wild cattle
running in the jungle as well; there are no good
pastures ; no enclosed farms; the cattle of one
village mix freely with those of the adjoining
village in the jungle, and are only recognizable
by their brand. The effects of inoculation are
_ temporary, and pass offin afew months. There
are several methods of inoculation discovered
during the epidemic in South Africa, after a
great deal of research and expense, and which
are of great value.

The method of inoculation advised in sporadic
outbreaks by Mr. Hutcheon, Principal Veterinary
Surgeon in Cape Colony, is as follows, and is the
method I intend to follow as far as possible,

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

197

as I consider it most suitable and practicable in
this country :—

For Infected Herds—TVhese should be incenlated
at once with either serum or glycerinated bile ;
every animal which indicates infection by a rise of
temperature should receive a large dose of not
less than 100 ¢ c* of serum or 30 ce of glycer-
inated bile. The latter should by preference be
injected into the jugular vein, so as to secure its
immediate action. Then from eight to twelve
days after all the animals in the herd which give
no indication cf being infected with the disease
or fever temperature should receive an injection
of pure bile, not less than 10 ce, and for large
animals 20 ec. This will confer a Jasting immu-
nity sutticient for all practical purposes,

Clean Herds—When, it is decided to inoculate
a clean herd, which is in danger of becoming
infected through its proximity to diseased cattle,
I would recommend that the animals composing
the herd should be inoculated first with 20 ¢
of glycerinated bile, and to follow this
inoculation in from eight to twelve days
with an injection of from 10 to 20 ec c¢ of
pure bile. This will confer a strong and
fasting immunity on the anima’s in the herd,
and will be free from risk arising from the in-
oculation or of introducing the disease.

When I came to the country in 1895 there
were no records at all, in fact very little infor-
mation of any kind available. I stood alone,

and had to find all out for myself. I drew up
a form in the manner in which I wanted the
information, and it was not until 1897 that

returns came in anything like acomplete manner,
and since their publication attention has been
drawn to the amount of disease.

The following shows the number of cattle and the
deaths in each of the Provinces for 1900 from
all diseases as shown in the complete returns
annexed :—

Province. Number of Cattle. Deaths.
Western 173,371 2,109
Central 102,214 1,514
Northern 234,913 —
North-Western 293,979 7,246
HKastern 76,499 50
North-Central 117,107 661
Uva 66,389 2,137
Sabaragamuwa 85,237 1,541
Southern 179,167 1,523

Total 1,307,976 16,781
giving a percentage of 1:28 deaths from all
diseases,

STAFF.

The Assistant Veverinary Surgeon, Mr. Hoole,
came to Colombo from Anuradhapura in January
o assist me, as [ was busy purchasing and examin-
ing horses for the Contingent. On my departure
to South Africa in February he acted for me with
great success and earned the thanks of Govern-
ment, I took over charge again early in July,
but as there were outvreaks of rinderpest fre-
quently occurring in the Western Province, and
1 was likely to be away a good deal, he stayed
on in Colomho until the end of the year, when
I proposed to effect a fresh arrangement of
stafi consequent upon the appointment of addi-
tional ‘Stock Inspectors. From lst January he
takes up his residence at Kandy, as a_per-
manent station, for work in the Central Province,

198 THE TROPICAL

At the time of writing this report the arrangement
of the [rest of the| staff is as follows :—

Srock INspPEcToRS.—D L Dias, Anuradhapura;
T Mahamooth, Jaffna; A M Fernando, M DS
Wijanayaka, KE W Jayatilaka, Colombo ; Messrs.
Fernando and Wijanayaka go out shortly—one to
Kurunegala and the other to Ratnapura—for work
in the North-Western and Savaragamuwa Pro-
vinees: In this way the Central, Northern, and
North-Central Provinces have been provided
with assistance, and shortly the North-Western
and Sabaragamuwa Provinces will be provided, and
the others in turn. The inspectors work in the
Provinces under the direct orders of the Govern-
ment Agent, subject to my general control and
advice.

RETURN OF HORSES, CATTLE, AND SHEEP
IMPORTED DURING 1900.

Port. Horses. Cattle. Sheep and
Goats.
Colombo ite 534 26,535 96,329
Mannar aie — 5 3
Jaffna i 15 3,793 5,865
' Galle bie — — —
Trincomalee a _— — 61

GOVERNMENT DAIRY.

Daily visitsare usually paid whenin Colombo. The
health of the stock has been excellent during the
year. There hasonly been two deaths—one cow
and one calf—out of a total of 114 cows and 79
calves and seven bulls, a total of 200 cattle. In
November and December a disease appeared
amongst the larger calves; there were fourteen
cases, and all recovered. The disease is specially
referred to later on in this report. When I first
came out I found the yearly losses of calves was
very great, and there were a number of very weak
calves on hand. ‘Thirty-four died during my first
year. Since then there has been very few losses,
which shows, I think, that the changes suggested
in their management and the preventive measures
adopted have met with some success.

IMPROVEMENT OF NATIVE CATTLE.

Some time ago the question of the improvement
of the native cattle by the importation of stud bulls
from India was under consideration by Govern-
ment, and [ drew up regulations for their manage-
ment andservice. On going into the question
thoroughly it was found rather impracticable, and
IT suggested the sale of anumber of calves from the
Government Dairy in each Province in turn. This
was not very successful, as it was found that the
calves made more money in Colombo, and princi-
pally native estate owners purchased them at the
dairy sales and sent them out to their estates in
the country. This plan, however, did not reach
the small village owner, who could not afford to
buy expensive calves, and I suggested that six of
the best bull-calves bred at the Government Dairy
should be specially selected and retained each year
for distribution to the different Provinces, being
sent as applied for by the Government Agents.
This was sanctioned, and is being carried out
successfully, I believe, so far. Six have gone to the
Northern Province and two bulls are on Irana-
tivu island where the native owners have got rid
of all their native bulls and are breeding from them
only. During the year three have been sent to

tatnapura, two to Kegalla, and one Anuradhapura:
Beyond atew Eurcpean and native estate owners,
there is no real attempt at breeding good cattlein
Ceylon. Indeed, it would be pretty difficult to im-
‘prove the breed by importing good bulls unless

AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 2, 1901.

good pasture is provided, and I do not yet know of
any pasture lands worth the name, although I be-
lieve they could be made under good management,
Under proper care and good feeding the native
bull is a strong, capable little fellow, well adapted
for the work which his owner requires of him; and
he would be considerably bigger and stronger and
better in every way if taken careof when young,
There is any amount of fresh blood being brought
into the Island year by year from Great
Britain, India, and Australia, principally by
planters, which should give to the native cattle
all the fresh blood necessary for their improve-
ment, besides the calves bred at the Government
Diary, of which an average of thirty to forty
are sold every year. I once asked in a village if
they would like agood stud bull sent to their
district. The spokesman of the group, an old man,
said ‘* No, they did not want one, because if they
bred better stock they would want more feeding,
and they could not afford that, as they could
hardly get rice themselves ; their own cattle kept
themselves mostly and required very little feeding.
My adviceto most cattle owners here is, Keep
fewer cattle and feed them better; breed only
from the best, andthe cattle will improve. Take
an average estate where cattle disease breaks
out, and whatis found? [I generally find three or
four hundred cattle keptsolely for the purpose of
manuring coconut trees; they are tied in groups
round each tree in turn and manage to exist upon
the poor and scanty herbage afforded ; no food is
given ; the animals are lean and hungry ; a newly-
calved cow has not sufficient milk to raise her
calf. What is the use of putting a good bull on
the place unaer circumstances like this unless
there is better management to follow, and unless
there is some demand for good stock when reared?
With a meat-eating population this would soon
change and good fat stock would be produced to
meet the demand for food. It must be understood
that these remarks are general.

—_—_—_—___—_

RUBBER FROM a MEXICAN PLANTATION.

The San Francisco NVews Letter, in its issue of June
15, 1901, said :—‘‘ La Zacualpa Rubber Plantation Co.,
on June 1, brought to this city 1050 pounds of clean,
crude rubber. ‘This is the first shipment of this year’s
crop, the largest single shipment received at this port,
and the first from a cultivated’plantation. The ship-
ment is on exhibition this week at the plantation’s
general offices, Nos. 703-4, Claus Spreckel’s building.
“This exhibit is of interest, as it enables the Zacualpa
company to declare itself the only company in the
United States which has produved rubber to show to
its investors. The Zacualpa company is shipping to
London 30,000 pounds of rubber yearly, but the
Bowers Rubber Co., which bought up the present
shipment, is competing strongly with other local firms
for more. This rubber is so pure as to delight the
hearts of dealers. The Zacualpa company now has a
plantation of 725,000 rubber trees. Their plantation
is situated on the Pacific coast within the department
of Soconusco, Mexico. Mr. J W Butier is president
and managing director, and Mr. H Noel sccretary.
The economical management of the company, together
with its superior product, makes it a gilt-edged pro-
position for investors,” —India Rubber World, July 1.

A ‘*‘CORNER” IN OPIUM.

WEATHER AIDS THE SMART
SPECULATORS.

Even opium has not evaded the commercial

octopus of America. English opium-eaters are now

threatened with a corner in their favourite drug,

AMERICAN

THE TROPICAL,

for American speculators have bought up the
available supply, and prices are already on the
rise. London opium importers have received ad-
vices from Smyrna, saying that rain has hurt the
Turkish crop grvatly and that, before the destruc-
tive storms, American brokers bougbt 79,400lb,
of opium, thus securing the visible supply. The
highest grade of the drug is grown in furkey,
and England usually takes about half-a-million
pounds. Owing to the damage to the new crop
the Americans can ask their own rates, and already
prices have gone up 9d. a pound in London, with
every prospect of a much greater advance. A
leading opium importer said recently that the
Americans had acted very cleverly in cornering
opium. Only a light crop was planted last year,
and this fact, coupled with the weather, increased
the certainty of a shortage. Usually there is too
much opium for it to be cornered, but this year
conditions favour the Yankees.—Ezpress, July 25.
SE SNE

TIMBER SLEEPERS. ON INDIAN
RAILWAYS.

The substitution of metal for wooden sleepers
in Indian Railway construction owes its origin not
merely to comparative life and cost of each article,
butas much to the important factor of supplies
in the past not being equal to demands. In the
early days India was dependent on Europe for her
creosoted Pine sleepers, a trade which is, we be-
lieve, now about extinct with the general adoption
of cast-iron and steel sleepers, and amore abun-
dant supply of Iodian timber sleepers, as well as
Jarrah sleepers from Australia. The Bengal
Timber Trading Company, Limited, Managing
Agents, Messrs. Jardine, Skinner and Company,
Caleutta, we would remind Railway and other
Administrations, are in a position to supply first-
class Sal, Jarrah and Teak sleepers, also Teak
and Pine timber, in all sizes and in large quanti-

7

ties, at favourable rates.—Raitlways, Aug. 7.
—_——_—___—.
CITRONELLA OIL,

BY ERNEST J. PARRY, B.SC., F.I.C.
Apart from general analysis of oil of citronella,
with a view to determining its purity, the great bulk
‘ef the oil on the London market is examined in order
that it may be certified as passing the so-called
‘‘ Schimmel’s test.” Pure oils of commerce give some-
what different results with this test, some being
quite soluble in 80-per cent alcohol, and ‘others,
although quite soluble in3 or 4 volumes of the alcohol,
become slightly turbid on addition of 10 volumes of
the solvent. Occasionally one has to decide as to what
constitutes ‘‘ slight turbidity” in this respect. In
general I find that the citronella oils (that is the pure
oils), with low sp. gr. are those which give a per-
fectly clear solution, whilst those witha high sp. gr.
often give a slight turbidity when the full 10 volumes
of alcohol are added. In cases where any possible
doubt can arise as to what is the limit that this
turbity may assume, without the oil failing to
pass the test, the use of alcohol of slightly higher
strength will be found of se vice. With pnre oils
the turbidity almost, if not quite, disappears when
the alcohol fis increased to 81-83 per vent, whilst, if
even very small quantities of petroleum are present,
there is practically no change by using alcchol up to
85-per-cent strength. It has been shown that the
high gravity oils usually contain more methy!-
eugenol than the low gravity samples ; but this would
not »ccount for the lower solubility in alcohol. It
is probable that this is due to the greater prepon-
derance of sesquiterpene in the high-gravity oils.—
Chenust and Diuggist, July 27,

~ Supr. 2, 1901.)

AGRICULTURIST, 199
WATERPROOF PAPER.

Quite a new preduct into which rubber enters as
an essential element is waterproof paper. This is now
sold in Manchester, and is largely used in the packin
of Manchester goods for abroad. It is a particularly
strong brown paper, made from wood pulp, two layers
of this being glued together by a solution of rubber of
the ordinary type. It is expected to be a great sue-
cess when it is better known, although, as it has only
been on the market a short time, it is too soon to
prophesy regarding its future popularity. The rubber
solution used in this manufacture is not employed in
the same manner as in calico-printing, for, whereas in
the latter case the rubber was expected to confer very
durable qualities, in the case of the paper it is not
aes to be of any Bervice after it has served its

urpose as a wrapper of goods.—IJndia I? Lr; :
Peay ete vraPB goods,—India Lubber Trades

_— Oo
MR. DAVID YULE ON THE TRA
INDUSTRY.

At the annual meeting of the Bank
Galeatea Me Poknle, the Chairman, an is
speech, referred to th é i :
pee 2 e tea industry as

Our tea gardens are still under a cloud, and the
large capital locked up gives hardly any return on
the average. I think, however, the cloud is
breaking up, for we find buyers of tea willing to
pay good prices for quality, although they decline
to give anything like covering rates for common
descriptions, It has often been pointed ont that
Indian gardens should endeavour to make their
manufacture distinct from the coarse and badly
made teas which are produced by Ceylon and
China. This is tar and away a better policy than
throwing a percentage of the bushes out of cultiva-
tion. Nature this year has come to our assistance
in reducing outturn, and our gardens are fully 20
per cent. behind last year. On the 15th of ‘this
month gardens will have made half their crop, but
as we are now having September weather in
August, there is not much hope of the deficit beine
made up and early cold weather being expected.
Such being the prospects of the crop, I consider
present prices too low, and unless garden pro-
prietors bestir themselves to get some advance in
values, they will find the balance of their profit
and loss accounts on the wrong side at the close
of the season. I am glad to say that at last there
1s some prospecs of planters working up a demand
for their produce among the millions of Indian
people, who so far have not enjoyed the
taste of the health-giving properties of the
fragrant cup. I say fragrant cup, for recently
I have made it my business to get samples of
tea sent to me from the bazaars in Caleutta and
other towns in India. The ssuff our native friends
know as tea would, I think, be called by you
slow death. The majority of the samples held a
visible percentage of shellac and mica Sweepings
and others were doctored with some pungent scent
apparently for the use of “ high tife.” The Com-
mission which has now been formed is the out-
come of a suggestion made by His Excellency
the Viceroy 1m the debate on the Assam Lalunr
Bill, and as you may havenoticedin the Bnglishiun
this morning, the practical effort now being made
has his greatest sympathy. This should be suffi-
cient to induce every .well-wisher of a struceling
Indian industry to say a good word for tea to the
peopie they are in touch with. I am quite sure
the Indian people will become a hardier and more

||

200 THE TROPICAL

thoughtful nation, if instead of drinking the
fiery juice of the palm and unboiled tank water
they drink pure Indian tea direct from the gardens.
The tea industry of India employs many thousand
Indian people, as well as hundreds of our own
countrymen; this is only one reason why it
deserves thesympatby and help of every thought-
ful person in the Eipire.
(lige gE

FIBRES AND RUBBER.

We are again indebted to our Paris cor-
respondent, M. Godefroy-Lebeuf, for a
chatty letter in respect of his Rubber
and Fibre experiences, given in our daily issne
and Tropical Agricultwmst. We may tell him
that, while many experiments in Fibre
extraction have been made in Ceylon,
none has resulted profitably. At the time
of coffee depression, Mr. Chas Shand im-
provised a machine and tried all the local
fibres available, and got the best results from
Sanseviera -Zeylanica which grows freely in
Colombo gardens; but the margin, even in
this case, was too narrow to allow of
any profit. Later experiments, by a Colombo
Syndicate of practical men, were made to
give a full trial of locally-grown aloes in a
machine strongly recommended by a Natal
patentee, and which was fitted up at the
Colombo Iron Works, supplies of aloe
branches being brought down free by rail-
way; but the result was not satisfactory
and there was an appreciable loss to the
pockets of the gentlemen concerned. And
yet Ceylon might well be said to be a paradise
for the growth of fibrous plants; and Mauri-
tius keeps upa steady export of aloe fibre
as much as R700,000 worth being shipped
in one year.

ae

THE LAKE FLY NUISANCE.

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

‘¢ My visit to Colombo extended from Tuesday,
July 30th, to Friday, August 2nd, during which
time I studied the life history of the ‘‘ Lake Fly”
and madethe following observations. The insect
proves to be a species of Chironomus, one of the
aquatic flies, the early stages being passed in the
water of the Colombo Lake.” Then follows a
scientific description of the insect. The conclud-
ing part of the report we quote as follows ;:--

SUGGESTIONS FOR REMEDIAL MEASURES,

In dealing with this pest we are fortunate in
having a nearly complete knowledge of the life his-
tory of the insect, and it will be possible to attack
it at each of the principal stages of its existence.

The eggs, as noticed above, are laid in the water,
anchored to some solid substance which will retain
them at the surface, ensuring them the amount of
light and air necessary for their development. As
this part of the lake is kept free from floating weeds
by a system of contracts, it follows that the deposi-
tion of the eggs must be confined to the margins
of the water. The removal and destruction of all
floating rubbish and herbage growing in the water
at the margins of the lake will ensure the des-
truction of an enormous number of eggs. This will
not prevent the subsequent deposition of fresh
batches of eggs on the bank. But, from my ob-
servation that floating sticks form a favorite point of
attachment for the egg-masses, I think it would be
poasible to trap the bulk of the eggs by laying down,

AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 2, 1901.

in the water along the margins, bamboos lightly
covered with brushwood. The eggs would be deposited
on these during the night. The following morning
the bamboos should be lifted out and left on the
bank to dry. The heat and drying action of the sun
would kill any eggs deposited on these traps. The
bamboos would be returned to the water each after-
noon at about 5 o’clock, To reduce the available
breeding places, thesmaller unoccupied islets mizht
be removed.

The larve, living on the surface of the mud and
being independent of gaseous air, would be unaffected
by any application of kerosene to thesurface of the
water. The restriction of the eggs to the margins of
the lake fixes a limit to the feeding grounds of the
larve, it isimprobable that they would wander very
far from their native spot. A zone of some ten
yards from the bank, all round the lake, would prac-
tically cover the sphere of action of the larve. The
removal of the mud, to a depth of only six inches,
along this marginal zone, will effectually destroy the
myriads of Jlarvze now breeding there. A shallow
dredging, repeated twice or thrice during the year,
will be much more effective than deeper dredging at
longer intervals. It will be necessary to remove the
oozy surface mud only. The larve will not thrive
in the firmer gravelly or sandy mud. The insects
inhabiting, as they do, merely the surface layer of
the mud, it may be necessary to contrive some modi-
fication of the ordinary method of dredging to prevent
the dispersai of this superficial layer during the opera-
tion. Possibly some form of hand dredging might
be employed. I am confident that a judicious system
of dredging, on the lines here suggested, will prac-
tically remove the nuisance or, ai any rate, very
greatly mitigate it.

The greater number of the pupz would be des-
troyed by the same measures that have been sug-
gested for the removal of the larvae. But in this
stage the insect is also vulnerable at a different
point, namely at the time when it rises to the sur-
face of the water preparatory to the liberation of the
fly. A film of kerosene on the water at this time
would kill any of the pup# with which it came in
contact, and would certainly prevent the successful
emergence of any flies. If it is decided to give this
plan a trial, the application should be made in the
evening, shortly before dusk. The simplest and most
effective way of applying the oil would be by trailing
a rope, covered with rags or tow soaked in kerosene,
along the surface, the ends of the rope being at
tached to two boats which would be rowed along the
margins of the lake at a suitable distance from each
other. The rope should be periodically recharged
with oil.

The adult flies are notoriously attracted by light
and might, perhaps, be trapped by bonfires or lighted
chulahs placed along the edge of the lake. But I
am of opinion that this measure would not really
repay the cost, An enormous number of flies might,
however, be slaughtered on Dhobies’ Island and at
other places where they are known to rest during the
day, by spraying the grass witha mixture of kerosene

-and water.

I am most sanguine of profitable results from the
employment of the system of dredging suggested

above.
EH. ERNEST GREEN,
Government Entomologist.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, 10th August,
1901.
a)

Tue DrarF HrEAR.—No. 479 of the Illustrated
World of 626, Chiswick High Road, London, W.,
England, contains a description of a Remarkable
Cure for Deafness and Head Noises which may
be carried out at the patient’s home, and which
is said to be a certain cure. This number will
be sent: free to any deaf persons sending their
address to the Editor.

Sept. 2, 1901.]

NEW PRODUCTS :

SUNFLOWER AND CASTOR OIL,

THERE is no end to the revivals of so-
called ‘‘new products” in this island. It
would be a great saving of time and patience
if newcomers inclined to publish their
views on such subjects could make them-
selves acquainted with what has already
been written and done in the columns of
the Ceylon press and even in the annals
of the Planters’ Association in past years.
There is scarcely any possible product for
local exploiting, about which much practical
information, with a bearing on Ceylon con-
ditions, cannot be found in the past volumes
of the Tropical Agricultwrist. We see that
at present there isa good deal of discussion
in regard to the sunflower and castor oil
plants. How often, and from how many dif-
ferent points of view, have both products
been discussed in past years! In 1889, a
Colombo Firm made known its readiness
to take as many as 400 gallons of castor oil
a month, but without result. Possibly,
inattention to this offer at the time was
due to the difficulty attending the ex-
traction of the oil; hut, on the other hand,
there can be little doubt that soils in Ceylon,
as a rule, are too poor to yield, for long,
profitable crops of oil-yielding seeds such as
appertain to the sunflower and castor-oil
plants. The former especially requires good
soil and it is a question whether it would
not, in situations suitable toit, be more profit-
able to grow cacao. On the other hand, there
are districts in the island where the castor
oil plant has been found growing like a
weed. What would suit the native and
even the planter best would be to gather
the seed and forward it to Colombo for the
extraction of the oil, if the cost of carriage
were not prohibitory ? A practical Engineer,
writing to our contemporary, says that
hydraulic plant to extract oil would cost
£500 to £600. Would it not be more
economical for a suitable ‘‘ plant” to be
established in Colombo or in some central
spot upcountry—say on Katugastota estate
—to which the cultivators could send and
sell their crops of seed? Individual planters
could scarcely fate an experiment of this
kind; tut a Firm, with an Engineer who
knows all about it, might well do so, and
if a-suitable Oil Mill were found successful
North of Kandy, we would recommend
another to be fitted up in Uva; for, it was
in Walapane that ‘‘the castor-oil plant was
reported to grow as a weed.” Perhaps, however,
the best way to make experiments in regard to oil-
seed, as well as fibre extraction, would be to
.establish suitable machinery on the Government
Farm at Gangaroowa, the result being given in
periodical circulars for the information of the
planting and native community.

ee A

CoLOMBIA.—The Board of Trade have now
received Decrees dealing with these matters,
dated April 30th, and May lst, 1901, respectively,

“that export duties are to be levied in gold as
follows : India-rubber, 100lb. 0 pes. 60 cts, 255d,—
india-Rubber Trades Journal, July 22,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 901

INDIAN 'TEA ASSOCIATION,

Royal Exchange Building, Caleutta, July 30.

Present :—Mr HS Ashton (CHAIRMAN), Mr A
Tocher (VICE CHAIRMAN), Messrs H W Boyd, W
Brown, D A Campbell, R H A Gresson, A C Law-
rie,and R Magor. MrR RToynbee was absent
from Calcutta.

GREEN TEA MANUFACTURE.

Letters dated 5th and 12th July, from the
Secretary, Indian Tea Association, London,
were brought up for final consideration and dis-
posal. The principal question raised in these let-
ters had reference to the bounty to te granted to
Companies and Proprietors manufacturing green
teas suitable for the American market. With his
letter dated 23rd May, Mr. Tye had sent a state-
ment of the views of Mr. W Mackenzie, the India
and Ceylon Commissioner in America, upon this
question. This statement was summarised in the
proceedings of the General Committee meeting
held on 18th June, In the letter dated 12th July
Mr. Tye stated, in reply to enquiries made by the
Committee, that the opinion had been expressed
in London that ‘ green’ tea of the Ceylon type
would no doubt in the long run take the place to
some extent of the green tea now used in America.
But the manufacture of a pure green tea resembl-
ing the Japan type, but without any mineral
facing, would be more likely to find a ready
market. It was also suggested by the London
Committee that « Sub-Committee should be
appointed in Calentta to deal specially with
the production and shipment of green teas,
After discussion it was decided to appoint a Sub-
Committee as suggested. The Vice-Chairman
consented to serve uponit; and Mr L C Baines
(Messrs, Moran & Co.) and Mr H B Yuille (Messrs
Balmer, Lawrie & Co.) were to be invited to
act. The Sub-Committee were to be asked to
consider and to report upon the feasibility of
inducing growers to manufacture green teas of
similar quality; and of making arrangements
whereby such teas might be bulked in Calcutta,
the object being toensure greater uniformity and
to enable orders to be duplicated without diffi.
culty.

3. Considered letters dated 16th and 24th July,
from the Honorary Secretary, Central Travancore
Planters’ Association, respectirg the proposal that
steps should be taken to induce the Colonial
Authorities
TO ABOLISH THE IMPORT DUTY LEVIED IN CEYLON
upon Indian Tea. Reference was made to this
proposal in the proceedings of the last meeting.
It was there recorded that the Committee had
decided to ask the Planters’ Association for further
information with regard to a statement made by
their Honorary Secretary that there would be
no objection to an ad valorem duty of §
per cent being levied in Ceylon as in India.
In replying to these enquiries the Honorary Se-
cretary of the Planters’ Association had stated
that the members of that Association were quite
agreeable to the suggestion that Government
should be asked to move for the abolition of
the Ceylon duty. The Committee understood
that the question generally had been considered
at the Annual Meeting of the Assam Branch,
which was held on the 20th July. They decided
to await the report of the proceedings of that
meeting before addressing the Government of

India.
H.S. ASHTON, Chairman.
H. M. HAYWOOD, Assistant Secretary,

202 THE TROPICAL

THEH BOMBAY BOTANICAL SURVEY.

THE HXPERIMENT WITH SISAL HEMP,
COLLECTING FOR MR. WILLIS.

The report of Mr. G A Gammie, F.L.S.,
officer in charge of the Botanical Survey,
Bombay Presidency, for 1900-1901, includes the
following :—

Mr. Bhide, the Herbarium keeper, com-
pleted a tour from Poona to Nagothna. He
found many interesting plants, but his pur-
pose was more especially to collect good
material of Podostemon hookerianus and other
species on behalf of Mr. J C Willis, the
Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Pera-
deniya, Ceylon, who is making a special study
of the order Podostemonacew. Mr. Willis,
during his visit to the Bombay Presidency
in search of these plants, was good enough
to give us valuable information and identi-
fications of the materials in this herbarium.
During the tours special attention was de-
voted to obscure plants, and many—esvecia!ly
Orchids—were brought back alive to Poona
so that My. Bhide could figure them at leisure
as they came into flower.

Haperimental culture of Sisal Hemp.—'The
station at Nandgaon was fully planted out
during the early part of the rains, and the
plants under observaticn there now number
2,000. The plants were in a flourishing con-
dition at the time of my visit, and there is
a certainty of the plantation ultimately pxro-
‘ving a success. Twenty-one thousand young
plants and bulbils were distributed to various
applicants and a large number have been
promised for this season to the Divisional
Forest Officer at Nasik. As the area at my
disposal is so circumscribed and as sisai culture
has become established in several parts of
India, this department may now restrict itself
to the growth of plants solely for distribution.
During the year ten plants flowered and pro-
duced bulbils which were gathered and planted.
—Madras Mail.

———

THE NEW ' MANURE.

Mr. John Hughes writes by last mail :—

Basie superphosphate is taking very well. At the
Highland Show at Inverness I was told by the
head partner of Messrs, Cunningham & Co. ot Leith
that they, as the Scotch representatives of the
Syndicate, were doing very well and had sold over
400 tons already in Scotland. It will be adver-
sed meat year when we have collected the results
of numerous field experiments,

COCONUT DISTPICT: N.W.P.,
Marawila, Aug. 17th.

While the western and central parts of the
island are suffering from too much rain, we are
passing through rather a

SEVERE DROUGHT.
For over a month we have had no rain, and
whavever moisture there happens to be on the
surface soil is licked up bya dry, scorching wind
that prevails, Rain is very much wanted in these
parts. The two biggest
CROPS
of the year are generally harvested between May
and August, This year the current crops are said

AGRICULTURIST. . [Supr. 2, 190i.

to be very short everywhere. This ought still
further to raise the price of copra, for which the
demand is as keen as ever it was during this year.
A native estate owner is reported to have erected

A FIBRE MILL ‘a

on his estate at Kirimetiyana, and to be erectiog
a desiccating mill. With one mil! at Lunuville,
one at Horrekelle, and one in prospect between
the two, we cannot be said to be badly served
as regards the sources of demand for our nuts.
The more mills the merrier, say estate owners.
In time there will be no such articles of commerce
as Madampe, Marawila and estate copra. It is
with extreme regret that the whole district of
Chilaw has heard of

THE REMOVAL OF MR FRASER

while it cannot withhold trom him congratulations
on his well-deserved promotion. If he had been
permitted to remain two years longer here, those
who had been acquainted with the town and the
district would hardly have beer able to recognise
it. The Civil Service has uot another more geutle-
manly, courteous, hard-working and whole-hearted
member than Mr Fraser. His subordinates, from

the highest to the lowest, affirm that they
seldom worked harder and more cheerfully
than with Mr Fraser, It was a pleasure to

work with a superior who worked hard himself
and who was the soul of courtesy. 1 have just
seen in the papers that Chilaw is intending to give

Mr Fraser « send-off.” It is an honour that
was not accorded his five predecessors since I
have been in the district. That reminds me how

badly Chil.w is being treated. It has had six
Assistant Government Agents during the 5 years
I have veen in the district !

PLANTING NOTES.

THE OKAPI.—‘‘ Nature” records the fact that
Sir Harry Johnston’s okapi has now been mounted
for the Natural History Museum, and will be
exhibited at first in the North Hall. It is said
it presents a considerable resemblance in form to
a small, short-limbed and short-necked girafie,
although furnished with the large ears characteristic
of all forest-dwelling animals, and with an
absolutely peculiar type of coloration. No such
important discovery has occurred since the giant
panda “(diluropus) was made known to the
scientific world in the sixties of the last century.
—Globe, July 26.

AGRICULTURAL PRIZES IN ITALY.—The Federa-
tion of the Agricultural Unions of Italy, together
with the Agricultural Unions of Padua and
Florence, has opened an International Prize Com-
petition for the sum of 1,000 franes in gold, to be
awarded to the person who discovers and makes
public the best method for obtaining exact and
constant results in the determination of the fines
ness of the flowers of sulphur and of mixtures
of sulphur and copper sulphate, to be used for
combating diseases of plants. Competitors must
send in their papers in a sealed envelope to the
Head-ottice of the Federation (Ufficio direttivo
della Federazione italiana dei Consorzi agrari,
Piacenza, Italy), before March 1st, 1902. The
papers will be examined by a special Commission
to be named by the ‘Reale Academia des
Lincei, Rome,” whose decision will be without

appeal.— Journab of the kewety of Arts, Jnly 5.

\

Sept. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

Gorrespondence.

eae eee

To the Eattor.
MR. COOKE’S RESERVE THEA SCHEME:
A REPLY TO, ‘ PATIENCE.”
August 3rd.

DEAR Sir,—A clergyman’s wife once heard her
husband using very strong language; he was out of
sight behind a hedge, and she called to him
“Patience, dear John; Patience,” andhehowled back
“ Would you have patience with your foot in a
man-trap ?”

It does not remain for me to say why simple
reduction would be fatal. Many Brokers and
writers on tea say that any deficiency of supply
from ourselves or even an excessive rise in prices
of our teas would drive the Blenders to take China
and Japan Tea,

In order tbat prices can be forced up, we have
to limit the supply to our present markets to the
actual requirements of our Buyers, that is to say,
leaving them only a fair margin of: profit between
purchase and sale price, a certain addition to prices
can be made to the customer without reducing
consumption.

If we can manage to get ahalf-penny out of
the consumer, and the average price of tea is 18
pence—this half-penny is 1-36th of the price of the
tea; it cannot be expected that by raising the price
1-36th the same proportion of reduced con-
sumption will necessarily be made. My idea is
that by regulating supplies we shall be able to get
one penny out of the buyers and dealers without
reducing their profits too much, and a further
half-penny or quarter-penny out of the consumers
without reducing the consumption to any marked
egree.

ae long as wecan keep within these limits no
China tea will be imported to fill up the vacuum.

The reduction scheme proposed to leave the
leaf on the bushes, and if this were actually
done where would the swpply for new markets be
obtained ?

My scheme permits of a supply for this purpose,
but the cost of manufacture has to be considered,
and this would be obtained from a Cess of two pies
per pound,

The grower having paid two pies on his whole
crop would be that amount out of pocket,
unless his action resulted in raising prices by
two pies.

Then he would have paid two and a halt annas
for making the reserved tea, but, as this would
be paid for out of the Cess, he would be repaid
out of his own money, and would still be two
pies per pound out of pocket. But when the re-
serve tea had been sold and two anda half annas
refunded to him he would be exactly in the
same position as regards expenditure of money,
as ifhe had allowed the leaf to stay on the bushes.
“Patience” says that [ Lave made no suggestion
fo stimulating demand. If I have not, I will
now say that it stands to reason that good
average tea, placed in the hands of new dealers,
is more likely to create a rapid demand than
aro present system.

The buyers reserve all our good tea for stimu-
lting the demand of their customers ; they are
ontinually able to give better quality for the
ame price; but they send only scourings (tea
hey gone want) to new markets,

we

AGRICULTURIST. 203

fT argue that average Indian tea put into circu-
lation on the outskirts of our present demand
will prove of better effect than offscourings
offered at « higher price. We can if necessary
put this good tea into new hands at cost price,
nob the total cost price, including all expen-
diture, but merely at the cost of making it.
New markets are fed on skim milk, the cream
being extracted by our buyers. I propose that
we send the fresh milk (which ineludes the cream)
direct to those who do not handle our teas.

I do not propose to ‘“‘dump” our reserve tea
on to new markets ; that would be fatal, and it
would simply return to our present buyers, but
by creating a fund (a 2-pie Cess) of sufficient
magnitude we shall be able to place our reserve
tea with all necessary precautions that it shall
mot return, but stay and create a demand.

A Cess of three pies or four pies would do better,
because those who refuse tosupply tea would con-
tribute more towards the general expenditure.
I do not propose to reserve tea and hold it for
a rise in prices. Having reserved the tea and
been paid for it out of the Cess, each estate would
keep the tea for the Association and send it when
wanted, This would prevent the necessity of
having an enormous storehouse. The agents of
the ‘‘Cess Scheme” would wire for supplies to
Caleutta and then whatever quantity was wanted
would be collected, bulked, &¢., and despatched to
the agents. ‘‘ Patience” says that neither growers
nor Government will accept a compulsory Cess,
Government will certainly agree if we can show
that this course of action will allow of the ex:
pansion of the tea industry. Germany would
subsidise the industry and so make all the inhabi-
tants subscribe. We are content to force ald tea
owners to subscribe.

Indian and Ceylon owners offered to reduce, @.¢.
to wipe out 14 million pounds, which, taken at
five annas per pound, comes to over 43 lakhs of
rupees. Why should they refuse to pay a Cess
which would cost them less than 4 that amount ?
Taken at 10 per cent, 14 millions show a pro-
duction of 140 millions—that is to say the makers
of 140 millions offered to pay 43 lakhs without
much hope of return and a two-pie Cess on 140
millions would cost them about 145 lakhs only,
and I have shown that this would be repaid by
the sale of the tea itself. 1 would point out
also that the greater part of the owners, who
promised to reduce quantity, were getting paying
prices and they must have made the promise
either because they want better prices, or fear
that they may get worse. In my opinion the
raising of prices is the last and lowest object in
view. I myself am getting a price that pays,
but I want to increase my yield so that the same
prices shall pay more profit, Seeing the neces-
sity for expansion, I have gone far beyond all
other ‘‘schemers” and proposed a Cess of twa
pies per pound added on to the reduction schemes

Aun:
THE PROPOSED GREEN TEA

SYNDICATE.

1TS ADVANTAGES SHOWN BY THE ORIGINAL
MAKER OF GREEN TEA IN CEYLON.
Travancore, August 9th.
Sir,—With interest I have read in your issue of
3rd inst, your leader, and also Mr. Ryan’s interest-
ing letter on the subject of the proposed ‘ Green
Tea Syndicate.”

204 THE TROPICAL

This Syndicate is undoubtedly a step in the right
direction and I only wish such a scheme were as
feasible in this country as it certainly is in Ceylon.
In addition to other advantages as pointed out by
Mr. Rosling and Mr. Ryan, such as uniformity of
invoices, and ability to book repeat orders, two
of the greatest difficulties this young trade has
had to contend with can be by its means overcome
successfully, viz :—

1. It is a matter of common notoriety that
must London tea firms, if not openly, then
secretly, are against the expansion of the green
tea industry, which will undoubtedly deflect tea
from their hands, for, however bad prices may
rule for black tea in London, however bad prospects
may be for proprietors or for shareholders, still a
a certain amount of ‘sugar’ in the shape of
commissions on sales, return commissions on
freights and often interest on Warehouse and
Dock Companies charges, will stick to the fingers
of the London merchant so long asthe tea enters
that port. Not that this isnot right and reason-
able from his point of view, but the Planters’
Association exists for the very purpose of upholding
planting interests before any other and by its
members forming a Green Tea syndicate or Guild
the first difficulty, that of finance, will be over-
come. At present the private proprietor in most
cases finds great difficulty in drawing against
green teas or in any way financing himself save
and except by a forced sale in Colombo ; but,
Sir, I take it that a Syndicate or Guild run
under the auspices of the Ceylon Planters’ Associa-
tion (blending its own teas in Colombo to uniform
standards under the instructions of some well
recognised green tea expert such as Mr. F. Street)
would have no difficulty in drawing on America
or Canada suffiicently to enable all members of
the ‘Guild’ to receive at least the cost of pro-
duction, say 25 cents, against the tea on its arrival
in Colombo. And this facility would, I believe,
give an impetus to the industry of green tea
manufacture.

2. The other great drawback totheindustry has
been the difficulty of disposing of good fannings and
clean tea dust—except at a loss—becanse the Cana-
dian and American markets will have none of it in
that shape, and we have not the green-tea-drinking

population as in China and Japan to consume it.
To suit, then, the tastes of our American and
Canadian purchasers, we must eliminate all

fannings and dust, which means in practice about’

15 per cent and 1 per cent of our manufacture,
if thoroughly done,and by this means get a
good name in the above markets, where whole
leaf teas only are of any use. (I would mention
here that I have had some samples of Ceylon
green teas sent me by Messrs. Moran & Co.,
Caleutta, which hae fetehed poor prices in America
and that these teas, though drawing good liquor
and having good flavour, were simply ruined by
a proportion of fannings being mixed in with
each grade, no doubt to get over the above-men-
tioned difficulty).

I submit, Sir, that with a “Syndicate” it will
not cnly be feasible, but urgently advisable, to
procure for the Syndicate’s use the very best
Hydraulic Compressing Machine that money can
buy (probably it will be good policy to purchase it
in America) and thea deal with thes 15 per cent
of tea, moulding it into slabs of, say, 8 oz. again
divided into J oz. divisions, easily detachable by
breaking with the hand ws is done with many

7

AGRICULTURIST. [Sepr. 2, 1901.

brandsof chocolate, The slabs might be covered wit _
silver paper and stamped ‘‘Pure Ceylon Compresse

Tea” on the wrappers, the usual advertising matter
stating also that the purity and good quality is
guaranteed by the C. P. A., who employ an ex-
pert to pass the teas and that this method of
preparation is introduced to save bulk in carriage
and for the special convenieuce of travellers and
military camps, All experts in green tea are
aware that, given the teas are well-made,
these neglected qualities draw a good liquor and
have an excellent flavour and itis solely the
appearance that is against them. Wellthen witha
Syndicate it is at once possible to say ‘*Vanish”
fannings, ‘‘ appear” ‘‘ Ceylon Compressed Green
Tea,” which latter, if carefully made and well-
advertised, willsoon become a very saleable article;
or I am much mistaken. The Hydraulic Press
is, 1 know, expensive as I made enquiries years
ago, but what was prohibitive to a _ private
individual, with no one backing up his experi-
ments, becomes easy of purchase and certsin of
success when in the hands of that powerful body
the C. P. A. <Apologising for the length of this
letter, which I hope may be of some encourage-
inent to the successful expansion of the Green
Tea Enterprise. which was started by myself and
in which, though exiled, I take a great interest,
—I am, Sir, yours faithfully,

H. DRUMMOND DEANE.

THE TEA RESERVE SCHEME.

August 10th.
DEAR Si1R,—Your weekly Observer of August Ist
to hand today. Iwas going throughit as usual
without much hope of improvement in our prospects,
till I suddenly came on your leader of July 29th
about
THE IMPORTANT COMBINE.

My scheme proposed a sum of 20 lakhs, gathered
from the entire body of Indian Owners and is five
times more than proposed by the Association, but
you tell us of one million pounds sterling!!!
capital of 150 lakhs of rupees!! 74 times more
than I proposed!! andit is to be gathered from
a combination of Importers. There is*some dis-
crepancy in the rumour because 750,UG0 acres
at 15 x 5=20 shillings per acre does not amount
to one million pounds. Besides that the area to
be brought into line must incluce half of Ceylon
also. If we take 240 1b, of tea per acre for 750
thousand acres it comes to 180 million Jb., about
the total yield of India, and if it was intended
that India only was to join the scheme it
would have been stated definitely. The scheme
seems even more complicated than mine, because
the owners would have to decide the value of
each class of tea separately, aud then buy in any
particular sorf which failed to fetch their valu-
ation. My scheme was intended to rest on the
average price of all Indian tea and to allow
Producers to find out whether they could make
tea at that average price.

I do not want to run down the new scheme.
It is an excellent one, andI proposed it myself
some years ago, but I think that the strongest
point in my scheme is “the Cess,” a cireum-
stance, a condition, which will force all owners
to join in supporting their mutual interests.
The other scheme would be apt to fall to piece
and leave us worse off than before, but a Ces,
would last for a definite period, When all owners

e

Seer. 2)-1901.| ~ THE TROPICAL

are forced to pay the Cess they will interest
themselves in the spending of it. You may not
have noticed the intimate connection between
private tea sales and the Importers’ Combine,
but when the importers refuse tea to the general
bayer they will get higher prices at the private
tea sales; we understand that some of the buyers
want to pay more, and the Importers will let
them have their way even at the cost of secrecy.
The rumour of this Great Combine, although not
absolutely correct, has probably a good founda-
tion. Divide the figures by half—£500,000 and
600,000 acres at £1 per acre, there would be
money and that is the prime factor to success. The
20 lakhs of my scheme is really all f£ want to
see accomplished, but I could not go on repeating
this short sentence. I had to concoct a decent
scheme for the use of it. I would warn Tea
ewners, however, that, if they allow any combine
of the sort indicated, those left out will sooner
or later be left in the lurch. The combined
importers will be able to crush competition
amongst buyers, and our fondest hope is that we
sill be able to stimulate competition for our Tea.

On July 3l1st, in your notes you say that Ceylon
and India are still far from sufficiently united to
run together in the complicated working of the
plan I proposed in your columns. IfI did advise
anything complicated and objectionable I with-
draw it, aud shall expect your full support for
the following of a 20-lakh Cess for India and a cor-
responding amount for Ceylon. A promise on the
part of Proprietors to withdraw their surplus from
London and to place it in Caleutta or Colombo,
anil when there is a surplus there, to place it
on apy terms, (the best they can procure)—on
foreign markets with sufficient precautions that
it shall not return to Calcutta, Colombo or
London. There is certainly no use in going into
further details, which can only be decided by
those who will be putin charge of our affairs.

On July 29th, in the letter from your London
correspondent, he refers to a recent letter for
‘‘Regulating Tea sales by a general Syndicate of
Proprietors who should feed the market in exact
proportion to its requirements &c., &c.” I regret
that I lave missed that letter, unless he refers
to my own scheme!! I think it is time to warn
all concerned that it is necéssary for them to
join in combined action if they would save their
estates. The amalgamation of a few gardens
renders them stronger, and lessens the chances
ot those not amalgamated (excepting of course
the great concerns), The amalgamation of large
Companies will be infinitely more serious ; they
“will be able to enforce the rule of the survival of
the fittest. So that, whatever combine is contem-
plated, it is urgent for each Proprietor that he
should insist on belonging to it.

Times are moving, Mr. Editor, and it is to le
hoped that you will add all your weight to the
movement. Please cease to doubt that Ceylon and
“India will combine ; if you say they will do so
and they do not do so, it cannot injure your re-
putation. If you will only pick out the slightest
symptoms of mutual agreement and enlarge on
if, it will do an infinity of good to the cause. At
present we are ready to combine or fight if only
our Jeaders will say which it is to be. Your
Ceylon Planters come to India, and promptly ‘go
tor” Ceylon on the question of over-production.
“Some of the big Companies own estates in both

AGRICULTURIST. 205

countries, and they would surely like to further
any chance of agreement and combination. A
Cess of 20 lakhs and 14 lakhs from both would
do much more good than 20 from India and four
from Ceylon. India has robbed Ceylon to three-
fourths of the benefit of its Cess, because it had
no Cess at all. Ceylon poured tea into foreign
markets, but what was the use of it? India
poured more into London and prevented a risein
prices. I think that I havealready pointed out
that there will be a struggle for the extra 2d
duty when it is remitted. Our united crop is
worth over two million pounds at 2d per pound;
surely that is worth having, and shall we get
it unless we are combined ? Can you propose any
scheme, other than the oneI have proposed, whieh
will enable us to prevent that two million pounds
passing into the hands of the buyers and con-
sumers ?

If we put all our tea in the market, why should
the buyers pay more than they now pay? The
customer will pay what he is now paying, and
when 2d duty is taken off, who will get it?
It can be given to the consumer in order to
stimulate consumption, but we ought to see that
it is not given too rapidly, t%e., not until con-
sumption has increased in proportion to the prices
reduced,

CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA,
Colombo, Aug. 20,

DEAR Sir,—To my mind nothing can justify
a continuance of the secret payments made
by the Ceylon Tea Commissioner to tea
firms whether in Canada or the States,
Take the case of a local merchant or exporter
who is also interested in estates. He is a
tea producer and contributes to the Cess,
He is a shipper and a seller in the States
and Canada; but the money he provides in
the Cess, is paid to the Commissioner who
hands it to this taxpayer’s competitors in
America, who are thus enabled to undersell
the Colombo grower-merchant there! There
are many in the above position, and we object
to money thus provided being paid away to
local detriment.

GROWER AND EXPORTER.

|We have never seen the condemnation of
the Ceylon Commissioner’s policy put so
neatly ina nutshell before. From the begin-
ning though, we have held that the Cess
money should have gone in advertising for the
benefit of all interested in selling our teas
and not in secret subsidies sure to provoke
jealousy and ill-will.—Ep. 7.A.]

ee LES a

THA EXPORTS TO AMERICA.
; Colombo, Aug. 20,

DEAR Sir,—Have you statistics by you
showing the total quantity of tea, imported
into the U. States and Canada in each of
the last five years from Ceylon, India, China
and Japan, each country separately ?

It would be an interesting statement.— Yours

truly
: MERCATOR.

206 THE TROPICAL

[We give the best information available
at the moment, as follows :—

Tea Exports to North America in lb.
From] 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900.
INDIA 5,258,773 5,668,244 5,971,701 8,487,443 6,958,370
CEYL’N 4,364,510 5,698,596 7,636,995 8,289,876 9,178,824
CHINA 30, 146,000* 57,000,0008 53,000,000§ 44,307,271+ 50,901,974+
JAPAN 62,064,000! 45,000,000§ 42,611,909 40,000,000§ 36,000,000§
India and Ceylon are given for the calendar
years; but the China and Japan ‘seasons’
end with April. The total imports into the
United States for years ending June 30th

are given as follows by the American
Grocer :—

1896... 93,340,248 Ib. 1899 72,834,816 Ib.
1897 ... 112,907,548 lb. 1900 84,843,491 lb.
1898 ... 67,697,295 lb.

To this must be added the imports into the
Canadian Dominion and Newfoundland,
about 25 million lb. a year. Altogether,
it is estimated North America requires
annually 28 to 30 million lb. of black teas
at present and 65 to 68 millions of green and
partly fermented teas. The Commissioner ”
has also declared that the duty of 10 cents
per ton lowered the consumption of tea in
the United States by nearly 25 million lb,
per annum !—Kp. 7.A.]

THE SPENDING OF THE TEA CESS
FUND AND THE CEYLON IMPORT
DUTY ON THA.

DEAR SrR,—I am sure all we planters are much
indebted to the Ceylon press for the keen in-
terest being -taken in matters that so closely
concern us in connection with the spending of
the Tea Cess Funds, especially as regards
America.

From 1894 to end of 1900, the total sum collected
by the Cess aggregates close on one-and a-half
million rupees.

Tt would be interesting and instructive, if the
“Thirty Committee ” were to issne a pamphlet,
to all who contribute to the Cess, showing roughly
how and where this sum has been spent, and
the results of such expenditure to end of 1900.
For example, ifsuch as the following information

were put clearly before all interested, it might:

result in the ‘‘ Thirty Committee” receiving
valuable suggestions for their future guidance:
such as:— ‘ ;
Summary of Tea Cess Expenditure with results
for year ;—
Country. Salary of Commis- | Sums spent by
sioner, &e. Do.

Total

Proportion of | 2
Expenditure.

General Ex-
penditure.

Increase during
year in lbs. Cey-
lon tea sold.

One such schedule for each year since the com-
mencement of the Cess, and one general schedule
showing the totals for the 7 years. Another sche-
dule for green tea would also be necessary.
Now that the Cess has béern in existence for
several years, there is something to go on, but
J, like a good many other planters, am not suffi-

* Hxcluding Formosa teas.

{Including Formosa.
{ Including Formosa. § About,

AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 2, 1901.

ciently well posted up in the Tea Fund figures to pass
any opinion on future expenditure, If the ‘‘ Thirty
Committee” were a little more liberal in distri-
Luting concise information to all, as regards ex-
penditure and vesults, good would I feel sure,
come of it.

There need be no occasion to publish full de-
tails of subsidies made by our Commissioner and
the Committee, although I, for one, doubt the
necessity for ‘‘secret payments.” The ‘Thirty
Committee” must judge whether such payments
have given results good enough to justify their
continuance.

The Committee is composed of the best men in
Ceylon, but they are likewise the busiest, and
capnot spare the time to go into details. So I
think they should appoint a managing Secretary,
to devote his whole time to the collecting of in-
formation as to how and where fund money
should be spent.

The salary of such a Secretary or adviser would
be money well spent and so would his travelling
expenses to’ Russia or America, or to any country,
where it might be necessary for him to visit
personally.

The taste for Ceylon tea is gradually becoming
universal, so I think the time has now come when
the efforts of the ‘“'Thirty Committee” would be
greatly benefitted, if Goverment were to appoint
an Inspector to prohibit the sale and export ot
all tea below a certain standard to be fixed by
the Committee.

I also think the import duty on all British-crown
tea into Ceylon should be abolished, and every en-
deavour made to make Colombo a large tea dis-
tributing centre, the market for foreign lands.
Why force the foreigner to go to London or
China! Give him a market sufficiently large and
representative in a port so favourably situated
as Colombo is, then we shall see foreign markets
for British-grown teas increase with leaps and
bounds. —Yours faithfully,

ONE OF THE NEW ORDER.

Upcountry, 19th August, 1901,

ON RUBBER, FIBRES, &C.

Paris, la 21 Juillet.

DEAR Sir,—I meant by Insulinde (INSULINDE)
not Insulande, the country constituted by the
islands Sumatra, Borneo, Java, etc.—to answer to
your demand of last C.O. June 28th.

Formol for the conservation of latex is
Aldehyde formique with 60 per cent of water. You
obtain Formol at 40 per cent—2 per cent of Formol
is sufficient for the conservation of latex. For con-
servation of flowers anc fruits it is preferable to
alcohol ; it does not ciange the colour of the sam-
ples nor the colour of the nose of the black bearers
because these cannot drink this substance.

That the process of extraction of rubber is indus-
trially adopted, any of your readers when in Paris
can see if they call at our Co.’s office, 3 rue Scribe,
near the Grand Hotel, One block of rubber weighing
105 kilos has been made entirely mechanically with
barks of Landolphia Hendelotii, perhaj: the best
rubber plant for dry and almost unfertile soils.

I have received some time ago from the
oriental coast of Africa a sample of a new
Sanseviera or I believe so; and
is the paradise for SANSEVIERA, I believe this
plant will be an interesting one for you. You
will see by the adjoining design that the leaf is
respectable one, tully six feet long, weighing

as Ceylon |

Sart. 2, 1901.]

little more than 2 kilos.; the circumference is
about 17 centimeters. This leaf was certainly larger
when fresh.

I do not know if Sanseviera Zeylanica is
regularly grown in Ceylon, for fibre purposes, but J
do not believe S. Zeylanica is comparable with this
new sors, Ipisnot §. Thunbereii, but a dstinet
species. It is no more S. Perrotw from Zanzivar
mat perhaps nearit. .\ few yearsayo M M Nichol-
son and Watson ealled my attention to Thunbergtt
and I found this new sort a long way from the
place where Thunbergii is met with. I believe
this gigantic species will be easily adopted by
growers, if any Sanseviera grower exists. How
do you obtain fibre, by machinery? by hand?
We are combining a little measure, but if we
succeed well with all the Sanseviera with
round leaves, such as cylindrica, sulcata
and the new species ; we have been unsuccess-
ful with the species with flat leaves such as
Zeylanica, longiflora, Guiniensis or others. T hope,

but

in a few years, growers will thisk abous these
fibre: producers and Sanseviera ficids will be as
common as Mauritius hemp or Henequin fields!

This new Sanseviera gives fully 7 per cent of very
fine and silky fibre.

I have introduced recently a new rubber producer,
the Forsteronia floribunda. Forsteronia is an
apocynaceous climber. and more than forty are
known in America, chiefly in Brazil. Two species
have been regarded as producers of rub-
ber: F gracilis from Guiana and F floribunda
from Jamaica. F gracilis is a gigantic climber,
one plant sent by one of my _ collectors
reached 44 yards intwo months, in my house. I
believe floribunda is not a free grower but
its product is as good as Para rubber. Kew
regards its quality and I have been astonished
when I received this same field plant from
Haiti. I hope to receive fresh seeds in a few
weeks. As my thermometer is always at 27 degrees
Mentigrade (81 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit !—Ep.),
allow me to present you my best compliments.

A. GODEFROY-LEBEUF.

>

PLANTING NOTES,

ABANDONING TEA AND COFFEE IN SUMATRA»
—We learn that the British Deli and Lang-
‘kat Tobacco Co., Ltd., have closed their
Tea and Coffee estate, confining their atten-
tion to their staple, tobacco. <A grain of
comfort this for coffee and tea planters

suffering from over-production.

Tra COMPANIES’ CAPITAL.— From the latest

Investors’ Guardian we see that as much

as £484,500 sterling was registered in new

‘tea companies during the first six months
‘ef 1901, as against £18,000 in the. same
‘period, 1900, and £420,000, 1899. We quote as

follows :—

“With the depression which has been the chisf
characteristic of the business of tea companies and
from which not even the most soundly established
have escaped, it is rather surprising to find a sum of
nearly £500,000 to the credit of this year against only
£18,009 in the first six months of 1900. It would
appear as if some were possessed with » sublime
‘confidence in the future of the tea industry which no
depth of present depression can affect.” ;
‘No capital was registered for Scotch or Trish
tea companies this year or last; and only
£3,000, in Irish, was invested for the period
in 1900,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 207

PINE Hitt EstTaTres Company.—In these
times of depression even 4 per cent must be
regarded as a fairly good dividend on tea
property, and we are pleased to notice from
the report of the Pine Hill Estates Company
meeting today that this amount has been
declared. Wecongratulate ali concerned.

Cacao GROWING IN SAMOA.—For Mr. Moors’
long and interesting letter on this subject, see
our last weekly issue and next 7.4. We have
given answers to certain questions in editorial
notes to the letter. It will be observed that
Mr R. Carruthers expected to get 22 cwt,
of cocoa per acre altogether in one year’s
crop, having got 17 from the Spring return
and more looked for in October.

PEMBA RUBBER.—Various species of rubber
vines grow wild all over the island, but can hardly
be said to exist in paying quantity. The late Mr
Robertson, of His Highness’s Agricultural Depart-
ment, devoted some attention to the rubber vines
duriag a visit which he paid to Pemba in the course
of last year. He established some fifteen workmen
at Ghazi, a district in the north of the island,
where the vines exist in considerable number, their
duty being to clear away the dense growth of
useless vegetation and generally to look aiter the
vines. There appears to be no reason why rubber
should not be successft lly cultivated here, and it
certainly is one of the most paying of crops.—
India-Rwbber Trades’ Journal, July 22,

Tue FIG TRADE OF SMYRNA.—Figs form one
of the most important items of export from
Smyrna anda description of the trade is contained
in the last report of the British Vice-Consul at that
place. The chief markets for Smyrna figs are the
United Kingdom and the United States, some of
the Continental countries also taking small
quantities, The district in which the fruit is
grown lies wholly along the Smyrna-Aidan railway.
There are two kinds of figs, both growing on the
same tree—that for eating and that for distilling.
The fruit grown on the plainsis larger and richer
in saccharine matter, but on the other hand the
trees here suffer frequently from excess of mois-
ture, while those on the higher ground escape the
consequences of wet seasons. The fruit ripens
about the middle of August, when it is picked and
dried in the open air for a few days. Itis then
packed in sacks of about 2501b. each on camels and
sent to the nearest station, whenceit is conveyed
by train to Caravan Bridge, Smyrna, and so to the
purchasers in that town. Thearrival of the first
camel-load there 1s celebrated asa popular festival
for the washing, drying and packing give employ-
ment to thousands of families. The dried figs for
foodare sold before the end of November, after
which the sales are almost wholly those of figs for
distilling ; some of the latter are sent to Austria,
where they are used asa substitute for chicory.
Last year the crop amounted to 65,000 loads of
5001b. each, the usual price being £1 to £1 &s, per
load. Another agricultural product of the Smyrna
district, which forms an important item of export,
is valonia, thecup of the acorn, which is of great
value in tanning, as it gives weight and consister-
cy to the leather, while the colonr which resu!.s
is very fast. The oaks which bear the acorns a e
beaten withlong sticks during the autumn and
the valonia dried in the sun and then sent to
Smyrna, where itis graded. Last year the export
from Smyrna amounted to 68,000 tons, of the value
ef £2 6s. to £3 6s, per ton.—London Times, July 2.

208 THE TROPICAL

SHARE LIST.

[SSUED BY THE
COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’
ASSOCIATION,

CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANI®S.

paid Buy- Sell- Trans

Company p.sh. ers. ers. sactions

vah Estates Co., Ltd. 500 — &865xD 865xXD
Oeien Tea and Coconut Estates 500 — i ee
Castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100 (Oleuaes oe

Ceylon Provincial Estates Co. Ltd. 500 485xp .. 500

Claremont Estates Co., Ltd. 100 ar ae oe
@lunes Tea Co., Ltd. 1006 40 75 eh
Clyde Estates Oo,, Ltd. 100 mais a

Daomoo Tea Co., of Ceylon Ltd.100 65 .. ES

Drayton Estate Co., Ltd. 1000 we se
Kil Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. LOOP ee 40 oo

Estates Co of Uva, Ltd. 500 - 950 ae
Gangawatta a i
Glasgow Estate Co., Ltd. 500 900 pi Tie)
Great Western Tea Co., Ltd. 510 610 ae ju
Hapugahalande Tea Hstate Co. 200 — — Es
High Forests Katates Co., Ltd 500 w. 550 il
Do part paid 400 — 450 =
florekelley Estates Co., Ltd. 100 ~=6©60 as =
Kalutara Co., Ltd. 500 — 250 =
Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 106 — 40 =
Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100 ==) 485) =
Kelani Tea Garden Co., Ltd. 100 — = us
Kirklees Estates Co., Ltd. 100 — 120 ve
Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100 — 60 =
Maha Uva Estates Co., Ltd 500 — 400 =
Mocha. Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 500 —- — pee
Nahavilla Estate Co., Ltd. 600 — 300 a
Neboda Tea,, Co. Ltd 500 Bean O00) —
Nyassaland Coffee Co. Ltd 100 — at Me
Palmerston Tea Co., Ltd. 500 ; 400 400
Penrhos Estates Co., Ltd. 100 — 100 =
Pitakanda Tea Company 600 — =a me
Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60 — 38758 —
Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 100 —- —
Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. 500 — 250 —
Bayigam Tea Co. Ltd. TON AD -
Roeberry Tea Co., Ltd. 100 = 60 70
Buanwella Tea Co., Ltd. 1000 — — mae
8t, Heliex’s Tea Co., Ltd. 600 — 500 f
Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. LOOPS) Sains ass
Do 7 percent Prefs. 100 os 70 A
fTonacombe Estate Co., Ltd. 500 oes) ) CAD coo

Tduzama Tea & Timber Co., Ltd. 60 vi fis I
nian Estate Co., Ltd.
Upper Maskeliya Estates Co.

Ltd. 500 430 450 _—
Dvakellie ‘Lea Co., of Ceylon, y

Ltd. a poe 55 50 —
Vogan Tea Co., Ltd. i pe eye Ae
WanarajahTea Co.,Ltd. 505 a 1000 —
Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd, 100 100 — 150

Oxyion CommERorAL OComPANIES.

Adam’s Peak Hotel Co., Ltd. 100 we 30 =

1 Co., Ltd. 100 -- 120 170
e Be ee per cant Debia, 100 10 — ous
vgte
Sa cena aN 10 200 225 295
on Superaeration Ltd. c= if ea
Geren “Apothecaries’ Co. Ltd. 100 1873 137%
Colompo Assembly Booms Co.,
Ltd. 20 15 35
Do prefs. 20 a a9 -
Colombo Fort Land and Building ee i
oo ee a Company ‘ie 290 - 290
ee BAce Flotel Co., td, 100 ©160 ie 160
Kandy Hotels Co., Ltd. WO aA MN af
Mount Lavinia Hotel Co., Ltd. 500 an oe
Mew Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 100 ao By
Nuwavra Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. 30 36 a hy
Do 7 per cent prefs. 100 17 a} 86
Public Hall Co., Ltd, 20 124 ] ta

AGRICULTURIST. {Smer. 2, 1901.

LONDON COMPANIES.

paid Buy- Sell- Tran
Company p. #h. ers. ers. saction

Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 = 8-9 Le
Anglo-Ceylon General Estates Co. 100 os | AB—Se eS
Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon 10 BS jectaiie 4531
Do. 6 per cent prefs, 10 oe 4—6 33
Ceylon Proprietary Co. 1 A Z—2 ‘
Ceylon Tea Plantation Co., Ltd. 10 -- 24-25 5
Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd. 5 te 5—5s a
Do prefs. 5 H4 -6 a
Eastern Produce & Estates Co. Ltd. 5 ¥ Bi--AL ...
Ederapolla Tea Co., Ltd. 10.) 0 8=8 -
Imperial Tea Estates Co., Ltd, 16 we BS —45 %
Kelani Valley Tea Assen., Ltd. 5 A+ 3-5 2
Kintyre Estates Co., Ltd. 10 . 6—8 j
Lanka Plantation Co., Ltd. 10 3 z—4h
Nahalma Estates Co.,Ltd. 1 =~ nom s
New Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1 9% 3 x
Nuware. Hliya Tea Estate Co., Ld. 10 92 10 10
Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd. 10 Wee Gite 6—7 Fo
Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 10 at 12 =
Scottish Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 ey (AAS Ty eae
Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 10 2—4 Z
Standard Tea Ce., Ltd. 6 103 10-11 ...

The Shell Transport and Trading
Company, Ltd. 1 -. 22-3) 2.
Ukuwella €states Co., Ltd. 25 — par ars
Yatiyantota Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 ... 44—5 ae,
Do. pref. 6 o/o TO 9-10 ..

BY ORDER OF THR COMMITTEE,
Colombo, August 30th 1901,

4 Latest London Prices.
——— Oe

RETURN FOR COLOMBO.

RAINFALL

(Supplied by the Surveyor-General.)

Av of
1896. |1897. | 1898. |1899. |1900 3iyrs. 1901
Inch | Inch | Inch | Inch.} Inch. | Inch.| Inch
January ..| 2°92 | 3°81 | 2°32 6°98 3°72 | 3°24 | 11°91
February -.| 0°35 | 1°68 | 1°98 2°78 0°63 | 1°89 | 3°55
March --| 5°64 | 3°66 | 4°21 0°88 3°71 | 4°75 | 512
April 5 5°93 |10°97 | 22°81 6°66 | 1512 |11°43 | 8°71
May . 9°31 | 8°30 | 5°80 |17°73 | 10°63 |12°04 | 6°28
June --| 8°37 |10°14 | 10°94 9°23 7°83 | 8°35 | 5°93
July 2°85 | 5°24 | 6°15 sbi be 6°77 4°30 | 4°54
August ..| 6°35 | 9°09 | 0°97 0°62 7°35 | 3°79 | 0°41*
September | 10°99 | 4°58 6°90 1°48 4°00 4°98
October 16°78 | 4°71 | 20°60 |12°99 9°47 |14°36
November..|19.81 /11°66 | 17°38 | 8°58 9°25 | 12°55
December..|11°76 | 8°89 8-05 | 4°44 5°20 | 6°35
Total... |101°06/82°73 ;103°11 |73°48 | 83°68 |88°03 | 46°43
eS |

* From 1st to 28th Aug. 0°41 inch, thatis up to 9-30 a.m
on the 29th Aug.—ED. C.0.

ns

KoLA—to the value of 2,280/. was shipped from
Gambia during 1900, against 2,199/. in 1899, and
1,3451 in 1898. The exports of bees’ wax decreased
eonsiderably last year, being valued at 922/. only
against 4,411/. in 1899.—Chemist and Druggist,
August 10.

RIcE AND CLIMATE IN THE NorTH-CEN-

TRAL PrROVINCE.—A gentleman interested
in agricultural progress in the more
backward divisions of Ceylon, writes

from Anuradhapura :—“‘ Why is it
little so-called ‘table rice’ appears to be
grown in Ceylon? Up here only the ‘quick’
rice is grown, which is of course due to the
precariousness of the water supply; even
where village tanks exist, as they are usually
only too small, ‘heeneti’ is mostly patron-
ised. There does not seem to be much
‘public’ information to be had about rice.
I can understand it, though, as only a few
whites are directly connected with the plant.
I must say so, for I am charmed with the
climate as a whole, up in this distwict.”

so

Serr. 2, 1901.] THE
COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.)
EXPORTS.
Colombe, Aug 26th, 1901.

CARDAMOMS :—
Allround parcel, well bleached per lb, R145
Do. dull medium do. R130
Special assortment, 0 and 1 only do, R180
Seeds do, R135

CincnonsA Bark :— af
’ Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
Cinnamon :—

9e—Lt to 3 o/o.

Ordinary assortment per lb. 5le.
Nos. 1 and 2 only per lb. 55ce,
Nos. 3 and 4 only per lb. 47o.

Cinnamon CHIPs :-—
Per candy of 560 lb R75 00
Cocoa :—
Finest estate red ; unpicked per cwt None
Medium do do -s
Bright native unpicked and undried ,,
Ordinary do do do rs
Coconuts—(husked).

No quota-
tions.

Selected per thousand R47:00
Ordinary - R39'00
Smalls y R29-00

Coconut CakE—
Poonac in robins f. o. b. per ton R80-00
Do in bags None
Qoconut (Desiccated).

Assorted all grades per lb 16c
Coconut O1L—

Dealers’ Oil per cwt_R15:25. .

Coconut Oil in ordinary packages f. o. b. per
ton R338:75 Business done at lower figure
CorrrE.—

Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bus.
None.

Plantation Estate Coffee f.o.b. (ready) per cwt—
None.

Native Coffee, f.0.b per cewt.—None.

OITRONELLA OIL—

Ready do per lb,—44c
Copra—
Boat Oopra per candy of 560 lb. R55-00
Calpentyn Copra do do R55:00
Cart do do do R50:00
Hstate do do do R55°50
Croron SEED per cwt—None
Eizony—

Sound per ton at Govt. depot—R190. As per sales
of 8rd June.
Inferior R100. As per sales of 3rd June.

FiprEes—

Coconut Bristle No.1 perecwt 12-00
Do pie 3 None
Do mattress ,, 1 5 3:75
Do Prey RE 3°00
Coir Yarn, Kogalla,, 1 to 8 None
Do Colombo ,, 1 to 8 None
Kitool all sizes ; None
Palmyrah ee None
Prpper—Black per lb None

PiLuMBAGo—

Large lumps

per ton R550

350 Fine quali-
ties scarce.

Ordinary lumps do 530

Chips do

Dust do 200

Do (Flying) . 120
SaPanwoop— per ton None.
Satinwoop (ordinary) per cubic ft. 310

Do do

per cubic ft. None.

High Grown Medium Low Grown

; Q
TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 209
CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION
a rT sr
FOR SEASONS 1900 AND 1901.
‘ oO OorLoa Qowo a hone
= om m50D HOO © 3
o » So OHtoOWw nhy i} i=
© E x 06 @ a =H
5 E oid + , ~
= Sree) ES Pet deh de: he. “i
& t
QNDOAan 4H 8 SOO x rs)
oO nHOtHn SoS oS SHH ws a
H a SHAD S FH AOD a
4 oO oom a To) al
oes bs) 11 (hod UAESaii § S al
3|Se She afk ete Tals) yah etna te a
RISE | H H ay
3
m
JAE Se eas
Ljt~ O19
& o oon a} & oo ios
= a iD KAO é AMS Oe
aise (als tes sen: Bir 2
: . 4 Os) 5) fats eve, Le o
ae rt coal a
! §
Sea eS mA OOo 5
2 a aon oy S ss 3
= oO man 19 D oN rt
aS OMe OME CON Ec. oS or 2
BSE Se Rg | = =
=
= cos 4 Diab iQeren S
oO
aa oa
e . [Ss sss =
e Ss 0S | a
£ HS SoS noo a
5 SU) RBI fry ty) a
S is) 3 es Sha siesta vrepceaeihal conteyiiaccs =
SUD Sadan ea waMeie Ut aH ;
o oerOMlOFS S
2|S88Sas ar Sanh gq
ST SABaas as Ant a
a3s ROO’ OM = alice &
OLS en) ONCE rar Ht
AEs ° ahs sivahs o>
3)
[o)
3 |
OnOnmo toy
3 y | 2H Seas esata ea
= Rl_aawnos = tie} oO
Q E oe an i gO - rox}
O° real th tO oO 8 2 0 set ey —
8 o Sea elcsiteuisie a
—_— ery
7 HOW 19 =
» (s2808 Ree 85 g
,,°o2 BOO -N see 2 85D Hw tO se 2
Fel Sree ao (oo) ails: Doss sasierot Lic: s) ate nate co
OSs ie by ba au
»_
se
os O1on oO for aaa
5 1S8aG 2 @ S$ S$a2e5 | $
oO ,2on sH sh inl - So SS
as onwm A Be 2
3 oO HO
Sh co = . +O : =]
Ol\se he sMeieies : s
i)
' eooonon 7= —
a ISRSRaSR SS Be ee
|Z MOAO@OIO MA: ON +- + +s lig, a5)
glee CARROOA Qe temo vise: 8
2 | = By Une boon] | S
Ss al
ecens SST art cK aaa
= n SSeszss = BS Ss 3
a oO 1D G2. 69 DN 10 O ioe) waco
| Soa LONDON OS oo br S
iS) ga ror} CD 09 CD ea for) o oO wie 3
| a= \= + of se “| a
re
~~ Sao
= Re Oww es Be aoe =
FI ; B SQ wr oh iee Sniotion | 2
Sweeter BATS E
& = rie : = Sia a
o
wibOoW ry = ——<—=_-—-_—~
| re xem lan a istics hae
see a ie so Land
Oo; aka te Ta ir moO eco (vn)
gi & 18 avieewehes
B oo
. : wD Ane = S cua
ra = 13o a Seu oo |
2 s SATs rar ete the) er bie ir O eal ‘ n
il) aes Cr il gioe
E ‘
SG a sala Us ey
lala = &
o 3 Sie sit siincivsehemepneniccth sinetine Siasucsiie sews
> SHA i olieq ie si ceiped Neh epriert Shi szyiejyis siecsie micas
e GZ
o . ea) SD ane Ce} = Sa TO EE
ie) ESO|% 6S a S58 4 & a
oS S aI u oo a a
SB | Bn Bo ee sesian eae, Was
as
SSS SS
se sh esh sh oD
eal it is (eat oe CURA CON 1A 4
Wi ginmalll ear cies cate? SAisTiS) felis “ere A as Ss a
ates 2 AA Org om 3 eo ned
58 =
1 O08 S r = ee
A NOL DO
in TS 1 1a I SSSRSSSLASSSVSL ; Hey
AOmALSCOGRTAWAMDSaH1O |
eio. LHAGbDANNDBAAAS ey 3
oilon Ha Roane OAee o EY
Bios ~ =o a Tied SOIC ae z
ayas |= 2 10 69 I GO a ro)
~ 1 ES
I ro
s WOM IS Or
A SSESSkA2u8 SSRBRRSLRLS s
Oia DHAAADoHOS MAAN Cabs =
oye POBDADSOS Gen noassags =
Qe 1 BSABoA me IMNMOSBID Sa ba
a 2 Oo is: BLOHAOA oa)
2 2 iS Sens a 3
= Sion N 6 oe
ee FNAL lve A 125 sc Re ee
ise shetvstessolhatle Laffethiel ‘eh suite) sist [uw
aes
n a.
ra once
5 > a. ge: [28
SI Pa] +.
I wisess ae 8p 384,885,158
ki oo Ss d "
a BRASH Aso eS ESSSES a5
DP |psosscasstedsabaraa | Ss
9 agesssgersaskosass | <8
5 3 RRNA SaStIONAA |S
~a mr nrnnnnnanne naan nan sa
FA RARDRRRRRARARRAAAR ea

Tra— Average. Average.
Broken Pekoe and Broken cts cts
Orange Pekoe per Ib 58 4d
Orange Pekoe do 51 38
Pekoe do 45 32
Pekoe Souchong do 40 28
Pekoe Fannings do 33 26
hi Brokeq mized—dust, dq me A

Average.
cts
41
38
27
24

27
98

210 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Supr. 2, 1901.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS
(from Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, August 7th, 1901.)

eT ea ea

QUALITY QUOTATIONS. QUALITY. QUOTATION
ALOES, Sei otrine cwt.|Fair to fine dry 44s a 80s INDIARUBBEE R, 2, (Contd) ;

Deana iaoatie ,, {Common to good -{20s a 603 Java, Sing, & Penang 1b./Foul togood clean * 8d a 28 9d
ARROWRKOOT (Natal) lb.| Fair to fine {55d a 65d Good to fine Ball «| 28 6d a 3s 2d
BEES’ WAX cwt. Ordinary to fair Ball ...|is10da 2s 6d

Zanzibar & ( White ,,2|Good to fine £6 a 87 10s Mozambique », 4|Uow sandy Ball ..|1s 3d a 1s 74
Bombay \velow." Mair 0; £658a £6 15s Sausage, fair to good ..|2s 6d a 2s 11d
Madagascar 5, |Lark to good palish £6 10s a£$ 15 Polder apo Ball . aie a3
i “)Fair average qualit Nominal ‘f als air to fine ba =
CAMPHOR, a De a i vi repeals i a nen ina Nyassaland Agree 48 binky & Serb aa “3s oa
AMOMS, Malabdrib| Clipped, bold, bright, fine} ?s3d a 2s 4d Madagascar Fair to good black ..|2s a 2s
ea ag aa Middling, stalky & Jean|1s 5d a 1s7d # Niggers, low to fine ..|7d a 2s
een Fair to fine plum . |ls6d a 3s 9d IN sibs engal-- *
Ceylons Mysore ” | Seeds a 5 «- {1s 11d Hs 1d SL YAEND) tht Shipping mid to gd violet|3s 8d a 4s 6d
Tellicherry Good to fine 2s lld a 3s Consuming mid. to gd./3s2da 8s Gd
ie ” |Brownish ../2s 6d Ordinary to mid. 2s 10d a 3s 1d
Long ;, |shelly to good 3da 6d Mid. to good Kurpah |2s a 2s 6d
22 Mangalore ;, |Med brown to good pold|2s 3d a 3s3d Low to ordinary isédais 10d
CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,, |1sts and 2nds .-/4d a 4id Mid. to good Madras {2s a 2s 10d
CHILLIES, Zanzibar cwt.|Dull to tine bright (358 a 45s MACE, Bombay & Penang Pale reddish to fine j2 a3s
CINCHONA BARK.—Ib.|Ledgeriana Orig. Stem|3d a 53d per lb. Ordinary to fair isdd a Is 11d
Ceylon Crown, Renewed 5d a 7d Pickings wed Is 3d a 1s 4d
Org. Stem {33d a 54d MYRABOLANS, Dark to fine pale.UG |5sa 6s
Red Org. Stem |33da 4td Madras jewt Fair Coast 3s
Renewed 3d a 52d Bombay Jubblepore 5s a 68 3d
Root 33d a 4d » | Bhimlies 4s 3d a 7s 6d
CINNAMON,Ceylon Ists|/Ordimary to fine quill |10d a 1s 6d Rhajpore, &. 4s 3d a 68
per lb, 2nds a, e 9d a 1s 5d Bengal Calcutta 3s 6d a 5s
ards . ee edd a ls 4d NUDIMEGS— ew yp, [64's to 67’s 23 lida 28 6d
4ths in a 8d a 11d Bombay,& Penang 110’s to 65’s Ida 2s 1d
Chips * BS #34 a 10d ” 1160's to 130’s 6d alld
CLOVES, Penang ib.|Dull to fine bright bold|44d a 94d NUTS, ARECA ewt,|Ordinary to fair fresh |148 a 17s
Amboyna -|Dull to tine 4sd a 53d NUX VOMICA, Bombay (Ordinary to middling |4s 45s 6d
Zanzibar \ Good and fine bright |4d a 4d per ewt. Madyas |£air to good bold fresh _ |7sa 10s6d
and Pemba Common dull to fair /33da 33d Smail ordinary and fair)5s a 6s 6d
Stems -| Fair 1gd OIL OF ANISEED Fair merchantable — 9s 8d
COFFEE CASSIA »” | According to analysis |8sa 3s _ 3d

Ceylon Plantation ,, |Bold to fine bold colory}92s 6d a 117s LEMONGRASS ” {Good flavour & colour

Middling to fine mid .,.}70s a 104s NUTMEG ” | Dingy to white eevee
Low mid. and low grown CINNAMON VERE) fair sweet oa 2 he
Smalls i 40s a 60s CITRONELLE Bright & good flavour {93
Native Good ordinary 30s a 40s ORCHELLA WEED—cwt - A 4
Liberian » |Small to bold 30s a 37s 6d Ceylon as saa a ae nee woes a pars =
COCOA, Ceylon + |Bold to fine bold 77s a 93s Zanzibar. y) | Picked clean Hatileany.. TOs, a1
Medium and fair 658 a 77s 6d » Wiry Mozambique}10s 4 11s
Native 55S a 62s PEPPER—(Black Ib.
COLUMBO ROOT Middling to good 10s a 22s 6d lepaae & Telticherty ee peer eae
COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton nominal Singapore oe fin “I5ad a 64d
Cochin ,, |Ordinary to fair £13 lus a £18 Acheen & W. C. Penang Fai ip ne bright bold 30sa 358
FIBRE, Brush : Ord. to fine long straight|£16 a £19 PLUMBAGO, lump cwt.|£2ir_to tine bright bold ds a 32
Cochin ;, Ordinary to good clean|£20 a £24 Ana dling footer pussies
a : og
Stuffing ,, [Common to fine £7 a £9 chips Ocdcree fies bright|3s 6da 8s
COIR YARN, Ceylon » |Common to Supeuioy £15 a £30 dust Good Rane pinky rig caeiere
Cochin , ey », very fine £12 a £32 v
AO ne y 8 SAFFLOWER Inferior to fair 40s a 60s

CROTON SEEDS,sift. ewt.
cUTCH

GINGER, Bengal, rough,,

Calicut, ome A 4p

os

Cochin Rough ,,

f Japan ”
GUM AMMONIACUM ,,

Roping, fair to good
Dull to fair

Fair to fine dry
Fair

Good to fine bold
Small and medium
Common to fine bold
Small and D’s
Unsplit

Sm. blocky to fine clean

210 a £14 10s
20s a 22s

238 a 35s

34s

858 a 958

40s a 77s 6d
348 a 41s

SANDAL WOOD—

Pp
SAPANWOOD Ceylon ,,

EEDLAC

Bombay, Logs ton. Fair to fine flavour

Chips ,,

Madras, Logs . Fair to good flavour

Inferior to fine >
Fair to good £5 a 8 10s
) Rough & rooty to good]

bold smooth..

Ss

Manila as

ANIMI, Zanzibar ,, |Picked fine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto

Amber and dk. red bold

£107s 6d a £20/SENNA, ‘Tinnevelly Ib.

Med. & bold glassy sorts|80s a 100s Bold and A’s
— Madagascar ,, |Fair to good palish ...|£48s a £8 ‘Bombay emt, D’s and B’s £3a£5 5s
24 eS ipa red «.J£4 53 a £9 Small Hy
ABABIC F.1,& Aden ,, |Ordinary to good pale|35s a 58s Mergui Small to bold --|£7 10s
‘Turkey sorts ,, 40s a 453 uss ” |Small to bold ++-|22s a 65
Ghatti ,, |Pickings to fine pale ...J12s 6a 35s © |TAMARINDS, Calcutta,..| Mid.to fine b’k not stony/10s a 11s
i Kurrachee ,, |Good and fine pale ...|52s 6d. a 55s ercwt. | Madras |Stony and inferior ..|7s 6d a 10s ;
Reddish to pale selected|30s a 40s TORTOISESHELL—
Madras ,, |Dark to fine pale ...|20s a 35s Zanzibar & Bombay 1b. |Small to bold dark
ASSAFCTIDA 4; gers fr. to pa lavond 60s a 1378 6d mottle part heavy { 18s. a 22a 6d
Ord. stony an ocky|6s a, 25s TURMERIC, B Fair 23s
KINO », |Fine bright 1s 83da 1s 6d Cee Finger fair to fine bold
MYRRH, picked ,, |Fair to fine pale 903 a 1078 6d z right 228 a 25s
Aden sorts ,, |Middling to good 50s a 80s Do. Bulbs --}208 a 21s
OLIBANUM, drop _,, |(Good to fine white 35s 6d a 50s Cochin 3) |Finger -|20s a 228
Middling to fair 258 a 35s ” |Bulbs + /6s 9d a 73 6A
pickings ,, |Low to good pale 18s a 233 VANILLOES— Ib.
siftings ,, |Slightly foul to fine 16s Gd a 22s Mauritius ,.. | ists|G@4. crysallized 35 a 9 in|14s a 248
[NDIARU#BBEL,Assamlb|Good to fine 2g 2d a 2s 8d Bourbon 8nds\Foxy & reddish 3448 ,,|13s a 178 6
Jommon to foul & mxd.|7d a 1s 6d Seychelles 3rds|Lean and inferior . {88 a 12s —t
Rangoon ir to good Clean «jas a ca BRMILION Ib, | Hine, pure, brigns gs 3a
Bongo ommon fo fing ‘1s a a§ 1 Japan, squares ewt{Good white haya we [O28 B Boe

.)

ous = en

AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE,

COLONIBO.

Added as a Supplement Monthly to

The following
September :—

Wol,, XID]

AGRICULTURAL BANKS.
seq) I’ there is any place where the estab-
lishment of State Agricultural
Banks would prove to be of un-
doubted value it is Ceylon, where
the condition of the small land-
holder is deteriorating day by
day. There are several causes which have been
and which are at work in reducing the prosperity
of the goyiya. The limitation of the area of land
available for his operations through the better
defining of Crown titles and the division of land
among a large number of inheritors, the
exhaustion of the soil in patches of land which
have been under cultivation for long periods
without the addition of fertilizers, and the
increase of individual expenses of the cultivators
through the introduction of new articles of food
and clothing, and through the increase in the prices
of articles of daily use, have one and all con-
tributed to the increasing poverty of the cultivator.

These and other causes have driven him into _

the hands of the money-lender, whose exorbitant
yates of interest have in many cases completed
the ruin of many a prosperous cultivator. Before
one can advocate the establishment of Agri-
cultural Banks, there are two questions that will
have to be satisfactorily answered :—Are the cul-
tivators of land involved to such an extent as to
make indebtedness a general rule, and are they
paying rates of interest which can be classed as un-
reasonable andruinous? Secondly, is this state of
things causing any serious deterioration of the
prosperity of the country, and will the establish-

the

SEPTEMBER,

“TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for

1901. [No. 3.

ment of Agricultural Banks lead to an improve-
ment in the existing state of things, and bring on
such results as will justify the trouble and labour
that will be required in their establishment and
maintenance? Both these questions can be satis-
factorily answered without entering into an
elaborate system of calculation, which cannot
be accurate for want of necessary statistics
and particulars. There is one’simple way of gaug-
ing the indebtedness of the cultivator. A return of
accounts lent on mortgage deeds during oa year
can be obtained from the Registrar-General’s
Department. Such a return for a series of years
will not only shew the amount of indebtedness,
but will shew the proportions in which this has
increased year by year. In addition to loans
raised on mortgages, there is the continual
secondary loan system by which a cultivator
borrows from the petty trader in the village all
the seed paddy he requires for sowing his rice
fields, all the manure he requires for use in the
fields, and the little money he takes for his urgent
necessaries, All these are received against the crops,
and after harvesting the lender is repaid with
such rates of interest as are now commonly
agreed on. Both these systems of raising loans
are, it may be said, becoming universal in every
village, but as regards the last-mentioned method
there is no way of obtaining a return or of
expressing in figures the extent to which it is
resorted to. The best means for obtaining
anything like an idea of the extent of these
temporary loans will be to select three or four
villages in different districts at random
and obtain returns of the temporary lo

212
with a view to forming an idea as to the
extent to which they prevail. Then it will
be found that almost every acre of paddy land
under cultivation is indebted toth2 extent of 6
to 7 rupees each season. As to the rates of
interest it will easily be found that they are most
unreasonable and ruinous, The usual rates of
interest in a village on a mortgage bond is from
20 to 30 per cent per annum on the capital, and
on advances against crops from 50 to 100 per
cent per four months on the capital advanced,
working to aboat 150 to 300 per cent per annum.
The crop loans are always given for the season, and
50 per cent is the lowest charge ever made in a
village. These figures are so enormous, it is to be
feared that in many quarters they may be put
down as exaggerations or isolated instances;
however, it may be emphatically stated here that
20 per cent on the mortgage of property and 50
per cent against crops are the minimum rates.

It must be plain to any observer, that with the

' depression in the productive power of land and the
limitation of the area of land obtainable, and the
increase in the cost of living, the margin of
profits left to the cultivator must be really small,
or inthe most cases is a diminishing quantity.
And when to all these depressing effects the rates
of interest at which captal is borrowed is added,
there is no reason to suppose that the average
cultivator will be able to stem the current of
depression unless he gets some timely aid from
some new direction. There is another
question which, if explained, will make our case
clearer. It may be said that there must be a
certain amount of prosperity in the villages to
enable the cultivators to borrow to such an extent,
and the sooner the weaker men succumb, the
better it will be for the general state of prosperity.
However, the village lender is not the villager, but
the itinerant hawker, the Moorman, who has now
his boutique in almost every village in the island,
and who isthe only man profited by this state
of depression. He lends the money, he makes the
advances on crops, and buys the produce at his
own rates, and charges the ruinous rate of interest.

The establishment of Agricultural Banks at
this juncture will be very opportune. They will
just be in time to give the necessary stimulus to
industry which is passing through depression.

Agricultural Banks are not new instiutions,
they have been established in a limited scale in

the Deccan, and have worked with immense suc- .

cess. The latest Indian Budget statement shews
that arrangements are in progress for their
establishment in India on a more general scale.
New Zealand has a successfully worked loan
office established since 1895. The operations at this
loan office were restricted to freehold mortgages
upon gardens and farms, the charges for the
survey of land proposed tobe mortgaged was only
half a guinea to two guineas, and the legal fees
from 25s. to £2 according to the scaleof the loan
raised. The interest charged is fixed at 5 percent,
and the borrower has the option of obtaining his
loan in two forms, either for a fixed period, or
on an instalment system, Where the instalment
system is adopted an annual charge of 1 per cent
extra ig made as ao sinking fund; on this basis a

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

[SEpr. 2, 1901.

borrower of £100 by paying £6 per annum wipes
out his debt in 87 years. This scheme has since
been adopted in Victoria, South Australia, and
other Australian Colonies.

The conditions prevailing in Ceylon will require
the working of details to suit our circumstances,
but this will not present many difficulties.

In addition to affording immediate relief to the
cultivators, an Agricultural Bank, if established,
will be the means of opening up a large extent
of new land under our projected railway and
irrigation schemes. It may also not be out of
place to mention here that the benefits of ascheme
of a properly-organized State Agricultural Banks
will not in any sense be confined to the small
agriculturist, whose claims have been advocated
here. The large and more enterprising landowrers,
European and Native, are in a measure bound to
benefit greatly by such an institution.

W. A. D,S.

Colombo, 18th August, 1901,

————
RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH
OF AUGUST, 1901.

1 Thursday ... *13 17 Saturday .. ‘Ol
2 Friday .. ‘01 18 Sunday “09
8 Saturday .. ‘01 19 Monday Nil
4 Sunday .- Nil 20 Tuesday Nil
5 Monday .. Nil 21 Wednesday Nil
6 Tuesday .. Nil 22 Thursday .. °03
7 Wednesday 0-24 23 Friday .. Nil
8 Thursday .. Nil 24 Saturday... Nil
9 ,Friday «. Nil 25 Spundayiic.. sa
10 Saturday .. Nil 26 Monday ., Nil
11 Sunday od ANilio2fen Tuesday el fai otal
12 Monday .. Nil 28 Wednesday Nil
13 Tuesday is, Nill, 29" Whorsdawee otk
14 Wednesday .. Nil 30 Friday ... Nil
15 Thursday . ‘9 81 Saturday .. “08
16 Friday .. 5 1 Sunday ... ‘01
Total. .1°27

Greatest amount of: rainfall registered in 24
hours on the 15th Aug. ‘9 inches.

Recorded by U, DRIEBERG.

PRACTICAL HINTS TO HORSE-OWNERS.

— =

CHAPTER II].—SHorIne (Continned),

The portion of the hoof that touches the ground
is called the soler surface, and is of very great
practical interest to the horse-owner. The rim of
the hoof z in. or so wide that extends from one
heel to the other and above up to the coronet
is the wall. The heel is that portion of the wall
where the latter meets the bar. The angle of the
heel is formed by the heel and bars, The quarter
of the wall extends from the heel to the shoulder
of the wall, which is the point where the quarter
and toe of the wall meet. The toe or tip is that
semilunar portion situated anteriorly to the hoof.
The white line on ‘‘ linea alba” separates the wall
from the sole. This lineis the guide to the farrier

Sart, 2, 1901.)

when driving nails, and when he gets inside of
this he pricks the horse’s foot. The sole protects the
internal sensitive part of the foot from injury below
and is surrounded by the bars of the wall. The
bars are inflex portions of the wall which run
inward from the heel and from which the frog
emerges. The foot pad or what is vulgarly
known as thefrog, is a soft elastic lining of
horney substance which occupies the space
between the two bars. The parts of the frog are
the toe on the point, body, heel and cleft.

I shall now briefly touch upon the function of the
different parts of the horse’s foot. The anatomy
and physiology of the hoof of the horse are of the
first importance to the Verterinary student. That
part of the limb of the horse to which in ordinary
language the name foot is applied is nothing
but the extremity of the fingers or toes regarded
from a zoological point of view, and extends from
the carpel and tarsal (knee or hock) to the
extremity of the limb.

The wall protects the inner structure from
violence and atmospheric influences. The bars
bear a certain amount of concussion and prevent
the contraction of the hoof. It is the cutting
away of these bars by the farrier that causes hoot
contraction. The frog is the elastic cushion which
prevents jar and concussion, and the cutting away
of it also results in contraction. The coronary band
is a soft elastic structure which unites the wall of
the hoof with the main structure, and the duty
of which is to prevent concussion.

A, CHINNIAH,

Veterinary Surgeon,
— <>

THE PLANTAIN.

Musa Sapientum is supposed to be what was
intended by the Grapes, one bunch of which was
borne upon a pole between two men, that the
spies of Moses brought out of the Promised
Land, It ismo other than our Plantain or Banana.
It prefers a rich fat soil, but it is agreed that we
could and do grow it, though toa degree, In any
soil ; and who of us will deny it 1s one of the
most interesting objects of cultivation for the
subsistence of man? It is often the sole support
of a family. Three dozen fruits will maintain a
person instead of his rice and curry, or, what-
ever it may be, fora week. Whether used ina
raw or dressed form it may be regarded rather
as a necessary article of food than asa luxury.
“To point out all the kinds” says a writer,
‘© eultivated in East India alone would be as
difficult to describe as the varieties of apples and
pears in Europe, for the names vary according
to the form, size, taste and colour of the fruit.”
Sixteen principal kinds are described at length by
Rumphius from which all the others seem to
have diverged. Of these the worst are Pisang
Swangi, P. Tando and P. Gabba Gabba; and the
best are the round, soft, yellowish sorts called
P. Madji and P. Radja. Some cultivators at
Batavia boast of having 80 sorts. Rheed distin-
guishes fourteen varieties by name as natives of
Malabar. InSumatra alone twenty varieties are
cultivated, among which the P, Amas or small

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturisi.” 213

yellow plantain is esteemed the most delicate, and
next to it P. Radja, P. Dingen and P, Kalle.

Sometimes they are baked in their skins, and
then they taste like the best pears of Europe.
The best scrts are served up raw at the table as
in the Hast Indies, and have been compared for
flavour to an excellent reinette apple after its
sweetness has been condensed by keeping through
the winter. They are also the principal ingre-
dient in a variety of dishes, particularly in one
culled mantegue, which is made in slices of them
fried in butter and powdered over with fine
sugar. Of the many cultivated sorts, that called
by the French La Banana musque, is considered
the best; it is smaller than the others, but has a
more delicate flavour.

Coming nearer home we have our (1) Rat kebel
(red), (2) Suwandel, (3) Pawdlu or Kélikuttu
(sweet), (4) Anamalu (elephant), (5) Toranawadlu
(sour), all used in their raw state; while (6)
Alukehel (ash), (7) Kitala (green), (8) Soramundan
(giant), (9) Newukehel (imported), and (10) Eta-
kehel (wild) are made into dishes.

Itis hardly known that No. 9, besides the
fruit, affords a delicate vegetable in the young
shoots. A peculiarity in No.l0isthat the un-
opened blossom is only edible. it grows wild
and so nice to the palate and nutritious that it
is seldom left out in the notices calling for ten-
ders for victualling our jails and hospitals !
The fruit has too many seeds and no flesh,
Hence its name. Ican state by experience that
plantains can by cultivation be made to
acquire exquisite flavours.

The Plantain takes 8 to 12 months to yield. °
About 100 bushes gave mea returnof Rs, 20 to
Rs. 25 per mensem for 5 years, and with no more
attention than keeping cattle off.

Here is an opening for safe enterprize.

GEO. WEERAKOON,
Mudaliyar, Wellaboda Pattu, Matara.

ALU
STEPS IN AGRICULTURE.
First Stage—4th Lesson.
BY A. J. B,

FIRST

You must not run away with the idea that
everything a farmer sows in the ground will be
sure to grow nicely and yield him a good crop.
There are a great, many enemies which the plant
has to fight against, andit must conquer them
all, because, once these enemies have beaten the
piant, the poor thing can never rise up or gain
strength to fight again. At, every attack it gets
weaker and weaker, and at last, if no help comes,
it must droop and die. You know that a small
band of soldiers has often been surrounded by
such a large number of the enemy that there
seemed to be danger of their all being killed.
Then a strong body of their friends has appeared,
and together they have attacked and beaten off
the enemy. and the first little band was saved.
Now, just suppose the plant to be in the place of
the little band -of soldiers. The enemy comes
along in the shape of caterpillars and other insects,
and they begin eating up the leaves or fruit or

214

blossoms, and some atick to the stem, others to
the roots, others again to the leaves and frnit,
and as fast asthe poor plant is drawing in its
food by the roots and leaves, the enemies are
sucking it out through the stems, branches, and
leaves. Then the farmer comes along to help it
and kill and drive off these enemies, and he does
all sorts of things, which you wil] u»derstand
by-and-by, to destroy them, and ail the time he
keeps giving the sick plants medicine, just as you
get medicine when you are sick, till at last he
has beaten off the enemy, and the plants are once
more vigorous and strong, and yield their fruit
at the proper season. You will learn all about
these enemies, and their names, and how they
kill the plant, and how tbe farmers got rid of
them later on. Meanwhile, there are other
enemies these unhappy plants nave got, Why, if
you knew all that seeds and plants and crops
have to fight against, you would wonder how any
green thing could possibly live to ripen its fruit.
Frost isa great enemy of some plants, but it is
also an enemy to insects, and kill8 millions of
them. When a frost comes on one very early in
the season, or, worse still, very late, the farmers
sometimes lose their crops or a great part of them.
There were two or three hard frosts in the South
of Queensland in 1899 which came when all the
wheat fields were looking beautiful and promised
to yield a very large crop. The wheat was just
in the ear, when the grain is soft and milky.
Then these terrible frosts froze the ears of the
wheat, and killed them, and many farmers did
not get a sheaf of wheat to thresh. They cut it
all down and made it into hay, and built it up in
big stacks waiting for someone to come and buy
it. That was whst an “unseasonable” frost
did.

Then there are floods. Most Queensland boys
and girls know what harm floods do. Some of
the best and richest lands on the east side of the
Main Range are situated along the banks of
rivers and creeks. After heavy rains lasting for a
long time, the land cannot soak np any more
water, and it pours into the creeks, These run to
the rivers, which cannot carry away the water as

quickly as the creeks pour it in, so it spreads over

the low-lying land, and farmers have often had so
much water on their farms that they have been
obliged to leave their houses in boats and camp
on high ground until the water had run off, and
then they had nothing left of all their crops and
had to begin again.

Tftoo much water isa bad thing, too little is
much worse. As you already know, plants
cannot live without water, neither can animals,
So when many weeks or even months or years
have passed without any heavy rain, the grass
and water disappear, dried up under the hot rays
of the sun. Where there is no grass sheep and
cattle cannot live. Where there is no rain the
crops will not grow on a farm, And so all
animals and plants suffer, and thousands of
animals die as soon as the plants have died. Thus
you see a “drought,” as itis called—that is, a
long period without rain—is far worse for every-
body than a flood. A flood does not remain on
the land more than two or three days, and there
is always plenty of grass everywhere in rainy

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agrisulturist.’’

(Sept, 2, 1901,

weather. So perhaps afew cattle and sheep are
drowned and all the crops are lost, but the farmer
soon set to work and putsina new crop. And
this is one of the great advantages which you
possess of living in Queensland. You can grow
some crop all the year round. Supposing that
big floods were to carry away all your corn crop
in February, that is, the ripecorn that you were
just going to pull and carry to the barn. In some
countries you would have to wait a whole season
before you could sow anything again, You
would have to wait till all the snow and ice had
gone before you could plough your land ; and all
the wheat, which, in cold countries like England,
Germany, and North America, is sown just before
the snow falls, so that the snow may cover it up
and keep it snug and warm till the warm spring-
time, having been swept away by the flood, you
would have lost the wheat season and could plant
nothing for at least four months.

There in Queensland, if a crop is destroyed, you
at once put inanother either of the same kind or
something else. If you have lost all your
crops in February, you can begin to plant potatoes
in March, andthen you can next month plant
acres of onions and cabbages and other things,
So that a flood is not nearly so bad asa drought.

Very often a careless farmer gets a bad crop
because of his carelessness. Let us consider the
question ot seeds. A poor shrivelled seed, even
if it has strength to grow, cannot produce a fine
vigorous plant, and anyone who sows bad seeds is
a bad farmer, and ought not to be pitied by any-
body because his crops are pure, Ded you ever
see a farmer sorting out maize for seed? What
did he do ?

Either he spread the corn on the table and
picked out all the largest and best-shaped flat
grains, or he took the best-looking cobs and broke
off the tops and bottoms of them where you
oftén see single, round, small grains,

Then he threshed the grain off the rest, and so
obtained the largest seeds. That is what a
careful farmer would do,

But I have seen a farmer take corn for sowing
out ofa full sack without caring whether it was
round, or flat, or broken, or withered. Such aman
could not expect a good crop, and he would never
make a successful farmer because, remember this,
“Tf a thing is worth doing at all it is worth doing
well.” And when a man or a boy ora girl does
one thing badly owing to laziness or carelessness
they will in all probability be as lazy and careless
about all the rest of the work, and so such people
had better go and crop firewood if any one will ©
keep their axes sharp for them, because they will
never make farmers. Why, you may not think
so now, but farming requires more head-work,
and more careful work, and more reasoning things
out than driving a locomotive engine. And
farmers should learn all they can by reading plenty
of books on agriculture, and they should get all
the best machinery and buy the best implements
and the best horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep if they
mean to succeed in their business. It used to be
the fashion to look down upon farmers as ignorant
men, but now-a-days the farmers are looked upon —
as the most intelligent of men, and the greatest

Sept. 2, 1901.]

men not only farm themselves, but they hold the
farmers in the highest respect. i

Our late beloved Queen Victoria was a most
successful farmer, and so also is King Edward
the Seventh. Thus no boy or girl need be ashamed
to say my father is a farme,r because being
a farmer means to belong to a profession
which requires as much learning a8 age, and a
great deal more than to be a_ soldier or
a school-master or a clergyman. Well, I have
gone a little off the subject, but still you have
quite enough to remember in this lesson, so I
shall now give you the usual questions to answer,

Questions on Lesson 4.

1, Why may the farmer not obtain a good crop
from everything that he sows or plant P

2. What have plants to fight against P

3, How do they overcome their enemies ?

4. State some of the enemies the farmer has to
overcome ? f }

5. What name is given toa time of long conti-
nued weather ?

6. Which state of weather causes most loss to a
farmer—long dry seasons or very wet ones P

7, State your reasons for thinking so 5

8, Why is a Queensland farmer more fortunate
to the seasons than, say, a German or Scotch

farmer ? ; i ;
9, What happens if a farmer is careless in

selecting seed ? :

10. How would you select maize seed ?

11. Why showtld you be proud to be called a
farmer’s son or a daughter ?--Queensland Agri-
cultural Jounal.

a

INTERNAL PARASITES OF POULTRY.

The internal parasites of poultry are numerous,
but only two serious diseases are caused by such
agents. The chief internal parasites are worms,
but an often fatal complaint in fowls is due any
how in part to minute single-celled animals known
as Protozoa. The most important vermiceous disease
is gapes. Gapes is a disease caused by a nematode
or round worm which take up its abode in the
pronchial tubes. It is called scientifically
Syngamus trachealis. Thegape-worm is also known
as the Red-worm and Forked-worm. Not only
fowls andturkeys, but pheasants, sparrows, linnets,
starlings, rooks, partridges, martins, swifts, and
wood-peckers are also invaded by this parasite.
The disease is caused by the worms taking up
their abode in the air-passages and there irritating
the mucous membrane, causing infiammation.
These pests, ifpresent in large numbers, also block
up the trachea and stop the passage of air to the
lungs. In both ways the birds may succumb,
- The gape-worm is nearly always found in copula
-Gnside the host, the small male-worm being
perm 2 nently attached to the female towards her
head end, the two worms making a _ fork,
hence its name the Forked-worm. In colonr
the gape-worm is red, often bright red; in
length the female may reach four-fifths of an
inch, the male seldom more than one-fifth.
There ig great variation in size, some females
being only) one-fourth of an inch long. As
a rule, a number of worms may be found

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

915

together in a fowl’s trachea, often as many as
twenty crowding in particular parts of the tube,

The symptoms of gapes are a curious listless
gaping of the mouth, a whizzing cough, a
stretching forward cf the neck and the frequent
appearance of frothy saliva in the mouth and
cometimes in the nostrils. When the female
worm becomes mature and full of eggs, she and
the attached male are expectorated by the bird.
These worms lie about the ground, and sooner or
later burst by cadaeric decay, when the minute
eggs not 1-25th of an inch in length are spread
over the ground or in the water. Hach worm
contains a great numberof eggs. It will be thus
seen that land may soon be contaminated by a
few birds suffering from the disease.

The eggs hatch in damp places and in water
into small white embryos. Both eggs and em-
bryos on entering a chick develop direct into the
gapeworm,

Experiments have shown that birds fed with
ova and embryos of S. trachealis will develop
gapes, and thus no second host, such as we find
in the tapeworms, is necessary, Although a
second host is not necessary, numbers of the eggs
and embryos are swallowed by earthworms, and
doubtless fowls very often contract gapes when
eating these useful annelida, which thus act as
carriers.

It is chiefly in chicks and turkey poults that
gapes causes the greatest mortality, although old
birds are sometimes attacked, The birds obtain
the embryos especiaily from polluted water and
from damp ground, but also through the agency
of earthworms. That wild birds play some part
in its dissemination is also extremely probable,

Prevention and Remedies.

Any bird showing signs of the disease should be
isolated. Chicks should not be kept with the stock
birds. Fresh breeding ground should be used if
possible every year. The worst outbreaks are
always on overstocked land. Water vessels should
be kept scrupulously clean, and only pure water
given to the birds. The drinking troughs are best
cleansed by being put in boiling water and well
scalded. ‘The worms may be partly removed from
the trachea by means of a feather dipped in oil of
cloves or eucalyptus oil pushed down the windpipe
and turned round and round, but not those lower
down the bronchi. A fumigating box, in which
several birds can be placed at once, is usefal;
either Camlin powder or finely-ground chalk and
camphor blown into the box will loosen the worms,
which the birds expectorate during the violent fits
of coughing the powder produces.

It is most essential that all chicks which die
from gapes should be burnt or otherwise destroyed.
If the birds are kept in small runs, the run should
be purified, after an outbreak, either with gas-lime
or watered with a l-per cent. solution of sulphuric
acid. ;
White Intestinal Worms.

Although death is not frequent from intestinal
worms, of which both round worms (Nematodes)
and flat worms (Cestodes) are present, yet debility
is very often caused by two species of Nematodes
—the White Intestinal Worms (Heterakis papillosa

216

\
and inflera). These small white or creamy-coloured
worms are chiefly foundin the duodenum, and
generally in groups of from ten to fifteen. Some-
times they forma plug which blocks up the
alimentary canal. Birds infected with them are
usually ravenous and yet keep losing condition.
In length these white worms vary from one-third
to the three-fifths of an inch in the case of H.
papilliosa and from 1 to4 inches in H, inflera. The
eggs or embryos are probably obtained from dirty
water but also off the ground. Diseased birds should
be isolated. The worm can easily be expelled by
a does of thymol; one grain made up in a dough
pilland administered morning and night. Similar
‘good results have sometimes been obtained by the
use of three grains of santonine given in the same
way.

Diphtheritic Roup is one of the most contagious
diseases from which fowls suffer. It is due at
least in part to certain very lowly organised
single-celled animals called Protozoa which invade
the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx,
and even the drop and windpipe. This viru-
lent disease manifests itself either as loose yellow
cheesy patches or as small firmly-fixed nodules
in the mouth, the latter especially around the
tongue and beak. In these false membranes and
the tissues beneath them may be found the
minute parasites which either directly or indirectly
cause the false growths. Certain authorities
state that bacteria are the active agents, but
the probability is that these Protozoa are entirely
accountable for the disease. If left alone a
diseased bird is almost sure to die,

It 1s most important that any bird showing
any symptoms of this complaint should at once be
isolated, and the drinking vessels in the run well
disinfected by boiling and strong carbolic acid.

The loose growths should be very carefully
removed with a blunt knife or two blunt needles,
and the mouth well washed out with a 10 per
cent, solution of salicylate of soda or boracic
acid. Probably several operations will be neces-
sary, aS some small diseased areas may escape
notice. In any case the mouth is best treated
several times with the disinfectant. The hard
patches may be burnt away with lunar caustic.
Every dead bird should be carefully destroyed
and the run or yard disinfected either by sul-
phuric acid or by a dressing of fresh gas-lime
after an outbreak. The best results in treatment
have been obtained with salycilic acid or salicy-
late soda, and it is advisable to place a one
per cent. solution for the fowls to drink for
a week after any signs of the disease have been
noticed in the run. In no case should a bird
be allowed freedom until it has been completely
cured. When the disease is very advanced it is
best to kill the bird and destroy it, but if
taken in time a cure can be easily affected.
Another disease closely related in origin to
this form of Roup and often found with it is
a comb and wattle disease called Epithelioma
contagiosum. It appears as yellowish brown
nodules varying in size form a_ pin’s head
to that of a bean. A hollow from which a
yellow exudate oozes and forms a brownish crust
or scrab appears in the nodules, The parasites

Supplement to the '' Tropical Agricuiturist.”

(Srpm 2, 1901,

are minute protozoa which invade the epithelial
cells. The best treatment seems to be painting
the diseased areas with oil of turpentine and
isolating the bird.

To avoid al] parasitic diseases of poultry it
is very important that fresh stock birds should
be well examined before being turn out, as
a single diseased bird, especially if it be
a cock, may soon contaminate a whole ruo.—
N.S.W. Agricultural Gazette.

THE FIG.

In view of the fact that a number of people are
trying to grow figs and grapes, we insert the
following notes—with reference to the fig indus-
try near Smyrna, one of the chief fig-growing dis-
tricts—which, we believe, will prove of interest to
local growers of the fruit. The notes are ex-
tracted from a report by Mr. W. Finacure after a
visit to the country :—

The soil in the Meander Valley, where the fig
of commerce grows, is, owing to its position, very
loose, and very deep, and has the advantage of
retaining moisture. Many opinions haye been
advanced to me why this valley is so adapted for
this peculiar kind of fig, one being that the tree
requires moisture, and the character of the soil is
such that it retains it. Another, that the valley
is sheltered, which is the case; it is surrounded by
mountains. Another, that the soil contains a
certain amount of sweetness, af# a proof of which
is instanced the immense quantity of Liquorice it
produces. It is impossible, to my mind, to arrive
at any correct conclusion, because cultivation is
carried on so recklessly and stupidly that it is
difficult to say what are the precise advantages
from which the tree profits.

The cultivation as conducted by the natives is
bad. The soil is badly tilled, the trees badly
grown, they are untrained, and the suckers which
grow off the parent tree, under the delusion that
they add to the producing power, are fastened on
to the tree. No doubt this gives a greater bulk,
but it is not agriculture. Rules as to drainage
are utterly disregarded; the fig may require
much moisture, but a certain amount of drainage

‘ig also necessary. I have seen a whole plantation

flooded with rain water for want of escape, simply
because the natives are too lazy to form the ground
properly. All Englishmen to whom I have spoken
agree with me that the impressions which I formed
as to the slovenliness of the peasants are quite
correct, and I am certain that as a consequence
of bad cultivation the fig has deteriorated. The
skin is leathery, ad the flavour poor. The fact
is, Nature has done so much in Asia Minor that
man is not inclined to exert himself,

Fertilisation takes place when the fruit is one-
third the size; it will attain when ripe and to
prevent the fruit dropping prematurely, and to
hasten its ripening, caprification is resorted to. It
consists of placing the wild fig among the
branches of the domestic one. Wreaths are made
by stringing loosely on pieces of rushes from two
to twelve wild figs, according to the size of the
tree upon which it is to be placed. The peasant
takes a basketful of these wreaths and flings

Sepr. 2, 1901.]

them into the branches where they remain. The in-
sect which infects the wild tree leaves it and enters
the domestic fruit by the orifice. This is the process
which is called caprification, and it is undoubtedly
this action which prevents the domestic fig
from dropping before maturity and makes it grow
large. There are, of course, many proofs in support
of this theory, but the most recent and authentic
one which I have heard is from the lips of Sir
Edwin Egerton, the British Minister at Athens, a
gentleman who takes a considerable amount of
interest in matters of this kind. Sir Edwin told
me that there is a fig tree in the Embassy garden,
the fruit from which always dropped prematurely.
He procured a wild tree and planted it in the garden,
and when it bore fruit he followed the caprification
practice, Since then the fruit remains on the
tree, not only until quite mature but actually until
half dry.

The rainfall at Aidin* for the twelve months
from July, 1895, to June, 1896, was 21°71], and
from July, 1896, to June, 1897, was 26°45, In
ordinary regime July and August are rainless in
all the country from Smyrna to Ortakchi. If
there is rain, as 1am imformed, there was this
year, it is not seasonable for the fig, and if there
is rain early in September it is damaging, inas-
much as it prevents the completion of the drying
and interferes with the despatch of the fruit in
its best condition.

The temperature in the shade runs freely to 90
degrees Fahr., any time in June to August, and
with north-easterly winds to 95 degrees to 100
degrees occasionally, In winter it runs as low as
45 degrees to 50 degrees. I have not been able to
obtain complete data as to the temperature,
because no record is kept, but Iam informed by
the British Vice-Consul at Aidin that the above is
a correct estimate.

Ihave been informed by the Director of the
Railways that his lines have carried this year
to port (Smyrna) over 30,000 tons of figs; this,
of course, does not represent the whole production,
which this year was ‘below the average owing to
unseasonable rains, for immense quantities are
carried by the caravans, besides the enormous
consumption in the country. Apart from the fig,
which is the staple product of the country, corn,
maize, barley, oats, millet, and all cereals are
grown. All fruit, excepting tropical fruit, grow ;
the date palm is grown but does not bear fruit
owing to too much cold in winter,

Enormous quantities of the liquorice root are
dug out of the ground in, the Aidin district.
Messrs. McAndrews and Forbes, of London, have
an establishment where they collect the root, pack
it in bales, and export it chiefly to the United
States, where the juice is usec in the preparation
of tobacco. Isee no reason why the production
of liquorice should not be made an industry in
Queensland. All that it requires is, after digging
up the roots, to cut them in suitable lengths, pack
them in a kind of wool-press, and they are
ready for export.

The importance of the colony entering into the
fig cultivation cannot be over-estimated, when it

* 81 miles from Smyrna and in the heart of the
fig-growipg district.

Supplement to the ** Tropical Agriculiurist.’

217

is remembered that the cost of experimenting is not
very great. Any farmer can grow a row of trees
on the margin of his allotment in much the same
way as that in Italy, Trees are grown along the
border of land carrying cereals, adding very much
to the effect of that beautiful country.

There are parts of the country in which I am
sure the fig willsucceed, and if once weare successful
it will bea source of great wealth to the colony.
The Smyrna fig is deteriorating, as I have already
said, owing, 1 suppose, to cultivation; and if the
colony obtains a footing in the markets of Europe,
Asia Minor will have reason to regret its lethargy.
The countries which mostly draw the best quality
of figs, those cailed Elemes, are the United States
and Germany.

ITA DP Pee anes
INFLUENCE OF FORESTS ON THE CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS OF A COUNTRY.

Though it has been admitted in the first part
of this introduction that the climate of each
country and of each district is prima facie
dependent upon its geographical pesition, its eleva-
tion, the configuration of the ground, and other
cosmic causes which are independent of local
circumstances it can hardly be denied that the
existence or non-existence of large well-wooded
areas in a country naturally capable of growing
forests affects its climate ina very marked degree.
History proves this to usin numerous instances
where the deterioration of the climate of
who le districts, and even of whole countries,
has followed the destruction.

The once well-wooded Dalmatiais a stony desert ;
Persia once one of the granaries of the Hast
is barren and desolate over a large extent of
the country. North Africa, formerly one of the
main corn markets of Rome, is subject to the
severest droughts. Spain, Italy, Sicily, Greece
and Asia Minor have suffered greatly from dis-
forestation, and finally, but not least, India
especially in the intermediate and dry zones in
the Deccan, and in the north-westjot the country
has been injured by the destruction of her forests.

Even Oskar Peschel, who questions the im-
portance of the influence of forest growth on
the climate of a whole country perhaps more
than any other writer of note, throws no doubt
on the observations made by Boussingault,
Hamboldt, and Bompland, and acknowledges the
local influence of forests on the precipitation
of moisture. He says, however, and he has
numerous followers even within the ranks of
the Forest Department, that the amount of rain
which falls year by year on the Continent would
be exactly the same if there were no forests at all.

“The amount of rain,” he states, “depends on
the extent of oceans and seas, on the degree
of heat, and on the rapidity with which the
air moves over the surface of the waters. None
of these conditions are changed,” he writes, ‘‘ by
the extent or absence of forests. All air currents
blowing from the sea are year by year charged
with the same amount of moisture, which pre-
cipitates as soon as the air is cooled below the
point of saturation. If such precipitation be
caused by forests, the air currents reach the

218

regions behind these forests drier and unable
to yield a further supply of water.”

It is thus Oskar Peschel teaches in his well-
known work
den Erdkunde,” but he entirely omits from his
calculation re-evaporation of moisture precipi-
tated on the land, and his conclusions cannot
consequently be accepted. A well-wooded forest
area may best be compared to a Jandlord who
spends bis income derived from the country within
it and for the benefit of his neighbours where
as cleared areas resemble absentee proprietors
who scatter their revenues in foreign parts.
It rains; the drops are scattered on the leaves
and fall in a soft gentle spray or in slow falling
big drops, which have collected on the foliage
on to the spongy forest ground. The water
has thus time to percolate slowly into the soil
below, whence a large quantity is gradually
pumped up again through the roots of the forest
trees exhaled by their leaves and again assists
‘in forming rain clouds. Wocded areas, no doubt,
extract under the same circumstances more mois-
ture out of the air than for disforested regions,
but they serve as a store-house and yield again
what they take, whereas a great portion of
the water precipitated on barren soil is only
recovered by evaporation from rivers, lakes, and
oceans. Forests use, therefore, much Jess moisture
than barren areas in the same position and under
similar conditions and augment the atmospheric
moisture in regard to regions which are separated
by such forests from the sea instead of diminish-
ing it. Their action in this respect is not the
same time as that of an intervening mountain
range.

In Assam, which is a-broad, isolated, well-wooded
valley, rain clouds form in the winter and it
rains when no air currents reach it from the
sea. The clouds are home-born and are to some
extent, at least, due to re-evaporation from the
vast forest areas still in existence. The same
laws naturally apply to any locality, though they
may not be so strikingly exemplified. It may
be argued that evaporation from open ground
is much more intense than from soil covered by
forests. No doubt this is the case, and Eber-
mayer in his ‘‘die Physikalishen E’nwirkungen
des Waldes auf Luft und Boden” gives the
following data: —‘‘The forest alone, without the
cover or dead leaves diminishes the evaporations
by 62 per cent. as compared with that in the
cpen. Evaporation is consequently 2°6 times less
in the forests, A covering of dead leaves and
vegetable mould diminishes evaporation by a
further 22 per cent. Forests with an undis-
turbed covering of dead leaves and vegetable
mould lessen the evaporation as compared with
that in the open by 84 per cent.

These data are based on observations made in
Bavaria during the summer months. In the

Indian climate the difference, which increases
in proportion to the heat and dryness of the
atmosphere would be even more considerable.

The above data refer to the evaporation from
the soil, which, of course, can only take place
as long as there is water on the surface wLich
in the open is not the case for long, as it either
flows off or gravitates out of reach of the influence

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculiurist.”

‘“*Neue Probleme der vergleichen

(Serr. 2, 1901.

of evaporation, In a forest the water does not
flow off with the same rapidity, and much of
that which gravitates into the soil is pumped
back by the long roots of the forest trees, and
especially during the period of vegetation is
exhaled by the leaves in quantities which repre-
sent far more than the moisture evaporated from
the open ground. There can be no doubt, what-
ever may be said to the contrary, that the widely-
spread notion that forests tend to increase the
rainfall, and that in a warm country, diminishes
its moisture, and consequently its fertility is
correct. As already pointed out the theory is
proved by history and ruins. and the rapidity
with which changes in the climate of different
countries have taken place entirely forbids
that such sudden modifications should be ascribed
to cosmic causes. We accept other scientific
problems on such more flimsy evidence, but in
this instance a large number of us suddenly swerve
aside and follow a school which starts new theories
on partial observations and leaves re-evapora-
tion out of consideration. Ebermayer fonnd from
experiments made that during July, the hottest
month in Bavaria, only 6 per cent which filtered
down to the depth in a forest, the ground of
which was covered with complete and undisturbed
vegetable mould.

In the one case the water rapidly runs off
into streams and seas by sudden fioods and
freshets, and this too when the whole atmosphere
is surcharged with moisture. In the other
instance the water is stored for re-evaporation
through the foliage of the forests, and is given
forth at the time when the air is drierand the
winds do not blow from the sea. It may be
safely stated that more than the rain which is thus
stored in the ground is re-evaporated by the trees
in time of need, and even at this low computation
a well-stocked, a well-protected forest area, the
vegetable mould of which is undisturbed by
either fire or the axe or rake of the “rab” or
‘* sir” collector would re-supply to the atmosphere
at least one-third of the moisture which is
precipitated on it. This would be available for
the open country. If therefore 30 per cent of the
country Was under complete forest, the rainfall
should increase by 10 per cent under conditions
similar to those which exist in Bavaria in July.

In India, or any other country with such a fierce
climate as ours, the influence should be more markd.

The monsoons in India, it is argued, must be
quite independent of forest growth. Quite so.
Forests can have no influence whatever on the
amount of moisture drawn from the ocean, and
the general direction of the winds is unques-
tionably governed by greater causes, but, apart
from this, periodical rains are subject to the same
general laws as all other rains, and must, therefore,
be affected by the same causes, and amongst them
by extensive forest growth, in exactly the same
way and degree. The air may be charged with
moisture which need not, however, be precipitated.
If an extensive snowfall in the outer Himalayas
can affect the monsoon rainfall, it seems certain
that forests can do the same, though probably not
to the same degree.

[Forestry in British India by B. RipBentHop,}
(Zo be concluded.)

< eRENN LT OTE

qyirit Al
a

«| MONTHLY. De

Pid

XXI.

COLOMBO, OCTOBER ist,

1901.

No. 4.

TROPICAL TIMBERS AND THEIR

RINGS OF GROWTH.
BY HERBERT WRIGHT, A.R.C.S.

(Especially written tor Indian Gardening and Planting.]
———S a HERE is probably no more in-
teresting study in timbers than
that of the seasonal elements
which a transverse section of
the stem exhibits. The majority
of persons are familiar with
the historical tables usually
= attached to, or painted upon,
the successive annular rings of stem sections
in the museums and gardens of Europe. The validity
of the idea that each ring counts for a definite period
of time in the life of the plant is accepted as sound,
though in past times much controversy was waged
onthe nature ofthe causes producing these time-
checking arrangements of the timber elements. The
bark pressure theories of Sachs and T, Hartig, the
theory of osmotic variation waged by Russow, and
the ideas of Weiler and Robert Hartig, respecting
nutritive supplies to the tree, were all found insuffi.
cient to explain the nature of the causes which
determined the formation of rings of growth, It
was left tothe genius of Strassburger and his con-
temporaries to explain the formation of the rings in
terms of the varying physiological needs of the
plant.
In temperate zones the deciduous trees burst into
new foliage during spring, and the main function
which the wood has to perform. is that of supply-

ing copious quantities of water to the growing leaves. ©

This is accomplished by the production of large

lumined, thin walled elements, which form connected —

systems from roots to leaves. During autumn the
demand for water is not as great, but there is an

increased weight of plant tissue, and the necessary
elements to give support and rigidity are added in
the form of narrow elements possessing very
thick walls.

The thick walled narrow elements of autumn abut
directly onthe large elements of the next spring;
and hence the line of demarcation showing tke
limit of growth for any particular year is often very
conspicuous, The idea that each ring represent
one year of time is therefore correct for those
trees in temperate zones which exhibit such period
icities in leaf production. In the tropics, however,
where as many as four seasons have each a recog-
nised power, andthe arborescent vegetation is often
characterised by more than one periodicity in leaf
production per year, the time represented by each
ring of growth isnot necessarily one year,

It is obvious to a casual observer that the very
great differences between the periodicities in leaf
production of the Flamboyant and Cotton trees, or
those between the Oandle, Almond and Para rubber
trees, or better still between an evergreen having
no fixed periodicity and a deciduous tree having
the annual regularity of Schizolobum excelsium—
such differences must result in the production of
very dissimilar tissue arrangements in the woodo
the respective trees. We thereforesee that in order
to correctly interpet the “ seasonal ” rings of growth
we must know exactly the characteristic periodicity
and, since the climate and vegetation in the tropics
are as widely different from those of temperate
zones, we may expect the problem to assume some
degree of complicity.

In tropical countries such as Oeylon, where the
air is hot and damp throughout the year, the
majority of trees are usually considered to be of an
evergreen nature. Many of these ever-greens, such
as species of Cinnamomum and HKugenia, Mangoe

220

and Jak, etc., have no fixed periodicity, and new
leaves may occur any month in the year; others
produce leaves at a definite time each year, and of
this class the most conspicuous are the ebony trees.
Further, it is worthy of note that those trees of
Diospyros embryopteris and Diospyros Gardneri,
which as yet have not produced sexual organs, are
invariably characterised by a biannual foliar period-
icity. A comparison between the rings of growth
of a young ebony—not flowering—and one regularly
producing flowers, should therefore prove highly
interesting. Next to the evergreens we may for
comparison place those trees which drop their old
leaves simultauveously, but which have produced leaf
buds prior to the fall ofthe old ones,as in Dillenia
indica, Rhopalocarpus lucidus. ete. Many others
however, have gone a step further, and the pro-
duction of new leaves is delayed until the greater
part of the old leaves have dropped and the tree
assumes a semi-bare condition, as in Ficus ‘Trimeni.
Continuing in this direction we come next to those
trees which, like the Inga saman and Candle, are
bare for a few days, and finally to those like Hry-
thrina umbrosa, Careya arborea, Bombax, Hevea
brasiliensis, Dalbergia frondosa, Plumieria acutifolia
and a host of less familiar trees which remain
leafless for several weeks or months during every
year.

There are very few species in Ceylon which drop
their old leaves and produce new foliage more than
once per year, a notable exception being the almond
—Terminalia catappa.

Not only does the foliar periodicity vary with
, the species, but trees of the same species exhibit
great variability, and it is even doubtful whether the
the same tree produces new leaves at exactly the
‘pame time from year to year. These differences
must be due either to the varying personal require-
ments of the plants or the environment under which
they exist.
In studying the personal equation of the plant one
-gannot but conclude that one of the foremost objects
in dropping the leaves isto check excessive trans-
piration. In the Peradeniy2 districts and in all
those parts of the island which feel the dry heat
’ of the N,-E. Monsoon, many ofthe deciduous trees
drop their leaves before or during the hottest months
—February to April and thereby avoid a condition
of transpiration which might otherwise prove fatal,
The noteworthy examples are Crataera Roxburghi,
_ Erythrina indica, Ficus Amottiana, Sterculia balan-
chos, Schizolobium excelsum, Oroxylum indicum,
Cupania edulis, Antiaris innoxia, the Cotton and
Para and Ceara rubber trees and many others fami-
liar to the tropical tourist. That this is one of the
prime objects is further indicated by the behaviour
vf Careya arborea, Hriodendron aufractuesum, and
others in the Bibile and Batticaloa districts, since
in these places the production of new leaf is delayed
considerably—an obvious advantage where the S.W.
Monsoon is replaced by hot dry weather. Ifit were
necessary to bring proof in support of this idea,
one need only point out the behaviour in desert
areas where those plants, the tissues of which are
neither fleshy nor protected by hairs or other con-
trivances, drop their leaves prior to a period of
drought. The zerophytic plants having leaves which
either in virtue of their succulence retain for a long
time the greater part ofthe water they have ob-
tained, or are so protected by hairs, wax, cuticle,
sunken stomata, etc., that loss of water by trans-
piration is at a minimum, such plants remain ever
green throughout the hottest months. The plants
not so adapted must necessarily drop their leaves
in order to prevent excessive loss of water. In tem-
perate zones # reversion is seen, since itis during
the cool months that the trees become bare, and
only when heat and sunshine present their maxi-
mum strength that the arborescent vegetation puts
gu the best show of leaf,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Ocr. 1, 1901.

One of the reasons why, in temperate zones, the trees
drop their leaf in winter is probably to be found in
the fact thatthe soil is so cold (that absorption
cannot take place through the roots, and hence no
supply being guaranteed, the plants lose their foli-
age until the warmer weather arrives.

Though the checking of transpiration seems to be
one object, it is rather surprising to notice the
comparative zerophytic nature of the leaves of Ficus
Arnottiana, Ficus Trimeni, and others where the
transpiration is probably much less than that from
the tender leaves of Brownea grandiceps, and yet
the former are deciduous and the latter is evergreen.
Further, we have to face the difficulty that the
hottest part of the year is not that chosen by all
the deciduous trees, as is instanced by the behaviour
of Albizzia proceraand Dalbergia frondosa, which
become bare inthe Peradeniya districts during the
dull wet month of July when transpiration cannot
be at all excessive, But what is still more
difficult to bring into comformity with the theory
of checking transpiration is the production of abun-
dance of fresh foliage when the dry heat of the
N.-E. Mousoon is asserting its maximum power.
This occurs with trees of Sclerocarya caffra and
Terminalia melanocarpum during the hot month of
March, and similarly Sterculia balanchos and
Chlorocylon Swietinia in April. It is highly prob-
able that many of these trees have, in the migra-
tion of species, found their way into districts where
the climate is not in agreement with their old
periodicites. They may, or may not, acquire a new
periodicity, and it would be important if we could
determine whether the periodicity of imported
species grown from seed remains the same as in
the native districts. One might also notice whether
a species, native of our country, shows the same
periodicity as locally grown trees when introduced
again from abroad.

Many of the peculiarities will probably have to
be explained on purely personal grounds, since they
do not lend themselves to correlation with known
environments. The power of the personal equation
can be better studied in the tropics than in temperate
zones, since the variation of season has such a pres
ponderant influence inthe latter areas.

Many instances are known which point to the
operation of purely irdividual forces within the
plant. In Javaet ses Habitants, by I. Ohailley-Bert,
mention is made of the fact that trees of the same
species of Palaquium are growing side by side and
under conditions almost identical, and yet one may
be bare at a time when the others retain full poss-

» ession of their foliage,

Mr. Nock also informs me that the English oaks
grown at Hakgala under a comparatively temperate
climate behave in the same irregular manner. This
individual variation cannot be better studied than
at Peradeniya, where lLagerstroemia flos-regina, &
native of the moist lowcountry of Ceylon, grows
in abundance. Here, in the month of February,

- one tree was perfectly bare and yet others only a

few yards distant were in full foliage; others were
about to drop their leaves, and during the same
month one had not only dropped its foliage, but
burst into new leaf and followed this by production
of flowers. Similarly with trees of Bridelia retusa,
also a native of the moist lowcountry. So much
then to indicate that internal factors may be at
work in determining periodicity of leaf production,

On the other hand, there is considerable evidence
in the acclimatisation of trees that the power of
environment is very great. A moment’s consideration
of the powerful influence of a temperate
on the phases of vegetation is alone sufficient.
There are instances which seem to point to the
possibility of anew periodicity, without the loss of
the old one, being produced by a change of climate.
Here we must content ourselves with a few examples
which indicate the power of climate. One case of

climate

_growing at Johannesburg further

deciduous trees
‘portance cannot be

tO) NEE I EY A

- ciana regia,

Ocr, 1, 1901. ]

more than usual interest is given by Dr. Watt,
Vol. 1., p. 46, where the behaviour of Acacia dealbata,
Link, indigenous to New South Wales, Victoria and
Tasmania, has been entirely changed by the climate
in the Nilgiris, The facts are, thatin 1845 and up
to about 1850, the trees in the Nilziris flowered in
October, which corresponded with the Australian
time, but about 1860 they were observed to flower
in September ; in 1870 they flowered in August;
in 1878 in July ; and in 1882 they began to flower
in June, this being the spring month in the Nilgiris
corresponding with October in Australia. It there-
fore takes nearly 40 years to regain its habit of

‘flowering in the spring, ie., to become perfectly
-acclimatised (Ind. For., VIII., 26).

I am alsoinformed that the English oaks now
illustrate this
point, since they begin to drop their leaves towards

the end of May, remain here until nearthe end of

“August, when new leaf appears, to be followed by
flowers which ripen into fruit by Christmas,

These are very striking examples, and what we

‘are particularly anxious to obtain is a satisfactory

table of comparison showing the behaviour of the
under different climates. The im-
overestimated, as we shall
obtain one string of facts which, together with some
knowledge of the rates of growth of the plants in
question, will materially assist us in our attempt to
interpret the seasonal peculiarities of tropical woods,
Having in view the innumerable side‘issues to which

‘such a problem may lend itself, we confine ourselves

to the following points :—

I.—When the plant drops its leaves.

II.—When the new leaves appear.

ITI.—When the flowers appear,

Alist of those plants which are deciduous in
Ceylon is now appended in the hope that all
interested will forward as much knowledge as they

possess respecting the behaviour of any or all of

these plants; Albizziastipulata, Borr; Albizzia Leb-
bek, Benth; Albizzia procera; Benth.; Antiaris
toxicaria, Lesch.; Anogeisus latifolia; Acacia suma,

~Kurz.; Aleurites triloba, Forst.; Alstonia scholaris,
’ Br.; Adenanthera bicolor, Moon,; Bombax malabaricum,

D.C. ; Bassia longifolia, L.; Bauhinia ; Bridelia retusa,

“Spreng ; Cratera Roxburghii, Br.; Cochlospermum

gossypium, D.C.; Cassia multijuga, Rich.; Cassia
grandis, Lf.; Cassia nodosa, Ham.; Cassia fistula,
L.; Clerodendron Thomsonae,_ Balf,; Cedrela
serrulata, Mig.; Cedrela odorata, &.; Careya arborea
Gaertin.; Chickrassia tabularis, A, Juss.; Chloroxylon

* swietenia, D.C; Canthium macrocarpum; Cupania

edulis; Citherexylum cinereum, .; Couroupeta
guianensis, Aubl.; Derris robusta, Benth.;_ Derri-
dalbergiodes, Baker. ; Digellostyles axillaris; Diptero,
carpus zeylanicus, Thw.; Dipterocarpus hispidus,

_Thw.; Dalbergio melanoxylen, G. and P.; Dalbergia

frondosa, Roxb.; Dilenia indica, L.; Eriodendron
aufractuosum, D, C.; Enterlobium cyclocarpum, Grisib

' Erythrina indica, L.; Erythrina ve utina, Willd,;
Erythrina umbrosa, H.B.&.; Hugenia jamb lana;
Ficus religiosa, .; Ficus Trimeni, King; Ficus

Arnottiana, Mig.; Ficus Wightiane, Wall; Ficus
infectorea, Roxb., Ficus semicordata, Mig.; ‘icus
elastica, L.; Ficus altissima, Bl.; Flacourtia Ra-
montchi, f1. Herit; Gmelina arborea, Roxb.; Hevea
brasiliensis, Muell Arg,; Heterophragma adenophylla,
Seem.; Litsea sebifera ; Lagerstrcomia flos-reginae,

_ Retz.; Lagerstrcemia tomentosa; Manihot Glaziovii.

Mull.; Michelia champaca, L.; Oroxylon indicum,
Vent.; Odina Woodier, Roxb.; Pithecolobium
saman, Benth.; Pericopsis Mooniana, Thw.; Poin-
Boj.; Plumieria acutifolia, Poir.;
Pterospernum semisgittatum, Ham.; Phyllanthus
emblica, L.; Pahudia Javanica, Mig. ; Peltophorum
Leunei, Benth.; Peltophorum ferrugenium, Benth. ;
Pterocarpus echinatus Pers. ; Pterocarpus marsupium,
Roxb.; Pterocarpus indicus, Willd.; Parmentiera,
cereifera, Seem.; Pityran the verrucosa, Thw.; Parkia
biglandulosa, W, and A. ; Phopalocarpus lucidus, Boj.;

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 221

Spondias mangifera, Willd.; Sapindus laurifolia,
Vahl,; Sclerocarya caffra, Sond. ; Sterculia Balangas
Schizolobium, excelsum, Vog.; Sterospermum Xylo-
carpum, B.and Hkf.; Sterospermum cheleniodess
D.C.; Sterospermum suaveolens, D.C,; Schleichera
trijuga, Willd.; Stephegne tuberosa ; Saccocephalus
esculemus, Afz.: Sapium biglandulosum; Swietenia
Mahogany, L.; Styrax Benzoin, Dryand.; Terminalia
catappa. L.; Terminalia_ belerica Roxb, ; Terminalia
melanocarpum, F, M,; Terminalia parviflora, Thw.;
Terminalia chebula. ; Tectona grandis, L. ; Tabebuia
Pallida Lind]. ; Tamarindus indicus, L.; Vitex Leuco-
xylon, L. F.; Vitex altissima, L. F.; Xanthoxylon
Rhetse Yizyphns glabrata, Heyne.
——___.2———______.

QUESTIONS FOR CACAO PLANTERS.
(To the Editor, ‘ Tropical Agiculturist.”)

Srr,—I heard sometime ago that Mrj Carruthers
and Mr. Huxley were compiling a set of questions
which it might be hoped cacao planters would find it
in their interest to answer for the purpose of enabling
Mr. Carruthers in particular, and everyone in
general, to obtain some reliable information, or at
least to enable such to be deduced from replies which
would be elicited. This was some time ago, andJ
personally have received nothing up to date of the
kind. In viewof thisI venture to send you a list of
questions, for publication if you think fit. By the
medium of your paper, in which—for the discussion
of planters’ interests you have given already, from time
to time, considerable space—a publicity would: be
obtained for a subject, that needs considerably
more light on it than we have at present.—Yours, &o,,

Moneragalla, August 24th.
(Questions for circulation among Cacao Planters.)
District
Aspect (N.,S., E., W., &c.)
Date (year)
Maximum and minimum elevation
Heavy rainfall per annum
Wettest monsoon (quote months)
Principal cropping season (quote months)
I.—Varieties—1, Is forastero or Caraccas in your
opinion the more remunerative ?
2. Quote any particular variety or hybrid doing
especially well with you?
3. At about what elevation is your best cacao?
, 4, What coloured flowers in your opinion mature
est ?

Zl, Canker.—1. How do you treat for canker (a)
by light shaving, (b) deep cutting, or (c) any other
methods.

2. Do you destroy diseased shavings and pods: if so
how ? :

3. Do you treat systematically? if so, state length

of round ?

4, In what months is canker most prevalent with

ou ?

y What was the original environment of your worst
cankered fields ? :
III, Suckers—1. Do you grow suckers from the base

or lateral branches, or both? and what are their

respective effects on the tree ?
2, Doyou encourage suckers with any idea ofim-
munity to canker ?
3. Are you satisfied with them on this or on any
other count ; if so, what?
IV. Manure,—1. With what do you manure, if any-
thing ?
2. How do you apply it ?
How much per tree ?
4, Any improvement in appearence, or what in-
crease of crop?
V. Pruning.1—Do you prune either old or young
cacao ?
2. Lightly or heavily ?—for crop, ventilation, &o,?

—for spread or shape?

VI. Helopeltis,—1.St Sate your method of treatment,

Eby) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

2. Length of round.
8. Length of time under treatment.
4. When most prevalent. :
5. With what result, satisfactory or otherwiec ?
VI. Shade,—1, What shade do you prefer if any ?
2. At what distance for new clearings ? ¥
8, At what age would you thin out, and how, if
at a!l? :
VIII, Crop.-1 What isthe annual average yield
‘ of pods per tree on your cacao in full bearing ?
State Caraccas or Forastero (hybrid mixed, &c.) aud
approximate age,
a. What pre poations of good and black cacao do you
get ? ES i
3. Towhat do you attribute any variation of these
proportions throaghont the year ?

$$$ $< a———____—_—

INSECT PESTS.
CIRCULAR TO FRUIT GROWERS.

he Secretary of the Department of Agriculture
ae caused a civotilas letter to be sent to all the
Societies in the State, of which the following is a

bad 2 beg to draw the attention of your Society to
“the recently amended regulations under ‘ The Insect
Pests Amendment Act, 1898,’ and more particularly
to the new Regulation 20, governing the use of second
hand fruit cases, which reads as follows: :

“The use within the State of seat eae

ackages that may reasonably be suppose
eine Contained fruit is prohibited, and the Chief
Inspector or Local Inspector may order the disin-
fection of same, as providedin Grder 11, or by any
other means that may be directed by the Secretary
of the Department of Agriculture, and failing such
distinfection shall seize and destroy same.

“Experts are agreed that the use of second-hand
fruit cases, without being disinfected, is one of the
surest methods of disseminating disease, This being
g0, it behoves everyone interested in the horticnl-
tural advancement of the State to prevent the use
-of second-hand cases as far as possible, unless they
have been previously disinfected. :

“In accordance with the expressed desire of recent
Producers’ Conference:, the Department has, in
order to discourage the use of second-hand cases,
obtained the co-operation of the Railway Depart-

“ment in the matter of differential rates being levied
om new cases imported or locally made, and second-
sere lateral for cases in shooks can be obtained
in Perth, subject to slight market fluctuations, at the
average price of 8s, 6d sper (dazew

“Not only is it in the interestsof growers to dis-
- courage the use of second-hand cases, but _ also to
encourage the use of an uniform case, and it stands
- to reason that, the contents being good, the more
attractive the Racers in gebich fruit is marketed

: i ill be the returns. ee
SaaS anal uniform case, the distinctive indivi-
dual brand of the ehipper, an attractive address-
Iabel, and careful grading and packing, will secure
@ maximum return and drive the worthless fruit out

* of the market—it is carelessness and rubbishy fruit

that brings down the average—and, while ensuring
to the grower a better profit, will also ensure to

the consumer a cheaper, because a

more regular supply of the best fruit. 1
“Now local growers have to compete against the

Eastern States, it is imperative they should attend

ly to details. :

F Pte Lathes how careful the inspection at the port

of entry, experts are of opinion that the danger of
introducing diseases new to this State will always

be present, and this knowledge should stimulate the |

local growers to exercise the greatest vigilance in
parontive the possible introduction of diseases
nto their orchards.

better, and a .

(Oct. 1, 1901.

“The saving of a penny or so per case, by using
second-hand cases, may be the means of introducing
into an orchard a disease that may cost hundreds
of pounds to eradicate, ifit does not finally render
the orchard worthless.

“This Department, as you are doubtless aware,
has only four Inspectors to supervise over four
thousand widely-scattered orchards and vineyards,
and I am appealing to your Society now to appoint
from its membership, one or two, or three or more
—as you may think fit—honorary inspectors, who
will assist this Department in administering the
Insect Pests Act. If is in your own interests I
ask you to assist the Department. You have now
to face the competition of the Eastern Sta‘es in
fruit and diseases, and you can only successfully
do this by exercising eternal vigilance in keepin
your orchards and vineyards free from disease, an
the best way to do this isto follow the lines indi-
cated ;—

“J, Plant vigorously, but only the best varie-
ties, having an eye always on the export trade of
the future,

‘2, Oultivate thoroughly and prune properly,
and do not starve the trees if a little fertilizer will
help them.

“3. Spray carefully and often, remembering
that a single spraying is seldom of much nse.

“4, Allow no second-hand cases to come on t3
your place. If they do disinfect at once.

“5. In the interests of your neighbours send no
second-hand cases away unless disinfected.

‘6. Ship only the primest fruit turning the rest

. into jam or pork. Hither will pay you better than

spoiling your own market by supplying rubbish.
“Tt is an ill bird that fouls its own nest.”

“7. Pick grade, and pack as if yow were handl«
ing eggs, and use only new cases, branded with
the name of the orchard, and legibly addressed
on an attractive label, to your agent.

“If you decide to appoint honorary inspectors,
in the different centres of your district, as I hepe
you will, 1 will endeavour to secure them any actual
out of pocket expenses they may incur in the exe-
cution of their duties. :

‘* Remember ‘ Eternal vigilance is the price of
success.”

‘““T have the honour to be, Sir
“Yours obedient servant,
L. Linpiey-Cowen,
“ Secretary.”
—Journal of the Department of Agriculture Western
Australia.
—_——>___

GOOD AND BAD CASTILLOA.

(Translation of an Article in the Journal de Agriculturé
Lropicale, July 1901,)

Castilloa is the rubber-tree par excellence of
Mexico and Central America. The innumerable
companies for rubber-growing formed lately with
North-American capital have the Castilloa always
in view. From this we may concéive the very
strong interest which attaches to the communica-
tion translated herein, It is extracted from a Ger=
man pamphlet * appearing early this month, and
from which we shall have occasionto borrow still fur«
ther. The author, Mr. Th. F. Koschny, has been g
settler on the Rio de S. Carlos (Repul.ic of Costa
Rica) for nearly twenty-five years. He is cer-
tainly a most observant man; Professor Warburg,
in his book on Castilloa and its culture, quotes
him on every page; Mr. Koschny is in fact a
most devoted correspondent of the Tropenpflan-

* Th. F. Koschny:—Die culture des Castilloa-
Kautschuks. In 8d.; 50; published as a Supple-
ment (Beiheft) of the Tropenpflanzer, that acmira-
ble review of Tropical Agriculture, of Berlin,

Nk ee ars

- ae aati ia el neti eta

Oct. 1, 1901.]

zer, the review directed by Mr. Warburg.
Nevertheless, Koschny does not seem to be a
botanist ; on this side matters seem to require some
controlling by some one in this line of business,
Mr. Koschny moreover mentionsthat he sent to the
Botanic Gardens of Berlin samples of all the parts
of the species and varieties he refers to; so that we
shall not be long without attaining a fixed idea of
the distinctions and assimilations he establishes,

Several authors have already distinguished species
and varieties in the genus Castilloa; all the informa-
tion on this point will be found in the French edition
of the Plantes a Caoutchouc of Warburg now being
brought out in serial form by Challamel (that ex-
cellent colonial publisher, 17 rue Jacob, Paris.)

This edition has been executed under our super-
vision; we have provided it with.a great number
of annotations completing the original text and
putting the facts in their true light. In particular,
on what concerns the species and varieties of
Castilloa, we have made a resume of all that is
known up to date of Koschny’s new monograph ;
even the facts set forth below will be found indi-
cated in our book, as the outcome of anterior com-
munication with Koscbny, bat less precisely.

All this goes to say that the reader with a real
interest in getting accurate information as to the
Castilloas to cultivate and the Castilloas to avoid
wovid do well not to rest content with the state-
ments he will find below, but to re-peruse also the
corresponding paragraph of our edition of Warburg.
Tt would be a waste of available space were we to
reprint that paragraph here; and there is no
necessity for doing so, for the book will be onsale
in a few days,

fn the text which follows, we shall see that we
have four sorts of Castilloa to deal with. The
catalogues of dealers in seeds and tropical plants
only comprise two :—

1, Castilloa elastica, without distinction of varieties;

2. Castilloa Tunu, this last Castilloa being of quite
recent appearance.

The last list of seeds and plants distributed in the
German colonies by the agency of the ‘ Kolonial-
Wirtschaftliches Komitee’? of Berlin, mentions the
Castilloz alba; this is probably seeds coming from
Koschny,

After this preamble, here is what Koschny says :—

“T know here four sorts of Castilloa; three seem
to belong to the ‘‘species elastica, the fourth to the
species tanw.* Here are the native names of these
four sorts of Castilloa;—

Huie (pronouaced Ovuie) Banco; translation:
white rubber-tree;as a scientific name I propose
for this variety, that of Castilloa alba,

Hutz Nzeero; blackrubber-tree; & propose to
call it Castilloa mgra.

HuLe Conorapdo; red rubber-tree; I propose to
eall it Castilloa rubra.

Hurrt Tanu; the people of the country call it
also gutta percha; its scientific name is Castilloa
tanu.

“The four sorts of Castilloa I have just ennmerated
are identical or nearly so as regards ti. exterior
aspect of the branches, pseudo-branches”’ (for the
explanation of this term, sce the Chapter Casti//:~ in
our edition of Warburg.—Editor’s Notes), leaves, &.

“The base of the trunk of the Oastilloa presents
folds or tabs of which the height varies from thirty
centimetres to two metres according to the age of
the tree. We call these prolongations of the trunk
here Gambas (limbs); they correspond to the thick
roots which run along the surface of the soil or
immediately under the surface, The three varieties

THE TROPICAL

_ of Castilloa elastica have these gambas thick, with

the upper edge slightly rounded; with the Tanu, on

" * Kditor’s Note, Botany only knows C. Tunw ; this
difference of spelling is unimportant; but what is
strange is the discrepancy as to the quality of
caoutchouc furnished by the tree in question,

AGRICULTURIST. 223

aa

the contrary, the gambas are thin and their upper
edge more acute.

“1. Hute Branco (Castilloa” elastica var. alba.)
Seen from a distance the trnnk shews glimmers of
white and red. The white colour is due toa white
lichen, very delicate, which causes no injury to the
tree.

“The very old trees have the bark covered with
heavier mosses and lichens of a dull colour; and
then it becomes almost impossible to distinguish
them from the other forest trees: the underwood
prevent one from seeing the crown of the Castilloa,
and the Hutrro (rubber-gatherer) as likely as not
goes by without suspecting the presence of a rubber-
tree, unless by chance he finds some of its leaveg
on the ground; these are as a fact bigger than
those of most of the forest trees, and moreover
may be recognised by their rolling themselves up
into tubes as they dry.

“The latex of the Hutz Branco is thick, When
we tap the tree, only a part of the latex follows
the track of the gutter and reaches the receiver,
unless one guides it with the finger to make it
take the exact direction desired; under natural con-
ditions, nearly half of it sticks in the incisiong
themselves.

“The Hutz Buanco is, of the three varieties of
the Casti/loa elastica, that most frequently met with
in the mixed forests; it is the only one worth the
trouble of cultivation. Its bark and its bast are
thicker and at the same time softer than those of
the other varieties. The Hur Bianco is never
met with in the high forests; it prefers the places
rather thinly grown, where its crown can be sufti-
ciently exposed to the air, while at the same time
its stem is shaded by the undergrowth. I[t is the
Huts Buanco which stands wounding best; it is the
tree which gives the most caoutchouc with the least
risk of premature exhaustion; this thanks to the
property in its latex of coagulating within a short
time. By sticking in the furrow and cracks of the
bark the latex of the Hue Buanco hegins by giv-
ing a mass quite soft, like thick cream, Which
would at once be washed off were it to rain at that
moment; but should a dry wind be blowing at
the time of tapping, the solidification of the latex
would be produced so quickly that next morning its
condition would quite defy the rain. At the end of
from six to eight days, according to weather, the
transformation into caoutchouc is complete.

““IfuLE Necro. The bark of this variety is dull
in colour and very much furrowed. It is rich in
latex; but as the latter is very watery, its flow easily
becomes excessive and the tree dies of exhaustion.
The bark of the Hutz NeeRo is a little thinner
than that of the Huts Branco, but it is very
fibrous and resistant. This variety is certainly shade-
loving and only to be found in high forest. Its bark
resembles in every respect that of the common trees
of the forest; for this reason HuLe Necro is very
difficult of detection when one is traversing the
forest. The cultivatioh of the Hutz Necro cannot
be recommended, on account of its tendency to die
when wounded. This tree is generally to be found
mixed with other Castilloas. All the same, it is per-
haps the least common variety ; most likely because
being particularly sensitive to wounds it must hive
succumbed before the other kinds to the brutal
methods of exploitation of the hulero,

“3. Hubez Cotorapo, ‘-red-rubber-trees.’ It is
the bark which shews the reddish tinge, esp cially
that of the branches. It is smooth, thir, and

brittle; its fracture is conchoid; the edges of the
channel made for its bleeding have a tendency to
open out and burst. The yield of latex is scanty ;
still the caoutchouc is of good quality.

“The bark of this variety has so little resemblance
to that of the others that one would hardly recog-
nise the tree as a rubber-tree were it not for the
identity of its general form, the shape of its crowy

904

“of its ramification, foliage, &c. As a matter of fact,
while the bark of the Hu1r Branco and Hult
Necro splits in the longitudinal (vertical) direction,
that of the Huir CotoRApo is smooth but presents
quite a curious aspect by virtue of the light fur-
rows running over it in a very oblique direction.
By these furrows the bark of the Hur» CoLorapo
appears as it were garlanded. ‘These garlands or
ribbons have yet another peculiarity: they are
‘oinamented with little round knobs, disposed in
‘vertical and horizontal series. At a given moment,
these knobs break up; they then contribute towards
making the bark take on that general reddish dis-
coloration characteristic of the UHuLE CoLorApo.
Apart from these oblique furrows, this be-ribboned
arrangement, and these knobs, the bark of the
Hue Conorado is absolutlely smooth, without the
least fissure, if we except the twigs and young
branches of which the bark has not yet taken on
its final form. The bark of the HuLtE Cotorapo is
much thinner than that of the two preceding
‘varieties; the bast is scarcely developed at all.
‘ This variety is found everywhere mixed with the
“others, both in the high forests and in the mixed ;
as a rule itis rarer than the Hurr PLaNco; still
“there are placcs where it predominates. I should
not be surpriscd if the poor results of Castilloa
cultivation in Java and Ceylon were due to their
-having unsuspectingly planted this worthless variety.
“Should it turn out that the Java and Ceylon cul-
tivation has been of the Hure Cotorapo, the re-
lative chcck to this culture wcould be explainable
‘py the fact that this variety is much more shade-
lov.iug than tle Huze Bianco; now it is very likely
that in those islands the Castilloa may have been
grown without any shade.” *

“4. CastiLucA Tanu. This tree is called TaNnu
-by the Mosquito Indians; the huleros call it gutta
percha. The bark is very like that of the Huue
- Bianco, but rather greyer in colour; to distinguish
this Castilloa from its three fore-runners, the easiest
-feature is that offered by the prolongations of the
- base cf the trunk (gambas), which are more salient,
much slenderer and with the upper edge more
acute. This Castilloa does not exist in the valley
of San Carlos; f it is only to be met with start-
ing from the outskirts of Blewfields (on the Mos-
quito Coast) and further to the north; on the Pacific
slope there are certain places where the Tanvu is
very fiequent. {
‘“The leaf and all the bearing of the tree sug-
“gest the HuLe Branco; the latex is very abun-
dant, but in drying it resinifies and hardens; as
. for elasticity, this so called caoutchouc is no-where”

Azgout CASTILLOA Tunu, HEMSLEY.

Just as we are going to press we receive from
Mr. Godefroy-Lebeuf to whom we had commuicated
Mr. Koschny’s study, a note in favour of the Cas-
- tilloa Tunu, Hemsley. Mr. Codefroy-Lebeuf works
out in a more circumstancial fashion the idea ex-
pressed by usin our annotations on the account of
’ observations published by Mr. Koschny under the
title ‘“‘Good and Bad Castilloa.” We cannot do
_ better than reproduce just as it stands the letter of
Mr. Godefroy-Lebeuf.
_ ‘We must not scatter discredit on the Castilloa
Tunu, Hemsley. Should allthe Tanvu’s or Tunv’s of
~ Costa Rica be deemed unfit for any purpose, the Cas-
tilloa Tunu, Hemsley, will stil stand out as a most
excellent caoutchouc, equal to the best Castilloa

rubbers.

* Editor's Note.—The discussion as to whether Cas-
tiJloa should be grown in the sun or in the shade
will be found fully set forth in Mr. Waxburg’s book;
but besides that we shall give, in a coming number,

- gome more extracts from Koschny’s pamphlet, He
is a decided advocate of shade,

+ Editor's Note-—Where the author has his property.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Ocr, 1, 1901.

“This species has been determined by Hemsley
chiefly on the specimens of my collaborateur, Eugene
Poisson, who has brought back from Costa Rica
not only herbarium specimens but samples of latex
and of caoutchouc drawn from this species.

“That the tree known in Mr. Koschny’s country
as ‘'l'ann’ or ‘Tunu’ gives bad caoutchouc is quite
possible, but the plant is undetermined botanically.
Is. it alone a Castilloa ?

“There is another proof of the good quality of
Hemsley’s Castillou Tunu, in the care taken by
planters to use this kind alone, Mr, Eugene Poisson,
now actually in France, can give us more definite
information.* Itis unfortunate that Koschny did
not accompany his particulars with botanical speci-
mens; ope cannot trust to simple descriptions. The
genus Castilloa, notwithstanding the small number
of species described, is terribly mixed. Where does
Castilloa elastica begin? Is Castilloa Markhamiana
a true species? Is Castilloa australis distinct from
the Costa Rica species ?

“T orly know one thing, and that is that the
Castilloa Tunu of Hemsley gives an excellent gum.”

A. GODEFROY LEBEUF.

Ge — =
PINE CULTIVATION.

THERE has been a very great interest taken of
late in Pine Cultivation. Pines have always been
grown more or less in Jamaica, but given very
scant attention, and comparatively few have been
shipped abroad. Since good hopes of a direct line
of fast steamers, especially fitted to carry fresh
fruit between Great Britain and Jamica, were firsf
held ont, there has been a considerable planting ot
pines, and since the ‘‘Direct Line” became ag
certainty, still greater attention has been
directed to pine cultivation as a probable source of
profit, There have come to Jamaica men from
Florida who were engaged in the growing of pines
there, and who have taught us a great deal in
better ways .o deal with the planis; at the same
time they have also learned that they had to adapt
their ideas to Jamaica conditions as these are in
many ways different to Florida. These Floridians also
brought with them suckers of pine-apples new to
Jamaica, some of which may be very useful tous,
Oh, it iseasy to plant pines! says somebody. Of
course it is; if is also just as easy to plant bana-
nas, cocoa, or oranges, that is, by just sticking
them in holes in the earth: but there are also
ways of dealing with all plants that are expected
to produce as high a return of a marketable
product as possible, that will tend to this end,
while the merely sticking in process will always give
only a precarious change of producing something.
Now in dealing with Pines we have first to choose
the land. Pines will grow almost anywhere, but
if the land is not naturally dry such as around
Kingston, and on the plains on the south side, it
is best to have a natural drainage and so the best
plan is to choose sloping land; the freer the soil
is naturally, the better, although some yarieties of

* Editor's Note. Our mutual friend, Mr. Poisson
Junr., has just returned to Paris after a long and
difficult journey of exploration; agricultural and
commercial, through Dahomey. We would ask him
to spare a few moments from his well-earned
rest to give the readers of the Journal d’ Agricul-
ture Tropical an account of how he collected the
specimens of leaves, fruits, and caoutchouc which
have served Mr. Hemsley in his description of
Castilloa Tunu in the ‘Icones Plantarum’ of Hooker,

2. Unless we have mis-read the German text,
which by the way is none of the clearest, Mr,
Koschny has sent botanical specimens of his Tunu
to the Botanic Gardens of Berlin. The ‘ Tropenpf-
lanzer’ will no doubt let us have the result of their
study, which we will duly notice, :

Ocr. 1, 1901.]

Pine-apples seem to delight in stiff soil, for on
such land are they found growing naturally wild.
The land must always be well drained, if not na-
turally, then artificially. You would, of course,
fork or plough your land first; digging little holes
and sticking the plants in, is no good at all, for
remember, that it is not simply a fruit that is to
be produced; it is a good sized fruit that will stand
a Journey, be attractive and have a good chance
of fetching a fair price. The soil must be made
loose, but not necessarily to any great depth as
the pine is a surface feeder; still the soil must not
be only scratched loose for an inch or two; the
ordinary depth of a foot fork is a suitable depth
to dig. Having forked the land, it will be all
lumpy and rough;the sun and breeze will dry it
up, aud then the rains will partially crumble it
down: it is therefore well to commence on your
land a month or two before you mean to plant;
you can assist this fining process by going over
the land with an Assam fork, and smashing the
clods, thereby making the soil smoother and more
level. Of course if a plough and cultivator and
harrow can be used, the land will be ready so
much the quicker, These implements for’ saving
labour are exceedingly handy and are now sold so
very cheap as to be within the reach of nearly
everybody. Neighbours can cooperate and one get
a plough, the next a cultivator, and the next a
harrow, and arrange to use them consecutively;
that is, when one man has had the plough a
week, he passes it on, and starts out with the
cultivator for a week to stir up and break the
land more thoroughly after the plough has broken
the soil up into clods: then he passes on the cul-
tivator, and starts with the harrow to crumble
the surface still finer, and smooth it down level.
Of course the co-operators must not be of quarrel-
some and jealous dispositions, else there will be
disagreement. But with suitable people, the plan
works well and saves outlay and waste, for few of
the smaller cultivators require all three implements
like a plough, a cultivator and a harrow constantly.
-Now when your land is prepared, in wettish districts
it is good, though not an absolute necessity, to
put the pines in raised beds with small drains
between, which also do as foot paths. This is for
more complete drainage. It suits well to put pines
in beds between young orange trees and thus utilise
the land, while the cultivation given to the pines
will leave the land in good condition for the roots
of the orange trees when they extend in the course
of a few years, and fill up the space between; the
soil will then be in fine tilth. The beds should be
of a breadth to be reached at all parts between
by a rake or hoe, from. the walks, so 6, 7, or 8
rows will be quite enough.

The next great question is the kind of pines you
will plant. There are far more varieties of what
we call native pines than are generally known.
here are the Ripley, (Red and Green,) Sugar
Loaf, Bull-head, Black and Cowboy which are more
or less commonly known, though the Bullhead and
Cowboy are often mixed; but they are not the same.
There are other natiye pines, which are not so well
distributed throughout the island, and yet are distinct
from any of those I have named, The same pines, how-
ever, often receive different names insome parts ofr
the island: thus the Cowboy, is the Mano’ Wa
Pine in Hanover, and the Mammee Pine in St.
James and in other districts the ‘‘Crab Pine.”
About Porus there is a Pine called the Chese Pine
which bears a fairly good fruit, and in the St.
Thomas-ye-Vale district of St. Catherine, there isa
Pine of very fine appearance, called the “Sam
Olark’’; it grows absolutely wild in the bush, and
seems to delight to make head-way among the long
rank, wet grass, for the district is rather a wet
one, There is also a curious pine called—the “ Jeru-
salem,” which bears miniature pines—complete little

pines, tops and ll, round the hase. Of the im:

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

295

ported pines, there are the Rothschild, the Abbaka,
the Enville, the Golden Queen, the Porto Rico,
the Smooth Cayenne, the last of which is prov-
ing the best grower and most marketable pine of
all these. It has smooth leaves, no thorns, and
grows to a large size, and is a quick, strong grower,
and sure fruiter, the suckers are at present rather
expensive, being from 9d. to 1s. each, as they are
in great demand both here and in Florida. Imported
suckers take a year and a-half to fruit, and then
bear at any time of the year, but the suckers
from these bear fruit at 10 and 14 months from
planting the same as native suckers, depending
upon the season when they are planted. The
Smooth Cayenne weighs from 6 to 121bs,—often
more. If any one can afford to plant out such
expensive pines, and has favourable land, I am
snre it would be « profitable speculation, as hardly
less than 2s. a piece would be the return in the
London market and if grown with some judg-
ment and care, and brought in out of the usual
season in Jamica, (for our usual season is exactly.
the worst season for foreign markets,) would
fetch not less than 3s. 6d. each, if of good size,
The only other imported pine that has been in any
way freely planted is the Abbaka; it grows to a
good size, hardly so large as the Smooth Cayenne,
and is screw shaped, large at the base and taper-
ing up much like the Ripley. The Ripley stands
easily at the head of all Pines for flavour; not
one of the imported can dompare with it in this
respect, nor indeed with the Black and Sngar
Loaf Pines, Unfortunately for us, pines sell almost
entirely by their appearance; if they are big, well
shaped, with good tops and with an_ attractive
colour as they ripen, they will sell well. Tke Ripley
is not more than 4 or 5lb. weight at the very
best, generally 2 or 3 lb., though I quite believe
that good cultivation and selection of the sucker
from plants that have made the largest fruits
would result in bigger fruits ultimately. Nor is the
Ripley, as usually grown, a very nicely shaped
fruit, and its top is generally small and often
twisted. These defects, I believe, can be remedied.
Otherwise the Ripley is an excellent pine, it packs
easily, and stands transport very well. Perhaps
the next best pine in flavour is the BJack Pine;
and as it grows to a large size without much cul-
tivation, is a very shapely and nice coloured pine
when ripe, and stands transport exceedingly well,
it is one of the best to plant; its one weak point
is that until it is very nearly full-ripe it does
not coJour-up, so that markets not used to: it
think that its dark colour means unripeness. Then
there is the Bull-head, which is known by
the smooth leaves of its suckers, which have only
a few little prickles at the top or here and there
on the leaves. I think that the smooth Cayenne
may be a highly improved type of the same pine,
or the Bull-head and uncultivated or degenerate
Smooth Cayenne, at any rate they are like each
other. The fruit of the Bull-head Pine under cul-
tivation grows to a very large size, is shapely and
stands transport exceeedingly well, but is not, as
yet, palatable fruit. The ‘“‘Sam Clark” has hardly
more than been tried as a marketable fruit. and so
I will not speak much of it, only to say that: it
has a very pretty appearance. By this time next
year I hope to speak with authority on it. The
Cheese pine, too, 1 have not yet had personal exe
perience of as a shipper. The Sugar Loaf, perhaps
the most common pine in Jamaica, one which grows
equally well from sea level to the hill tops, and
a fruit which grows to a very large size, and which
is very agreeable to eat, is unfortunately a very
poor shipper. I have noticed in the market reports
of the United States this year, enormous—that is
the word—receipts of pines from Havana in Cuba,
whole steamer loads, a3 many as 2,000 barrels in
one cargo, and that often twice a week these

“were Sugar Loaf Pines, aud the prices were often as

226 THE TROPICAL

low a3 24 to 32 cents., that is less than a “‘quatte ’
each. Of course, these pines would not be in very
good condition, and were roughly packed probably,
and the fruit goes soft very easily.

Having fixed on the kinds of pines you will plant,
you must see that yoa get good suckers, A ratoon
sucker is the young plant that springs from the
root of the old one, other suckers start out from
the base of the fruit stem. The little plante start-
ing out from the base of the fruit itself are called
“slips,’’ and the tops are the ‘‘crowns.”’ A good
sucker should not be less than 9 inches in Itngth
or more than 18 inches to be at the best for
planting. If the suckers are very young and small,
the eyes from which the roots are to start will
not be sufficiently developed, and so will be
ikely to .10t out if the soil is wet or in
a dry spell to dry up and wither, before the eyes
can swell out sufficiently to start roots, which develop-
-ment ought to take place while the sucker is grow-
ing with its parent’s support. Larger suckers than
°18 inches do well enough, but are too top heavy,
s0 that they have to be deeply planted to prevent
the wind blowing them over; deep planting is,
however, one of the things to be avoided. To get
over this difficulty, it is quite correct to chop off
the ends of the long leaves, and plant a stumpas
it were, leaving all the heart of the sucker; the
leaves will grow up again and the plant produce a
very good fruit; but if the sucker is too advanced,
and is thus cut and planted, it will probably send
out a young sucker instead of growing itself, which
is jost as good. The base of the root-stalk of the
suckers should always be cut smoothly across
before planting, and the lowest leaves around the
stem and which cover the eyes, peeled off; this
will allow the roots to start out into the soil
at once; if these lower leaves are left on, the
young roots often cannot pierce through, and simply
curl themselves roundand round; the plant is then
spoken of as root-bound. It does not kill the plant,
but retards its progress. The sucker is now ready
for planting. Close planting has been found most
suitable, for not only is there less ground to pre-

are and keep clean for a grater number of plants,
ut the grown plants leaning against each other
support the fruits erect, as they have a tendency,
through being top heavy, to fall over, and either
break or get sun-scalded. Not more than three feet
wide. between the rows for all Jamica pines, and
two feet between the plants are now considered the
regulation distances, and I think Bull-heads could
be closer, such as two feet by 14 feet, with advan-
tage,as not havi g thorny leaves, werkers can go
through them easily. When you plant, you scoop
out some of the soil, and put in your suckers, suffi-
ciently only to cover the eyes, and press the
earth tightly around it. Keep your ground clean;
you will find a common garden rake a handy im-
plement for stirring the surface soi), and there are
small hand cultivators, one-wheeled and two-wheeled,
with a variety of implements that can be fixed on
at pleasure, such as little ploughshares, weed scra-
pers, cultivator teeth, rakes—which are. most expe-
peditious and effective workers. For cutting out
weeds in pines when they are grown thick and for
loosening the top soil, there is an implement
called a Scuffle Hoe which is very well adapted to
ita purpose.

About manuring,—if you can cover your ground -

with pen manure of any kind before cultivating, it
will stimulate the growth of the plants greatly,
and if you are able to find enough wood-ashes,
these will be most beneficial to the pines as ferti-
lizers used as a top dressing lightly raked in. If
you have not manures of any kind, and you wish
to push your pines on faster, you can always buy
artificial fertilizers in Kingston, specially made up
for the needs of Pineapples. Your plants, if Jamaica
sugkere, will fruit jn from 9 jo 12 months from

AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 1, 1901,

planting if planted from June to Augus—if planted
rom November to January they will take over 12
months, even to 15 and 18 months; this is because the
plant will ever make an effort to come in at its
natural season no matter when planted, and will
try to delay blossoming until the hot dry months
from January to March—with irrigation and some
control of the elements it is likely this would
not matter. If imported suckers, as I have already
said, they will take longer, the Puerto Rico taking
likely enough two years from planting. but although
exceedingly large it is not a desirable pine to plant.
The natural season for the fruiting of Pineapples
in Jamaica is from May to Angust, and there is
also nature’s season for planting, as it is then the
young plants are produced, but as it happens, late
June, July and August, are just the times when
our fruit is least wanted in northern countries as
the fresh, home-grown fruits, cherries, strawberries,
plums, tomatoes, gooseberries, etc., are just coming

in then, The best time of the year to get our
pines in is from November on to May; before
Christmas, pines are in beet demand. It is quite

possible for large plantations to get them in then,
but not for the small man, and thie is how. You
must plant from September to December; at that
time you cannot find medium sized suckers, unless
you have been planting out earlier simply to get
suckers, for as we have said the natural season
is midsummer, so that the suckers have been grow-
ing since then; if you break these large suckers
of six months’ growth towards making a fruit,
from the old stem and plant, it may cast them
back enough for them to take about a year to
fruit, but many will shoot their blossoms and fruit
in their usual seasons all the same, and the ‘fruits
will be small, so that you may not have any gain
at all, although the prices abroad may be better
at the end than in the middle of the year. If
persisted in, I think it sure that good young plants
could be got in from October to December quite
regularly, and the fruit brought in at the desired
season, a year to 15 months later, and by replant-
ing small suckers every year in August and aa
tember, the fruits will mostly come from November to
March. Slips take 18 months from planting to
produce fruit, but they give fine fruits even better
than from suckers. Crowns take 20 months to two
years, to produce fruit. It looks as if there would
be a good market in Great Britain, and after that
the Continent of Europe, for all the pines we can
produce, and 1 deem it very probable that the new
Direct Line of fast fruit steamers will enable us
to supply the whole of Europe with pines, from
Gibraltar to St. Petersburg, the only query left,
but an important one, being the net profits to
the growers. This remains to be tested. J.B.
—Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society.

ee eee

Maneo.—It may not be generally known that wheat
is not the largest graincrop produced. Maize stands
first with 2,778,108,000 bushels to its credit in 1900,
against 2,468,799,000 bushels of wheat. Nearly the
whole of the maize was grown inthe American conti-
nent —Journal of the Department of Agriculture.

How To Puant Currincs.—Many amateurs make great
mistakes, in planting cuttings. They leave three-
fourths of the lengths of the cutting above ground,
and very often push the cutting down by main force
into the soil. The most successful way is to make
cuttings from 6 to 12 inches long. Make a narrow
trench, and put 1 inch of sand at the bottom, and
place the cuttings at sucha depth that only about
two eyesor buds are exposed above ground. Throw
a little more sand against the base of the cutting, fill
in the soil a little at a time, and tread it very firmly
against the base of the cutting. Leave the surface
logse,— Queensland Agricultural Journal.

Ocr, 1, 1901.]

TEA SEED OIL, AND OIL: CAKE.

Memo :—The subjoined report by Mr. H. H. Mann,
R.SC., F.1.c., upon these products is published for
information, by the Indian Tea Association :—

On the 27th June I received from the Secretary of
the Indian Tea Association samples of Tea seed Oil
and Tea Seed Oil Cake which had been sent, through
Mr. H St.J. Jackson, by My. H. Drummond Deane
of the Stagbrook Hstate, South India, with a request
that I should make an analysis of them and report
to the Committee. This I have now | done so far as
is necessary for our purpose—and it is perhaps -a
convenient opportunity to lay before you my views
as to the possible vaiue and usefulness of both pro-
ducts, especially as a large amount of speed is now
produced, and must be utilised, if utilised at all, in
some other way than for sowing.

The value of seed of this chavacter almost entirely
depends on the usefulness of the oil and oa the
possibility of getting good feeding or manurial
material from the residual cake. It was attempted
in 1885 to put tea seed, as such, on the London
market under the name‘tanne.’ Great interest, I
understand, was manifested, but the seeds found no
buyer, and the price asked sank quickly to a_ level
far below the cost of importation, At the present
day the seed does not come into commerce at all
except fur the production of new_ bushes. ia

The following analysis by Mr D. Hooper (‘‘ South
of India Observer,” 1594) of Tea Seed from the
Nilgiris previously dried, shows the composition of

the material :—

Fixed Oil ws pac -. 22°9 per cent.
Albuminoids os bo w 85
Saponin 6 APY Be 91 ut
Carbohydrates ... es eve) 1939 3
Starch ot bi mite 32.5 FA
Fibre oe es eo 38 3
Mineral Matter ... oe 03) 3S 5}
100.0

Of these constituents, those of interest for our pur-
pose are the fixed oil, the saponin, the albuminoids
j.e., the nitrogen and the mineral matter.
take these serzatim.

THE FIXBD OIL

Is present in small amount compared with that in
most other oil seeds, such as linseed, cotton, or
cascor. Lam bound to Say, however, that many
samples appeared to contain much more oil than the
seeds quoted above, but I should consider Mr. Deane’s
figure of 25 per cent. obtainable by hot pressure
as an extreme one for practical working. if
high quality oilis wished, the seeds will have to
be pressed cold, and not more than 20 per cent.
may be anticipated. Hven this, I fear, may be
taken as higher than would on the average be ob-
tained under commercial conditions. nga

The oil itself isa clear, light yellow, liquid, non-
drying oil, approaching olive oil in character, but
which always has a more or less acrid tasie, ‘the
samples sent by Mr, Deane appears to be free from
saponin—a, poisonous substance (see below) which
nearly always occurs init, butin order to get ihis
freedom great care has to be taken in pressing,
Though when heated the poisonous properties of the
saponin are destroyed yet the small quantity
which :maybe present would condemn it as an
edible oil for use in western countries. The Chinese,
it appears, have long used it for cooking purposes
and it might possibly be employed by the people of
the tea districts in a similar manner if it were

sily obtainable.

Ke lamp oil it answers very well, and would
seem to be quite capable of local introduction for
this purpose. I say local introduction because
burning oils are at present rather at a discount

=

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Let us-

22%

in the markets of the world
former position— kerosine and
having largely taken the market in the great
centres which was formerly theirs, At the same
time the fact that it is satisfactory for this purpose
shonld not be forgotten.

The oil produces an excellent soap hard and
white. For this purpose the presence of saponin
would be no disadvantage but would rather add to
the lathering power of the soap. if the oil could
be produced in quantity and a supply guaranteed
2t a rate which would compete witk the other
vegetable oils, there is no doubt an Opening for it
in this direction,

compared with theix
petroleum products

THE SAPONIN,

This poisonous constituents of the Tea Seed is
all but entirely contained in the cake, after ex.
pression of the oil, It is a white solid sweetish
to the taste at first but_ rapidly becoming bitter
and acrid in the mouth and it leaves a biting
seusation in the throat for some time, It ig exceed-
ingly poisonous and its presence at once destroys
any chance of using the cake or the seedsas a feed.
ing stati for animals.

THE ALBUMINOIDS AND NITROGEN.

To the nitrogen contained in the albuminoids the
cake would owe the greatest part of its manurial
value. Inthis respect, however, it does not for one
moment compare with most other oiicakes, Compare,
for instance, the following figures respresenting
the average amount of nitrogen in other manure

cakes compared with that given by Tea Seed Oil
Cake :—

Nitrogen

per cent,
Mustard Cake see ae 4 to 5
Linseed Cake ono is 4 to 55
Castor Cake Hen 5'5 to 6:5
Decorticated Cotton Cake f 65 to 8
Undecorticated Cotton Cake of 3°5 to 4°5
Tea Seed Cake ae BG 1°92

Thus, if castor cake were worth 2 rupees per
maund in Calcutta, calculating on the basis of the
nitrogen alone, the tea seed jeake wonld only be
worth about 12 annas per maunda.

THE MINERAL MATTER.
In other points the Tea Seed. Cake

: ; is likewise
inferior for manurial purposes. Comparing again
the following figures for mineral matter and phos-

phoric acid ian several manure Cakes,
clearly seen ;—

Mineral Matter

this will be

Phosphoric Acid

per cent. per cent.
Mustard Cake 8 to 10 56 sts 2 to 3
Linseed Cake .. 4 to6 oo : 155 to 3
Castor Cake ... 9 to10 ace eg 2 to 3
Cotton Cake -- 7t08 ue i 8 to 4
Tea Seed Cake ...3.3t04.07. ., Pa 0°58

Taking these various points into
will at once be seen that asa manure the cake pro-
duced by pressing tea seed is of very inferior
character, and would harly pay for carriage over
very long distances for this purpose,—nor can it
compete in any market with cakes produced from
other oil seeds. On the other hand it is quite
good enough to use locally, provided the net cost
does not exceed 8 t012-annas per maund on the
garden.

It (the cake) is however supposed to have insec-
ticidal properties; and might be useful for this
purpose. Inthe paper above quoted, Mr. Hooper
suggests spraying the bushes with a decoction of
the seeds, or dusting the
made by grinding them up. Such a decoction is
likely to be serviceable against red spider, but
exactly of what value it is can only be determined
by trial. Spread onthe ground round the busheg

consideration, it

plants with a powder

228

the cake would be likely to keep away some types
of carterpillar, and other pests which spread by
creeping from bush to bush, or which make their
home inthe ground during the day. Astrip covered
with the cake between the tea and the jungle
would probably keep out many of the pests which
creep the surrounding land into the tea.

The utility of the cake itselfasan efficient sub-
stitute for soap is very doubtfu!. Though it lathers
well, on account of itssaponin content, yet this
does not necessarily mean thatit has great clean-
sing properties. Nevertheless it has been used for
many years in China instead of soap, and it would
probably beof some value for this purpose. One
more use is made of the cake in China. Itis there
stated to be very effective as a poison for fish.

On the whole, therefore, while I think there would
be a market for the oilif it could be obtained in
quantity and fairly cheaply it must, for the present,
be a local one, and the material could hardly com-
pete with oils already in general commerce, unless
it be for the production of superior soaps. As 4
lamp oil it has distinct advantages which should recom-
‘mend it for local consumption. The press cake is
useless for feeding, and forms an inferior manure,
though one quite good enough to apply tothe land
and also to cart for some distance, provided the
cost on the garden doesnot exceed 8 to 12 annas
per maund. It would probably be useful as an
insecticide—both as cake against certain caterpillars,
and as decoction which might replace that of a wild
fern now used in Dibrugarh against Red Spider.

The analysis of tha cake supplied by Mr. Deane was
as follows :—

Moisture soo cc ve 11°99
Oil oO aes 50 10°48
*#A lbuminoids ate ase 65 12-00
Carbohydrates, &c. os 50 58°80
Woody Fibre... ae dé 2°66
tPhosphoric Acid ag 00 *58
Lime ee oD 5 ll
Alkaline Salts, &c. te ate 2°78
Sand oe CoD ont ‘60
100:00
*Containing nitrogen ace dos 008 ie
Phosphate of Lime on as
; i HAROLD H. MANN!

Oaucurra, August 12th, 1901.

——

CULTIVATION OF SWEET
POTATOES.

BY PERCY G. WICKEN.

The Sweet Potato (Batatus edulis) is a native of
tropical South America. It was first introduced into
Europe from Brazil, and has since proved to be well
adapted for cultivation in the Australian States. a
isa robust and hardy growing plant, and, given
suitable goil and locality, is a prolific bearer;it is
valuable both as food for man and cattle and should
take a much higher positionin our rotation of crops
than it has done in the past.

SOIL AND LOCATION

A soil free from stones seems essential, and a sandy
loam is the best for this crop. A stiff clayey soil
causes the tubers tosplit when the weather becomes
dry and hot. ) :

The ground requires to be well drained, and in @
district that will befree from frost during the grow-
ing months, viz: October toA pril, In many localities
the cuttings cannot be planted out until November,
owing to the weather not being sufficiently warm to
stert the cuttings in time to plant out earlier.

SEED BED.

Mony settlers fail in growing this crop from
want of knowledge as to how toproduce the cuttings

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

‘@ manure containing

[Ocr. 1, 1901.

to plant ont. The following is the method I have
found most successful. Mark out a piece of land, in
a sandy soilif possible, sufficiently large to allow
the potatoes to be spread over. Anarea of 6 ft.
by 6ft. will be sufficient for 2 cwt. of potatoes.
Then remove the top four inches of soil from the
space and place on each side of the bed, now take
your potatoes and lay on the bottomof the bed,
taking care that they do not touch each other, and
throwing out any that have started to go bad then
put back the soil previously removed on the top of
the potatoes, levelling the bed and lightly packing
down with the back of the spade. If the ground is
very dry give a good watering. In a few weeks’
time, according to the weather, the young shoots
will appear above ground, when about three inches
high they are ready for planting out. Start in one
corner of the bed andremove the soil and lilt ont
the potato, and it will be found to be covered
with young shoots, some potatoes having a few
dozen, others up to ahundred shoots, according to
the size of the potato. These shoots are now broken
off from the tuber and are ready for planting ont.
The tubers can be replaced in the ground thesame
as before, and in avery short time a fresh crop of
shoots will appear which can be removed in the
same way, and if not too late in the season, a third
crop may also be obtained.

In localities where the season is Jate the follow-
ing method may be adopted, Make a frame of
same old boards, sink about 1 ft, in the ground and
about 1 ft. above it. Throw out the first foot of
soil and then place in the space about 18 inches of
good stable manure andtread well downand cover
with about 4 inches of soil, leave for a couple of
days, and then lay the potatoes ontop of the soil
the same asin the other seed bed and cover with
3 or 4 inches of fine soil. The shoots will come
very quickly. If there is stillany danger of frost,
the beds must be covered at night with a light
brush or calico screen, and the cuttings must not
be planted in the field until all danger of frost is
over. Ifthe shoots appear in the bed in an irregular
manner, it is better to pull them out by hand
when required, than to disturb the whole tuber,
which will be covered with small sprouts. The
shoots will come away easily, and if pulled care-
fully very few will be broken. The shoots should
be kept in a box or wrapped up in a wet sack
while being taken from the seed-bed to the field,
aud should not be left lying about exposed to the
sun.

MANURE

The Sweet Potato feeds largely on Nitrogen and
Potash with a smaller amount of Phosphoric Acid, and
these ingredients should be
A mixture composed as follows;—

3 ewt. Nitrate of Soda

4 cwt. Kainit

3 cwt. Superphosphate
per half ton would probably give good results. It
should be applied in the ridges atthe rate of 3 or4
cwt. per acre atthe time of ridging up the ground
preparatory totransplanting the cuttings.

PREPARATION OF LAND.

The land requires to be well and deeply worked,
and the crop responds well to deep cultivation ; being
asummer cropit requires to obtain its moisture
during the dry weather and for this purpose senda
its roots deep down ixto the soil. For this reason
subsoiling is of great advantage to the plant as it
is to most other plants. After the soil is well
broken up it requires to be brought to a fine tilth
by discing, harrowing, etc. As soon as the plants
are nearly ready for transplanting the land should
be drilled out into ridges, 3 feet 6 inches apart, by
a drill plough, or a corn hilling disc is very useful
for this purpose. The system I carried out for
planting! was as follows;—A small hill was made
by running the cornhilling disc along the rows with

used.

Ocr. 1, 1901.]

the discos set at a slight angle, the manure was then
spread along this drill by hand, the machine again run
over the hill with the’discs'set ata greater angle which
hilled itup toa good height and covered the manure,
and the land is then ready for planting the cuttings or
slips.
PLANTING,

The slips should be planted in rows about 18
inches apart, an! with the rows 3 feet 6 inches apart
it will take 8.556 to the acre. If the rows are 4

feet apart 6,136 to the acre. The best method
for planting is for one man to go along the row
with a marker and mark out where the stip is to

go and to make a hole in the ground, the planter
following and putting the slip in the hole pre-
viously made, care being taken to press the earth
well round the slip, If planted ona dull day and
the ground is fairly moist the percentage of misses
will be very small. Any slips that fail to take root
can be replaced later on. Later in the season if
it is desirable to put out a larger area, or a large number
of misses require to be replaced, slips can be cut from
any of the growing vines and planted out in exactly
the same manner as those taken from the seed
bed as previously described. From observations
made by the writer it does not appear to have any
effect on the crop whether the slips are taken

from large or small tubers, so long as they are
healthy and vigorous. It would therefore be more
profitable to use the smaller size potatoes for this

purpose, which are not so ready of sale as the larger
oues,
CULTIVATION.

When the young plants are once established very
little more requires to be done, except to run the
Planet Junr. cultivator between the rows at fre-
quent intervals soasto keep the ground free from
weeds and well stirred. If there are many weeds
come up,it will be advisable to give the hills a
good hoeing to prevent the weeds from growing and
depriving the potatoes of their food and moisture,
In running the cultivator between the hills care
must be taken notto set the implement too wide
so as to tear down the side of the hills and expose
the young roots to the sun.

HARVESTING.

This operation mast be performed by hand,as the
tubers grow toa large size, and if dug by a plough
large numbers are cut to_ pieces, and otherwise
damaged. They should be dug during dry weather
and as soon as the tubers have reached maturity and
before they have time to make a second growth. The
maturity of thesweet potato may be ascertained by
breaking it. If the sap oozes freely it is of course im-
mature, if littlesap exudes it is nearly mature. Hx.
perience will soon be gained inthis matter. Asa rule
the tubers ure ready to dig about the end of March or
the beginning of April. Care must be taken in dig-
ging and handling not to bruise the potatoes, as a
small bruise when freshly dug is_ likely to cause the
potatotorot. Itisalso beneficial to leave the potato
im the sun for a short time after being dug before
bagging or putting into a shed, and when bagging
2ll damaged, cut or bruised poiatoes must be excluded,
These damaged potatoes will only keep for a short.
time, and can be used onthe firm for feeding pigs or
other stock

PRESERVATION,

One of the most difficult points about Sweet
Potato growing is difficulty of keeping them so as to
manket at times of the year when they will fetch a good
price, and also during the winter months so as to
have a supply for the seed bedsin the spring. The
best way on a large scale is the method of “ hilling
or banking.” This should be carried out under a
shed or open roof so that the bankis not exposed to
the weather, The best method to proceed is—lay on
he ground, which must be dry, a good layer of

yaw; ontop of thia pack the potatoes in the form

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 229

ofa mound and cover the whole heap with a quantit
of straw, andthen put sufficient earth a top we

cover the whole, In many instances where large
stacks are’ built a zine pipe perforated with 1 inca
holes is placed through the centre of the stack,

which allows all surplus moisture ts escape while
the potatoes are going through the sweating process.
Another method which is only appiicable on a smaller
scale, but which I have always found very succesg-
ful, isto obtain a number of old empty cement
barrels, which can generally be picked up very cheap
place inthe bottom of the barre! a layer of dry
sand about 8 inches deep, then a layer of potatoes
then another layer of sand and so on until full,
placing about 4 inches of sand on top of the barrel -
this will keep the tubers quite sound all through
the winter, and only one barrel need be opened
at a time asrequired for use,

VARIETIES

There arealarge number of varieties
potatoes. At the Georgia Experimental Station,
U.S.A., thirty-four varieties were grown last season
and reported on, the heaviest yield being the White
St. Domingo. In the Australian States, however
only two varieties are at the present time obtainable,
and they are generally known as the White Sweet
Potato and the Red Sweet Potato. Both are good
varieties and grow and yield well; the white will grow
in cooler districts than the red.

DISEASES,

The Sweet Potato is attacked by several fungus
diseases, The most important of these is the Black
Rot Fungus Ceratocystis Fimbriata, The accompany-
ing illustrations show a tuber attacked by this
disease. It attacks the plant at anytime of its existe
ence even after being stored. The black spot is at
first very small, gradually increasing in size unti
the whole tuberis destroyed. Owing to the nature
of this disease, it is important that every precaution
should be used to prevent it obtaining a footing. For
this reason no diseased tubers should be used in
obtaining shoots, young plants should ke selected
with great caution and diseased or suspicious tubers
destroyed. Should any signs of the disease appear
the plant should be immediately sprayed with Sor-
deaux mixture, which will prevent the development
of the spores. All diseased plants should be burned,
so that ihe spores of the disease do not remain in the
soil, Donot plantinthe same ground as a previous
srop has beenin, but carry out a system of rotation
of crops and thereby prevent the spread of disease.—
Jounal of the Department of Agriculture of Western
Australia,

of swee

ae wae

PLANTING AND NEW PRODUCTS IN

ZANZIBAR.
COFFEE—TEA—CACAO—RUBBER AS WELL
AS COCONUTS AND CLOVES,

Gnly in April 1901 does the report dated February
24th, 1900, ot Mr, R. N. Lyne, Director of Agriculture,
reaches us :—

He says:—Mr. W. J. Robertson (who must be an
cold Ueylon planter) has briefly explained the pro:
gress that has been made at Dunga with Cotfee,
Tea and Cocoa. You will observe that in each case
the condition of the young plantation is satisfactory
and the prospects encouraging. Mr. H. Listher’g
report on the Tundaua plantation is included. Thig
has;.been a very bad year for cloves, coconuts and
fruit, and the natives at oue time suffered much from
the failure of their first crops. Growth has, however,
revived under the timely rains of December and
January,

(from Mr,’ W, Ji Robertson's Report on New
- Products.)

930

Coffee.—A Liberian coffee clearing of 44 acres was
planted early in April. The distance of the rows
were 9 ft. apart and the plants in the xows 9 ft.
from one another. ‘hese distance, 9ft, x 9ft., when
planted, give 537 plants to an acre, Holes 18” x 18”
were cut for each plant, and left open for some
davs and filled in with top soil. The plants were
only about 6 inches in height and were most care-
fully planted, each one being shaded with bracken
fern at the same time. The plants in the clearing
are now nearly all 3 {t. heigb, a most vigorous
growth for 8 months, and the clearing has a good
even cover. This I also attribute to the judicious
shading. ‘The only vacancies in the clearing have
been caused by snails (kono-kono) eating the young
plants, and reattacking them after shooting out new
young leaves, until they eventually die. We put
on women every morning going ever the clearing
collecting the snails which had a slight effect in
reducing the uumber. They do their work of des-
truction at night and early in the morning wend
their wey back to cover such as bananas, aloes, etc.,
' and this is the time tocatch them. We have since
found the best remedy is to put a little lime or
ashes round each plant. Snails will not go over
this. They do not attxck tea or cocoa but seem to
have a particular liking for coffee, fruit, kola and
shade tree plants, which latter we have to protect
by fencing with sticks put close together round
each tree, They will always be a source of des-
truction to young plants aud a meaus must be
found of exterminating them. The growth of the
Liberian coffee plants equals anything I have seen
in Ceylon, where it is chiefly grown in the low
country, and the clearing is quite a little pitcure.
A nursery of young Li. coffee plants is coming on
well at Mpapa and the few vacancies there are will
be filled up when the planting seasun comes.

“I would not recommend the further planting of
Liberian coffee as I am of opinion that Arabian
would grow well at Dunga, and it is a far more
satisfactory variety to grow and deal with in every
way. Liberian has a rough coarse berry and is
hard to pulp and fetches a low price compared wit
Arabian. I think that Dunga is adapted in every
way for a Coffee estate, the lay of the land is good,
the soila Cark sandy loam with sandy clay bottom, and
the rainfallconsiderable. Dr. Voelker’s report showed
the soila’i Dunga fairly rich in phosphoric acid which,
with lime, is the most important mineral constituent in
a coffee col. A few (about 20) Arablan coffee plants
were plaxted at Dunga about 38 years ago and lived
and grew all through the drought of 1898. I topped
these a few months ago and they are now forming
into good bushes, equal to any of the same age
that £ have seen in Ceylon, About 32 acres of land
has been cleared, lined 6ft. x 6ft., holed and filled
in. The holes were cut 18" deep, 18” wide at the top
and atthe bottom, ‘his clearing will be planted with
Avabian coffee when the seasoa comes round. The
seed was procured from Nyassaland and as the plants
are coming on well at Mpapa nursery they will be
fu'ly lft. high when planted out. We _ have also
orjered 4 bushel of seed from Nyassaland, which
will give enough plants for supplies in 1901 and to
open up a further 25acres. There are also afew plants
of Coffea stenophylia in the Mpapa Nursery, the seed
of which was sent us from Sierra fieone. hese
will aiso be planted out in the rainy season>

Tea.—An experimental clearing of about 44 acreg
was plantedin April at the N. end of Dunga near the
Jabour houses at the end ofthe avenue. The plants
were set 5ft. by 5ft., giviog 1,742 plants to an acre,
Holes 18'' deep x 12” wide were cut and, like the
coffee, left open for some days to take all sourness
out of the soil and, previous to planting, were filled
in with good top loam. The holes in this way
contain good free soil and the young roots of the’
lanis can find their way down, without any obstruc-

nom The geed of tha plants, an Assam Hybrid,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Oct. 1 1901.

the most suitable variety for low elevation was
obtained from MHoragalla Estate, Ceylon. It was
packed in charcoal and, considering the long voyage
it had to undergo, reached here in first rate con-
dition, quite 507% of the seed giving plants, often
a very good percentage for seed sown in local nur-
series in Ceylov. The seed arrived here rather late
in December 1898 and the plants were only about
4 months old from seed when put out in the clear-
ing. Plants should be at Jeast 6 months in the
nursery before being movei, but as the monsoon was
on and showed every sign of being a good one we
decided to plant up the 44 acres rather than lose
a@ year. There are some vacancies, the smallest
plants having died out, but on the whole the clear-
ing is a success and has a fair cover, most of the
plants being now over 2ft. high and looking vigor-
ous. The growth of these plants has been as good
as I have seen in the low country of Ceylun, for
the 8 months they have been planted out. The
plants were all shaded lightly with bracken fern
when planted and to this I attribute the success of
the clearing. In a country like Zanzibar where the
weather is so uncertain and the sun so fierce all
plants snould,in my opinion, be lightly shaded im-
mediately after planting, even in wet and cloudy
weather, and after they show signs of having set
the shading can be cautiously and by degrees taken
off and so harden the plants. A half maund (40 ib.)
of the same scel arrived from Ceylon in September
1899. This was put out at the Mpapa nursery,
and has come up well. The vacancies in the
clearing will be planted with these plants in April
next when they will be nearly 7 months old and
shouid thrive well. It is most important to always
have a nursery of young plants comiug on to
supply what vacancies have occurred during the
yer, whatever size the clearing may bs, as in
this way alone can an even cover be obtained.
After the tea is three years old supplies do not
thrive, so during the 3 years special attention
should be given to supplying each planting season.
This holds good for all clearings of coffee, cocoa,
etc. After supplying the vacancies in the old
clearing there will be suificient plants to extend
the area 2 or 3 acres. Two acres have already
been lined and holed ready for the planting season
and as all the plants will be 7 months old from
seed, with a favourable season this clearing should
do well. The first planted tea will be ready for
its first topping about July 1900 when it will be
{5 months oid. ‘he plants will be cut down on
red wood to 18!" leaving the young lateials around
untouched, which will soon reach the level to which
the plant has been topped and increase the surface

‘of the forming bush. From this tepping a. littie

leaf can be collected and afew Ib. of tea made.
The bushes will them be icft alone till about the
end of the second year, viz., about January 1901,
when they will get their 2nd topping. Should the
growth be very vigorous a little leaf could be plucked
a month or so before this topping. The bushes will
then be cut down to 22 inches on red wood, or 4
inches above the lst topping, leaving all lateral
branches as in the first topping and when they reach
the level the bushes will have a good surface. —
When the shoots from the 2nd topping haye
reached over 6 inches (or 28 inches in all) they
will we plucked off to this height and this wiil be
the plucking surface of the bushes for the year,
and anything below this must be left until it
reaches above the surface, After this the bushes
will be gone round regularly every 9 days
and what leaf is ready over the plucking surface,
lucked off. The bushes should be in full bearing
by the end of 1901; but great care must be taken
to see they are not over plucked by the labour
when going round them. Judging from the growth’
of the plants that are coming on now and from
the forcing nature of the climate as well as by
the continugus heavy dews all the year round 4

Ocr. 1, 1901.]

am of opinion that tea will grow and flush well in
Zanzibar, wherever there is a fair depth of soil.
There is a great similarity of climate between
Zanzibar and low country,§ Ceylon, where tea gives
a yieid of from 600 to 800 lb. an acre. There is
also a good proportion of iron in the soil abcut
here, @ Most important mineral constituent of tea.
Tea can never be a large industry in Zanzibar
as there is not sufficient suitable land, but tbere
is enouga to geow what is required for local con-
sumption and this I believe would pay handsomely.
But in any case our experimental clearing will be
able to test this in a yearorso. A maund (80 ib.)
of seed is on order from Horagalla Estate, Ceylon,
and this should give enough plants, when put out
in the nursery, to supply vacancies in season 1901,
and extend the area 6 acres. This will give a
total area of nearly 13 acres and be sufficient to
thoroughly determine if tea will grow and pay to
gcow here. A careful account of all expenditure
under tea will be kept.

Cocoa.—An acre of Cocoa was planted in Novem-
ber, 1898, but as the N. E., monsoon was a failure,
hot dry weather set in, and we Jost about . 40 0/o
of the plants. These were supplied in April last
and the clearing has now a govd cover. Another
7 acres of land was opened and planted up_ last
April. The distances of the plants were 14 ft. x 14 ft.,
which give 222 t> the acre, Holes 18 in. x 15 in.
were dug for these. The plants were brought up
from seed in bamboo pots and were all fine
sturdy plants over a foot high when planted out.
The pot being planted out in the hole the roots
were in no way disturbed, a most essential point
with cocoa, as the slightest damage to the root
would cause the death of a plant. The clearing
has a good cover and the plants are looking most
promising. Cocoa is a most disheartening product
to grow. It is the most delicate of ail the
common economics and has to be carefully dealt
with from seed to planting. Nearly every insect
attacks it and the plants are from time to time
bared of their leaves and hang, many of them dy-
ing out inconsequence. They must be kept supplied
yearly. After a plant is 8 years old it may be
called set. Cocoa does well down to sea level in
Ceylon and should do well here. It is a struggling
plan¢ and will eventually make a soil for itself,
It is very hard to get good fresh seed into Zan-
zibar as it does not keep any time and would
arrive here in a perished condition if subjected to
a long sea voyage. The last lot from Seychelles
did well and we are getting 100 pods more from
here. ‘This will give enough plants to supply the
old clearing and extend the area another 5 acres
n season 1901.

Cocoa is a product that must have permanent
shade to thrive well, while young bananas and
mohogo act as good temporary shade. These we
have planted in our clearing and in April will plant
more permanent shade trees. For this purpose we
have some plants of Pithecolobium saman coming on
well at Mpapa naorsery, This tree is a rapid
grower as well as a deep feeder and the particular
property which it possesses, and which makes it
so valuable as a shade tree, is that of closing its
leaves at night and. thereby not interfering in any
degree with the deposition of dew, whilst in the
day time the foliage is not so thick as to exclude
too much light, The jak tree, though it does
not grow very rapidly, is also a deep feeder and
its timber is yaluable. We have plants of this tree
coming-on which will be planted out in the 8. W.
monsoon and we also intend to try castilloa elastica
for shade. The bois immortelle has been already
planted in the 7-acre clearing and the trees are
nearly 3 vears old. It is the chief and favourite
shade tree in Ceylon and Trinidad’ on account of
its rapid growth but does not seen to thrive well
in Zanzibar, many of them dying out after they
are 2 years old and the growth is very backwards,
While on the subject of shade txeea | may men

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

231
tion that I am of opinion that in a hot country
like Zanzibar where the suu is so fierce and
droughts are apt to occur, shade trees should be

planted through all clearings at the time the pro-
duct plants are planted, as in this way they will
not impede the rooi growth of the young plants.
Good deep feeding timber trees should be selected
as in the event of the clearing proving a failure,
value can be got out of them afterwards.

W. J. RosBerrson.

Rubber.—We have not been fortunate with our rubber
plantations, principally because we were tempted to
put out most of our young Para and custilloa trees
in November 1898 in snticipation of the small rains,
which, however, failed. During the subsequent hot
weather many of the trees died. Those that
survived are doing well, especially the castilloa,
the few remaining trees of which look extremely
healthy. Two of the Para rubber trees that were
planted at Danga in 1897 have shot up to over

15 ft., but others, contemporary with these two,
seem to hang. The Para rubber trees that were
planted at Pemba in one of the rice flats of

Tundaua, and which I spoke of last year as having
surpassed our Dunga trees, have received a check
which I attribute to stagnant water at the roots
remaining over from tne rains, It was «fter the
rains that they began to fail. These trees may re-
cover though some of them have been killed, but
In any case it is instructive to note that the young
Para trees which were planted in a fairly typical
Pemba rice flat—a low moist forcing valley, swampy
as all Pemba valleys are—in the wet season, have
not up to now been a success. We have not pro-
ceeded with the planting of Ceara on the coral.
The trees do not thrive there and their stunted
growth makes them an easy prey to parasitic attacks.
There is not a good vigorous tree from the one
thousand we put out two years ago. By contrast
there are a few Ceara trees in the deep soil round
the house which have grown to fifteen feet in the
same number of months and are now bearing seed.
The soil of the coral is too shallow for the proper
support of this plant. We may sum up our ex-
perience in rubber planting as being on the whole so
far unfavourable both in Zanzibar and Pemba. We
still intend, however, to continue the experiments
as individual trees of all the species xepresented
grow well, These are JSevea braziliensis, Castilloa
elastica, Manihot glaziowit and Ficus elustica. We
parpose, however, to confine our attention principally
to improving the natural forests of Pemba, work
in which is now proceeding.

Vanilla.—We have increased the cultivation of
vanilla to 3,000 vines. All the new plantations were
set out in small patches of natural forest dotted
about the estate. Lines of mbono were laid out
inside as live supports and the vanilla trained along
these. The first plantation in 1897 was planted with
mbono as the only shade, and we have had much
trouble in keeping the vanilla protected from the
sun’s rays duriug the cold season when the mbono
sheds its leaves, as well as during the hot months.
Planting in forest shade relieves all anxiety upon
this point, though it remains to be seen whether
the vines bear so well, as the cover may prove too
thick. The plantations look well. This year we

_ may expect the old plantation to flower and fruit,

China Grass (Behmeria mvea).—Two cuttings have
been made from the small plot of China grass, the
first on April 7th. Seven roots yielded 70 stalks,
4 inch thick and 5 to 6 feet long, the total grossa
weight, including leaves, being 254 lbs. The ribands
had a good length but were not considered good
enough to send home, The canes had 2 feet of
young growth at the top, the ribands from which
had not matured and easily broke. The canes
have always this young growth at the top which
materially diminishes the fibre-bearing — length.
The plants have been allowed to grow without
watering in order that their growth might ha observed:

232

under conditions corresponding to those they would
encounter in a plantation here. Another small
patch has been planted with stolons from the
original plants aud is growing well.

Machu Plantutvon :—Clove picking began in July.
Our yield of cloves this sezon has been under 100
fraslas as compaxed with 1,537 last season, so we
have practically nothing to report about the crop
except to say that it has beena failure. The trees
however look well and I hope next year we shall
Bee some return from the extra weeding we have
given this plantation since we took it over. The
yield of coconuts has also fallen off. We gathered
93,489 nuts from about 3,106 trees, an average of
about 30 nuts per tree. 75,000 of these were gathered
during the first 7 monthsof the year. Trees always
yield poorly after July, but the contrast this year
has been striking; moreover the nuts have been
small. The net profit shown on this shamba for
1898 was Rs. 3,711: and for 1899 Rs. 2,384. The
profit on the season, August 1893—July 1899, was
Rs. 5,917. This is after paying all expenses—weed-
ing contracts, overseer’s wages, the planting of
5,000 coconut trees and 12,000 seed nuts, from which we
have 9,000 young plants ready to put out in April.
The monthly expenditure averaged about Rs. 200
including overseer’s wages. We intend this year
to replant all the vacant places, amounting to
several thousands, both in the Machui and Dunga
clove plantations.

Dunga Plantation.—Clove picking began at Dunga
on July 24ih. The yield up to the end of Decem-
ber has been about 190 fraslas with very little
more indeed tocomein. The 1898-99 crop amounted
to 381 fraslas. The shipment of 35 bales (140 fraslas)
of cloves we sent home last year to Messers. Gray,
Dawes & Co., sold very well. The following corre-
“spondence was received from Messrs, Gray,
Dawes & Co., on the subject of these cloves:—
“March 22nd, 1899. We have received your small
shipment of thirty five bales cloves and are pleased
to be able to report most favourably on the con-
dition and quality, We class them as very fine
icked Zanzibar cleves, bright heads and stems.
Up to the present we have succeeded in selling
twenty five bales at 5:d. per lb. and we hope soon
to be able to sell the remaining ten bales at the
same price. This rate is fully 2d. above the market
quotation, and we think we are right in saying that
a difference to this extent between fair and fine
cloves has never been realized before.”’

“June 5th, 1899. As already explained there is
only a very limited demand for fine cloves at
guch a high price, and should a shipment of say
500 bales come forward they would only realize
about 4d. per lb. over the market price for fair
cloves. For shipments of say twenty to thirty bales
at a time we think the high price could be kept
up provided sales were not forced.”” The remain-
ing 10 bales were sold at 5d. As explained in my
report for 1898 very simple measures were adopted
jn the preparation of these cloves, They included
picking, as far as possible, only ripe cloves (when
picking is kept well in hand the difficulty is to

revent the people gathering geen cloves to make
up their measure, geen cloves shrivel); separating
the burst from the sound buds in the stalking;
spreading out in the godown at night and never
allowing any fermentation to set up; turning over
the dried heap every day ; passing the dried cloves
through a screen to separate out the light heads
and dirt. A portion of the cloves were dried in
the glass house, but I think this had not much to
do with the improvement in quality, though per-
haps ® little, Lhe net proceeds of this small con-
signument, after paying all expenses of freight, com-
mission, etc,, was 1s, 1,832 equal to Rs, 94 per
fracia. Messrs, Gray, Dawes & Co. state that
thie high price could not probably be obtained for

pore than 20 or 30 bales, but they also say

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Ocr. 1,.1901.

that for large quantities of, say, 500 bales, 3d.
per lb, over the market price for ‘‘fair” might be
expected, which is equal to over a rupee a frasla,
well worth the small extra expense and _ trouble

incurred. His Highnes the Sultan directed me to
construct some clove drying stages at Machnui.
They consisted of a number of square wooden

frames 5ft. by Oft., into each of which 4 sliding
trays closed, one on the top of the other. The
square frame or box was supported on 4 short
posts and roofed over with mukuoti. The cloves
are spread out on the shelves and remain there
till dry. At night or in a shower of rain the
four shelves can be at once closed, thus saving
a great amount of labour, besides allowing the
cloves free circulation of aiz, The trays are of the
size of the ordinary drying mats and can be made
either of canvas or of perforated zinc. They can
be constructed by the plantation carpenter at little
expense, We had not sufficient cloves at Machni
to judge of their efficacy, but we erected two of
the stages at Dunga for the sake of experiment
and sent a sample of the cloves home to Messrs,
Gray, Dawes & Co. who reported on them as
follows:—‘‘In the present state of the market [ Dec.
1899] they would we think realize 53d. per lb. in
small quantities. The cloves are nice and clean
and heads particularly bright. A comparison of
these with the shipment of 35 bales shows them
to be of much finer appearance, although this is
no doubt partly caused by the previous lot having
gone off considerably through keeping.”’ We con-
tinue to plough between the rows, to dig round
the trees and to scatter a little manure, already
with marked effect upon the appearance of the
plantation, and we are now topping all except the
largest trees. The tops of the trees can never be
properly picked and are therefore better cut away.
This, besides, developes lateral growth in the tree,
keeping the buds within access of the pickers. 'Top-
ping should also induce a more vigorous growth
of leaf and bud. I believe that in the old days
when labour was plentiful Arabs systematically top-
ped their clove trees.

The coconut trees at Dunga have not yielded
Well, the average being 31 nuts per tree. The de-
Cline occurred during the latter half of the year.
The number of trees bearing ripe nuts also showed
a falling off as the year advanced, only 50 per cent.
of the trees being climbed during the August
gathering. The price has varied between Rs. 18 and

Rs. 25, A new plantation of 1,579 trees was laid
out in April and May, the young palms being
placed 35 feet apart. The gaps in the old

plantations were also supplied. The receipts from
the sale Of fruit and from the rent of cultivating
tenants amounted to Rs. 187-14-0 which just covers
the cost of collection. This has been an extremely
bad year for fruit of all kinds, with the exception
of pineapples.

Cuove RETURNS.

Fraslas.
1895 a5 oo Aho 537,845
1896 ee 50 ose 861,869
1897 ie be a4 332,521
1898 es ee Bes 368,851
1899 id As sa 483,881

SEASON SEPTEMBER To AUGUST.

Fraslas,
1895-6 60 Go oe 579,955
1896-7 oo oo 60 312,130
1897-8 60 oy ie 188,957
1898-9 a pe 642,195

During the 5 years, 1895-9, Pemba has yielded 73
per cent., and Zanzibar 27 per cent.,of the total crop,
—Zancibar Annual Report,

Oct. 1, 1901.]

ZEBU CATTLE IN TRINIDAD.

BY C. W. MEADEN.
Manager of the Government Farm, Trinidad.
AND J. H. HART, F.L.S.,
Superintendent, Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad.

The introduction of Zebu cattle into Trinidad dateS
from the year 1879, when three bulls and three cow
were imported. Others were introduced about the same
time or a little latter, by enterprising planters, and
the resulting influence on the herds on their estates
was markedly apparent. The notes in this paper,
however, refer in the main to the work of the Govern
ment Harm. The bulls originally introduced were
obtained from the East Indian Government Hissar,
an establishment maintained Ly that Government
tor the production of gun bullocks, This institution
does not part with female stock and ‘Trinidad is
under an obligation to General Angel of Hissar,
farm for the purchase of its cows, which were des-
cribed as pure bred Hurinahs. From this beginning
the Trinidad herd has been formed. It bas been
kept pure, and, by the introduction of a new bull
every fourth year, deterioration has been prevented.
Photographs and measurements have been exchanged
with the Indian Department which show that Trini-
dad is not only on equal terms with, but, in some
instances, even in advance of them.

The Zebu or Brahmin is of great antiquity, and
the continuity of special characters and form is
specially remarkable, naturalists classing it as a
distinct species under the name of Bos indicus, a
name which indicates its native country. The
points of a true Zebu are not difficult to describe,

ut their crosses are scarcely distinguishable from
a pure bred animal and it is only when an

authentic herd-book is available that any positive

pronouncement can be made; a state of affairs
which obtains in almost any breed of cattle. The
distinguishing points of this magnificent breed may
be described as follows ;—Prominent hump on the
forequarter of the male and female—smaller in the
latter; long pendulous ears, silky to the touch;
heavy dewlap extending to the lower jaw; short
crescent horns; drooping hind quarters; fineness of
skin ; slender limbs; and tail terminating with a
fine trace of black hairs. The appearance of the
animal should be calm and dignified, the eye full and
prominent, with a look of latent power than can at
at times be well displayed. A pure bred bull on his
own domain is one of the most stately animals in
existence. The Zebu ox is a splendid draft animal
well adapted for apical agricultural work, extremely
active, and possessed of great powers of endurance,
His fino limbs, sound hard feet and good action are
all in his favour as a working animal. With a
minimum amount of feeding and care he is capable
of doing more heavy and exhausting work then any

. other beast of burden in the tropics. Well bred

oxen are however somewhat difficult to break in, but
once broken, they are very docile and obedient, as
can be seen by the way in which little ccolie boys
are able to control them. The Negrois, as @ rule,
unable to exercise the same control over this class of
cattle asthe East Indian driver. Good working oxen
are always saleable and the prices real.z.d at the
Government sales have invariably been satisfactory,
although of late years they have decreased somewhat
owing to the uncertain state of the sugar industry,

As milkers, the pure breed fails in some res-
pects. Most of them resist the restraint which
necessarily accompanies the act of milking and in
consequence their yieldis deficient. Their milkis
somewhat weaker than that of ordinary milch cows
under the same treatment, the analysis showing as
follows ;—

Specific gravity. Solids Fat. Ash. Cream
(not fat).
Zebu Cow =: 10310 8°9 3572 72 45
Ordinary Cow 1027-7 9:09 4°55 °75 70°

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 233

The above analysis was made with the afternoon
milkings. It would not be fair to the Zebu, however
to condemn them entirely on the trial of their milking
qualities in Trinidad. It is certain that for long years
in India the milking qualitics have not been at first
consideration, other points have been considered as
of more importance in selection. It is clearly possi-
ble that, by proper selection, a strain of Zebu milkerg
might be obtained little, if at all, inferior to any
other class of cattle. This view is streugth-
ened by the fact that individual cows have been
found among the herd which have proved them-
selves excelient milkers. The practice in Trinidad
is to allow the calves to run with the dams as
soon as they are strong enough, with the object
of bringing them forward as fast as possible, and
giving them every advantage at the annual sales.

Crossing milch cows with a pure bred bu 8
often resulted in the prodation of aie] hace
milkers, but the milking qualities appear to suffer
if bred too close. A first or second cross produces
animals eminently suited to the tropics, inured
alike to heat or moisture, invariably thrifty, and
giving milk which compares favourably both in
quantity and quality with that of any country.
What knowledge we have of the crossing of this
breed for the production of beef is distinctly favour-
able, the quality is good, and from the butcher’g
point of view, they scale well, The waste in offal
a re sulle ES the tropics is generally greater

an in temperate climates i
tee plea » On account of certain

Our bullocks from the time they are w
until reaching four years old are Lontivaly oo
fed, except for a short preparation previous to
selling, At this-age they scale some 1,C00 to 1,200
pounds, and are generally sleek and in prime con-
dition for the butcher. Having been fed in clean
pastures the meat is tender and entirely free from
tiled ree nta Tee ” which renders’ the

esh o e importe enez
an jeeite! p : uelan cattle so tough
_ Well bred Zebu cattle cannot be termed
in the same way as the Hereford, the Pulses
the Jersey, but on their own ground they are not
difficult to deal with. Trouble arises, however, on
their transference from one place to another or on
any alteration in the handling to which they have
become accustomed. In such cases they show ex-
treme excitement and are prepared to gO over, or
through, anything. Another disagreeable feature ig
their lying down and offering passive resistance
when evercome. The best treatment in such a case
1s, not to beat them or to permit the too common
practice of tail twisting, but to fill their nostrilg
and ears with cold water by throwing it smartly
in their faces. Nothing brings them to their feet
quicker than this simple and harmless treatment
The plan of dealing with cattle in the Trinidad
herd is not to drive them but to call them, rat-
tling the feeding bucket at the same time. Zebus
can be easily led, but they cannot be driven. To
effect this, one or two of the herd are trained to
hand-feeding. They soon recognize the rattling of
the bucket, so that when the herd is wanted, the
cry of the herdsman and the rattling of the bucket
brings them home at a gallop.

Before being sold oxen are put
pasture which has been shut down
for them, where they remain for som
pa are hand-fed during this time
containing coco-nut meal, Indian cornmea
“middlings’’ with a small addition at teak ona
linseed meal, _which binds the whole and ynevents
waste in feeding. The ingredients are ma.e into
&@ mess with water and hand-fed in about hi: f
pound lumps, each animal receiving about three
pounds at a time. The mixture is carried to the
field in buckets, one man stands guard, while the
remainder, taking each a certain number, see that

into a reserve
in preparation
e three months,
with a mixture

234 THE TROPICAL

every animal receives its share. This feed costs
about five cents a day or 6s. 3d. per month, and
has the effect of putting on a nice clean finish to
the animal previous to sale.

For crossing with other breeds there is no better
animal than the pure bred Zebu, the cross with
native stock giving excellent results. The half or
three part Zebu, heifers crossed with Devon, Here-
ford, or Polled bulls, give rise to a very profitable
class of stock.

Jamaica has for years been a good customer at
the ‘l'rinidad sales of pure bred stock, and is prob-
ably largely indebted to Trinidad importations for
the improvement in her herds. British Guiana,
Antigua, Grenada, Honduras, and Venezuela have
also been purchasers, and as the export has been
in no way restricted, the neighbouring Colonies have
been able to take advantage of and to benefit by
the Trinidad importations, a privilege of which they
have not been slow to avail themselves. It is un-
derstood that in Jamaica half-breeds from the Zebu
are in great demand and sell at considerable ad-
vantage as compared with the native cattle. The
value of pure bred two-year-old bulls has ranged
from £59 to over £100 in accordanse with the size
and points of each animal, the number offered
and the number of buyers present. Pure bred
heifers are tow worth abont 74 to 150 dollars, while
pulls will probably range from 150 to 300 dollars.
As, however, all cattle are sold by auction, this
must must be taken as only an approximate estimate
of the price they are likely to realize.

The Government Stock Farm in Trinidad is now
entering on a wider phase of existence, and it is
hoped that the management will be sble to handle a
certain number at least of all the most useful
class s of stock. In a short time additions will be
made to the Zebu, Guernsey, Red Polled, and Here-
ford herds, from which it is hoped to secure ac-
elimatized progeny possessing the best characters of
the various breeds, and that the support afforded
will enable the Trinidad Farm to maintain its posi-
tion of being one of the best institutions of its kind
and to become the studfarm of the West Indies.—
West Indian Bulletin.

—_—_—__@——_—_—_——-
THE FODDER FOR INDIA.

Mr B. F. Cavanacn, Superintendent of the Agri-
Horticultural }Gardens, Madras, writes to us with
reference to “Paspolum ailatatum.’—Its native
habitat is doubtful. Some authorities affirm that it
is a pative of South America while others claim
Ceylon as its origin. The grass was first brought
to the notice of Australians by the late Baron von

Muller, who recommended it on account of its high

nutritious qualities and its drought-resisting proper-
ties. A very interesting account of Mr. Williams
experiments with this grass is given in the Agricul-
tural Ledger” Series No. 33 (1901) No. I. Page 3.
But the climate of New South Wales, where those
experiments have been carried out, and the climate
of the Indian plains cannot becompared. The most
northern point of New Soath Wales is 32 degrees
south of the equator, and again, their experiments
were carried out not at sea level but at an altitude
of from 400 to 500 ft. We have a small plot here,
which we have to water regularly ; otherwise, it
would shrivel up. It flowersfreely, but the seeds
are barren, There is no doubt that at any eleva-
tion above 1,000 ft. and on any poor soil it will
be worth cultivating and will pay, provided it has
water. I received a letter from «an Ootacamund
correspondent in which he says “ P, dilatatum is @
valuable grass, slow of growth at first, but when once
established it forms dense tufts 4 feet high, and seeds
freely, “no doubt seeds collected at this elevation
would be good.” Ihave not heard of asiugle success
on the plains. There is a small place just outside
Bangalore, viz. Whitefield, where L believe if it was
tried it weuld prove a suscess, There, I am told

AGRICULTURIST. fOcr. 1, 1901.

water can be obtained at 7 feet from the surface,
which means that the ground would hardly ever get
into the hard, dry state it does on the plains,

Re cultivation to form a good pasture at once. It
requires from 6 to 8 lbs. of seed peracre. This
allows for barren seeds, as there is always a
percentage of failures. The ground may be prepared
the same as forordinuary pasture and seeds sown
broadcast, Again,2 and 3 lb. may be sown to an
acre, and left until it ripens its seeds;these will
fall to the ground and germinate, with the result, a
good thick pasture. When once established it will
choke allother weeds. Another way is to sow in
nursery bedsand transplant into drills 18 inches
apart and the plants 6 inches apart. An acre of
ground treated in this way reacheda height of 5ft.
and atest cutting produced 13 tons 3 cwt. Never
sow in the dry season; either sow in showery
weather or just before the rains, Seeds are obtain-
able from. Messrs. Law, Summer and Co., Swanston
Street, Melbourne, Victoria, at 5s. 6d. per lb.

Re your correspondent’s question :—

(1) I would advise sowing in nursery beds and
transplanting when large enough to handle. lf he
is on the plains he will certainly have to water
them; it does not require a rich soil. (2) To my
knowledge, no experiments on a large scale have
been carried outon the plains, The chief authori ies
forthis grass are the farmers of New South Wales
and Victoria. The Calcutta Horticultural Gardens
were the first to carry out experiments, but these
would count for nothing, as the climate there is
more genial, and they have always a supply of
good fodder from Indian grasses. (3) It may be
grazed green ; none of it being wiry, cattle will eat
any part of it, even from the crown to the seed head.
There is no reason why it should not make good silage-

To sum up P. dilatatum will thrive on almost any
soil, sandy or otherwise, provided it can obtain
sufficient moisture. Salt water willnot effect its growth,
and it will stand the two extremes, heat and cold.

————E——s

“ NATURE TEACHING.’—This mail brings us
““with the compliments of the Commissioner
Imperial Department of Agriculture for the
West Indies,” a copy of a clearly printed,
campact little manual of some 200 pages in-
cluding glossary, appendix and index, which
should at once be revised, adapted and
published by the Government of Ceylon for
use in nearly all schools in this island. The
full title of the book is:

Nature Teaching based upon the general pria-
ciples of agriculture, for the use of schoois by
Francis Watts, F.I.c., F.c.S., Assce. Mason. Coll.
Birmingham, Government Analytical and Agri-
euliural Chemist, Leeward Islands.

The following extracts from the introduction
indicate the purpose and use of the little
manual :—

In the pages of Nature Teaching prepared by Mr.
Francis Watts, F.1,C., F.C.S., and now issued as a
Text book by the imperial Department of Agri-
culture, an attempt is made to place in the hands
of Teachers both in Elementary and Secondary
schools a well selected, but co-ordinate body of in-
formation suitable to West Indian conditions, to be
supplemented in each case by numerous illus-
trations and experiments in which the pupils them-
selves take an active part.

By a judicious com\ination of work in boxes
and pots, and work in the open garden, a teacher
should succeed in keeping a class well in hand
without confusion or loss of time. In the absence
of a school garden a considerable amount of in-
struction may be given by means of boxes and pots
alone.

Ocr, 1, 1903.] THE TROPICAL

LION HUNTING IN ZULULAND.

AN. EXCITING . EXPEDITION.
WITHIN THREE YARDS OF A LION: A FAMILY
OF SEVEN APPEAR: WILDEBEESTE,
ZEBRA, AND HYENA: A BIG BAG.

We have received permission to publish the
following letter written by Mr. C. Manning,
of Mt, Edgecombe, describing a lion-hunting
expedition in Zululand, in which he and a

friend had a most exciting experience :—

Almost immediately on our arrival at the
Ubombo, Leslie and 1 (Mr. Miller had not
turned up), obtained the best information pro-
curable from native sources, as to the usual
dair,and bunting grounds of the lions, which
obviously iay up in the thick bushes near to
where the herds of wildebeeste roam about
on the open plains. These and the zebras
(Burchell’s) form the lion’s ordinary bill of

fare. We, primed with the above informa-
tion,
ERECTED A SMALL SCHERM OF UKMINZA

\

THORNS,

and a few strands of wire, in a very likely-
looking donga, fringed on ali sides with fairly
heavy timber. Our scherm was about three
yards square, and we made ourselves fairly
comfortable for the nights to follow, by means
of a waterproof sheet, air pillow, and acouple
of blankets each. We arranged the bait we
had brought from Nongoma, 12 yards from
the scherm, and awaited developments. I
should ‘have mentioned that, most unfortu-
nately, the blue lights we had ordered through
Mr. Miller had not come to hand, owing to
his delay en route, and we had, therefore, to
depend on the use of HC. powder to light up
the scene when the lions should arrive. As
the flash of the powder would be only mo-
mentary, and there was no moon until about
2 a.m., we, after some discussion, decided to
use 8.S.8.C. in our shot guns, and keep our
303 rifles as an emergency.

The first night passed off without any event.
Our living bait, to our consternation, re-
mained absolutely silent, and we heard only
the cough-like bellow of the wildebeeste ail
round us, varied occasionally by the weird
ery of a prowling impisi (hyena). We had
reckoned on our bait giving the lions some
evidence of his presence, but no doubt instinct
warned him from giving himself away, and
he remainedas silent as the Sphinx, and quite
impervious to our occasional attempts to
rouse himup. Weput in time next day by
shooting a wildebeeste bull each, and sent
the meat to our maincamp. The night foi-
lowing 5

THE DENOUEMENT
came off. We were aroused at 10 o'clock, and
realised that the opportunity of our lives had
come. I had only just raised myself on my
elbow, and had not got hold of my gun,
when above me, not three yards off, distinct
against the skyline, loomed the bedy and
large round head of alion, who had evidently
walked up to reconnoitre our scherm. It was
only for an instant, however, for, satisfied,
or the reverse, as to our vicinity, the lion
glided off like a ghost into the darkness. I
sone that, for those few seconds, my heart

0

AGRICULTURIST. 235

appeared likely to knock my ribs in. We
could hear the savage, hoarse grunt of the
lions, but the intense darkness veiled the
scene only 12 yardsfrom: us, except for ‘the
occasional glow of a buge feline’s eyes, which
resembled the phosphorescent flash of the glow-
worm. Wehacdspread a quantity of powder
on a box, and matches being handy, Leslie
struck one, applied it to the former’ and
night became day. Never shall I forget the

scene which for a few seconds presented
itself, he bait was still there, and at the

first flash of the powder, from the carecase,
on all sides, sprang lions, their tawny hides
looking white as polar bears in the bright
light. 1 tired at one huge brute, which was
lying right across the carcase, and Leslie
fired a bullet at one which bounded away to
the right, Then darkness again—darkness
made more intense by the bright glare of the
preceding few seconds. What was happen-
ing? Were the startled lions rushing away
to the deep and wocded hollow below us,
or were we to feel the crash and impact on
our slightly-built scherm, of some charging
and wounded monster? It was impossible
to say, and we sat tight, clutching our guns
in hand, and awaiting events. Leslie ‘had
been handicapped by lighting up the powder,
and did not therefore feel sure of the result
of his shot, but T knew I had been on the
mark, and a

LOW GRUNTING, AND ALMOST HUMAN-LIKE
MOANING

near us told me that | had made no mistake.
We expected no re-appearance of the lions
that night, but, 10 cur amazement. in less
than 15 minutes fiom our shuts, deep horrse
grunts, the rending of flesh and the cracking
of bones, made it evident that the enemy
entertained no idea of relinquishing the
“spoils of war.” It was now my turn to
light up, but the powder had been too heaped
up, and the flesh which resulted on my ap-
plying the match was barely momentary and
so vivid that, for a few minutes, I was ab-
solutely blinded and feared my eyesight had
gone. Fortunately this was not the case; but
I was effectually prevented from seeing any-
thing of the lions. Leslie had fired, but appa-
rently without any effect, for mo welcome re-
sponse answered to the shot. Darkness—
Egyptian -and again the terrible uncertainty
of what was happening, or what would happen.
As seven lions werearound (one brushed our
scherm, as we found by the spoor next day),
dev'lopinents might be expected at any
moment, but again we sat tight as wax and as
silent and motionless as mummies, hoping
that thereby we might yet get another chance
if fortune were so kind. This proved to he
the case and once more during this eventful
night were we to hear the low murderous
gruntsand savage snarls of the fierce beats as
they assembled and squabbled over the dead:
animal, We had anold Zulu kehla with us
in the scherm and we decided in low, whis-
peved undertones that, to give us an equal
chance at the lions, Umgeschow should light
up the powder. He did so, and the nitro
being now more evenly distributed than
before, the flash which, resulted was the best
of the three attempts,

Qua nd

236 THE TROPICAL

ONLY FOUR LIONS

had returned, but I was able tq put in a quick
right-and-left at one of them as it sprang to
the rightofthe carcase. Leslie also hita big
chap hard, as he broke away to the left,
and we heard him grunting furicusly
down in the donga, and he had evidently,
in his rage, turned upon one of his com-
anions who had approached the wounded
east. My lioness, stricken to death, was
meanwhile grunting hoarsely, and moaning
in extremis hard by oar scherm. Soon these
sounds ceased, and the silence of the night
was broken only by the weird and mournful
cries of an owl, or the “kwawk” of some
distant wildebeeste. Almost breathless we
lay and hoped, but hoped in vain, for a
further visit from the giant feline. Slowly
the crescent moon rose over the tree-tops,
about half past one, and just as its faint rays
pierced the dark shadows around we heard
the savage growling of a lion by the carcase,
and felt sure that luck was once more with
us. Notso, however, for silence soon reigned
unbroken, and it was evident that one of
the party of lions had come up, had winded
us, and had then followed his companions
down the valley to the Umkusi River. [t
seemed ages before this never-to-be forgotten
night passed, and we were enabled by the
wan light of the coming dawn to crawl out
of our scherm, and find out what result had
been achieved during thuse, the most excit-
ing hours of our lives. This was soon seen,
for there, within, respectively, 20 and 30
yards from the carcase,

LAY THE GRIM AND TAWNY FORMS OF TWO
FINE LIONESSES.

They were both in perfect condition and
looked the personification of brute strength
with their massive limbs, as we shook hands
warmly by them, and drained a flask of
mountain dew to the goddess of sport.
Natives from our camp soon arrived, and
we endeavoured, but in vain, to track Leslie’s
wounded lion, throngh the thick thorn
bushes along the donga. Poor Leslie was
nuturally terribly disappointed at losing his
lion in this way,
understand my feelings as a sportsman when
I say I fully sympathised with him in his
hard and cruel luck. I have now little more
to add re-lions. Naturally we were exultant
in the success of our plans, and I may add,
by the way, that, had the blue lights come
to hand, I am firmly of opinion that we

SHOULD HAVE BAGGED THE WHOLE
FAMILY PARTY

of lions. We laid bait, and changed our
scherm to other places, when we found that

the surviving lions did not return to the’

carcase the following night. Allin vain, how-
ever, and I may say, briefly, that we had
no more luck, the remainder of the lions
having apparently had their nerves so badly
shattered that they cleared right away from
that district. We slept in scherms for
nearly a fortnight after the big event, and
did all that the wit of man and native cun-
ning could do to bring us to terms with
more lions, but it was not to be, and Leslie

and I think you will

AGRICULTURIST. (Oct. 1, 19@1,

had to return to Nongoma without retriev
ing his ill fortune, I am now also forced to
throw up the sponge, and am of opinion,
in the light of past experience, that lions
in the Ubombo district are restricted to
those mentioned, and that, had other and
undisturbed packs, or even single lions, been
about, we must inevitably have come across
thein, or at least seen their spoor about the
neighbourhood, Fever is worse there than
in any other part of Zululand, and poor
Gold, clerk to the Ubombo Magistracy, con-
tracted fever, and died aiter a few days of
hut-tax collecting in the vicinity of our lion-
shoot. So we shall be lucky indeed if we get
off scot free, I have shot altogether about
200 head of game, buck, and bird, but my

BAG HAS BEEN GREATLY LESSENED BY
DANGER OF BOER RAIDS,

and on account of our not firing shots while
hunting, to avoid disturbing the ground.
—Natai Mercury. M.

—____.—__
PRODUCE. PLANTING, AND COMMER-

CIAL NOTES,
The wisdom of the policy of selling tea by meane of

SECRET AUCTIONS
has been keenly debated from the frst, and the contro-
versy still goes op, We notice that the Grocer of last
Saturday publishes a list occupying several pages of
the marks of teas disposed of in secret, so that the
retailer may, if he choose, trace these packages. Those
who favour the new departure claim that, apart trom
the right of the producer to sell his teas in any way he
may think fit, the publication of the sales has long been
asore point with many wholesale dealers, and has
been «ne of the factors operating against higher prices,
Some of those who believe that these secret sales are a
mistake claim that a false impression as to the extent
of the dealers’ profils is thereby created, and that the
wholesale trade will suffer in consequence, There isa
letter in the Grocer of last week signed “ Kandpore
Tea Company,” in which the writer takes exception to
these secret sales on other grounds. They say: ‘‘ This,
we think, is one of the greatest blunders evermade by
the wholesale tea dealers, ¢.¢., by a few of the leading
houses who have prevailed upon the importers to try
the system It is a blunder because this step is open
to misunderstanding and misrepresentation: mis-
understanding onthe part cf the misinformed daily
press, which is publishing absurd and misl-ading
articles ; misrepresentation by some blenders, brokers,
travellers, and others interested in doing whule-
salers an injory. Jt is monstrous to represent
wholesale tea dealers, as aclass, as bloodsuckers,
and secret sales as a scheme for adding to their
already exorbitant gains. Nothing could be much
further from the truth. Whose trade is suffering from
inadequate profits more than the wholesale tea dealer’s
and who has been so much the grocer’s friend in
the way of credit-giving and otherwise as he has
been ? Not a few grocers finance their business
mainly on the credit they take on tea and duty.
This system of smal! profitsand slow returns is, though
a boon to the retailer, the reason for the hard times
amongst the wholesalers, who in looking r und for
some means of bettering their territly eut profits
have hit upon this expedient of secret sales, un ex-
pedient, however, which wili not help them, because
it will. not lessen competition. The whole troukle is
due to the pre:alent Yankee system of trading, which
makes not only some dealers, but also some blenders,
brokers, travellers, and grocers utterly selfish, un-
truthful, vindictive, and morally dishonest. The golden
rule is in sad disuse nowadays ; indeed, some men

Seal

Qer. 1, 1901.]

devote half their thoughts to devising schemes for
injuring their competitors. Unfair competition (in-
cluding printed and verbal: bu kum, we geht with
package, and charlatani:m) is the1oot of all evil in
trade, and is more remp:nt in tea than in most
businesses. Wecan write on this subject of secret
sales without bias, as our trade is uot in originals,”

The “Daily Express,” in commenting on these sales,
is rough on the

TEA BROKER,

without regard to the question that some brokers are
opposed to these secret methodr. It says :—Failure
appears to have attended the efforts of the London
tea brokers to withhold the market price of tea
from country grocers. Some of the inner rea-
sons for the . bad ‘secret sales’ system were
given to an ‘ Express’ representative yesterday by
a member of the trade. ‘The attempt to conceal
prices,’ he said, ‘ marks another stage in the down-
fall of the middlemsn, the broker who has stood ‘so
long between the importer and the retailer. The
first step was the assault mede upon the market by
big firms like Lipton’s, the Home and Colonial Stores,
and the Inte:national Tea Stores. who are now re-
presented atthe public sales by their own buyers,
After these came the man who gives you a teapot with
your pound of tea, ora pension for your widow, or a
quarter of a pound overweight. All these people are
taking lots of tea cff the market without troubling the
dealere. As a natural consequence the latter have
eudeavoured to make up their losses by extra profit
out of their sales tocountry grocers. But the country
grocer is too wide aweke to pay more than a fair per-
centage on the market price, and, witb the help of
his trade journals, anda list supplied by the Market
Prices Company, has managed to hold his own. To
demonstrate the possibility of doing business on a fair
and equitable basis, the Market Piices Company has
pow cfficred to supply grocers with teas bought at
public sale, the only charge being a5 per cent com-
mission, the company always handing over the original
weight notes, invoices, or contracts to verify the
actual prices paid.”

With reference to the letter of ‘‘ Kar Guzar’”’ to the
Financial Times, on the question of

TEA COMPANIES,
which we printed last weck, Mr. George Seton,
writing to our contemporary, savs: ‘‘The I-tter of
your correspondent, ‘ Kar Guzar,’ on Indian tea com-
panies comes at an opportune moment, and his
suggestions are well worthy of consideratiop. Your
own editorial remarks also are very much to the point,
1 would only add to them that shareholcers in tea
companies would gain much by keeping a close eye on
your editorial columns. The:eis no doubt that the
issue of a half-yearly interim report, or, even better

still, the holding of a half-yearly meeting of
shareholders, would be a great gain to share-
holders both in the case of tea companies

and, indeed, if any similar industrial undertakings
which, like tea, are subject to sudden and great
‘change in the degree of their prosperity. Yoursug-
gestion for an association of shareholders is one that
has occurred to me, and [ thinkthke present moment
would be afavourable opportunity for creating such
abody. Such an association would, of course, be of
little use unless it embraced a large majority of the
shareholders in these companies, and it would also
be necessary that it shouid have some official or
representative «sa centre round which shareholders
might gather for mutual protection, and if you, Mr,
Editor, could in any way assist in bringing about

‘the formation of such an association you would doa

great benefit 'o the industry, The difficulty would
be in drawing in allthe scattered shareholders, both
large and small, throughout the country. In advo-
cating the idea, I wish it to be clearly understood
that if is not desired to interfere = any way with the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 237

ordinary administrative duties and obligations of
directors and maneging agents. The chief object of
the association should be to control the general
policy of the companies whenever, in the minds of
the majority of the chief sharehclders, it appeared to
be drifting into a wrong chainel. As acase in point,
I would merely instance the recent excessive garden
extensicns, which, by causing an abnormal increase of
production, has brought about the great fall in the
price of tea that has occasioned the present unfortunate
and disastrous state of the teaindustiy.”

Another correspondent, who signs himself ‘‘An
Importer,’ seys: ‘‘In refeience to a letter signed
‘Ker Guzar,’ as I have considerable experience of

LIMITED COMPANIES,

I trust that a few remarks may not be out of
place. JI quite agree that reports should be
issued within three months of closing of ac-
counts, and in many cases it would be desir-
able to publish interim half-yearly reports.
I question, however, the expediency of publishing or
sending to shareholders the confidential reports made
to the directors by managers or visiting agents.
such a custom were to obtain, there isa danger of
reports being made merely with a view to publica-
tion. With all defence to the shareholders generally,
I venture to state that comparatively few understand
the business of tea planting, and it is highly prob-
able that, if they were fed with continual reports
as suggested, they would be misled, simply because
they are not experienced in the matter, Moreover,
I think such a system would lead to much more
speculation in tea companies’ shares, and that is
most undesirable. Of course, any enterprise depending
on corps is largely speculative, but I hold that those
who are interested in tea companies’ shares should do
so with the idea of holding, and not of selling when
there is a rise. We must expect occasionally to have
depression in the tea trade as in every other trade,
but, if investors are judicious in their selections,
they ought not to lose their heads because of the
present crisis, but ‘wait till the clouds roll by.’”

“A feature of the tea trade in Toronto,” says the
Canadian Grocer, ‘‘is the samples of

INDIAN GREEN TEAS

that are being submitted to the trade this week.
They are from the Dooars and Sylhet districts, and
they are being cffered at a most favourable price.
But their chief recommendation is their quality.
Those who have tested them say they are beautifal
in style, and in cup quality exceptionally good. One
dealer declares they are the finest he ever saw.
Hitherio green teas of India shown here have not
been properly made. But, however excellent the quality
of the Indian teas may be, the attention of the
public must be diawn to them if they are to become
an important facior in the market, either in Canada
or the United States,”

It is but a poor concolution to tea planters to hear
of the trcubles of thuse who grow other prodacta,
but just at present it is difficult to discover anything
very inspiriting about the position of either

TEA, COFFEE,
or sugar. The latter we know has been under a cloud
for years, and so far as the West Indies is concerned;
the planter of cane sugar, or what there is left of
him, is endeavowing to imagine that the silver lining
is somewhere about, even though he cannot see it.
Coffee planting in India is not a pursuit which re-
cruits the ranks of millionaires, nor does it satisfy
the aspiration of those who engage in it elsewhere.
In Brazil coffee planters are suffering from depres-
sion, while in less favoured climes there are various
causes operating against the grower of coffee. The
latest Consular report from Costa Rica shows that
planters are making grievous complaint, notwithstand-
ing the prices which prevailed here last year, Coffee

238° THE TROPICAL

is. still Costa Rica’s staple product and most im-
portant article of export. The year was a good one
for exporters. the avernge price paid by them to the
growers for the berry in fiuit being only £1 10 per
fenega (400 liires), us wugainst £1 lls per fanega in
1899, while the prices realised abroad were higher by
134 per |b, the actual fizuies being—1899, net average
velue, 44d per Jb; 1900, 1 et avarige vaiue, 62! per
lb, Growers complain, however, that at these prices
coffe ‘barely puys expenses, and it is po-sible that,
if there is no imp ovement in the near future, many
of the older faims and «also those in inferior soil
will be abandoned. The Consul remiiks that, so far
from any prospect of an advance in price, appearances
all point the other way. The improvement in the
ecffee markets abroad was only temporary, and the
prices obtained for the first part of the 1901 crop
are, in many instances, as much as £1 per cwt less
than those of the preceding year.

The attempt to cultivate

COTTON
fa West Africa will be watched with interest. Hx-
perts are of opinion that thesoil in some districts is
congenial tothe plant, and the similar attempt made
many years ago failed more through lack of en-
couragement than anything else. The firm of Messrs.
Elder, Dempster are said to be promoti. g experiments
in Britsh West African Colonies,—. and C. Mail
August 2.
pe

AGAVE (ALOE) FIBRE INDUSTRIES
IN INDIA,

We are greatly interested to learn trom
the Madras Mail of textile industries (eX-
traction cf fibre from Aloes) being started
in both the Bombay and Madras Pre-
sidencies :—

‘Weread and hearso much from time to time of

new textile industries being introduced or recom-
mended for introduction into this coantry, and see,
as aiule, proportionately so little being really and
practically done, that it is positively refreshing to
Jearn that alve planting and the extracting of
fibre therefrom on a commercial scale has actually
been set on foot in the little Distriet of Ananta-
pur. Two years ago, an Agave Fibre Company
was formed at Pawai. in tbe Bombay Presidency,
and an area of 469 acres, 366 of which were oecupied
by a lake, were acquired for the purpose of carry-
ing onthe industry. Work was started with a
swing, and now that a similar industry has been
launched here, it will be of much interest to know
how the Bombay experiment is getting on. It
may be noted that this is not the first time that
the Bombay Presidency has considered in a
practical way the utilisation of Agave fibre, for in
187%, under the auspices of the Government of
Bombay, an experiment was undertaken for the
manufacture of paper at the Girgaum Paper Mill,
but the experiment was most axkwardly and
carelessly put through, and the result was, of
course, a failure.”
We shall watch very closely for the results
of the experiments at Pawai and Ananta-
pur, and even now to learn what machinery
is employed and whether existing Agaves
are being utilised, ov the results of planting
are to be waited for, would be useful.

i Duara EN
A TEA DISEASE IN SOUTH INDIA.
Mr. © A Barber, Government Botanist, Madras,

has written an interesting report on “A Tea

Belworm Disease in South India.” The disease

AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 1, 19@c..

was first brought to notice in Madras by Mr. A
Brown, of Glesfruen Estate, Devala.. The virn-
lence of the outbreak at ‘‘ Glenfruen,” says Mr.
Barber, fully justificd the fears expressed by the
manager of the estate; but it was strictly loca-
lised, aud there does not appear to be any great
fear of the pestspreadiug. But Mr. Barber does
not disguise the fact that, if the pest ‘‘ once got
afair hold of a perennial like tea, it might spell
disesier.” The parasite is known as Heterodera
rediciola, aud is trequeutly the result of careless
or insufficient cultivation, especially on old garden
lands which have been allowed to run towaste. It
was discovered in five different localities in the
Wynaad and is said to be probably widespread.
Tie disease causes an immense amount of damage
all over the world, and Mr. Barber says there is
littledoubt that it has been a root parasite for
centuries. -Madrus Mail, Aug. 20.

eee

SISAL HEMP AND OTHER FIBRE
PLANT CULTINATION IN
TRINIDAD.

BY MR. QUESNEL, 11TH JUNE, 1901.

Ihave seen, with 4 deep regret, some persons re-
jecting at first the idea of cultivatin, fibre plants in
Vrinidad as requiriug too much capital and too costly
machinery.

This is a great mistake. Yukatan is there as a proof
of it, because the Indians of that conntry export now
more than 100,001 tons, preparei with a very rough
machine called ‘‘ Raspador,” a wheel of four feet
diameter, working at 160 revolutions 2 minute. The
cost of it cannot be, with horse gear, above $150. That
machine is easy to move from one place to another,
It wastes a certain amount of material, and is slow at
work; but it is not the first time that the primitive
appliance of the peasantry has succeeded better than
costly machines and big capiial, with their heavy
interests and annnities. The Raspador gives net 333
lb, in ten hours. A machine for woking three
quarters of a ton would cost, with steam engine and
the buildings so corresp nd, £1,200 at least, when five
Raspadores would not cost more than £150,

A steam engine would not be moveable and could not
be economically established where the area under
cultivation would be less th-n 1,000 acres.

I take my data from various reports from Dr Morris,
Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture, Barbados, and
from Mr Richard Dodge, of the Washington Fibre
Investigation Committee on account of the Govern-
ment of the United States.

From them [ come to the conelusion that the fibre
plant gives a hemp of a value of £30 a ton in London,
which I reduce to £14 a ton after all wing for discount,
commission and freight, and also for cultivation and
packing. This is less thin the amount given in the
reports referred to.

I take for planting five rows in 36 feet, thatis to say,
four at six feet distance and the fifth at twelve. I put
the plants six feet apart in the rows. This gives me
more than 1,100 plants toan acre. Hach plant at four
years gives forty leaves a year of a weigh of 50 1b. of
which four per cent turns into fibve, dried and white,
or two lb. of fibre to a plant, or 2,000 |b an acre, £148
ton is more than thiee cents a pound. I allow only
94 cents a pound to make $50 an acre. Thus an acre
producing net $50 yields double the results of 200 cacao
trees on an acre, at ten bags per 1000 trees at $12 net
(when (.53the London market qnotation) or two bags,
#19=G24. Lt is a great deal more than 20 tons of
sugar capes to an acre at 9s a ton, leaying probably
not more than Is a ton to the cane farmer, or £1
an acre. ae

If an acre gives 2,000 lb a year, and a aes t
prepares some 333 lb a day—100,000 lb a year of 0

Oct 1, 1901.]

days—it will require 50 acres to produce sufficient
fibre for one Raspador’s work in one year, five Ras-
padores for 250 acres, 20 for 1,000 acres.

But what strikes me more is that I noticed that on
all the sugar plautations, all the cacao estates, every-
where on Ciown lands, there is a large extent of
useless land, when not first class, Well, the fibre
plants grow nearly everywhere except on absolutely
parren lands. And immediately every ove can foresee
whatis the future of Trinidad when al! Jands, unless
barren, willbe cultivated with plants yielding double
what cacao gives; 1,(00 acres of iand for sugar canes
giving 1,500 tons of sugar, wil require (if I do not
make a mistake) £37,000 worth of machinery, at least :
and 1,000 acres of land for fibre plants will require only
20 Raspadores costing £600, and will give yearly, athov
or£10 per acre, £10,000 sterling to repay cost of land
and of contracts. j

But no industry can be established with safety if
itis not started with economy and perseverance or if
any one is discouraged because purchasers do not come
from abroad to buy the first pound beforeit is ready.
I believe that this, and five or six years’ gambling
in the London Exchange, have stopped the first
attempt made in Tobago and in the Bahamas some ten
years ago. But the machines have been greatly
improved during the last four years, the prices after
fluctuating during the time of speculation between
£13 and £75 have become steady at £30, and the
plants, ten years old now, are everywhere giving
sprouts from their roots, and seeds from ‘heir poles,

The Agricultural Society is b ing called upon to
decide regarding the introduction of hard-working
immigrants from Teneriffe. Can we find a better
basis for settlement by iree companies of these free
people, in a free country ? Profitable contracts could
be offered to them on landing at the Quay at a rate
of $25 an «cre, five after brushing, $5 after planting,
$15 on delivery on fourth year, Hach contractor
would not receive more than 12 acres to be planted
in three years—four acres # year. As there is very
little trouble in cultivating the fibre plant when it
ig a year anda halfold, every year each contractor
could receive some forar acres more. In five years
he would have planted 20 acres and from the fourth
to the ninth year he would receive $500, whereas
12 acres in cacao, or 2,400 trees, woald give him
only $480 in the same time.

Port-of Spain, 11th July 1901. a :
—Journal 07 the Jamatea Agricultural Society.

= —<p— =

“NEGRO NILELAND AND UGANDA”

Form the subject of an instructive paper
(with map) in the latest Quarterly Review, and
the strong hope is expressed that, by_ the
wealth of its products ind the mart offered
for trade, this land of the greatest lake and
the greatest river in Africa will soon justify
its being brought under the British sphere
of influence. Reference is made to the recent
discovery by the head of the Scientific De-
partment of the Uganda Protectorate (Mr.
Alex. Whyte, so well-known in Ceylon, and
who has ‘surely taken a new lease of life
since he went to Kast Africa) of the “* potto
lemur,” and although “the plagues of Egypt,
indeed of the tropical werld, seem to be concen-
trated in one partof the land, yet there are
most glowing accounts of beauties and
advantages as may be judged from the fol-
lowing extracts :— :

‘The Uganda Protectorate is the c: own of tropical
Africa ; it contains ail the wealth, all the wonders,
all the beauties which are elsewhere widely scat-
tered or are fowd in incomplete assemblage.
Here we have the mightiest of African rivers and
the largest of Alrican lakes, & ke, moreover

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

whose shores—in its northern part, at any rate
—exhibit many an earthly paradise. Here we
have catvracts like the Ripon and Murchison Falls,
ouly surpassed in beauty by the Victoria Falls on
the Zambezi, and in size by some of the Congo
falls; a mountain-range—Ruwenzori—-whose per-
petual snows oxtend for twenty miles; an extinct
volanco of extraordinary grandeur—Mount Higon;
forests in Uganda, in Unyoro, and in Toro, which
in tropical luxuiiance rival those of the Amazons,
woods of conifers (on the Mau Piatean), recailing
the scenery, temperiture, and aroma of the Black
Forest. Over the western part of the Protectorate
coffee grows wild. Indiarubber, incense, acacia gum,
and most other vegetable products characteristic
of Africa are found in abundance. The rivers—
even the small mountain streams—-and the lakes
abound with fish of excellent quality. This land
of Beulah, with a climate often delicious and
scarcely anywhere disagreeable, would be an
earthly paradise if it were not for the fever
—mnalarial or heematuric—which is prevalent in
most parts below an altitude of 6,000 feet.
Fortunately, the greater part of the eastern third
of the Protectorate actually lies above an-average
of 6,000 feet, ranging between that altitude and
10,000 feet on its plateaux, with here and there a
peak ascending io still greater heights. A not
inconsiderable proportion of the western area of the
Uganda Protectorate also rises to plateaux fairly
free from malarial fever. Whole districts of this
description have been found so absolutely healthy
by those Huropeans who have resided there for
auy length of time that there is good reason to
hope that we have discovered here a portion of
Equatorial Africa which may be colonised by the
European races; the more so because inter-tribal
warfare and other causes have depopulated this
temperate region to a _ considerable extent,
leaving large tracts of it without a single human
inhabitant.

All Negro Nileland, with the exception perhaps
of the forests near the Congo watershed, is suited
fo the breeding of cattle, horses, goats and sheep.
There is apparently no tsetse fly, and as yet no
dreaded horsesickuess has arisen to prevent the
keeping and breeding of horses, mules and don-
keys. Donkeys indeed are native to the land, the
wild ass fiom which our domestic animal 1s derived
being found in the eastern territories of the Uganda
Protectorate and in the eastern parts of the Nile
basin, Camels are likewise kept in the regions
round Lake Rudolf endthesouth west of Abyssinia.
Iv is in fact a stock-rearing country of ihe very best.
A steainer placed on the Victoria Nyanza could
convey goods round two thousand miles of coast
to the railway terminus on Kavirondo Bay, where, |
before many months are over, the British Gevern-
ment railway from the Indian Ocean will have
attained its first objective in placing the Vic.oria
Nyanga within thirty-six hours’ journey from
Mombassa and three weeks’ from London.

Ivory is the present wealth of all this land—
ivory in quantities unknown, ubheard of, in any
other part of Africa; and elephants are stil! living
in such enormous herds as to standin no danger
of extinction from past excesses on the part of
ivory-hunters, while it is now made a misdemean-
our tu shoot a female eephant, or a male elephant
carrying tusks less than ten pounds in weight. In
the marshy districts, which are uninhabitable by
minand which are spotted all over Negro Nileland
(as though on a map one had dropped a little wet
sponge at intervals), the elephant will find pre:

240 THE TROPICAL

serves where he will not be in rivalry with human
cultivation, avd yet will be within reach of the
authorised sportsman and the keddah manager—
for there is no reason why attempts should not be
made after a time to drive the young wild elephants
into domesticity, asis done in Siam, Ceylon, and
India. Grain will be another staple of Negro
Nileland—dhurra, maize, milleton the Nile flats and
in the lowlands; wheat, barley, and oats, on the
plateaux and on the mountains. Already wheat
has penetrated southward from the Arab Nile and
is cultivated on the highlands north of Lake
Rudolf. Enormous quantities of other grains
already familiar to African cultivation are pro-
duced in these lands. Bananas grow by millions in
Uganda and Unyoro, In all the upland countries
such as those of the Bahr-el-Gazal watershed,
Uganda, and the mountainous region between
Uganda and Lake Rudolf, the coffee shrub grows
wild, and wild coffee is chewed by natives as an
agreeable bitter. The lakes and river swarm with
fish of excellent quality. Noris salt wanting to sea-
son these food-stuffs ; for within British terrtory
there is a salt appanage of Lake Albert Edward,
and there are salt deposits along the eastern shore
of Lake Albert, and on the shores of Lake Rudolf,
In many districts ground-nuts grow so abundantly
thas quantities of vegetable oil of fine quality
are produced. In the forests of Mount Ruwenzori.
and on the plateaux and mountains to the north
of the Victoria Nyanza there are conifers grow-
ing which produce timber of the finest quality for
building purposes. Inthe forests of Uganda and
the Bahr-el-Ghazal watershed, indiarubber, dye
woods, ebony, and building timber are abundant.

2
RUBBER IN UGANDA:

We are glad tosee that Sir Harry Johnston
is opposed to the granting of exclusive conces-
sions of rnbber forests in Uganda to individuals
or associations, and advocates the plan of allowing
the natives under proper supervision to gather
the rubber and sell it to whom they will.—
Westminster Budget, Aug. 2.

ee eee

COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN THE CONGO

A Belgian correspondent, who has served in the
agriculture and forestry department in the Congo
Free State, writes to explain the means by which
the Congo authorities have created the shadow
rather than the reality of a great industry in
coffee. In their haste to fill the country with
extensive plantations they gave rewards for every
area planted with more than a certain number of
trees, the trees to be no less than 75 centimétres in
height. The sum of money awarded was to be
shared between the magistrate and the planters
of the district. The result has been that trees
have been planted everywhere and anywhere, in all
kinds of soil and without any kind of care.
Enormous numbers of trees have reached the
requisite height for the reward, but either from
subsequent neglect or conditions unfavourable to
further development they have stopped short of
fruitful maturity. Our correspondent alleges that
the planting of cocoa has not been in any degree
roore careful, and that the whole policy of the
Congo authorities towards cultivation is com-
pounded of a foolish Javishness—as in the case of
these rewards—and a very short-sighted economy.
London dimes, Aug, 1.

AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 1, 1901.

PARA RUBBER FOR RATNAPURA.
LEASE OF 1,000 ACRES.

Mr. Margetson, a gentleman who arrived in the
Island from South Africa about two months ago
and has had extensive experience of Para Rubber
cultivation in South Africa, and is confident of
being able to grow it easily in Ceylon, has leased a
thousand acres of Jand in the Hatnapura district
tor a period of forty-nine years, and means to
plant it fully with Para Rubber. The land in
question is known as ‘* Nimitigala Nindagama,”
belongs to Idumalgoda Kumarihami, and is
siiuated about twelve miles from the town of
Ratnapura. Mr. Margetson means to import the
best seeds from South Africa, and will proceed on
the most approved lines.—Ceylon ‘* Standard.”
[In view of the above announcement we quote as
follows from our work, ‘“ Ali about Rubber and
Gutta Percha ” :—

AFRICAN SOURCES OF SUPPLY.

At the Cape of Good Hope there are many species of
Euphorbias which are said to yield a substance very
similar to Cattimandoo, but hitherto I have only been
able to see fragments, and thus have been precluded
from making any experiments, Like the Huphorbia
officinalis the juice is so acrid as to give intense pain
and irritation to any part of the body with whicb it
may come in contact, especially the eyes and nostrils.
Dr J Cormbie Brown, whilst holding the pust of Gov-
ernment Botanist at the Cape, paid much attention to
the subject, and favoured me with much correspond-
ence upon it. Our unitea efforts bore no frnit. The
substance has been well spoken of as an anti-fonlirg
dressing for ship’s bottoms. Mr Baxter, whilst on the
Niger Expedition, collected a specimen of Chrysophyl-
lum (Sapotacez) yielding a substance like gutta-percha,
but no specimen seems to exist. Tropical Africa
should indeed be rich in such substances, and doubt-
less such will prove to be the case when careful search
and enquiry is made. With regard to the whole
question of the Pseudo Guttas, Balata should most
certainly receive attention, and effortsshould be made
by the Government to introduce it into Ceylon and
elsewhere. Pauchontee, tc o, should receive attention.
and the possibility of the utilisation of the rest of the
group not denied till furtber trial has been made.—
J. C.—Indiarubber and Guttapercha Journal.

—Ep. 7.A.

2
COCONUTS IN THE WEST INDIES.

In Trinidad coconut trees thrive particularly
‘well, and especially so in the district of Mayaro,
where the finest cocal, or coconut walk, has
curiously planted itself froin nuts orignally cast
ashore from a wrecked vessel. These trees bring
forth a bunch of nuts every month, and the bunches
average nine nuts each. Sixty good nuts go toa
gallon of oil, and this gallon averages $1 or 4s 2d.
The yearly value of a coconut tree is therefore
roughly set down at $1, from which it will be seen
that nine thousand six hundred coconut trees are
sufficient of themselves to pay £2,000 interest, at
eight per cent on £25,000. In Jamaica eight and
and nine inland-grown coccnnts go to a quart of
oil, coast nuts six to eight; thus, it seems as if
a gallon of oil could be produced from half the
quantity of nuts here than in Tiinidad—From The
Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society,
for July 1901.

—<_—$_—____

TEA SEED OIL AND CAKE.
MR. MANN’S REPORT TO THE LTA.
Calcutta, Aug. 22._Mr. Harold Mann, a
chemical expert, has submitted to the Indian

Oot. 1, 1901. |

Tea Association a report on tea seed oil and
oil cake, which concludes as follows :—
“While I think there would be a market for
oil, if it could be obtained in quantity, and
fairly cheaply, it must forthe present be a
local one, and the material could hardly
compete wich oils already in general com-
merce unless it be for the production of
superior soaps. As a lamp dil ithas distinct
advantages, which should recommend it for
local consumption. The pressed cake is use-
less for feeding, and forms an inferior manure,
though one quite good enough to apply
to land and also to cart for some distance
previded the cost on the garden does not
exceed 8 to 12 annas per maund It would
probably be useless as an insecticide, both
as cake against certain caterpillars, and as
a decoction which might replace that of
wild fern now used in Dibrugarh against red
spider.”—Madras Mail, Aug. 22.

———

TWO QUEENSLAND PLANTS (PESTS!)
REFUSE TO APPLICAN'S FOR INDIA.

The Agricultural Adviser in Queensland
(Mr. P M’Lean) has received two applications
from India, which in view of the experiences
in Queensland, appear peculiar. In one case
some specimens of the water hyacinth are
required for ornamental ponds near Madras,
and the application points out that all pre-
cautions will be taken to prevent it spread-
ing. In another case some seed of the weed,
sida ritusa, are asked for. Mr. M Lean has de-
clined to be the medium for probably affect-
ing India with such pests, (says the Queens-
lander). Vhose who saw the water hyacinth
in the Brisbane River after the recent fresh,
and who can realise what a pest it has be-
come in the upper reaches of the stream,
and those also who know the tenacious and
prolific nature of the weed of which seed
is asked, will commend Mr. M’Lean’s decision.
—Metbourne Leader, Aug. 3.

ee
BOLIVIA AND AMERICA.

(Special to the ‘“‘ India Rubber Journal.”)

We are in receipt of information of such an astonish-
ing character that were the source of information not
so good, we would be compelled to hold it back fer
further investigation. We are assured, however, from
indisputable evidence, that this great deal isin pro-
gress, if not already finished.

The abundant resources of Bolivia are not likely
long to remain unexplored. By a recent agreement
between the Brazilian and Bolivian Governments, an
immense territory covering over 75,000 square miles in
the northern province of Accra is now in the undis-
puted possession of the latter Government. The
bo undaries of the territory are these: Onthe N.E,
the frontier line between Bolivia and Brazil; N.W.,
W., and S.W., the frontier line of Bolivia and Peru;
8.E., the river Abuna, and a line from its fountain
head to the junction of the Inambary and the Madre
de Dios rivers. The area covers one of the richest
rubber-producing countries of the world.

This concession has been acquired by one of the
most powerful financial groups in America, who will
racuically stand possessed of all rights, with the

olivian Government as partners. Custom-houses,.

stores, steamers, etc.. will be established throughout
the territory,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 241

The possibilities of the territory are best illustrated
by the fact that in January and February, 1899, with
one Custom House, something like £80,000 was col-
lected in duties, and at present the practically un-
a@eveloped territory is producivg rubber to the extent
of 2,000 tons a year.

Not only are the trees in this district very numerous,
but it is common knowledge among the rubber
gatherers that the yield given is immensely greater
then on the Amazon. The rubber estates of Para
knew this to their cost when the difficulty of obtain-
ing labour began, for the gatherers would far sooner
travel up and obtain the rubber with less than 50
per cent of the ex rtion.

And now, having given the facts which time will
subsiantiate, it may be interesting to wander into the
realms of conjecture and try to discover the leading
rnotivein this agreement. Is this group of financiers,
whose strength is absolutely beyond cavil, entering
into this agreement for philanthopy, or to creater
free market in raw rubber for the benefit of the whole
community of rubber manufacturers? Or is thereany
connection between them and the Rubber Trust of
America ?

It is impossible for us at the moment to suhstantiate
the atatement that the Rubber Trust is the controlling
powerin this group of financiers, but, like the Scots-
man, we “hae oor doots,’”’ and we fancy that our view
will be shared by many who know something of the
inside working of the organisation.

Sir Martin Conway, in his book which was published
last week, ‘‘ The Bolivian Andes,” has a chapter upon
the rubber industry. It may be worth mentioning
here that if we were told Sir Martin Conway had an
interest in this enterprise, we should not feel greatly
surprised, and should be rather glad of the fact that
an Englishman had a finger in the pie.

This iswhat Sir Martin Conway eays: ‘‘My po-
sition in Bolivia as a scientific explorer commended
to the consideration of the Government, placed me in
an exceptionally good position for obtaining informa -
tion about the undeveloped resources of the country,
and the attitude of tbe leading men towards foreigners
and foreign enterprise. I soon learned that it was
the desire of men of all political parties to attract
foreign and particularly English and United States
capital, in order to open up the great mineral and
other wealth of the country, which local capital does
not avail to exploit.”’ ‘‘ Land or claims in old occu-
pation, but now unworked or little worked, are liable
to have doubtful titles, which, however, it is no one’s
interest to dispute till some wealthy individual or
corporation buys them from the apparent owner and
spends money on their development. But lands such
as the rubber forests. to which 1 shall presently refer
at length, which have never passed out of the public
domain into prisate ownership at all till quite recently,
aud under the provisions of Acts of the Legislature,
are now owned by an indefeasible title which no
one attempts to dispute. ‘Up to the present time,
however, none of the titleshave been contested and
it does not appear to be the interest of any in-
dividual to contest them; while the chief interest
of the Government is to induce men of capital
to work the ferests, introduce immigrants, develop
lines of communication, and so increase the general
trade and prosperity of the country. It is not
likely, therefore, that the Government will attempt
to upset titles, even if they are not absolutely
satisfactory, provided that the forests in question
are propetly worked. “It must be borne in mind
that the area under discussion does not include
the whole Rio Beni and the region of the pluing
about it, but only the upper part of that re. nin
and about the foothills of the Oordillera, The vevber
that comes from the lower Beni is carried awuy to
the eastward, and emerges into the light of com-
merce as Para rubber. Itis only the forests of the
lowest eastward Cordillera slopes and the plains im-
mediately at their foot that are comprised in the
Mollendo district, The rubber trees there are Hevea

242

Lutea, a large forest tree, approximately as big as an
average English elm. These trees are sel(-planted.
' They grow in clumps, or estradas, of from 100 to
150 together, and these clumps rise wll above the
other forest trees, and can be seen from afr, so this
the richness of any area can b> juiged by a general
oversight from a commndiig psivioa, :

“Tne cost of prodasiion, in Bolivian dollars, of
100 ib of Mollendo rubler in the Mapiri forest is
as follows:

Paid to contractor, per LOO ib a0 -+ 73,09
Loss in weght, 10 per cent 50 sw EO
Freight from the forest to Sorato Town .. 50)
Com sissions and road tolls zee ih 60
Cost of administration Sm +» 10.00

Sacking, packing, commission, and freight
to Chililaya, on Lake Titicac: 2.90

Freight, insurance, and all incidental ex-
penses to London Nes .. 12.00
110.10

“Or, reckoning the Bolivian dol. equal to 183, the
cost of a pound of M piri robber put down in London
is 19 82d,

“ From the books of two other forest owners in
the same neighbourhood, I find a slightly higher cost,
90.16d per lb. The present price of this rubber in
London is about 4s per |b,

“*Coming now to a consideration of the possible
supply of rubber to be drawn from the Mollendo
forests, we enter a region of conjecture, for, of
course, the trees have not been counted, not even
the number of estradas. A part of one estate hag
been recently proven to contain 6,410 estradas
(961,500 trees), when, according to the original estimate,
the whole estate contained only 500,000 trees. Twenty
million trees may be taken as the lowest probable
limit of the namber of trees, while they may not
improbably turn out to reach 50,000,000, or even
more. Now, in the season 1897-8, the amount of
Mollendo rubber exported was 491,037 lb, which, at
8 lb per tree, represents the yield of only 163,695
trees, snd the same number of days’ labour at 3 lb
per man per day. If one Indian is takea as working
for three weeks, it represents the labour of only
7,795 Indians out of a population of 310,000 in the
Department of La Paz. The possible increase of
output is thus clearly enormous. How is it to be
brought about? ; ;

Sir Martin’s answer to this query is that the forest
proprietors must make roads for themselves, for the
Government is too poor yet; the rubber-producing
provinces must be governed wisely and well, with
scientific foresight. The query, we imagine, was half
answered before it was asked.—India-Rubber Trades’

Journal, July 22.
—_——_—_e—___—-

COFFEE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.

We recently showed that, according to
the Customs Accounts for 1990, about a million
lb. of coffee approximately, was imported
into, and exported from, Ceylon last year.
But we learn from a Colombo merchant
that a certain quantitv of coffee from
Southern India is brought over in ‘ parch-
ment,” to be ‘‘cured” and re-exported home
from Colombo, there being no import duty
(as in the case of tea) to interfere with
this trade coming to our port for the
benefit of the men, women and children
employed in local mills. ;

Now, what we want to point out to the
Chamber of Commerce and Planters’ Asso-
ciation is that no notice is taken of the
coffee referred to as ‘‘re-exported” in the
Customs Accounts. On the contrary, all the
imports are put down as for ‘“‘ home (local)
consumption,” and all the exports as the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Oct. 1, 1901.

‘produce of Ceylon”!
that, by whatever
Southern

But it is evident
quantity came here from
India to be ‘“eured,” the figures
for local consumption and production are
wrong for 190). Lnis is a matter of some
importance and should be looked into; for
both the Chiumber and Association publish

the colfee exports as indicating the local
crop. Che fault may not be with the
. A 4 Fad) BS 4: .

“Castoms,” hut rather with the owners or

agents of the coffee brought here to. cure.
in that they have failed to declate to the
Customs that the same was not for local
consumption, and agvin, in exporting, that
16 was not the produce ot Ceylon.

———_¢—____..
PLANTING NOTES.

COFFFF.—Dr. David B Re der, of Chicago, con-
demns the habitual use of eoffee as harmful,
and his opinion is supported by the Jowrnal of the
American Medical Association. Coffee is said
to produce serious nervous disorders, and is
considered by some physicians to have a worse
effect than aleohol. Lt is urged that Americians
consume too much coffee.—Rio News.

CUSTOMS INSPECTION OF TEA.—We remarked
yesterday that what Ceylon chiefly wanted
was a “standard ” below which no tea should
be aliowed to be exported; but the same
standard could, of course, be applied to im-
ports when Ceylon is made a * free port ”
in respect of tea, and then rapidly becomes
the grewtest Tea Port in Asia,

TEA Company M&ETINGS. —Two important
Tea Company meetings were held in Colombo
today, the Hapug+halande Company (of which
Messrs. Lewis Browa & Co, areagents) declaring
a dividend o: 5 per cent. and the Wanarajah

Comprny (Messrs. Baker & Hail, agents,)
prying 12 per cent for the halt year

or 17 per cent for the full period. This we
consider a very splendid resuit indeed in these
depressed times and reflecting the greatest
credit upon Mr. Keith Rollo and the other
members of the staff, as was duly recognised
by the shareholders today.

CoconuT Otm—It is curious how reports seem
to get about, that are so utterly unforunded, that
the people concerned are often the most aston-
ished at the news. The Seeretary of Central
Trelawny ranch reports an interview with the
manager of the Kokal Company at Rio Bueno
(See Branch Notes.) [t was eurreatly reported
and mentioned at one of the meeiungs of the
Board of Management of this Society that the
Kvkal Company were going to shut down ;
thet they could noc get nuts enough, or that
they could not get them cheap euough, or make
enough oil from them to make them pay. But Mr
Scott reports that the manager has said to him
that anyoue saying the Company was going to
stop business 1s very far wrong, that they have
contracts for two to three millions of nu s, that
they do not bay less than one thousand at a
time, (which shows that they ean get pleaty,)
and that they pay thirty shillings per one
thousand for nuts, and for husked nuts
forty shilliags per one thousand. We are glad
that the enterprise is prospering.—The Journal
of the Jamaica Agricultural Society, July 19v1,

Oct. 1, 190i.] THE

INSPECTION OF PEARL BANKS,
CAPTAIN J. DONNAN TO THE HON. THE COLONIAL
SECRETARY,

Master’ Attendant’s Office,
No. 62. Colombo, April 15, 1901.

Srr,—I have the honour to report on my recent
inspection of the Pearl Banks, during which I
examined the following banks ;—

BANKS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF
ARIPPU.

9. Cheval Paar, Modragam Paars North and South,
Periya Paar, Periya Paar Karrai, Outer Vankalai
Paar, Kallatidel Paar, Jaggegrboom Paar, and Kon-
datchi Paar.

BANKS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF
KARAITIVU ISLAND AND DUTCH BAY.

3. Dutch Modragam Paar, Karaitivu Paar, Alan-
tura Paar, Muttuvaratu Paar, Moodelicoolie Paar,
Hamilton’s Muttuvaratu Paar, and Steuart’s Paar
fished in 1832,

BANKS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF CHILAW.

4, Udupankare Paar, Muttubundi Paar, Jokenpiddi
Paar, Nagul Paar, Wanatty Paar, Karakupane Paar,
and Chilaw Paar.

BANKS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF
MARAWILA.

5. Marawila Paar South and Ooioowette Paar,

BANKS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF
NEGOMBO.

6. Negombo Paar, Muttooparawatte Paar, Haly’s
Paar; and prospecting on a new spot where
I found a fine rocky bank very suitable as regards
position and depth of water for peari oysters to settle
upon, but unfortunately no oysters were fourd in it.
This rocky bank is a new discovery.

7. I found pearl oysters on the Cheval Paar, Periya
Paar, Periya Paar Karrai, Outer Vankalai Paar,
Modragam Paars North and South, Kondatchi Paar,
Dutch Modragam Paar, Karaitivu Paar, Alantura
Paar, and Muttuvaratu Paar. No oysters were found
on the other banks.

CHEVAL PAAR.

8. Onthe west side of this bank three detached
beds of pearl oysters were found, one on the south
part, one on the centre part, and one on the north
part. The bed on the south hasan area of about 151
acres, estimated to average 23 oysters to a dive, and
to contain about six rnillions of oysters; the bed on
the centre part has an area of about 1,000 acres,
estimated to average 30 oysters to a dive, and to con-
tain about 54 millions of oysters ; and the bed on the
north part has an area of about 534°acres, estimated
to average 21 oysters to a dive, and to contain about
29 millions of oysters. 2

(a) hese three beds total up for the west side of
the Cheval an area of about 1,685 acres, estimated to
contain about 80 millions of oysters.

(6) On the east side of this bank two detached
beds of pearl oysters were found, one on
the south side and ane on the north side. The one
on the south side has an area of about 2,523 acreg
estimated to average 34 oysters to a dive, and to
contain about 155 miilions ofoysters ; and the bed on
the north side as an srea of about 636 acres, estimated
to average 37 oysters to a dive, and to contain about
42 millions of oysters.

(c) These two beds total up for the east side of the
Cheval an area of about 3,159 acres, estimated to con-
tain about 197 millions of oysters.

The total for the whcle Cheval Paar is an area of
4,844 acres, containing 277 millions of oysters.

(d) The area of oysters in March, 1900, was about
5800 aoe so that the present area is lesa by 163 per

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 243

cent. No estimate was then made of the number of
oysters on the bank, as they were too young to be
estimated.

(ce) Whe age of the oysters now on both sides of the
Cheval are similar, 14 to 2 years. The oysters on the
east side are somewhat larger than those on the west
side, and therefore look older. I hsve noticed how-
ever on previous occasions that oysters on the east side
Cheval grow larger in size and more rapidly than
those on the west. I have no doubt that the oysters now
on both sides of the Cheval are the same oysters that
were found on itin March, 1900. They were then all
on the west side of the bank, only two small insignifi-
cant patches being on the east side. It ‘therefore
seems that many of the young oysters must have
migrated from the west side to the east, or were
probably drifted over by the effect of the last south-
west monsoon, thus accounting for there being now
fewer oysters on the west side, and so many more on
the east side of the bank, than there were in March

1800,
PERIYA PAAR.

9. On this bank a bed of young oysters from 12 to
18 months old was found, having an area of about 557
acres, estimated to average 18 oysters to a dive, and
to contain about 20 millions of oysters. In March,
1900, the area of the bed of oysters on his bank was
about 2,000 acres, and therefore it is now diminished
by 72 per cent., with a corresponding loss of oysters,
There seems to be therefore very little hope of the
oysters now on this bank being found on it next

March.
PERIYA PAAR KARRAI.

10. On the south-west side of this bank a bed of
oysters from one to two years old was found, having
an area of about 248 acres, estimated to average 20
oysters to a dive, ard to contain about seven mil-
lions of oysters. This bank has not been fished
since the years 1835 to 1836. Oysters are very seldom
found on it, but the present stock of oysters may pos-
sibly come to maturity.

OUTER VANKALI PAAR;

jl. On this bank two detached beds of oysters from
one to two years old were found. The beds lie close to
each other and, combined, have an area of about 273
acres, estimated to average 26 oysters to a dive, and
to contain about 12 millions of oysters. In March,
1900, this bank hada bed of young oysters in abun-
dance from three to six months old, of an area of 564
acres. Now the two beds of oysters on it are only
half that area, showing a loss of 50 per cent. in one
year. This bank seems to be quite as unreliable as
the Periya Paar.

NORTH AND SOUTH MODRAGAM PAARS.

12. On the north bank a very small patch ef
oysters about two years old was found; and onthe
south banka small scattered patch of pinna shells
with oysters of two years old attached tc them were
found. These two patches of oysters are quite in-

significant.
KONDATCHI PAAR.

13. On this bank two detached beds of pear! oysters
from 14 to 2 yexrs old were found, having a combined
area of about 196 acres, estimated to average 39 oysters
to adive, and to contain about 12 millions of oysters.
It is said that oysters on this bank are deficient in
pearls, and therefore never become worth fishing, but
L presume that character applied to the old Kondatchi
Paar, which lies much nearer to the shore, and has
less water on it than the present bank, which is not
far from the east side of Oheval Paar, and I see no
reason why the oysters on it should not become as
valuable as on other banks, if they remain on it,

DUTCH MODRAGAM PAAR,

14. On this bank two small detached beds of pearl
oysters from 14 to 2years old were found, having a
combined area of about 51 acres, estimated to average
21 oysters to a diye, and to contain about 1% million of

244

oysters. The bed of oysters on this bank in March
1900, was about 386 acres in area covered with young
oysters. Since that time the oysters have rapidly dis-
appeared from the bank, and therefore there is little
chance of any oysters being found on it a year hence.

KARAITIVU PAAR,

15. Onthis bank a fairly large bed of pearl oysters
six to twelve months old was found, having an area
of about 234 acres, estimated to average 40 oysters
to the dive, and to contain about 30 millions of oysters.
This bankhas produced mature oysters before, some
having been fished from it in December, 1889, and in
April, 1890, and therefore there is no reason against
a due proportion of the young oysters now on it
coming to maturity.

ALANTURA PAAR,

16. On this bank a small bed of pearl oysters 12
to 18 months old was found, having an area of about
46 acres, estimated to average 33 oysters to a dive,
and to contain about five millions of oysters. A very
small bed of mature oysters was found on this bank

' in February, 1892, and therefore there is a likelihood
of a due proportion of the oysters now on it coming
to maturity.

MUTTUVARATU PAAR.

17. There is an extensive bed of pearl oysters on
this bank from 1, 14, to 2 years old, having an area
of about 1889 acres, estimated to average 51 oysters
to a dive on the northern portion of it, and 31 oysters
toadive on the southern portion, and to contain
abottt 178 millions of oysters. The area of this bed
of oysters in March 1900, was about 2,020 acres. The
present configuration of the bed shows that a large
area on the north-west side of the southern portion of
the bank has been completely cleared of oysters since
March, 1900, and this eccounts for the present defi-
ciency in area as compared with that of March, 1900.
On the other hand, the oysters on the north part of
this bank have spread a little more to the north-east
than they were before,

(No. 18 appeared in last night's issue)

19, On several occasions during the inspection
when at anchor on pearl banks the crew of the vessel
caught some rock fish from about 5 to 15 lb. in weight.
The stomachs of these fish were found to contain
nothing but fragments of pearl oyster shells and
other shells; some of which must have required con-
siderable pressure to crush them, and on some occa-
siods I saw from the deck of the vessel swarms of
fish moving about near the bottom, Ihave no doubt
that roek fish are chiefly responsible for the destruction
of young pearl eyster beds, and I firmly believe that
all that is necessary to preserve the oyster beds and to
increase the number of pearl fisheries is to devise
some practicable means of protecting young oysters
up to the age of two years or more from the attacks
of such fish.

20. There is no lack of pearl oyster spat in the
neighbourhood of our Northern Pearl Banks, as young
oysters have been frequently found on some of the
banks, but none left when the same bank has been
examined the following year. Such disappearance
has generally been attributed to migration of the
oysters, but I am however convinced that the chief
cause of it rests with the rock fish.

Ne. 71.

22. J annex for facility of reference a tabulated
statement of the pearl banks on which heds of oysters
have been found, and of their area and estimated
mumber of oysters, also an explanatory note of how
the estimates have been framed.—I am, &c.,.

J. Donwan, Inspector of Pearl Banks,

Tabulated Statement referred to, showing the Name
of the Banks on which Pearl Oysters were found
during the Inspection of March, 1901, the Area of

(Appeared in last night’s issue.)

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

_boat being close to the buoy.

(Ocr. 1, 190i.

the beds of Oysters, and the

} umber of Oysters
estimated to be on. them.

n
4 a mn .
a A u
ra a) oe. Gj es
= tnd ~ rs ~~ Oo
Ss Lom) BRS uw a =
age aCe 9 meee
om Se ere a 22
° es om 2 Ss Pa
on sion! + a
o ro) = or o
r= | Bis 2.0 = £2
f= | Pry =| °
a ray g0 23
Hy i] 7) 42
7 a0 Hs an 3
Zz < —

Cheval Paar 4,844 277,000,000 1}to2yrs Prospects of
fishery good

Periya Paar 557 20,000,008 12t018 ms Bank nn-
reliable
Periya Paar’

Karrai 248 7,000,090 1to2yrs Oysters
likely to
mature

Outer Van-
. kalai Paar 278 12,000,000 1to2yrs Bank un
reliable
Kondatchi
Paar 196 12,000,000 143to2yrs Bank has
not produced
a previous
fishery
Dutch Mod-
ragam Paar 51 1,750,000 1}to2yrs Bank un-
reliable
Karaitiva
Paar 234 30,000,000 6to12ms Oysters
likely to
mature
Alantura Paar 46 5,000,000 12 to 18 ms Dy tems
ikely to
mature
Muttuvaratu
Paar 1,889 178,000,000 1, 14 to2 ys Prospects of

fishery good

Total 8,338 542,750,000

NOTE EXPLANATORY OF HOW THE ESTI-
MATE IS FRAMED.

The inspection vessel is anchored on the centre of
the bank, and from it three: buoys are laid out noith
east, south and west at ¢ mile, 4 mile and 3 mile from
the vessel, by a steam launch towing a patent log to
give the distances. Four inspecting boats with crew
and divers and coxwain in charge range themselves
between the vessel and the quarter-mile buoy on north
side, at equal distances apart, the outer or fourth
They start on a circuit
round by east keeping their respective places until
they return to the starting poimt. The coxwains are
supplied with diagrams of the three circular lines they
have to make.e They mark on these lines the position
of each dive that is made, amd note down the nature
of the diye, whether on sand y bottom, rocky bottom
or oysters, each of these having a separate distin-
guishing mark, and at each diive on oysters the num-
ber of oysters obtainable to a alive and the number of
square yards of bottom surface required to give that
number of oysters are also nottzd. These particulars
the coxwains obtain from the divers. When the
first set of rounds has been niade the boats range
themselves between the quarter and half mile
buoys and complete the seconcl round in a similar
to the first; and then a third similar round is made
between the half mile and threi3-quarter mile buoys,
so that when the third round is finished twelve
equidistant circular lines have been dived upon over
a circular space of 14 mile in diameter, which is
considered a fairly good day’s work for the boats
and divers,

When the boats come in I transfer the dives marked
oneach coxswain’s diagram to mine, which has &
circular line for all the tracks of each boat, and when
that isdone all the dives that have been made on

Oct. 1, 1901 ] THE TROPICAL

oysters, which havea special mark, show up most
plainly. Then by running a pencil line round the outer
edge of the dives on oysters the configuration of the
whole bed of oysters is made clear, and as the circular
lines are drawn to scale the area of the bed of oysters
is easily calculated. Of course the area obtained in
this way is on'y approximate, but it is sufficiently so
for the purpose required.

Then as regards estimating the number of oysters on
the bed. The perceptage of blank dives, that is, dives
without oysters, to dives on oysters, within the lines
defining the bed of oysters, is ascertained, and a corres-
ponding percentage of the whole area of the bed is
deducted from the area, and the remainder represents
the area for oysters ; which area divided by the area to
&n average dive given by the divers produces the
number of dives required toclear the whole bed of
oysters ; and that number of dives multiplied by the
average number of oysters to a dive for the whole bed,
as also given by the divers, gives the total number of
oysters on the whole bed. Of course the accuracy of
such an estimate depends upon the accuracy of the
estimates given by the divers of the number of oysters
obtainable to a dive and of the space cleared by a dive,
Hitherto, however, my estimates framed in this
Manner have been less than the actual uumber of
oysters taken up at a fishery.

J. Donnan, Inspector of Pearl Banks.

ee
THE BAMBOO AND ITS USES.

Small coppices of bamboo form one of the most
striking features of the farm, or estate—as fruit
orchard in Natal—to use the more common coast
designation. The bamboo serves many purposes,
Primarily, as a shelter to the fruit crops from
wind, it is of great value. Then it has very
material and direct uses, and on this account
Mr James urges general cultivation throughout
the colony. On the coast, the growth, of course,
is more luxuriant than can be expected in the
upper and colder parts of the colony, but, as
there are immense varieties—many excellent
kinds growing in parts of Japan and China,
where the winters are of intense severity—he
believes that ever for the coldest parts of South
Africa suitable varieties might be found. When
he first planted a few clumps, some twenty years
ago, he did so with two objects in view:
first, to give shelter ; and, seconily, for selling to
Indians as poles for their house construction.
A ready sale for the poles is found from 3d to
1s each. The top height of his bamboos is about
seventy feet, but there are kinds which reach
in India 120 feet, the diameter at the base being
one foot, and from sections of this thick part the
Indians make barrels for oil.

The bamboo fruit box often seen in Durban, and
Sometimes in Maritzburg and beyond, was, so to
say, invented by Mr James. He now has imi-
tators, and he would be glad tosee more. The
boxes are of great strength, and, for permitting
the free circulation of air among the fruit, they
are perfect. The only sawn wood required is for
the ends. The ends for the small boxes—weighing,
with contents about one hundred pounds—are solid,
while for larger boxes the ends are square frames,
and are filled in with small bamboo slats. These
boxes can be made of any size, and, as_ they
cost jless than half what boxes cost made of
ceiling boards, they wonld serve admirably for
sending certain kinds of farm or garden produce
from. a distance to market. The manufacture is
simple, and, moreover, itis easily learnt by Indians,

AGRICULTURIST

245

or by intelligent natives. The poles, which are
taken from plants at least ten years old, are first
allowed to dry. They are sawn to the required
length, rather a small-tooth hand-saw being used.
The lengths are then split ; a bamboo of four-
inch gives about five slats. For this work, the
man I saw at work was using a plough coulter,
which had had the upper end shaped into a han-
dle by the village blacksmith. The trimming
follows. This was done by an Indian, squatting
on his haunches. His tools were a side axe and
a bush knife. The latter was the implement most
used, and the rate at which he trimmed the
length was astonishing, The nailing of the boxes
together was done with a sort of automatic ease
and regularity. Mr James has always in training
several of the hands, so as to avoid ever being in a
fix for want of capable workers, Here are the

prices :—
Ss. D.
The sawn timber ends ee. OLG
Hoop iron fe meme Oral
Wire nails ie sisher ails
Labour and bamboo... ao 0G OS
Total 1 3

Such is the cost of a bamboo box two feet
two inch by one foot six inch, and nine-inch
deep, which, filled with citrus fruit, weighs almost
exactly one hundred pounds. The increase of cost
is comparatively small, owing to the fact thatthe
timber required for the ends is not solid, but, as
explained, is made into asquare frame. Mr James
is convinced that a factory for the making of
these boxes and other articles from bamboo would
do a profitable business. The difficulty lies in the
want of bamboo. It is not commonly enough
grown to justify the manufacture being under-
taken as an independent business. Ten years
would have to go by before purposely-planted
bamboos on a large scale would be fit for
manufacture,

The Samboo isimpressed into many more services
by Mr James. The walls and doors of his sheds
and stable are bamboo, the ladders for gathering
fruit are bamboo, the water troughs tor the
poultry are bamboo, and even the handles for |
hammers andjthe kitchen Kafiir’s axe areof bamboo
Most Colonists know how soon the handle ot the
last-named implement comes to grief, and when
they learn that a bamboo handle successfully re-
sists the bad treatment it gets frem average
kitchen boys, they willrealise how tough must be
the fibre of the bamboo. In some parts of the shed
walls I noticed the ‘‘borer” was busy, while other
sections were untouched. Mr James is of opinion
that, if bamboo is cut at a certain time of
the year, the ‘‘borer” makes no entrance
but what that time is he has not yet concerned
himself to determine,

“Some people,” said Mr James, “find the
propagation of the bamboo diffienlt, T cannob
say I have found any diffiulty. It should be
planted as sagar-cane, the holes being a little
deeper, and about thirty feet apart. The lengths
planted should be about four feet or five feet
and great care should be taken not to *injure
the shoots. In damp rich soil they grow big
and strong, and on dry poor soil, thinner and
harder. Very poor, dry soi! gives the best whip
sticks?—Natal Mercury, July 13,

246 THE TROPICAL

NILGIRIS AND BURLIYAR
GARDENS :

ECONOMIC AND OTHER NOTES:
TAPIOCA—PLANTAIN FIBRE—CAMPHOR PLANT

—RUBBER—CINCHONA.

(From Mr. Proudlock's Administration
Report.)

In July 1900, cuttings and plants of four varieties
of the Tapioca plant, which is largely grown io
Travancore, were obtained by exchange from Mr M
Labouchardiere of Trivandrum. One variety has not
been established, but the remaining three varieties
arenow doing well at Burliyar. Mr Labouchardiere
very kindly sent samples of the prepared ‘Tapioca,
together with an interesting note on the methods
employed in Travancore in cultivating the plant and
in preparing the flour from the tuberous roots,

Thirty-six plants of Musa textilis, Née, the species
of plantain which is so largely grown in the Philip-
pines for the production of the valuable fibre known
in commerce as “‘ Manilla hemp, ” were presented by
Charles Gray, Esq., of Coonoor. They are growing
vigorously at Burliyar, and also fairly well in Sim’s
Park, Coonoor. From the accounts of ‘“ Manilla
hemp” given in the Kew Bulletin, Additional series
IL, I.—Vegetable fibres, and also in Volume IX.
Part I, new series, in 1891, pages 57—62, of the journal
of the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, the Curator
had several of the two patterns of fibre-cleaners made,
that are in general use by the natives of the Philip-
pine Islands for cleaning Manilla hemp. The essen-
tial parts of these fibre-cleaners can be made ata
cost not exceeding R3. ‘The fibre can also be ex-
tracted by scraping the 1#’—wide strips, with a blunt
knife or piece of bamboo, on a hard, smooth board
or plank, with some arrangement for a dribbling
supply of water to fall on the fibre while itis being
cleaned.

It may be appropriately mentioned here that one
of these fibre-cleaners was supplied, gratis, in July
1909, to the Superintendent of Coimbatore Jail, at
the request of Lieutenant-Colonel O’Hara, I. M.S.,
Inspector-General of Prisons, who had one of the
Coimbatore Jail wardens sent to Ootacamund to be
shown the method of extracting fibre by means of
one of these simple machines. It is understood that
the Inspector-General of Prisons has directed ex-
periments in cleaning plantain-fibre to be carried out
in his department.

It, however, requires a considerable amount of
practice before a man becomes expert at the work
of cleaning plantain-fibre with one of these simple
machines.
the conservative traditions, suspicions and prejudices
of the people are by no means easy to overcome when
any attempt is made to introduce among them (al-
though it may be intended for their ultimate benefit)
the knowledge of any useful art from another part of
the world

Demonstrations in cleaning both the Musa textilis,
and the common plantain-fibre with these primitive,
but very effective, machines were given to natives at
Ootacamund, at Sim’s Park, Coonoor, at Burliyar, and
also at Kulyar, with a view to making them practically
acquainted with the fibre, which they, one and all,
confessed they were previously unaware of. Among
them were persons from such places as_ Mettu-
palaiyam, Coimbatore, Palghat, Nilambar, Trichino-
poly, Krishnagiri and Mysore province

When an ordinary plantain stem* has borne a

*The word “stem” is used here for the sake of
simplicity. Botanically, the so-called stem of the
plantain is not a stem at all, but is really composed of
the broad laterally-curved leaf stalks compactly
folded over each other to from a support (which
qenves the purposes of a stem) for the blades of the
eaves,

Besides this, it is well understood that -

AGRIGULTURIST, — fOcn. 4, 1901,

bunch of fruit, it is cut down and nsusally thrown
away by the owner or by his servant. Taking the
aggregate of the plantain stemsin this Presidency alone
that are cut down annvally and thrown away, the
waste of fibre, which might be put to some use,
must be enormous, If therefore. the ryots could be
induced to clean and to make use of the fibre Jocally,
perhaps an export trade in it. and also in Manilla
hemp, might be created in course of time,

In the Dictionary of Economic Products of India,
volume V, pages 296—307, will be fornd a great deal
of valuable information regarding “ Manilla hemp ”
and other plantain-fibres, and of the many. mostly
unsuccessful, efforts that have already been made to
establish an industry in them in India.

The best camphor plant among those that were
planted on the 1st December 1899 was 7ft. 9in in
height on the 22nd March 1901. The species (Cinna-
momum Comphora, Nees and Eberm.) which furnishes
the Formosan Camphor of commerce and which is
now fetching very high prices, will grow in India at
sea level ¢.g., the short avenue in the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Sibpur, near Calcutta, as well as at high
elevations in Southern India, ¢.g., the tress in the
Botanic Gardens, Ootacamund, 7,400 feet elevation.
it will, therefere, be seen that the tree will grow sue-
cessfully under a very wide range of conditions as to
temperature.

The Para rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis, Muell.
Arg.) whice were planted in Noyember 1698, are grow-
ing rapidly. The tallest tree was measured on the
22nd March 1991; it was 18’-S” in height and had a
girth of 7 inches at one foot above the ground. This
species yields the most valuable kind of rubber hitherto
discovered,

_The Central American rubber trees (Castilloa elas-
tica ?), which were planted in September 1898, are
doing well. The tallest tree, measured on the 22nd
March 1901, was found to be 12 feet in height, and
the stem was 14 inchesin circumference at one foot
from the ground.

Of the plants of Kickxia Ajricana? (one of the
most valuable species of West African rubber trees)
that were planted in December 1899, the best tree
was found to be 8'-10” in height on the 22nd March
1901. This may be considered as very satisfactory
growth.

The Ceara Rubber—IManihot Glaziovii, Muell. Arg.
—Much attention was given to this species during
the year at Kullyar, at Burliyar, and also at Nella-
cotta and at Pandalur in the Wynaad. It may be
mentioned here that the practical study of this rub-
ber tree has been carried on by the Curator for
several years now as opportunities occurred, but chiefly
in the intervals between his official duties.

One of the main outcomes of these observations is
that trees of the same age and size have been found
to differ from one another remarkably in their yield of
rubber. A large tree. girthing 3'-10’at four feet from
the ground, was tappedat Pundalur in February 1901
and it yielded only about a tca-spoonful of latex.
This tree was cut down and brought to Ootacamund
as a specimen of a perfectly useless ceara rubber-
yielding tree. On the other hand, a few good rubber.
yielding trees have been met with and noted at Kull-
yar, at Nellacotta and at Pundalur. Cuttings of one
of the best rubber-yielding trees at Kullyar were taken
and planted in Burliyarin January i900; anda few
of the plants raised from them are now over 14 feet
in height.

In February 1901 cuttings were taken from the best
latex-yielding tree at Neilacotta, and also from the
best tree at Pundalur, and have been placed in one of
the glass houses in the Ootacamund garden in order
to get them to grow. Later on, it is intended to plant
them ont at Burliyar or elsewhere, with the object of
testing them, and to propagate them if they are found
to be as good rubber-yielders as the parent trees.

What has been accomplished by the Dutch in Java
in connection with the selection, propagation and

Oct: 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

improvement of cinchona trees, which now yield sur-
prisingly high percentages of alkaloids, and also by the
Vilmorins of Paris in connection with the production
of new varieties of the sugar beet-root which yield
high percentages of sugar, might also be done iu con-
nection with rubber trees with probably equally
encouraging results in course of time.

Tt will be observed that only a small beginning has
teen made to discover the bes: rubber-yieldizg tree
or trees in each of the plantations named, and to pro-
pagate them by cuttings, This should, however, also
be done in the case of all plantations or groups of the
trees in the district or even beyond it. The yield of
latex by the progeny of the best trees, planted in order
in one garden, would, in turn, have to be compared;
and by working on the lives of intentive selection,
propagation and cultivation of only the very best latex-
yielding trees it is reasonable to hope that, in course
of time, a variety of the tree yielding a really pay-
ing percentage of rubber may be evolved.

These principles will no doubt also apply to all
other species of rubber-yielding trees.

51. For the sake of convenience it may here be
mentioned that, in February 1901, the Curator tapped
a tree of Plumeria acutifolia, Poiret, at Gadbkrook,
Nellacotta, Wynaad, and obtained a small cake of
rubber from it. A report onthe quality.and value of
this rubber will be obtained in due course.

oy
CEYLON EXHIBITS IN THE BREMEN

MUSEUM.

The Weser Zeitung has a full notice of
the additions recently introduced into the
Museum of the great trading centre, Bremen,
from Ceylon. This journal writes : ‘‘The pro-
ducts from this pearl of the British Colonial
possessions are almost all beautiful samples,
well laid out; especially noteworthy are the
tea, spices, cinnamon, pepper, vanilla, carda-
moms and the products of the coconut;
there is also a fine collection of specimens
of graphite and mica. The trade of Ceylon
with Germany, though small, is increasing, In
shipping intercourse Germany stands second,
In the year 1899 only 132 German ships en-
tered the Colombo harbour with a tonnage
of 336,530 tons; but with the duplicating of
the East Asian Postal line and further ex-
tensions ot freight lines to Hamburg the
rate must have been greatly increased.
Germany’s export to Ceylon was in 1898
1:7 million rupees, in 1899 2 million rupees,
while the imports from Ceylon rose in the
same time from 3°85 million to 4°75 million.
Tea occupies the first place among the ex-
ports of Ceylon...[Then foilow figures to show
how tea has taken the place of coitfee....Tea
production has increased so rapidly that just
now over-production is feared, especially of
the lower grades. Already many methods
have been tried to bring down excessive pro-
duction...the 10 p.c. limit, &e. Tea culti-
vation is carried on, increasingly, on scienti-
fic principles, with the assistance of English
and other European chemists. Manures
scientifically selected are largely imported
into the island.

“But the cultivation of cacao, bark (cin
chona) and cinnamon have all gone back, of
the latter large quantities still go to Ger-
many. If we include the chips used for the
extract of oil, a larger quantity goes to
Germany than even to England....The pro-
ducts of the coconut palm have greatly risen
in importance for exports, 7.e. coir fibre,

AGRICULTURIST, 94%

oil, poonac, copra, &c...In the year 1900
443,959 cwt. coconut oil were exported and
362,467 copra, the latter mostly to Russia.
Poonac is largely sent to Germany where
it is used as fodder.”...... (Fibres and kitul
fibre are then enlarged on]...Also precious
stones and tale, from which latter lamp
glasses, cylinders and shields are now made.

aS a

VENEZUELA PEARL FISHERIES.

The United States Consul at Maracaibo, in
a recent report, says the principal pearl beds
are at El Tirana, north-east, and Macanao,
north-west, of Margarita. About 2,000 men
tind constant employment in this trade. The
fishers use meal scoops which are dragged
over the cyster beds, and when filled are
brought to the surface, where the shells are
opened and carefully examined. The pearls
are very fine in quality, beautiful in lustre,
and run from white to yellow; occasionally a
black one, priceless in value, is brought to
the surface, One white pearl of large size
and good quality was recently sold in Mar-
garita for £354. The value of pearls found
near Margarita is estimated at about £180,000
per year. Most of these pearls go to the Paris
market, which sellers claim to be best,—
Globe, Aug. 9.

core ci

QUALITY OF CARDAMOMS.
Messrs. R C Cowley and J P Calford have
made investigations into the quality of carda-
moms and have aimed at the following results :—

[>] J
m we
Oo
Malabar. o 2s
dasa Bey
Number of fruits in 10
gmes . 80 55 45
Percentage proportion
of pericarp a 30 25 20
Percentage proportion 70 dark 57
of seed ee is} 80
Acces ot ash from
ark see oe 5 . .
Percentage of ash from ee
light seed ee 85 to9 45 es
Percentage of ash from
pericarp 13 71 «76

They say that lime predominated in the pericarps
of all varieties to such an extent that an Adanit tie
of twenty per cent of pericarp with seed would
be readily distinguished by precipitation as oxalate
from acetic acid solution of ash. Two-thirds the
ash of Malabar periearps is soluble in acetic acid
but of the seed ash less than one-half is soluble,
and this portion is mainly potassium salts. Man.
ganese and iron are present in all varieties, but
in Mysores the proportion is very small. Cobalt
was not found. It is suggested that the yield of
volatile oil might be a useful test. (1) They con-
clude that an ash determination of the Bed is
per se of questionable value as an index of qualit

(2) The mineral constituents are not constant 3)
The large proportion of lime in pericarps is cha-
racieristic of all varieties. 4 The ash percentage
of light-coloured seed is always higher than that
of dark because of the imperfect development
of matter. The reference to lime is somewhat
astonishing in the face of the general deficiency
of this ingredient in South Indian _ goils,—
—Planting Opinion, August 24, ie

248 THE TROPICAL

PRODUCE, PLANTING AND COMMER-
CIAL NOTES.

A paragraph has appeared in some of the papers
here to the effect that Mr. Wilson, United states
Secretary of Agriculture, has stated that the United
States “will soon be able to produce ali the tea
she needs. Last year the department sent tea plants
to every Gulf State for experimental purposes. At
Summerville, South Carolina, the two tons grown
there last year so satisfied the New York investors
that they immediately formed a syndicate and bought
6,000 acres to devote to tea cultivation.” Those tea
experts who know the flavour of this home-grown tea
are less sanguine than Mr. Wilson akout the success
of American tea—at any rate, this side of eight or
ten vears. No doubtif the duty on tea is maintained
the American tea industry, thus protected, will some
day assume proportion, but this is all the more
reason why Indian and Ceylon planters should capture
as much of the Amervican market as they can, and
endeavour to stick to aud develop it as promptly as
‘possible. It is well worth a strong effort.—Home and
Colonial Mail, Aug. 9.

THE TEAPOT IN INDIA.
By Str EDWIN ARNOLD.
(Daily Telegraph, Aug. 3rd. )

In a recent speech upon tie Assam labour
question Lord Curzon made a suggestion which
may prove to be the beginning of a new social
era in India. Full of ideas as is the accomplished
Viceroy, I am inclined to think that the most
brilliant and fruitful of them ail was set on foot
when his Excellency asked why India could not
be induced to drink her own tea, Why not, in-
deed? we may well inquire. It is known that
she grows the best tea in the world, and Assam,
indeed, is the original mother-country of the little
bush which has become so famous and necessary.
Yet, as a matter of fact, hardly au ounce of tea,
black or green, is consumed by Indian natives ;
it is still as strange and foreign to them as it
was to Mr Pepys when, on Sept. 28, 1660, he
wrote in his diary: “I did send for a cup of
tea, a Chinadrink, of which I had never drank
before.” That was the beginning of the “cup
that cheers” in England, and it was about the
same time when the chairman of the East India
Company, writing to Calcutta, added the famous
postscript to his letter, “ Tell our agent to buy
and send hither six pounds of the best tay he cam»
gette.” And now what a business it is ! India
and Ceylon between them do an enormous trade,
which has quite outpaced the tea-gardens of China,
and could and will be greatly extended. Japan
and the Celestial Empire are her principal rivals ;
but Japan drinks a great deal of hey own and
sends all the surplus to the United States, the
world in general, which in this case really means
Russia, America and England, being supplied,
the first-named entirely from China and the others
from the general market. Now it would be an
excellent thing 1f India would take to the drink-
ing of tea. That it may become

A UNIVERSAL AND POPULAR BEVERAGE

ig proved by Japan, where, taken without milk
or sugar, its use is constant and pervading,
Many other nations have special drinks. The
South American takes his “mate” ; the African
his * pombe”; the Polynesian ** kava,” and so on,
But the Hindoo has always been contented with

AGRICULTURIST, (Oot. 1, 1901,

simpler water. J hardly know of any other potable
among them except the liquid in which rice has
been boiled, which they call ‘* conjee,” and some-
times, perhaps, milk and water, with a little spice
init. The Hindoo housewife does not make stews
nor soups—forbidden these things by her ereed—
and very rarely does she provide anything like a
vegetable broth. Most ot the household food,
such as chupattis, grain, &c., is cooked on
sheets of iron, the saucepan coming very little
into the domestic cuisine. The Hindoo housewife
knows nothing of cocoa or chocolate, and has never
even tasted that enffee of which her Mohammedan
sister partakes. But what an excellent thing it
would beif Lord Curzon’s idea should makeher a
tea-drinker! Taken as the Japanese take it,
pure and simple, without cumbrous paraphernalia,
tea-drinking would well suit the population. First
of all it would, as in Japan and China, Jead to
the general habit of boiling all the drinking-
water. That one custom would save lives by
hundreds of thousands, for the peasants, once habi-
tuated, would take cold tea with them to the
fields, and avoid for themselves and their children
the terrible. evils of the village tank. Next, tea,
though only slightly nourishing, prevents waste
of tissue, and helps food to assimilate ; so that
the trifle spent in 4 cheap but good leaf would be
well repaid. Thirdly, it is a social cup, conducing
to conversation and family peace, and would bea
great boon to the patient, gentle womanfolk who
have such few pleasures.

Of course, there must be no question of five
o’clock fashions and elaborate tea equipages. A
kettle, a teapot, and some cups should comprise all
the machinery necessary. Milk and sugar are in-
novations introduced by the West ; and spoons,
plates, and cream-jugs are notin popular know-
ledge, Every morning the Hindoo household sends
forth a mother, an aunt, or a sister to the village-
well, where the chatty of copper, brass, or baked
clay is filled to the brim, corked with a tuft of
convolvulus or lemon-grass, and carried back to the
hut for the day’s consumption. The cooking stove
is a hole in the ground with afew stones, the fnel
charcoal or cow-dung cakes, Everything is primi-
tive, and will remain so. Yet, if once Lord Curzon’s
good idea should strike root into the soil, I hardly
know what boon could prove greater than tea-
drinking established as

A HABIT AMONG THE HINDOOS.

Beside the countless lives saved by boiling the
water, the homes made pleasant by the little social
graces which cluster round the tea-pot, and the
pride and comfort of a little luxury embellishing
daily life, it would be a stupendous lift for the tea
industry of the land. Accordingly the Viceroy’s
suggestion has been intelligently taken up. An
official crusade for the propagation of the tea-
kettle has actually been started. We learn from a
high Indian authority: ‘A tea distributing agency
has been formed, and Messrs. Andrew Yule & Co.,
have undertaken the work of distribution for three

years without remuneration except out-of-pocket

expenses. The Tea Association hasgiven, a grant of
40,00U rupees. The large agency houses ;headed by
Messrs. Finlay, Messrs. Muir, Messrs. Yule, Messrs.
MacNeill, Messrs. Octavius Steel and others, have
agreed to contribute three-quarters of a million
pounds of tea annually. With the present low
prices, the native consumption is expected to reach
15,009,000 or 20,000,000 pounds. If this is achieved,

nothing more is likely to be heard of over.

‘Oct. 1, 1901.)

production. Special efforts will be made to culti-
vate a taste for tea-drinking among the native
passengers on therailways, who exceed 160,000,000
annually. An average consumption of one ounce
would give10,900,000 pounds consumed in a year on
the railways alone, without counting the consump-
tion of the general population.”

Mark ho~ splendid is the outlook of all this!
Talk of storms in a teacup; hereis promise and
potency of golden profits for the planters, enhanced
revenue for the Government, and health and
pleasure for 2 population of 250,000,000,

ALL ENSHRINED IN A TEA-CHEST

If the notion took root, Assam and Cachar might
safely double their tea-gardens; the Indian pot-
ters might make a little fortune in each district
by turning out such utensils as native taste would
demand, and although sobriety is a virtue which
few Hindoos have to learn, the use of tea is
everywhere seen, and above all in Japan, to be the
greatest friend of temperance and gentle manners.
There is a whole gold-mine in the idea of supplying
Indian railway travellers with hot and cold tea in
place of the untempting and rather perilous water-
jars now on offer at all stopping stations. Cold
weak tea is probably the best and safest beverage
for thirsty throats ; and if Lord Curzon’s suggestion
led to nothing more than a growing habit of
boiling drinking-water, it would be a result worth
any efforts. Only too much must not be hoped
for. The Hindoo is beyond all men cautious, con-
servative, and caste-ridden. The tea he uses
would have tobe specially grown, prepared, and
guaranteed, and the Brahmans and higher classes
must first be wonto the teapot. Perhaps some-
thing classical might be found in the scrolls of
Hindoo mythology which would sanctify and re-
commend the tea-leaf, as has happened in the case
of the sweet basil. In front of almost every
Hindoo door will be seen a square earthenware
pot marked with rude figures in coloured chalk,
and containing a dwarf shrub. This is the holy
Tulsi—the plant consecrated to the protecting
deity ; andthe Indian housewife would as soon
forget to grind the day’s grain in the little stone-
mill as to pour the morning water over the Tulsi-
plant on her doorstep. My good friend,

SIR MOUNTSTUART GRANT-DUFF,

who, like King Solomon, knows the Eastern flora
from the cedar to the hyssop, could find, I am sure,
something charming and authoritative about that
plant which, indigenous in Assam, has borrowed
its nameof ** Tcha” from China, and is least of
all known in the land where it grows best and
most naturally. If, then, Lord Curzon can teach
India to drink tea he would, in my judgment,
deserve for ever torank among her greatest bene-
factors, and it is a policy which [I am sure all
Englishwomen will appreciate and support.

—
TOBACCO AND COFFEE PLANTING IN
DELI, SUMATRA. :
From an old Ceylon planter.)
O. K. Sumatra Aug, 11.

For two years it has beena hard struggle ;
beef $1 per lb. and heavy Dutch import duties
on ail goods. It has been all I can do to cover
current expenditure. There is a cruel inequality
in this world. Here am I slaving away on
what might almost be called sweating wages, in

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 249

coffee ; and about four hours’ distance isa man, in
tobaceo, whose commission last year is stated to be
240,000 guilders. Don’t mistakeit: Too hundred
and forty thousand guilders at ls 8d=£20,000,
twenty thousand golden sovereigns as one man’s
commission on profits for one year’s working,
This may be exaggerated: but not by very
much, I believe. At any rate, though this be
the highest perhaps ever won, £10,000, ten
thousand pounds, is not an uncommon sum for
a tobacco manager to pocket as his commission
on a year’s working.
I know very little of
TOBACCO 3;

and just now, my chief being in Europe, [ am
tied hand and foot, Next year I shall have more
freedom and will try and move about and get
some tobacco figures for you.

As for

CACAO,
with ideal soil and ideal climate, nobody will look
at it here.

Last year Von Roll, managing Director of the
premier coffee Company in this district, went home
and [ gave him a letter to you—but homeward his
ship called on Sunday, and outward at night,
so he had no chance of seeing you. To Baumann
also 1 gave a letter. His steamer also called on
a Sunday !

We are just now picking two crops here,

COFFEE AND CATERPILLARS.

We have the same pest that Selangor suffered
from two or three years ago, but I am _ not
nervous about it, as I think we have taken it
in time. One estate was eaten to besoms_ be-
fore any one knew that caterpillars were in the
district ; but this gave the alarm, and no ragged
bushes are to be seen.

SS SS
‘<A NEW FODDER GRASS FOR INDIA.”

is the title of a paper filling the first number
for 1901 of Dr. Watt’s *‘ Agricultural Ledger,”
dealing with ‘‘ Paspalum dilatatum.” Much
of the information given refers to Austral-
ian reports and very little experience so far
has been got in India. Knowing the great
interest Mr. Nock of Hakgalla takes in
‘fodder grasses,” we sent him the paper
in the ‘‘Ledger” for his opinion and he
has been good enough to write as follows :—

*“* T notice Dr, Watt states on page 3 that ‘ this
grass is indigenous to Ceylon,’ which, 1 think,
is a mistake, as I never met with it wild and it
is not mentioned under Paspalwm in Trimen’s
§ Flora of Ceylon.’ Baron Ferd. von Mueller (p. 1)
gives ‘Extra Tropical South America’ as its
native habitat. I am afraid I cannot say very
much about it yet. I have it growing here, also
in Nuwara Eliya and Badulla, In Nuwara Eliya
in good soil it is growing very well and is parti-
eularly robust, but its “habit is nothing like
what is described in Dr. Watt’s paper, the
longest blades in Nuwara Eliya being not more
than 12-14 inches, instead of 5 feet. Prob-
ably this is on account of the cold, It has,
however, taken firm hold of the soil and bids fair
to become a valuable addition to the few
good todder plants of the locality. A small bed
of it at Hakgala is looking very healthy and
promises to do well, although it is toe young (6

250

months old) to be sure about it, Another small
bed in the Badulla gardens bas made a very good
start, but was only about 3 montbs old when I
saw it last and it was then 9 inches high.”

ree

COCONUTS IN DEMAND.

Coconut cultivation has been rapidly extending
in these parts through Huropean and native en-
terprise durivg the last fifty years ; but instead of
the apprelension of overproduction which, like a
hobgoblin, now haunts the pillows and distarbs
the slumbers of the Tea-planter, thelocal coccnut
planter is cheered by the bright prospect of steadi-
ly increasing prices for his produce for which the
demand is in excess of the supply. Coconut timber,
nuts, oil, copperah, fibre, in tact, the various pro-
duce of the palm, fetch very good prices. Coconuts
are at present very dear and the demand for them
will be greater when the railway begins to run.—

Cor. Jaffna, Catholic Guardian, Aug. 31.

>

TOBACCO AND OTHER CULTIVATION
IN NORTH-CENTRAL CEYLON—AND
IN BORNEO.

Mr. W. D. Gibbon writes :—

*“T note your footnote to my news from
Borneo. ‘God help the man’ who tries to
plant tobacco of the sort that Borneo and
Sumatra supply, in the North-Central Pro-
vince. You seem to forget the melancholy
failure made by the Sumatra planters who
certainly knew how to grow in Kurunegala
the sort of leaf wanted; but whose under-
taking was such a ghastly failure.

eee

A JAPANESE TEA COMMISSIONER
STARTING FOR FRANCH.

The late Paris Exposition of 1991 has unexpec-
tedly had a good effect upon our tea trade. Since
the close of the exposition, during which display
our tea house opened there enjoyed universal
favour, the Central Tea Guild in the Capital, by
which corporation the above tea house was opened
in the Exposition grounds, has received many
orders either officially or privately from various
establishments and individuals in France for the
shipment of the Japanese leaves; our honorary
Consul in Marseilles having likewise been asked
by some French merchants for recommendation to
a respectable Japanese establishment for the
opening of transactions in the tea business. Such
being the case, the Tea Guild will despatch Mr.
Kisaburo Sano to France for the purpose of ar-
ranging contracts with the French establishments
in connection with orders received and the gentle-
man is expected to set out on his mission on the
10th instant, taking with him a variety of samples
consisting of 500 kilo. of leaves from the Kobe
Seicha Kaisha, 300 kilo. from the Yokohama Seicha
Kaisha, 100 kilo. each from the Chuo Kaigisho,
the Formosa, Chasho Kokai, ete. It is said that,
in case the contracts will be arranged between
the French establishments and the commissioner
above referred to, our tea shall hereafter be shipped
directly to France from various tea establishments
both in Formosa and Japan proper.—Japan
Weekly Times, Aug, 10,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Ocr. 1, 1901,

TEA IN AUSTRALIA.

“Toe STORY OF THE TEA TRADE” is the
title of an attractively written and illus-
trated pamphlet issued by the well-known
Indo-Ceylon Tea Firm, James Inglis & Co.
of Sydney, the founder of which has done
so much to popularise British-grown teas
in the Australian Colonies. Charming pic-
tures are given of both Indian and Ceylon
tea plantations and of all the processes
from the clearing of land to the shipping of
tea boxes. The following page is worth
reproducing :—

Lhe Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880-81
was inangurated with much pomp and ceremony in
the Victorian capital. Mr. Inglis, under Sir Edward
Buck, K.C.S.1., Chief Commissioner for the Indian
Empire, was again put in charge of the Indian Court
and Exhibits, as Executive Oommissioner. Special
attention was, of course, paid to the exploitation of
the Indian T’ea industry. A dear old colleague of
the writer—the late A. M. Ferguson, ©.M.G., pro-
prietor of The Ceylon Observer, and Executive Com-
missioner for Ceylon—proved a willing and able
co-worker with Mr. Inglis, in the effort to exclude
impure and objectionable China Teas from the
Australian market, and substitute therefor, the pure,
strong, and flavoury growths of India and Ceylon*
It was a ‘‘hard row to hoe.” Vested interests were
strong. The China traders and importers had long
‘‘ruled the roost,” but the twin colonies in Her
Majesty’s Indian Empire, had a “ good cock to fight,”
and they fought it for all it was worth. In the Press
and on the platform, white-heated controversy raged.
Mr, Inglis was in the thick of the fight. He wrote
pamphlets; he lectured; he wrote to the Press, and
in both the Indian and Ceylon Courts, beautifully
furnished Tea kiosks or lounge rooms were fitted up, .
wherein Tea was dispensed ; and so by “here a little
and there a little,’ the undoubted merits of the
Indo-British-grown Teas forced their acceptance far
and wide, and the following table, kindly compiled
for us by Mr. Dyer, of Alfred Harvey and Co., shows
at a glance how the fortunes of the fight have gone.
In 188-1, the total recorded imports of Indian and
Ceylon Teas to all Australia, were less than 100 lb.
of either. Leaving the intermediate early years out
of the record, a glance at this table will, we think,
somewhat astonish you.

SHIPMENTS oF TEA TO AUSTRALIA SINCE 1888.

Year.

ist May to 30th China, Indian. Ceylon.
Apxil. lb. lb. lb.
1888-89 .. 24,118,451 2,880,596 846,104
1889-90 .. 21,050,332 3,600,000 1,533,440
1890-91 .. 15,378,142. 4,716,827 2,814,713
1891-92 .. 13,875,993 65,139,523 3,541,618
1892-93 .. 14,898,258 3,845,328 6,694,729
1893-94 .. 13,986,445 6,514,356 7,650,000
1894-95 .. 10,463,585 8,000,000 4,452,214
1895-96 11,262,500 11,102.506 6,818,503
1896-97 6,756,656 12,862,701 6,267,000
1897-98 4,598,000 6,596,728 13,837,604
1898-99 .. 5,737,063 6,248,811 15,899,389
1899-1900.. 6,517,406 8.301.839 15,349,144

See the enormous shrinkage in China Teas. Hvyen
now Indian imports exceed those from China, and
the Oeylon shipments about equal both combined.
——————EEE— ES

® QUININE IN CorEA.—Our Consul at Corea says
that the importation of quinine, to which reference
was made in the trade Report for 1898, continues
to be an item of some importance in the import
trade. During 1900 the quantity imported was
120 cases of 100 l-oz. bottles each, representing a
value of about £8,000. The business is in the
hands of a German firm.—British and Colenial
Druggist, Aug. 22.

1904:—* [ received your letter of 20th October,

Ocr. 1, 1901] | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 251

TS OF ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA AND OOHANIA.

iercial Products.

Hevea Brasiliensis.—Orders being booked for the coming crop, August-September delivery

1901 : booking necessary before the end of April ; quantities of 100,000 and over at special low rates,
Plants available alltbe year round. 100,000 and over at special low rates, A leading Rubber planter in
Sumatra, who puichased 50,000 seeds in 1899, and 100,000 in 1909, writes ms, under date 15th November,
from which [ iearn that youadded another case of 5,000
am satisfied hereby, and even after this addi: I am satisfied by the whole

si

lait tart) mann at
ints orbommerciai Fr

seeds to replace the loss, &c. I

delivery of this year.” ( : ‘ :
Castilloa Elastica.—True superior variety enltivated in Mexico, seeds from specially reserved!

old antappeil trees. Orders booked for August-September delivery, 1901, booking necessary before the
end of March ; large quantifies on special terms ; Plants in Wardian cases.

Manihot Glaziovii —See!s and Plants available all the year round, 100,000 and over at
special low rates. A Mexican planter, in sending an order for this seed, wrote on the 22nd August, 1900:—
“If they arrive fresh and germinate easily I may send you larger orders, as they are for high groun®
where the Castilloa does not thrive.”

Kickxia Elastica.—(funtumia Elastica).—Seeds and Plants, orders booked. (Lagos rubber.)

Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available in May-June ; booking necessary before the end of March ;

also plants.
Urceola Esculenta and U. Efastica.—Same as above. (Burma rubber.)

Parameria Glandulifera.—Orders booked for seeds for January-February delivery ; also plants;:
immediate booking necessary. (A good rubber creeper of Malacca.)

Lendolphia Kirkii.—Seeds in July-August, early booking necessary, Plants can be supplied
all the year round. (A highly-recommended species. ) y

Chonemorpha Macrophylia.—Seeds and Plants; orders booked. (A very valuable rubber-
yielding creeper.)

Memusops Giobosa and Payena Leerii.—Seeds and plants in July-August, booking
necessary beforeApril.

Achras Sapota, Willughbeia Firma, W. Edulis and other Rubber and Gutta Percha
yielding Trees and Creepers, Seeds and Plants.

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Cinnamon superior variety). New crop of seed in April to June,
booking necessary before the end of February ; also piants.

Coffea Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragogipe Hybrid.—New crop March-April ;
immediate booking necessary.

Cinchona Ledgeriama.—Seeds now ready, also other varieties,

Seeds and Piamts of Nutmeg, Clove, Sandalwood (white and red), Pepper, Cardamom,
Vanilla, Cacao, Tea, Coca, Fibre, Medicinal and Fruit Trees, Shade and Timber Trees, Eucalyptus
various yarieties, also Palms, Bulbs, Orchids, &e.

Our enlarged Descriptive Price List of Tropical Seeds and Plants of Commercial Products of
Foreign countries for 1901-1902, now being prepared, and will be ready in a few months.

“SourH AFRICA.”—The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says :—
“ An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the East. It is issued by WILLIAM BROTHERS, Tropical
Seed Merchants, of Heuaratgoda, Ceylon, and schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will
thrive in tropical and, semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do good business, for now
that the great Powers have grabbed all the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove that
they were worth the grabbling. We recommend the great Powers and Concessionaries under them to go
to Wiliam Brothers,”

Priee List of Seeds and Plants for CmYLON use, post free, on application.

Oar new Deseviptive Price Lists of Seeds of Shade Trees for Cofiee, Cacao, Tea, Cardamoms &c.,
Timber Trees, Trees for Avenues, Hedges, Wind and Shelter Belts, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and

Climbing Plants; and Seeds and Pla: ts of Pass, Culamus, Pandanus, Cycads, Tree and other Ferns.
Crotons, Orchids, Bulbs, Dracznas, 1 ow being prepared, and will be ready shortly.
Special Arrangements made with {..:°' Governments, Botanical and Agricultural Deparb-

ments, Planters and others for supplying seeds aud plants of Commercial Products in large quantities:

Agents in London :—Mussrs. P. W. WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street.
Agent in Columbo, Ceylon :—K. B. CREASY, Esq.
Telegraphic Address : J. P. WILLIAM & BROTHERS,
Wiiam, VEYANGODA, CYLON. Lropical Seed Merchants,
Lieber’s, A.I. and A.B.C. Codes used- HENARATGODA, CEYLON.

32

THE TROPICAL

bo
u
bo

Correspondence.
eS

To the Eaitor.

CACAO-GROWING IN THE SOUTH
PACIFIC ISLANDS.
22 CWT. CACAO PER ACRE IN SAMOA !

Apia, Samoa, May 21st, 1901.

Sir—In your issue of March Ist this year and
on page, 615 isan article styled ‘‘ Cacao : Pol-
lination and 10 ews. to the acre.”

I regret to say that none of us in Samoa have
sutliciently follwed your valuable Journal to un-
derstand propely what the term ‘‘ Pollination ”
means. We suppose it means that the pollen
from the male flowers is to be introduced into the
female flowers by hand, ina manner somewhat
similar to that employed in fertilising Vanilla.
Would you beso kind as to explain the term to
us? [Yes: to apply pollen to a stigma.—Ep. 7.4.]

The culture of cacao has but begun in these
islands and less than 500 acresare now planted.
Within the next six months we look to get in an
additional 200 acres and such arrangements are
* being made that we believe a very large area will
- be set out in 1902, probably over 1,000 acres for
that year.

Next year about 150 acres will be in full
bearing—that is lands cultivated by foreigners.
It is also likely that an additional 100 acres of
native cultivation ‘may also be in good bearing as
well. As we are cultivating cacao quite differ-
ently from the manner stated in “‘Pods’” article, I
have thought it might be of some interest to re-
count for you our experiences, and the results so
far obtained.

Mr “Pod” speaks of cultivating trees so close
that 300 may be set out ona single acre. And
he fears that the Ceylon soil will not stand
such a drain as 5 cwt. of cacao per acre per
annum. And he calculates that 15,000 pods will
produce about 5 ewt. of cacao—about 30 pods to
the lb.’ In Samoa we are planting our trees
spaced so that we get from 120to 15) trees to the
acre, and some people think this too close.
Last year they averaged 6 lb per tree of cured
merchantable cacao of the highest quality, and
this year’s first crop has already averaged close
upon 6 lb per tree, so that, with the October
crop yet to come, it is pretty safe to say we
will get from 8 to 10 lb cacao per tree. Mr. “Pod”
seems to be well satisfied with a yield of from
2% to 3 cw per acre, per annum, but thinks that
pollination may double this yield. We are not re-
sorting to this expedient here to get still more
favourable results.

We have both the Criollo and the Forastero
‘varieties, and their crosses, in all our fields and
all thrive equally well. So far we have had no
disease or pest to fight, and we hope we may
escape such difficulties. Manuring is not thought
of yet, but in time we may have to resort to it,
though we see no present signs of so doing.

As this enterprise is of a comparatively recent
date in Samoa—the life of the cacao tree in these
slands is as yet undetermined; but with our
trees spaced 18 feet apart, we think they should
last reascnably well. When the seasons have been
particularly dry, we have noticed that a good
few pods turn black just before maturing, No

AGRICULTURIST. (Oor, 1, 1901.

one here has been able to account for this. This
year we have had showers quite constantly and the
percentage of black pods is verylow. Some have
aaid that our trees were not able to mature so
mapy pods as were being produced, and nature,
in order to relieve the tree, destroyed in this way
a part of the produce. Possibly in Ceylon thesame
phenomenon has been observed and most likely you
con tellus its cause; maybe you can also name
its cure. [Is it not evident that drought in Samoa
is to blame ?—ED. 7.A.]

I haze seen,very many trees this year with
from 150 to 200 well-matured cacao pods on
them for the April crop—aund it is to be noted that
the tree will keep right along, bearing slowly till
October—when another sizable crop will be har-
vested, probably about one half as large as that
produced in April. ;

On a tree just four years old, within a mile and a
half of Apia, { have this April personally counted
270 fine well-matured cacao pods, and the cacao
from this orchard, being cured, distinctly showed
that 16 pods were sufficient to make a pound
of merchantable cocoa.

We have here cacao trees but two years and
five months old which are now full of young
cacao pods, but it is my belief that, although
many cacao trees will bear soon after they are
three years old, a paying crop cannot be counted
on until the fourth year.

As to the price we have had for our cocoa I may
say that, though the buyers have fonnd some fault
with our methods of curing it, still what we have
sent away has brought, in San Francisco, from 16
to 18 cts. per lb. aud the bulk of it, which has
gone to Hamburg, has realized of late 93/6 per
ewt., with the promise of a better price as
soon as we could deliver in quantities suffi-
ciently large to induce the manufacturer to make
up our variety of cacao by itself, Mixel with
other cocoas it loses its identity.

We see no reason to apprehend that the price
will fall—in fact all of our information leads us to
believe we may even get more before long. We
cultivate either variety indifferently. If one raises
the Forastero cacao he gets larger pods, but not
so many as if he attempted the Criollo. There
is no difference in the cost of cultivation and
little in the gathering and curing.

If we are raising from 8 to 11 ewt. here in
Samoa per acre against your 24 and 3 ewt. in
Ceylon, the conditions here must be infinitely
better than with you.

I may say that very many people believe we
have here the most perfect cacao conditions in
the whole world. Others say that ‘‘Mr Pod” is
surely underestimating the usual yield in Ceylon.
Will you, Mr Editor, kindly inform us which
opinion is right? [Samoa has undoubtedly far
richer soil than Ceylon.—ED. 7.A.]

The Cacao outlook has been such as to attract
a great deal of notice hereinSamoa, and nearly
every storekeeper, and tradér, is getting into it
for all he is worth. :

Previous to the discovery of our capacity for
production, lands back from the ses—no matter
how good—were almost unsaleable.

Four years ago, 3000 acres, almost adjoining
Apia, were sold to the F'rench Catholic Mission for
$2 peracre U.S. gold.

Similar land farther away was sold during the
early part of this year fcr from $2.50 to $4 per
acre. Just now this land could be easily resold at

Oct. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

from $6 to $20, and to my mind is still remarkably
low. We have here to pay our labourers much more
than you pay to your coolies, but we expect, I
think, more work out of them.

Just now we are paying $8 per month and feed-
ing the people ata cost of $4 more per man:—$12 in
all. You will please understand that we are up
till now using English money, and that we
reckon 4 shillings to the dollar, and therefore our
dollars are about twice as expensive as those
mostly in the East Indies. [Rupees in East
Indies at 1s 4d each, and 10 rupees a month is
high fora working coolie.—EbD. T.A.]

Still with the high rate we are paying we ex-
pect to make profits up to, and in fact much past,
20 pounds sterling per acre, per annum, after our
Cacao trees are past their fourth year.

All of our land is covered with dense forest
which has to be cleared out, and this expense runs
into about 8 or 10 pounds peracre, including seed and
planting. Some retain part of the forest for shade
and so get their lani1 in cheaper. I am using both
methods myself and cannot yet say which I prefer.
All readers of your esteemed Journal who reside
here will be glad if you will kindly comment
upon these statements and if you will answer the
few questions propounded.

The British Consul at Apia is well versed in the
culture of Cacao as practised here—and he will
cheerfully corroborate any of the above statements
I have made. H. J. MOORS,

Apia, July 6th 1901,—Somehow the ahove
letter, dated away back in May, has remained
here unsent. Since it was written we have
got cur April cacao cured and away before this.
On the 4th inst. at the usual jollification held
at the US Consulate, Mr R H Carruthers of this
place announced that his cacao for the earlier
part of the year had turned out 17 ewt. to the
acre. Now there is no more reliable man in
the world that this gentleman, an accomplished
British Barrister.

The October crop is yet to come and I make
no sort of doubt but that Mr Carruthers will
be able to harvest, at the very least 5 cwt. more
per acre, thus making 22 ewt. for the year for
each acre. The trees are seven years old, planted
15 feet apart at an elevation of 450 feet and
just two miles from the sea shore. A little

readfruit shade has been left. No disease has
so far attacked any trees here: a little trouble
we have had with white ants, and with a sort
of fungus. Borers also in rare cases attack the
tree. but do not seem to be able to kill it.

The only difficulty so far as I can see is
that we have at times a number of black pods,
and we do not rightly know. why they get so.
_ The bees probably assist at the pollination
in some way.

Land seems every month to enhance upon
older values. Shortly, ™ expect, when we begin
handling easy cacao moneys, there will bea little
excitement over our prospects.—Very truly yours,

H. J. MOORS.

THE AMERICAN TEA CAMPAIGN:
QUESTIONS FOR THE ‘THIRTY COMMITTEE”
AND MR. WM. MACKENZIE TO CONSIDER
AND ANSWER.

Honolulu, July 17.
DEAR Str,—Mr. Mackenzie in his report
to the “ Thirty Committee” dated New York
March 20th, 1001 writes:— I did not go to

AGRICULTURIST. 253

Chicago this time, because I met down here
all the men I wished to see.” What
more proof can be required to show the
absurdity of continuing the tea campaign
-in America on present lines, That
the funds from the Tea Cess,_ spent
in America, have been devoted to our Adver-
tising Agent's chosen disciples, to the detri-
ment of the unfortunate cess-payer, (who
is anxious to see Ceylon tea throughout the
length and breadth of the land, not merely
confined to the few stores controlled by our
Advertising Agent’s chosen disciples), must
be clear to those who have the privilege of
reading our Advertising Agent’s private re-
ports. It is little wonder that nine-tenths of
the tea merchants in the United States of
America have a bitter feeling against the
Ceylon Tea Planters in general, and take
no interest in the sale of the teas they grow ;
and so long as our advertising funds are
restricted to the chosen friends of our Ad-
vertising Agent they are not likely to change.
No doubt our Advertising Agent will cry
poverty, but then why does he continue to
pay a third of the advertising? If funds are
imited, and over applied for in the United
States on the one-third basis, why not offer
to pay a fourth, and so on from time to time,
reducing the assistance as firms come for-
ward.

Mr. Mackenzie has been working the
tea campaign in America for about seven
years ;it would be very interesting to those
who perforce have to contribute to the Cess
fund to know how many cities in the United
States and Canada Mr. Mackenzie .has visited
during the seven years? If, during the seven
years, he has ever visited the Western States,
or any citiesin the West of Canada ?—which
I have been informed he has not. How
many firms he has honored with a call, (Idon’t
think that would be a difficult matter), and
last but not the least important, how many
months—during the seven years he has been
our paid Advertising Agent for America—
has he resided in that country ?

R. V. WEBSTER.

A NEW SCHEME FOR REDUOING THE
OUTPUT AND OVERPRODUCTION
OF TEA:

AN INCREASED CESS To BUY UP, AND ABANDON
50,000 ACRES OF TEA,

Central Province, Ceylon, August 26th, 1901.

S1r,—Four schemes have now been put before
tea producers which the authors believed would
save the large number of growers of low quality
teas from ruin and make the more fortunate owners
of estates which produce the better quality teas
more certain of being able to continue to secure
the handsome profits they have secured till lately.
Two of these schemes (Mr A Cooke’s, and Mr A
Thomson’s brought forward in London) are based
on the regulation of the sale of the tea produced
in India and Ceylon and do not depend on the
reduction of the output. The regulation of the
sale of tea would no doubt benefit producers ;
but considering the large over-production of last
year and the heavy stocks of Indian and Ceylon
Tea at the beginning of this year it seems to me
that the redaction of the output is of far greater
importance than the regulation of the sale. One

254 THE TROPICAL
of the schemes for reducing the output, the
Rutherford-Rosling, has fallen through. It would
have done good if it could have been carried out;
but it was impracticable. ‘ihe other, Mr James
Sinclair's would be a sure way of reducing
the output, but it will probably come to nothing
from the same course (want of unanimity) as the
Rutherford-Rosling scheive, produced to some ex-
tent by the difficulty of finding work for the coolies
during the month, the tea bushes are to be left
unplucked and from a considerable minority of
producers not being willing to adopt it beeause
they think it unnecessary.

I venture to put forward a scheme, which, if
brought into operation willreduce the output ane
can afterwards be made to regulate it, I propose
that Government be asked to raise the Tea Cess
to 2 or 2 cents per lb. and to advance, if re-
quired, any reasonable amount on the security of
the Tea Cess. The excess of the increased Tea
Cess over the present Cess to form a Fund to be
used by a Sub-Committee of the ‘‘ Thirty Com-
mittee’ to buy estates which may be in the market
or offered at a low rate per acre, to the extent
of 5U,000 acres of tea in cultivation. ‘these estates
to be abandoned with the exception of a small
part of each sufficient to give employment to a
small gang of coolies to be kepc to guard the
buildings, machinery, furniture, &c. A large
staff consisting of an experienced Inspector and
Valuator, a number of itinerating superintend-
ents and a native overseer (Conductor or Kanak-
kapulle) on each estate will be required. If
50,000 acres of tea could be bought at once and
45,000 be leit unplucked, there can be no doubt
whatever that the price of tea would goup. It
would not be desirable that the price should be
forced up too much, that could be prevented by
taking a larger part of some of the better of
the purchased estatesinto plucking again and if
deemed desirabie some of the poorer estates could
be totally abandoned and the moveables sold.
The Cess would be levied from the producers, but
consumers would actually pay it, by being obliged
to pay higher prices for the teas put on the market.

This, Sir, is my scheme. It is a Zarge, daring
and elaborate one. There are, Iam aware, many
difficulties to be overcome, but I feel confident
that if it can be brought into operation it will effect
all that 1 claim for it. B.C. C.

[There can be no harm in such a scheme
as this being put on record and advanced for
consideration but we fear it will be labelled
‘*not feasible ” for the present time at least.
—Ep. 7.A.]

TEA IN THE UNITED STATES AND
CANADA,
To the Editor of “The Home and Colonial
Mail.”)

Sin,—We kave been much interested in the
coriespondence that has appeared in ycur journal
on the subject of the development in the United
States anu Canada of a maiket for Indian teas,
and more particularly with reference to the intro-
duction of Indian green teas in this country, with
a view tothe displacement of Japan and China
green teas, which form such a large part of the
teas consumed in North America,

We, as brokers, handling chiefly Indian and
Ceylon teas, bave a personal interest in the deves
lopnient of this business, and it occurs to us that

- yegards black tea, the importation of China black

AGRICULTURIST. (Oct. 1, 1901.

we might add a few remarks to what has been
already said, without presumption.

We believe that it is a possibility to capture
the tea-drinking population of the United States
for Indian and Ceylon tea.

We believe it is also possible to increase the
per capital consumption of tea in the United
States by, in some measure, increasing the
relative consumption of tea as against coffee, which
is now the great beverage of the people of the
United States. These are objects which, we un-
derstand, are ardently desired to be obtained by
the tea growers of India and Ceylon.

There is, therefore, the only question of how,
and how best, to obtain these ends,

We doutt not that, if the planters give the
matter serious consideration, and, we are informed,
they have been seriously considering it, that they
will be able to collect such information as will
enable them to enter on a campaign along the
right lines.

We believe that all will be agreed that the plan
of operation must be advertising in some form or
other, and we think that the most effective form
can be arrived at by conterring with those who
have had most experience, as we can quite con-
eeive of a very large amount of money heing ex-
pended judiciously in advertising without realising
in any adequate or compensating degree the end
desired,

Happily the Indian planters can have the
benefit of the experience of those who may be
said to have gone before them in the struggle.

The Ceylon Association has done some excellent
work, and we would suppose that community of
interests between Indian and Ceylon producers is
such that the knowledge and experience gained
by Mr. Mackenzie, the Ceylon Conimissioner,
would be gladly placed at the disposal of the
Indian As-ociation. Certainly we do not look on
India and Ceylon so much as competitive, as of
co-operative forces in the campaign.

We think the growth of Incian and Ceylon tea
business in Canada, and the means that brought
this about give an experience that the planters
might well consider as a proper guide in their
efforts to capture the United States, and to further
extend their business in Canada Ly the develop-
ment here of a market for green tea, for in Can-
ada we consider the work practically done as

being now comparatively trifling.

There can be no doubt whatever that the
advertising persistently, extensively, and continu-
ously cf some private pirties here of packet teas,
and the sale resulting therefrom which compelled
all dealers to follow (some less willingly than
others, but all of necessity), and to stock and
offer for sale Indian and Ceylon tea accounts for
the very general use in Canada todayof Indian
and Ceylon, and the relatively small use of China,
and we look for the displacement of Japan tea
in this country in exactly the same way by the
advertising of Ceylon and Indian green teas.

We might mention this fact (which is not ques-
tioned by any well informed person here) for the
encouragement of your planters, that no consumer
of Japan tea, who has once got accustomed to the
use of Indian and Ceylon tea, ever goes back to
drinking, Japan, so all progress made and every
advantage gained becomes permanent.

We think the present season presents an excep-
tional opportunity for theactivities of your planters,
as Japan teasare even higherin price than lagt year,

Sr me AA

Ocr. 1, 1901. ]

while Indian and Ceylon are on a very low ievel,
so that the natural tendency of the curtailment of
consumption of a high-priced article, and the
natural increase of the consumption of a low-priced
article, will have a tendency to assist the efforts of
the Indian Association.—We are, yours respect-
fully, J. L. WATT AND SCOTT.
Toronto, Canada, July 17.
—H. and C. Mail, August 23.

THE INDIAN TEA CESS,
August 26th.

DEAR S1r,—For many months the possibility
that India would cousent to a Cess has appeared
almost hopeless, but in spite of the difficulties in
the way, it was evident to me that Tea owners
would take steps to protect their interests if sufli-
cient endeavours were made to influence them.
At the present moment the idea of a Cess on the
same lines as that of Ceylon is openly discussed,
and appears almost certain. I do not know how
much my own endeavours have had any influence
on public opinion, and at_ present the small Cess
only is advocated, while I have persistently advo-
cated a Cess of two pies per pound without receiv-
ipg much support in ‘‘ the Press.” :

A prominent Southern India planter advised me
to draft a circular and have it printed in pam-
phlet form so that all the Associations could be
appealed to directly. He offered R50 towards
expenses, and I am arranging to carry out his
advice. But I amstrongly impressed with the idea
that the way to get at India is through Ceylon.
Ceylon men were the first to have a ‘‘Cess,” and
this is an Industrial departure which may have
great results, Ceylon is almost certain to have
aGreen Tea Association before we have it in
India. Andif by any means Ceylon can he im-
pressed with the necessity of a 2-pie Cess it will
be passed and become a fact. Ceylon made a grand
effort, and the Indian Tea owner will sbortly fol-
low in the same course. This would be within
the reach of my poor comprehension if Ceylon had
not passed througha crisis, and the only hope for
better things seems to be that Ceylon will lead
the way.

What has your Cess done for you? It has en-
abled you to keep pace with India, but it has not
averted the crisis. Your markets are still too
restricted, and do not absorb your yield at a fair
price. I cannot understand why Tea owners will
not face the situation and take measures to insure
prosperity and expansion. I will put the matter
before you in a nutshell:—34 lakhs for foreign
markets have failed to avert a crisis. Is it reason-
able to hope that six lakhs will have any appreci-
lable effect? Is there any reason to expect that 24
lakhs more will enable our dearly beloevd Asso-
ciations to increase the demand even to the ex-
tent of our natural increase from extensions
already growing into maturity ? Are we to be
left for ever with a mere permission to make tea
and reap no benefit from it? The six lakhs of the
Combined Cesses will enable most of us to con-
tinue making tea, but cannot possibly enable us
tomake more profit. fam ready to retire from the
lists, if anyone can give even a glimmer of hope
that the strain will be removed if India consents
to a Cess ‘‘like that of Ceylon.” Everyone
admits that a very large sum of money is required,
that tea supply must be regulated; that new
markets must be ted; in fact everyone knows
exactly what is “vanted, but will not propose a

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 255

sufficient remedy. If we had to pay a Cess of two
pies, it would be madness to speak of it to Tea
owners. If we do actually have to pay that Cess
it will mean that those who make a profit now
wil! get R833 per thousand maunds of tea less
profit. And those who lose will lose more to that
extent. Certainly this state of affairs would end the
discussion by the Parliamentary method of
** Closure.”

I do not, for one moment, advocate paying ia
Cess of two pies a pound. What I do advocate is
imposing a tax which shall be paid by the buyers
and consumers, and that the amount imposed on
them shall be of sufficient magnitude to enable us
to place good average tea on new markets, so that
the increased demand shall keep pace with our
certain increase in yield. It puts my scheme ina
pleasanter light, rose-coloured if you will, but te
my mind the dawnlight of a new era in tea. We
will force the buyers for our present markets to
pay enough money to open out new markets. If

-any of your Ceylon men will see it in this light let

them say so, and let them try/and influence others.
My own dreams may be too bright because of the
contrast with the black darkness of the past, but
your men have clear heads and the above idea
should settle the matter. If they decide that
the Cess has to be paid by the grower,
no one would be such an _ idiot ‘as to
adyocate a continuance of it. But if you decide
that it is paid by others, the only question re-
maining is how much is it advisable to take
from them. I propose 2 pies per pound because
this sum would make practically no difference
to the Buyers and Oonsumers, and i6 would be
sufficient to lighten our markets of seventeen mil-
lion pounds of tea. Mr Rosling ought to back
up the scheme, because it is the outcome of his
reduction scheme. His proposal was jumped at
by Indian growers, but Mr Rosling forgot to
make “provision for the ‘‘space” which would
feel the want of the reduced Tea, and he forgot
the new tea growing so gaily in the sunand rain,
and the jolly little estimates for extensions which
we have since then seen mentioned in Company
reports. He forgot that, by shutting off steam, a
train going up-hill will retire backwards until
it comes to its natural level. Recent proposals
for a small Cess are not much better : they simply
put on the breaks and keep us where we are.
HHad Mr Rosling known that owners would pro-
mise to reduce he might have extended his scheme,
I began where he left off, and with the certain
and stupendous fact that Indian owners had
promised to give 31 lakhs of rupees to control
the market. They say that straws show which
way the wind blows, but the above was no
‘“straw” ; it was the ‘‘ set” of a strong current.
If we can guide that current, our difficulties will
vanish.

Let us examine the hidden meaning of ‘‘ the
Cess.” Germany pays a bounty to its sugar

_ producers, that is to sayit pays a Cess on every

pound of sugar exported ; but it forces every soul
in the country to pay its sharein that Cess. Is
Germany poorer by the amount paid as bonus?
If not, then nothing bas been paid vy Germany.
Have Ceylon owners paid their Cess? If not, who
has paid it? Of course, new consumers of tea
have paid it ; had there been no new consumers,
the growers would have been heavier losers than
they are now; their only fault was that they did
not go far enough. Your Cess is a 100
horse-power engine. You have so far used only ong

256

horse-power and lave failed to move your in-
dustry, I advocate the use of 10 horse-power by
India and Ceylon combined. Will you forgive
me for pointing out that your writers are more
ready to advance objections to any scheme than
to forward any ideas of their own.

Your recent Green Tea Syndicate scheme is a
case in point, and the balance is on the side of
objections. Mr Fraser shows that the scheme
is practicable, but doubts whether money can be
obtained. He says that the Cess should be
doubled, and this is quite right, and if we want a
Black Tea fund, the Cess must be quintupled.

Mr Ryan recommends you to be slim, wily,
and up-to-date ; India has been so ‘‘slim ” that
it refused to take money from the buyers and
customers, and Ceylon was so ‘‘ wily” that it
restricted the amount taken to an _ insufficient
sum. It is ‘“‘ economy ” to refrain from spend-
ing money on Foreign Markets, but it is real
political economy to get enough for the purpose
out of the buyers and consumers ; anyhow it is
the best policy.

For the future I reeommend that everyone
who enters the discussion shall give his name.
We know the names of the men who speak at
Association meetings, and by giving names to
the press we can form an informal Association,
The weakness of newspaper discussion lies in the
fact that the whole discussion is not placed before
the readers. I collected all the ‘‘crisis” letters
to the Indian Gardening and Planting, and made
a book of them ; it would cost about 400/ to 50)/
to print all this as a pamphlet but the result would
be great. I have seen all the ‘‘ pros and cons ”
and I am convinced that tne scheme I advocate is
teasible, The ‘‘ Pros” are so decided and sensible,
and the ‘‘Cons”’ so weak and futile, that I have
no doubt of success if the matter could be’ placed
before Tea men in acondensed form. -I inter-
viewed afew heads of Tea firms in Calcutta and
found that they had not had time to study the
question in full, and it seemed to me that with
time and opportunity I could convert them to
favour the Cess.

Wehave absolute indications that the British
Tea producer is willing to adopt measures for re-
form when he considers them sufficient. They
know that asmall Cess is not sufficient and that
is the reason why they have not spoken of it
sooner. They imagined that ‘‘reduction” was a
sufficient measure and promptly promisei to re-
duce 14 millions. It was the insufficiency of the
measure that stopped your Ceylon growers from
promising their proportionate amount. Now I
have put before them measures which will be
sufficient, and I have no doubt of success, because
Ido not judge by castles in the air, but by past
solid facts, and by experience.

If Messrs. Rosling, Ryan, and Fraser, &c., &c,,
will place any other scheme which has even the
look of being swfficient, they need not doubt of
success. You takeit for granted that opposition
comes from men with their eyes open; try the
method of discovering whether these men really do
know all sides of the question to the same extent
as you yourself know it.

The fate of the Private Tea Sales should show
that growers are tired of being fed on chaft, and
that they intend to get ‘‘ wheat” somehow, I
believe in your Ceylon men hecause they hava

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Ocr. 1, 1901.

done things tosecure unity and strength amongst
Tea growers. I have that sure ground to stand on
when I appeal to them to go further, and to go far
enough, A. COOKE.

PLANTING IN BRITISH NORTH
BORNEO:

TOBACCO—CARDAMOMS.—COTTON.
Kandy, Aug. 30.

DEAR SrirR,—The following news I have
today received from British North Borneo may
be interesting to your readers:—‘‘ Our to-
bacco industry is holding its own. I should
like to see some one try cardamom planting
which is such a success in Ceylon.

‘“‘ Enquiries are being made regarding land
for cotton which grows here like a weed.
Ceylon men might find a good opening here
as cotton planters.

“The railway is nearly finished and we will
soon have many Chinese settled between Jes-
selton and Beaufort.”—Yours truly,

W. D. GIBBON,
Agent, British North Borneo Government.

[Ceylon men had better first see what land
the Northern Railway is to make available
in Ceylon, with cheap labour, for Cotton and
Tobacco.—ED. T7.A.]|

—— ss ————

TOBACCO-GROWING IN NORTH BORNEO
AND CEYLON.

Kandy, Sept. 5.

DEAR StR,—Our correspondence regarding
the merits of Bvitish North Borneo and
Ceylon is of service to both countries. What
I contend is that tobacco wrapper leaf is
acknowledged to be a _ profitable cultivation
in Sumatra and British North Borreo where
they have undoubtedly now a suitable soil,
rainfall and transport facilities.

I know nothing about rice or
cultivation either in
North Borneo, but I do know that to-
bacco wrapper leaf cultivation was a
ghastly failure in Ceylon, though we had
Sumatra experts and capitalists on the spot
to watch its cultivation.— Yours truly,

Wi Ds Gs

|Tobacco-growing by Europeans in the
tropics is surely the most uncertain of pur-
suits—one year giving large fortunes and
another yielding little or no profit. We
were in Amsterdam in 1891 when Java
and Sumatra Tobacco companies were so
depressed that Dutch friends of our acquaint-
ance were ready to sell out at a fraction
of what they had paid in. Since then,
there has been a great recovery, and
Mr. Turin Mackenzie now _ reports
“£10,000” or ‘* £20,000” as a Sumatra
Company’s Manager’s Commission in one
year! In Ceylon even, we know of
the grand return Mr. Vollar got from
ore Dumbara crop of tobacco (all used
as ‘‘wrapper leaf”?) but such a hand-
some return was, we _ believe, never
afterwards repeated. We do not, for a
moment, deny the advantages of North
Borneo as a tobacco-growing country; but
seeing the risks attending the transfer of

cotton
Ceylon or British

Oct. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

men with limited capital to a new country,
we have said that there should be room
erelong in Ceylon for new ventures in culti-
vation, in connection with the public works
now under construction.—ED. 7'A..]

——__—___—__

PLANTING NOTES.

THE CONSUMPTION OF QUININE—in the
United States, is rapidly increasing. For the

ear ended 30th June last, there was an
increase of one million ounces in the con-
sumption as compared with the previous
year, and nearly three-fourths of the world’s
supply are now required for America.
There is every prospect of a keen demand
and good prices for bark and the febrifuge.

Mr. Cooke’s Tea ScHemMe.—-Mr. Cooke
deserves a better reward than we fear he is
likely to obtain. His latest reply( see page 255)
to an objector who has not grasped his full pro-
posals is iucid and satisfactory, except that
we are now told the reserved tea will be

‘kept by the producers until wired for.

Hitherto we understood the tea was to be
ready on the spot to meet the demand,
whenever created.

Tue TEAPOT IN INDIA.—Fanciful in much
of his imagination, perhaps, but practical in
at least two or three suggestions he makes,
is Sir Edwin Arnold in his useful contribu-
tion to the literature of tea expansion, which
we quote on page 248 from the Daily
Telegraph of Aug.3. He points out carefully
what an improving effect tea is likely to have
on the native health, habit and character. It
will obviate the dire drinking of unboiled
water; it will be nourishing, and (but we
query this) act as a digestive, and it will pro-
mote peace, socially ! There are minor slips,
e.g., in speaking of the agency houses of
Messrs. Finlay and Messrs. Muir; but the
article is well worth reading.

CoFFEE-TEA.—A correspondent writes to th®
editor of the Queensland Agricultural Journal
—As you invited experiences re coffee-tea in the
Queensland Agricultural Journal of March
last, [ am very pleased to send you mine. I
acquired it when on a selection, on the road to
Emu Park from Rockhampton. Having then an
experimental plot of about twenty coffee trees
growing, and reading that tea made from coffee
leaves dried was very highly esteemed in some
coffee countries, I determined trying it for myself.
First, I dried leaves inthesun, but the product was
disagreeably tasted when tried. Finally, I dried
some leaves in acamp-oven, slung so as to swing
over a fire, keeping them constantly stirred until
they were dry and fairly crisp. Tea mauve from
them was much enjoyed by all who tasted it ;
and one who did was the editor of the Rock-
hampton Bulletin at that time, but dead now
for years past. He greatly enjoyed it, and my
wife and I liked it better than any tea we could
purchase. I intend growing a few coflee-trees
for the leaves’ only, where Iam now, as I am
sure, if it be only dried properly, we could dis-
spense with tea, povided we had sufficient coffee
leaves to make our own tea from. To dry it
properly is everything. It must be done quickly,
and done to aturn; it has an aroma and
flavour that any. lover of tea would enjoy.—
Planting Opinion, Aug. 23.

AGRICULTURIST. 257

THE West INDIAN BULLETIN—No. 1],
Vou. II, last received, is an unusually inter-
esting number, and includes a variety of
useful papers, such as ‘‘ The treatment of
soils in Orchard cultivation in the tropics ”
by the Hon. BF. Watts, FLc., F.c.s., Gov-
ernment Analytical and Agricultural Chemist
to the Leeward islands; the Marine Resources
of the B. W. Inaies, by Dr. Duerden, A.R.c.s. ;
the cultivation of Onions at Antigua by
W.N. Sands, Curator of Botanic Station ;
Artificial Drying of Cacao by G W Smith ;
Zebu Cattle and Breeding for Beef in
Trinidad by C. W. Meaden of the Govern-
ment Farm; but, above all, an _ illustrated
paper on ‘Rubber Planting in the West
Indies” by J H Hart, F.L.s., Superintenden,
R. B. Gardens, Trinidad, with the result
ing discussion. Mr. Hart quotes from our
T.A.—Dr. Morris mentioned that the Mexican
rubber, Castilloa, had answered admirably in
Honduras as a shade for cacao. The largest
tree in Trinidad is over 75 feet high with a
girth of 6 feet at 3 feet from the ground ; others
planted in 1886 are 58 feet high and 60 inches
in girth. One of these on being tapped
gave 2:14 1b. of rubber fluids and °69, or 32
per cent of clean rubber. We must quote
at length in our monthly periodical.

THE PROSPEULTS OF COFFEE IN BRAZIL,—The
accounts of the Dumont Company for the past
year, says the Brazilian Review, conclusively prove
two points—that, when properly managed, coffee
estates can yet be made to yield handsome profits,
and the edvaatage of efficient over the careless and
unscientific methods that have generally prevailed.
By strict attention to economy and the introduc-
tion of the most modern inachinery the quality of

the output of the Dumont has been so improved as -

to command an average price of 40s 2d per ewt,
more than 124 per cent. better than the average
quotation for *‘ Santos, good average” for the same
period. However planters may grumble, the future
of coffee is all right. If the present owners cannot
work at a profit there will not be wanting others
with more energy and more capital to put the in-
dustry into shape and make it pay once more. The
future of coffee lies in co-operation and the introduce
tion of more economical methods, the improvement
of quality and more attention to grading. By the
concentration of a dozen or so small plantations into
one property, the present wasteful and inefficient
administration must be economised and replaced
by scientific treatment and every advantage taken
of the hydraulic power so abundantly provided in
many districts by Nature, by which the cost of
handiing and transport on the estate might be
reduced at least to half. The slow and costly
‘*terreiro ”’ process will have to be given upand
the coffee be dried mechanically, probably also by
electricity. In fact coffee planting is yet
in an almost primitive state. The creaking
wooden-axied bullock cart is still the common
means of conveyance, and drying as primitive
as in the year 1. Something has been done
in the way of pulping and hulling machi-
nery, but as far as cultivation itself is con-
cerned everything is primitive. At present pianta-
tions are going almost for the asking in some dis-
tricts and offer a splendid opportunity to men of
energy, imbued with modern notions of the
superiority of machinery and science to brute
force and rule of thumb, for lucrative investment
of capital.

258 THE TROPICAL

GREEN TEA SYNDICATE.—We direct at-
tention to a letterfrom Mr. Drummond Deane
(see page 203) with a good deal of interesting
information in respect of Green Tea. In regard
to the Syndicate, our correspondent should
know that scarcity of capital, and the difficulty
of reconciling contending mercantile interests
stand in the way of its local formation,
however desirable in theory it may appear
to be.

SAILING THROUGH A SEA OF BANANAS.—
Captain Farrant, of the London-owned steamer
Aldborough, on his arrival at New Orleans told a
remarkable incident of the passage. He thought
he had lost his reckoning in Crooked Island
Passage, and had steered into a banana plantation.
The blue waters of the passage threw a shade of
green over them ahead of the vessel, when the
Aldborough, which was going at about nine knots
speed, began to throw bunches of bananas from

-each bow. It was then seen that what appeared to
be an emerald sea was a perfect sea of bananas
surrounding the vessel. The crew tried to hook
them with anything at hand, the coal-heavers
bringing coal-baskets into requisition but with all
their efforts none were captured, Captain Farrant
could not account for the bananas in the sea until
it was know that the Norwegian steamer ‘‘Uller”
had been ashore and had jettisoned about two-
thirds of her cargo of bananas before she could be
floated.—Perth Herald, Aug. 23.

GLasaow EXHIBITION, BLACKMAN EXPORT
Company, LTpD.—ihe Blackman Company’s Ex-
hibit covering 700 sq. feet is an interesting one.
Seventeen of their well-known Blackman Fans
are shown in motion, the largest of which, 96
inches in diameter, is driven from the shafting
overhead by means of a belt; others varying
from 72” to 12” in diameter are driven direct
by electric current, these Fans being combined
with Electric “lotors of the Company’s own mann-
facture, especially designed for this class of work.
Four of the Fans deliver air, warm or cold at
pleasure, from the four sides of the upper part
of a central column or Kiosk, which is a promi-
nent feature of the Stand. On this Stand there
is also a Model Drying Installation consisting of
a drying compartment arranged in conjunction
with a Blackman Electric Fan 24” in diameter and
suitable Radiators for heating the air. The main
advantages gained by the Blackman System of
drying is that almost every class of material and
produce is effectively and rapidly treated with
the greatest economy both in cost of drying and
in the space occupied by the drying chambers,
whilst the quality of the material so dried is
much superior to that baked or stewed in closed
stoves. Twenty-four Blackman Electric Fans are
used for venvilating the restaurants in different
parts of the Exhibition. Messrs. McKillip and
‘WicKenzie have 14 of them, from 24” to 42” in
diameter, in Restaurants Nos. 1, 2 and 3, where
‘their cooling and ventilating effect is highly
appreciated. Four others of similar sizes are used
by Mr. Jenkins in Restaurant No. 5 ; two more
in the Indian Theatre, and two in the Bermaline
Model Bakery. An imposing addition to the
Exhibit is a large assortment of Keith’s patent
Hyrdraulic Rams and Pumps, Heating Apparatus,
and High Pressure Gas Lamps of great brilli-
ancy, for which the Blackman Export Company,
Ltd., of 70, Finsbury Pavement, London, B.C.
are the Exporting Agents,

AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. J, 1901.

‘Dr. Kocu’s MoDE oF TREATING MALARIA”
—says a local medical authority—‘ should be
given a trial, We have vot yet learnt whence

the organisms come, when the ground is
turned up. This is not satisfactorily dis-
covered. We hope to arrive at it soon.”

VaniLuA.—Although only acmail supply offered at
auction the demand was poor, and only part sold, at
about 1s decline, as follows:—Seychelles: 7 to 8
inches, 15s to 18s; 3 to 7 inches, lls to 15s 6d; and
common splits, 3s 6d to 10s 6d per lb. Maur'tius:
good, 74 to 83 inches, 20s; 64 to 7 inches, 183 6d to
193; 6 to 64 inches, 153 to 17s 6d; and common
splits, 10s to 158 6d. bourbon: fair, 54 to 7 inches,
15s to 15s 6d. The export of vanilla from Mexico
decreased considerably both in quantity and value
during 1900, as the frosts and rains in the early paid
of the year and the want of the latter at the proper
season spoilt the plants, and the crop was subse-
quently lost. The quantity exported was 60,921 lb,
as againet 133,675 lb in 1809, and the values were
respectively 62,5652 and181.547/. Vanilla is now re-
ceiving the attention of many of the American
agiicultural companies whose properties are in the
State of Vera Cruz, and it is quite probable that the
exports during 1901 will, under normal conditions, be
greater than jin 1900—Chemist ,and Druggist,
Aug, 24,

PLANTS AND ELECTRICITY.--M. Berthelot an-
nounces he has. proved that the development of
plants is affected by electricity. He has been
carrying out the experiments at his country seat
at Meudon, near Paris. A tower nearly 96 feet
high is erected in the grounds, which M Berthe-
lot has been using for experimenting on the
influence of natural electricity in transferring to
plants free nitrogen from the atmosphere, and
also for studying the variations produced on
plants by altitude. One of M Berthelot’s experi-
iments was directed to proving that a plant
submitted to the influence otf electric waves
absorbs more nitrogen than another plaut placed
under the same conditions, but not influenced
by electricity. vl Berthelot considers he is justi-
fied in supposing that he has fully demonstrated
that free nitrogen in the atmosphere plays an
important part in the lite of plants, on the
ground that crops of vegetables are obtained in
high altitudes without the use of artificial
manure, owing to the greater tension of the
electricity.— Chemist and Druggist, Aug. 10.

Mr. R. V. WeBSTER’S LETTER FROM Hono-
LULU—0n page 253— offers a wondeful comment
on the speeches in favourof the Tea Commis-
sioner at the recent meeting. To our evening
contemporary, with whom Mr. Webster used

to be a far greater favorite than Mr.
Mackenzie, this contribution ought to
prove perfectly delightful reading. The

‘¢ Thirty Committee” will now see what
one of their Agents thinks of the other’s work
We verily believe Mr. Webster is perfectly
right as to secret partial payments to cer-
tain favorites, enraging 9-10ths of the American
tea dealers against the very name. of ** Ceylon
tea.” We said this would be the result of
the secret policy, at the beginning, and have
repeated our opinion at intervals ever since.
Ceylon tea, in fact, would have been in a
far better position in the United States, if
not a single secret or partial payment had
ever been made: a million of rupees: have,
probably, gone for -worse\than nothing. -

as Naa A i Et AE IS

Oct. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICA:

THE HAPUGAHALANDE TEA COMPANY,

LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.
The seventh annual general meeting of
the shareholders was heid at. the Com-
pany’s Registered Office, 22 Baillie Street,
Fort, Colombo, today at 11:30 a m., there

were present :—Messrs A Cantlay in the Chair,
Keith Rollo, R Davidson, Wm. Taylor, Wm.
Milne, (by Attorney R Davidson) ; Mrs Grace
Stanton (by her Attorney A Cantlay), and Tudor
Stanton tor Agents and Secretaries.

The Secretaries read the notice convening the
meeting as if appeared in the Government Gazette
of 2nd August 1901 and then the munutes of
general meeting of shareholders held on 18th
August 1900 which were confirmed.

Thereport and accounts having been taken as
read, the Chairman favourably moved the adop-
tion of same. This was duly seconded and un-
animously adopted. A dividend at the rate of 5 per
cent for season 1900-1901 payable forthwith
was then declared.

Mr A Cantlay was re-elected a Director and Mr
John Guthrie appointed auditor for the current
season on the usual fee.

With a yote of thanks to the Chairman the
proceedings terminated. Appended is the report:

ACREAGE.
AMR ay Bs
Tea in full and partial bearing 385 0 0
Jungle, &e. uke 369 1 3
Total Acreage 754 1 3

Your Directors beg to submit their annual report
and accounts for the twelve months ending 30th June,
1901.

The quantity of tea manufactured for the season
(including estate and bought leaf, but exclusive of
that manufactured for other estates) was 181°020 lb.

Estimating the unsold tea ata safe valuation, the
nett amount realised for this product has been
R49,050'27, equal to an average of R27°09 per |b.

After setting aside R3,293°58 for depreciation on build-
ings and machinery, the sum available for distribution
(including R1,861°14 brought forward from last account)
is R13,992'13. From thissum the Directors recommend
payment of a dividend of 5 per cent aLsorbing R8,500,
and leaving R5,492°13 tobe carried forward.

In terms of the articles of association Mr Alex.
Cantlay retires from the Board of Directors and is
eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current
season will rest with the meeting.

THE WANARAJAH TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.
ACREAGE :

1,028 acres

Tea in bearing
1996 12 ,,

1893 20 i Acres

os 1,060 in tea
Timber Trees me ae a 20
Forest He AY Re 27
Grass not available .. As oye 27

Total .. 1,134 {acres

The Directors have the pleasure of presenting to
the Shareholders the Report, Balance Sheet, and
Profit and Loss account for the year ending 30th June,
1901. | sey

The crop harvested amounted to 436,945 lb., against
an estimate of 420,000 lb, ‘The crop for 1900 was

3

AGRICULTURIST

259

Ib. 447,235. This result may be considered satisfac-
tory in view of the slightly finer plucking considered
necessary to meet the altered conditions of the
market.

Lb. 279,529 have been soldin London at an average
of 51°55 cents, but it is not anticipated that the
balance will realise so high a figure.

Manure.—The estimate provided for 311 acres.
The acreage completed was 333, at a cost of R13,187,
or 39°66 per acre.

The amount at the credit of
Profit and Loss account is

Including the balance brought
forward of ... R 42,376°56

in which is incorporated a sum of R7,372°32, being
the amount underestimated in last year’s account for
Tea in store or afloat. After payment of au Interim
Dividend of 5 per cent there remains a sum of
R86,975 available, which the Directors recommend to
be applied as fo'lows :—

To a final dividend of 12 per cent,
making a total of 17 per cent. for

B.107,820-00

the year R45 360
To be carried forward R41,615
R86.975

The estimated crop for the season 1901/1902 is
440,000 Ib. of made Tea.

The Visiting Agent’s reports can be seen by Share-
holders at the Company’s Offices.

Mr. J C Dunbar retires from the Board by rotation,
but is eligible for re-election.

The election of an Auditor for the ensuing year
rests with the Shareholders.

By Order of the Board
Baxer & Hat,
Agents and Secretaries,

CLUNES ESTATES COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

REPORT OF DIRECTORS,
Cuunes Division.
Superintendent :—R. O. De Saram, Hse.

Tea in bearing a as 340 Acres.
Tea in partial bearing ... seth) DOL Ye,
Forest 0 a Lan

Total 564 Acres.

firrcuer Division.

Superintendent :—S. Layarp, Esa.
Tea in bearing der -- 361 Acres.
Tea in partial bearin 142 ,
Forest and Waste Land 244
Total 747 Acres,
Granpd ToTaL 1,311 Acres,

The Directors now submit to the Shareholders Ac-
counts and Balance Sheet of the Company for the
year ending 30th June, 1901.

‘he amount of crop secured was very disappoint-
ing—?.e.: 392,880 lb. against an estimate of 468,000.
Lae shortfall of 75,120 lb. being due partly to un-
favourable weather and partly to the adoption of a
fine system of plucking necessitated by the serious
drop in prices in common teas experienced for the
last eight months. Thenett average price realized was
25:60—whilst the cost of production was 21°67 cents
per Jb. which iucinded the cost of manuring 140
acres,

After providing the usual sums for Depreciation of
Buildings and Machinery, the result of the year’s
working shews a nett profit of R3,203°'78, equal to
about 1 per cent on the paid up Capital of the Com-
pany. To this must be added the balance of R3,667°23
brought forward from last year, bringing the total at
credit of Profit and Loss Account to R6,871'01.

”
3.

260 THE TROPICAL

The Directors recommend that a sum of R2,500
be transferred to the Extension Fund and that the
balance of R4,371°01 be carried forward to next year’s
account.

It will be noticed that the loans have been further
reduced during the past year—and that Government
has acquired rather over 6 acres of land for Railway
purposes.

The estimate for the season 1901-1902 is 453,000
lb of Tea against an expenditure on Working Account
of R88,453.20,

The estimated expenditure on Capital Account is
R5,600 for extension to Hrracht Factory, not under-
taken last year.

In terms of the Articies of Association Hon. Mr.
W # Figg now retires from the Board but is eligible
for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current year
will rest with the mecting.

ST. HELIER’S TEA COMPANY.

The Ninth Annual Ordinary General Meeting of
this Company was to have been held on the 7th
ult. at the office of Messrs. Bois Bros. and Co.,
but did not take place on account of the want
of a quorum. The following is the directors’

_ report ;—
ACREAGE.
250 acres in bearing

29 do planted in 1896
34 do do 1898
313 aores!

114 do Jungle, &e.

Total 427 acres

The Directors have now the pleasure to submit
their Ninth Aunual Report to the 30th June last.

The crop, which was originally estimated at 105,000
lb. of made tea to the 30th June, has turned ont
only 88,181 1b., realizing and average price of 33°03
cents per lb. as against 36°29 last year.

The cost of the tex in Colombo, exclusive of the
sum of R885°61 expended on Capital Account, works
out at 28°05 cents per Ib., as against 24:65 cents per
lb. last season,

The Visiting Agent’s report, dated 4th August,
1901, can be seen by the Shareholders at the Com-
pany’s office.

The Directors much regret having to record the death
of Mr. W Sandys Thomas, who had been connected
with the Company since its inception. Mr. H G Bois
was appointed to the seat tnmereby rendered vacant,
and retires in accordance with the Articles of Associa-
tion, but, being eligible, offers for re-election.

Mr. Stanley Bois retires from the board by rotation,
but, being eligible, also offers himself for re-election.

The Shareholders will have to elect an Auditor for
the season for 19U1-02.

KANAN DEVAN HILLS PRODUCE
COMPANY, LIMITED,

REPORT OF TEE DIRECTORS

for the year ending 30th November, 1900, to be sub-
mitted to the fourth annual ordinary general meet-
ing of shareholders of the Kanan Devan Hill Pro-
duce Company, Limited, to be held in the registered
office of the Company, 22, West Nile Street, Glas-
gow, on Monday, the 26th day of Augusi, 1901, at
two o’c'ock p.m.

he Directors have now to submit their report for
the year ending 30th November, 1900. The crop
gathered during the season from the tea estates
amounted to 1,444,695 lb, and realized an average of

AGRICULTURIST, (Oct. i, 1901.

727d per lb. The coffee amounted to 1,400 cwts, and
cinchona to 555,089 lb. The amount at credit of pro-
fit and loss account, after providing for commission on
profits to tea estate Managers, Agents in Calcutta, and
Secretaries, interest and discount on bills &c., and
dividend on preference shares, is £10,037 7s 8d. Out
of this the Directors propose to pay a dividend at

. the rate of 34 per cent, on the ordinary shares, pay«ble

on 30th August, 1991 This will absorb £9,100,
leaving a balance of £937 7s 8d to be carried forward
to the following year. Considering the unprecedented
crisis whivh has prevailed in the tea market during the
past six months, the result is satisfactory. In Assam
the properties are all in good order, in Travancore
the progress in the important works in hand has not
been so ravid as was anticipated. Communications
have been much improved by the completion of the
wire ropeway, which is now working satisfactorily,
The cart road of 10 miles from Bodinayakanur to the
foot of the hills, constructed by the Company’s officers,
has been inspected, approved, and taken oyer by
Government, and it is believed that a Steam Tramway
will be laid down on this road, and on to Ammaya-
naykanur, the station of the South Indian Railsay
where the Company’s produce is despatched. The
cart road from the top of the ropeway to the Company’s
headquarters at Munaar is now being metalled, and it
is hoped this work will be finished by the end of the
year, when permanent cart traffic will be established.
Meantime, the one line tramway is working faicly
well. Three new factories for the manufacture of the
Company’s tea were under cons!ruction during the
year under review. These have been opened for manu-
facture during 1901 and are nsw fully equipped.
Another factory is being erected, and three more
are on order. Owing to want of accommodation and
a defective water-course, full justice could not be
done to the tea in 1900, but it is hoped, with the
new factories mentioned above, a mazked improve-
ment in the quality will be effected during the year,
Some of the 1901 invoices have been sold in the
London market at a considerable improvement in
price, and samples recently to hand show good yvalua-
tions. An area of 2,763 acres new tea was added to
the cultivation during the past year. ‘The result of
this planting was generally satisfactory, but the
vacancies are being carefally supplied.

As the shareholders are aware, the Company’s Con-
cession in Travancore is considered one of the fisest
fields for cinchona iu the Hast, and the Directors.
finding the product to be profitable, are doing all they
can to judiciously deveiopit. The cinchona tree yields
the bark from which quinine,so much vaiued in me-
Gicine, is cbtained. It has been arranged that 24
miflions cinchona seedlings, reared from specially
selected seed, will be planted during 1901, and a similar
quantity will be planted in 1902. These seedlings
will be planted througnout the existing tea cultiva-
tion ; and, as the growing and putting out of the
plants will be practically the only expense incurred,
the outlay will be small. The up-keep will cost little
extra ; and it is anticipated that a valuable crop of
bark will thus be secured cheaply. With a view of
obtaining the fullest information in regard to cinchona,
the Directors recently sent one of their managers
on a visit to the cinchona plantations of Java,
and his report is both useful and encouraging.
The Directors feel that, with its large holding in
cinchona, the prospects of this Company are more
assured than if they rested on tea and coffee alone.
The greatest care wil! be taken to make the cinchona-
planting a thorough success. The season in Assam,
although a bad one ge: erally, did not matcvially affect
the Nowkacharee Group of estates, the yield both in
quantity and quality being fairly sati-factory, namely
—898,128 ib against an estimate of 827,600 Ib,
while the average price realized was 7 881 per pound.

During the year under review the followmg exten-
sions, arrangea for shortly after the formation of the
Company, have been made:—19 acres tea in Assam,
2,744 acres tea and sixty acres chichona in Travancore,

Oer. 1, 1901.]

The totai area under cultivation at 30th November
last was 16,086 acres, namely, 14,441 acres tea, 944
acres coffee, 7Ol acres cinchona. The estimated
crops for the current year ave 2,217225 lb of tea,
942 cwts of coffee, und 248,500 lb of cinchoua bark.
As explained in the circular letter of 7th August,
addressed to the shareholders, Mr P R Buchanan, the
special adviser to and visitor for the Board proceeded
to India by the mai} of January lass aid he,along
_with the managing agerits in Calcutta and Colombo,
and the Company’s visiting superintendents, has been
abie to effect considerable economies in working with-
out impairing the efficient up-keep of the estates,
which should help the results of 1901 and subsequent
years. Jn the circular of 7ih Angust, above referred
to, and in the circular of 9th ultimo, the Directors
gave information regarding the position of the tea
Industry and the prospects of the Company.

In terms of the articles of association one of the
Directors, Sir Robert D Moncreiffe, Bart., retires at
this time and is eligible for re-election,

The auditurs, Messrs Alexander Sloan & Co., C. A.,
retire, and offer themselves for re-election.

_POSITION OF TEA AND ADMINISTRA-
TION OF TEA COMPANIES.

Lhe Financial Times has published several letters
of late on the position of tea from a shareholder's
point of view. The main object most of the corres-
pondents have in view is the necessity for accelerating
the production of annual reports and bringing pressure
to bear on directors, so that there shall be no keeping
back of information.

Mr. George Seton, writing to our contemporary on
the position of tea and the administration of tea
companies, saye:—‘‘}4 is now, I think, generally ad-
mitted that the chief cause of the present disastrous
position of the tea industry 1s to be fuund in the undue
additions to the planted area, which have been
made during the past ten years or more. The earlier
' large extensions were made by new companies, which
were formed avowedly with the object of planting
out entirely new gardens. These were, of course,
the original and chief sinners in the race of com-
petition and over-production, but they had this excuse
that, to all appearances, the Indian exchauge was
progressively falling, and there seemed every reason
to believe that this favonrable influence would
Continue. Since 1894 or 1895, however the principal
extensions have been made,, as additions to

their areas, in all the different districts by the
older companies, which already possessed large
productive properties, ‘and they have been made
with a full knowledge of impending unfavourable
conditions—a high rupee and dropping prices for tea
It has been contended, however, by the administra-
tions of these companies that this course was prudent,
and was forced upon them by the necessity of pro-
viding against a, known depreciation of their older
gardens, Granted that this contention was right, it

was to be expected that the entire cost of such im-

provements would be charged to revenue. But what

do we find to be the case? Of all the leading com-
pais only a few—notably the Assam, the Jorehaut,
ramapootra, Chubwa, and (in a measure) the Assam

Hrontier—fol owed this course, and their additions

to area were of modest extent. Nearly all the other

large companies carried the cost of these additions
wholly, or in very large part, to block account.

Some of them—wise in their generation—made fresh

capital provision at a favourable time, Doom Dooma,

owing to the exceptional soundness of its finance,
could always raise fresh capital when required;

Jhanzie issued capital at the top of the tea boom
_ at almost Consol rate of interest; Jokai issued

_ preference capital, and also accumulated a real
Invested reserve, But what of others whom we
shall allude to alphabetically to avoid invidious dis-
tinction? The Dooars Company has more than out-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 261

spent its entire reserve ; the Empire Company has
done the same, and now suspends preference dividends;
the Imperial Company, the Lungla Company, the
Makum, the Nedeem and Singlo Companies all deve-
loped their gardens on borrowed money, and either
have had, or will have, to raise heavy prior charges,
which practically cut off shareholders for a series of
years from any hope of dividends. Possibly those
responsible for these laches will point to English rail-
Way administrations, and say they have ‘sinned in
good company’ but this iike folly of ouz railway
kings is now, { think, generally condemned beth by
the financial Press aid by public opinion. Railway
companies .moreover® had the excuse that these heavy
betterments were forced on them by the public demand
for increased facilities and by Government pressure,
Tea men had no such excuse, and in any case two
blacks do not make a white. The prevention of such
errors of the past, with adue control of the policy
to be followed in the future, is a work well suited for
the Tea Shareholders’ Association, the formation
of which kas been advocated so ably in your
columns; this question, moreover, touches very closely
on the matter of the appointment of auditors,
so ably treated of by one of your correspondents
only a few days since, as depreciation and additions
to block are essentially an auditor’s matter.’’—Home
and Colonial Mail, Aug. 9.

—_— > -—__ —-—_—

THE NYASSALAND COFFEE COMPANY’S
ESTATE.

SALE WITHDRAWN AFTER A BID OF £300.

The auction sale of the Nyassaland Coffee Com-
pany’s estate was held on the 7th ult. but the
highest bid was £300, and the estate was with-
drawp. The plant on the estate was also with-
drawn on account of the low figures offered.—
Central African Times, July 13.

TEA GROWING IN LOUISIANA.—From the thir-
teenth annual report of the Agricultural Ex.
periment Stations of the Lonisiana State Univer-
sity and A and M College, for 1900, just received
we learn :—

Tea Plants.—In co-operatiou with the United States
Department of Agriculture, this Station is growing
over six hundred tea plants, with a view of testing
practically the raising and curing of tealeaves. The
success of the industry in South Carolina has sti-
mulated the Department of Agriculture to try it else-
where in the South.

It will take some time yet before six hundred
plants develop into plantations of thousands of acres
required to enable America to do without foreign
tea !

Test ror Exnaustep Tra.—Dr. Nestler in the
Journal de Pharmacie d’ Alsace-Lorraine, puts forward
a test to determine whether tea leaf has been previ-
ously used or not. Professor Tickhominow’s test
is said to be untrustworthy. This depends on the
production of a greenish tint by unused tea after
two days’ standing in a solution of acetate of copper.
Tea which has been twice infused, however, will
sometimes give this colour. Dr. Nestler’s test is
as follows: A little of the tea is crushed between the
fingers and placed on a watch-glass. This is covered
with another watch-glass, and heated gently. On the
upper glass there is soon an appearance of small
drops, and after ten minutes’ heating crystals of
theine are visible to the naked eye. The identity of
these crystals can be shown by hydrochloric acid and
a solution of chloride of gold, which gives a more
or less yellowish prisms of a silky, long, slender
character,

262 THE TROPICAL

PRODUCE PLANTING AND COMMER-
CIAL NOTES.

THE RUSSIAN EXPERIMENTS IN
GROWING,

like those in the Southern States of America, do
hot suffer for lack of advertisement. The news of
the success of these experiments in both countries
is noisei abroad at intervals, and «xpectations are
raise which, if fulfilled, may at some future date
have an effect on the tea markets of the world; but
this willnot be just yet. Referring to the Russian
experiments, the Vienna correspondent of The Times
says (Aug. 21st) :—‘‘ According to Austro-Hungarian
official reports the efforts that are being made to in-
troduce the cultivation of the tea plant in the eastern
districts of the Trans-Caucasian territory are proving
successful, The plantations in the neighbourhood
of Batoum are flourishing aud the two cropsalready
gathered were very satisfactory. The series of ex-
perimental plantations established last year on the
Caucasian coest of the Black Sea are to be yreatly
extended. Further plantations ara to be started
this year in Mingrelia and the Sukham district. Up
to the present the plants have chicfly consisted of
‘slips grown from Chinese seed, This year it is
decided to try the species known as kangru, which
has yielded excellent results on an estate at Tchakva
belonging to the Imperial family.”
OPPOSITION TO SECRET LEA AUCTIONS.

Active opposition to the secret tea auctions is
shown wherever grocers congregate. The Metropoli-
tan Grocers, Provision Dealers, and Oilmen’s Asso-
ciation passed a resolution Jast week appealing to the
Grocers’ Federation to issue a circular on the sub-
ject and the Bradford Grocers’ Association made a
tormal protest also. The Grocer last week again
publishes a list of marks of tea sold atthe private
gales. It also publishes a letter on the subject in
which the writers say: “Ttis evident that an orga-
nised attempt is being made by the brokers, whole-
salers, and big retailers to get the conditious of tea
pales back to a level of the old times which were so

ood for the wholesale teaman. The retail grocer
(what is left of him) has, however, had quite as keen
a time as his friend above, andhaving been brought
to the grindstone by Government-fed competition,
combinations of every kind, ‘ presents humbug, bonus
delusions, pension weeds stamp trick, and war tax
oppression, he is of necessity no longerthe easy-going
tradesman of those * good old times,’ but has perforce
to keep himself posted with all the means at his com-
mand, and will accordingly kick against this attempt
to ut on the extinguisher and bid him shut his
e aa open his cheque-book, and take what ‘plums
Ate -esecret’ dealer has to send. Probably the
country grocers have been waiting for the trade asso-

iations to give the ball a start, and, unless the
Federation does vigorously take up the matter, it
should put up the shutters. The Grocer, com-
menting on this, says: “We strongly sympathise
with the writers of the above excellent letter, but
have not much faith in the black-list idea. _ Most
firms buy at the sccret sales in order to pick up
pargains thereat. The exposure should rather be of
ens who, to make the secret auctions a success,
: weed to boycott tbe public sales andso damage the
Jegitimate and proper method of conducting the
wholesale tea business.—H and C Mail, Aug. 23.

THA

——__<.-—-_—_—

; sr1ER’s eA CompANy.—We publish
yee eon) the annual report of the directors
which showsa shortage in crop of 16,819 1b., as
compared with the estimate, while the Buel:
age price realised was only 33°03 cents per lbas
against 36°29 in the previous year. The cost
of the tea in Colombo had also been greater,

ioe
“eS

AGRICULTUKIST. (Ocr. 1, 1901.

UGANDA AS A RUBBER-PRODUCING
DIRTRICT.
SIR H JOHNSTON’S REPORT.

About one-fifth of the area of the Uganda Pro-
ectorate is covered more or Jess densely with rubber-
producing trees and vines, principally belonging to
the Apocynaceous order (‘labernze montana, Landol-
phia). There is said also to be a species of real
gutta-percha tree, but of this I have no certain prooof.
The rubber derived from the above-mentioned sources
is of very good quality, and the samples which we have
submitted to examination on the east coast of Africa,
aud at Kew, though not quite properly prepared, have
fetched from 23to 3s perlb. A much larger con-
signment of various kinds of rubber is now on its
way to England for examination. I regret that it
should not have arrived in time forme to add to this
report more definite particulars, but the matter must
be treated of in a subsequent despatch, when Sir W
Thiselton Dyer has examined the specimens. I can,
however, speak confidently, both in regard to the
extent of the country with rubber-producing trees
and vines and to the average value of the rubber.
When I first arrived in Uganda, I found the natives
totally ignorant of the resources of their forests.
They valued the rubber vines chiefly for their edible
fruit, and the sap, if used at allin any local industries,
was not known to have any commercial value. Mr
Whyte, the director of the Scientific and Agricultural
Department, assisted me to take the matter up, and
the Uganda chiefs, once informed of the value of
this industry, co-operated in sending young men to
to be instrucied by Mr Whyte in the methoda of
procuring the rabber from the tree or vine withou,
injury to the source of supply. We endeavour to
impress on the natives that they must ‘‘ milk” the
trees, but not kill them, and that the trees or vines,
dealt with properly in this fashion, furnish a con-
tinual reyenue, Prior to this course of instruction,
an agreement was concluded with the native chiefs,
which brought all the forests of the Uganda Pro-
tectorate directly under the Crown. It has become,
therefore, illegal for anyone to gather rubber in those
forests without permission. But in orderto encourage
the nascent industry, I informed all the chiefs that
until further notice, we would permit their people,
without restriction, toobtain rubber from the Goverr-
ment forests on the understanding that they only did
so after the manner prescribed by the Scientific
Department. They would then be permitted to sell
the rubber thus obtained at a reasonable price
to the merchants, retaining the price received
for their own benefit. The Government profit
comes in through the establishment of a 15
per cent ad valorem duty on rubber exported
from the Protectorate. The buying price, duty, and
other expenses combined, should bring up the local
cost of the rubber to the merchant to ls per Jb.
Another 3d per lb would probably meet the entire
cost of transport by the Uganda Railway and ocean
steamer to a European market, where the eventual
selling price might range between 23 and 2s 6d per Ib,
so that something like 100 per cent profit ought to
be made on the transaction. I have not up to the
present time taken any 3teps to regulate the native
price of the rubber; but, in consideration of the
facilities we afford the natives, I think it would be
as well, Jater on, to limit their selling price to the
merchants to a maximum of 9d per lb. I am not
in favour, personally, of granting at present any
exclusive concessions of rubber forests to individuals
or associations, I think it would be far better to
adopt, experimentally, the plan I have sketched forth
of allowing the native, under proper supervision, to
gather the rubber and to sell it to all and sundry
at his own price up to a reasonable maximum. The
Government profit would, as I have pointed out, be *
represented by the export duty, which I found alread
established in the Protectorate hefore my arrival,

fe

Oer. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 263

consider, therefore, that all parts of the Protectorate,
bearing in any profusion rubber trees or vines, should
be kept under Government control. Of course, if the
native does not spring to the advantages offered him,
and remains too lazy to gather the rubber, we must
consider some other method of produciug it for sale.
Considering how deeply the various missionary societies
are interested in the welfare of the natives, it might
not be out of place to suggest that they should in
their schools give technical instruction on the subject
of rubber-collecting, and urge on the natives the im-
portance of taking a leading share in this industry.
—India- Rubber and Gutta-Percka Journal, Aug. 5.

SHINE ay
MANUFACTURE OF COCONUT BUTTER:

We have had our attention drawn to an article
that appeared in your Journal in May last (see
ante p. 535), with reference to the manufacture of
coconut butter in Germany, but we fear that the
prominence given to aforeign manufacture (while
the fact that the same article was. origin-
ally invented and manufactured in this country
is entirely ignored) may mislead some of, your
readers. It is no doubt most interesting to your
readers to learn that coconut butter is made in
Mannheim, and we trust that it is of equal in-
terest to them to know that the same article is
made in this country. Our factory at Silvertown
was the first to produce coconut butter ; and so
large has the trade become that we have started
asecond factory at Liverpool. We believe that
in this particular industry our foreign rivals have
failed to secure the lead, as they have in many
others, for the output of our two factories is be-
lieved to be greater than that ofall other makers
put together.

Our coconut butter and coconut suet, to which
we give the registered trade names of ** Nucoline”
and ‘* Vejsu,” are sold in very considerable quan-
tities by the leading stores in London and _ pro-
vincial towns, and are fairly well-known in the
colonies and abroad, and most popular amongst
Vegetariars, Jews, Mahomedans, and others who
prefer vegetable to animal fats, cn account of the
guaranteed purity and economy. The sales to tro-
pical climates, where the good keeping qualities of
nucoline are much appreciated, increase rapidly.
For retail trade, nucoline is packed in tins of
various sizes, from 1lb upwards, and the price
compares favourabiy with the foreign makes.

We also make several harder fats from the same
source, specially for manufacturing confectioners ;
in tact the predecessors of this eompany were the
original makers of ‘‘ Cocos Butter,” which is now
so extensively used in the manufacture of choco-
lates and other sweets.

We trust that, with this information before you,
you will correct. any possible misunderstanding on
the part of your readers that the centre of the co-
conut butter industry is situated abroad.

Francis T LopEer, Managing Director.

Loders & Nuccline, Ltd,,

Cairn Mills, Silvertown, London,
3lst July 1901.
—Journal of the Soeiety of Arts Agu. 9.

—————»~+—____.

*« JOURNAL D' AGRICULTURE
TROPICAL.”

Such is the title of a new French Magazine,
eommenced last month in Paris (10 Rue
Delambre) and published by M. J. Vilbouche-
vitch. It aims at supplying information not
only for planters and scientific men, but
also for investors, those engaged in com:

merce with colonial products or in supplying
material for the colonies; in fact it aims
at serving a commercial as well as plant-
ing community. In Paris, four years
ago, M. Henri Lecomte started a similar
brochure, called ‘‘La Revue des Cultures Colo-
niales,” but we learn that this does not meet
the wants of the Colonial public, edited as
it is now by a Doctor of Law. Then, there is
“L’Agriculture Pratique des Pays Chauds,”
but this is a bulletin of the Jardin Colonial,
an official publication appearing every two
months, and is likely to be too bulky and
documentary, to embrace matter culled from
various tropical countries outside the limit
of the French colonies.

There are excellent publications in the
French Cclonies in Réunicn, Mauritius, New
Caledonia, Indo-China and Madagascar, from
which the editors hope to quote and they
refer to the Bulletin Agricole de la Martini-
que, edited by Messieurs Landes, Saussiére
and Thierry as having been a remarkabl
paper. But this new venture is not intended
as a rival to all these but rather will work
together with them. The publisher writes :
—‘* We hope to bring forward products such
as the Ramie which are not yet profitable
for Europeans but offer problems that in-
terest hundreds of investors and planters.
We shall avoid dwelling on products that are
almost monopolised by countries to which
the French language does not penetrate.
We shall reserve a little corner for Euro-
pean vegetables and fruit trees which, while
not calling for any big outlay, add a pleasure
to life in the tropics. To the tropical fruits,
among which some are so delicious, we
shall steadily revert as they are increasingly
exported to Europe. Cattle and poultry,
bees and silk-worms will also engage our
attention, and, as we become rich, we hope
further to enlarge our scope.” In the pre-
sent number the following are the subjects
of the chief articles: Sisal Hemp and the
other fibre-yielding aloes: Machines for the
preparation of Hemp fibre; The Ground nut
and its enemies; Good and bad Castilloa ;
The Mulberry of Tonkin; Coffee in the
Transvaal; Plantains, sweet and cookin
ones, and methods of drying ; Reviews o
books ; Commercial aspects.

INDIAN TEA MANUFACTURE,
1901 SHASON.
ESTIMATE FOR THE REST OF THE
SEASON.
184 MILLION POUNDS FOR THE YEAR.
CALCUTTA, Aug. 29,
The following has been issued by the Indian
Tea Association :—
“ The tea manufactured to August 15th is

Assam Hen .-« 29,549,019 Ib.
Cachar hive .. 9,996,256 1b.
Sylhet ... ... 11,581,497 Ib.
Darjeeling ... 4,330,034 Ib,
Terai... Bae .- 1,525,254 Ib.
Dooars af ..» 11,430,509 1b,
Chota Nagpore Hea 80,600 Ib.

Chittagong ... --- 319,562 Ib.
Kangra Valley -« 2,200,000 Ib.
Dehra Dun, ... » 1,153,794 Ib,

Total a, a 72,166,525 1b,

264
CatcuTrTa, Aug. 29, 4-8 p.m.
The continuation of the Indian Tea Asso-

ciation’s statement reads :— ‘
“The balance of tea to be made is :—

\SSi ... 49,775,333 1b.
eae ... 14 292,421 Ib.
Sylhet . 19,839 723 lb.
Darjeeling 3,178 390 lb.
Terai ... 1,605 040 1b.
Dooars Le . 18,524.426 lb.
Chota Nagpore 73 000 |b.
Chittagong 501,837 lb.
KangraValley 870,900 lb.

670,000 Ib.

__ 100,380,170 Ib.
~ 79) 166,525 lb.

172,546,695. 1b,3*

Dehra Dun

Total ee
(Total manufactured

Total for 1901 season

'o this there must be added :—
ees ne ai 300,000 1b.
Outside Gardens . 11,500,000 1b.
[Grand total state ee » ie
The shipments to America and the Jolonies
and see LIponts are estimated at 25,000,000 lb.
and, to meet local and trans-frontier demand
9,000,000 lb. which leaves 150,000,000 lb. for
Pirie aan total I rrived at
We give the totals we have arrived at,
eat BGricomespandent telegraphs 172,496 ,6951b.
as the total, for 1901 season,* showing a
difference of 50,000 lb. unaccounted for.—HD.

T.A.|
Ricci oet UU SALI
« VEGETALINE”: A PRODUCT FROM
REFINING THE COCONUT.

Anxious housewives will be gled to know that
“‘Vagetaline,” made by a Marseilles firm by refining
the oil extracted from the copra (dried coconut),
and now p‘aced ‘on the English market, is not,
as was feared, an imitation butter, or even a
substitute for butter in its domestic uses, Ac-
cording to Messrs. MeAulay Brothers, the maker’s
agents, ‘ veoetaline” is almost entiresy @ manu-
facturer’s article, although it can be used in the
kitchen for making pastry, and will be supplied
in retail if there is any demand for it. But the
value of the process by which “ vegetaline” is
made -will, it is claimed, be in providing bakers
and biscuit manufacturers with a substitute for
butter which is not only pure and cheap, but which,
for biscuits in particular, 1s better than butter.
‘“‘Vegetaline” only resembles butter in its fatty
nature; it is white, anc much harder than the
dairy product.—Daily Express, August 15.

a
UNIQUE USE FOR THE PLANTAIN,

st the multifarious purposes to which the
sadiceeneable plantain is put, surely the mest a
que is to make it yield a substitute for salt in cook-
ing! Mr BC Basu, in a bulletin recently issued by
the Assam Agricultural Department, asserts that
alkaline water, made from the plantain, is used rover
amazing extent by the natives of the Province in this
way. The sheaths of the fruit and the thick corn
are dried and reduced to ashes, which are kept till
required for ure. To extract the alkali the ash is put in
a pot, which has afew holes in the bottom lightly
plugged with straw. Water 1s added and the filtrate
which runs off is caught in another pot, and is ready
9% use, When the sheathe alone are used the process

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Ocr. 1, 1901.

is even simpler. The aghes are placed in a cup of
water and ina few minutes the solution is prepared
The practice seems to have grownupin Assam when
common salt was scarce and could only be drawa
from Bhutan and the Naga Hillx, That it should be
persisted in now, when fine Liverpool salt can be pur-
chased in every country shop and the custom of
bartering paddy for salt prevails in the country at
the foot of the Bhutan Hills, isa remarkable instance
of the tenacity with which the native clings to his
ancient customs.—Times of India, Aug. 29.

ca ge see

THE MOSQUITO THEORY.

RIDDEN TO DEATH: ANOTHER PHASE:
THE LAGOS VIEW.

There seems to be animpression in Lagos that
the great new mosquito theory is being :idden to
death. The Lagos Standard characterises it as
‘a craze whick threatens to cause as much
annoyance and inconvenience as the ravages of the
much-maligned insect itself.” The latest develop-
ment is that, owing to water in the houses being
likely to breed mosquitoes, the Sanitary Inspectors
have been commissioned to enter.into private
dwellings and overturn and destroy utensils used
for storing water. The wisdom of this edict is,
in the opinion of our contemporary, more than
questionable. ‘‘How our Sanitary Inspectors,
who have had no particular training in that
respect, can tell the larvae of the mosquito is not
very clear. Besides, it is very hard lines that the
Government wiil not provide the town with pure
drinking water, and after people have been to the
trouble of getting good water from Apapa and
other distant places, they should lose not only the
water, but their utensils as well. When the
authorities have filled up the many swamps that
abound in the island town of Lagos, and looked
after the drains, so that there will not beso many
stagnant pools and mudcy puddles in the most
prominent streets after every heavy downpour of
rain, it will be time enough to interfere with the
domestic arrangements of peaceable householders.”

The Lagos Weekly Record takes the same tone,
saying that the new regulation implies a very
serious interference with the domestic concerns of
individuats and will doubtless iead to much
vexation and trouble. The mosquito will breed
everywhere and anywhere, and putting people

- under privationin this way is not likely to retard

or prevent the process of breeding, as experience
has shown.-—Central African Times, July 27.

———_—_~3—__ ——_
ZANZIBAR NO'THS.
(From the Zanzibar Gazette, Aug. 14.)

PEARL DISCOVERIES.

Captain Oldfield has found a shell which,
besides containing two very large pearls, is
covered all over its inside with knotty pearly
excreszences. Unfortunately the pearls, which
are of a very good colour, are not regular in
shape and are not therefore of much value,
but this find shows that our pearl-oysters are
really good ones and that the reputation
enjoyed by Zanzibar and Pemba as pearl-
producing Islands is quite justified.

a————E—————

EUCALYPTUS AND MOSQUITOBRS:
Sir,—In a recent issue a suggestion was made
recommending the use of eucalyptus oil as a pre-
ventive against the bite of the mosquito, Ag

mere

a oe

————
—————

Ocr. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

experience of mine proves the exact contrary.
Staying some years ago with a friend in Venice,
conversation atter dinner turned upon this subject.
Having noticed the large quantities of mosquiioes,
and my friend suggesting the possibility of being
bitten, recommended me to rnb my face with the
oil upon going to bed, and also to sprinkle a few
drops upon my pillow. The next day on rising
my face was bitten in many places, and very pain-
ful, thereby proving, to me at least, in the most
satisfactory or unsatisfactory manner that the oil
of eucalyptus has no virtue whatever in keeping
the dreaded insects away.—Yours, &e.,
C. TATTERSHALL DOpD.
Tunbridge Wells.

—Morning Leader, Aug, 12.

oe ee

CENTRAL AFRICAN NEWS.

(Central African Times, July 13th.)

Mr Brown, formerly at Mount Zion Plantation,
Mlanje, has become connected with the Church of
Seotiand Mission, and has gone to Domasi.

The rubber-collecting ia most of the Luapula dis-
trict is said to be getting pretty precarious at
present, on account of the plants being used up.
There is every likelihood that in the course of a
year or tivo when other plants come away there
will be plenty to be had.

We learn from the Secretary to the Chamber of
Agriculture & Commerce that at a special meet-
ing of the Committee of that body, held on the
Thursday, the business was of an interesting
nature. The subject of cotton growing was dis-
cussed at great length, and various opinions from
gentlemen and firms interested in the question
were put before the meeting, It was felt that the
great drawback to an industry in cotton is the
high rates of freizht. The Secretary has had some
correspondence with the Administration on the
subject of the new coffee seed, but we regret to
hear the seed may not be available for this year’s
narseries. This is a great misfortune, but we hope
that some of if may yet be in time for this season.

July 27th.—Mr Blenkiron and Mr Casson, of
the #.C A, Administration, left for home on
Sunday morning on furlough.

Mr Theo. Cox has been very successful in raising
a most exeellent crop of tobacco grown from
American and other seeds at Nyamitete Hstate,
Cholo. The crop is now being harvested, and
should give a very fair return.

BOALEK ES 2
CHRISTMAS ISLAND PHOSPHATES.

In the course of his report on his recent visit to
Christmas Island, Mr. L H Clayton states :—

“That two kindsof phosphates are found on the
islantd—lump and granulated. The latter has the
appearance of coarse, whitesand. A large nim-
ber of narrow pits have been dug, and the quaa-
tity of phosphate discovered has been enormons.
Mr Clayton says the latest estimates of the amount
of phosphates on Phosphate Hill is 12,000,000
tons. He expects that 75.000 tons will be shipped
this year, against 37,000 tons in 1900.”—Chemist
ond Druggist, Aug, 10.

= ———_ -_—_——___——
VENEZUELAN PHARLS.

One of the principal sources of the wealth of the
Verezuecian Island of Margavita lies in its pearl
fisheries. The pearls of Margarita have been kvown
‘since the discovery of the island by Columbus and bis
followers, It was on this island an@on the mainland

AGRICULTURIST. 265

adjoining that the Spaviards found the natives decked
with pearls. History claims that these pearls were
one of the prime causes of trouble among the adven-
turers who first visited and settled on those’ shores.
Pearls having lately risen in value, there has been
extraordinary activity ou the island. Buyers from
different parts of the worid reside there, and purchase
from the native fishermen the products of their indus-
try. About four hundred sailing bowis are used by the
natives in the fisheries of Margarita and its neigh-
bouring islands of Moche and Mubagua. The princi-
pal beds are at El Tirano, north-east, and Macanao,
North-west of Margarita. About two thousand men
find constant employment in this trade. The fisher-
men use metal scoops which are dragged over the
oyster beds, and when filled brought to the surface
where the shells are opened and carefully examined.
The boats in use are from 3 to 15 tons, and pay to the
Venezuelan authorities about J2s each for permits
to fish. According to Consul Goldschmidt, the pearls
are very fine in quality, beautiful in lustre, and run
from white to yellow in colour; occasionally a black
one, priceless in value, is brought to the surface,
One white pearl of large size and good quality was
sold in Margarita and not long since for £349, The
shell of the oyster is not of much commercial value
being too thin for the manufacture of buttons and
other fancy articles such as are made from the
Oriental pearl shell ; this, it is stated, is due to the
short life of the Margaritan pearl oyster, eight years
being about the average age. Pearls from dead oysters
have very little value, as they lose ‘their lustre, A
French company has recently started fishing for
pearls by means of divers and diving apparatus, and
expect great results from their enterprise. The divers
claim that they can select the larger oysters and leave
the smaller undisturbed giving them time to grow and
increase in value. This company, at the head of
which is a prominent jewel merchant, purchased the
concession irom a Venezuelan, and must pay the Ve-
nezuelan Government 10 per ceut royalty on the profits
of the enterprise, The value of pearls found near
Margarita is estimated at about £120,000 a year. Most
of these pearls go to the Paris market, which, sellers
claim, gives the best results. If the new method
adopted by the French company is successful, the out-
put of pearls will, it is stated, be considerably in-
creased in quality and value in the future.—Journal
of the Society of Arts, August 9.
ES

A GIGANTIC SUNFLOWER.

An enormous Russian sunflower has been grown at
Manly by Mr. J A Beal, of the Lands Department.
The plant only bore one flower, which was 14 inches
in diameter when cut. It is not often that such
large flowers are seen, although we believe that in
England specimens of Sutton’s giant sunflower have
attained a diameter of 16 inches, the plants being 10
feet in height.—Queensland Agricultural Journal,
August 1,

———-—_>____——_——-

PEARLS IN THE PHILIPPINES..

Colonel Clarence R Edwards, chief of insular divi-
sion, War Department, is preparing a gazetteer of the
Philippine Islands which will contain much valuable
information from official and other sources. He has
just completed a comprehensive occount of the pearl
and shell fisheries of the Sulu archipelago. During
the year 1899 the value of shells, not sawed, cut,
polished or otherwise manufactured, imported into
the United States for home consumption was $969,219,
and in 1900 $1,016,728. The manufactures of sk 1s,
mother-of-pearl, etc., are now almost entirely contined
to the United States, In the years above-mentioned
but $82.611°40 and $38,362°32 respectively of shell and
mother-of-pearl manufactures of all kinds were entered
for consumption. In regard to pearls, the best En-
glish expert says that the Sulu archipelago produces

266 THE TROPICAL

the finest. round pearls in the world. The known
pearling area in the Sulu and Celebes seas possessions
of the United States is 15,220 square miles. More
than double that area possesses the physical conditions
necessary to the best form of pearl oyster life and
the nacreous shell which contains it. Siassi, in the
Tapul group of the Sulu archipelago, is the strategic
centre of the most active pearling industry in United
States territory, and should be made the station.
There are a number of fishing villages and several
thousand fishers in the vicinity. The value of pearls,
in their natural state or split, imported into the
United States for home consumption during nine
months ending March 31st 1901 was $1.9%6,480. rank-
ing next in value ta diamonds.—Chicago /i) urd Herald,
July 22nd.
pec NS ak DNs
MOSQUITOKS AND DRAUGHTS.

Mr FG Aflalo writes in the Morning Leader
of August 19th :—The mosquito, malarial or
otherwise, appears to have a dread of draughts
and air-currents generally, aud small punkahs,
worked by electric motors of one-sixth horse-
power, are being used with excellent results in
hotels and private houses in the States. The
insect pests are found to avoid the rooms thus
ventilated, and there is no reason why every
bedroom in mosquito country should not be
thus rendered immune.

THE WORK OF L#HAVES.

Under the belief that the sun has agreat deal to
do with ripening fruit, many people remove the
leaves of grape-vines and tomatoes to allow the sun-
light to reach the fruit. Meehan’s Monthly says—
Sunlight does usually add to the sweetness and
general good character of the fruit; but ripening is
a vital process, in which an abundance of good,
healthy foliage is the prominent agent in the work.
In short, a bunch of grapes ripening in comparative
darkness would be far preferable to one grown in the
full light with most of the vine leaves taken off,
But the leaves themselves must be vigorous and
healthy. They are not healthy when crowded. For
this reason, the good gardener thins out the weak
branches in the early stage, so as to have plenty
of room for the development of larger ones later on
—Queensland Agricultural Jonual, Augusl t.

a ee
NILGIRIS BOTANIC GARDENS.

We are in receipt of Mr. Proudlock’s Ad-
ministration Report for 1900-01 which is as
full, varied and interesting as usual. The
following refers to his recent visit to Cey-
lon :—

The Curator visited the Royal Botanic Gardens
Peradeniya, and the Botanic gardeus at Hakgala and
at Henaratgoda, Ceylon, in January 1901, in accor-
dance with the orders of Government, for the purpose
of seeing these gardens, of gaining information about
rubber trees in Ceylon and of obtaining such species
of plants as were unrepresented here. A _ list of
desiderata was made and submitted to the Director
of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Paradeniya, The
seeds and plants asked for will be forwarded by him
to Ootacamund from time to time as they can be
ppared in due course. Mr, Willis, the Director, very
kindly showed the Curator, in the gardens andin the
excellently-equipped laboratory at Peradeniya, the
methods employed at Peradeniya and at Heneratgoda
in tapping the Para rubber tree Hevew (brasiliensis),
and in preparing the rubber for export.

Judging from the rapid growth made by the
Para rubber trees at Heneratgoda (about 33 feet
above sea level), it is 3 tree of considerable value

AGRICULTURIST. {Ocr. 1, 1961.

that is eminently suitable for extensive cultivation
in suitabie situations in Southern India; while this
opinion is amply confirmed by the growth made
by trees of the same species at Burliyar (2,400 feet)
on the Nilgiris.

The Curator desires to acknowledge the kind help
and courtesy which he received at Peradeniya from
Me John C Willis, ws., the Director, from Mr Herbert
Wrizht, Scientific Assistant, and from Mr Hagh
Macmillan, the Curator; and at Hakgala Botanic
gardens from Mr W Nock, the Superintendent.
From the notes on the Experimental Garden
at Burliyar (we should like to know its
situation, elevation, etc.) we quote some
interesting paragraphs, which will be found
on page 246.

a
THE INDIAN TEA CROP AND ESTIMATE:
FOR THE SEASON, 1901-2.

We direct special attention to the remainder
of the important statement issued by the
Indian Tea Association, estimating the total
crop for the current Season, the first por-
tion of which we give on page 263 and
in which we’ have only to make one
slight _correction—that the figure tele-
graphed for Dooars was, we find, 11,430,509
(not 11,435,109) lb.; this will give the
total of tea already manufactured (up to
August 15th) as 72,166,525, (not 72,171,125 Ib.)
On page 177 of our Directory it is shown
that no estimate of the current crop had
been issued up to June 5th and the
figures elsewhere are therefore the first of
their kind for the 1901-2 season. Seeing how
the market is rising week by week, thanks to
smaller outturn and finer plucking, we
trust that the Indian difference of nearly
54 million lh between Revised Estimate
and Actual Outturn, for 1900, will not be
realised again this year. The figures in
question read :—

Actual outturn for 1900 187,527,435 Ib.

Revised estimateofcropof1900 182,144 874 |b.

Difference : 5,382,561 Ib.

Now the current estimate is, to begin with,
2,201,821 lb. ahead of the estimate last
year, but with the considerable reduction
of output that is taking place in India,
we should hope that the actual outturn will
prove quite within the estimate of 184,346,605
—or a decrease of 3,180,830 lb. on the actual
crop of 1900-01.—So may it prove.

—————_ _____

THE INDIAN TEA CROP FOR 1901-2 (season
ending 3lst March) being now estimated at
184 296,695 lb. is expected to be 34 million lb.
behind tne actual crop of 1990-01; but for
Great Britain, only 159 million lb. are esti-
mated to be shipped this season or 10,753,157
lb. less than were sent to London in the past
season, according to the statement of the
Indian Association, although another state-
ment shews the deficiency at less than two
millions. With some million lb. less from
China as well as Ceylon, there ought to be
a considerable difference in London stocks
by the end of the year, > £5

Oct: 1, 1901.) THE TROPICAL

RUBBER [N THE PEMBA ZANZIBAR
FORESTS.

The chief interest in the forests centres about the

rubber creeper, Landophia Kirkii’ (Mpyo). In some
places the rubber creepers grow thickly, and in the
‘others large areas are without any rubber. The L.
Koki as it growsin Pemba is not a large creeper,
rarely exceeding the thickness of a man’s wrist. But
it attains considerable length in creeping along the
ground, or in linking itself over the boughs of the
‘trees. The bark is red and rough and when sliced
off liberates a snow-white latex which almost imme-
diately coagulates into india-rubber. The process of
‘collection requires some skill and experience to be
profitably conducted. Where the vines are plentiful
and rich, an experienced and industrious man will
bring’ in as’ much 31bs. a day while an unskilled
workman will scarcely gather a quarter of a pound,
The general mode of collection consists in slicing off
the bark in the form of scarfs at intervals of afew
inches or a foot. When three or four scarfs have
been made the collector dabs the wounds with salt
water, which he carries in a calabash by his side for
the purpose. The salf water causes the juice to coag-
ulate as it exudes, preventing it from dripping to
the ground and being wasted. He now leaves
these scarfs and proceeds to make and treat others
on the same vine or an adjacent one, after which
fe returns to his original group. This interval gives
the rubber time to collect. The Jatex is now pure
rubber and pulls off clean and white. With the ball
he may have already gathered, the collector goes over
each scarf in succession, merely rolling it along. The
fresh rubber clings $o the ball which grows in size,
bat does not cling to the fingers. If the collector has
no salt water he smears the juice at once upon his
arm when it coagulates rapidly. Probably the saline
‘exudations of the skin assist’ the process.
“A gocd deal of waste in the collection takes place
if the men are left to themselves. They will, for
instance, only operate upon those parts of the vines
which are within easy reach, leaving the upper regions
among the trees untapped. Again there is always
‘an “aftermath” upon’ the creepers, which collects
& quarter of an hour orso after it has apparently
been done with. The ‘“ aftermath” consists of only
‘a small quantity of rubber scarcely worth the collec.
tor’s While to return and gather, but the accumula-
tions from hundreds of vines amount to a good deal
in a day andin time would sensibly affect the quantity
gatanered, ;
‘ Growing side by side with Z. Kirkiw is another
creeper known tothe natives as Mbungo, It exudes
a sticky juice if tapped. The juice, however,
will not coagulate but clings tenaciously to the
fingers like treacle Upon theapplication of heat it
is* converted into a semi-solid mass like putty.—
—Zanzibar Gazet e, Aug. 14.

MANY RUBBER SPECIES IN BOLIVIA

Sir Martin Conway, in his latest work, ‘(In the

Bolivian Andes,” ascribed the rubber of south-western
Bolivyia—known commercially as Mollendo rabber—
to the tree Hevea lutea. Sir Martin having previously
Stated, in a lecture before the Society of Arts in
London, his impression that the rubber tree of this
region was the Hevea Brasiliensis, some interest has
been felt’ as to the cause of the change in his con-
clusion. On this point he has written to us as
follows :
_ To the Editor of the India Rubber World: Hevea
lutea is, I believe, the chief form of Hevea on the
eastern slope of the Andes. My authority is the
collection in the Kew herbarium, which has specimens
of Hevea lutea from that district, but none of ZH.
Braciliensis except from regions further east and
lower down. My own specimens were only leaves,
and Saati to determine the species.

AGRICULTURIST. 267

My information is to the effect that rubber is
extracted, along the eastein elope and footbills of the
Cordillera Real, in Bolivia, from some twelve different
kinds of trees. What are they? No one knowss
I have just sent a properly-equipped botanist to
spend a year investigating the matterfroma purely
scientific point of view, and Tshall present a com-
plete set of his collected specimens to the New York
herbarium. We shall then know something definite.

I have received specimens of yet another kind of
Fievea from the southeast of Bolivia, but the speci-
mens are not good enough for complete description.
There doubtless exist heaps of kiuds of rubbers in
the Amazon basin about which we know nothing.

Martin Conway.

Red House, Hornton Street, London, W., July
3, 1901.

The exploration work begun by Sir Martin Conway
in Bolivia, referred to already in the Jndia Rubber
World, is to be continued by a party organised and
equipped by this gentleman, and which left London
on June 26, to be absent a year. At New Year the

“party were joined by the botanist mentioned in Sir

Martin’s letter, Mr. Robert S Williams, one of the
senior aids of the New York Botanical Garden. It
is to this institution, by the way, that the specimens
collected are to be sent. The New York Botanical
Garden of late has developed into an establishment
of much importance, and its herbarium bids fair soon
to rank with those at Kew and Berlin. There is
now being arranged a collection of over 3,000 fine
specimens obtained for the garden in Colombia, and
which is described as one of the most important
collections of herbarium material that ever came
out of tropical America, The scientific directors are
much interested in whatever pertains to a fuller
knowledge ofrubber-producing species. By the way,

there is now at the garden a rubber plant grown

from a seed of an undetermined species obtained
from Colombia in the collection mentioned above.

The rate of increase in the exports of Bolivian rubber
via Mollendo, on the Pacific coast, recorded from
time to time in the India Rubber World, seems not
to have been maintained latterly. Our last return
published was for the fiscal year 1898-99—1,037,127
pounds, of which 793,418 pounds appear to have been
shipped in the first half of the period. There igs
now at hand a return for the calendar year 1900,
as follows: Shipped to Liverpool, 314,162 pounds; to
London, 22,752; to Hamburg, 240,033; to Havre
37,816; to New York, 1751: total, 616,514 pounds.
—India Rubber World, Aug, 1.

—_—_—_>—_—_
ASSAM AND CEYLON COOLIES’

WAGES COMPARED.

On the topic of wages, Mr Cotton says in his
report, just issued, on Labour Immigration in
Assam ;—

The most remarkable feature of the figures fo
1900 is that they show a lower rate of wages
than the average of any year since 1895. Th
amount is considerably ‘below the statutory so.
called minimum wage, and when the average is
below the minimum of K5 and R4, it follows that
in the majority of cases the minimum was not
earned, Converted to a daily rate, the average
wage paid to men has been a little over two
annas and nine pies, and the average wage paid
to women has been a little over two annas a
day. This is a miserable average pittance, and
leaves no room for doubt that employers have
been endeavouring to effect econamy in working
at the expence of the labour force. Figures, and
facts, when they are considered in connection
with the annual expenditure of some 30 lakhs of
rupees in acquiring coolies—an outlay which

368 THE TROPICAL

would have been unnecessary if the wages offered
were sufficient to attract labour—leave the Chief
Oommissioner more and more convinced that the
insufficiency of wages is the most serious of the
troubles from which the industry in Assam is
sufferiug. He is no longer prepared to advocate
half measures, and it is, in hi. opinion, a serious
consideration whether the Legislature ought not
now to accept the situation which the Secretary
of State has always pointed out would be inevi-
table when the means of communication were
improved and abolish a penal contract altogether
and leave Assam planters to get their labour in
the same manner thatthe Duars and Chittagong
and Ceylon Planters obtain their supply. The
case of Ceylon is particularly in point. The Chief
Commissioner finds, from information published
by aspecial correspondent in the Hnglishman,
who wrote after making local enquiries on the
island, that labour there is free and unfettered
by indenture, or anything in the nature of agree-
ment that either party cannot terminate with a
month’s notice; that the coolies are imported by
sea from the Madras Presidency, and that the
average cost of importing labour is only R10 per
head ; that men are paid a daily wage of 33 cents,
or about 54 annas, and women 25 cents, or exactly
4annas; and that they receive, as they do in
Assam, free quarters and medical attendance, etc.
There is no labour difficulty in Ceylon, because
the labourers are paid a fair market wage: but
in Assam the difficulty is always present, and
Mr Cotton’s recent experience has led him to the
conclusion that it will never cease until it is
allowed to solve itself, without the assistance
of Government, and without any kind of penal
legislation, by the ordinary laws of supply and
demand.

It appears to the Hnglishman that Mr Cotton
here fails into the error of comparing the Tamil
coolie with the Kol, with whom he has no analogy.
The crux of the question is—are the coolies better
off in Assam, or are they not, than they would
have been if they had remained in their own
country? Without analysing the figures supplied
by the Assam Administration, we maintain that
they are—or why do they emigrate with their
families ?—Madras Mail, August 28.

=

A NEW NATAL ORANGE.

Tn his district report to the Agricultural Journal,
Mr. J L Knight, magistrate, Inanda, writes: Io
may not be generally known that a gentleman in
this county, who isa scientific horticulturist by
profession, has raised a new and very fine species
or variety of orange, which he has decided to
eall the ‘‘ Natal Victoria,” the latter after our
late Queen, with: Natal prefixed to denote the
country of its origin. I think the ‘‘ Natal Mam-
moth” would have been a more appropriate name,
as it is certainly a mammoth orange. It is with-
out exception the most delicious orange I have
‘ever eaten, with a flavour whichis new and entirely
itsown. Some of the fruits have reached 25 oz.
in weight, and measured 15% in. in ci:cumference.
Alittle time since, onetwig was picked with four
oranges on it, which turned the scales at 5} Ib
the four and this notwithstanding that the tree
had suffered severely from the drought last year,
and has not yet quite recovered, and the size of
the fruit, therefore, this season, not up to the
nsual average. The ‘‘discoverer” informs me

AGRICULTURIST. fOcr. 1, 1901,

that, given suitable soil,and a favourable season,
the oranges will average at l2ast 200z. The tree
is quite distinct from all other oranges, very
large, with curly leaves, and the seedlings partake
of the parent tree, proving itto be a really distinct
orange fromall others. It is a most robust and
vigorous grower; a few grafted four years ago are
now in full bearing. The grower has at present
some 200 young gratted trees for disposal, and
hopes to have 600 more by this time next year.
Any person, being desirous of obtaining young
plants, could do so by applying to me for the
address. In the meantime I! may say that I
have seen and tasted the oranges, and can vouch
for the abovefacts. I have written entirely on
my own initiative, and for that reason am unable
to give the nameof the grower.—Natal Mercury;
August 5,

—___—___—___

LADYBIRDS: A PENNY EACH:

An agent of Professor Lonsbury, of Cape
Colony, is collecting 20,000 ladybirds in
Massachusetts. One hundred children gather
them in, and receive one penny each for
them. The farmers, who never before ap-
preciated their ladybirds, want the exporta-
tion stopped. They suggest a close season
for the insects.—_Daily Express, Aug. 6.

PROFESSOR KOCH ON MALARIA.

‘*When I wasa student of medicine, we were
taught that malaria was not {an infection disease
1.€., not transmissible from person to person, and
that it was originated by inhaling bad air. Ip
was regarded as the type of the miasmatie as
contrasted with the contagions diseases. What a
change has taken place since then! Now we
know that malaria can be transmitted when one
injects the blood of a malaria-patient into the
body of a healthy person,—a case, indeed, which
does net occur under natural circumstances. We
know also that malaria is not caused by gaseous
substances but by micro-organisms, which belong
to the category of the animal parasites, are
imbibed by gnats with the blood they suck, fur-
ther developed in the bodies of the gnats, and
finally inoculated into healthy human beings
again. So, according to the views now prevalent
malaria cannot possibly be produced without the
co-operation ot two factors, namely the malaria
parasites and the gnats, * * *

PREVENTIVE MEASURES.

‘*Now a number of other measures, based on
better knowledge of the etiology of malaria
have been proposed, of which the following are the
most important. Firstly, people are advised to
avoid the neighbourhood of malaria patients
and to fix their abode at least one mile away
from places where malaria prevails. Secondly.
it is proposed to exterminate the malaria-trans.
mitting gnats by destroying their larve at the
easily-accessible breeding places. Thirdly, human
beings are to be protected against the gnats by
wire-nets for their dwellings and by gloves and
veils for their hands and f:ces. Fourthly, efforts
are to be made to extermivate the malaria parasites
by the rational use of quinine.

“Tt is obvious that these four

ro Is a
theoretically of equal value. per hag oa.

If one never has ocea-

sion to go near people suffering from malaria, —

Oct. 1, 1901.]

or if one is never stung by gnats one cannot
get malaria: and if either the gnats or the
malaria parasites are exterminated malaria must
vanish for ever, because one of the factors
absolutely necessary for its production has
ceased to exist. How these proposals will stand
the test of practice however, whether it is
possible to carry them out to so general an
extent as we had to suppose in estimating
their theoretical value, is quite another question.
The discussion of this question is of special inter-
est at present, because experiments are now being
made everywhere with a view to provingthe practi-
cability of the measures I have mentioned. I believe,
therefore, that 1 may count on your assent, if I
choose the said measures for the theme of this
lecture, and take the liberty to discuss the measure
proposed by myself in somewhat fuller detail.

THE DRYING-UP OF SWAMPS.

‘© Tf we begin with the drying-up of swamps, a
measure which has been known from of old, we
must regard its efficacy as confirmed by manifold
experience and consequently as proved. Now,
indeed, we know that the effect is not due, as was
formerly supposed, to the prevention of the rotting
of vegetable matter which was supposed to emit
the gases that caused the disease, but to the des-
truction of the breeding-places for the gnats. So,
strictly speaking, this measure coincides with that
aimed directly against the larve of the gnats, of
which I shall speak later on. Formerly attention
was paid almost exclusively to extensive swamps,
which could be dried up by regulating rivers and
by means ofdeep drains through which the water
could flow off. In this way districts have not
infrequently been freed of malaria. In those
cases, however, the purpose was always gained by
very expensive works, of which it cannot even
always besaid that they were necessary, for it has
been discovered that the anopheles gnats, which
are the chief transmitters of malaria, have vheir
breeding-places much more frequently in little
puddles and pools than in great swamps. Several
times in New Guinea I saw many larvee of anophe-
les gnats in quite small gatherings of water, in

wheel-marks and even in water-butts. In I[taly -

Trepeatedly found them in water-vessels which
were placed in gardens for the purpose of watering
the plants. In future, then, it will be necessary
to pay attention to the small and even smallest
gatherings of water—which can generally be
_ rendered harmless by filling up or by frequent
emptying—rather than to large swamp which
cannot, asarule, be easily gotrid of. * * *

LARVICIDE.

“SOf the direct extermination of the larve of
the gnats by destroying the breeding-places,
pouring petroleum into the water, or other
Jarvicidal means the same may be said. * * *

SEGREGATION.

‘The proposal to run away from malaria, so to
speak, by living at least one mile away from all
native settlements where malaria prevails, is one
with which I have very little sympathy. * * *

NETS, VEILS AND GLOVES.

**The proposal to protect the inhabitants of
malarial districts at night against the gnats’ stings
by nets, veils, and gloves sounds very plausible
at first, It has been received with great enthu-
‘siasm, and has been acted upon in Italy at many
places, and, to all appearance, with good success,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 369

But in the case of this measure, too, reasonable
as it looks from the theoretical point of view, it
was soon found that it admits of but very limited
application in practice, In Italy at least the
arrangements for securing houses against malaria
seem not to have been resorted to yet, except in
the case of the railway signalmen’s cottages and
some small railway stations; and as to the wearing
of veils and gloves, it may perhaps be practicable
in tke Italian climate, but in the tropies the
number of people that will willingly adopt this
measure is not likely to be great. —

QUININISING THE POPULATION.

‘IT come now to the measure proposed by mye
self, which aims at exterminating the malaria
parasites in man by means of quinine. In making
this proposal I presuppose two things, firstly,
that the malaria parasites are restricted to man,
and secondly, that we can destroy them, or ‘at
least render them harmless, by means of quinine,
As to the first of these two presuppositions, I
regard it as adequately proved by the fact that
nobody has yet succeeded in finding parasites
identical with the human malaria parasite in tke
blood of any animal. Just as little has anyone
succeeded in artificially transmitting human
malaria parasites to animals, The second pre-
supposition is proved by the observation that may
be made in medical practice every day that, when
quinine is properly used, the malaria parasites dis-
appearfrom the blood of the patient. The fact,
it is true, does not afford certainty that they
really are destroyed; they may have only dis-
appeared from the circulating blood, but remained
in the internal organs, especially in the spleen
and in the bone-marrow, And in fact this is mostly
the case after a single treatment with quinine, as
the extreme frequency of relapses proves; the
malaria parasites are not got rid of till after the
treatment with quinine has been continued for a
length of time.

**But as soon as one knows this effect o
quinine on malaria parasites, one will of course
not restrict one self to asingle application of qui-
nine, but will continue to give it in suitable doses
till the parasites have really died. * * *

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION.

‘Tf, therefore, we wish to render all, or as nearl¥
as possible all, parasites innocuous by quinine, we
must take chronic sufferers from malaria and als9®
the children into account. But the only way t®
gain this end is to examine the blood of all persons
suspected of malaria with the microscope, In all
the attempts I have hitherto made to exterminate
the nalaria parasites I have acted on this principle,
and have been able to convince myself that the
execution of this measure is not o difficult as it
may at first sight appear. * *

MOSQUITOES’ PREDILECTIONS.

“A very interesting and also practically
important fact strikingly observable at Fa-
sana and partly at Stignano, too; the mae
lariacases were specially namerous in Certain
houses and groups of houses, and these were
in the periphery ot the place, whereas the centre
was almost free. [had occasion to make the same
observation before at the town of Grosseto in
Italy. From this we may conclude that the
infecting mosquites do not fly anywhere and
everywhere, or disperse equally over a place but
have predilections for certain places, Now, ig

940 THE TROPICAL

combating malaria, it will be very advantageous
to find out what places they prefer, and to pay
special attention to such. From this focal be-
haviour of malaria I drew the practical conclusion
that it is not necessary at the outset to free
whole places or extensive regions of the malaria-
parasites. It will be perfectly practicable to
advance step by step, in exact accordance with
the number of assistants at disposal, without
‘having to fear that the ground jnst freed of malaria
will be at once reinundated by infected mosquitces
from the still malarial neighbouring districts.

THE EFFECTIVE QUININE DOSE,

“TIT now come to the qnestion as to the best
method of removing the parasites permanently
from the blood of malaria-patients by treatment
with quinine. With a view to deciding this
question I have made very many experiments,
and have arrived at the following results, which,
for the rest, every observing physician who has
frequent opportunities of treating malariapatients
will find confirmed by his own experience. Doses
of quinine of less than one gram (157432 grains)
are insufficient for adults. The effect of the
quinine is very greatly strengthened by giving
full doses several days running. Considering
these two facts, and in order to minimise the use
of quinine, I order one gram of quinine to be
given two mornings running, which is repeated
after an interval of nine days. This treatment
must be continued for at least two months, or
better three, because oneis not safe till then against
relapses. In obstinate cases one gives one gram of
quinine three days running, and reduces the in-
terval, if necessary, to seven days. In quartan-fever,
. which is well known to be the most obstinate form
of malaria, quinine must be given three days run-
ning from the first. There are people with whom
quinine does not agree if taken through the mouth;
in such cases it must be given under the skin.
The patieut must be observed for a length of time
after the treatment, and his blood must be ex-
amined from time to time, in order that one may
be quite sure that he is permanently cured and
free of malaria parasites. In malarial districts
proper the combating of malaria will restrict
itse'f in the main to the treatinent of the chil-
dren and of the persons who have immigrated in
the immediately preceding years. To children

under six months one generally gives one-tenth.

of agram, to older ones more, according to their
age. They generally stand quinine very well even
in comparatively larger doses than adults, so that
one need not hesitate to give children of five to
six half a gram, They do not dislike it either, if
given asa powder mixed with raspberry syrup, or
if sweet tea or the likeis given after it. If neces-
sary, one can give euquinine, which, however, un-
fortunately cannot be used much, owing to its high
price. For the rest, the treatment ot children suf-
fering from malaria is one of the most grateful tasks
for a physician. When arrived at Stephensort in
New Guinea there were no children there. They had
always died of malaria. 1 took special pains to pro-
tect the children that were born during my stay
there, and those that came to the place with their
parents against the pernicious influence of malaria,
They were all examined from time to time for
malaria parasites, and treated with quinine, if any
were found. Under such treatment those children,
whose number amounted at last to about a dozen,
glrove splendidly ; nob one of thom died,

AGRICULTURIST. (Ocr, 1, 190i.

“The practicability of my method was proved by
an experiment I made at Stephansort in New
Guinea. It isa settlement of the New Guinea
Company with 734 inhabitants. Of these 157, 7 e,
21°4 per cent, were suffering from malaria, This
figure was soon reduced to a small remainder, con-
sisting exclusively of quartan cases, and this
favourable resalt was not a merely tem porary one,
but lasted till the date of the last news [ received,

PRACTICAL TESTS OF DR. KOCH’S METHOD.

“Further experiments, testing the practical
efficiency of my method, are going on at this
moment in German South-West Africa and in the
Brioni Islands, andexperiments are to be bégun
soon in Kast Africa, and the former dnes continued
in New Guinea. At bottom, however, no further
proofs of the value of my method are at all
necessary, for the results of the extensive and
successful attempts to stamp out malaria are
already at our disposai. Youare well aware that
malaria was very prevalent in most European
countries only thirty to forty years ago. Sitice
then ithas very rapidly diminished, and now it
has nearly everywhere wholly or alimost wholly
disappeared What I have just said is especiallyv
true of Engand, France, Belgium, Holland, and
Germany. Attempts haye been made to explain
this very striking decrease of malaria by the
drying up of the swamps, but this explanation is by
no means admissible. There stillareswamps enough
everywhere, andthe transmitters of malaria, the
anopheles gnats, are still to be foun ih large
numbers wherever malaria used to be. So there
must be other réason, and the only other réagoe
discoverable is the much more general we ot
quinine, which is the only deadly weapon we have
against the malaria parasites. Quinine used to
beso dear that only well-to-do people could get
it. Moreover, since its use became more frequent,
the doctors have learned to use it more
rationally. So the number of malaria cases tha
were properly treated and permanently cured
became greater and greater, whéreas fornierly
every case was followed by endless relapses.
Consequently the infectious matter has becorme
rarer and rarer, and the anophéles gnats, which are
probably just as numerous as they used to be, no
qlh,, &r nd any malaria parasites to transmit.

one prevalence of malaria in Germany only
thirty years ago, and the éxtent to wkKich j¢
has diminished since then, is bes§ shown by the
statistics of the Germanarmy, In 1869 the nim-
ber of cases still amounted to 54°5 per thousand ;
now it is 0°45 per thousand; that is, it is more
that a hundred times rarer now than thén. In
1874 the garrison of Spandau, a fortress near
Berlin, surrounded by swampy meadows, had 664
cases of malaria per thousand men; now, though
the swamps are just as they were, the figure
is one half to one per thousand. In Batavia and
other towns in Dutch India, which used to
be notorious for their malaria death rate, and
were called ‘(the European’s Grave,” a consider-
able improvement has taken place since the
gratuitous dispensing of quinine was introduéed.

THE CASE OF POLA.

“A very interesting illustration of what Iam
now saying came to my knowledge lately at Pola,
the principal seaport of Istria. Being also a war-
port, it has a large garrison, and it has from of old
had the reputation of beingseverely infected with
malaria, In 1864 the naval garrison there had’s87

d

Ocr. 1, 1901°]

eases of malaria per thousand men. But the state

of things gradually improved, and malaria has con-

siderably diminished since then. In the last few
years the number of malaria cases in the same part
of the garrison has been only about 30 per thousand
that-is only one-thirtieth of what it used to be. In
this case also people were disposed: to ascribe the
improvement to the drying up of two swampy
meadows near the town, which was effected in the
years 1868 to 1870. But apart fromthe fact that
the decrease of the malaria was not simultaneous
with the draining of the swampy meadows, but took
place quite graudally and equably in the course of
the last thirty years, at about the same rate as in
the German army, there is another circumstance
which speaks very decidedly against the causal con-
nection between the decrease of the malaria and
the draining of the. meadows, namely the fol-

lowing: while malaria has been diminishing
in the garrison. it has _ been increasing
among the civil population, which is no

more and no_ less exposed to the influ-

ences of the climate and the soil, including the

swamps near the town, than the garrison. In 1890
the number of malaria cases in Pola and_ its
suburbs was 24°8 per thousand; since then it
has risen to 132°5 in the year 1900, that is more
than five-fold, and that noc suddenly, but quite
gradually. In the same period the number of
cases in the garrison has gone down to one third,
So here we have the striking phenomenon of an
increase of the number, of cases in one part of

“the population and a decrease in another in one

and the same place. This can be due only to some
difference in, the circumstances of these two parts
of the population, and the difference is that the
garrison is under continual medical supervision,
so that every case of malariais at once properly
treated, whereas among the civil population, for
which medical assistance and quinine are too ex-
pensive, this is not the case.

** Of reasons, then that speak for the practica™
bility of the measure proposed by me in different
climates under different social circumstances, and
on whatever scale one likes, there is certainly no
lack. Nevertheless I do not ask you to come to
a decision on this question just at this moment,
When, as already stated, experiments testing the
value of the various methods proposed are every-
where being made. In a few years the practical
results of these experiments will be known tous,
and then you may act on the good old saying
** Prove all things ; hold fast that which is good.”
—Proneer.

_— SO
STRANGE CIRCULAR TO THE “MUIR”
SHAREHOLDERS.
INADEQUATE REASONS GIVEN FOR DELAYING
REPORTS AND ACCOUNTS.

On the top of the discussions that have re-
cently taken place as to the position of Indian
Tea Companies, the circular just issued by the
Muir concerns comes with peculiar force and

Serves to illustrate in a sufficiently startling way
_ the criticat state of the industry. We believe this

is the second communication ot the kind the
shareholders of these companies have received this

_ Summer, and therefore more interest attaches to

the present document than at first sight appears.
We reproduce the circular practically at length in

yy

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 39)

order thatour readers may tully appreciate the
arguments set forth :—

Registered Offices—22, West Nile-street, Glas-
gow, 7th August, 1901.

Dear Sir,—

The Consolidated Tea and Lands Company, Btd,

The Amalgamated Tea Estates Company, Ltd.

The Kanan Devan Hill Produce Company, Ltd.

The Anglo-American Direct Tea Trading Com-
pany, Ltd.

We are requested by the Directors of tiie
above companies to inform you that the issue
of the reports and accounts for year ending 30th
November last has been unavoidably delayed
by the absence in India of Mr P R Buchanan,
the practical tea planting member of the
Board, with whom the Directors have always
hitherto consulted in the preparation of these
documents, and with whom they are at present’ in
communication in regard to same. As some shiare-
holders are desirous to obtain information at this
juncture, we think it right, meantime, to’ give the
following particulars ;—

The Consolidated Company has 52 estates in
the Dooars, Assam, Sylhet, Darjeeling and Cey-
lon, with 28,806 acres under cultivation. . The
Amalganiated Company have 22 estates in Ass&tmh,
Sylhet, Darjeeling and Ceylon, with 13,355 acres
under cultivation. The Kanan Devan Compaty
have 26 estates in Assam and Travancore, with
16,019 acres under cultivation. The Anglo-Ame-
rican Company have 27 estates in Assam, ‘ Cachar,
Southern India and Ceylon, with 15,221 acres
under cultivation.

Mr P R Buchanan, on whose acvice these estates
were originally purchased and planted, has already
visited India four times with the view of promoting
the interests of these Companies. Towards the
end of last year Mr Buchanan, on account of the’ de-
pressed state of the tea market, and the unfavour-
able prospects then prevailing, considered thatit
would bein the interests of the Companies that he
should visit India and Ceylon that he might, from
his practical experience, extending overmany years,
be able to advise and assist the managing agents,
superintendents and managers on the’spot in their
services on behalf of the Companies. This offer
the directors gladly accepted, and he left London
for Ceylon by mail of 4th January.

While in India at this time Mr Buchanan’s hedd-
quarters have been principally at Munar in’ Tra-
vancore, but he has been in close touch with the
managers of the various estates in Northern
India and Ceylon, and has had several important
interviews with some of the Companies’ superin-
tendents and principal managers and his thus
been enabled to suggest certain alterations and
economiesin the working of the estates by means
of which improved qualities of tea are being’ pro-
duced at the lowest possible cost, and withott'im-
pairing the efficient upkeep of the estates.

There can be no doubt that the present’ crisis is
very acute, and that the tea industry has seen
nothing like it since the year 1860, when‘a-con-
siderable number of planters in India sufféed
very severely. ;

Your directors, along with the directors of other
companies, were prepared to support a schéme
which was formulated about five’ months ago, to
restrict production, but unfortunately through'the
apathy of the Ceylon planters, the schenie’ had‘to
be abandoned. ie

The diréctors do not anticipate’ any immediate
relief from the depression which’ is. now existing,

072

and think it important that the shareholders
should fully realisehow much our four companies
and other leading tea companies are affected by
the recent legislation on the part of the home
and Indian Governments. You would notice trom
previous communications there were three factors
‘which exerted prejudicial effects on the tea in-
dustry :— ' :

(1) The action of the Indizn Government in
arbitrarily fixing exchange at ls 4d, for the rupee,
irrespective of the rate that would be automa-
tically fixed by the balance of trade.

(2) The large production of low-class tea in
India and Ceylon.

(3) The increase of 50 per cent. by the home
Government on the duty on tea,

These conditions still prevail, and the position
vhas been accentuated by an increased production
of both Indian and Ceylon teas.

While the scheme for restricting the production
has fallen through, to someextent the object will be
' accomplished in consequence of thefact that a great
many planters have resorted to finer plucking,
which, combined with unfavourable weather at
the start of the season in Assam, Sylhet, Cachar,
Darjeeling and Dooars, will bring about a smaller
out-turn than was anticipated some months ago.

In view of the production being thus curtailed,
markets will, no doubt, in course of time, improve,
and better prices will be, obtained for the produce.
Meantime, the directors would advise the: share-
holders to rest assured that no efforts will be
wanting on the part of the officers of the com-
panies to do everything possible to strengthen
their position and enable them satisfactorily to
weather thestorm. The companies’ estates are in
thorough order and well-supplied with labour and
machinery, and will bear comparison with any
estates in their respective districts.

The teas produced have proved during the past
year superior to, and in some cases far better than,
other teas produced in the same districts, and the
directors look forward with confidence to the result
of the struggle in which these companies, in con-
jnuction with all other tea companies, are engaged.

The tendency of the extremely low prices now
ruling will be to force tea into consumption in
places where it would not otherwise reach, and,
with this in view, the directors are duing their
utmost to assist in introducing tea amungst the
natives of India....

The directors are also doing their best to en-
courage the consamption in other countries, and
are specially engaged in endeavouring to find
markets, for green tea, which, they think, can be
manufactured ontheir estatesto sellat agood profit.

As the Companies produce alarge quantity of
common tea, the present rate of duty, namely, 6d
per lb., represents.a very heavy percentage of the
average price obtained for the tea.

. The Chancellor of the Exchequer expected that
the greater part of the increase of duty would be
borne by the consumer, but in the case of Consoli-
dated Tea and Lands Company, Ltd., the directors
estimate that it suffers to the extent of 14d per
Ib, which means about £60,000, and this added to
the amount referred to in last.report, arising from
Joss from exchange, say, £22,677 represents £82,677.

The tea industry, like other businesses—such as
coal, iron, cooper, cotton, tin, coffee, shipbuilding,
&c.—will be subject to vicissitudes, and the
directors hope that, just as these have had periods
of depression followed by times of prosperity, the
(ea industry will emerge from the cloud which

THE ‘TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Oct. 1, 1901.

is overhanging it at present, and become again
profitable as it has been in the past. We would
remind you that the North and South Sylhet Tea
Companies, which were merged in the Consolidated
Tea and Lands Company, Ltd, had one of the
highest records among goodjdividend-paying Indian
tea companies. From 1882 to 1886 inclusive, while
the plants were young and yielding little or no
leaf, uo profits were made from the newly-planted
estates, but out of the profits of the seasons 1887
and 1883 the Companies paid to their shareholders
compound interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per
annum for the whole period of about five years
during which the estates were practically non-pro-

ductive, besides placing £16,000 to reserve account:

for depreciation. For the seven succeeding years—
namely, from 1889 to 1895—in which latter year
the properties were acquired by the Consolidated
Company, sufficient profits were earned to pay au
average dividend of 10 per cent. per annum on the
capital paid up and to put aside £24,000 to reserve
account for depreciation.

_ The Chairman of these four Companies in con-
junction with Mr Buchanan, Sir Robert D Moncreiff,
Bart, Mr. A B Murray and Mr A M Brown—being
five of the directors of the present Boards—were
amongst those who formed and conducted these suc-
cessful Sylhet Companies, and they continue to
manage the Consolidated, Amalgamated, Kanan
Devan and Anglo-American Companies on pre-
cisely the same lines as were so successful in the
case of the North and South Sylhet Tea Companies.

An arrangement has been made whereby acon-
siderable quantity of the Companies’ produce
will, in future, be shipped from Chittagong to
London, and it is expected that this will effect a
substantial reduction in the cost of transit of tea
from the estates to the London market. —We are,
yours faithfully, JAMES FINLAY & Co., Secretaries.

The first point that will probably [strike share
holders is that in all this lengthy pronouncement
there is no sound reason adduced why the reports
and accounts should not have been produced long
ago. Though the financial year ends on 30th
November, it has generally been July] or August
before any statements were issued, though they
should have been out by April or May. No
doubt some delay must arise through all four
Companies being in one office, but a mere ad-
justment of staff ought to prevent any congestion
of business there. Now we are asked to believe
that because Mr Buchanan is away in India we
cannot have the reports and accounts, notwith-
standing the fact that his presence in the East
cannot possibly influence events and finances that
relate to a period months prior to his departure
from Great Britain.: When Sir John Muir and
his colleagues put forward shallow reasons like
this for not fulfilling one of the elementary duties
of Directors to their shareholders, the public are
apt to place a construction on such action that
is by no means favourable to the position and
prospects of the Companies. In the tong review
of the situation which is advanced as a substitute
for a legitimate narrative of operations, there is
nothing that can be held to affect the Muir un-
dertakings worse than any others, and if thereis
a good excuse why these Muir undertakings
should not reveal their trading position it must
be an excuse that applies equally to all. Since
other companies have published their reports,
though in the case of most the financial year
ends on 3ist December and not on 30th Novem:

Oct. 1, 1901.]

ber, we can only conclude that the Board is not
over-anxious to reveal the result of working in
1899-1900, because it compares badly with pre-
vious terms. Of the Anglo-American Direct Tea
Trading Company we have no details, but the
dividend records of the other three concerns since
they were formed are as follows :—

1898-9. 1897-8. 1896-7. 1895-6.

per per per per
cent, cent, cent, cent.
Consolidated ae 7 10 10 10
Amalgamated Soa) 124 10 10
Kanan Devan see 5 13 38 —

This is not such a bad showing, and no wonder
Sir John Muir is anxious to delay spoiling the
picture, it it is unpleasant news hé is keeping back.
The passing of the June Preference dividend of
the Consolidated Tea and Lands does not make us
very hcpeful.

As to Mr. Buchanan’s presence in India, it may
be well to point out that he can exercise very
little influence on the current season’s operations.
Planting was all over before he left these shores,
and the most he caa have done is to supervise
the plucking, which one would have thought the
local managers should have been regarded as quite
competent to look after. Mr. Buchanan is, how-
ever, in ample time to initiate drastic reforms
for the coming year—that is to say, for the period
the account of which the shareholders may expect
in the summer of 1903! If the circular had said
this plainly, it might not have been supposed
that an attempt was being made to use this visit
to blind the eyes of proprietors to real issues. It
is satisfactory to find that Sir John Muir is
willing to stand in with the scheme of restricting
production. It is also easy to understand why.
His companies are responsible for much of the
over-cultivation in the past, and as they were
in the first to feel the effects of glutted markets
owing to their lavish expenditure on exten-
sions, it was to be expected they would readily
grasp at any solution of the problem they
had themselves created. But even now
this adhesion seems to be only a qualified
one. It is true the Muir concerns are restrict-
ing plarting schemes in Assam, buns what of
the policy that is being pursued in Southern India ?
The exports from the North will probably show a
fair decline this season, but it is also pretty certain
that from Madras the shipments will be nearly
doubled. This is due almost entirely to the large
developments in Travancore, where the Kanan De-
van has huge estates. According to its own reports,
it brought into cultivation under tea there in 1898-9
over two thousand six hundred acres and in 1899-
1900 proposed to plant nearly three thousand
acres more. During those same periods the
additions in Assam were reckoned at only
one hundred and_ thirty-four acres. The tea
grown in Travancore is of a low grade quality,
and must necessarily help more to depress prices
than even an excess of better class descrip-
tions.

To sum up the whole matter, then, there is no
valid reason why the reports and accounts of
these four Companies should not be immediately
published, and the shareholders ought to bring
pressure to bear on the Directors to produce
them. —Financia Times, August 10.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 273

PEARL AND PEARL SHELL FISHERIES.

IN CEYLON AND AUSTRALIAN WATERS,
(To the Editor of “ Natwre.”)

In connection with Sir West Ridgeway’s anxiety,
as Governor of Ceylon, to revive the pear! fishery
off the north-west coast of the island, and the
appointment by the Secretary of State for the
Colonies of so able a zoologist as Prof. Herdman
to report on the subject—so classic to zoologists
since Dr. Kelaart’s paper and the display of fine

examples of the pearl shells by the Indian

Government in the London Fisheries Exhibition
of 1%83—it may be interesting to mention the
activity of the Queensland Government in this
and allied subjects. Besides the work of Mr.
Saville Kent and the recent (private) investigs-
tions of Mr. Lyster Jameson, the Queensland
Government early last year appointed an able
young zoologist, Mr. James K Tosh, to make
investigations on the life-histery of the species
which produces the pearl-shells of commerce, the
formation and growth of pearls, and other ques-
tions bearing on the pearl fishery. He is now
busy on Thursday Island. Moreover Mr. Tosh
informs me that the Queensland Government has
just sanctioned a grant of £1,500 for the erection
of a marine laboratory on a small island about
two miles distant (from Thursday Island), and
in the centre of the pearl-fishing grounds, though
at some distance from the coral area. This
laboratory will have, besides the work-room and
quarters for Mr. Tosh and his staff, three con-
crete tanks for experimental work.
' W. C. McINTOsSH.
Barham, Springfield, Fife.
—Nature, Aug. 15.
o—_———-

PROGRESS AND PLANTING IN THE
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
(From the Resident-General’s Report
for 1900.)

The fortunate possession of extraordinarily
large alluyial deposits of tin-ore, easily
worked by Chinese miners, whose luxuries
and vices are taxable, has been the _ basis
of the financial prosperity of the States,
and the development of this source of
wealth has been rendered possibe by British
methods, of administration. To take, as an
instance, the case of Perak, the most im-
portant and, at present, the wealthiest of
the four States, the amount of duty collected
on tin exported in 1877 was $140,292, while
during the past year the collections amounted
to $3,570,631. From the first days of pro-
tection the Government has kept in view
the desirability, or rather the necessity, of
encouraging agriculture, and slow but steady
progress has been and is being made in this
direction. The first year for which reliable
figures of trade values (imports and exports)
for Perak, Selangor and Negri Sembilan
are available is 1882. Thevalue of importsand
exports for that year was $11,207,719. For
1900 the figures for the four States are—

Imports 5O ore $38,402,531
Exports oe 60,361,045

Total trade 1900 ., $98,763,626

s

IIA

ANo cart roads and no railways were in
existence in the States in 1875; at the close
of 1900 the actual cart road mileages were
as follows—'

Cart Roads.
Miles.
Perak an 586
Selangor .. 36 ate 408
Negri Sembilan Pep 3:3)
Pahang .. — 20 dc 90
Total 1,333

in addition to some hundreds of miles of
bridle paths and foot tracks. The construc-
tion of railways was first undertaken in Perak,
where a short Government metre-gauge line
of railway, eight miles in length, from the
capital to the port, was opened for traffic in
1885. In September, 1886, a metre-gauge
line, 22 miles in length, was completed by
‘Government in Selangor, and a line con-
necting Port Dickson with Seremban, Negri
Sembilan, 244 miles long, was completed by
a guaranteed company in 1891 : total mileage
up to 1891, 544 miles. The total railway
mileage open for traffic at the close of
4900 was :—

Miles.
Perak . 114
Selangor fe one 7;
Negri Sembilan ofa 24% Private Co.
Total 2352

to which may be added 23 miles in colonial
territory, ‘constructed and worked by the
Federated Malay States. It is expected
that by 1920 the completed mileage will be :—
Prai harbour, (opposite Penang, Pro-
vince Wellesley), through Perak to
Selangor boundary, with branch
‘ines’ to Port Weld and to ‘Telok
Anson port .. hehe ‘.. 2132 miles
From ‘the Selangor boundary to
Seremban (Negri Sembilan)’ with

branch line to Kuala Klang 60.) LAR ay
From Seremban to Port Dickson
“ (Sungei Ujong Railway Company). 24% ,,
- Probable total railway mileage, Fede-
' "rated Malay States and Province
Wellesley, 1902 se Do eaOd aes

The Jength of telegraph wires under the
charge of the Postal Departments is :—

Perak .. 56 680 miles
Selangor... | he bo 515995
Negri Sembilan a 1414 ,,
Pahang .. oe So Satie
Total 1,3894 ,,°
_ Education in former days was confined

to learning to read’the Koran by rote, and
few of the common people could read or
write. LThere are now 193 vernacular and
State-aided schools in the Federated Malay
States, with 8,092 scholars. To most of the
vernacular schocls, hospitals, again, were
formerly unknown institutions. There are
now ,Government free hospitals throughout
the States, exclusive of Gaol Hospitals and
unatic Asylums. The Government Medical
Staff includes fourteen Huropean qualified
Surgeons, a Pathologist, eight European
Nurses, and two Kuropean Veterinary
Surgeons.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

{Ocr. 1, 1901.

A regular Police Force was likewise an
unknown quantity. The Police Force at
present is composed of 1,970, besides Bu-
glers, Drill Instructors, Detectives and” 14
Troopers

The cultivation of sugar-cane is onl
practised to any extent in Perak, to which
it has spread from the adjoining Colony.
It is rapidly becoming an important and
successful industry and it is te be hoped
will, in time, extend to the other States
or portionsof them. A considerable amount
of European and Chinese capital has been
invested and machinery of the latest type
is employed. The export of sugar from
Perak for the last three yearsis given as :—

Quantity. Value.
ikuls.
1898 974,720 1,214,701
1899 276,689 1,282,237
1900 278,156 1,315,974
829,565 3,812,912

Owing to the continued large supplies of
coffee from South America, the price for
this product rulesso low in the Ruivopéah
markets that none but the best’ situated
and best cultivated estates can ever earn
sufficient to cover working expenses.

The European planters, with the pluck and
determination which characterised’ the
planters ot Ceylon in former days, under
somewhat similar adverse circumstances, have
manfully turned to other forms of cultiva-
tion, Rubber (Para and Ficus Elasticus) uy
coconuts being most in favour, while sti
maintaining, in the greater number of cases,
the upkeep of their coffee estates and wait-
ing for better times. A large area has
been planted with para rubber, which thrives
well. Three years hence we should know
what will be the result. The climate’ and
rainfall of the Federated Malay States’ is
all that can be desired for tropical agricul-
ture, Indian labour is becoming cheap, fairly
abundant and good, and the policy of the
Government in investing its large mining
receipts in the construction of roads and
railways has afforded facilities to planters,
‘which probably are not to be found in most
tropical Colonies. An expert in the subject
of gutta percha and rubber has been ob-
tained from Kew, and his knowledge will
doubtless prove of great value to the planters,
Amongst other things he will superintend a
Government experimental garden. “ai

I regret to find that Mr. Belfield reports
that the Selangor Ramie estate has practi-
cally discontinued cultivating that product
for the present on account of want of de-
mand for the fibre. Ramie is indigenous
in the Peninsula. ae

The subject of irrigation has received at-
tention during the past year. It has been
found advisable, owing to the small number
of the possible rice cultivators, not to in-
dulge in heroic schemes as a rule, but to
assist or undertake smaller ones where cir-
cumstances demand. The very important
scheme sanctioned for the Krian district,
Perak, is being ably carried out by Mr
Rk. O, N. Anderson, the Engineer in charge,
who has had to contend’ with great diffi-

er. 1, 190i.) THE TROPICAL
culties caused by the unhealhty nature of
the work in the swamps. The revised esti-
mates show a probable expenditure of over
$900,000, the area benefited will be about
60,000 acres and the date of completion is
put at December, 1903. An irrigation work
of considerable magnitude is under con-
sideration for the district of Lower Perak
Five hundred acres of land are being made
available for paddy cultivation by a system
of sluices and channels, in the Ulu Selan-
gor district.

EUROPEAN PLANTERS IN CEYLON.

In our summary of planting statistics up
to the end of May last, we gave 1,544 as
representing the total number of Managers
and Superintendents on the Tea, Cacao, &c.
plantations included in the Directory. We
have now been asked to say what number
of these are Europeans. To enable a proper
return to be made we have had the General
Directory analysed, with the result that a
total of 1,697 names of European planters
has been arrivedat. But thisincludes 86 men
who are resident in Travancore, no fewer
than 235 who are away in Europe, &c., 92 with
no adeéress, and 25 who are coconut or
cinnamon planters. This brings us down to
a total of 1,261 European (tea and cacao)
lanters’ in active service against 263
Jeylonese Superintendents—apart from coco-
nut and cinnamon estates where Europeans
only number 25 against a vast preponderance
of Ceylonese. It is noteworthy that for 92
‘‘ planters” in the Directory, there was no ad
dress given. Possibly a good many of these
have left the island; but a certain proportion
must be, like Mr. Micawber, waiting for some-
thing to turn up and perhaps therefore we
should put the result as follows :—

European Tea, Cacaco Cardamom
&e. planters in Ceylon .. 1,261
5. Out of billets (say)... Spo eset)

i : 1,300
On Coconut and Cinnamon
plantations “06 obos ge eae

1,325

- Connected with Ceylon, but out of

the island just now... 235
Lon cr
| Sg
| CHEAP AND ADULTERATED TEAS IN
| AUSTRALIA.

(From the 3‘‘ Melbourne Age.’ )

The letters recently published in our columns
_ about Cheap Teas have claimed special attention
siace the issue of the Queensland Health Com-
| missioner’s report. Amongst other equally start-
_ ling facts menacing the hcalth of the community,
the report states that thirty chests of tea had
been seized which was found to be so badly
adulterated that it was ordered to be destroyed
or immediately exported. The system of adul-
'teration adopted, according to the official report
|was to mix magnetic oxide of iron with tea dust
‘and sand, rolled by means of starch into
\little pellets of various sizes in
peconine tea. The special class of the adulterated

\

imitation of ©

AGRICULTURIST. 275

tea, unfortunately, is not mentioned in Dr. Ham’s
report, but one of the best English authorities
points out that these ferruginous particles -.are
found more often in capers and what are termed
in the trade ‘*buds.’’ It is almost unnecessary
to state that the black irregular pellets found:in
tea and attracted by a magnet are not metallic
iron. The chemical composition, experts admit,
vary. They all contain magnetic oxide of iron,
and many of them, in addition, phosphate of
iron, titanate of iron, quartz and mica, witha
little sand. These are the substances used mostly
in tea adulteration, and the fact that a very
recent examination in Queesland proves that teas
so treated are shipped to these States may to
some extent explain the poverty of the quality
of our cheap teas.

The public is wholly blameless for the adulte-
ration complained of. The demand of late years
has been for cheap teas, and importers here and
their buyers abroad have had to supply this
want. A careful examination of imports. will
show that with the reduction in cost there has
in the majority of instances been a sacrifice of
quality. :

One writer ascribes the fault to the introduction
of blending and packing teas. Here to a certain
extent there may be some justification for the
charge, but it really applies only in instances
where the amateur blender tries to follow in the
steps of the expert. Our large blenders and
packers have registered brands, and it is to their
interest to keep up the standard of the teas so
supplied to the public. To ensure this involves
a heavy outlay of capital, not only for warehouses
and machinery, but for the purchase of large
parcels of teas for bulking and blending purposes,
as well as the employment of experts.

It has long been recognised that the Victorian
Tea Act, which is now incorporated in the Cus-
toms Act of 1900, is far too liberal. For instance,
in order that teas should be deemed to be ‘* mixed
with other substarces,” it is necessary that there
should be evidence of some foreign substance
being mixed with them. Dirty teas, mixed with
broken leaves, stalks, tea seeds, or even decayed
leaves, would not come within the category. of
‘foreign substances,” Further, teas not having
proper strength or quality cannot be excluded
unless it is shown that they have been artificially
deprived of these properties. It isin this latter
direction our law wants revision, so as to bring
up the standard of quality in our imports. Such
a proposal, it need hardly be said, would im.-,
mediately create an outcry from those who make,
a handsome profit even. at existing low. retail
prices. There is little doubt that if something
were attempted in the direction indicated the
bulk of the trade and the public generally would.
be largely benefitted. Further, it would prevent’
the reshipment to this State of the rubbish con-
demned in Great Britain, as well asin the other
States.

——_

COFFEE CULTIVATION IN SPAIN.

The cultivation of coffee for commercial purposes
is about to be undertaken for the first time in the
province of Malaga, at the little village of Oampa-
nillas, some five miles from the capital. Don Guirco
Lopez, a merchant of Malaga will, according to Consul
Ridgeley, begin by setting out from twenty thousand
to. fifty thousand coffee plants on his plantation
there. As long as Cuba and Porto Rico were Spanish’
possessions, the cultivation of coffee in the peninsula

iA

ANo cart roads and no railways were in
existence in the States in 1875; at the close
of 1900 the actual cart road mileages were
as follows— ’

Cart Roads.
Miles.
Perak a0 oe 586
Selangor .. a te 408
Negri Sembilan “0 249
Pahang .. 30 cae 90
Total 1,333

in addition to some hundreds of miles of
bridle paths and foot tracks. The construc-
tion of railways was first undertaken in Perak,
where a short Government metre-gauge line
of railway, eight miles in length, from the
capital to the’ port, was opened for traffic in
1g In September, 1886, a metre-gauge
line, 22 miles in length, was completed by
Government in Selangor, and a line con-
‘necting Port Dickson with Seremban, Negri
Sembilan, 244 miles long, was completed by
a guaranteed. company in 1891 : total mileage
up to 1891, 544 miles. The total railway
mileage open for traffic at the close of
1900 was :—

Miles.
Perak 114
Selangor ae ane he
Negri Sembilan te 24% Private Co.
Total 2353

to which may be added 23 miles in colonial
territory, constructed and worked by the
Federated Malay States. It is expected
that by 1920 the completed mileage will be :—
Prai harbour, (opposite Penang, Pro-
vince Wellesley), through Perak to
Selangor boundary, with branch
lines’ to Port’ Weld and to Telok
Anson port ... A eis -- 2132 miles
From ‘the Selangor boundary to
Seremban (Negri Sembilan) with

branch line to Kuala Klang se AG unins
From Seremban to Port Dickson
* (Sungei Ujong Railway Company).. 243 ,,
. Probable total railway mileage, Fede-
rated Malay States and Province
Wellesley, 1902 “poe -. 3643 = ,,
The Jength of telegraph wires under the
eharge of the Postal Departments is :—
Perak .. 58 680 miles
Selangor... — oo xe 515° 45
Negri’ Sembilan 1414 ,,
Pahang .. 53°,
Total -. 1,3894 ,,

_ Education in former days was confined
to learning to read the Koran by rote, and
few of the common people could read or
write. There are now 193 vernacular’ and
State-aided schools in the Federated Malay
States, with 8,092 scholars. To most of the
vernacular schocls, hospitals, again, were
oumerly unknown institutions. There are
now ,Government free hospitals throughout
he States, exclusive of Gaol Hospitals and
uunatic Asylums. The Government Medical
Staff includes fourteen European qualified
Surgeons, “a Pathologist, eight European
Nurses, and two Kuropean Veterinary
Surgeons.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

{Ocr. 1, 1901.

A regular Police Force was likewise an
unknown quantity. The Police Force at
present is composed of 1,970, besides Bu-
glers, Drill Instructors, Detectives'and 14
Troopers

The cultivation of sugar-cane is onl
practised to any extent in Perak, to whitch
it has spread from the adjoining Colony.
It is rapidly becoming an important and
successful industry and it is te be hoped
will, in time, extend to the other States
or portionsof them. A considerable amount
of EKurcpean and Chinese capital has been
invested and machinery of the latest type
is employed. The export of sugar from
Perak for the last three yearsis given as :—

Quantity. Value.
Pikuls.
1898 274,720 1,214,701
1899 276,689 1,282,237
1900 278,156 1,315,974
829,565 3,812,912

Owing to the continued large supplies of
coffee from South America, the price for
this product rulesso low in the European
markets that none but the best’ situated
and best cultivated estates can ever earn
sufficient to cover working expenses.

The European planters, with the pluck and
determination which characterised the
planters ot Ceylon in former days, under
somewhat similar adverse circumstances, have
manfully turned to other forms of cultiva-
tion, Rubber (Para and Ficus Elasticus) and
coconuts being most in favour, while stil
maintaining, in the greater number of cases,
the upkeep of their coffee estates and wait-
ing for better times. A large area has
been planted with para rubber, which thrives
well. Three years hence we should know
what will be the result. The climate and
rainfall of the Federated Malay States is
all that can be desired for tropical agricul-
ture, Indian labour is becoming cheap, fairly
abundant and good, and the policy of the
Government in investing its large mining
receipts in the construction of roads and
railways has afforded facilities to planters,
which probably are not to be found’ in most
tropical Colonies. An expert in the subject
of gutta percha and rubber has been ob-
tained from Kew, and his knowledge will
doubtless prove of great value to the planters,
Amongst other things he will superintend a
Government experimental garden. Pang

I regret to find that Mr. Belfield reports
that the Selangor Ramie estate has practi-
cally discontinued cultivating that product
for the present on account of want of de-
mand for the fibre. Ramie is indigenous
in the Peninsula. ae

The subject of irrigation has received at-
tention during the past year. It has been
found advisable, owing to the small numbe
of the possible rice cultivators, not to’ in-
dulge in heroic schemes as a rule, but to
assist or undertake smaller ones where cir-
cumstances demand. The very important
scheme sanctioned for the Krian districf,
Perak, is being ably carried out by Mr.
R. O, N. Anderson, the Engineer in charge,
who has had to contend with great diffi-

Ger. 1, 1901.) THE TROPICAL
culties caused by the unhealhty nature of
the work in the swamps. The revised esti-
mates show a probable expenditure of over
$900,000, the area benefited will be about
60,000 acres and the date of completion is
put at December, 1903. An irrigation work
of considerable magnitude is under_con-
sideration for the district of Lower Perak
Five hundred acres of land are being made
available for paddy cultivation by a system
of sluices and channels, in the Ulu Selan-
gor district.

EUROPEAN PLANTERS IN CEYLON.

In our summary of planting statistics up
to the end of May last, we gave 1,544 as
representing the total number of Managers
and Superintendents on the Tea, Cacao, &c.
plantations included in the Directory. We
have now been asked to say what number
of these are Europeans. To enable a proper
return to be made we have had the General
Directory analysed, with the result that a
total of 1,697 names of European planters
has been arrived at. But thisincludes 86 men
who are resident in Travancore, no fewer
than 235 who are away in Europe, &c., 92 with
no ad@éress, and 25 who are coconut or
cinnamon planters. This brings us down to
a total of 1,261 European (tea and cacao)

lanters' in active service against 263
Jeylonese Superintendents—apart from coco-
nut and cinnamon estates where Europeans
only number 25 against a vast preponderance
of Ceylonese. It is noteworthy that for 92
‘‘ planters” in the Directory, there was no ad
dress given. Possibly a good many of these
have left the island; but a certain proportion
must be, like Mr. Micawber, waiting for some-
thing to turn up and perhaps therefore we
should put the result as follows :—

European Tea, Cacaco Cardamom

&e. planters in Ceylon .. 1,261
» Out of billets (say)... Real ino
} 1,300
re On Coconut and Cinnamon
plantations se g.0/ We 2O
‘ 1,325
Connected with Ceylon, but out of
the island just now... ie Soe psi)
1,560
—
CHEAP AND ADULTERATED TEAS IN
AUSTRALIA.

(From the j‘‘ Melbourne Age.” )

The letters recently published in our columns
about Cheap Teas have claimed special attention
siace the issue of the Queensland Health Com-
missioner’s report. Amongst other equally start-
ling facts menacing the health of the community,
the report states that thirty chests of tea had
been seized which was found to be so badly
adulterated that it was ordered to be destroyed
or immediately exported. The system of adul-
teration adopted, according to the official report
was to mix magnetic oxide of iron with tea dust
and sand, rolled by means of starch into
little pellets of various sizes -in
genuine tea. The special class of the adulterated

\

imitation of ”

AGRICULTURIST. o75

tea, unfortunately, is not mentioned in Dr. Ham’s
report, but one of the best English authorities
points out that these ferruginous particles -.are
found more often in capers and what are termed
in the trade ‘*buds.”’ It is almost unnecessary
to state that the black irregular pellets found:in
tea and attracted by a magnet are not metallic
iron. The chemical composition, experts admit,
vary. They all contain magnetic oxide of iron,
and many of them, in addition, phosphate of
iron, titanate of iron, quartz and mica, witha
little sand. These are the substances used mostly
in tea adulteration, and the fact that a very
recent examination in Queesland proves that teas
so treated are shipped to these States may to
some extent explain the poverty of the quality
of our cheap teas.

The public is wholly blameless for the adulte-
ration complained of. The demand of late years
has been for cheap teas, and importers here and
their buyers abroad have had to supply this
want. A careful examination of imports. will
show that with the reduction in cost there has
in the majority ot instances been a sacrifice of
quality.

One writer ascribes the fault to the introduction
of blending and packing teas. Here to a certain
extent there may be some justification for the
charge, but it really applies only in instances
where the amateur blender tries to follow in the
steps of the expert. Our large blenders and
packers have registered brands, and it is to their
interest to keep up the standard of the teas so
supplied to the public. To ensure this involves
a heavy outlay of capital, not only for warehouses
and machinery, but for the purchase of large
parcels of teas for bulking and blending purposes,
as well as the employment of experts.

It has long been recognised that the Victorian
Tea Act, which is now incorporated in the Cus-
toms Act of 1900, is far too liberal. For instance,
in order that teas should be deemed to be ‘* mixed
with other substarces,” it is necessary that there
should be evidence of some foreign substance
being mixed with them. Dirty teas, mixed with
broken leaves, stalks, tea seeds, or even decayed
leaves, would not come within the category. of
‘foreign substances.” Further, teas not having
proper strength or quality cannot be excluded
unless it is shown that they have been artificially
deprived ofthese properties. It isin this latter
direction our law wants revision, so as to bring
up the standard of quality in our imports. Such
a proposal, it need hardly be said, would im-,
mediately create an outcry from those who make
a handsome profit even. at existing low. retail
prices. There is little doubt that if something
were attempted in the direction indicated the
bulk of the trade and the public generally would.
be largely benefitted. Further, it would prevent’
the reshipment to this State of the rubbish con-
demned in Great Britain, as well asin the other
States.

————

COFFEE CULTIVATION IN SPAIN:

The cultivation of coffee for commercial purposes
is about to be undertaken for the first time in the
province of Malaga, at the little village of Oampa-
nillas, some five miles from the capital. Don Guirco
Lopez, a merchant of Malaga, will, according to Consul
Ridgeley, begin by setting out from twenty thousard
to. fifty thousand coffee plants on his plantation
there. As long as Cubs and Porto Rico were Spanish’
possessions, the cultivation of coffee in the peninsula

276

¢

ef Spain was forbidden, but under present conditions
the Government interposes no objection. Senor Lopez
has already made some experiments, and is con-
vinced that coffee can be advantageously grown in
the province of Malaga and elsewhere in Andalusia.
Others who have examined the question claim that
there is not sufficient humidity in the Andalusian cli-

ate. Practical experiments on a large scale will be
made, and the result is awaited with great interest.
‘Cuba and Porto Rico formerly supplied Spain with
nearly all her coffee, paying the Government at con-
sumption tax of sixty pesetas per one hundred kilo-
grammes (£1 4s 5d per cwt) on all coffee entering the
eninsula, At present the import duty on coffee is one
hundred and forty pesetas per one hundred kilo-
grammes (£2 16s 11d por cwt) from all countries excep-
from the Spanish island of fenando Po, and Sprain’s
supply last year came largelyfrom Valparaiso and other
Seuth American ports. Coffee from Fernando Po
pays @ duty of 105 pesetas per one hundred kilo-
grammes (£2 28 83d per cwt). If coffee can be
successfully cultivated in the province of Malaga,
it is believed that it will be generally grown
throughout Andalusia,—Journa of the Society of Arts,
for August 23.

a a
PRODUCE, PLANTING, AND COMMER-
CIAL NOTES,

TEA AND COFFEE.

The ** Morning Post,” ina long article on ‘“ Vege-
table Food Products,” discusses tea and coffee, and
its remarks, especially about the former, should serve
to increase the popularity of tea with its readers,
After referring to the prejudice against tea on its in-
troduction to these isles, the ‘‘ Post” says: ‘‘ Thus
in 1678 Mr Henry Savile, writing to his uncle, Mr
Secretary Coventry, blames the conduct of certain
friends of his ‘ who call for tea instead of pipes and
bottles after dinner, 2 base unworthy Indian practice,
which I must ever admire your most Christian family
for notadmitting. Even as late as 1756 Jonas Hanway,
in his ‘Essay on Tea,’ ventured to assert that
‘What Shakespeare ascribes to the concealment of
love isinthis age more frequently occasioned by the
use of tea, However, these were bat stray voices ina
widening chorus of praise, and when the Hast India
Company's monopoly terminated in 1834, tea, which
had then become a necessary luxury, was soon re,

arded as a necessity even by the labouring classes.
The notable fact that all substances, wherever found-
which contain the alkaloid ‘theine’—it is the charac-
teristic constituent not only of tea but also of coffee,
the mate and guarana of South America andthe kola
of Central Atrica—are highly prized by the human

race, would seem to prove that this alkaloid, the -

chemical formula for which is C8 H10 N4 02, satis-
fies some common craving of all sorts and colours of
men, But doctors disagree as to what precisely
eraving may be and as to how and why it is satisfied
by. the drinkingof tea or coffee,

. TEA DUST,

The “Financial Times ”’ publishes a letter from
@ correspondent signing himself ‘‘ Pussellawa,” who
says: “May I suggest we all agree to burn our tea
dust? On my estate it represents three percent of
production, This withdrawal would afford some little
relief, and some of the objections of your correspond-
ent be met. AsI am addressing, I presume, prac-
tical tea planters, it is needless to occupy your
space. with details.” Upon which our contemporary
says: “The idea is an ingenious one, but we fear
it ia impracticable, The same suggestion was thrown
out timidly some six months ago when the tea in-
terests were in consultation, but it failed to receive
sppport. Hach man was willing that his neigibour
should burn his tea dust, but failed to see why he
should do,so himself, seeing that it commands ‘a sub-
stantial value in the market. As a matter of fact,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Ocr. 1, 1901.

the course of Nature is solving the tea problem, the
present short season restoring the ayerage as against
the two previous superabundant seasons. What is
now concerning tea growers is how further expansion
of estates may be prevented rather than how the output
may be restricted.”

It is possible that the leaves of the coffee tree will
one day become marketable in the Lane, A chemica
analysis shows that the leaf contains all the charac-
teristic properties of the berry, but is richer in the in.
The natives of Sumatra make a drink from these
leaves, and the editor of the ‘Queensland Agricultural
Journal,” who, presumably, has tried it on his own
account, declares the coffee-leaf tea to be a pleasant
and refreshing beverage.—H. and C. Mail, Aug. 30.

—_—_——_______

TEA ATSALE PRICES, PLUS 5 PEK CENT.

The following advertisement in the latest Grocer—
referred to yesterday in our Londen Letter—is the
outcome of the secret tea sale scheme, and must be
rather a thorn inthe sides of the dealers who see the
cost price, date of purchase and lot number of the tea
declared and purchasable at an advance of five per
cent :

The Market Prices Company, Tea Brokers and
Clearing Agents, 72, Mark Lane, London, E.C,

The undernoted teas have been purchased in this
week’s public sale, and are offered at public sale cost,
On market terms.

Purchasers can have 6 chests or 6 3-chests of any lot.
It is only necessary to wire lot number when ordering.

Samples will be sent free of cost on application.
[Here come half-a-dozen lines in Assams, brought on
Monday, the 12th August; and the announcement
then proceeds :—

CEYLON TEA (BOUGHT TUESDAY, 13TH AUG. 1901.)

Mark — Price. Lot.

No,

23 Chests Peck. souchong Peacock Hill 43 94
23... do. Pekoe Lauderdale 4% 95
27 do. Pekoe Dartry 6 96
49 do. Broken pekoe Dartry 64 97
195 dos Pekoesouchong Lauderdale 4 98
20. do. Pekoe souchong Ingurngalla 44 99
24 do. Pekoe Ingorugalla 5 100
14 do. Pekoe Mahagastota 6 101
16 do. Pekoe souchong Polatagama 44 102
6 do. Pekoe souchong Dartry 42 103
22 do. Broken or pekoe Tangakelly 114 104
25 4% do. Broken or pekoe Ouvahkellie 10$ 105

purchase. ;
The remainder of the purchase-money to be paid on
clearance or prompt day.
Discount allowed to prompt day at the rate of 5 per
eent per annum. d
—————————»____

GATHERING CLOVES.—The clove tree grows td
from 40 feet to 50 feet high, with large oblong
leaves and crimson flowers at theend of smail
branches in clusters of from ten to twenty. The.
cloves are at first white, then light. green,
and at the time of gathering bright red. Pieces
of white cloth are spread under the trees at har-
vesting time, and the branches are beaten gently.
with bamboo sticks until the cloves drop, They”
are dried in the sun, being tossed about daily till:
they attain the rich dark colour which proclaims.
them ready for shipment. A clove tree begins”
to bear at the age of about ten years, and continues”
untilit reaches the age of seventy-five years.—-
Journal of Horticulture, Aug. 29. , y ohais

:

Oct, 1, 1901.]

~~ “Gonyespandence.
oe

To the Eattor.

THE TEA CESS.
Sept. 1,

DEAR SIR,—The Indian Tea Association have
declared that the Cess will not be handed over to
themselves but to a special Committee. It is to
be hoped that this Committee will have funds
sufficient for the purpose, or they will come in
for much of the style of criticism dealt out to
Mr, Mackenzie. It will be a thankless task ; the
problem they will have to tackle is to renovate the
Indian Tea Industry with 4 lakhs of rupees or
perhaps only 24 lakhs according to the rate. + or 4
pie per pound, fixed on. I have sent a circular
proposing a 2-pie Cess, to be printed and sent
to all the local Associations and to the London
Association, and will ask you to print a copy of
itin your paper. I can see no reason for doubting
that the majority of proprietors can be persuaded
into asking for a Cess of 2 pies per pound. [f have
carefully watched all the tea news, and it will be
observed that proprietors do respond to any scheme
which seems to be capable of ending the crisis
but I have never seen that any attempt has been
made to canvas for votes:

‘The Indian Tea Association proposed a Cess
over 6 months ago, and it is now being taken
notice of, and would have been long ago, but for
the want of some organisation to collect votes.
Refusal is anticipated, but when the matter comes
to: “yes” or ‘*no,” there is no room for doubt,
and many will assent who were supposed to be
against the measure.

The chief fact that I keep in view now is that
there is a spirit of ‘“ union” amongst both Pro-
ducers and Buyers. The million pounds sterling
Scheme and the Secret Sale Scheme show that
those interested are aware of the actual necessity for
combined action. There is a tendency to drop
all endeavour to attain to universal combination,
and to enter into Schemes for personal safety. If
the Cess scheme is abandoned those who have
money will no longer drag along the rest with them,
but with a sufficient Cess all can advance together ;
thereis ample room still for our tea in the world,
and I firmly believe that the majority will decide
for combined action if the matter can be placed
clearly before them and if they are forced to
give a vote by a certain date.

Who was the promoter of yourCeylonCess? How
long did it take for the idea to become *‘ Jaw 2”
Was there much hope of success when the idea
was first proposed? Ceylon is compact, whereas
India -is scattered and it is more difficult to bring
about assent. to any common measure, but the
Crisis 1s more gevere now than at the time you
succeeded in vetting a Cess. Necessity is the
mother of invention, and so there is hope for

my invention. But for the short yield this
year, both, from India and Ceylon I be-
lieve that the two pie Cess which I have ad-.

vocated since Apri! would now be receiving more
support. When in Calcutta, I called on the Head
of one of the firms who are Agents for large
Companies.. I was given to understand that they
were more or less content with affairs as they

stood, that their gardens were paying, and that
their people at Home were not keen on the Cess;
but J find one of these ‘‘ people at Home” spoke

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

277

distinctly in favour of large measures at the*
London meeting ot July 17th. a date {very shortly
after that of my interview. If I had had the
resolutions expressed at that meeting, I might
have received a different answer from the’ Cal

cutta Head of the Firm, (I mention this as a
reason why [ really expect that the two-pie Cess
may be adopted.) Again Messrs. Andrew Yule
& Co., have taken up the Indian supply business,
and it would surely help them greatly if Tea
and money were available from a general fund.

I have looked through the Tea Directory and
find that Ceylon is chiefly composed of private
owners, but India is practically all ‘‘ Companies.”
It ought to have been easier to get the consent
of Indian Producers, and I reckon that the reason
why Ceylon got the Cess by general consent, 30

much sooner than India, is because the small

Proprietors had come to the end of their tether
and were forced to submit to a general endeavour,

But the past few years have been so disastrous

to many Indian Companies (who practically benee
fited by the action of Ceylon) that common

measures are now wrgent to them.

I cannot believe that a small Cess will remedy
our disease, and so I urge a larger Cess and the
fulfilment of the promise made only six months
ago to withdraw 10 millions of Indian Tea from
our markets If Indian Proprietors will consent,
Ceylon will join. I now appeal to your Planters
for one man who will give his heart and soul to
obtaining a Cess of two pies per pound at least.
We want a big fund worked by Experts; in the
letter by ‘One of the New Order” in yours of
August 20th, he says; :

““The Committee is composed of the best menin
Ceylon, bnt they are likewise the busiest and cannot
spare time to go into details. Sol think they should
appoint a managing Secretary to devote his whole
time to the collecting of information as to how and
where funds have been spent.’

If one man could be appointed to collect in-
formation as te the public opinion about the rate
of the Cess, I feel sure that it would reveal a
strong current of opinion towards general combi-
nation, provided the scheme proposed is sw/fficient.
I put it before you that a Cess of 3 or} pie

per pound is not sufficient, and that is
proved by. the experience gained from
your Ceylon: Cess and the -voluntary subs-

criptions from Indian growers. Itis not possible
to say decidedly that a Cess of 2 pies . will
effect the desired improvement in our affairs, and
the proposal of one million pounds capital fora
Syndicate to contro] the market shows that some
men would consider this insufficient; so it stands
to reason that there are opinions varying from
doing nothing, upto subscribing 150 lakhsof rupees,
and all we have to do is to get some to go up
and others to come down to a general level,

In yours of 14th August you are good enough
to say that my explanation is lucid and satjs-
factory, except that the reserved tea will be
kept by the producers until wired for. ‘Hitherto
we understood that the tea was to be ready on
the spot to meet the demand,” I beg that you
will lay no stress on the details of my Scheme,
All details are subject to circumstances. All”
that we want is a sufficient tund subscribed to
by adi producers and a promise of tea when re-
quired. I suggested that, instead of storing the
tea in one room, which would require enormous
premises, the tea should be left with each pré
ducer wntil required. The only delay would thus

1

——

try in time.—Yours faithfully,

278 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

occur on the journey down to Calcutta (or Colombo)
andthe second instalment could be wired for
and bulked immediately after the despatch of the
first. There would thus always be tea at hand,
without the expense or risk of storing the whole
reserve, I rather regret having made any sug-
gestions beyond the essentials of the Scheme, to
have a sufficient fund and a reserve of tea. At
present the Scheme most likely to be adopted is
a Cess of from } to 4 pie, z.c., a fund of 2 to 4
lakhs of rupees and no tea in reserve.

My Scheme is a fund of 20 lakhs from India
and 15 or so from Ceylon and a reserve of 10
and 7 milion lb. of tea and a special Board of
Control. The largest Scheme proposed is of 150
lakhs of rupees as a fund and an unlimited re-
serve of tea. We havé certainly a large choice of
schemes. 4. COOKE.

RUBBER-GROWING ON A SEWAGE

FARM IN BURMA.
Rangoon, Sept. 5.
(The Editor, ** Tropical Agriculturist.’)

DEAR Sir,—I send you today some papers

iving an account of experiments con-
gaurd here with a view to utilising sewage
in the raising of a crop other than a food-
stuff—the outcome of a strong local agitation
against the methods of the Chinese market
gardeners—a, successful but unsavoury culti-
vator, whose energies, it is thought, might be
better employed in other directions.

An article on the Castilloa twnw and hule as
rubber-yielding plants (you may remember
our correspondence on this question of last
October) has appeared in the new Parisian
journal ‘‘d’Agriculture Tropicale,” with a
note on the subject from your correspondent,
M. Godefroy Lebeuf. I enclose a translation
if you care to insert it in your paper. The
question is an interesting one, and seems
now in a fair way to a solution.

I hope, before leaving Burma finally, to see
something done towards the introduction of
Castilloa on a larger scale. The climate of
Rangoon is much more suited to it than to
Hevea, but Burma is fortunate in the posses-
sion of climates suited to all species of

rubber-yielding plants, and of a goodly num-:

ber of indigenous varieties as well. Wehave
some guttas and pseudo-guttas to which at-
tention has deservedly been drawn of late.
There is no reason why the province should
not become a great caoutchouc-yielding coun-

J. A. WYLLIE.

{We are much obliged to Major Wyllie
(Indian Staff Corps, &c.) for the useful
and interesting papers he sends us, which
will appear in full, in due _ course,
in our monthly Tropical Agriculturist. A
pian is given of the ‘‘Kambe Rubber and

ewage Farm” which can be seen at our
office by any one interested, and it seems to
indicate land very much like that found in
the low-lying suburbs of Colombo. There are
fields alongside the Kelani Valley railway
which might well be utilized as a ‘‘ Rubber
Garden and Sewage Farm” after the example
set in Burma.—ED, 7.4

(Oct. 1, 1901.

TOBACCO-GROWING IN CEYLON AND
B. N. BORNEO.

Kandy, Sept. 7.

DEAR S1R,—Your foot-note to my letter of
5th (see page 256) scarcely does justice to my
side of the argument re Cultivation of Tobacco
wrapper leaf in Ceylon and British North
Borneo.

Mr. Vollar was successful in his tobacco
wrapper leaf cultivation, because he was
first in the field and his leaf was purchased.
locally, mostly by three tobacco experts from
Sumatra who at first starting were deceived
by the apparently good quality as far as
work of leaf was concerned. They found
out their mistake when they sold the stuif
in the European tobacco market. Mr. Vollar
also made money by the manufacture of
leaf for others who however dropped very
heavily when they sold the made leaf.

Mr. Vollar, like the wise man he is,
pocketed what he made and gaye up tobacco
wrapper leaf cultivation. ‘lhe others also
gave up the cultivation without pocketing
any money.

I grant that there may be risks attending
the transfer of men with limited capital or
unlimited for that matter to countries be-
longing to other Governments than British,
but British North Borneo is British.—Yours
faithfully, W. D. G.

{It is quite news to us that Mr. Vollar’s
famous crop of wrapper leaf tobacco was
sold by him locally and not in Europe, and
we thank our correspondent for his fuller
information.—ED. T.A.]

COCONUT PALMS AND ENEMIES.
Colombo, Sept. 9.

DEAR Sir,—I send you some leaves off coco-
nut plants on a new plantatim along the
Kelani Valley line. They are affected with
what is evidently a parasitic disease which,
however, is localized. The natives attribute
it to the ‘evil eye” and state they have
not seen it before in those parts, but the leaves
of the young plants are being freely attacked
by it. It would be interesting to know what
the parasite is and what would prevent its
further devastations.—Yours faithfully,

P.S.—In the specimen ,sent the cocoon-like
structures on the back of the*leaf may be distinctly
seen. [We havesent the leaves on to Peradeniya
tor examination by Mr. Carruthers. —ED. 7.A.]

COCONUT PALMS AND ENEMIES.

Sept. 11.
DEAR SirR,—With reference to the letter
“Coconut Palms and Enemies” (see above),
the leaves have been attacked by cater-
pillars of some small moth. The symp-
toms lead me to believe that the pest is the
same that has given so much trouble in the
Batticaloa district from time to time, (vide ~
Annual Report R. B Gardens, 1900, p. H7,
first para of Entomologist’s Report). But
as the insects had deserted the leaves sub-—
mitted to me, I cannot definitely determine it.
I should be glad of furi:her specimens, with

the living caterpillars, sent in a closed box,

Oct. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

Meanwhile all affected fronds should be at
once destroyed. If the plants are young, the
caterpillars and their webs can be stripped off
by hand. If taken in time it should be possible
to stamp out the pest, (see directions in
above-mentioned report).— Yours truly,

K. ERNEST GREEN,
Government Entomologist.

[We quote the important paragraph refer-
red to as follows :—

“A. tour through the Badulla and Passara dis-
tricts and across country to Batticaloa was under-
taken in April, occupying sixteen days. The main
object of the tour was to study a caterpillar pest
that was seriously affecting the coconut palms in
the neighbourhood of Batticaloa. On badly at-
tacked estates the fronds of the palms were being
completely skeletonized. A. few trees are killed
outright ; but this is exceptional. I was informed
thet they usually recover from the attack, but that
their bearing capacity is seriously diminished for
several years. It was found, as expected, that the
properties that were suffering most severely were
those on which no efforts had been made to check
the pest, or on which unsuitable methods had been
employed. On estates where prompt and intelli-
gent action had been taken from the commencement
of the attack, comparatively little damage was
incurred. The only course to adopt is to watch for
the earliest signs of the pest, which are quite easily
detected, and immediately to cut off and burn the
affected fronds. It is useless to wait until the
leaves have been killed before removing them. By
that time the caterpillars will have deserted such
fronds and migrated to fresh ones. The insect re-
sponsible for all this damage is the caterpillar of a
smali moth belonging the family Gelechiida,
The species appears to be undescribed. but speci-
mens have been sent to England for determination.
The caterpillar may be recognized by the black
head and second segment, the hinder parts being of
a pale yellowish tint. It conceals itself beneath
galleries composed of silk and sawdust-like pellets
of excrementitious matter. The resulting moth is
of a pale gray colour with minute black specks on
the front wings. [t measures about one inch in
expanse.”
it is for our coconut-owning correspondent
now to respond promptly to Mr. Green’s
request for further specimens.—ED. :.A.]

————_——_—_———
PLANTING NOTES.

THE PEARL FISHERIES of the Gulf of Califor-
nia are let out as a concession by the Mexican
Government, and are said to be very valuable.
The shells of the pearl oyster are shipped to
Europe and sell for from 16 centsto 18 cents a
pound. The gross earnings of the fisheries are
estimated at $200,000 per annum.—Financial
News: fi

Lemon JELLY.—Rub the yellow rind of three
large lemons upon 4 lb. sugar, pour over it the
strained juice of six lemons, and put it into an
enamelled pan with 1 oz. isinglass, 1 pint of water
anda glass of sherry. Stir these over the fire
until the isinglass is dissolved, strain the jelly
through a bag, and if not perfectly transparent mix
it when cool with the whites and crushed shells
of three eggs with a 3 pint of cold water. Let
the jelly boil for three minutes without stir-
ring, then let it settle for fiveor six minutes, and
strain it again. Set it in dishes or in small jelly

glasses.—Journal of Horticulture, Aug. 29°

AGRICULTURIST. 279

RoyAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KrEw.—Bulletin of
Miscellaneous Information. Contents :—Jarrah
and Karri, Maromba Vine Disease in Portugal
Chinese Printing Blocks, Lungan Pulp, and Mis.
cellaneous Notes. ii

WHY WE PRUNE. —First, to modify the vigour
of the plant; second, to prodnce larger and better
fruit; third to keep the tree within manageable
shape and limits ; fourth, to change the habit of
the tree from fruit to wood production .or vice
versa ; fifth, toremove surplus. or injured parts;
sixth, to facilitate harvesting and spraying ;
Sone to aailitots tillage ; eighth, to train
plants to some desired form —./Jow7) i-
culture, Aug. 29. manos oe

“ ARE THE TROPICS DOOMED ? ”—is the heading
of an editorial in which a foreign contemporary
discusses the manner in which the tropical. pro-
duction of various articles of commerce are
being ousted from the markets of the world by
the scientific discoveries of the age, both in the
laboratory and the field. The writer instances
cinchona, indigo, and sugar as’ cases. in which
the tropical industries appear to be falling to
the ground in the face of the manufacture of
the article in temperate countries. But we
suspect it will be a long time before tropical
sugar and cinchona or even Bengal Indigo planters
become extinct ? Perhaps the date may be simul-
taneous with the year when the Russian Cau-
casus and American Southern States produce
enough tea for the requirements of Russia and
the United States respectively !

THE COFFEE CRoP IN Coora.—An estimate
of the coffee crop in Coorg for 1901 has been
received in Calcutta from the local Admini-

stration, and the figures are appended. wij
f a wi
the estimates of 1900, for compatiedy pars ie
1900. 1901.
d tons, '
Estimated yield (2 cwt, an ai
Rereer Europeans in 1900
and 14 cwt. in 1901 2,751
Estimated yield ee cewt. an ts nee
acre for natives in 1900 and
+ cwt. in 1901) 1,120 701
Total 3,871 2,689
Estimated average yield per y ota
acre of ordinarily well culti-
vated coffee in full bearing 22 cwt. QJowt

Hespore a coffee taken from
the toll gate returns -. 2/366
Average annual export of ete
coffee in the ten preceding
ange Years - + 3,326 tons 3,35
Taking the average crop to be about 4,56C cane yi
sme of ayers tons for the present. seagon repre-
Sents about £ t. i
See aks per cent. of the average against 76 per
Poor old coffee is gradual i ir
) g ally going down in
Coorg, as in’ Mysore, and everywhere in
India; and yet we know that Coorg planters
have, of late years, been importing coffee
seed trom Uva, Ceylon. ms

THE DEAF HEAR.—No. 479 of lustraite
World of 626, Chiswick High Ra a ed ‘2
England, contains a description of a Remarkable
Cure for Deafness and Head Noises which may be
carried out at the patient’s home, and which is
pale ie pee coualn wens: This’ number will he
sent free to any deaf perso ing i
dress to the Editor, persons sending their: ad-

280 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Ocr. 1, 1901

LONDON COMPANIES, . : j
SHARE LIST. | Het ge i
Company p. sh. ers. ers. saction
Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 .. 8-9 .
ate: Anglo-Ceylon General HstatesCo.100 .. 45—55 ..
i Asnaciated Estates Co., of Peripn 10 ~ 1—3 os
= oO. 6 per cent prefs, 10 > 4—6 =
ISSUED BY THE Resign Bs al oe wy 1 oe —} 4
eylon Tea Plantacion Co., > wa — 2-25 ..
COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’ Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd, Be. ipa eS
o prefs. 5 o bh. as
" Eastern Produce & Estates Co. Ltd. 5 aoe 33--45 .,
ASSOCIATION, nero 2 Go, base 4 10 ay) 6~8 A |
(mperial Tea Estates Co. a, 16 PRD te é
CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES. Kelani Valley Tea Asscn., Ltd, Peres as ‘0
fi Kintyre Estates Co., Ltd. 10 ‘2 (BB ae
paid Buy- Sell- ‘Tran- Yanka Plantation Co., Ltd. 10.) S20 pete OE?
be ee monte eee 1 ug nom es
an) p.sh, ers. ers. sactions ew Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1 -. 28—3 a
Company Numares ees Estate Co.,Ld. 10 9% 10 10
: h Estates Co., Ltd. 500 — 865 _ Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd. 10 ge rm ee
Ae es and Coconut Estates 500 — — + Bagalla Tea Estates a Ll te “=
Castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100 70 «67 ae Scottish Coylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10% stn esis,
Ceylon Povineial Kstates Co. Ltd, 600 500 ~~ _ Spring Valley, Tea Co., Ltd. 10 we if 2-4 ve
t, Katates Co., Ltd. 100 — ae Standard Tea Co., Ltd. i$ 6 10; 10-11 ..
pen kia Co Ltd. 106 40.~=—«65 Bi The ee dauuy and Trading eee
y wy 1 i f 100 Eis was ied ompany, Ltd. 1 . 22-3: +.
cin Sates Go ut a eylon Ltdp100 © 60 | 65 ie Ukuwella Estates Co., Ltd. 25 DAR es
Dect Spratt Co., Ltd 100 : y Yatlyantots Leyhon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 ws. 44-5 ws,
TB y a9 P Seas ee 0. pref. 6 o/o 10 5, oo. D710 “' oe
Billa Tan Pen eT Tia gam) UT agg 128 Colombo, ejORBER OF, THE COMMITTEE
tha 600 EE a ns on oe abs er 27th 1901,
Glasgow Batate Co., Ltd. 500 900 — ee Latest London Prices

‘Weatern Tea Co, Ltd, 500 610 — een mrny
Eapugabaland: Tea Estate Co. 200 eats

OIE) HIRE,
SE Oreste ear ait) ecuagovd 2 Itagp) > 22 RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO,
Gorekelly Ravaied Co., Ltd. bay bits Aas mre gh twas
Eanes oe Go. Lta. 106 = aston (Supplied by the Surveyor—General.)
td. <= =
See Garden Co., Ltd. 100 20 2 — 1896. {1807. | 1898. |1899. 1900 eet 1901
Kirklees Estates Co., dit 109 Pa pO 3 poetic ey ston
Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. i ny Inch | Inch | Inch | Inch.| Inch. | Inch.| Inch
Maha Uva Estates Co., Ltd 500 ee January ..| 2°92 | 3°81 | 2°32 | 6°98 | 3°72 | 3°24 | 11°91
Mocha Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 600 675 aan February ..| 0°35 | 1°68 | 1°98 | 2°78 | 0-63 | 1°89 | 3°55
Nabavilla Estate Co., Ltd. 500 = ae ca March ..| 5°64 | 3°66 | 4°21 | 0°88} 3-71 |'4°-75 | 5 12
Neboda Tea,, Co. Ltd 7 500 $e OM April —..| 5°93 |10°97 |22°81 | 6°66 | 15412 |11°48 | 8-71
Nyassaland Coffee Co. Ltd at May --} 9°31 | 8°30 | 5°80 {17°73 | 10°63. 12-04 | 6°28
Palmerston Tea Co., Ltd. Seg Stella tie Ga June —_..| 8°37 {10°14 | 10°94 | 9:23 | 7-83 | 8°35 | 5°98
Penrhos Katates Co., Ltd. LOOR aa 5 July 2°85 | 5°24 | 6°15 | 1°11 6°77 | 4°30 | 4°52
Pitakanda Tea Company. 500 — aan August ..| 6°35 | 9:09 | 6°97 | 0°62 | 7:35 | 3°79 | 0-46
Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60 a September | 10°99 | 4°58 | 6°90 | 1-48] 4-00 | 4:98 | 3-12*
Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. LOO) {Stones ae October ..|16°78 | 4°71 | 20°60 |12:99 | 9747 |14°36
Batwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. 600 — 250 — November..| 19.81 {11°66 | 17°38 | 8°58 | 9-25 |12°55
Rayigam Tea Go. oh 100 uk ert . December..}11°76 | 8°89 | 3-05 | 4-44 | 5-20 | 6°35
berry Tea Co. ° =e Ti SS CR eee eae ee poe
Basaws la Tea Co., Ltd. 100 200 Total. .|101°06/82°73 }103:11 |73'48 | 83°68 | 88°03 | 49°69
8¢. Helier’s fea oe ae 500 = a oe
‘ea, Co., \. irs, eure on 2 = ;
en air cent. Prefs. 100 «70 ws * From 1st to 25th Sept. 3°12 inch, thatis up to 9-30 a.m.
fonacombe Estate Co., Ltd, 500 = 825 tee en the 6th ept.—Ep. C.0.
Jdugama Tea & Timber Co., Ltd. 60 Aa es 86
Union Estate Co., Ltd. Peiuoe 600 veo 200 aoe —_——__o——__—_
Upper Maneater ne aay aSod who) Kee aeelie ELEPHANT IN SOUTHERN ABYSSINIA.—Captain
Gvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon, criteria eh Wellby (says the Spectator, Aug. 3, in reviewi
Ltd. co. Ltd 100; i 60 ae the new book of this gallant traveller who fel] lately
Vogan tones Co.,Ltd. 500 -. 1000 — inSouth Africa) talks with the greatest equani-
Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. 100 = 220 — mity of walking into a herd of elephants and

shooting right and left. According to hima

Onyion CommmnoraL ComPantes. charging elephant, and still more easily, a charging -

‘ .. Ltd. 100 1. soled SS rhinoceros can be evaded by a step aside. It is
adatol be io a 100... 3165 - pleasant tosay thathe shot with Shiethebibt and
Do 7 per cant Debts 100 105 — * humanity, and not for a record bag; though his -
Osglon ian: Steam Navgtn: 00 222°50 225 — first encounter with elephants was disastrous as .
Cc lon Superaeration Ltd. 10@ — 7 — he fired at the head three times with a rifle or
Golombo Apothecaries’Co. Ltd, 100 .. 187} .. cartridges deficient in power to penetrate. When
Colompo Assembly Rooms Co., seh net he had secured as much ivory as his men could
Ltd. rata BO ain Wl ot carry without inconvenience, he let the elephants
oolnbs Fort Land and Building alone and watched instead of shooting them. It
Co., Ltd. bs th ane aH im will be surprising if the reading of this book does
Colombo Bemotel Co, Lid. 100 16260... 163°25 not tempt many big-game shots to make the
eee Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 .» 411750 .. journey to the shores of Lake Rudolf. If _ they
Mount Lavinia Hotel Co, Ltd. 600 .. .. 260 go, itis to be hoped that they will bring back
Mew Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 100 4. 190 more detailed information about the tribes. For

Nuwara liye Bee ee Le hG ge eee i example, the Turkanas are described as 3 race of ©

Public Hall Co., Ltd. 20° 198 14 giants but we have no measurements given. “~

Ocr. 1
. ’ 1901.] v7)
THE
LTURI
ST.
281

(Furni MBO. P}
Ee. ERIE CUR
CarpaMom Fe Ee of RENT:
| Alveound oe CG S mmerc Cc
ound olomb é-) EY LO
j ° : N
| Do parcel , Sept 2 i EX
gph ery HL HERO 88
Cr g ent, 0 edium d _ Ri-45 o| 3 ne Sas S 1 IST
CH » Van 0. 4 5 == H Paes 90 R
| Per eat Bark :— dlonly do. RL30 z | \3 ao 00 AND eee
| Cinnam it of Sulph do, R1°80 : red _ 01.
| Ordinary phe CE Ee R35 B°Rs Ze" ® g
os. aS8O ne 9:— .{e2 | S°RSax S ¢ 5
Gan: Ae 9 aie set 13 to 3 o/o & SE aes 3° s 8 Sere %
ee eee baer: Ib, 50e z | oS ae cai
Cc Per a CBr ea! oes He ve 5 = 3 Ss | a
0. - , tw} —T Hoe e . =
mee y of 560 lb R a a E\_ |2:8°8 .5 i
ean éiatexed 75°00 Se) | 38: 5 S B2R |
. m * unpi A rot
Bright mae do” npicked per cwt N | 218 88 SB prilec Lp eayiak
lo un ] Ss 10 oO
ecantte (iinet Bickediand sate cae 3°53 3 Oe ee
seneted (husked) do pngtied ” No quot 3 2 2 © S 23
Ordinary. Ha oc nee ee lg 7;
C 8 R47: 3 eS 2s or 88 0
Pee cn Th al gif 3° re:[ 8
} Roonae in KE— Ra 00 a |! i «63 or|
| o in robins f “00 — rarer
Coconut Aue _o. b. per ton R7 ls 2 | SoReRs Pages 2a as:
eae: esiccated None oh R75'00 233 SESESR ss a wisileus | s
OCONUT aoe grad ). ass [i FA Ba pas Baes ~
‘Doslewe’ Oil es per Ib S38 ie Se°8
_cosonnt ai per cwt 163c ie) | ts 3 18% = 8
n R36 il i R16: : g ~) eo Pil Fa
re} 5°00— in R16°25. a SRNSS : 19
Peetu Dasiness Wone, 8| 3 |Senee & & 2
ne. stat ob = :o asi
Plant e Parch « per 3122 Ze 3 S
ati me sfos B82 S 7 %
_ Nati < sie lee sts ES =
eran: Coffee ee f.0.b ( per bus. g et $3 /3°SR SS
Cc Rasae) Ot. f.0.b perc ‘ | ready) per 3 et S2ene to tity 20s 3
OPRA— ee a wi.—N cwt — olsé HASAS a2 24 g
Cal opra \ c : oS 10 = TES ; 2
os ede (nee candy 5 | Zu SASASSC Coe a
Matae ours aS of 560 Ib. R e |e Bescnes S27 $5 ai Wate
5 ie * ox 8S fea) Pao a !
Sovad D per. owe ° da Res-00 gas |S2e282e Renate x
Wee —None 55-00 | a baka oh Ss 688 5
s of on we rr fae ey oo
Inferi 2nd Been Govt. 5 i aiICa ores 22335
Fr ior R15 mbe: de 3° F RS tis pater | S
| BRES— 150:00 Part pot—R200'0 & + 5 SSS s= Pxqeoasy Mira Gi
| Coconut B 6 i Govt. sal : Per Go S if |i ae SE a m6 We | g
| ee ae uw gig (8 2 ae
| 0: » e Sige eG) ree qysii sy
| . rattrens » 2 percwt R12 ptember. 2 | S RSERs x = 0 | 5
| Ooir Yarn, K nod Hi Nine re t Sonic aes ; | 3
SES leRbe 2D 8B we Wf ee aaa
| Kitool olombo 2 1 to y 9: 5 E & WAH & ‘ Ro} aS heros 5
| Palm all sizes lt Pua ae ° 1 = BEB | 8 t
| Paeear cB, ; 88 IBD i{ 2 E88 | 2
Pium —Black ” 11°50 2 3S ay : a
Po a jy Re a :
Galea por None ares iene
| “Dien” Het R550 saa/(8 ylyaoe 33 ae
: ae Bo coe baa |$:3) a8 8 & ce
eee ee lzing? 350 Fine ° Plt B Paris 223 8 A Ua
| Sib sae do que 21S Sn8S2 Bee 2:::( 2
i WooD 20 = i=) Rabon eal Se ey Boom i $ ray
| room, (oral = 252° s282cs en as a
) 5: fo} inary) eh ar ae 3 ae [3 oe eeeeer eer s
ubi oy aOR pabad Oo fe
| Beare Hi re cubic if 3-10 oe eae 3S ‘2 aoag22"8 i B
poken Eek gh Grown t. Non 3 3 jeseasees Ste B
rey oe & Ave Medi e a | S00 N ie oO SHS =
nge PR nd B rage lum Ley FIC POON ase spe 6 te ps
Oran ekoe roken . Aver Low G | eS an™ BS SR eeesas ye cabin
etincs per Ib alga amar secrmac at 3 BREED: =
_ Bokos Sonchongds he re 49 a Ty hint aote 2a a ig
Broken “anningedo ha 33 5 EE S
xed—" 3 Te
dedust, So 34 26 25 z abel? a3
23 27 5 She 28.8 Oe by fat aS
5530 pn o> gS Rus Fe
28 ° gse53q Ges Seke g3 [52
Huu me
Bs scecsé g2en oe -3
A [es] Sj 3 = mae | 23
SESRSAD LER GE<0a58 ea
ispecies BS
k ab eb 28
| 5

Say, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 1, 1901,

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS
(Brom Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, September 4th, 1901.)

QUALITY. QUOTATIONS. QUALITY, QUOTATION
ALOES, Soccotrine cwt.|Fair to fine dry 448 at0s INDIARUBBER, (Contd ))

Zanzibar & Hepatic ,, |Common to good .|20s a 60s Java, Sing. & Penang }b.|Foul togood clean ... /8d a 2s 6d
ARROWROOT (Natal) lb.| Fair to fine 63d a 61d Good to fine Ball ... {28 6d a 8s 2d
BEES’ WAX, cwt. Oxsdinary to fair Ball ...|Is10da 2s 6d

Zanzibar & | White ,, |Gocd to fine £6 a £7 108 Mozambique »,, |Low sandy Bell «(ls 3dals 7d
Bombay Yellow,, |Fuir ,, £5 108a 26 Us Sausage, fair to gocd ..|2s 6da 2s 11d
Madagascar ark to yood palish £6 10sa £6 15s Liver and Livery bal] ..|2s 4d a is

Nominal

CAMPHOR, China x
Japan x
CARDAMOMS, Malabarlb

Fair average quality
5 ae rte Lis

Clipped, bold, br'ght, fine|’s 3d a 2s 4d
Middling, stalky & leavjisidais7d
Ceylon.— Mysore Fair to fine plump lsida 3s 9d

”

Seeds .. {Is 10d a 2s 4d
” Tellicherry ,, |Good to fine [2s lld a 3s
Brownish . {28 6d
As - Long 5, |Shelly to good ..jeda Gd

Mangalore ,, |Med brown to good bold|2s 3d a 383d

CASTOR OIL, Caleutta,, |1sts and 2nds ..j4d a 43d
CHIULIES, Zanzibar cwt.} Dull to tine bright ...|/358 & 458
CINCHONA BARK.- Ib.|Ledgeriana Orig, Stem|3d a 53d
Ceylon Crown, Renewe bd a 7d
: : Org. Stem |3¢da 53d
Red Ore Stem sed pad
enewe 3d a 53
itis g Root 33d a 4d
CINNAMON, Ceylon Ists|Qrdinary to tine quill |9!d a 1s 6d
per lb, 2nds ae a Sida 1s 5d
prs i a e4d a 1s 4d
a ll
Chips os a 2d a 10d
each Ce Ib. Dull to fine bright bold|4;d a ord
v oy Ne :*|Dull to fine 43d a 53
Zanzibar } Good and fine bright |4d a 43d
and Pemba Common dull to fair 32d a3 15-16d
saci Stems -- | Fair : 18d

Ceylon Plantatien ,, | Bold to fine bold colory|92s 6d a 117s

Middling to fine mid
Low mid. and low grown

; Smalls 40s a 60s
Native Good ordinary 30s a 40s
Liberian Small to bold 30s a 37s 6d

COCOA, Ceylon Bold to fine bold

Mediu and fair
; ative

GOLOMBO ROOT » |Middling to good

COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton

Cochin 5; }Qrdinary to fair .. (£13 lus a £18
FIBRE, Brush .. *» Ord, to fine long straight|£16 a £19
Cochin ,, |Ordinary to good clean £20 a £24
9 Stuffing, |Common to fine £7a£9
COIR YARN, Ceylon ,, |Common to superior {£15 a £30
Sechin ” na »» very fine £12 a £32
- »» |Roping, fair to good {£10a £14 10s
CROTON SEFEDS,sift.cwt./pull f2 far is a'08
CUTCH ” » |Fair to fine dry 23s a 35s
GINGER, Bengal, rough,, | Fair 34s

Calicut, as A, |Good to fine bold

Small and medium
Common to fine bold
Small and D’s
Unsplit
Sm. blocky to fine clean}15s a 45s
Picked fine pale in sorts}£10 7s 6d a £20
Part yellow and mixed|£7 15s
Bean and Pea size ditto}70sa £9 28 6d
Amber and dk. red boldj£5 10s a £7 10s
Med. & bold glassy sorts|80s « 100s
Fair to good palish ...|£4 8s a £8
+ a red ...|£4 58 a £9
Ordinary to good pale|35s a 58s
40s a 45s

Cochin Rough ,,

Japan. Ay
@UM AMMONIACUM ,,
ANIMI, Zanzibar ,,

Madagascar

AEBRABIC E.J.& Aden
Turkey sorts

Ghatti ,, |Pickings to fine pale ...{12s 6d a 35s
Kurrachee ,, |Good and fine pale ...152s 6d a.55s
Reddish to pale selected|30s a 40s
Madras’ ,, {Dark to fine pale _ ...|20s a 35s
ASSAFCETIDA 1 {Clean fr. to gd. almonds|60s a 137s 6d
Ord. stony and blocky|6s a 25s
KINO _ .. » |Fine bright 1s 3da 1s 6d
hk pial 83 a ste fine sale 90s a 107s 6d
orts ,, |Middling to goo 50s a 80s
OLIBANUM, drop __,, |Good to tine white 35s 6d a 50s
irs Middling to fair 253 a 35s
pioknes Mm Low be good pale aR a 23s
es ngs ,, |Slightly foul to fine 163 6d a 22s
TNDIARULBEK,Assamlb|Good to fine 28 a 2s 6d
Common to foul & mxd.|7d a 18 6a
Rangeon Fair to good clean .,.|2sa 2s 6d
Borneo Commen to fine isa 2s 3d

a

Fair to tine ball x
Erto fine pinky & white
Fair to g od black

Nyassaland
(

Mé dagaseuvr

|) |Niggers, low to fine ../7d a 2s
INDIGO, E.I. Bengal-- _
Shipping mid to gd violet}3s 8d a 4s 6d
Consuming mid, to gd,./3s2da 3s 6d
Ordinary to mid. 2s 10d a 3s 1d
Mid. to good Kurpah |2sa 2s 6d
Low to ordinary Is 6dals 104
Mid. to good Madras |2s a 2s 16d
MACE, Bombay & Penang|Pale reddish to fine [2s a 3s
per Ib. Ordinary to fair ‘sdda Isild
Pickings Is 3d a le 4d
MYRABOLANS, Dark to fine palefUG |5sa 6s
Madras f ©Wt|Fair Coast
Bombay 5, |Z ubblepore 5s a 68 3d
Bhimlies 4s 3d a 7s 64
Rhajpore, &c, 4s 3d a 6s
Bengal ,, ,!Caleutta 3s €d a 5s
NUTMEGS— Ih, [64's to 57’s 2s 4d a 2s 6d
Bombay & Penang ,, |110’s to 65's 1s Id a 2s 4d
160’s to 130’s 6d als
NUTS, ARECA ewt,|Ordinary to fair fresh |l4sal7s
NUX VOMICA, Bombay /Qrdinary to middling |4s 8 5s 6d
per ewt. Madras |Fair to good bold fresh {78a 10s6d
Small ordinary and fair|$s a 6s 6d
OIL OF ANISEED _,, |Fair merchantable 5s
CASSIA , }According to analysis |?sa 3s 3d
. LEMONGRASS ,, {Good flavour & colour |6d a 54d
NUTMEG ;, |Dingy to white 1}d a 3d
CINNAMON ,, | Ordinary to fair sweet |34d a 1s 64
CITRONELLE ., ) Bright & good flavour /9¢d a 10d
ORCHELLA WEED—cwt,
Ceylon if Mid. to tine not woody...|!0s a 12s 6d
Zanzibar. Picked clean flat leaf ...|10s a 14s

”

wiry Mozambique}10s 4 lls

a7

PEPPER ~ (Black) Ibs 5
Alleppee & Tellicherry|Fair to bold heayy ...|5;d a Gad
Singapore | | Fair eee see oe

c=)
Acheen & W. C. Penang see nee 59d & 64d

PLUMBAGO, lump cwt.

chips ..|98 a 15s
ust Dineaes to oad bright A ras
SAFFLOWE ood to fine pin .. /658 a 75s
Bs Inferior to fair ¥ . |40s a 60s
SANDAL WOOD— 2
Bombay, Logs ton.|Fair to fine flavour .. pee 2
Chi ‘ 08 O53 .. [58a
Madras, tees 2 |Fair to good flavour ..|£20a £6
Chips ,, Inferior to fine ...(£4a £8
SAPANWOOD Ceylon ,, |Fair to good ..|£5 @ £5 10s
Manila ,, |) Rough & rooty to good £410sa £5 158
Siam ., |i bold smooth.. |£7
SEEDLAC cwt. ese dusty to ed. goeee oe aoe 6d
SENNA, Ti 1] ood to fine bo. eenjida
Ga ET eon Fair greenish a 8d a 34d

SHELLS, M. o’PEARL—

Bombay ewt. Bold andovs
san "3 5
‘ Small at { £3a£5 638
Mergui Small to bold (£7
nse ,) [Small to bold hese

_|Mid.to fine b’’k not stony] 10s a 11s
Stony and inferior 7s 6d a 10s

Zanzibar & Bombay Ib. |Small to bold dark
of mottle part heavy { 18s a 228 6d
TURMERIC, Bengalewt.|Fair y Pa
Madras ,, eeen ae to fine bold
pokey 223 a 255
Do. __,, |Bulbs ~ {178 @ 18s
Cochin __,, |Finger -- {178 6d a 18s
Bulbs eof 7S 6d i
Mees ang do Ib. ae lized 8}
auritius ,.. 1sts|Gd. crysallized 83 2 9 inl14g
Bourbon ono } 2nds|Foxy & reddish 34 a8 ,,/133 Z Gea'ca
Seychelles 3rds|Leam and inferior ./838-3 195°
VERMILION Ib.|Fine, pure, brignt 433 3a

AX, Japan, squares cwtjGoed white hard sor fB2S & Bas

A iss i alt

AGRICGOLTURAL MAGAZINE,
COLOMBO.

Added as a Supplenie.ct Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,”

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for

October :—

Vol. XIII.

OCTOBER,

1901, [Nov v4.

OCCASIONAL. NOTES.
".. BITING to us. in connection
with reference to the School
Garden and Nature Study move-
ment, Mr. John Spencer, Deputy
@re, to the Chief of the Bureau of
Nature Study (Cornnell University, College of
Agriculture) says: —*Ycur cordial letter of recent
date just to hand. I amconsidering how I may ask
The
During the past early summer,

RS

elie dy

a favour with a minimum of trouble to you.
situation is this.
when speaking to any part of our 20,000. Junior
Naturalists, [ have always held them enrapt
when. I told them that a knowledge of their
work has gone so far round the earth, that when
they were fast asleep at midnight, people would
be thinking about their midday meal and _ per-
haps at that moment would be talking about
them. I am wondering if you have near at
hand any English-speaking children who would
write me a letter about some common thing in
their lives. Such would give great pleasure to
our boys and girls. Such a letter would go from
school to school and from town to town. Ceylon
and your particular town would have an interest
for them that it never had before, all because
they would conceive they had friends
living there. There would be nothing within
their power that young boys and girls would not
do in return. Some would be glad to send
photographs of scenes connected with their home
and school life. With this idea in my mind I
leave you to help me solution.—Yours

some

in its

cordially, Jno. W. SPENCER.

We have before now recommended the utilis
ing ‘of all kitchen waste (bones, ashes, &e.,) fo
garden purposes, and we would again point out
the way in which a could
be prepared by interlayering wood ashes and
bones in a cask, covering with
earth

valuable fertilizer
a top layer of
whole till a
complete fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphoric
acid and potash is got, The Editor of the Cape
Colony Agricultural Journal
referring to this subject

and keeping the moist

states in a note
that kitchen bones
contain about 50 per cent of phosphate of lime and
3, per cent nitrogen ; average wood ashes 7 per cent
of potash and 30 per cent lime. One or more casks
should always be at hand for the preparation of this
valuable fertilizer. The wood ashes used should
be fresh ana dry, and old accumulations should
always be dried, or better still, calcined, eo
that they may become caustic for acting on
the bones,. If every village dwelling had some
arrangement for ccllecting household rubbish,
the gain to the occupants would be two-fold—
clean surroundings and a useful compost for the
garden.

In the Year Book of the Department of Agri-
culture so far back as 1898 we find the follow-
ing reference to the use of kerosene against the mos-
quito: For the mosquito, kerosene has proved a very
efficient preventive. Applied at the rate of an
ounce to fifteen square feet, to the surface of
small ponds or stagnant water in
quitoes are breeding, it forms

which mos
a uniform film
over the water and destroys all forms of aquatic
insects, including the larves of the mosquito

284

and the adult females which come to the surface
of the water to deposit their eggs. The appli-
eation retains its efficiency for several weeks.

A Ceylon man at present travelling in
Australia, writing from Perth, says :—‘‘In Western
Australia, which is quite a baby colony, what
the visitor can never forget is the wild growth.
There is not a weed but has its pretty blossom,
and in such luxuriance and variety that I would
sooner walk through into miles of sand than
threugh a Botanic Garden or a park, No pen
can describe the infinite variety of its attrac-
tions, There is every colour and every shade
of colour from pink to purple and the lightest
yellow to orange and deep red. Then there are
grasses of exquisite beauty and form, and
“ everlastings” of all skapes, sizes, and colour
gome of which I send you.”

Mr. Christian Fernando, late of Ceylon, writes
from Durban :—‘ The cold season is past, and the
days are warm, sometimes disagreeably so, and the
mango trees are in blossom. Perhaps you are not
aware that we have mangoes here? Yes, we do, and
jak as well, but they are miserable specimens
compared with those in Ceylon. The mangoe
trees blossom when they are merely saplings
8 to 15 feet, andI have not yet seen a taller
specimen. Fancy being able to just reach out
your hand and pluck the fruits off the trees. But
they are never very long lived, and I believe
this peculiar phenomemon is explained by the
energy and haste characteristic of stinted vege-
tation in alien and unfavourable climes to blossom
and reproduce their kind ere they die.

‘<A Native Horticulturist writes to the Mercury
recommending all fruit-growers to have an
apiary as well, but this does not seem to be
necessary for a good mango crop, for all the
ylossoms I saw were largely visited by house-
flies and blue bottles, and not by bees. Is this
the ease with our Ceylon mango blossoms? They
are too high up for casual observation. The
jak, too, fruits when trees are from 15 to 20 ft.
high. The fruits are small, but esteemed
a great delieacy by the Indian population, and
fetch fiom 6 to 12 shillings each. (I have seen
them priced as much last October.) Of course these
fyuits with Naartjes (a variety of mandarins) and
bananas are only grown in the coast districts,
From all I can gather there is much scope for
Horticulture in Natal, if a convenient market
could be found. If a direct line of steamers
started running between Natal and London for
conveying produce, just as has been done between
England and the West Indies, there would be a
deal of money to be made from fruit culture.”

A local vine growers, who is experimentally
growing grapes imported from Australia, and is
studying the requirements of the plants in its altered
surroundings, decided to train his vines espaher
fashion, 18 he expects that that will give better
control over the trainivg and pruning than if
the vines were allowed to run over a frame-
work or pandal.

Supplement to the ‘' Tropical Agriculturist.”

[Oor. 1, 1901.

We would draw special attention to the
advertisement of ‘‘Gardener” on our back cover.
The mixing and preparation of an insecticide
according to a standard recipé is, we must con-
fess, a most troublesome and tedious business, and
We suppose one reason why amateur gardeners
do not take measures against the infestation of
their gatdens by pests of various sorts, (as
evidenced by rose trees with their leaves all
esten away, ferns covered with scale insects,
brinjals affected with ‘‘soot,” and tomatoes
drooping and dying owirg to fungoid disease) is
that they shirk the preparation of the ‘‘ remedies.”
‘*Gardener” now offers ready-made preparations
which have only to be diluted with water in the
required proportion, according to the directions
that will be given.

Se

THE SCHOOL OF

RAINFALL TAKEN AT
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH
OF SEPTEMBER, 1901.

1 Sunday Js) -O00 17) inesdays 2 62,
2 Monday , Nil 18 Wednesday -21
3 Tuesday 24), 706, 19) hunsday, 2) Nal
4 Wednesday ... Nil 20 Friday “02
5 Thursday .. Nil 21 Saturday ... Nil
6 Friday .. Nil 22 Sunday Nil
7 Saturday Nil 23 Monday “10
8 Sunday Nil 24 Tuesday .. :02
9 Monday Nil 25 Wednesday -09
10 Tuesday Nil 26 Thursday .. ‘23
11 Wednesday Nil 27 Friday ... -03
12 Thursday Nil 28 Saturday .. Nil
13 Friday .. Nil 29 Sunday ... Nil
14 Saturday .. Nil 30 Monday ... -02
15 Sunday 1.6) Nil 30) Mupsdag er a2
16 Monday let O04 gud: —-—
Total. .3°16
Mean.. ‘10

Greatest amount of rainfall registered in 24
hours on the 17th Sept. 1°62 inches.

Recorded by U. DRIEBERG.
WS SS ce ear
MAINTENANCE OF SOIL FERTILITY.

The triumph of successful agriculture, as a con-
temporary truly remarks, is the growing of good
crops continually over a series of years, and yet
keeping up the fertility of the soil. As long as
there is fresh land to cultivate there is little need
for the use of fertilizers, but with changed con-
ditions cultivators have begun to understand the
necessity of keeping the soil that has given returns
for any length of time without added fertility.
It is an axiom of agricultural science that land
should be compensated for what is removed from
it by the use of manures and by growing rotations
of crops differing in their requirements.

The more common form of manure consists
either of animal excreta or decomposed animzl or
vegetable matter of any kind, In view of the fact
that cattle are not housed in the same wayyas in
England, a great proportion of the manure ielded
by them is lost to the cultivator. Under such cir-
cumstances the greatest care must be taken of

Ocr. 1, 1901.)

what can be saved, and it is utilised to thebest
advantage. At the same time all materials that
can be made use of to the benefit of the land
should be impressed into service.

As regards special fertilizers, which co ntain
particular substances concentrated generally in
comparatively small bulk, though their value is
generally admitted, yet owing to their cost in
most cases and the lack of knowledge as to their
economical use, they have not come into extended
use in the Colonies. Though plants contain various
substances which they, for the most part extract
from the soil, yet the demands of the crops are sup-
plied mainly by three. These are nitrogen which
must be in the form of soluble nitrates or ammonia
salts, potash, and phosphoric acid, which must
also be in a soluble condition. Unless these mate-
rials are in such a state as to supply plants with
the necessary amount of food for their develope-
ment, they might as well not exist in the soil.
Through the absence of one essential ingredient
land may be too poor to pay for cultivating,
though it may be rich in the other elements of
fertility. Thus a piece of land may be very rich
in potash and phosphoric acid, yet if wanting in
nitrogen it will be practically barren. By the use
of special manures such deficiencies when known
can be made good, and in the land brought into
condition for cultivation. Again, special fertilizers
may be snid to be necessary for particular crops
that extract large proportions of certatn mate-
rials from the soil, But to use these fertilizers
properly a knowledge both of the material
that is being used and of the requirements of
the lands. To apply any ingredient which is
already amply provided in the soil will not only
be a waste of money, but may actually lessen fer-
tility, The right material must be supplied in
the right proportion, and the careful cultivator
can always pretty correctly find out what his
land requires by making experiments. There is
no doubt that in most cases the outlay on special
fertilizers (in spite of their cost) will prove a judi-
cious investment,

Again, it must be remembered that manures
should be applied in such a manner as to afford
the greatest amount of benefit. The practice of
leaving manure in heaps for any length of time
entails both waste of material and labour as well
as irregular fertilising. For fruit trees it is recom-
mended that manure should be applied just before
the hot weather sets in, as it will shelter the soil
from the sun and furnish plants with food when
they most require it. As a general rule, it is not
advisable to bury manure too deeply, and it
should be distributed as evenly as possible, Arti-
ficial or special fertilizers should be applied to the
surface and afterwards inco1porsted with the soil.

We have to acknowledge our indebtedness for
many of the ideas in the above to ‘“ Alfulta,” a
familiar contributor on agricultural subjects.

ULC SE AS
FIRST STEPS IN AGRICULTURE.
First Stage—5th Lesson.

BY A. J.B.

So far I have told you very little about seeds,
but a farmer must know all about the seeds he
buys or produces.

He must be able to judge

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

285

whether they are living and whether they are
such as will produce a good plant. It is also
very necessary to be sure that they are not
mixed with other seeds, In lesson] I explained
to you how even useful plants become weeds
whenever they grow with acrop which requires
all the ground for itself. Thus you learned that
oats may be looked upon as weeds if they
grow up in a wheat field. Thefarmers on the
Darling Downs do all they can to get rid of
these ‘‘strangers” as they call them, because if
they ripen and are harvested with the wheat,
the miller will not give such a good price for
the grain as they would if it were not mixed
with oats. Seeds are very often destroyed by
little tiny insects. They bore a hole in them,
and eat that little living part which you re-
memberis called the “germ.” If the germ is
destroyed, the seed cannot grow, and all the
farmer's labour and expense will be lost if he
is not careful to get good, fresh seed. But
how is he to tell whether they are good and
fresh? Look for yourselves. Here I have a
packet of one kind of seed, and here is another
of the same kind. Oneis very old, the other
is quite fresh. Now examine each lot of seeds
carefully, and try to find out whichis good, and
which is bad. You point out the dusty lot, and
say, that is bad? You are quite right, but
how do you know that I did not put the
dust intothat packet? You think the seeds in
it look duller than those in the other packet,
and they feel lighter than the other. Now,
without my telling you how to distinguish
the bad seed from the good, you yet have done
so. You see, therefore, that by making use of
the intelligence God has given you, you can
make a little discovery like this. 1f, as you grow
older, you continue to use that intelligence,
to keep your eyes and ears open to learn from
others who have studied many things belonging
to agriculture, you willnot fail to be successful
farmers. But there is yet another way to tell
whether the seeds are bad or good. You noticed
the dust? Well, I did not put that dust there.
How then did it make its appearance? Examine
a seed carefully, What have you found! Oh!
so your sharp eyes have found a tiny hole in
several of the seeds. How did the hole get
there? Did I make it witha pin? No, it was
done by an insect, and now you see that the
dust is caused by the insect devouring the
germ of the seed, aud masticating aud digesting
its food. The dust then is composed of the
remains of the inside of the seed.

You told me that the seed in one packet
felt lighter than the seed in the other. Let
us see if thatis so, but first we will blow
away the dust. Here isa small pair of scales.
I place the seeds of one packet in this scale.
Now drop the others into the empty escale.
What happens? You notice that one scale is
still’ resting on the table and the other is raised
in the air, That shows you, that although
there are exactly the same number of seeds in
each packet, yet one lot is lighter than the other,
and therefore must have lost something. That
omething is the life of the seed—the germ.

286 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

I will give you one more proof of the lightness
of the bad seed. Here is a cup of water.
Throw a dozen grains of the good seed into it.
Observe, they have all sunk at once to the bot-
tom. Now throw in the same number of bad
seeds into the water. Notice that only a few
sink, but most of them float. An experienced
farmer or gardener would not take ail this
trouble with his seeds, because, by merely
taking afew in his hand and examining them,

he can at once decide whether they are good

or bad: And when you are old enough to
leave school and begin farming for yourselves,
you will soon learn to distinguish the good
from the bad,

You have perhaps heard someone say: ‘‘Oh!
I will save the seed of such and such a flower,
because it is so beantiful.” Of course, if any
plant is allowed to go to seed, the seed may
be gathered and saved. But many people,
particularly flower gardeners, who do not grow
flowers to sell, keep cutting off the flowers to
put them on the table, or to give to their
friends, until the blooming time is nearly over,
and then they allow the very last flowers to
go toseed, and this seed they save. When it
is sown in the following year, they are very
much disappointed to find that they do not
get nearly such fine hesithy plants, mor such
splendid flowers as they did from the original
plant; and they wonder why this is so. The
reason is very simple. As the plant approaches
the end of the season, the flowers are uot so
strong and large, and when they go to seed,
the seed is very small and weakly, because it
had not sufficient nourishment supplied to it
from the soil by the dying plant. Therefore,
bear this in mind: Let the best plants and
best flowers produce the seed you wish to
save. When a wheat-grower wants to produce
a new kind of wheat of which he has only
been able to get a few pounds weight, he
carefully sows it in rows at proper distances
apart, and keeps it nice aud clean, and waters
and tends it until at last it ripens. Then he
goes through it and selects the very finest
heads with the best-filled grain, and _ saves
these for next year’s crop, and by-and-by, instead
of a few pounds weight, he has several thousand
bushels of fine wheat. Had wheat-growers kept
on growing wheat from their own fields year
after year on the same ground, the wheat would
gradually have become smalJer and the grains
fewer and pinched up, till at last it would not
have been worth growing. But in all wheat-
growing countries, there are people who make
it their business toimprove the wheat and make
it more valuable for food. However, it will be
many years before you will understand how
this is done, and I merely mention it to you
in order to impress upon you the great im-
portance of a careful selection of seeds,

We were talking about holes being bored in
seeds by insects, but there are a vast number
of holes inthe skin of the seed, just as there
are, thousands of holes in your own skin, These
holes are called “ pores,” and it is through them
that the moisture of your body passes out when

{Ocr,' 1, 190L

you are very much heated. The moisture is
«© perspiration.”

The holes or pores im the seed are there
for the purpose of enabling tne seed when it
has been grown to take in the amount of
water required to make it swelland grow. In
the dirty seed, these are stopped up and the
seed will not grow properly, if at all, for want
of water which cannot get inat the closed-up
pores. Itis precisely the same with your own
pores. If you do not keep your skin clean
and thus open the pores, the moisture within
you which wishes to pass out as perspiration
cannot do so, and you will find that you do
not feel so healthy and strong as you would if
you regularly bathed and washed.

The depths at which to sow seeds depends
entirely upon the kind of seeds you are sowing.
Some require to be barely covered with a thin
layer of fine soft soil, others should be planted
at a depth of from 4 an inch to 3 or 4 inches,
but this you wijl learn when you begin to
study the methods of sowing and planting
adopted in different parts.

Questions on Lesson 5.

1. "Vhy should a farmer be a good judge of
seeds ?

2. In what way may seeds be destroyed ?

3. How are youable to tell whether seeds
are good or bad?

4, By what experiments can you determine
the weight of seeds?

5. State the wrong and the right methods of
saving seeds.’

6. How can wheat seed be improved?

7. What are the natural holes in the skin of
seeds callec ?

8. What isthe object of these holes?

9. What would happen if the holes are
stopped up with dirt ?

10. At what depth should seeds be sown ?

— Queensland Agricultural Journal.

EXTERNAL PARASITES OF POULTRY.

The parasitic infestation of poultry causes far
more loss than most breeders imagine. Birds are
rarely examined, and the cause of their poor
condition is not ascertained or even considered.
The evil is allowed to spread unmolasted, in many
instances it spreads with great rapidity, and a
general weak and unhealthy condition results,
The chief parasites of poultry are insects, mites,
and worms.

These parasites are most injurious to young
chicks and ‘‘ brood ”hens. The persistent loss of
chicks, and the failure of hens to bring off their
young, are often due to the irritation caused by
the presence of parasites upon their bodies—
enemies that are frequently unsuspected. The
insect and mite pests weaken the constitution and
predispose to other maladies, such as diptheritic
roup and “ gapes”; in many cases they have
been the forerunner of these worse epizootic
diseases. Parasites on the young birds stunt
their growth. What is termed ‘‘scaly-leg” is
due to a parasite—a mite. Another species of —

Oct. 1, 1901.]

mite atthe roots of the quills causes birds to
pluck their feathers.

There arethree distinct groups of insect and
mite pests upon fowls, namely :—(1) Fleas ( Pulzci-
de); (2) lice (Mallophaga); and (3) Mites
(Acarina). The two former only are true insects,

’ having the six insect legs ; the Acarina have four

pairs of legs and are quite distinct from true

insects, The fleas and some of the worse mites
are armed with a piercing and _ sucking
mouth, the bird lice having biting mouths

and thus differ from ticks found on animals.
The pests with piercing mouths weaken the
birds not only by causing irritation but by
actual robbing of blood. The biting lice, on the
other hand, only cause severe irritation, which
keeps the birds in constant unrest. Most birds have
distinct parasites upon them, each species of louse
only flourishing ona particular species of bird ;
duck Jice, for instance, cannot live permanently
upon fowls, and wice versa,

Different species also seem partial to particular
parts of the bird’s body. The favourite positions
seem to be the head, neck, rump, and under the
wings. Some of these parasites live permanently
on their hosts (lice and some mites), whilst others
(fleas and some mites) go to andfro. Some Acart
live entirely upon, and even under, theskin, deep
amongst the feathers and at their roots; some
lice live like “ ticks” with their heads against the
skin and their bodies erect; whilst a single genus
(Zipeurus) lives between the barbs of the feathers.
All these parasites are encouraged by dirt.

Fieas (Pulicide).—The fleas, which are true
insects, belong to the order of flies (Dzptera).
They feed upon the blood. One species only
lives upon the fowl, namely, the bird-flea (Pulex
galkne), which attacks also most other birds.
The hen-flea, as it is generally called, is abundant
is dirty fowlruns, and especially in the nests
were straw is used. The adult flea is dark in
colcur, and, asin all fleas, is devoid of wings.
The fleas are provided with very sharp piercing
mouths. They are what are termed “ partial
parasites’—parasites that only go to their hosts
to feed. The fleas are not noticed on the birds
because they generally attack them at night;
then, however, they do much harm, causing con-
stant irritation and loss of blood, and depriving
them of rest,

Life-history of the Hen-fiea.—The female flea
lays her eggs (nits) chiefly in the nests amongst
dust and dirt and in the crevices of the walls and
floor. These nits give rise to pearly white mag-
gots, with brown horny heads, which can often
be found in the bottom of the nests among the
dust. ‘hese larva are mature in two or three
weeks, when they reach about of an inch in
length. In warm weather they may be full fed
in even ten days. They then spin a pale cocoon
amongst the dirt, in which they pupate. The
pupa isat first pale brown, then dark chesnnt
brown. In this condition the flea remains ten or
twenty-one days, when the pupa hatches into the
adult. They breed all the year round, but ehiefly
in warm weather, Itis well to remember that,
whenever there are dark and dirty hen roosts, there
are sure to be numbers of Puler gallnae,

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” 9

287

(2) Lice ( Mallophaga. j)--The bird lice belong to
the group Mallophaga, quite distinct from human
lice (Pediculidae), and from mammalian lice
( Haemotopinus, &e-) These Mallophaga have not
a piercing mouth; their mouth is simply used for
biting. They subsist upon the productions of the
skin and fragments of feathers. They cause violent
itching, and bite sharply, and must produce con-
siderable pain when in large numbers, as is too
often the case. The feathers, especially the
saddle trackle, generally show notched edges
with lice infestation. Hight distinct species of
lice attack fowls. The presence of these lice
(Phthiriases) is generally ascribed to two uniform
or insufficient nutrition, or else to damp, dark,
and dirty runs, especially those badly ventilateds
Pood, either when uniform or insufficient has no
effect upon their presence. Dark, damp_ places,
however, when dirty, are sure to harbour all
these pests, especially when badly ventilated. It
is also said that breed affects their presence, but
observations tends to show that all breeds are
more or less subject to infestation. In every
case they set up severe irritation and inflammation
of the skin, which often leadsto stunted growth
and even death! Lice and :
flourish on unhealthy birds.

Life-history of Lice.—All the lice
fairly rapidly. The eggs or nits are laid
upon the down feathers as a rule ; they
are often beautifully sculptured objects, oval in
form. In about six to ten days they hatch into
small, pale, active lice, which at once commence
to irritate the birds. The adults are occasionally
found in the nests. Some species are found
copulating in the nests, others always on the
birds, They live a considerable time, Menopon
pallidum has been kept active for months upon
fre<h feathers, the quick epidermis being especially
eaten. Before reaching the full-grown state, as
many as ten to twelve months apparently take
place, there being little difference in each stage
except the gradual darkening of the markings,

(3.) Mites (Acari, Acariases, Dermanyssus), —

» having’ four pairs

other parasites

breed

Mites are very miuute creatures
of legs. Some are partial parasites, living on the
birds at night, as Dermanyssus avium, the com-
mon fowl mite; others are permanent parasites
as Sarcoytes, living at the base of the feathers and
popularly called ‘*depluming scabbies,” ‘

h Ye 3 Others,
again, live under the skin, forming scabby
growths, such as are seen on fowls’ legs (Sarcoptes
mutans), ‘These are armed with

a pricking mouth,
with which they torment the birds, especially
at night, causing loss of condition, hindering
setting, and creating loss in other ways,

The most injurious form is the red or common
fowl mite.

The Fowl Mute (Dermanyssus avium).—This
very minute creature is yellowish white to dark
red in colour, according to the amount of blood it
contains, drawn from the birds. ‘They are found

in abundance in pigeon-houses and poultry-roosts,
Both sexes are armed with « sharp rostrum ; the
female is most blood-thirsty, They feed upon

the birds only at night, and hide away in cracks

floors, walls,
Numerous colonies

and crevices in the nests, perches,
and ceilings during the day.

288 Supplement wo the ‘ Tropical Agriculturist.”

can be found in the nests free and coupled
together, with countle-s eggs and quantities of
exuvie and young forms, especially in straw
nests. They are most prolific, aud can temsin
for mouths without any food ; hence the removal
of the birds from the runs is u-eless as a reiedy.
The ova hatch rapidly. The young are at first
silvery white, with six levs like a trie lusect.
They moult their skin a number of tiises, the
exuvie or cast skins forming a whiiish or -1] very
powder often seeu on the perche.. As ihe mlies
grow older they become darkerin colour, Light
and air are distasteful to them; dimp, dark, and
badly-ventil»ted roosts are where they flourish

beste Breeding is especially rapid in spring and
summer. This mite is often unobserved, owing

to its strict nocturnal habits, and hence the
cause of the fowls keeping backwards, and even
dying, isnot understood, Birds should, when
looking dejected and emaciated, be examined at
night, and if mites are found treatment should
be at once resorted to. Transmission to man
and other animels is not unusual; but, although
the mises for a time cause severe irritation,
they will not remain for any length of time,
and readily yield to treatment. Hens should
not roost in stables and sheds where other
animals are kept.

Prevention and Treatment of Fleas, Lice, and
Mites.—I\nfestation is always worse in dirty and
neglected runs and roots, and such are a standing
danger to more cleanly neighbours. Cleanliness
ana freedom will always put these pests under
a disadvantage—not only cleanliness of the
nests, walls, and floor, but also of the ceilings
and perches. To suppress these pests the hcuses
should be cleaned down at least twice a year
with a wash made of het lime and soft soap,
the ceilings, walls, and uests having a good
coating; the wash should be fairly liquid, so
as to run into every crack and erevice. To
every gallon of lime-wash add { 1b. of soft soap,
previously dissolved in boiling water. Early
spring and aatumn are the times for these appli-
cations. ‘The perches are best treated with boil-
ing water and soft soap, or with an emulsion of
kerosene. It is important that houses should
be well built, with as few cracks and crevices
as possible, for in such harbours these pests
congregute and may escape from avy wash used.
Special attention should be paid to the nests ;
they should be frequently cleansed and changed
to keep off fleas and other parasites. Neicher
nest-boxes nor perches should be fixed, relays
of each should be at hand, so that they can be
changed to ensure complete disinfection. The
nest-boxes shonld be now and then cleaued out,
and dressed with hot lime. Hither dusting the
prepared nests with Persian insect powder (pyre-
thrum) or putting a little sawdust or sand soaked
in napthaline at the bottom will keep off these
depredators. Wood-shavings, or wood wool, in
the uests instead of straw is most beneficial.
No lice or fleas will live init owing to the aro-
matic odour given off fromthe wood. Care of
course must be taken that the remedies employed
do not affect the eggs with nest. Regarding the
infestation ofthe birds themselves, white, preci-

[Ocr. 1, 1901.

pitate seldom fails. The heads and necks of
young chicks should be early dressed very
sparingly aud repeated when necessary. White
precipitate is a strung irritant poison, and
needr ile greatest Care in the use, especially in
young chick-. Lt is best obtuined as an ointment
from the chemists. Hens ~elected for sitting
showid hive a smal) quiutily of this ointment
ruvbed in wader the vent, head aud sides, and then
sell dusted with insect powder (pyrethrun),
S$) ting hens are greatly tortured by parasites, and
their young are often lost by ueglect of these
simple precautions. Dust baths are the natural
remeily fur lice aud mites, aud fowl should neyer
be kept without them, Sand and road dust,
nixed with a small quantity of paraffin will
generally keep the birds free from vermin.
In place of paraffin Pyrethrum powder may be
used with the dust.

(To be concluded.)
ns

POTTING OF PLANTS,

If new pots are to be used, be sure and seek
them for several hours first, for unless the
ottery has been wel moistened it will suck out
pli moisture from the soil. Old pots are as good
and even better than new, but they should be
well washed inside and out before using again.
Warm soup suds with a table spoonful of wash-
ing soda dissolved in it will wash the most
soiled pot as clean as a new one. Fresh soil

is the best for plants, and that which is obtained ©

from under the stiff, wiry sharp-looking grass
is very fine for use. Such tufts when well rotted
make the best composts to mix with garden
loam, leaf mould, &c. A little sand is needed for
nearly all plants asit keeps the soil light and
lets the roots extend freely. Leaf mould should
be prepared by every gardener by guatheriug
the autumn leaves and piling them in a heap to
decay. It is well to throw a little soil over them
to prevent them from blowingaway. In eighteen
months they are ready to use. Thoroughly
decayed cow Manure is also needful for healthful
growth, and that collected in dry cakes in
pasiitves piled up but kept dry for 12 months
is vXactly toour purpose. Little bits of charcoal
and coarse gravel are of great use in preparing
compost and potting plants. Put some bits of
charcoal into the bottom of the pot, then a
little fine straw or moss, and now add an
equal mixture of loam leaf mould or cow
manure anda sprinkling of sandy gravel. Shake
this down well, wet it a little, and put in
the plant, spreading out the roots as evenly
as possible. Add more compost by degrees,
pressing it firmly about the roots; do this till
the pot is nearly full, Sprinkle the whole sur-
face of the leaves and shade for two or three
days. For repotting give the earth in the pot a
good wetting, then runa knife around the edge
and spread the fingers of the left hand over
the soil, with the other hand turn the pot topsy
turvy aad a ball of earth will drop into your
hand. If it does not fall out directly strike
the edge of the pot against some hard substance

Oct. 1, 1901.|

and it will drop. Disentangle the fibres of the
root at or near bottom, and set the plant
firmly into a pot one or two sizes larger witha
little charcoal and rich earth at the bottom of
it, water well and shade for a few days. Give
also atop dressing of fresh soil if needed, and
your plants will repay the care. As a general
rule pots from 4 in. to 7 in, are large enough.
Plants will often flower better if the root is bound
alittle. This is especially the case with double
geraniums. Give careful culture, keep them
clean, well-watered, properly ventilated and well-
fed, and you will never regret the care expended
upon them.
$$$ —___—-

PLANT LIFE.

[A SERIES OF SIMPLE LECTURES INTENDED
FOR A CLASS OF JUNIO& STUDENTS. |
Lecture I.

Not long ago you listened to a lecture on Nature
Study and School Gardens delivered here by the Di-
rector of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Do you think
you fully realize the significance and importance
of what is called ‘ Nature Study” and the con-
nection between it and School Gardens? Let
me seeif 1 can make this matter clear to you.
You must not imagine that Nature Study implies

anything very new or extraordinary. It is
simply the study of nature .or natural
objects. It consists of closely observing these

natural objects so asto clearly understand all
about them, and to draw correct conclusions
regarding them as the result of such observations.

There are many people who may be said to
see and yet not. see. That is to say, their eyes
are open, but they do not observe or notice what
they see. Objects are pictured in their eyes as
in a looking-glass, but no impressions or ideas
of these pictures are conveyed tothe mind. If
you have read a description of the structure of
the human eye you will know that there is a
part of it (the retina) upon which a picture
of every object which one sees is cast (look into
your neighbour's eyes and you will see your
own image), and that there is also a nerve (the optie
nerve) which conveys the impression of that picture
to the mind, Have you heard of the expression
‘sthe mind’seye”? Well, it is with this eye
that we must see thivgs in order that. we
may grasp and retain impressions of them. If
we only see things with what we may term
‘¢ the reflecting or mirror eye,” then we see to
little effect. {tis really the want of a little effort
—the want of a little exercise—on the
part of the mind that makes people fail to
notice and observe what they see. Listless
people, who cannot rouse themselves to take an
interest in what is around them, are particularly
lacking in this respect. They cannot concen-
trate their minds on any object’ they are looking
at; they keep wandering in their minds, and allow
objects to pass before their eyes unnoticed,

Other people again are observant ina degree,
but their observation is only stiperficial and
does not take in details. There are others still, but
unfortunately not a very large number, who not

Supplement to the “ Tropieal Agriculturist.”

289
only take in the details of a picture before
their eyes, but they make a point of closely

scrutinizing and studying every natural object
they come across; and further, they enquire into
its structure and functions; in fact, they learn
all they can about it, reason about it, and draw
conclusions from their study which will probably
prove useful to them in a practical way. These
are true nature-students, and their method of
study isthe bisis of all science. It is by observing,
compering, and classifying natural objects and
phenomena that we are able to lay down ceriain
principles which go to constitute sciences.

But what have School Gardens to do with
Nature Study, you will ask? School gardens
furnish a field for nature study, and children cul-
tivate a taste for nature study by spending their
leisure hours working amid the pleasant surrounds
ings of these gardens, The method of nature
siudy learnt in school gardens can afterwards
be applied to natural objects outside them. All
natural objects are full of interest. and whether
it is a plant, a rock, or a stream, there is a
fascination in the study of them, and the
minds of the children who study them are
enlarged ; they find a new interest in lite, anda
pleasunt and profitable way of spending their
leisure hours. But 1 think you will find that the
study of plants is particularly interesting and
profitable, p»rcicularly to children who live in the
country. 1 will mention one reason why plants
have a peculiar interest for us, viz., they are like
us, that is like animals, living things, and hence
different from other natural objects. Ofthe many
sciences, which fall within the scope of that vast
subject called Natural Science, the study of animals
and the study of plants are together knuwn ag
Biology or the science of life, because the
Objects they treat about are animate objects or
living things, while other sciences deal with in-
animete objects such as rocks, stones, soil, rivers,
rain, gases, &c, You sce, therefore, that animals
(like ourselves) and plants, are very closely re-
luted in this natural way. You may say that you
are not inclined to admit that plants are living
things in the sense that human beings are. Well,
of life we know very little beyond the fact that
it is somethng distinct from the organism itself,
whether plant or auimal, These organisms may
be said to be the dwellings woich the mysterio 1s
power culled lite inhabits. When life is present in
tie organism we sey that it is alive or living,
when itis not preseat we say itis without life
or dead. The presence of life is characterised
by certain vital phenomena which are never
known (to exist in inanimate objects or organisms
from which life has departed. We all know the
characteristics of the living being—the various
functions which are carried ‘n by ths organs of the
living body. Hveryone is familiar with the five
senses, for instance, taste, touch, hearing, feeling,
seeing. But these arenotthe most important, in
that they are not the most characteristic of life, nor
are they, common to all living things or even
to all animals. You must not fancy that all
animals are as highly organised as ourselves, for
man is the highest of animals, In the study of

animals if we begin with man we must descend

290

gradually lower and lower in the scale of or-
ganization through animals like the horse and
cow, birds and reptiles, fishes, insects, earth-
worms, starfish and coral insects until we come
to the lowest of animal organisms which are
devoid of all organs and even of any definite
form, consisting only of a jelly-like mass, such
as you may have seen lying on the seashore.

But in the case of all animals, whether of the
highest or lowest types, there must be respira-
tion or breathing, nutriiion or the sustenance of
the body by means of food, as well as growth
and reproduction.

’Perhaps the most important of these vital
functions are respiration and nutrition, You
will, 1 think, readily admit that nothing can
be calied alive which does not breathe. Why,
breathing is the most striking characteristic of
life. If we doubt that aman or other animal
-is alive, we watch closely to see if he breathes,
aud when he breathes we say he lives.

Then again take nutrition. We all know that no
man or animal can live without food, which we
say is necessary to sustain life. For the present
I will not go into an explanation of how these
two vital functions are carried on; it is sufficient

for us to recognise that they are necessary
to life. I also mentioned growth and repro-
duction. By growth I mean a certain develop-

ment through time from the young to the oid
stage, and by reproduction, a continuatioa of
the species or kind—the begetting of new
organisms from the original.

Now inanimate objects such as rocks and
stones show none of these phenomena. They
do not breathe, they require no food, they do
not grow, nor do they reproduce their kind.
But plants do all these things—they breathe
just as we do, and cannot live in the absence
of air; they require food and water as we do,
and without nutriment they starve and die; they
also grow and reproduce their kind. How all
this is done we must gradually learn, and by so
doing we shall find a new interest in plants, and
by understanding their wants better, we shall be
able to care for them better, just as by learning

the wants of children we are enabled to bring ~

them up better. Cc. D.
Bae Weve reUt Sates LV I

LIMEWATER FOR EGG PRESERVATION.

The solubility of lime in waterta ordinary tem-
peratures is one part in 700 parts f water. Such
u solution would be termed saturated lime-
water. Translated into pounds and gallons this
means one lb. of lime is sufficient to saturate
70 gallons of water. However, owing to im-
purities in commercial lime it is well to use
more than is called for in this statement. It
may not, however, be necessary if good freshly-
burnt quicklime can be obtained to employ as
mucli ag was at first recommended, namely, 2 to
3 1b. to 5 gallons of water. With much lime as ie
here referred to one could rest assured that one 1b.
to 5 gallons (501b.) would be ample, and that
the resulting limewater would be thoroughly
paturated, The method of preparation is simply

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

(Oct, 1, 1901.

to slake the lime with 4 small quantity of water,
and then stirthe milk of lime so formed into
the 5 gallons of water. After the mixture has
been kept well stirred for a tew hours it is allowed
to settle. The sapernatant liquid which is now
“saturated” lime water is drawn off and poured
over the eggs previously placed in a crock or
water-tight barrel. As exposure to the air tends
to precipitate the lime (as carbonate) and thus to
weaken the solution, the vessel containing the
eggs should be kept covered, The air may be
excluded by a covering of sweet oil or by sack-
ng upen which a paste of lime is spread, If,
after atime there is any noticeable. precipita-
tion of the lime, the lime water should be
drawn or siphoned off and replaced with a fur-
thur quantity newly prepared, It is essential
that attention be paid to the following points :—
(1.) That perfectly fresh eggs only be used.
(2.) That the eggs should throughout the whole
period of preservation be completely immersed.

Although not necessary to the preservation
of the eggs in a sound condition, a temperature
of 40° F. to 45° EF will no doubt materially
assist towards retaining good flavour, or rather
in arresting that “ stule ’ flavour so characteristic
of packed eggs.

Respecting the addition of salt it must be
stated that our experiments—conducted now
throughout three seasons—do not show any benefit
to be derived therefrom. Indeed salt appears
to impart a limy flavour to the egg probably by
inducing an interchange of the fiuids within
and without the egg.

Water glass (sodium silicate) has been exten-
sively experimented with using solutions varying
from 2 per cent to 10 per cent, Although in
the main the results have been fairly satisfac-
tory, we are of the opinion that lime water is
fully its equal, if not its superior as a preser-
vative, and that this latter preservative is both
cheaper and pleasanter to use there can be not
doubt.—Live Stock Journal.

————

INFLUENCE OF FORESTS ON THE CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS OF A COUNTRY.

With regard to the actual decrease of rainfall
consequent onthe destruction of forests, Major-
General Fisher, R.E., anold resident of Bellary
and Ramandrag, supplies the most interesting
information in the following note :—

“T arrived in the Bellary district in June 1856,
and visited the Ramandrag at once; the hills
were covered with a good strong jungle ; there was
a heavy cloud during the night resting on the
hills and for the greater part of the day, rain-
fall during the South-west monsoon constantly
and frequently, during the North-east monsoon
it was much lighter in the months of Mareh,
April and May, the mango showers were usually
very heavy and accompanied with much
thunder and lightning. The average rainfall we
calcutated was then 45 inches in the year; all
Ghe springs about the hills ran abundantly
throughout the year, and the Nareehulla, the

Oct. 1, 1901.]

main feeder of the Daroju tank, with all its
tributaries, had water running in them all through
the year. The climate of the Drag during the
monsoons and the cold weather was quite
cold enough to make very necessary, al-
though its elevation is not more than 3,300 feet
above the sea-level. The water supply was most
abundant during the whole of the hot weather,
and the tank was almost always full surplusing
very largely during the South-west monsoon.

These observations refer to the years 1856 up
to 1864 inclusive, when I left the Bellary district
and did not visit the Drag again till January,
1879, I found every thing changed, the jungle
has been almost entirely destroyed; the rainfall
is most precarious, and certainly not so much
as 24 inches in the year ; the tank has not filled
for the last three years, and is generally 10 or 12
feet below full tank level, the springs are almost
free, always dry, dribbling only at the best,
the climate is so changed that in the cold water
it is hardly necessary to shut the doors and
windows, except for the high wind and slight
mists of the South-west monsoon, it would not
be necessary tv close the house at all. The main
feeder of the Daroju tank dries up altogether
by the end of February, and all its tributaries
have no water in them.”

Mr. Macartney, the Agent of the Sandar State
in the Bellary district, Madras Presidency, also
maintains that the rainfall within the last ten
years has become lighter and more irregular with
the increased destruction of forests by wood cut-
ters and charcoal burners, and indiscriminate graz-
ing of cattle, sheep and goats. Mr. Macartney
speaks from an experience extending over 22
years, and supports his observation by the follow-
ing facts :—

“In the first decade of my residence here, the
tank near my house used to be regularly filled every
year and tobe running over for several weeks
at atime. Latterly, though it has accumulated
an immense amount of silt, and is now conse-
quently of diminished capacity, it rarely fills.
The same remarks apply equally to the Ramandrag
tank and to that of Sigankeni.

The Rushikulya, a river in the Ganjam district,
Madras Presidency, isformed by two main bran-
ches. One of these coming from the well-wooded
hills of Sadara and Pandakol, carries water for
nine or ten months in the year, whereas the other,
the Mahanadi, taking its rise in the much more
open country of Gumsar and Chokapad, is dry
for nearly eight months. 5

A difference of 10 per cent in the average rain-
fall, combined with a more equal distribution,
especially over the drier month, would suffice to
bring about the historical changes already noted.

Ebermayer’s exhaustive experiments have
shown that the mean annual temperature ina
closed forest is 10 per cent less than in the open.
In both cases the measurements were taken at
5 feet from the ground. The difference is greatest

in summer, and consequently tous in India of
much greater importance than to the inhabi-
tants of more northern latitudes. ;

That whena much greater part of India was
covered with forests the climateof the country

Supplement to the Tropical “ Agriculturist.” 291

2

was on this account different seems equally in-
disputable. Fa Hian, the great Chinese traveller
in India in the 4th century A.D. says, in
describing the country, that its temperature was
neither cold nor. hot.

This as already stated is corroborated by the ruins
of an old civilization in many localities where this
could not now exist without the large works of
artificial irrigation. It may, I think, be assumed
that the same state of things would re-establish
itself if a considerable proportion of the country
were again brought under. dense forests which
is physically possible; but that this could, be
effected tu the extent dasirable by any measures
of the forest conservancy that any. Govern-
ment could under existing circumstances apply
is out of the question. As this aim cannot
therefore in practice be reached, the foregoing
paragraphs might be branded as fanciful and use-
less, but if it can be accepted that the climate of
India would regain its pristine state by a complete
afforestation of a large proportion uf the country,
every step in that direction must exercise a small
advance (however immeasurable) in that direction,

During the earlier period of the present adminis-
tration shifting cultivation (kumti) was practised
toa large extent in the central provinces, and
several thousands of sugar mills were thereby laid
barren year after year.

Early in the seventies this method of cultivation
was stopped and extensive growth of young forests
sprang upon its place. It is true the whole area
is grazed over to a considerable extent and cannot
therefore exercise that influeuce which would
exert under more favourable conditions, but it
would appear that the influence has nevertheless
been beneficial.—{ Forestry in British India by B.
Ribbenthorp.)

(To be concluded.)
—_——-- ---——_

SOIL IMPROVEMENT.

The Fruit Grower has some useful remarks on
the above subject, and as they are such as
cannot be brought too often before the mind
of the cultivator, we are inclined to follow
the example of our contemporary and dwell on
the subject for the benefit’ of our readers.

It is a common complaint that “land@ is not
what it used to be,” or ‘* the soil has greatly
deteriorated of late.” Now the explanation of
this very often is that it is not the soil that
is at fault, but that its condition is bad. The
importance of perfect conditions of soils is
patent when we consider the needs of the seeds
or plants whose growth it has to support. Seeds
require aerated, warm and moist conditions, and
the more perfect these conditions the greater
success will attend their germination and deve-
lopment. We often come across soils that are
sodden during wet weather and caked during
dry, but which nevertheless contain plenty of
plant food, and it is the work of the cultivator to
treat the soil so that the available plant food
may be made fit for ready assimilation of the
rootlets of plants and trees.

292

Soil aeration ig an absolute necessity if heavy
and healthy crops are to be obtained by culti-
vation. To erate the soil we must till it, and
this soil turning by various methods lies at
the bottom of all improvement.

In fact, ceteris paribus, the better aerated
the soil the more fruitful will it be. ‘‘ Air-feed-
ing” of soils is thus of the utmost importance
to them and the crops they bear. The Fruit
Grower is very strong on the subject of drain-
age. “We are so freely convinced of the value
of drainage,” it says, “ that we have said that
all soils for fruit-culture cannot be drained too
freely—and we repeat it—whether the land be light
or heavy.” The object to be sought in drainage
is to ensure the disappearance of water through
and down into the soil. The important results
of such drainage (and especially under-drainage)
are the increased mechanical action and air
absorption that follow. When a soil is well
drained the rain percolates through it readily

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

[Ocr. 1, 1901.

and sinks tolerably fast into the soil below-
Then, it must be remembered that air pressure
exerts a force equal to 15 lbs. sq. in. As a
result, when rain passes down air is forced to
follow, and thus itis that the well-drained soil
is aerated by a natural process. The air iss
therefore, both drawn and forced into the soil,
and the more freely this mechanical process is per-
formed, the better for the fertility of the land.

In badly-drained land, on the other hand,
the rain instead of sinking down into the
earth is carried away, and thus soil eration is
prevented, and the fertility brought from the
air by the rain lost. Though the air collects
small proportions of fertility from the air, what
it does bring is valuable, and the more that
can be obtained in this way the better. The
rain brings down from the air carbonic acid
gas, ammonia salts and Laceognitric acid, and
that is why plants look so much fresher after a
shower in dry weather than they did before.

*

eqg TROND ACC

«| MONTHLY. Be ie

lUpy
Li}

XXI. COLOMBO, NOVEMBER ist, 1901. No. 6.

FIRST RUSSIAN TERA.
THE TEA PLANTATIONS OF CONSTANTINE POPOFF IN THE
CAUCASUS,

SS eS
{ Sas

xR WAVING been closely connected
y Le | «with the tea trade from a very
K early age, the project of intro-
ducing the plant into Europe
had long interested me deeply.
I clearly saw, however, that
before such a scheme could be
A —— carried out with any prospect

of success, the conditions under which the plant
flourishes in its natural habitat, the various properties
of soil most favourable to the growth of the tea shrub,
and the processes attending the manufacture of tea n
China, would have to be closely studied. It wag not
until 1889 that I was ina position to carry out my
long cherished scheme. For this purposeI visited
Hankow in 1899; thanks to the influence exerted in
my behalf by some Chinese friends, I was enabled,
n spite of the disturbances then agitating the
country, to make a thorough study of the cultiva-
tion of the plant, and of the manner of plucking
and drying the leaves, as practisedin the province
of Yung-low-toong. I there worked side by side with
the Chinese workmen. Twice subsequently—viz., in
1891 and in 1893—I visited China. On the first of
these two visits to China I turned my whole attention
to the flower teas, as well as to the black, yellow
and green teas of Foochow, studying later on the
methods of tea cultivation in Moning and Ningchow.
On my third visit to China, in 1893, a visit which 1
consider as the most satisfaciory ofall, by its results,
I succeeded in studying the culture oftea, not only
in the provinces I have already named, but in
those of Mankong, Sanho, Ta-sar-ping, Yung-low-see,
and Nip-car-see, observing the progress of the plant
from the first buds to the plucking of tho leaf,

noting the conditions of soil and temperature, the
atmospheric phenomena, as well as the methods
employed in the culture and preparation of the leaf.
Ceylon, Java, the Himalaya district, Japan, the
Sandwich Islands, and Assam were all afterwards
visited, in turn, more than once. The result f
these voyages, and several subsequent ones, is that
I possess; (a) A collection of specimens of the
various kinds of soil in which the tea plant flourishes
best; (b) An herbarium of the branches of the tea
shrub; (c) A collection of the various parasites
that infest the tea plant; (dj A collection of tools
used for cultivating the tea shrub; (e) Specimens
of the tea-leaf in every phase of its manipulation ;
and (¢) Various kinds of manufactured teas,
I have imported on to my estates in the Caucasus:
(a) 10,000 tea shrubs from three Chinese provinces—
viz., Mankong, Ningchow, and Yung-low-toong.
(b) 5,000 teashrubs from Japan.

(c) 500 S a Ceylon.

(d) 200 * the Himalaya district.
(e) 200 i 33 Assam.

(f) 50 9% Bs Java.

Unfortunately, several of the shrubs perished be-
fore they reached their destination, I have still,
however, 1,257 bushes imported from China, 67 bushes
from Japan, 40 from Ceylon, 7 from Java, 16 tea shrubs
from the Himalaya district, and 22 from Assam,

The 1,500 bushes which had arrived intact out of
the 10,000 imported from China had cost me, by
the time they were landed in Batoum, and I had
paid the Customs duties on them, close upon
£5,000 sterling.

Moreover, as I was particularly anxious that
these plants should be given every chance, I
had engaged fourteen Chinese labourers to accom-
pany them to Russia, plant them in my estates,

294 THE TROPICAL

Superintend their growth, sow pure Chinese tea
Secds, gather the crop, and manufacture the tea,
Messrs. Butterfield and Swire, the owners of the
gteamer on which the plants were carried as far as
Port Said, had agreed to demolish the partitions
separating the: second-class cabins, thus forming a
second deck, and obviating the necessity of their
being placed in the hold of the vessel. By this
means a sufficient quantity of air and light could
be assured. ;

Whoever attentively examines my tea plantations
in the Caucasus may make a very clear comparison
between the tea plants imported from the various
localities, and anyone versed in tea will find no
difficulty in forming an accurate idea of the respec-
tive merits of each class of tea.

In 1892 I purcbased three tracts of land in the
district of Batoum—-viz., Salibaouri, Kapreshoum and
Chakva, comprising, altogether, about 900 acres, and
at once commenced preparing the ground for tea-
planting. The three estates differ totally from one
another both as regards the nature of the soil and
the climatic conditions, a circumstance which
enables me to judge what elevation is the most
favourable for tea culture in the Caucasus.

Before I purchased them in 1892, the three tracts
of land were entirely covered with virgin forests of
rhododendrons, wild laucel trees with stems thicker
than a man’s arm, with beech trees and alder trees,
twelve feet in thickuess and very tall. Thickly in-
tertwined with furze and thistle, the trees effec.
tually shut off every ray of sunshine, while rendez-
ing the forests absolutely impenetrable. Such was
the tangled and swampy ground it now became
necessary to clear and cultivate,

Not satisfied with having imported plants from
China and the other localities before mentioned, I
procured large quantities of Chinese seeds, as well as
smaller lots from the other places, in order to
be able to draw a comparison between them, I am
obliged to admit that the seeds from China have
been comparative failures, notwithstanding all the
measures resorted to in order to induce germination.
This unsatisfactory result, always the same after
many trials, induced me to try and plant shoots
from the imported Chinese plants, and this experi-
ment has proved quite satisfactory.

My tea plantations are ian my three estates in the
district of Batoum; they are: Privolnoe (Salibaouri),
Yavetnoe (Kapreshoum), and Otradnoe (Chakva).
They are at the following distances from Batoum ;—

Privolnoe 3 versts’ distance from Batoum
Zavetnoe 6 75 « Ps
Oiradnoe 12 ,, 5 i

The space occupied by each estate is about :

Privolnce 120 dessatins (equal to 27-10 of an

acre).
Zavetnoe 50 95
Otradnoe 100 »

The three estates differ greatly both in altitude
(from zero to 1,150 feet), in their proximity to the
sea, in their accessibility to the influence of the sun
and of the wind. andin the properties of the soil.
My chief aim in purchasing these three estates was
to gee clearly, by practical experience, the- climatic
conditions, etc., which are best suited for the
eulture of the tea shrubin the Caucasus.

The following tracts of land have now been
divided into tea plantations, and planted with tea
shrubs of various ages:

In Privolnoe there are about 70 dessatins planted.

In Zavetnoe 90 50 30 ;

In Otradnoe 9 AD 40 ‘ i
making 140 dessatins in all, I purpose shortly to
portion out the rest of available land into new planta-
tions, 7.e-, about 130 dessatins more.

It is only the seedlings that have been raised
from imported seeds that are cultivated on my
estates ; the tea shrubs that have been grown on
the estates are not even allowed to flower, much
less to turn to seed. Only a few seedlings have been

”

AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1901.

raised from our own seeds, in Otradnoe, by way of
experiment, viz. :

In 1898 there were 345.

Pe er 8 35.
All the rest of the seedlings have been raised from
imported seeds, In reference to the latter, I may
add that, in 1893, besides the chief quantum of
China seeds, I imported seeds from other lands as an
experiment; but none of the seeds except those im-
ported from China yielded sprouts, or at least, if they
did, the sprouts all perished.

In 1895 I once more imported seeds from Ceylon,
Assam, the Himalaya district, but it was a last and
futile attempt, and from that time I have only
imported China seeds, :

From 1892 up to the present year I have continued
importing seeds from China every spring. It has
even sometimes happened that I have receiveda
cargo of seeds in the autumnin addition to those
brought over in the spring.

In the year 1899 the seedsimported from China
yielded about two millions cf sprouts, and in 1900
about three millions, in the nursery gardens.

At the present time my plantations contain the
following number of tea, shrubs raised from seeds :—
(a) In ZAVETNOE.

Planted in 1893 from China seeds 7,228

” 1897 3s ” 9 8,319
is 1SOTe ss Assam ,, 2,464
“A 18985, = sChingaes 56,600
on 1898 5 Himalaya,, 78
5 1898 ea Ceylon ;, 4,102
” 1899 % China ,, 59,052

(bk) In OTRADNOE.
Planted in 1893 from China seeds 19,802

S 18970 1s 53 ale; Moos.
a 1898 ,, ourown ,, 345

388
3 1898 ,, China ,, 34, 018
LP) 1900 bed ” ” 284

(c) IN PRrIvoLnog.
Planted in 1893 from China seeds 11,18]

% TSOG ue teeta 5,028
# 189 %ec a was » 18,655
s 1898 ca ho 5» 20,313

1999 5,47 a yy 210,455

The original tea shrubs have been planted in
small experimental patches in my three estates.

At present there are the following original tea
shrubs on my three estates :—

(1) From China, Mankong oe -- 401
% x Ningchow toe zoo) (4AT

“4 = Yung-low-toong -. 409
Total...1,257

(2) From Japan ete ose ae i 67
(3) ,, Ceylon 9 *0 pr 40
(4) > 3, wave Pe. ee sae ote |
(5) ,, the Himalaya district ... eon! 2 AG:
(6) >, Assam Je 5c TOs beers

Total .1,409
All the rest have perished.
The bushes mentioned above are distributed over
my three estates thus:
(1) In Zavetnoe, Assam shrubs ae 92
(2) ,, Privoinoe, China and Japan shrubs 662
(3) ,, Otradnoe, Ohina, Ceylon, Java and
Himalaya shrubs ono aoe 725

Total. .1,409

In 1894 I tried the experiment of raising new
tea bushes from grafts taken exclusively from China
bushes. Of these I have now

(1) In Privolnoe oc eee ou 2509
(2) ,, Zavetnoe 90 AO ese 1350
(3) ,, Otradnoe ee oe eve 2120

Noy. 1, 1901.]

Personally I am inclined to look upon no teaas
really genuine but such as comes “from China, and,
indeed, only from two or three provinces in China,
while, as regards the preparation of the tea, hand
labour, such asit is practisei in Ohina, seems to
me infinitely preferable to mechanicsl labour.

Notwithstanding this preference, however, a pre-
ference which has led meto bring Chinese cultiva-
tors to the Caucasus at an exorbitant cost, I found
myself forced, after several failures, to procure from
Fiagland the necessary machinery for the prep ration
of tea, as wellas the framework for a new factory.

Messrs. Davidson & Co,, of Belfast, furnished
me with the apparatus for drying, rolling, fermenting
aod sorting the leayes, apparatus for cutting and
pressing the green twisted leaves, and also a
hydraulic press to form the tea into tablets, and
another to make tea inthe formof a ‘pill’

The tea ‘pills,’ for the preparation of whichI had
to order @ new machine, present, I think,a rather
interesting and novel feature. They weigh each
half a zolotnik (about 14 to the ounce), and shoald
prove very useful for the army, as well as for
sportsmen and travellers. A single ‘pill,’ steeped in
boiling water, is sufficient to give a cup of good
strong tea, and I believe that before long these
‘pills’ will be known and appreciated at their true
value.

The first tea I prepared and placed on the
market was in 1895; the quantity in the year
being, however, only 201b. Since then the progres-
sion has beenrapid. ThusI sold: Tes in packets—

In 1895 10 +e eee 20 1b,
1896 oe Sec oe 37 lb.
1897 - oe coo 1200 Ih,
1808 AD . aes 2900 lb.

1899 coe a ee 3610 lb.

In addition I sold in 1898 20,000 lb, of compressed
tea (tablets).

The tea in ‘pills’ has been already shown at
several exhibitions, commencing with that held at
Nijni Novgorod in 1896, then at Stockholm in 1897,
St. Petersbarg, 1899, and Paris 1900. They were
sold at the Exhibition in Batoum, 1900, too.

As regards the demand for Russian tea and the
rapidity wish which it is bought up, the only
thing I can complain of is the small produotion,
which is far inferior to the demand, owing to the
newness of the enterprise and the fact that most
of the shrubs are very young as yel. .

The entire production of the three qualities I have
placed on the market—viz. at 2 roubles, L rouble 60 cop,
and Lroublea pound, has been disposed of in Moscow,
St. Petersburg, and Warsaw, as soon as offered.
Almost everyone who has tried it prefers it to all
other tea, many customers buying 10 lb. at a time,
in case they may have finished their sapply before
s fresh one is procurable.

It would be idle to deny that I am somewhat

roud of such results. The examination of my teas
Vea the point of view of flavour, as well as the
chemical analysis which has been made of it, have
proved that if this tea, grown on Rassian territory,
be not actually superior to the best Ohinese kinds,
its quality is ia no way inferior. There is therefore
every ground for hoping that ere long Europe will
accord it full rights of citizenship. .

CONSTANTINE POPOFF.
Moscow, 15th May, 1901.

———————
GROWTH OF BALATA PRODUCTION.

There are indications that the production and con-
sumption of Balata are increasing, though at what
rate itis difficult as yet to say, owing to the want of
system which prevails in most quarters in the sta-

tistics kept of this commodity. Mr. Henry Souther
Tufts, formerly of Boston, who was a recent visitor
to Tur Inp1A Rusper Wortp offices, stated that he
was interested in a company employed in the collec.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

295

tion of Balata in the section, rich in that gum,
due south from Cuidad Bolivar, on the Orinoco,
in Venezuela. The company has been devoted to this
business alone for a year or more, with such suc-
cess that more capital is to be employed. Mr. Tuits
reports that the Orinoco Co.,an American company
holding large concessions in the delta of the Orinoco,
are also devoting their attention in a large measure
to the collection of Balata, It seems that the Vene-
zuelan product is shipped chiefly to Hamburg, owing
to the predominance of the German element in the
trading in the Orinoco valley. But the German trade
statistics do not happen to specify Balata. In the
German reports of imports of *‘ Kautschuk and tutta-
percha”’ the following quantities have been credited
to Venezuela, and in the opinion of Mr. Tufts the
greater part—or possibly all—is Balata:

1897. 1893. 1899, 1900.

Pounds 33. {03,400 219,780 552,420 773,080

Meanwhile the arrivals of Balaia at Rotterdam
have about held their own, private statistics supplied
by Messrs. Weise & Oo. being as follows, and the
Venezuelan sorts predominating :

1897, 1898, 1899. 1900;

Pounds 497,970 524,920 324,390 407,220

Coming to Great Britain, the official statistics still
include Balata in the imports of Gutta-percha, the
latest available figures showing the following results
(by converting cwis. into pounds):

1897, 1898. 1899,

British Guiana »» 538,608 547,120 329,504

British West Indies .,. 87,696 136,976 102,998

Venezuela ... coe son, 920726 325256" 11'78:864

Colombia ... wes F 1,568 17,248 . 53,200
Dutch Guiana aD -. 24,976 58,352 Ae

Total .. 661,920 791,952 664,496

How much of these British imports were actually
Balata there is no means of knowing, but presum-
ably-all, though the figures for Colombia yet require
some explanation, The amounts credited to the
West Indies were first imported at Trinidad, mainly
from Venezuela. ,

A summary of the above figures shows imports
at the three centers mentioned of 1,263,290 pounds
in 1897. Allowing as much for Great Britain in 1900
as in the preceding year, the total for that date
would reach 1,644,796 pounds. Formerly the Guianas
were almost the only sources of Balata, and figurss
are at hand covering the exports from those colonies
very thoroughly for the earlier years of the industry.
These figures show the average exports during the
five years 1892-1896 inclusive :

British Guiana .. oe

229,824 pounds,
Datch Guiana ae 50 ‘ E

185,472,
Total 415,296 a}

It will be seen, therefore, that the total movement
of Balata is taking on greatly increased proportions.
It does not appear, however, that the United States
have participated in this increase. ‘I'he official import
returns for the fiscal year 1898-99 embraced only
21,913 pounds of Balata, valued at $7633. But the
classification is not very exact at the custom house
in relation to this material, and for the year 1899-
1900 the Balata item disappeared completely. From
the reports of arrivals published monthly -in The
India Rubber World it appears that Balata was
imported into the United States during the calendar
year 1900 as follows (in pounds):

From From From From
Trinidad. Surinam. Great Britain, Hamburg, Toran.
30,500 6,900 23,000 UDO = 7:7,691

The leading firm handling Balata, however, state
that their arrivals alone were 75,000 pounds, and
that probably 100,000 pounds altogether were im-
ported: _

The usual methods of collecting Balata are treated
fully in Zhe India Rubber World for August, 1899,

296 THE TROPICAL

by Mr. Joubert. Lt appears, however, that in Vene-
zuela, the practice of felling the trees is general,
on account of the much greater immediate return,
and the area over which the trees are distributed
is so great that no possibility of exhaustion is ad-
mitted by those engaged in the business. By tap-
ping, the tree can be made to yield only up to the
highest point reached conveniently with a ladder,
while by felling the tree the sap can be obtained
sometimes for a length of 100 feet or more, Besides,
under a method used by the Orinoco Co., all the
bark is stripped from the tree, after as much Balata
as possible has been extracted, and whatever remains
in the bark removed by a chemical process. The
high price of Balata is accounted for partly by the
relative scarcity of labour, As high as 28 cents per
pound has been paid to collectors employed in
Venezuela, though payment was made in goods,
Again, the better supplies of Balata are remote
from navigable streams, one company being obliged
to pay 3 cents a pound (=$60 per ton) for the haulage
of Balata to the nearest boat landing.

Sheet Balata is obtained by spreading the sap in
shallow pans and exposing it to the sun, the process
lasting sometimes nearly two weeks, The dried sheets
are 1/8 to 3-16 inch in thickness, and are sometimes
rendered thinner by running them between rollers,
the chief purpose of which operation is to render
the sheets less liable tocurlup. Tin plate is well
adapted for Balata pans, though the natives use
wooden troughs, lined with tree leayes to keep the
um from sticking to the wood.

Block Balata is formed by boiling the sap in kettles
holding from 8 to 12 gallons, uutil it reaches the con-
sistency of molasses candy at the stage when it can
be “pulled.” It is then formed into masses in size
suited to the packing cases, and placed in water to
cool. The boiling requires about 2 hours for the
first kettleful; the proper heat having then been
reached, sutsequent lots are boiled sufficiently in about
45 minutes. The cooling and hardening requires 3
or four hours. Packing cases of wood are usually
18 or 24 by 12 inches, and 4 inches deep.

The new treatment adopted in Vanezuela does not
extend to the whole production from each tree, but
is rather a supplementary process. That is, after
the usual method of extraction, the Balata remain-
ing in the bark is obtained by grinding the bark
and removing the Balata by distillation. Only the
inner bark is ground up, the rough outer bark being
first cut off. The further processes are kept secret,
but naphtha is supposed to be used.

The average yield of Balata milk is about 3 gallons
per tree, or 27 pounds, which yield 15 to 2) pounds
of Balata. Myr. Tufts mentions having removed all
the bark from a felled tree, before extracting any
sap, and running it between the steel rolls of a
sugar mill, with the result of obtaining three times
as much Balata, but it contained more impurities:
than that obtained by ordinary means.

LAtEst BALATA Report FROM VENEZUELA.

In the June issue of Der Vropenptllanzer (Berlin)
appears a report by EH. Engleharat, of Cuidad Bolivar,
enezuela, to the effect that during the year 1900
the production of Balata in that country was very
largely increased, while the output from the Guianas
had become relatively insignificant. The preserva-
tion of the trees, he says, has in no wise been con-
gidered, They are simply felled and allowed to rot
on the ground, although the timber would be of
great value if it were possible to convey it to the
seaboard. The balata gatherers are compelled to invade
the forests deeper and deeper every year, every tree for
miles from the original starting point having been
destroyed. The only shipments are now made from
Bolivar. The rate of increase has been as follows:
Wn, UE bo 00 00 fa0, 60 650,613 pounds,
UE op ooo ch oo on JWR)
BQO 3", 5. s/s? ee ees RM UUNGHOROO5 Ah a
1900 4. se we oo oo 2,628,784 i

9

AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. J, 1901.

It will be noticed that these figures, obtained
evidently from official sources in the country of pro-
duction, are much Jarger than those given in the
preceding article, which was prepared before Mr.
Englehardt’s report was available, It is stated, also,
that very little sheet Balata is produced in Vene-
zuela, the block Balata being produced more
readily.

During 1900 rubber was shipped from Veneznela
only in small quantities, owing to the seat of the
revolution which existed for months being in the
district whence the necessary labour for rubber
gathering is secured. [The rubber from the Orinoco,
marketed usually as ‘‘Angostura,” is of the Para
tpye, and classified as “ fine” and “ coarse. ”) The
shipments by the river Orinoco were: Fine, 114,970
pounds; coarse, 32,532; tote], 147,302 pounds. How-
ever, some Venezuelan rubber, from the back dis+
tricts, finds its way to the Amazon, being exported
through Para, but the total export Herr Englehardt
estimates at not over 100 tons for the year. The
production for 1901 is expected to be much larger—
possibly 400 tons, owing to an increased interest in
the business and the investment of new capital on a
systematic basis.—/ndia Rubber World.

ee
FLOWERING AND SEEDING OF MANWELU
BAMBOOS (DENDROCALAMUS STRICTUS)
IN THE CENTRAL THANA DIVI-
SION, BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.

This bamboo known as ManWell all over the Thana
district flowered in the Mokhada Hills, which form the
Western projection of the Ghats over an area of
about 3 square miles in the reserved forests of the
village of Assa, in December, 1900 and January, 1901
and the sseding occurred in March. The flowering
was not entirely gregarious, but very nearly so, an
was confined to the mature clumps. A clump here
and there seemed to escape. In the Wada Range,
which isin the central portion of the district. I
observed the flowering wassporadic and scanty. In
the Bassein Range on the Sea Coast, the flowering
was a little more copious than in Wada, but not
gregarious. I an informed that at Yewa, a village
in the Kalyan Taluka of South Thana, the Manwell
bamboo planted in the village also flowered this
(1900) season, and that about half-a-dozen clumps in
the forests close by flowered as well. In these
cases, the flowering was not confined, it is said, to
the mature clumps only, but also to the younger oues.
In 1899 I met with a solitary clump of the same species

in seed in the Bhiwandi Range ofthe South Thana
Forest division.

MertHop or OoLLECTION oF SEED.

While in the Assa Forest, in March 1901, I
found the wild tribes gathering the bamboo seed
for home consumption, and also for sale in the
neighbouring native State of Jawhar. The outer
culms of each clump are cut one by one at about
4 feet from the ground, and each culm _bear-
ing seeds is laid on the ground, which has been
previously cleared and swept. The culm is well beaten
with astout stick till all the seeds from it have
fallen. The fallen seeds with husks are carefully
collected and winnowed by children, It arpears
that on being taken home, the seeds are crushed in
a mortar, One adult is said tobe able to collect 2
to 8 seers, z.¢.,4to6 lb. of seed per diem, Seed
was also collected and sold in the Jawhar State
which is adjacent tothe Assa Forest at R2 per i6
adholies, 2.e.,64 lb. I have a few pounds available
for distribution if required.

G. M, Ryan,

—Indian Forester.

Nov, 1, 1901.]

PRODUCTION OF COFFEE IN INDIA.

After noting that the figures are imperfect and
defective, and that, for example, the statistics of the
Nilgiri district are very im crfect, the Director-
General of Statistics reports as follows :—

AREA.—At the end of 1900 there were 245,405
acres of land under coffee in India, all, with the
exception of 387 acres, in Southern India. The pro-
duction of coffee is restricted for the most part toa
limited area in the elevated region above the South-
Western coast, the coffee lands of Mysore, Coorg
and the Madras districts of Malabar and the Nil-
girls, comprising &8 per cent of the whole area un-
der tbe plant in India. About 52 per cent. of this
area is in Mysore, where there were 128,087 acres in
190U, and the plant is grown on 99,088 acres, being
40 per cent. of the whole, in the British districts
of Coorg (68,596 acres), the Nilgiris and Malabar
(30,492). In Madras there is no extensive cultivation
except iu these two districts, and in Salem and
Madura. Coffee is also grown, but on a very res-
tricted scale in Burma, Assam, Bengal, and Bom-
bay.

Propviction —The fall in prices since 1897 has re
moved the stimulus which had been given for a
few years to the further expansion of the coffee-
growing area, while disease has combined with ad-
verse climatic conditions to reduce the yield, The
quantity produced last year was but little more
than half the quantity produced ten years ago.
Taking 100 to represent the area and production in
1885, the ratio of yearly increase or decrease is as
follows:—

Area, Production.

1885 oes .. oe 100 ae 100
1886 500 eos ese 97 ee 90
1887 Soe ase ce 103 ee 109
18838 O86 ove see 104 oe 76
1889 eee toe sie 110 +e 85

1890 aco on oe 114 ob 63
1991 a or oe 111 30 3
1892 eo tee toe 110 °° 97
1893 560 oct toe 109 a 109
1894 500 S60 ee 117 aes 101
1895 G00 LO tee liy a 115
1896 oad do eee 121 ate 75
1897 boc an ooo 116 oe 69
1898 ane . too 118 ote 68
1899 oe oe coe 115 50 50

1900 wes 103 ee 62

Persons Empitoyep.—Acccording to the statements
there were 22,128 persons permanently, and 91,685
temporarily, employed on the coffee estates in 1900,
making a total of 113,813 persons, which is equal to
one person to about 2°16 acres,

Exports AND ConsumprioN.—The following figures
are the average of the ten years ending 1900-01 :—

Indian Coffee= lbs.
Production ate ae 30,040,608
Exports on) AB 30,163,056

Foreign Coffee—
1mports nes So ogo 1,529,819

Exports 787 ,520

It is of course not the case that exports have
exceeded production during this period; the figures
merely illustrate the difficulty of obtaining an accu-
rate view of an industry when those who are en-
gaged in it think fit to withnold information which
is indispensable in the consideration of any ques-
tions affecting the industry. The figures, however,
imperfect as they are, indicate that the Indian pro-
ducer of coffee has no local market on which he
can depend for the consumption of any portion of
his production. He is entirely dependent upon the
external markets which are contained in the countries
mentioned below, these being the principal countries
to which Indian coffee is exported (in lbs):

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 297

a

1897-98 1898-99

United Kingdom ... ... 12,773,376 17,392,480

France... cco se $607,872 9,356,816
Ceylon.. toe «» 293,888 505,680
Asiatic Turkey and Persia .. 863,856 131,264
Australia tee te 199,024 265,440
Arabia .. see sto 630,896 229,488
Germany ob sos 29RD OS 618,688
Austria-Hungary ... «» 591,360 1,023,568

1899-1900 1900-01

+ 17,640,000 15,678,768

United Kingdom .. .
5 .. 10,847,536 8,430,016

France...

Ceylon 60 -- 1,224,272 1,088,528
Asiatic Turkey and Persia ... 137,984 610,288
Australia ae +. 272,496 447,104
Arabia ae ae 85,232 274,960

Germany ae -- 292,544 126,560
Austria-Hungary ... soz. 290,104 123,312
As France takes on an average about a third of
the whole quantity exported, it is obvious that the
Indian coffee producer has an intimate interest in
the outcome of the question at present under dis-
cusssion of the application to Indian coffee into
France of a rate of duty higher than that
which is imposed upon Brazilian coffee,
Prices.--Coffee is not sold, as tea is sold, before
shipment for export, and therefore there is no In-
dian quotation of price. The average prices in
London for East Indian plantation coffee since 1874
are here subjoined with their variations, taking the
price of 1874 as the datum—100. Prices dropped
last year, as a consequence of the great expansion
ia the production of Brazilian coffee to the lowest level
nown :—

Per cwht. Variation.
Sx 0:
1874 ee 50 92 1 ‘ 100
TSTie Mises Mem ala Onet 1 6s 120
1879 Ree ox 100 10 An 110
1882 Bo eae 8 4 0 93
1884... ee 6) vd 83
1887 a0 re 94 94 an 103
1889 e BG 99 10 oer 108
1890. Bat EAlOae ohare 115
1893. eee me 0biee 4a : 114
1894 do AO 101 O nee 110
1897 nee oe 94 8 103
1898 iD as See! Py 85
1899 ibd G+ bos Ube Rs ee 71
19C0O an ate 48 0 51
—Planting Opinion:
a

Lime rok Fow1s.—It has not been demonstrated
that oyster shells, or lime in any form, produce egg
shell or rather shells for the egg, as there are
thousands of hens that are in no manner provided
with oyster shells. It is true, however, that oyster
shells, being sharp, assist in grinding the food.
Carbonate of lime is insoluble, and the lime for the
egg shells must consequentiy come from what can
be digested and conducted to the eggs through the
blood. As nearly all kinds of food contain lime in
a soluble form by combination with vegetable acids,
as well as in the form of inorganic salts that are
soluble, the process of covering the eggs with shells
goes without the aid of substances that are insoluble,
There is one source of solubla lime, however, that
is frequently overlooked—the water—which holds
lime in a soluble form when it abounds in carbonic
acid. Hard limestone water contains lime, and the
hens can, by drinking it, secure more lime in a con-
venient form thanfrom oyster shells. When a hen
lays eggs with soft shells the cause is due not to
the lack of lime, but to the condition of the hen, as she
is then,as arule, in an over-fat condition, To this
cause may be traced all the eggs with soft shells.—
Journal oj the Department_of Agriculture of Western
Australia.

298 THE TROPICAL

CAMPHOR OIL.

By ProFeEssor SHIMoYAMA, PH.D,
(Communicated by Our Yokohama Correspondent.)

There is scarcely any need to say that camphor
is one of the chief export stapies from the Japanese
Empire, and according to statistics, during the
first four months of this year 1,435,000 yen worth
have been exported. The Formosan Government
estimates the annual production in that island at
50,000 piculs of camphor and 20,000 piculs of so-called
original oil of camphor, the latter containing 50 per
cent of camphor. At present two Japanese merchants
in Kobe are engaged in redistilling camphor out
of the original oil by arrangement with the
Formosan Government, In the course of redistilla-
tion two grades of red and white oils are yielded.
White oil, moie popularly known as camphor oil,
finds its way throughout the interior, and is very
widely used by the Japanese for disinfection ; while
red oil is exported to Hurope and elsewhere to the
extent of from 7,500 piculs at the best to 3,500 piculs
_ at the least annually. This red oil of camphor is
used in foreign countries for the manufacture of
safrol, which is very widely used abroad in the soap
- and perfume industries; and is also used as a raw
material for the manufacture of heliotropin, the
. price of which has been reduced from 500 yen per
kilc, to something like 17 yen per kilo.

About twenty years ago, when no one knew how
to use this red oil economically, and distillers used
to throw it away, Mr. K. Goto, a merchant in
Kobe, made a trial shipment of it, in order to find
a market, but without any success at the time.
In 1883 Mr. Peltman, of Messrs. Schimmel & Co.,
Leipzig, Germany, invented a process for making
safrol out of it; thus red camphor oil fovnd its
way to Hurope. In the first instance prices were
abnormally low, foreign buyers paying only 3 yen
per picul for it. since then, owing to increased
demand, it has advanced to nearly six times the
price; present export quotations are from 17 to 18
yen per picul.

Out of a picul of this red oil 50 catties of safrol
are produced, so that there is no doubt that foreign
buyers were, and are, making enormous profits, as
the cost of production is trifling, and they get for
safrol 60 yeuto70 yen per 50 catties.

When I visited Formosa in February last year for
botanical research, by instruction of the Imperial
University, I was asked by Dr. S Goto, Chief of
the Civil Affairs Bureau, to submit a report about
the manufacture of safrol out of red oil of cam-

hor. Consequently I began an_ investigation in
April, 1900, and completed it by July. A detailed
report was submitted to the Formosan Government
in November, As a result, it was decided to make
experiments on a large scale at a cost of 50,000
yen, and the plant has been laid down in Kobe.
The result is satisfactory so far, but when the plant
is completed not less than 500 catties of safrol can
be made daily. When safrol is manufactured ont
of red oil a blue-coloured oil is obtained, which I
estimate to amount to 1,000 ‘“‘koku” in a year,
After a long research and hard labours I found
that it is a very powerlul disinfectant, So I named
it ‘ Disinfector.”’ A sample of it was sent to the
Government Laboratory, and I was informed that
it has great power as a disinfectant, and is par-
ticularly potent in destroying the plague bacillus.
In wy opinion, it is a stronger disinfectant than
carbolie acid, and will be used widely in the in-
terior. It is a custom of the Japanese peasants
to use kerosine for killing worms and insects, which
sometimes do serious harm to the rice-harvest;
and I believe this ‘‘ Disinfector ”
stead of kerosine at a far cheaper rate. The Colonial
Government, it is said, is to make practical tests in
their experimental agricultural stations. The result
will, no doubt, be satisfactory.— Chemist and Druggist.

“in the ground.

can be used in- -

AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1901.

CRUSHING CASTOR SEED.

_ Lhe ‘Dutch mill’ is nothing more than two heavy
iron uprights connected by two rods on which slide, by
means of holes, thin sheet iron plates. One upright
Carries a screw thread into which a massive shaft,
cut into screw form, works, This serw is actuated
by long levers fitting into socket holes in a boss
at its outer extremity after the manner of a windlass,
The castor seed after being carefully shelled or divested
of its black skin, and winnowed so that no black
particles remain, is bruised and made up into little
packets with thin muslin cloth, These are placed
between the plates of the mechine, one between each
division, to the number of 40 or 50. The screw is
then tightened upon them, two men working the levers
windlass fashion till the oil is expressed, There is a
limit of course to the power of manual labour, and the
process does not extract the whole oil, much of which
remains in the resulting cake. The shelling and win-
nowing process demands care, as upon the freedom
from the black skin depends the purity of the oil;
besides which this skin is of a horny 2nd elastic
nature and very resistant to pressure. This matters
little under the enormous pressure ofthe hydraulic,
but when manual labour is used the incompressibility
of the skin would result in a loss of oil, by reason
of the resistance offered to the action of the press.
Although this process is called a cold process, it
must be remarked that unless a moderate heat is
applied to the plates of the machines to heat the
seeds, the oil will not flow freely. Heat is applied
in practice by shallow troughs of lighted charcoal
placed one on each side beneath the row of plates,
but not under the seed being crushed. The ‘ Dutch
mill,’ owing to its simplicity, is cheap to construct

and easily worked by unskilled labour —Indian
Gardening and Planting.
ee
ORANGE AND LEMON CURING AND
PACKING.

By A. DEspgIssIs.

Late in the autumn the attention of the grower is
turned from his deciduous to his evergreen trees, of
these, those yhich are of greatest importance to him
are the trees of the citrus family,

As in the case of the deciduous trees which furnish
the summer fruit crop, the choice of varieties to
grow is made from a long list, In deciding what
varieties to plant, several factors will influeace the
grower’s choice, and, amongst others, the peculiarity
of the local climate; the requirements of the market
to supply ; the character of the soil.

No climate is too warm for trees of the citrus
tribe, provided that the parching effect of the torrid
atmosphere is mitigated by a sufficiency of moisture
On the other hand, oranges, lemons
and their like, cease to be profitable if grown in
cooler climate better suited to the cultivation of
pippins or of berries. A few strong trees may be
found to thrive excellently under the conditions
which pceyail in such localities when sufficiently pro-
tected, but these are exceptions, from which it
would be unwise tojdraw general deductions.

As regards the susceptibility of citrus trees to with-
stand hard-frost, pomaloes and mandarins come first;
they are followed by oranges and kumquats, lemons
come next, with limes and citrons last on the list,

A description of each variety of these several
species of citrus trees does not come within the
scope of this chapter, and the information has
already been given. ;

To the average West Australian grower pomaloes,
kumquate, citrons and limes are of as great account.

The first three are valuable for their peel, which

is candied, whilst limes, and sometimes citrons,
are more largely cultivated for the sake of the
acid juice of their fruit. As old trees only of

these varieties are to be found in West Australian
groves, all information referring to the manufacture

Noy. 1, 1901.} THE TRPICAL

of lime juice and to candied peel may well be left
out. Mandarins, oranges and lemons are, therefore,
of all citrus fruits, those which, having proved
themselves well suited to the conditions of soil and
climate of this country and to the requirements of
our local as well as of our export markets will be
reviewed in the following paragraphs :—
MANDARINS.

Of all our citrus fruits mandarizs or tangerines
are, for the purpose of the local market, the most
valuable, the trees are hardy, they bear even when
young heavy crops of fruit, they do not occupy
much room in the orchard, being dwarf in compari-
son with other citrus trees, For this reason the
crop is easily gathered, the trees aze more easily
sprayed and protected against the infestation of
scale insects—that curse of our orange groves—
they are, besides most delicious fruit, easily peeled
and greatly liked by everyone, young and old.
Our market is at present badly supplied with this
fruit, and as growers have, besides, for some wn-
accountable reason, been somewhat chary in plant-
ing them, it is quite unlikely that the demand will,
for a long time to come, be satisfied. Nor can the
Eastern States supply us with any large quantities
of these fruits, as our mandarin season seems to be
more protracted over here than it is in the east.
Moreover, the fruit is not a very good carrier, the
rind being puffy and the fruit tender, and on that
account a heavy percentage of the shipments sent
over here is lost to the importers,

In order to be profitable, the mandarin tree must
be grown on the best of soils, deep, moist and
fertile. Of varieties, the best in the order in which
they ripen are Parker's Special, Thorny, Queen,
Scarlet, Beauty of Glen Retreat and Emperor.
*Mandarins can only carry when packed with-the
greatest care and attention, and when this is done
with intelligence, the result is always satisfactory.
They are best packed like figs, in shallow boxes,
in layers of a dozen each for fruit of the first
grade, and eighteen of the second grade, it is not
advisable to have more than two such layers,
Each maudarin sbould be wrapped in soft wrap-
ping paper. Some packing houses have their trade
mark and name printed on the paper, and as they use
large quantities of that material, the extra cost is
only nominal. If the mandarins are of especial
quality and are meant for a select market, they
are often wrapped in tin foil, and packed in neat
boxes having an edging of lace paper, with an
artistically colored design on the paper cover.

The fruit is, of course, as in the instance of
oranges and lemons, carefully clipped and never
pulled from the tree, it is allowed to sweat before
packing, and none but fruit free from blemish is
ever packed,

ORANGES

Are of all the citrus fruit those most extensively
planted in this State, where they thrive with great
luxurianee. They require good soil, moist, but well:
drained, and wherever the best varieties are culti-
vated in congenial locations and are well fertilised,
the West Australian oranges invariably supplant
the imported fruit on the local market,

Thickness of the rind and sweetness of the juice,
as well as abundance of crops, can to a large extent
be influenced by manuring.

Heavy dressings of coarse farmyard or pig manure
promote thick and puffy rind, and the growth of
spongy wood tissue, particularly Hable when under
unfavourable circumstances to gamming and die-back
diseases. Whenever the trees require a dressing of
a nitrogenous fertiliser either nitrate of soda or
sulphate of ammonia should be given the preference.

Potash fertilisers inflaence a thrifty growth, a
healthy, deep color of both foliage and of rind, and
a greater degree of sweetness. ior that purpose
sulphate of potash, muriate of potash or kainit can
be used. When using kainit the dressing should be
more liberal than when either of the first two
fertilisers are used.

AGRICULTURIST. 299

Phosphates increase the productiveness of the
trees and the general excellence of the fruit. Either
bone dust, phosphatic guano or Thomas‘ Phos phate
give very good results. When it is intended to benefit
more particularly the current season’s crop, super-
phosphate of lime, whichis more soluble than the
other phosphatic fertilisers, applied in the late winter,
or as late as the early spring, will be found most
useful. Two to six lbs. of these fertiliizers, accord-
ing to the size of the trees, constitute a very good
dressing.

Unlike lemons, which should be picked before
they turn yellow, oranges are always better when
left to hang until ripe and sweet. There is a degree
of ripeness however, which, if over-reached, proves
detrimental to the long keeping of oranges.

Nothing but the best fruit, absolutely free from
scale insects will carry and open satisfactorily
when marketed. Fruit trees cannot carry a heavy
crop and sustain large colonies of scale insects at
the same time,

For picking the fruit some growers twist the stalk
until it sraps; fruit thus plucked have a poor chance
of keeping, Clippers that will not injure the fruit
should be used in preference to aknife. The stalk
is cut short, just above the star; if cut too long,
it will probably puncture some of the fruit in the
case aud thus engender decay.

Some orchard hands when stripping a tree place
the fruit in a turned up apron fastened over their
shoulders and round their loins ; this plan is not to
be recommended, as the fruit rolls about and thus
gets more or less bruised; light buckets are most
convenient for that work; they can be hanged until
full to the step-ladder and then lowered and emptied
in boxes with open salts and there left to sweat
until packed for market, These boxes are filled so
that one can be placed on the top of another without
the oranges below being crushed by the case above,

Ifa spring cart is not available for conveying the
fruit to the packing shed, and more especially if
the road be rough and uneven, a bedding of straw
in the bottom of the dray will save the fruit from
being bruised. When freshly picked the rind of
oranges and lemons isinGeed brittle and its cells
filled with moisture, essential oils and air,

After standing a few days, beads of sweat can be
seen on the rind, which then becomes smoother,
more pliable and leathery and less liable to be
bruised by pressing in the case,

When properly sweated, which will take three to
four days, the packer handles each fruit, wipes it
dry and grades it according to size and quality.
Fruit picked after heavy rain takes longer to sweat
and is more easily bruised. It is then wrapped in a
piece of tough but soft tissue paper, the four corners
being gathered up at the stem end and twisted, thus
acting as a spring buffer which saves the fruit
around from possible bruises, The paper should not
be too large, and of course varies in size with the
size of the fruit; that more common _ dimensions
being 9x9 inches. 10 x to10 or 10 x 12 inches,

This done, each fruit is firmly set in its proper
place inthe case, tierupon tier. Should the last
layer cise above the edges of the case, quarter of
an inch or so, so much the better; the lid is placed
on top and pressed down gently and firmly and
nailed down, Oranges packed inthis way, will not,
when opened on sale, be found as several cases of
otherwise choice fruits despatched last season to the
Agent-General in London, to have ‘too much
paper, be of mixed size, and slackly packed,”
but they should carry in good condition even as
ordinary cargo.

The cases should be made of light and well.
seasoned wood, stowed away under shelter until used,
so asto protect them from weather stains, and the
name or trade mark of the grower, the grade of the
fruit, and number in the case should be neatly

stencilled on the end pieces.
Two defects should be guarded against with fruit
cases. They should not be made of such wood ag

300 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

might impart to the contents an unpleasant flavour,
and they should not be constructed of too flimsy
material. When the slats are Jess that zip. in
thickness, and especially if these slats are wide, the
cases are often damaged and po to pieces when
slung in loading and unloading, and much fiuit is
in consequence ivjured or lost. A trifling saving
may possibly be made in first cost of the thinner
packages, and pounds’ worth lost in the end on the
consignment,
Lemons.

A few notes on lemon curing will end this chapter.
A number of new methods have been propounded
for curing lemons by enthusiastic experiments and
the results have at times surpassed the most
sanguine expectations, and at other times proved
disastrous, When allis said and done, the only
secret in the art of curing lemons consists of no
more than careful handling.

Several desiderata, when found combined, ensure
profit to the lemon grower, and unless these are
secured there is no money in lemons, which are
imported in large quantities from the Mediterranean
ports in the height of summer, when they are
most required, andsell at a comparatively low price.

The first of these is suitable soil and climate,
then come suitable varieties, careful picking and
handling, and long storing.

The best soils for lemonsis a loose, deep, and well-
drained lcam, moist and fertile ;it also does well on
coarse granite soi), intermixed with a sediment of
rich sand, but in these soils will require irrigation
ofrener than in the heavier soils.

Except in the more arid localities, irrigation is
deprecated for the first two or three years, so as to
force the tree to send its roots deeper into the soil in
search of moisture and of nourishment. The wisdom
of this treatment is made more apparent in the
matter of both water and fertiliser in after years,
when the trees are in full bearing. Harly irrigation
also stimulates. an already excessive tendency on the
part of the lemon to make too rapid a growth of wood.

The cultivation amongst the lemon trees, as in-
deed amongst all citrus trees, should be frequent
but shallow, as the 1oots are mostly surface feeders,
and too deep cultivation would tear them to pieces.

A climate moist and warm suits the lemon best,
as the tree is susceptible to hard frost and loves
moisture.

As to varieties, the list is a long one, but three
or four stand out prominently, each having its ad-
vantages as well as its disadvantages, viz., the
Eureka, the Villa Franca, and the Lisbon. Of this
last several strains are known, good, bad and _ in-
different, and every care sbould be taken, when
propagating by buds, to ascertain the merits or the
defects of the parent plant.

Picking is the essence of curing, and when lemons
have been rightly picked, they will with ordinary
care keep for a long period.

All lemons which have reached 8 to 4 inches in
diameter, those that have already turned yellow, or
show thorn pricks, those that have been punctured
by scale insects, or are soiled by the sooty mould,
are not fit for curing and long keeping, and should
be sold to the best advantage and withcut delay,

The lemon tree blooms and sets its fruit continuously
all the year round, although in the early spring and
the late autumn more especially the picking is
heaviest. The tree itis known makes in favourable
peasons several growths in the year, and likewise
produces two main crops, with a few stray lemons in
between.

For curing, the autumn pick of lemon is the best.
This is done not all at once, but the trees are gone
over several times, and the fruit picked asit reaches
the right degree of development. At that time the
skin is perfectly smooth and the endis filled out;
before this time there seems to bea little depres-
sion or a little ring atthe end. When this stage
is reached the rind is thinner and less puffy than

(Nov. 1, 1901.

later on, the juice cells are tender and gorged with
acid. The months May and June in Australia are
the best for picking lemons for curing, The fruit
should be picked when still green, with just a
tinge of yellow showing. They should be stem cut
and handled as carefully as has been mentioned in
the case of the orange.

The sizes most suitable for the market are those
ranging between 24 to 3 inches transverse diameter.
Some people use a ring for the purpose of measuring
the fruit, and every lemon that just goes through
is clipped, the eye, however, soon gets trained to the
size required, and when in doubt, the forefinger
and the thumb round the lemon will, if they nearly
meet atthe stem, approximate the size wanted.

When picked, the lemons are placedin the sweat
boxes,!as describediabove when speaking, of oranges and
there Jeft for a weekor so

The size of the sweat box is of no special, importance,
but it shonld be shallow and not more than 9 to 10
inches deep, with a few slits on the side to allow ven-
tilation, aud check the growth of the moulds of decay.

Packing is done when the skin is dry, clear and
smooth. Several grades are made, esch fruit is
handled separately and none but those absolutely
without blemish are wrapped in tongh tissue paper
and cased for long keeping.

When it is intended to store for a long period,
the sorted and graded fruit may be placed on shal-
low trays superposed one op the top of the other
in a cool, dark room, with sufficient ventilation pro-
vided to carry away the foul gases and the moisture
thrown cff the lemons, In this way they will keep
through the winter until the approach of the warm
weather in the early. summer. A coel temperature
is maintained in the rocm by opening the- door
and window at night, and closing them in the day
time if found necessary.

Some packers place the fruit from the sweating
boxes into barrels or large cases, and run _ over
therh fine dry sand and thus leave them until they
are marketed when the demand sets in later in the year.

Other packers anoint each lemon with a light film
of vaseline. For that purpose they rub the fruit all
over with a piece of flannel with the vaseline on.
It is claimed that vaseline never becomes rancid
and is tasteless and odourless, and after a few weeks
it is difficult to pick out the fruit that have been
thus rubbed with vaseline, as by that time they
have lost their oily and shining appearance, Vase-
line checks the growth of moulds of decay and pre-
vents the skin drying up too quickly. Some use
steam for colouring the lemons, but the process is not
to be recommended. Others dip their lemons in some
antiseptic fluid and thus keep them sound for a
long time, but lemons thus preserved, although

. bright and fresh when freshfrom the dip, soon turn

brown and show a horny rind.

In conclusion the art of curing lemons consists in ;—

Growing the right kinds.

Manunring, cultivating and tending the trees well
and maintaining them in a state of health and
thrift.

Picking at the right time and in the proper man-
ner as where the stem is pulled from the lemon
the cells are exposed to the air and decay sets in.

Sweating and grading; storing in a cool, dark
place. Specially constructed storing sheds have been
constructed for keeping cured lemons in, but any
ordinary chamber answers the purpose just as well,
provided it is not damp or too much exposed to
sudden changes of temperature. Such a chamber
should be dark and well ventilated ;

The lemons are marketed as are the oranges, and
in connection with our local market it may be men-
tioned that the best months for handling the local
crops are September and October, and before the
November-cut main crop of Sicilians come in, and
also in April and May, after the Sicilians are done,
and before the cold winter stets in.—Jowrnal of the
Department of Agriculture.

Nov. 1, 1901.]

PRUNING
By A. DESPEIssIs.

-evious chapters the general principles of
eee pearls fruit trees, have been dealt
with. In this issue the consideration of the best
ways of training and pruning a few more of the
fruit trees generally cultivated in our orchards is
proceeded. with.

aaa ANG eRe Gh ping of young

instructions given about the sha

etal to the epee, The stem should be low
and headed backto12to 15 inches when planting ;
the main limbs are also cut short, jas the tree is
very subject to sunburn. To guard against this it is
a good practice to pinch all side shoots not necessary
for the extension of the tree to a pair of leaves a
two ; fruit spurs will thus in time be formed a
along the lower bsanches, while these tufts of jenves
will afford to the branches protection against the

un a
-y trees in general produce their fruit upon
eee or ari from half-an-inch to two inches
in length, which proceed from two, three, or eur
year old wood. New spurs will continue to shoo
out right up to the extremities of the branches ; in
the centre of every cluster of fruit spurs there is a
wood spur, which, as it extends each season, pe
into blossom and carries the year's crop; this cboud
be remembered when pruning. These spurs wl
By it for several years. ae
pe ine cherry ee has commenced to fruit it
should, unlike the peach and the apricot, be yery
sparingly touched with the knife, _ as it is besi fe
yery subject to ‘‘gumming. — This peculiarity 0
the plant is aggravated in individuals presenting
long stems exposed to the sun, on trees with many
forked limbs, and on those which have had dare
limbs taken off. It is found that by doing all t °
necessary severe cutting during the summer, eee
after the crop has been gathered, the wounds a
more readily. Whenever a branch thicker than the
size of the finger is cut off it is advisable to apply to
the fresh cut a Govier ne or white lead, gum shellac
i wax or of clay. ; :
SE Ban Bigarreaw sorts, which are sweet
varieties, are luxuriant growers, attaining large Bae
and possess large drooping leaves. Mazzard seock
are preferred for these, the trees being long ived:
larger, and healthy when planted on fairly goo
loam. i
op d Morelloss classes are slow growing
Bee tar “aan kind. The first have stiff and erect
branches with smaller leaves, thicker and of a darker
green color than the preceding classes ; the second
or Kentish Cherries are of a bushy bab with
smaller leaves still and more drooping aa more
numerous twigs. The branches must be kept far
h apart to admit the sun and air freely amongst
anon and the stem and main branches strengthened
b CE hard for several seasons. If the tree
a too luxuriautly, an occasional root pruning
will throw it into fruit. They do best on Mahaleb
stock, which gives smaller trees, but is more ac-
commodating as regards soil. This stock gums on
wet, retentive soil. If it were not for the sprouting
habit sour varieties on their own roots do very well.
Cherry trees when shaped for the first few years as a
rule keep a good form, and bear well without
aaa, PRUNING THE FILBERT. uses
uld be carefully eradicated every
Baa bushes pruned somewhat after the
Ranier of the quince, or else they will be a mass
of branches, and remain almost barren. Yet ene
filbert, in the majority of cases, 1s completely eft
t itself although to be fruitful 16 rednines proper
nd regular pruning. The blossoms, like those of
an walnut, are monoecious, 2.e., the male flower or
earns and the female flowers are borne on the same

tree, but from different buds. These fruit buds bear

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 301

ina cluster atthe extremity of small twigs, and are
produced on shoots of one year’s growth, and bear
the next.

Unless the bushes are pruned, they bear very heavily
one year, and remain barren several seasous to recu-
perate. The mode of pruning consists in cutting
back severely the first few years, so as to favour
the growth of side shoots, which are shortened to
prevent the whole nourishment being carried to the
top of the branch, the consequence being that small
shoots grow from their base, which carry fruit. By
this method of spurring, bearing shoots are produced,
which would otherwise have remained dormant.

PRUNING THE WALNUT AND CHESTNUT.

Much of what is said about the pruning of the fig
applies to these trees. Their habit of growth is sym-
metrical, and the growers will, by cutting off mis-
placed branches, broken or dead, and by shortening
bending limbs, do much to keep them growing sym-
metrically. As their feeding roots are close to the
surface, light koeing only should be done in close
proximity to the trees. They should be trained with
a general upright tendency, so as to interfere as
little as possible with cultivation, Limbs branching
low down will protect the stem from sunburn.

PRUNING THE Loquar.

The loquat, or Japanese medlar, has hitherto
been raised from the seed as a tree suitable for
wind breaks. The choicer varieties are, however,
now propegated by grafting or by budding, either on its
own roots or onthe quince, to which it is botani-
cally somewhat related. In the first instance it
forms large trees, which take four or five years to
mature its fruit. In the second instance it comes
into bearing at an earlier age. When grown for
shelter the higher trees worked on loquat seedlings
should be selected and trained with a stem3 or 4
feet high. In thesecond case, whether itis on its
own or on quince roots, it should be headed lower
down. As the tree carries permanent foliage, and
later on heavy crops of fruit, the main limbs should
be as strong and sturdy as possible, and trained with
a generally upright direction, These in course of
time, 2s the branches extend and carry more foliage
and more fruit, will gradually be bent down, hence
the importance of throwing strength and vigor into
them at an early stage. Thisis done by encourag-
ing the growth of three or four leaders, low down
onthe stem (if not grown as a wind break); all other
shoots are either cut off or pinched back, and the
young tree is subsequently shaped much in the
same manner as has been explained in connection
with the shaping and framing of young trees generally.
The fruit bunches issue from the terminal points
of young shoots. They bear at their base wood buds,.
which will in growing season push out young shoots.
These, if too numerous, should be thinned out to
two or three only, so as toinsure for eachits due
share of light, air and sun, The decaying flower
stalks are cut off, as well as also all dead branches.

PRuNING THE Fla.

Hig trees naturally form symmetrical heads. They
are best shaped when young with the main arms
arranged symmetricaliy vound the stem. Figs for
table purposes are headed low, so that the fruit can
be picked without difficulty. Figs for drying are
headed higher, so that the picking of the dead ripe
and fallen fruit can be easily done over the smooth
ground, The fig tree suckers pretty freely, and
these should be removed \in the winter time.
Wherever the ground is rich the-tree will often run
excessively to wood, @nd in that case root pruning
will force it into bearing. Drooping branches are
cut off, and those growing obliquely upright retained,
Dead wood and branches that cross and interfere
with one another are suppressed, but the end of
the shoots should be sparingly touched with the
pruning knife on account of the mode of bearing
ofthe tree. This is as follows;—The fruits are

304 THE TROPICAL

by the daily turning over of the adjacent soil and
the addition of clean earth to it. But even on
freshly trenched land the method of planting on
mounds, as described above in connexion with wet
lands, has given very good results. Another mode
successfully employed has been to have the trenched
land turned over, ploughed if possible, several times
in succession at intervals of say a week, or if time
does not allow of this, to have the pits for trans-
planting dug and left open for a day or two,
then lightly filled with clean earth up to the sur-
face and a little higher, the young plant being put
down so that its roots do not at once come in
contact with the crude manure. Growth in such
cases is comparatively rapid, as will be seen from
the statement attached, giving the height and girth
of trees of different ages. The statement of stock
in the plantation does not include the fresh supply
above referred to, no plants having as yet appeared
above ground, 6700 pods were received and opened
for planting, giving 20,100 seeds or thereabouts.
These were sown without delay. I am _ reporting
on them separately after a reasonable time has been
given for seedlings to come up.

5. Species other than Hevea, There is abundance
of Ceara (Manthot glasiovii), and in response to a
request of the Director of Agriculture [have for-
warded a Wardian case of it to the Superintendent
Northern Shan States for experimental cultivation,
In the same case I have sent a few specimens of
Para rubber, but whithout much hope of their
thriving in so extreme a climate. The Superinten-
dent having been kind enough to offer, when return-
ing the Wardian case, to give me a supply of
plants obtainable there, I have asked him for Ficus
elastica—a tree I think might be successfully grown
on the higher land in B Block of this plantation,
where Hevea has not done well.

I have two remarkably healthy specimens of Cas-
tilloa, and if the seeds you have been kind enough
to order for me from Trinidad do as well, 1 should
be inclined to suggest that this plantation be devoted
mainly to Castilloa, leaving the culture of Hevea on
a large scale to be dealt with at Mergui, where the
climate undoubtedly suits it better. This of course
assumes that we get the true Castilloa—the Mexi-
can Hule, and not the Panama Yunuw which has
proved worthless in Ceylon and elsewhere. Reports
from Trinidad shew that they have secured the real
Castilloa elastica there,

Two specimens of Payena Leeri: are also thriving,
and in fact so closely resemble many indigenous
jungle-plants that I should not be surprised to hear
that this gutta-percha yielding plant is afier a
native of Baris, as well as of the straits and
Borneo. : i PE

Of creepers from Africa (Landolphia Kirkit and
Vahea Senegalensis) I have a fair stock. They give
no trouble, and look healthy.

6. Roads and Buildings de, There is not much
to be noted under this head. A Norton’s tube-well
was sunk at a cost of Rs. 65 and water found. A
new Road has been made by the P. W. D. from
the Kokkaing main road about a mile south of the

lantation gate, to the village of Kambe. This will
e useful as a second approach to the plantation
and to the land purposed for its extension.

A mounding-mill, for the conversion of nightsoil
into manure without the delay involved in trench-
ing and waiting upon nature for the completion of
the process, is under construction. I do not expect
it to be of much use during the rains, but in the
dry weather it should be capable of providing all
the manure the plantation requires, and in a more
portable and cleanly form. Manure prepared by this
process is almost inodorous from the first.

7, Heperiments. 1 have submitted about twenty
trees to marcottage. Of these, six have thrown out
roots, and cuttings have been detached and planted
in the nursery. So far they are doing well, but

past experience is not encouraging as regards repro-

AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1901,

duction from cuttings.
in your remarks on m
careful record should

Last year’s enttings of which

ata RORERE y Were putdown, then
Bene my absence on leave) sickened and died.

cess. I do not think it desirbl
e to sacrifi -
ais trees for the sake of a few doubtful ah i
ave not continned the eXperimente. is
Cost of the Undertaking,
Lecevpts.
To Unexpended Balance from last 7
‘ rae (1899-1900) 435
3 ants received duri Ge
» Salesof grass ., ie a Ss Pastis
———
Rs, 2,819, :11
Expenditure. Be
By Cost of Fencing bys 62
> Lube well oe os rs 3
A Labour... bee 533 os 838
», Contingencies (tools &e.) = 138:10
» Balance in hand
» Balance in hand bi “9 ane 4
Rs. 2,819: 11

The following rates were given for
Fencing—composed of three Senne ee ate =
two strands and a top rail, on pyingado posts 10!
apart, 1653-I/3rd yards at 6 annas 1 pie is ard

Tube Well—consisting of pump, five sega tube

and driving point Rs. 51:12 issi
4 and labour Rs. 15; total Rs. eee spree

Cost per acre—Rs, 56:4. Cost ner
t b aah per planted ots
As 8:8 Stock of Heveas, Opening Baler o1504

1201=3360—628 dead—2732 in h
on agcount of cuttings, n hand. Failares heavy

Stock of Rubber Trees on Ist July 1902.

Block and Species. Para, Ceara. Other

A Block.
Para (Hevea Braziliensis) .. 366
Ceara (Manihot Glazivoii) .. .. Nig Gh Sei
Mexican (Castilloa elastica) .. iis
Burman (Parameria ... 30 et a
glandulifera). . 46 see 2g
B Block. be
Para ae ago a6 -- 240
Coara .. 300 aie evenees "103 a
Gutta percha (Payena Leerii) .. oH m 2
C Block.
Para do tee 30 ee» 187
Ceara .. 30 De oO 55 "70 ve
African Creepers :—
Landolphia Kirkii ... 4 51
Vahea Senegalensis oe 5 . 5
D Block, ; i
Para... ac “5 wee) Md oleae
Ceara... soe a6 Oo" 60 24 i
Total Trees 2732 298 62

Nov. 1, 1901.]

Selected Measurments,

3 ©
Bo ue
Q
ame ES
$68 20 28 :
2 Cie) ican Notes
ag 5 o§
wes GO OMe)
OH Ho ed
ca oy A
14
14 3/.5in. Oct. 99 In A. Block, Raised in nur-
series Kambe, and transplanted
6’ 1.75" do 1900 to present site--trenched land.
Comparatively rapid growth due
5'6"1,.5 " do do to proximity to open water, and

to good drainage at roots.

9'6"2,.5 " Sep Oct In B. Block. Seed raised in
1899 nurseries Kambe, and tiansplant-
ed when 3! high to present site.
On trenched land with a poor
natural soil.

In C. Block. Planted at stake
in present position and land sub-
sequently trenched over.

Shea sna do

12’ 3 +" Oct 98 In D.Block. Seed planted in
nurseries Rangoon. Seedlings
do do carted out 4 miles when from 2’

to 5’ high. Put down in pits in

unprepared soil,

ll’ 6" B75) n

ll’ 2.875'' do do This tree was over 5’ high when
8’ 2.5" do do transplanted. Has suffered from
exposure to high winds.
J. A. WYLUIE.
Major I. S.C.
Secretary Cantonment Committee, Rangoon

From F, B. Manson, Hsq., Officiating Conservator of
Forests, Tenasserim Circle, to the Revenne
Secretary to the Government of Bur-

ma,—No. 1092, dated the
17th July 1900.
Wir reference to correspondence resting with

your letter, Forest Department No. 401-4R.— 1, dated
the 17th April 1900, relating to the small plantation
of India-rubber at kambe, beyoud Kokkaing, I have
the honour, to forward, in original, Major Wyllie’s
letter No. 47-6, dated the 6th July 1900, with three
enclosures, this being his first annual report.

2. I have recently visited the plantation and beg
to offer the following remarks:—

Paragraph 2.—The shedding of leaves in the cold
weather is only natural.

Paragraphs 3 and 6.—A continuous fence is, in my
opinion, necessary for excluding cattle. Until this
can be provided, the barbed wire fence of the original

lantation, namely, the square on D, D10, D20,
Dd 30, has been utilized to protect those parts of the
boundry most in need of it.

Paragraph 7.—The' trenching operations will doubt-
less be beneficial to the rubber plants, and are
not so offensive as I expected.

Paragraph 9,—The plantation has been neatly Jaid
out and the compartments are being numbered.

Paragraph 10-—The sowing of seed at stake has
not been so successful as raising plants in nurseries,
but there can be no doubt that the seed was of

oor quality. The seed put out at stake was pro-
Baly also more subject to the depredations of
rodents.

Paragraph 13.—The propagation of Hevea by cut-
tings should be continued, a careful record being
kept of the number of cuttings put down, the per-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 305

centage of success, and remarks standing any ab-
normal conditions affecting the result.

_ The plantation has been made for the most part
in scrub jungle, but partly on cleared land covered
with truf. On the latter it is known to be difficult
to raise forest trees owing to the absence of shelter,
The covering of turf is also disadvantageous, If
‘labour can be spared, the turf should be hoed up
around the Hevea plants to aerate the soil. The
plants which have been put down in the jungle
look healthy, but they must have head room. Over-
hanging branches must be cut back, and the plants
be kept free from creepers.

Paragraph 15.—It is a pity to plant Ceara in the
place of Hevea, except it be to provide shelter for
Hevea whicn will be planted later.

Paragraph 16.—An order has been given for the
plants referred to in your lettter No. 401-4R.—1
dated 17th April 1900. Hevea and parameria’ seedg
will be ordered from South Tenasserim.

Paragraph 17,—This shows that a satisfactory
beginning has been made.

Paragraph 18.—The arrangements appear to be
quite satisfactory. Receipts to the extent of Rs, 100
are already shown, and the sale of fodder grass may
bring in some more revenue.

Paragraph 19,—The men seem to be good work-
men, and I understand that the money advanced
for their journey from Madras is being recovered,

Paragiaph 20.—The masonry well should be mado
as soon as possible for irrigating the plantation in
dry whether.

Paragraph 21,—The area of the plantation ig
small. It will be an advantage ifit can be extended
hereafter. A larger plantation could be more econo-
mically managed.

3, If Major Wyllie’s report is printed, I should
like to have ten copies.

From Major J. A. Wvr.tiz, Secretary, Cantonment
Committee, Rangoon, to the Conservator of
Forests, Tenasserim Circle,—No. 47-6,
dated the 6th July, 1900.

KAMBE RUBBER PLANTATION.

I have the honour to submit, as the annual report
for the first year of experimental cultivation :—

(i) Extracts from notes of stock taking, in con-
tinuation of those accompanying my No.
93-6, dated the 10th October 1899.

(ii) A plan showing actual progress of planting
operations up to date; and

(iii) Statement of the labour employed.

2. From the figures in statement (i) it will be
observed that the young plants put down in the
original 2-acre enclosure (737 in number) did well
up to the close of 1899. But at January’s stock-
taking this year many were found sickly and ap-
parently in want of special watering, shading and
manuring. I accordinely took on some extra hands
and by giving individual attention to each lant
in turn a fair number were induced. to put forth
fresh leaves. Others were saved by transplanting fresh
pits being dug to a depth of 18 inches and filled
in with manure. Where the natural shade of the
jungle was insufficient, gabions to serve as shaed
and wind screens were placed round each tree,

3. Between January and Jaly the original enclo-
sure was gradually planted up to its fuil capacity
with seedlings of Hevea from a nursery (raised from
seed planted early in September 1899), It will soon
become desirable to move two sides at least of the
fence you put down in July 1899, so as to form a
plot 500 feet by 500 feet and thus accommodate
(at 10 feet by 10 feet intervals) 2,500 trees in all,
The present capacity of the enclosure is 900 trees.

4, You will see from my letters Nos. 148 and
149-6, of the 8th February and 16th March 1900, that
the extension of the plantation up to-the south-
eastern boundary of the Military cholera camp
(minus a small portion specially asked for by the

306 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Executive Engineer, Construction Division, to give
access from the camp to the Kambe tank) has been
arranged for;also that the Deputy Commissioner,
Hanthawaddy District, has assigned for tamporary
occupation by the Forest Department a portion of
waste land lying between the west edge of the
“dangerous zone”? and the Kokkaing high-road,
This I have added to the area under cultivation
and planted it up from last September’s seedlings
on the lines shown in plan (ii).

5. Roads, fences, and buildings.—Through the ex”
tended portions of the plantation I have cut (and
partly completed) cart-tracks, taking off from the
hizh road at the south-west corner of the additional
land assigned by the Deputy Commissioner. With
that officer’s permission three huts have been er-
ected beside the first cart-track, one as a store, the
others as dwelling-houses for the gardeners and
trench-coolies employed in cultivating and manuring
the land. At the Deputy Commissioner's suggestion
I have marked each hut distincily to show that it
is Oantonment property and not to be taken as the
occupant’s own. This should defeat any attempt to
prefer squatters’ claims hereafter.

6. Two streams crossing the cart-roads have been
bridged by wooden culverts, paid for as Cantonment
conservancy works, as they serve mainly for the
passage of the Oantonment night-soil carts, As re-
gards fencing-in, the couthern limit of the planta-
tion has been left indefinite for reasons which J
will explain at the end of this report, but tempvurary
fencing is being carried out on all the other sides,
quick-growing trees having been previously planted
to mark the line for a permanent hedge. Belts of
these trees have also been planted wherever the ex-
isting jungle is co thin as to expose the Hevea to
damage from high winds.

q. Manuring.—As arranged prior to your depar-
ture on privilege leave, the night-soil trenching of the
Cantonment is now being carried out on the planted
as well as the unplanted land. I have submitted a
full report of the methods employed to the Canton-
ment Committee (Meeting of 9th March 1900), Where
risk of injury to the young trees might result from
the passage of the carts, the manuring is done
outside on the mounding system, 2. ¢., the night-soil
is mixed with dry earth and stirred till it becomes
an inodorous, clayey mass, when it is spread out to
dry and removed in baskets to be worked into the
soil near each tree.

8. The unplantea lands are being prepared by
the ordinary method of trenching, filling, and cover-
ing with earth. Similarly, with the land intended
for nurseries and for cultivation otherwise than with
rubber (some portions are unsuitable for rubber-
growing), except that fresh wood-eshes and leaf-
mould are added after covering the trenches. The
results of manuring, so far, seem satisfactory. On
the 7th altimo the plantation was inspected by Major
Davies, R. A.M. c., Bacteriologist with the Govern-
ment of India, and Colonel Branfoot, co. 1, £., Principal
Medical officer, Rangoon district. These officers noted
and, I believe, approved from a sanitary point of
view the arrangements made for combining sewage-
disposal with cultivation. I trust the scheme will
meet with the approval of the Government of
Burma.

9, Laying out of the plantation.— Vide Enclosure (ii).
Parallel lines 100 feet apart run throughout the length
of the area taken up, crossed at right-angle every
100 feet by similar lines, thus dividing the total
area into squares of 100 feet side whenever possible.
On either side of every such line or cross-line the
jungle has been cut back to a depth of 5. feet,
thus leaving 1 10 feet lane. Starting from a point
5 feet from the intersection on either side of the
central line a pit has been dug and a rubber tree

lanted. By this means a. path has heen kept open
or the gardeners, retaining the back-ground of
original jungle as shade for the young planta. As

[Nov. 1, 1901.

the trees come to maturity and seed, it is likely
that spontaneous seedlings (as at Mergui) will spr-
ing up, converting the sides of the 10 feet land
into a nursery for the adjoining square of jungle.
That square can then be subdivided into four
squares of 50 feet side, and the dividing lines planted
on the same plan. These again can be further sub-
divided and planted up until the minimum interval
of 10 feet by 10 feet is reached.

10. You may remember (see ‘paragraph 4 and 5 of
my report No. 93-6, dated the 10th October, 1899)
our planting out at stake, between the 3lst August
and 5th September 1899, 3,780 seeds of Hevea Brazt-
Uiensts on unprepared land. It was arranged that
these plants should not be tended in any way, but
simply left to nature, as an experiment made to
ascertain whether Hevea forests could safely be started
on such a plan. From these seeds I regret to say
only 32 plants are now in existence.

11. This result was not altogether unexpected, as
the seed in question was doubtful, having been kept
too long before it reached Rangoon, But, as I suc-
ceeded in raising nearly 25 per cent. of plants
from the same consignment of seeds, planted under
shade in a prepared nursery and watered daily, the
age of the seeds, is evidently not the only reason
for the failure.

12. The few trees remaining from this experiment,
have only been saved by artificial shading, watering
and manuring. Of 75 trees found alive on the Ist
January 1900, the heat and drought of February
and March have killed 43. It may not be correct
to condemn planting out at stake as a means of
forming Hevea forests elsewhere in Burma, on the
strength of this series of observations, but the re-
sults of nursery cultivation are clearly more satis-
factory as far as Kambe is concerned.

13. IL have tried the reproduction of Hevea by cut-
tings a method which answers admirably for Ceara
rubber, by the way. Of my experiments in Para
rubber I can report 56 successful, 56 doubtiul, and
121 failures. The uncertainity of the rains this
season has led to an unusual number of failures
among newly transplanted seedlings, so that the
cuttings, come in opportunely to fill blanks. I find
it necessary to arrange for artificial shading when-
ever a seedling or cutting is planted out, unlees the
natural jungle happens to be very thick. As the trees
grow, the jungle can be cut back, but to
what extent it is advisable to clear the undergrowth
will be matter for future observation. I must say,
however, that where weeds and under growhh
among the plants here have been removed, none
of the bad results observed in Ceylon and elsewhere
have followed.

14. There are now in the plantation—

Hevea trees of first planting (July 1899 .. 696
Hevea trees of second planting (Sep, 1899 .. 32

Hevea trees put down to replace dead trees... 29
Hevea seedlings of 1899 planted out 1900 .. 1,169
Hevea cuttings do do do oe 233

Total trees of Para rubbber —. 2,159

15. Ceara rubler (Manihot glaziovit.)—The stock of
seedlings and cuttings this year is a fairly large one,
so much so, that in planting out I may kave to
encroach to some extent on the land reserved for
hevea. I have marked out a nursery at Kambe for
the propagation of this tree, and stocked it from
cuttings of the young trees planted last year, and
ot older trees in the Cantonment Gardens. This is
avery hardy plant and requires on special care.
I can easily make « large stock of young plants
available, should Conservators of Forests in Burma
or elsewhere require supplies.

16. Other rubber trees and vines.—The seeds fo Cas-
tilloa ordered by last year have not yet been ye-
ceived. The same remark applies to the Vengabevra
rubber, for which an order has, I understand, been

4

Nov 1, 1901.)

sent to Brazil by your locum tenens. The folliclea
of Parameria glandulifera sent me by you on 1sth
July last have produced nothing. I have ordered
seeds of Chavannesia esculenta to be collected and
planted under the wild mango trees in the centre
of the plantation. There are about 25 or 30 speci-
mens in the Cantonment Gardens, planted by me
in 1896, and doing fairly well, but they have not
yet fruited.
17. Area taken up.—Gyross acreage 32°14 acr®S
Deducting unsuitable or otherwise occupied land 4?-
Net acreage for planting 27°64 acres. Planted as
follows :—
Stock, lst July.
Blocks Contents,
Para, Ceara.
A Para on 100 feet lines, part
planted. on aie
Ceara on northern triangle
not yet planted. South-
ern belt part planted .. oa 40
B Para on 100 feet lines, part
planted. de bio
Ceara on Southern belt, ;
planted 10 feet by 10 feet ts 180
C Para on 100 feet lines, part
planted ae 006 468
Ceara not yet laid out for
planting ore Fe
D Para on 300 feet by 300
feet fully planted at 10
feet by 10 feet intervals,
Rest of block planted on
100 feet lines ... a 880
Ceara scattered trees on.
fence line ae ae Ao 30

\ Total trees 2159) 502

This calculation is exclusive of dead and doubtful
trees and of nurseries containing about 60 Para and
1,000 Ceara trees to b+ planted out shortly.

18. Hstablashment.—The grant sanctioned by Gov-
ernment for the current year is Rs. 500, with a
promise of its increase, if necessary. To the amount
drawn may be added a sum of, say, Rs. 100, the
yield of land included in the plantation, but unsuited
for India-rubber growing, making the sum ayailable
about Rs. 600. This would of course be inadequate
were it not so arranged that the plantation is worked
as a sewage farm, Thus the co-operation of the
night-soil trenching staff is secured. Their pay is a
charge to be met from the General Cantonment
fund. Statement III shows the sanctioned scale for
actual trenching work apart from the Jabour em-
ployed in collecting and carting out the night-
soil, as well as the staff engaged and paid out of
the rubber grants This will give an adequate idea
of the cost of the experiment as a whole.

19. For the better working of the project I have
engaged a small gang of Mappillas from Malabar,
Those men show a keen interest in their work, and,
though I must acknowledge the pains taken by the
Burman head mali and the Coringis under him to
make the cultivation a success, I prefer the Mappilla
to the Coringi, on account of his physical strength
and energy if for no other reason. It is too early
yet to report definitely on the gang, but they show
capacity and I hope will justify their importation.

20. Future requirements,— As the plantation extends,
more attention, and possibly a larger temporary
establishment will be required for watering and
shading young trees inthe dry weather. A masonry
well in a central! position will soone: or later become
necessary, and for access of the carts to the ground
to be manured (especially in the wet season) the
main cart-tracks should be covered with laterite.
There is abundance of laterite in the adjoining
cholera camping ground, but for its extraction the
orders of the Government of India in the Military
Department are necessary. The General Officer

625 ve

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 307

Commanding Rangoon District has been applied
to in this matter in the interests of Cantonment
conservancy.

21. Another point for consideration is the ac-
quisition of land in extension, should the present
experiments be approved by Government. Extension
to the north and to the east is barred by the cholera
camp and the kambe tank, but the soil of the whole
“dangerous zone”’ of the Kokkaing rifle-range to
the sovth (¢.c., to the stop-butts of the rifle-range
itself) is of the same class as that of the land now
occupied.

22. The plantation at present is, for all practical
proposes, safe from stray bullets and will be so
until the impending change in the weapon used by
native troops take place. Although a much-
used throughfare crosses the line of fire at 300 or 400
yards beyond the butts, no accident as far as I can
ascertain has ever been reported to the District au-
thorities. But with the -303 rifle in use, as may be
the case next year, not only the military cholera
camp, but nearly half a mile of metalled high-road
(the circular road round the Victoria Lakes) will
fall into the *‘dangerous zone,” and accidents may
then be looked for.

23, Under these circumstances, there .is every
probability that the Military authorities will move
for the range to be abandoned and the miusketry
of the whole garrison carried out upon the Thama-
ing rifle-range, which is suited to weapons of greater
carrrying power. Shonld this occur, it might be de-
sirable that the land be created a forests reserve and
planted up throughout its length with India-rubber,

Statement of establishments employed upon the Combined
Rubber Plantation and Conservancy trenching-
ground at Kambe.

Pam yRoM Pai From
CANTONMENT RUBBER

i FUND. GRANT.
Establisment. No
woo ~ tal tS ad
t oO Oo oO vo
a8 a8 af 28
w
Gia Sik) ele ene a
3 3 a ao se
ae a ae mM

z
2
=e)
a
by
2

(1) Head gardener (Bur-
man rated on Can-
tonment establish-
ment as trench

Cooly) aa. ne 1 10 120 5
(2) Trench maistry (Ko- oo
ringi sweeper caste) 1 15) 180.8.
(3) arden coolies Map- me
pillas) 400 toe 4 00 11 2
(4) Trench coolies-(Map- oe
pillas) ve ah: 2 11 2647) 833 ae
(5) qo coolies (Kor-
ingi Hindus) 2 10 240...
(6) Trench coolies (Kor-
ingisweepers) .. 5 10 ~=—-600

Total wee AS eel 40402 588
(1) Duties include supervision of all da
whether trenching or gardening—two-third par te

Conservancy, one-third to garden.

(2) For night work. Receives night soil carts

. . : as
they arrive (midnight to 4 a.m.) and mane contents dis-
charged into trenches and buried by the sweepers,

(3) General gardening operations. To help in

Opening trenches if required, but not in filling them
(4) To open trenches on clean lands only. :

(5) To open trenches, and repair and extend cart-
tracks, fence, Xc.

ne) To coverin trenches and to mound night soil
G.

308 THE TROPICAL

HINTS ON PLANTING CITRUS TREES.

By Hon. LT. H, SHanrp.

Tun Hores—Dig holes 2 feet wide by 1 foct deep,
yQ feet apart each way a week before planting
if possible. The earth out of the holes shvuld be
Jaced in two heaps, on either side of the hole.
See that the land is well drained.

ig.—Expose the roots of the plant as
Fe eaiBles Examine and cut away all in-
‘red and broken roots. Dip the roots of the trees
ue bucket of thick wood ashes and water and
Gi a them there. Draw the surface earth surround-
eta hole into it, leaving the two heaps intact.
Aen the hole has been filled add a little from
each heap 80 as to make a large mound—place
the plant to stand on top of the o ound and lay
all the roots out in their natural position, then
en the mound, place the tree in the earth, break-
He down one side of the mound so that your
aad can get under the tree—get hold of the end
of the tap root and see that itis not bent—press
the earth firmly around it and ram with the hand
to settle it. Then carefully raise the roots with the
buck of your hand, placing them in their natural
osition ramming in earth all the time under the
Prote until you get to the base of the tree, Should
some of the roots be longer than the width of the
whole be careful not to bend them in, bat break
the land with @ fork and lay the roots out at full
length, covering them with fine surface earth about
two inches deep. When you have finished plant-
ing, the crown roots or part of the tree which
Bao iaally, joined the earth, | should be four to six
i anes above the surrounding land, because the
as und will gradually subside, and it is fatal for
ARG tree to sink below the level of the surrounding
earth so as to be in a hollow. Nine out of ten
itrus plants are planted too low in the first in-
£ ce. Be sure to press the earth above the
5 ate and around the tree with the naked feet, for
caps the tree is firmly set in the earth, the
Sax will start it shaking, and as it begivs to
rake a little space will appear between the earth
Fr d the tree leading down to the roots, and the
ie will get in and kiil the tree, Be sure to press
ae earth around the roots and around the tree
after planting ; it is absolutely necessary. Be very
eful to see that fine earth is pressed against
ae art of every root, or small cavities will be
ete AE the roots and the foul air will staré
£6 nae that portion of the root and injure the tree.
After planting put one basket of stable manure
around the top of the mound, and water. Do not
let the manure be within six inches of the stem
of the tree. After watering throw some light trash
er the mound, then examine the top of the tree,
ena cut back to within one inch of the first joints
eich show good buds. The stem should be with.
; a three or four feet above the level of the ground.
Do not wrap paper or anything around the tree
to shade it from the sun, because it will offer such
resistance to the wind as will cause it to shake
the tree. Be careful not to cut back your tree too
much; if you cut below the soft wood and succulent
buds it will not live; better to leave too much
than too little on the tree. '
LANTING.—As soon as the tree starts to
Bestia ct go fooling with it by cutting and
pruning and disturbing its system, remember that
every lesf it puts out has its corresponding root,
and what you want 13 to create growth with
vigour. Placing manure or anything but fresh,
fine, sweet earth in the hole before planting is a
mistake ; the tree cannot feed on coarse manure at
its start, and it congests around the new roots,
aiid very often staxts acidity at the base of the
t e, If no rain falls, water every third day after
planting until the tree starts to spring. The citrus
family are not great water drinkers, and after
starting them they do not require very much more

AGRICULTURIST. [Noy. 1, 1901.

than the rain they get. When practicable plant
two Castor Oil seeds about four feet from each
hole; they will grow and form a good shade for
the trees and keep off insects. Two weeks after
planting throw on the balance of the two heaps of
earth to cover cracks,—Journal of the Jamaica Agrt-
cultural Soctey.
Eltham Park, Jamica.

i
RAISING TURKEYS.

1, Never let the young turkeys get wet.
slightest dampness is fatal.

2. Feed nothing the first twenty-four hours after
they are hatched.

3. Before putting them in the coop, see that it
is perfectly clean and free from lice, and dust them
three times a week with insect powder.

4. Besure the hen isfreefrom lice. Dust her, too.

5. Look out for mites and the large lice on the
heads, necks, and vents. Grease heads, necks, and
vents with lard, but avoid kerosene,

6. Nine-tenths of the young turkeys die from
lice. Remember that.

7. Filth will soon make short work of them.
Feed on clean surfaces. Give water ina manner s0
that they can only wet their beeks,

8. The first week feed a mixture of one egg | beaten)
and sifted ground oats, mixed with salt, to taste
and cooked as bread; then crumble for them, with
milk or curds, so that they can drink all they want,
Feed every two hours early and late.

9. Give a little raw meat every day; also, finely
chopped onions or other tender green food.

10. After the first week, keep wheat and ground
bone in boxes’ before them all the { time, but feed
three times a day, on a mixture of cornmeal, wheat
middlings, ground oats, all cooked, and to which
chopped green food is added.

1]. Mashed potatoes, cooked turnips, cold rice
and such, will always be in order.

12. Too many hard boiled eggs will cause bowel
disease.

13. Remove coop to fresh ground often in order
to avoid filth.

14. Ground bone, fine gravel, ground shells, and
a dust bath must be provided.

15. Finely-cut fresh bones, from the butcher's,
with the adhering meat, is excellent.

16. They must be carefully attended to until well
feathered.

17. Give them liberty on dry, warm days.

18. A high roost, in an open shed, which faces
the south (north here), is better than a closed house
for grown turkeys.

19. A single union of a male and female fertilizes
all the eggs the hen will lay for the season; hence,
one gobbler will suffice for twenty or more hens.

20. Two-year-old gobblers with pullets, or a year-
ling gobbler with two-year-old hens is good mating.
Gobblers and hens of the same age may be mated,
but it is better to have a difference in the age.

21. Turkeys can be hatched in an incubator
and raised to the age of three months in a brooder,
but only in lots of twenty-five, as they require
constant care,

22. Capons make
and chicks.

23. It isnot advisable to mate a 40-pound gob-
bler with common hens, as the result will be in-
jury. A medium. sized gobbler is better.

24. Young gobblers may be distinguished from the
females by being heavier, more masculine in ap-
pearance, more carunculated on the head, and by
a development of the ‘‘tassels’” on the breast. A
tittle experience may be required at first.

25. Adult turkeys cannot be kept in confinement,
as they will pine away. By feeding them in the
barnyard a little, night and morning, they will not
stray cff very far, but they cannot be entirely pre-
vented from roaming, and the hen prefers to make
her own nest.—FPoultry Keeper.

The

excellent nurses for turkeys

Noy. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

CINNAMON IN LONDON.

The news brought by a recent mail touch-
ing the last quarterly sale of cinnamon reads
better than the telegram we published three
weeks’ back. The prices realized for the
finer qualities of spice are decidedly encour-
aging—being almost on a level with the
highest prices recorded in recent years;
while those obtained for lower marks and
‘“unworked ” were by no means bad. The
result was probably due, in great measure,
to the moderate offerings, only 834 bales
having been catalogued last month, against
1,141 at the corresponding sale last year, and
1,088 bales in May last. Our export tables
for the last seven or eight months showed
that there had been a wholesome check to
the steady increase in production, whose
effect on prices is naturally depressing ; and
the consequence was a catalogue of reason-
able proportions. The demand for fine
cinnamon, which can bear the cost of the
operations of unbaling, examining and re-
baling, known to the trade as ‘ worked,”
was such as to have ensured the clearing
of the whole of the 395 bales which offered,
at prices which were in some cases as much
as a penny in advance of those realized
at the second quarterly auction for the
year—Firsts realising as high as Is 7d,
Seconds Is 5d, Thirds ls 4d and Fourths 11d.
Of ‘‘unworked,” 300 bales changed hands at
prices ranging from 83d to 11}d—leaving less
than one-half that quantity unsold by
auction; but such leavings are generally
taken off almost immediately at sales’ rates
underhand. Any way, the statistical posi-
tion of the spice is gool, as will been seen
from the figures appended to the Report
we give below—both quilled bark and chips
showing appreciably lower stocks than at
this time last year. Only of so-called ‘‘ wild
Cinnamon” is the quantity greater; while
the fact that the enormous quantity of wild
chips, 8,037 bags, which was shown in last
year’s stocks, remained unaltered this year,
confirms the report that this recent and
discreditable addition to our exports is quite
neglected. The discovery by importers and

exporters that the prices offered are insuffi- .

cient to cover even the Dock charges in-
curred, is likely to give the quietus to a
trade which should never have begun, and
which, we are glad to think, has not benefited
those who doubled in it.

While the restricted output, of the first
seven months of the year has undoubtedly
helped prices, it must be noted that there
has been quite a rush of shipments the last
few weeks; and the exports to date for the
last four years compare as follows :—

Total Hxport from Ist Bales. Chips.
Jan. to 16th Sept. lb. lb.

1901 Ne .. 1,627,200 915,156

1900 we w» 1,602,639 1,040,414

1899 Salary e- 1,509,545 1,403,288

1898 ee e. 1,722,301 794,539

The following is Messrs. Forbes, Forbes &
Co.’s Report on last sales in London ;—
Lonpon, 27th August, 1901.
CINNAMON.—The third series of auctions for
the am were held yesterday, when 64 pales

AGRICULTURIST. 309

Plantation kinds were offered against 1,088 bales
in May, and 1,141 bales at this period last year:
Of this supply 395 bales were ‘‘ worked ” and 439
bales ‘* unworked,”

There was a very fair demand and the whole of
a 395 bales ‘‘ worked” spice changed hands at
last sales prices to occasionally one penny per lb.
advance. For the “ unworked’’ the demand was
not so good, barely 300 bales being cleared, good
sorts going at firm prices, but common sorts a
shade cheaper here and there.

“Worked” Firsts ranged from 1lld to ls 7d;
Seconds 9d to 1s 5d; Thirds 84d to 1s 4d; Fourths
84d to 11d per lb. ‘*Unworked” Firsts 93d to
114d; Seconds 8dto 1ld; Thirds 83d to 11d ;
Fourths 83d to 9d per lb. Of socalled “ «+ Wild”
Oinnamon 687 bales and bags were offered, but
were quite neglected, a few bags only meeting a
bid of a half-penny per lb. not sufficient to cover
the Dock charges incurred.

Cuips, &c.—664 bags offered, about 160 bags
less sold; chips 23d to 34d. Quillings 7d to 84d
per lb. The ss.‘* Prometheus ” with some Cinna-
mon on board arrived in the River on 24th inst.
too late for the sales.

1900.
Stocks of Ceylon 1,736 bales 2,544 bales,
Do do chips 3,236 bags 5,205 bags,
Do Wild 2,633 bales 2,581 bales.
Do do bark, &¢. 8,037 bags 8,037 bags.
The next auctions will be held 25th November.
———___——___—_—.

THE BURLIAR GARDENS.

Lobserve that you would like to know the
situation, elevation, etc., of Burliar, Burliar
is situated on the Coonoor Ghat, within
a few miles of the S. E. base of the Nilgiris,
at an elevation of about 2,400-2,500 feet.
The garden is only about seven acres in ex-
tent, and a considerable variety of tropical
and sub tropical plants are cultivated in it.
—R. H. P.

eae Tg TE a
TESTING PRECIOUS STONES.

The United States Consul-General at Frankfort in
his last report, calls attention to a lecture on pre-
cious stones, recently delivered before the Indus:
trial Association of Berlin, by. Dr. Immanual F'ried-
lender, in which it was stated that the testing of
diamonds is comparatively simple. The common test
for hardness suffices, If the stone resists strong
attacks, itis certain to be genuine; if it does not, the
damage is insignificant as only an imitation has been
destroyed. The test, however, is doubtful with rubies,
If aruby can be affected by a steel file or by quartz,
it is not genuine, but such a test with a topaz is likely
to injure a valuable stone. The test for hardness is of
no avail with emeralds, as these stones are not much
harder than quartz, and in addition possess the quality
of cracking easily, For examining rubies and emeralds
the optical test is best. A glass magnifying about
one hundred times suffices. Hvery expert knows that
almost all precious stones have, according to Dr,
Friedlender, little flaws. Nearly every ruby, and all
emeralds have many defects, which are so character-
istic that the genuineness of the stone is readily
established. Such a test is necessary with rubies,
because the imitations are very deceiving. Their
colour is absolutely durable, and often much finer than
thatofthe genuine stone, althoughit may be stated that
asomewhat yellowish tint is always suspicious. The
only reliable way in which genuine rubies can be dis:
tingushed from imitations, is by the minute air
bubbles of the latter, which become clearly visible
under the magnifying glass, These are not to be
found in the nafural gem; on the other hand, the

340

-imitations lack certain cefects, characteristic of
genuine rubies—certain vacuums, whose outlines are
much more indistinct that those of the air bubbles
in imitations. Fine emeralds have similar characteristic
defects, such as enclosures of liquids and curious
_dentrites. Sapphires also show peculiar netlike forma-
tions.—Journa of the Society of Arts, for August 23.

———
‘CHESNUT CULTIVATION IN FRANCE.

The work of growing chestnuts and preparin®
them for thefmarket is extensively carried on in
France, and Lyons is the centre of this industry.
' Many varieties of chestnuts are grown in a number of
Departments, and are called ‘ Marrcns’ and ‘ Cha-
taignes.’. The latter is the smaller and the less
‘desirable of the two. The marron is cultivated only
by grafting, while the chataigne grows wild. Among
the different varieties are the following :—‘ Chataignes
des Bois’ (wild chestnuts), small but of little
savour ; ‘ Chataignes Ordinaires, a little larger and
- taller than the former; the ‘Yellow Spring,’ early
-and very productive; ‘ Hxalade,’ the best of all;
the ‘Pealoue,’ a large, good eating fruit. The best
marrons are those known as ‘Marrons de Lyon,’
of which the iruit is large and almost round, the
sbell is thin and the epiderm light; the ‘ Dauphi-
noise, the ‘Great Red,’ the ‘Great Green,’ the
‘ Partalonne,’ the ‘ Pelagrine,’ the ‘Marron d’Aubray,’
the ‘Marron d’Agen,’ and the ‘Marron du_ Luc.
In the Department of the Correze the favourite mar-
rons are the ‘ Karly Black,’ the ‘Early Red,’ the
‘Barly May,’ the ‘Humineaux,’ the *‘ Humineaux
Rouge,’ the Matronne ’* and the ‘ Correze.’ In some
parts of France in what are called the schist
lands, chestnuts from a very important article of daily
food. They are boiled, |pulverised, and eaten like
mashed potatoes. In every city, and nearly every
village, during the autumn and winter, they are
sold in doorways and at street corners fresh from
large roasting pans. ‘The chestnut occupies a con-
spicuous place in confectionery. Hvery confectioner
‘buys them and prepares them, There are large
establishments all over France where chestnuts are
prepared. According to the United States Consul
at Lyons, the principal one in that city employs from
200 to 250 hands, chiefly girls and women. In this
establishment over 25,000,000 lb. of chestnuts are
dealt with annually. In the preparation, the nuts
are first peeled and then boiled in clear water, when
the second’ skin isremoved. They are then placed
in a syrup highly perfumed with Mexican vanilla. It
is said that this vanilla retains the perfume better
than other kinds. The fruit is left three days in the
syrup, and then set to drain. Afterwardsit is treated
to a thin coating of vanilla packed in boxes and
shipped. The work of preparing chestnuts for the
market goes on night and day for three or four months
of the year, while the fruitis in condition. During
the rest of the year the establishment is engaged
in preserving other fruits. Chestnuts are grown in
Limousin, Perigord, Cevennes, Alpes, Isére, Pyié-
nées Ardeche, Var, Auvergne, Sarthe, and in Corsica,
The wood of the chestnut tree is considered
valuable for many purposes. It is strong and tena-
cious, and may be subjected for
' influence of air, wind or water without decaying.
In some places the trees are cultivated solely for
the wood. It burns well and produces a great heat,
but is considered dangerous as fuel on account of
its tendency to throw out sparks. It makes excellent
charcoal. The wood finds many uses in France, the
sinaller branches for hoops, bread tally sticks (short
pieces containing a number of notches which mark
the number of loaves of bread sold to a customer),
lattice work, small baskets, supports for vines,
ladders, &c. The tree flowers in May and June,
and requires no spécial care in its cultivation on
account of its hardy character. It flourishes in
gravelly soil or shale. A galcaxeous soil is fatal to.

THE TROPICAL’ AGRICULTURIST.

years to the

(Nov. 1, 1901.

its growth. In msny parts of France the trees
haye been planted on hill sides, and it is said that
losses from inundations have greatly decreased in the
Cevennes since these trees have been planted Son
the mountain slopes there—Journal of the Society of
Arts, August 30.

>—_—_ -—<=
_~COPRA AND COCONUT OIL IN THE
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

On account of numerous inquiries from the
United States in regard to copra, coconut oil,
poonac.and also an ellied substance, vegetable
tallow, Consul O F Williams submits the following
report :

Copra.—During the calendar year 1990 there
was imported into the Straits Settlements
93,074,933 1-3 pounds of copra, the import value of
which was $4,455,489 Mexican. Of this, Bali
Island sent about 24 per cent.: Natunas 17
‘per cent. ; Dutch Borneo, 16 per cent.; Celebes,
1! per cent.; the Netherlands Archipelago, 7 per
cent. ; Sulu, 7 per cent., and Johore 6 per cent.

During the same year there was exported
91,160,026 2-3 younds of copra, valued at
$4,416,937 Mexican ($2,102,462). The following

countries received the greater part: Russia 39 per
cent ; France, 32 per cent,; Italy, 10 per cent. ;
Spain, 5 per cent, ; Germany, 4 per cent. ; Austria,
3 percent. ; and Belgium, 2 per cent. About one-
fourth of 1 per cent. went to the United States.

Coconut Oil.—Of coconut oil there was im-
ported during 1900 10,105,733 1-3 pounds, the im-
port value of which was $1,011,679 Mexican
$381,599%. About 97 per cent of the oil came from
Ceylon. During 1900 cocouut oil was exported to
the amount of 14,740,533 1-3 pounds, the export
value of which was $1,500,910 Mexican ($714,433),
—Ou Paint and Drug Reporter, Aug. 19.

>
INDIAN TEAS FOR ODESSA :

COLOMBO AND SINGAPORE AS PORTS
FOR TRANSHIPMENT.

Our special telegram from Calcutta shows
us that the Indian Tea Association are
keenly on the alert as to the merits of
Colombo and Singapore respectively as ports

of transhipment. Misled by information
which we believe appeared in the local
‘“‘Times”, Messrs. Aitken, Spence & Ca.,

quoted freight from Calcutta to Singapore
at R25 per ton, whereas it should be only
half that amount or the same as to Colombo.
The comparison therefore runs :—

Via Colombo.

Freight from Calentta For US
Transhipment charges . R400
Freight to Odessa at 30s say R22'50
Total -- 239-00
Via Singapore. i
Freight from Caleutta e» R250
Transhipment charges wont ete ah io0
Freight to Odessa ove 2200
Total - r= R36 50

Doubt may well be felt as to whether tran- —
shipment charges at Singapore can really be
less than half those prevailing here or R1d
against: R4 for Colombo? Then, there are —
chances, we understand, of freight being got —

Nov. 1, 1901.]

at Colembo for Odessa at 25s in place of the
30s quoted, which would make a _ considerable
difference. Messrs. Aitken, Spence & Co.
deserve thanks for taking up this matter in
the public-sprited way they have, and we
trust in further correspondence, they will
be akle to show that the economic, as well
as every other advantage rests with Col-
ombo. Apart from gain in time. there must
surely be many more opportunities for
freight between Calcutta and Colombo
than between Calcutta and Singa-
pore. The latter part of our telegram refers
to liners which are willing to book tea from
Calcutta to Odessa, for 47s 9d—that is 28s
9d, to Port Said and 19s thence to Russian
ports, the latter freight being guaranteed
in vessels flying the Russian flag. But
Colombo steamer Agents should do better
than this.

THE ‘‘ PODHI-TREE.”

[‘‘ The Committee will be greatly helped in their
work of gaining knowledge of cocoa in relation to
profitable cultivation if you will make experiments
and carefully record notes of their results.”—Ex-
tract from memo of suggestions {to planters) issued by
the Sub Committee, March 1901.

‘Mr. Carruthers has denied having seen the final
draft of the memo before it was attempted to cir-
culate it, which narrows the Sub-Committee down to
Mr, Huxley, ipsissimus solus.”—‘Pop” in the “ Times
of Ceylon,” September 13th.]

The cultivator then ringed the branch with
nine cuts over the original cut at intervals of
three inches. From the original cut the principal
and from the other cuts the minor roots, ten from
each, shooting forth like a network, descended
(into the famous casket). The Theras [of the P.A.]
on witnessing this miracle (with uplifted hands)
set up a shout which was echoed by the surround-
ing spectators. A delighted deva expressed his
joy by shouts of ‘Sadhu’ and the crowds of
cultivators, waving thousands of shade-trees over
their heads, cheered.

Thus this (branch of the) great ‘ Podhi-tree’
established itself in the begrudged casket with
a hundred roots, filling with delight the whole
attendant plantinghood. The stem thereof was
ten cubits high; there were five branches, each
four cubits long, adorned with five pods each
[at the rate of 25 ewt. per acre]. From the five
main lateral branches (others) amounting to a
thousand were formed. Thus was this great ‘Podhi-
tree’ endowed with a fullness of beauty that
entranced the mind of Peradeniya, the cultivator.

From the pods of the great Podhi branch,
brilliant rays of the six primitive colours issuiy
forth, illuminated the whole island.

On the fifteenth, being the full moon day of
the bright half the month Assayuja the deva
took possession of the great podii branch. At
the end of two weeks from that date, being the
fourteenth day of the dark halt of the month
Assayuja, canker appeared. On the first day of
the bright half of the month Kattika, having
compounded some bordo mittcncha, he made many
euts applying the mittchcha. On the seventeenth
day atver the deva had received charge of it, its
new leaves a turned yellow. From that cireum-
stance the deva, no longer overjoyed, dedicated

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 311

a third of Kalpa to the greab podhi-branch.
Thus this excellent and pleasing experiment on
the great podhi-branch, radiant with the mingling
of divers colours, became the means of its attain-
ing ‘ Nirvana.’

The gifted Theras, for the purpose of ascertain-
ing the capacity of the ‘cultivators, interrogated
im :—

‘OQ Peradeniya! what is this tree called?’

‘Ib was called a podhi-tree.’

‘ Besides this one, are there any other podhi-trees.’

‘There are many cankered podhi-trees.’

‘ Besides this podhi-tree, and those other can-
kered podhi-trees, are there any other trees
on the earth?’

‘Lords! there are many trees, but they are
not cankered.’

‘ Besides the other cankered podhi-trees, and the
trees that are not cankered, is there any other?

‘There is this tree.—Worse luck !

Then, still for the purpose of ascertaining

capacity, the gitted Theras interrogated the deva :—
eels Ri solus! have you any questions to
ask ?’

‘O Lord !—I have many’

‘ Ipsissimus solus ! are there any questions you
have not asked ?’

‘There are many, but they are not my questions.’

‘Besides the questions you have not asked, and
those that are not thy questions, are there
or are there not any others in existence?’

‘Well! there are always my questions.’

‘Sadhu!’ ‘shouted with one accord the Theras,
thou art wise!’

A chapter in the ‘ Podhivansa,’ entitled ‘The

introduction of canker,’ calculated Jittle to de-
light but to afflict poor planters.

eee

THE INDIAN BOUNTY ON GREEN. TEAS’

The Indian Tea Association (Calcutta) has issued
the following circular, dated 9th Sept., 1901 :—

At the meeting of the General Committee held on
the 30th July last, a sub-Committee was appointed to
consider and to report upon the feasibility of inducing
growers to manufacture green teas of like qualities, and
of making arrangements for bulking them in Calcutta.

2. I am now directed to sabjoin for your informa-
tion a copy of a memo.,, dated 26th August, containing
the outlines of a scheme which the sub-Committee
have suggested. For the reasons stated in the con-
cluding paragraph of the memo., the scheme cannot be
put into practice until next season. And before defl-
nitely accepting it, the General Committee desire to
ascertain the views regarding it of those members of
the Association who are interested in the manufacture
of green teas. Theschemeis based upon the assump-
tion that the money required will be forthcoming, but
this will depend upon the measure of support given to
the new levy for the Foreign Market Fand. I am
however instructed to suggest that members: should
now submit samples of the green teas which they will
be able to manufacture next season; and should also
stute the quantity which they will be prepared to offer,
and the time when it will be delivered in Calcutta,
As will be understood from clause 7 of the memo.,
it is proposed that the bounty should be paid at the
present rate, z.c., 14 anna per lb.

3. The whole question is one of great importance,
and the General Committee are most anxious that any
scheme which may be ultimately adopted should first
be thoroughly approved of by the industry. They
trust therefore that if you have any criticisms to offer
upon the memo., you will kindly submit them with-
out delay. ;

I a a A

312

“PARA RUBBER IN BURMA”;

A MEMORIAL FROM THE CEYLON
PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION.

The Memorial of the Planters’ Association
to Mr. Chamberlain, on the above subject,
will be found given verbatim below.
At first sight, the protest it embodies
may seem narrow-minded and altogether
unworthy of the planters’ representative

institution in the first of Crown Colo-
nies. But ‘a little further. ‘consideration
and reflection will, we think, show the

movement to be both justifiable and well-
timed, in order that a clear understanding
may be arrived at as to the purpose to be
held in view by the Indian Government in
forming experimental plantations for rubber-
growing in Burma. One enthusiastic writer,
some time ago, went so far as to anticipate
a large increase to the revenue from the
extension of rubber plantations by Govern-
ment in suitable localities in Burma. The
Memorial speaks of 5,000 acres; but we
think one estimate was that the Government
might extend their planting to 10,000! Now,
this undoubtedly would be an interference
with private enterprise ; because the pro-
duce would have to be sent to Hurope or
America to find a market. The case of
Cinchona is very different; for, all the pro-
duce of the Government plantations of this
bark is required for local consumption in
the laboratories at work for the benefit of
poor fever-stricken people in India. No such
philanthropic object can be pleaded in the
case of ‘“‘ rubber.” True the autherities are
fully justified in leading the way in ex-
ploiting a new product either in their Botanic
Gardens or in an experimental plantation,
To such a mission in the case of Burma,
where private capitalists interested in plant-
ing are few and far between, there can be
no valid objection, and the Government of
India is to be congratulated on having in
the spot one so well-qualified to take an
interest in rubber experiments as is Major
J. A. Wyllie of the Indian Staff Corps who
recently addressed us on the subject of
certain rubber varieties. It is when suc-
cessful results have been attained and

when the industry has been established on.

a profitable basis, that the Indian Govern-
ment must stand on one side, refrain from
shipping the product and_ be prepared to sell
their plantation to the highest bidder and look
for their reward through an influx of capital-
ists and practical planters ready to purchase
or rent Crown land suitable for rubber plan-
tations and to go ahead as cultivators. This,
we feelsure, is all that the Planters’ Asso-
ciation requires. Their Memorial is not in-
tended to stop an interesting official ex-
periment in rubber planting; but to make
it clear from the outset that the Goyern-
ment of India is not to compete as producers
in the home market ; and we have no doubt
that the required assurance will be forth-
yming.
Tatnioidentally, the Memorial before us affords
Mr. Chamberlain and all its readers, a good
deal of interesting information respecting
the rubber-growing enterprise, more parti-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Nov. 1, 1901.

cularly as it stands at the present time in
Ceylon and the Straits Settlements; and
enough of progress is reported to show that
for the Indian Government to plant up 5,000
acres with the view of becoming rubber
rowers for the markets of the West, would
be a serious and unjustifiable interference
with private planters in the adjacent Colonies
if not later on in Burma itself. To an ex-
perimental plantation of a few hundred acres,
no such objection could be raisd, provided
it were understood that Government would
be prepared to dispose of their successful
venture to private capitalists whenever such
same forward with a price adequate to the
outlay incurred.

The following is the text of the Memorial sent
by the Planters’ Association of Ceylonto the
Secretary of State of the Colonieson the subject
of experimental cultivation of Para Rubber in Bur-
ma which we were obliged to hold over Monday :—

To the Right Hon. JosrpH Cuamperuarn, M.P.,

His Majesty’s Secretary Of State for the Colonies,

Downing Street, London.

The Humble Memorial of the Planters’ Association

of Ceylen, and others.

Respectfully Sheweth :—

1. That your Memorialists, having received in-
formation that the Government of India is taking
steps to develop the cultivation on a large scale of
Rubber-producing trees in Burmah notably the Para
Rubber tree—Hevea brasiliensis, Mull. Arg—in the
Tenasserim division of Burmah, desire to bring the
question under your consideration.

2 Since 1880, when the late Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, drew up notes on some
trees yielding India Rubber, considerable interest has
been taken in the cultivation of Rubber both in
Ceylon and in the Straits Settlements, andy our Memo-
rialists now approach you in the hope that His
Majesty’s Government may make such representa-
tion as will prevail upon the Government of India
not to enter into the field as competitors with private
enterprise in the Markets of the World,

3. In a report of the Planters’ Association of
Ceylon a few years ago the following sentences
appear :—‘‘ The increasing demand for Rubber both
in Europe and the United States has again of late
drawn the attention of the Planting Community to
this product, and the area being planted with the
Para variety is rapidly increasing, Several of the
lower district estates have a fair acreage under this
cultivation.”” Since the above was written the
planting of Para and other varieties of Rubber yield-
ing trees has been considerably extended and from
the returns furnished for ‘‘ Ferguson’s Handbook and
Directory ” it has been estimated that there are now
over 2,500 acres planted with trees of all ages and
varieties in Ceylou alone.

These trees have in most cases been planted on
tea and cacao estates as a subsidiary cultivation with
a view to mitigate the losses sustained by planters
through the serious decline in the price of Tea.

The following is from a report of Mr. Willis,
Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya,
dated 1898 :—‘‘ From what I saw of the condition of
he trees and the results of the tappings, I am
strongly confirmed in my previous opinion ‘hat the
cultivation of rubber bids fair to form a profitable
industry in Ceylon and a useful adjunct to ine larger
industry ofi ea and coconut cultivation.” In his
report for 1899 Mr. Willis points out that sixor more
years must elapse before any returns are forthcoming
and warns planters that in afew years substitutes for
Rubber may be largely used and cause a drop in the
price.

Nov. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

The above is quoted as showing that the results
of private enterprise in the planting of Rubber would
not be apparent for some years, meanwhile it is
known that considerable quantities of seed have been
exported to the Straits and elsewhere so that it can
hardly be necessary to commence an extensive ex-
perimental plantation in a similar climate and under
similar conditions,

4. In a recent Report of the United Planters’
Association, Malay States, the following sentences
occur :—** Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis of Para). This
variety of rubber continues to come on exceedingly
satisfactorily, the average growth of trees fromni e
months upwards amounting to about 1 foot per mensem,
whilst at three years their average circumference at
3 feet from the ground is about 16 inches. This far
exceeds anything reported from Ceylon and other
countries where Para is being planted, and we con-
sider that Mr. Curtis’ description in the 1900 annual
Report on the Botanical Gardens of the Colony,
of the tapping of the 15 year-old Para tree in
the Gardens at Penang, is conclusive evidence
of the contention of the writer ‘that in this
cultivation lies a source of wealth of the greatest
importance.’ In two years 125 lb of dry marketable
Rubber were procured ‘without any ‘apparent
injurious result to the health of this tree’, and
the conditions under which it is growing are
reported as anything but favourable. It appears in
the opinion of the different Directors of the Botanical
Gardens, that the size of a tree more than its age
indicates its fitness for tapping, and probably
a circumference of 30 inches 3 feet from the ground
is the limit at which attempts to extract the Rubber
shculd be commenced. Reports from london
show that prices. of Para have of late de-
clined, one regson alleged being the falling off ia the
demand for bicycles ; but in Para Rubber we have un-
doubtedly the most valuable and highest quality rabber
in the world, and your Oommittee feel that the large
number of trees amounting now to several millions,
planted in the Federated Malay States, must, in the
not very distant future, prove a source of revenue
which will largely recoup the planters for the losses
which they have sustained through the decline in
value of Liberian coffee.”

5. From the akove quotations it seems plain that the
success of the planting of Para Rubber ina suitable
climate is apparently assured and that, therefore, no
extensive experimental plantation of 5,000 acres is ne-
cessary, and your Memorialists submit that Govern-
ment rivalry with private enterprise in the production of
Rubber is tobe deprecated. The industry is already
threatened with the production of cheap substitutes,
and prices are declining anditis felt that the pro-
duction by the Government of India of such a large
amount as is likely to be secured from the planta-
tions in contemplation would be a serious and
undue competition with private growers who have,
asit is, to contend with the enormous productions
of the indigenous trees in the forests of South
America and Hast and West Africa.

6, An authoritative statement that the Government
of India had no intention of placing Rubber on the
London market nor competing with private enter-
prise by large operations, would, of course, tead to
remove any cause foralarm. In 1882 representations
were made to your predecessor Harl Kimberley ou the
snbject of Government sales of Cinchona bark, and at
that time Government was a:ked to obtain all possible
information regarding the Indian Plantations, and
the intention of Goverrment as to the future disposal
of the product of the Oinchona tree. Government
then gave a distinct assurance that it was not
intended in any way to interfere with the ordinary
course of trade or to do anything prejudicial to
private interests. The two cases seem to be suffi-
ciently analogous to call for similar treatment, and
your Memorialists venture to express a hope that
His Majesty's Government will respond to the
representations submitted,

AGRICULTURIST. 313

7. Wherefore your Memorialists pray that the
present position of British-grown Rubber Prodacers
may be considered by His Majesty’s Government, and
that eny necessary action may be taken in the
matter. And your Memorialists as in duty bound
will ever pray. On behalf of the Memorialists,
(Sgd.) A. Pururp, (Sgd.) Epwarp Rosuine,

Secretary. Chairman.
Kandy, Ceylon, 3rd Sept.

HM sg
THE KING ACCEPTS A BOOK ON
“COCOA” PLANTING.

BY OUR CORRESPONDENT, MR. H. H. SMITH.

The King has graciously accepted a copy
of Mr. Harold Hamel-Smith’s book entitled
‘*“Some Notes on Cocoa Planting in the
West Indies.”—Daily HKapress, Aug. 31.

INCREASE OF OVER £1,060,000 IN THE
BRITISH TEA DUTY REVENUE.

(Extract from the Report of the Commissioners of
Customs. )

The annual report of the Commissioners of his
Majesty’s Customs for the year ended March 31,
1901, which was issued as a Blue-book on Saturday,
is rather more interesting than usual. The gross
Imperial Customs Revenne collected in 1900-1901
amounted to £26,614,609, or, after deduetion of
drawbacks and repayments, to £26,270,959. This
is £3,227,487 more than the produce of 1899-1900
and £2,650,959 more than the Budget estimate
for the year.

The amount received from the tea duty was
£6,264,515, an increase of £1,635,569 over the previous
year. The Commissioners say :—

The progress of the increased consumption of tea in
the vast three financial years has been obscured by
the quantity held over from one year and by the
forestalments of the other two years. A truer com-
parison is afforded by the quantities retained for
consumption in the past five calendar years, viz :—

lbs. lbs.
1896... 227,722,000 1899 242 506,000
1897 .. 231,3280U0 1900 249,751,000

1898 .. 235,353000

The forestalments by the tea trade occurred in
the last quarter of the financial year; and so dis-
turbed the normal out-turn of the year; but by com-
paring calendar years these irregularities are
corrected by adjustments of the trade during the
rest of the year. In each of the past two years
there have been increased quantities taken for con-
sumption of about seven million pounds or 3 per cent,
over the preceding years. In the last calendar
yeay the increase of duty from 4d. to 6d. per pound
commenced on March 6, so that there was ample time
in the succeeding year for the effect to be observed.
The result showed a continued increase of consump-
tion. But while this testifies to the well-being of
the population, another cause, that of low prices,
has also contributed to bring about this satisfactory
result.—London Times. Sept. 2nd,

-—<—<<<<$<—< pe __.

PEARLS IMPERVIOUS TO KONTGEN Rays.—
An experiment conducted by Professors David and
Pollock at the instance of Messrs. Fairfax and
Roberts, demonstrated that pearls are impervious
to the Rontgen rays, though somewhat transparent
under powerful electric vibrations. Thousands uf
pounds worth of pearls are lost annually through
paring to discover a better skin or lustre, and it
was desired to ascertain the internal layers of a
very large pearl.— Sydney Mail, Aug, 10.

314

EXPERIMENTS WITH WHITE ANTS,
BY A PHILIPPINES FOREST CFFICER.

Capt. McCabe, in charge of the Forestry Bureau
in the Philippines, has commenced a_ series of
experiments to test the extent of damage done to
wood by white ants or termites, and to learn
remedies or checks for these tropical scourges.
He is obtaining specimens of the wood boring
ants and testing their damage to the various
classes of woods grown and used here, and the
tests extend also to American woods in use. To
this end he is inviting all those interested to send
him specimens of ants wherever they are found
cowmitting their injuries, and most probably his
experiments will result in a highly interesting
report.—O. China Mail, Sept. 9.

—_—_——_——~___—__—_
MAJOR ROSS’S ANTI-MALARIA
MISSION.

AN INTERESTING ACCOUNT FROM LAGOS.

The Liverpool Schoolof Tropical Medicine received
on Saturday the following account of the progress
of Major Ross’s mission at Lagos :—

The praiseworthy activity of the Lagos Government
in health matters has heen prominently brought to
public notice during the visit of Major Ronald Ross,
FR 8, of the Liverpool Tropical Medicine tothe co-
lony. Major Ross, having inaugurated his campaign
against mosquitoes in Sierra Leone, arrived on a brief
visit to see what was being done here in the same
line, and received a very warm welcome. He was
entertained at dinner by his Excellency the Governor,
Sir William MacGreg r, and by Mr. C Tambaci, presi-
dent of the Chamber of Commerce, most of the lead-
ing people of Lagos being precent on both occasions.
He was also conducted by his Excellency in his yacht
to Badagry, and by Dr. Henry Strachan, the chief
medical officer, to the great native city of Ibadan,
by the new railway, 120 miles from Lagos,

On August 2nd at a lunch given by the Governor
for the purpose of introducing Major Ross to

THE LAGOS LADIES’ LEAGUE,

speeches were made which indicated the nature
of the important sanitary efforts now being at-
tempted in Lagos to control malaria—efforts
which will probably soon be followed in many
other parts of the tropical world. His Excel-
lency remarked that there was something very ap-
propriate in bringing together Major Ross and the
Jadies of the league, for it was quite likely
that, had there been no Major Ross, there
would have been no league. He felt it a great hon-
our to have Major Ross at his table and in the colony;
ke took a pardonable pride in presenting to him a
society of ladies who had voluntarily come forward
to work in the cause of humanity, and he believed
that no other governor on the continent of Africa
could produce before Major Ross a similar band of
workers. Sir William Macgregor continued :—

“You have seen, Sir, that Lagos is not the charnel-
house it has often been represented. You have
observed something of the country between this and
Ibadan, and will have noticed that the Jand is fertile
and lends itself readily toagriculture. Indeed, Sir,
in the 30,000 square miles which form this territory
there are probably not 400 or 500 square miles unfit
for cultivation. We are proud of our country and
of our people. We feel that this race has taken the
foremost place in West Africa. The Yorubas have
shown that they are capable of attaining to a high
degree of civilization, We hold unanimously a clear
and concise policy. We believe that Lagos, already
the first town in West Africa, will become a great
‘city. We are of opinion that our energies must be

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. —

(Nov. 1, 1901.

devoted to three great undertakings in order to
work out the future of the country—

RAILWAYS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AND
SANITATION.

You have seen that we have 122 miles of railway now
working to Ibadan—a city of 150,000 souls. That rail-
way must be extended towards the interior. We are
alive to the fact that in the exiensive province of North-
ern Nigeria there lies a great, amagnificent Hinterland,
of which Lagos is the natural inlet and outlet. There
are no other European possessions in West Africa
which can claim to have behind them a population
of 20 millions. We see clearly that military and
commercial invasion of this great country can best
be prevented by the extension of the Lagos railway
to Northern Nigeria. Accordingly, Sir, we shall
neyer rest content until our railway arrives not only
at the Niger but at Kano. The economic develop-
ment of the country we are fostering by setting
apart forest reserves ; by making numerous roads ; by
opening model-farms ; by establishing a proper botanic
garden for the distribution of econoniic plants; and we

“are educating a similar number of the young men of the

country in industrial pursuits. You see, Sir, what
immense ‘value we attach to our railway and our in-
dustria! life. But now I must add our conviction that
these undertakings must be carried on hand in hand
With sanitation. The first condition of Lagos is
improved sanitation, without which these undertakings
will not raise the country to the place it should occupy.
It is in connection with this point that I bring you
and this ladies’ league together.

“The primary object in forming this league was as
follows :—We have an appalling infantile mortality in
this town. We lose 42 per cent of all our children
before they reach one year of age. In 1899 we lost
864; in 1900, 842. The principal causes of death are
fever and bowel complaints. Fever is ourgreat enemy.

t was

TO COMBAT FEVER BY THE ADMINISTRATION

OF QUININE
that the ladies’ league was created. We are
building additional dispensaries; we are earnestly
trying to improve the water supply, we are reclaiming
swamps, we are delivering courses of public lectures
on sanitation. and a medical officer has been appointed
for the sole purpose of attending the sick poor. But
it was felt with all this that there would remain a
residuum of the population which we should not be
able to reach—and it was to reach it that the ladies’
league was formed. The league today numbers 95
members, who are the most refined and highly-
educated ladies in the community—all animated by
the right spirit-to assist the less enlightened people
of their country, to preach the use of quinine, the
prevention of fever by scientific methods, and the
cleanliness of private houses ; and that they will suc-
ceed in doing very much good I have no doubt
whatever.”

In introducing Major Ross, his Excellency dwelt,
on the importance of his work in connection with
malaria, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy had
taken up the work. Liverpool stoad pre-eminent in
this, perhaps becanse it possessed Major Ross and Mr,
AL Jones. The Romans were acquainted with the
connection between fever and marshes, and even sus-
pected mosquitoes. The same notion had arisen even
in the wilds of Africa. Unfortunately, for 20 cen-
turies philosophers and men of science had surrounded
and obscured the subject with unfertile hypotheses.
The disease had been attributed to water, to earth,
to bad air withous proof. The speaker continued by
describing the progress of research, and particularly
the investigations of Major Ross, who first deter-
mined with experimental exactness the mode of
infection in malarial fever, and concluded by reierring
to the vast importance and far-reaching influence of
his work, in the light of which steps were now being
taken to deal with malaria.

Nov. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

MAJOR ROSS ON THE PROGRESS MADE.

Major Ross, in thanking his Excellency for his
sveech, said that he had been on the point of be-
lieving that his countrymen were becoming an
unscientific and unpractical people. More than two
years ago the fact that malarial infection is com-
municated by musquitoes had been established by the
most stringent scientific and experimental proof; and
yet to his knowledge practically nothing had been done
by his countrymen to act on this new information,
in spite of its economicimportance. He had therefore
accepted with alacrity the offer of a large sum of money
and other facilities from a generous philanthropist
and from Mr. A L Jones, Mr. John Holt, and
others in England to pay the expenses of practical
work against malaria in Sierra Leone, ‘This work had
been commenced with every promise of success by his
friend, Dr. Logan Taylor, and he had therefore felt
himself free to proceed to Lagos to watch the work
being done there. He was delighted to find that his
pessimistic attitude was not justifiable as regards
Lagos. He strongly eulogized everything that was
being done against malaria by Sir William MacGregor,
himself a distinguished member of the medical pro-
. fession, by his most able friend, Dr. Henry Strachan,
and by the enlightened medical profession and
the Ladies’ League in Lagos. He had witnessed
the rapid and successful filling up of marshes by sand
from the lagoons, and the rational utilization of gaol
prisoners for this useful work. He had inspected
numerous houses rendered mosquito-proof by fine
wire-netting, which, while it did not exclude the
breeze, as he expected it would, did exclude insects
and damp, much to the comfort of the inmates. He
highly commended the efforts of the Government to
induce their officials and others to take quinine—
a prophylactic which was much neglected in conse-
quence of ignorance and faddism. He expressed him-
self as much delighted with the popular sanitary
lectures of Drs. Strachan, Best and Rice—a most use-
ful aud striking innovation in Africa, or indeed any-
where, Above all he was delighted with the admirable
measures—prompted by the highest scientific know-
ledge—taken

TO PRESERVE THE IMPORTANT LINE OF RAILWAY
FROM THE DEADLY FEVER OF THE FOREST
TRACT

through which it passed; and with the Ladies’ League,
to which he offered, through the president Mrs Sapara
Williams, an annual prize on behalf of the Liverpool
School of Tropical Medicine. The speaker said that
he had come prepared to teach, but had remained to
learn; and concluded by exhorting all present to
support Sir William MacGregor in the splendid work
which he was undertaking not only for the benefit
of Lagos, but as an example to the rest of the
Empire. .

The proceedings terminated with speeches by
Bishop Tugwell and Bisbop Oluwole,

Before the departure of Major Ross for Accra, Mr
C Tambaci aud other leading merchants promised to
place an annual subscription of £150 in the hands of
the Governor to pay fora “Mosquito Brigade’ for
Lagos.—London 7Zimes, Sept. 2.

MAJOR ROSS'S RELURN FROM WEST
AFRICA.

Major Ronald Ross, Royal Army Medical Corps,
landed yesterday at Plymouth on his return from
West Africa and proceeded to Liverpool by train.
Before leaving Plymouth he gave a Press represent-
ative on account of the work which is being done
in Freetown and Lagos under his direction as leader
of the expedition sent out by the Liverpool School
of Tropical Medicine, of which an account was given
in The Times of yesterday,

AGRICULTURIST. 315

Major Ross said it was too early to speak of the
gangs employed in sanitary work at Freetown, but
the number of mosquitoes inthe centre of the town
had certainly been laryely reduced. There were hardly
any to be foundin Dr, Logan Taylor’s house, where
formerly they used to swarm, and the same state of
affairs prevailed at Government House, where Major
Ross stayed with the Governor. Dr. McKendrick,
of the Indian Medical Service, who had been deputed
to watch over the operations of the expedition on
behalf of the Government of India, was not bitten
once during a whole month. In former days he would
certainly have been bitten at least five or six times
a day. Major Ross said he had no doubt that the
expeditions would be successful and that they would
be continued as long as necessary. At Lagos the
measures adopted by Sir William Macgregor, were
admirable and he was confident of success, The
Governor of Accra, Major Nathan, was anxious to
start similar work there at once, and doubtless experts
would be sent out immediately by the Liverpool
School of Tropical Medicine. On the whole, Major
Ross expressed himselfas being well satisfied with his
tour. Personally he did not think the health of the
Coast was as bad as was painted. He believed that
by minute attention to details the place would be
made as healthy as India for Huropeans. Old West
Africans were sober and careful and generally live
in very good health. It was the improvident new-
comer who generally seemed to suffer. He had been
informed that there was a high rate of mortality
amongst such on the Cape Coast.—London Zimes,
Sept. 3.

Winter BO es
QUININE.

The following table will be of interest, showing
as it does the highest and lowest prices quoted for
quinine by manufacturers during the past ten
years. Thus far this year the lowest price quoted
by manufacturers in this market has been twenty-
seven cents, and the highest thirty-six cents :—

Year. High. Low. Year. High. Low,
TOs 30 24 US9GM ee D7 174
1892... 24 20 VSO Tiere 28 15
SOSH reel ZO, 20 LOO Stee 25 18
TS9a ey Alar 325 1899 ... 40 21

1900 3 29
—New York Drug Reporter.

ease aereetneeert sea!

PLANTING NOTES.

SEEDLING APPLES FOR GRAFLING.—It is claimed
that fully 90 per cent. of the Apple tree seed-
lings used in the United States for grafting
purposes are grown near Topeka, Kans. Shawnee
County, Kans, is said to now have atleast 600
or 700 acres devoted to the growing of these
seedlings. —Journal of Iorticulture.

Woop ASHES as a fertiliser are specially valu-
able used in conjunction with stable manure.
They contain the elements of potash and phosphoric
acid in proportions of about 5 and 2 per cent-, the
potash sometimes running to 7 per cent. The
Canada wood ashes made from hard woods are the
richest.—Journal of Horticulture, Aug. 29.

‘TROPICAL TIMBERS AND THEIR RINGS OF
GROWTH ” is the title of a paper contributed
by Mr. Herbert Wright, A. R.c.s., of the
Peradeniya Staff, to ‘ Indian Gardening and
Planting.” It is of considerable and perma-
nent interest, and we are reproducing it iq
the Lropical Agriculturist,

316

To Drive Mosquiro—Es AWAY.—Oil sassafras
oil wintergreen, equal parts. Apply to exposed
portions of body. The oils of cajuput and origa-
num are also very effective, but they have a rather
unpleasant odour.—Jowrnal Trop. Med.

Poor Tra !—Wuat Next? —A recent post
has brought us from the Department of Land
Records and Agriculture, Madras, Agricul-
tural Branch, Vol. II, Bulletin No. 45, namely,
on ‘‘ A Tea-Kelworm Disease in South India,”
by C, A. Barber, Government Botanist,
Madras. And we read :—

The disease in question was first brought to notice
by Mr. A. Brown of Glenfruen Hstate, Devala, who
sent aparcel of tea seedlings to Dr Watt while he
wason tour in Madras. After a hasty examination
the plants were forwarded tothe Royal Gardens,
Kew. It turned out, however, that the seedlings
had been destroyed by nematode worms. The
whole correspondence, which was freely reported in
the Madras Mail, has caused a good deal of pertur-
bation among the tea planters of the Wynaad dis-
' tricf, and the object of the present notice is to
allay their fears, while at the sawe time it is hoped
that their attention will be drawn to this class ot
parasite and that a sharp look-out will be kept in
case of the spread of the disease to other nurseries.
I wish at the same time to direct the attention of
planters and others interested in agriculture to the
whole subject of root-nodules, These are not
always beneficial, nor do they at once determine the
plant bearing them to be leguminous and therefore
nitrifying. Lt will also be seen later on that legu-
minous plants may also be attacked by the eel-
worm, and sowings of such plants for the purpose
of green-dressing must be conducted with a certain
amount of caution. The particular outbreak at
present referred tc is uncoubtedly caused by the
root-eelworm, Heterodera radicicola (Greef) Muell.
The attack has proved to be a very destructive one
for tea seedlings and is confined to the nurseries of
the Glenfruen Estate. A careful examination on
the spot has brought to light several interesting
facts. ‘The virulence of the outbreak fully justified
the fears expressed by the manager of the estate, on
the other hand it isstrictly Jocalised and there does
not appear to be any great fear of the pest
spreading.

And then follows a full account (and illustra-
tions) which we may give in our Tropical
Agricultwrist. There is no need for alarm:
persistent neglect of weeding, etc., is to blame
for the visitation for we are told :—

Heterodera is particularly fond of old and ill-
kept garden land, and I accordingly attempted to
trace if to some place whence it might have been
distributed in the manure. The examination of
the manure heaps near the house and their weeds,
however, completely disposed of this idea, and the
plants found near the house seemed to be free from
the disease. The conclusion arrived at was that
the eelworm had been on the place fur a long period,

robably dating from the time when the coffee
Baahes were allowed to run wild. They had then
gradually established themselves, and this especi-
ally in the Ageratum, which, lying about in half-
dead heaps, would form an ideal ground for the
pest, Having adapted itself to this composite it
was carried all over the estate, and, arriving at the
nurseries, found the young tea plants and the
neighbouring weeds suitable hosts,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 1, 1901.

CIRCUMVENTING THE MosQuito.—One of the
most dangerous breeding grounds of Anopheles
is the pool generally to be found outside the
bathroom of an Indian bungalow, says the Madras
Mail. It is more dangerous even than the pools
to be found in the native quarters, because, be
ing composed of cleaner water, it is more likely
to be fit for the growth of the green water-weed

On which the larve principally live. In searching
the pools, ete, in our compound for Jarve it is
little use attempting to do so by merely looking
into the water. Dip a tumbler into the water and
hold it with its eontents up to the light. lithe
water is muddy, wait till it settles. If there
are any larve present, it will be easy to see them.
They are minute worm-like bodies more or less
transparent, with alarge head and a pair of black
eyes. The tail looks as if it were forked, and
the animals are characterised by vivacious wrig¢]-
ing movements. Once seen they will always be
easily recognised again.

INTERESTING PLANTING EXPERIMENTS.—The
German Foreign Office Report for 1901 contains
an interesting account of an attempt to improve
the vegetation in the vicinity uf Swakopmud, the
port of German South Africa. The neighbourhood
is adreary and barren desert of sand, and it was
necessary to choose such plants as required Ent
scanty soil, could stand considerable changes of
temperature, and resist excessive dryness. It was
aiso desirable to guard against the strong sea
wind. The latter difficulty was met by planting
a screen of wild Tobacco, which, while flourishing
well, presented an interesting instance of adapta-
tion to altered conditions. The leaves, which at
a distance from the sea are weil known to be
large and thin, became in the new habitat narrow
and thick. Young trees of Oak, Pine, Juniper,
Eucalyptus, Date Palm, Vine and Fig quickly
perished, but the seeds of the Date Palm and
Port Jackson Acacia promised good results,
another instance of adaptation to enyironment.
—Journal of Horticulture, Aug. 15.

PRESERVING THE ForM AND CoLouR oF FLOwERS.—
From a French botanical journal we extract several
recipes for preserving the form and colour of flowers,
One methcd is to immerse the stem of the fresh
specimen in a solution of 31 parts by weight of alum,
four of uitre, and 186 of water, for two or three days
until the liquid is thoroughly absorbed, and then to
press in the ordinary way, except that dry sand is
sifted over the specimen, and the packet submitted to
the action of gentle heat for twenty-four hours.
Another method is to make a varnish composed of 20
parts of powdered copal and 500 parts of ether,
powdered glass or sand being used to make the copal
dissolve more readily. Into this solution the plants
are carefully dipped; then they are allowed to dry for
ten minutes, and the same process is repeated four or
five times in succession. Plants may also be plunged
in a boiling solution of one part of salicylic acid and
600 of alcohol, and then dried in bibulous paper. But
this act should be very rapidly done, violet fHowers
especially being cecolorised by more than an instant-
aneous immersion. Red flowers, which have changed
to a purplish tint in drying, may have their colour
restored by laying them on a piece of paper moistened
with dilute nitric acid (one part to ten or twelve parts
of water), and then submitting them to a moderate
pressure fora few seconds. But this solution should
never be »llowed to touch the green leayes, as they
would be decolorised by it—Jourzal of Horticulturg
and Cottage Gardener, Aug. 29, ;

Nov. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

PENRHOS ESTATES COMPANY.

THE DIRECTORS’ REPORT
was as follows :—

The Directors have pleasure in laying before the
Shareholders their Report and Accounts for the year
ending 30th Jane, 1901.

The amount of Tea secured was 234,171 1b.—199,143
lb. on Hatate account as against an Estimate of
200,000 lb., showing an increase over last season of
2,589 |b., and 35,028 lb. manufactured from bought leaf,
a decrease, as compared with last season, of 11,2591b.

The Comparative Table for the past five seasons is
appended, and will doubtless be found of interest ;—

7 sa = ses
2 Bie Seal sodsoie 2 2
a ER ais BA
nl q (3) = Ay
pa bie ip Sto OBIS 22
S as08 ia 32
S) e) o) Zi
1896—1897 155,625 27:52 =: OG'Bl_—-386-42
1897—1898 145,250 26°23 2565 39°12

1898—1899 158106 25-41 24:05 41-08
1899-1900 196554 23:74 99°32 37°46
19001901 199,143 26°29 23°88 3489

These figures apply to the Hstate Tea only and
although the average price realised has fallen below
that obtained last season, yet in view of the extremely
depressed state of the market during a great portion
of the year the result cannot be regarded as other-
wise than satisfactory.

The total Orop secured cost, including Manure, 25°67
cents per lb, laid down in Colombo, and realised a nett
average price of 33°25 cents.

The comparatively heavier expenditure during
the present season is acconnted for by the fact that
it has been found necessary to lay out some R1,200
on the erection of new lines, and repairs to existing
ones. A portion of the Estate has also been re-drained,
and on Dahanaike a field of twenty acres, which was
making no progress, has been experimentally manured,
and itis anticipated that this will show considerable
improvement in the near future.

During the year a sum of R3,101 has been spent
on the Planting and upkeep of new clearings and
R1,082 on extensions to Factory, this latter being
found necessary in order to make thorough provision
for the rush of crop in the busy months of the season.
After payment of the Interest on Debentures viz.
R3,030, the amount available for distribution inclusive
of R285 brought forward from last account, and a
surplus of R155'58 on the estimated proceeds of last
season’s Tea, comesto R12,142°38, which is equal to
slightly over 8 per cent on the Capital of the Company.
The Directors recommend that this should be
apportioned as follows :—

By payment of a Dividend of 4 Rae sic.
per cent bG ote 6,000 00
By payment of Bonus to Super-
intendent oc aie 500 00
By placing to Reserve Fund .. 4,500 00
By carrying forward to the next
Account 1,142 38
12,142 38
The acreage of the Company’s Estate is as follows ;—
Old Tea 5483 acres
Tea under 4 years 7% do
Tea under 2 years 44 do
600 do
Forest of 42 do
Chena, &c. ats 296 do

Total acreage .. 938
During the year Mr, W Kingsbury retired from the
Board owing to his departure from ths Island, and his
Perla been filled by Mr. G W Suhren,

AGRICULTURIST. 317

Tt will be necessary to appoint an Auditor for
season 1901-1902.

THE AMALGAMATED TEA. ESTATES
COMPANY, LIMITED,

EHPORT OF THB DIRNCTORS,

for the year ending 30th November, 1900, to be sub-
mitted to the fifth annual ordinary general meeting
of shareholders of the Amalgamated Tea Hstates
Company, Limited, to be held in the registered. office
of the Company, 22 West, Nile Street, Glasgow, on
Tuesday, the 27th day of August, 1901, at 2 o'clock
p.m.

The Directors beg to submit the accounts for the
year ending 30th November, 1900.’ The crop gathered
amounted to 2,582,657 lb. against 2,143,710 Ib. in 1899,
The effet of the increasein yield from the Company’s
estates was, unfortunately, neutralized by a drop in
the price. The average price was 9:90d per lb,
against 10°29d during the previous year. The accounts
now submitted show a balance at credit of profit and
loss account of £52,869 3s: 8d. Against this sum are
chargeable :—Commission on profits to managers of
estates, Agentsin Calcutta, and Secretaries ; interest,
discount on bills, &c, and dividends paid to the
preference shareholders, which total £29,125 17s 6d
leaving ‘a balance to be deait with of £23,743 6s 2d.
Out of this balance the Directors propose to pay a
dividend at the rate of 5 per cent per annum, payable
on the 3lst August to the ordinary shareholders, on the
amount called up, which will absorb a further sum of
£14,350 10s Od, and leave a balance of £9,392 16s 2d
to be carried forward to next year. Considering the
crisis in the tea market, this result is encouraging
and satisfactory.

As explained in the circular letter of 7th A
addressed to the shareholders, Mr PR Bacdanan eke
Special Adviser to and Visitor for the Board, pro-
ceeded to India by mail of 4th January last, and he
along with the managing Agents in Calcutta. and Cole
ombo, and the Company’s Visiting Superintendents
has been able to effect considerable economies in work.
ing without impairing the efficient up-keep of the
estates, which should help the results of 1901 and
subsequent years, In the circular letter of 7th August
above referred to, and in the circular of 9th ultimo.
the Directors gave information regarding the position
of the tea industry and the prospects of the Com-
pany.

Advices from the estates show that they are maine
tained in good cultivation. The estimated yield for
1901 is 2,915,760 1b. The total area now under cul.
tivation is 18,355 acres. The Company’s investment
in the Kanan Devan Hills Produce Company, Ltd.
remains as before, and the Directors are pleased to be
able to report that the prospects of that Company
continue to be favourable. This is especially the
case in regard to its cinchona properties, the visible
supply of that product being at the moment moderate
and the prices remunerative. In termsof she Articles
of Association, one of the Directors, viz,, Mr A B
Murray, retires at this time, and is eligible for re-
election. ;

The Auditors, Messrs, Alexander Sloan & Co.,. C.A
retire, and offer themselves for re-election,

@

RATWATTA COCOA COMPANY, LTD,

The annual meeting was held toda
offices of Messrs. Geo. Steuart & Co. The base
ness was entirely formal as indicated in the
notice calling the meeting. Mr. Jeffries was re-
elected a director and Mr, MacDermott was ree
appointed, auditor for the current season.

The directors were also authorised to borrow
further money as mentioned in the notice,

318 THE TROPICAL

REPORT.

The Directors beg to present their Report for sea”
gon ended 30th June, 1901, together with the audited
accounts for the same period.

The Cocoa Orop amounted to cwt. 324-0-12, and
-gold at an average of about R44°17 per cwt. The
estimate was cwt. 400.

The Tea Crop secured, including about 7,600 lb.
from bought leaf, was 86,229 lb. and sold at an average
of about 25cts. per lb. The estimate was 81,000 lb.

The profit for the year after charging all expendi-
ture to Revenue Account is R3,410°86, which, how-
ever, disappears and becomes a deficit of about R4,000
when interest, Directors’ Fees, Secretariat, &c. are
brought into the reckoning.

The futvre outlook from am agricultural point of
»View is satisfactory. Young fields are coming into
bearing, and there will be no more Capital Expen-
diture, with the exception of the cost of additional
withering room to meet the increase of the crops.
The monetary position of the Company, however, is
embarrassing, and the Directors beg to invite the
Shareholders to come forward and assist them in
placing the finances on a good sound basis. This is
the most important business before the Company at
present, and it is hoped that Shareholders will not
neplegt this opportunity of providing the necessary
help.

The estimated Crops for the coming year are 400
cwts. of Cocoa and 120,000 lb. of Tea against an ex-
penditure of R36,895°01.

The acreage of the property

as at present culti-
vated is

Cocoa planted in 1893 72 acres.
° as 1894 85,
do if 1895 56 ,,
do oa 1898, <0)" )%
— 223 acres,
Tea in full bearing 119 acres.
do planted in 1896 PAY peal
do do of 1897 100 _ ,,
do do 30 1898 75 i
— 318 acres.
Total in cultivation 541 x
Jungle 53 180 %
Grass 6 3 a
Total acreage 724 53

Mr. Gordon Pyper having been appointed Managing
Director for a term of years, Mr. Edmund Jeffries
only retires from the Directorate by rotation, but he
is eligible for re-election.

An Auditor has to be appointed for the current year.
The appointment rests with the meeting.

EILA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LTD.

THE REPORT.

The Directors herewith submit their Report and
Accounts for the year ending 30th June.
The crop on Hila estate was 244,775 lb. against an
estimate of 281,500 lb. and on Kanangama estate 88,568
Ib, against ar estimate of 135,000 lb.

The average price of the tea, which has all been
realized, was 24°16 cents per |b. as against 30°38 for the
previous season and the cost of the same was 22°83 cents.

During the year a further instalment of +4500
was paid to the Standard Assurance Company, in
reduction of their loan per £7,000. The amount now
standing is £5,500.

The Directors have great regret in reporting the low
prices which the Company’s teas have fetched during
the season, especially as every effort has been made to
maintain them by finer plucking than has been hitherto
customary. This however is the experience of practi-
cally all tea estates. The crop on Kanangama turned
out very short of the estimate, for which two facts are

AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1901.

accountable—namely the finer plucking resorted to jn
consequence of the depression of the market and the
unusually severe and persistent attack of helopeltis
which has visited the estate. The Superintendent is
now taking further measures in order to try and cope
with this pest which he hopes will be successful.

The result of this combination of low prices and
short crop and the necessary consequence of enhanced
cost of production is a loss of R4,096°65 on Kanan-
gama’s working for the season. Hila has made a profit
of R11,712°'73 and a matter of congratulation is that
the young tea bas come on well and will in time be the
finest tea on the estate.

The nett profit for the season is R779°54, which the
Directors propose to carry forward to the next season’s
account,

The Estimates for the current season provide for a
crop of 867,050 lb. Tea ata cost of R78,815°65 which
the Superintendent considers he will be able to
work to.

The Estates of the Company now consist of :—

Bila --- 626 acres 5 years old and upwards.
90 do 4 do
240 do Forest.
956 acres.

—

Kanangama ... 215 acres. 5 years old and upwards.
108 do

323 acres. #

Forest.

During the year Mr HG Bois was elected to the
Boards of Directors in place of Mr F W Bois who has
left the Island.

Mr G F Walker retires in accordance with the Arti-
cles of Association, but being eligible offers himself for
re-elction.

It will be necessary to appoint an Auditor for
-eason 1901-1902. Be

ee

AUSTRALIAN EUCALYPTUS TIMBERS.—The
Journal of the Society of Arts, for September 6th,
contains interesting informationabout the Austral-
ian Hard Woods of commerce. The ‘ Jarrah”
(Eucalyptus marginata, Sm.) is the principal
tree in the forests of Western Australia and
attains a diameter of 2 feet in 40 or 5 years. It
grows best in that part of thecountry upon which
the heaviest rains of the season fall. The wood
which is very hard resists the attacks of Chelura,
Teredo, and termite and in consequence of this
property may exist in an almost perfect condition
of preservation for nearly 100 years. Such a
wood can be used to advantage in the construc-
tion of houses, harbours, bridges, ete. The “Karri”
(Eucalyptus diversicolor, F Muell,) often known
as the ‘‘ white gum,” comesa good second to
‘* Jarrah.” When mature the trees are of straight

- growth and tower skywards for great heights

without branching. Jt is not unusual to fell
trees 200 feet inhcight. This species grows well
in the humid portions of the tempersie region of _
West Australia where the annnal riinfall is from —
30 to 40 inches. The wood is extensively used
for street blocking and in the paving of the —
London streets a very large quantity has been
used. In the Peradeniya. Gardens, there are half
a dozen species, including ‘* Karri,” ‘* Iron bark,”
and the ‘‘ Lemoi-scented gum tree.” In the —
Hakgala and Nuwara Eliya districts there has
been a recent importation of “Eucalyptus robusta.’

Nov. 1, 1901.]

THE FRUIT OF UGANDA.
AN INTERESTING CHAT.

We had a call yesterday from Mr. A
Whyte, F.Z.S., F.L.S,, director of the scientific
department of the Uganda Administration,
who ison his way Home on leave of absence.
In the course of his visit, Mr. Whyte in-
formed us that Uganda is a beautiful country.
Its great drawback is its distance from the
sea—700 miles from the port of Mombassa,
The railway from Mombassa, however, is
being vigorously pushed on, and some 500
miles have already been laid. Some very
heavy cubings and embankments occur on
the remainder of the route, but it is expected
that the line will be finished about April of

next year. Two new steamers are being
built to add to the one at present plying
on Lake Victoria Nyanza, which will take
goods from the railhead to Entebbe, the pre-
sent capital of Uganda, on the western shore
of the lake, where a breakwater is being
constructed. It is very probably that this
will be the permanent capital.

Mr. Whyte has opened up what he him-
self already regards as beautiful botanical
gardens, and believes that in course of time
they will be amongst the finest gardens in
the Hast. The climate of Uganda is almost
perfect. The temperature seldom rises above
80. degrees, or falls below 60 degrees. It is
difficult to say what will not grow in Uganda,
excepting EHuropean cereals, which have not
proved satisfactory. There are two wet sea-
sons in the year, and scarcely a month with-
out rain all the year round. The rainfallis
not very heavy, but is well distributed, and
therefore of greater value. Uganda is a
great rubber country, and Mr. Whyte in-
forms us that he has seen more rubber-
yielding plants in the forests of Uganda
than in any other tropical forest. We may
say that Mr. Whyte has had a large experi-
ence in the interior, being formerly Director
of the British Central Africa Administration.
There is a dense native population. He de-
scribes the Waganda as a very intelligent
and interesting people, especially amongst
the better classes. The lower orders have
been rather chief-ridden, but are now deve-
loping into good labourers. Some of the

aganda are remarkably well educated,
and write a good hand. This is the result
ot missionary enterprise, both Protestant and
Roman Catholic, extending over a long period
of years. It is a curious fact that right
over the long distance of country between
. Uganda and the coast only barbarians are
found. The development of the Waganda
can only be attributed to the work of the
missionaries ; indeed, the celebrated Mission-
ary Mackay, when he desired to leave the
country, was practically made a prisoner by
them, so loth were they to lose him. Trade
is being gradually opened up by the Banyans,
who are beginning to arrive in the country,
and it is well-known that these men are
expert traders.—Natal Mercury, Aug. 23,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 319

OUR PEARL OYSTERS AND THE
EXPECTED EXPERT.

SPECIMENS TO BE SENT TO PROFESSOR
HERDMAN.

Professor Herdman who is expected in
January next year to make personal investi-
gation of our pearl banks is to be supplied
with a few specimens of the oysters before-
hand. A representative of this paper learnt
from Captain Donnan today that these speci-
mens will be forwarded shortly, and was also
informed that this fact will in no wise affect
the projected visit vf Professor Herdman.
It is likely that Captain Donnan _ will visit
the pearl banks shortly to secure these speci-
mens but the date of his departure has not
been settled yet. The actual reason for the
sending of these specimens could not be
ascertained.

Sew

CACAO PLANTS FROM THE DUTCH

EAST INDIES.

The following regulations made by the Gover-
nor, with the advice of the Executive Council, are
published for general information :—

Regulations under Section 3 of ‘* The Insect
Pest and Quarantine Ordinance.”

1. Theimportation of Cacao ‘‘plants” from any
part of the Dutch East Indian Colonies is pro-
hibited.

2, The Principal Collector of Customs shall
destroy all Cacao ‘‘plants” imported from any
part of the Dutch East Indian Colonies and no
compensation shall be payable in consequence of
such destruction. —Gazette.

> —-—--—
A MOSQUITO NET FOR THE TROPICS.

Mr Carmody, in the American ‘“ Journal of
Tropical Medicine,” has sketched a mosquito net
for travellersin hot countries. It is attachable
to the ordinary umbrella or sunshade, and serves
the double purpose of keeping off the sun by day
and theinsects by night.—Globe, Sept. 13.

Sash RRs NOY
USEFUL NOTES ON EVERYDAY TOPIC.
DIPHTHERIA AND HORSES,

In a leading Bacteriological Magazine, Dr. L. Cob-
bet puts on to horses some quilt with relation to
the spread of diphtheria. He shows that horses are
peculiarly liable to this disease. In 9 out of 18
animals he found the diptherial bacillus and he infers
from his observations that the horses acquire diph-
theria naturally and do not in many cases suffer
any serious inconvenience from it,

GRAFTING.

A recent investigation of the physiological and
practical sides of grafting by Dr. S. Daniel lead
him to lay down the following conditions for success-
ful grafting:—1. The maintenance of the adhesion
of the plants. 2. The maintenance of the vitality
of the scion and stock. 3. A suitable temperature
neither too high or too low. 4. The maintenance
of the life of the graft up to a definite level, 5.
The possibility of the graft to get back the moisture
lost in cutting. 6. The necessity of never leaving,
after the operation, the level of the graft under water.

MALARIAL MOSQUITOS.

Messrs. Grassi & Noe have discovered that the filarial
or malarial organism passes from the mosquito to
man only in the act of biting, They explain the

320 THE TROPICAL

interesting way in which these larves are passed in
the act of biting and not when the mosquito is
sucking the blood. Dr. Stephens and Mr Christo-
phers have examined a series of native villages in
Sierra Leone and find that 50 to 90 per cent of the
children were infected with malaria. In all the villa-
ges the malarial mosquito (Anopheles) was present and
each hut contained one or more cases of infected
children and infected mosquito.
in. these parts is the prime agent in spreading
malaria to Europeans.
fitted Aad

MANGO GRAFTS FROM BOMBAY
FOR FLORIDA.

The American Consul at Bombay has
lately sent a dozen mango-grafts from nine
selected varieties grown in Bombay to
Florida, as ahorticultural experiment. They
were packed in boxes with plate glass lids,
and he hopes that as tropical fruit intro-
duced into America generally improves on
cultivation, some very superior mangoes may
be the result of his enterprise.

i —_—___——“—-

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

THE TEA DUTY.

We are glad to find that the question of the tea duty
is not allowed to slumber. The increased duty was
ay blow to the industry which there have been at-
tempts to minimise, but no apathy on the subject
or acceptance of the inevitable can alter the fact
that an act of injustice has been committed sgainst
the tea grower. In a letter to the Financial Times,
“Kar Guzar” deals with this duty question, and he
protests against this burden on the producer. He
says: ‘ Messrs. Finlay & Co,, im their circular ad-
dressed to the shareholders in their companies, and
published in yonr issue of the 10th inst., rightly
stated: that the sudden increase of 50 per cent to the
duty previously levied on tea has prejudicially affected
the industry. They place the amount of their losses
by it at £60,000, and at the rate of 1jd per lb.
The lower the tea produced is classed the greater is its
producers’ loss. The quality of tea depending upon the
lay of the land, the altitude at which it is grown and
the qualities contained in the soil, it is not in the

roducers’ power to vary its quality at pleasure;
Ee may pick finer or coarser, he may improve
the appearance of the tea, but its chemical qualities
will remain the same to the end of the chapter. We
are told that the average price of Indian tea before
the levying of the surcharge was 8d without duty.
To get an average of 8d a lb. much tea must have
been sold at 4d per lb, some at 1s, but we must not
think, because oue producer received 12d a lb for
his tea and ‘another received only 4d, that the one
was intrinsically worth three times the price of the
other. The difference in price is not regulated by
its intrinsic properties—the prices the consumers pay
the merchant are regulated by the relative intrinsic
values of the teas—but the price the merchant pays
producers by the amount of duty plus the price he
can afford to pay to equalise its cup value to the
consumer.

THE, INEQUALITY OF THE IMPOST

is pointed out, ‘The duty falls unequally on teas of
different qualities, and it forces merchants to buy the
higher-classed teas to the neglect of the others. A rate
of duty which produces a revenue equal to 75 per cent.
of the whole value of the industry, a rate of duty vary-
ing from 50 per cent, to 150 per cent., is out of all pro-
portion to its value. The price to be paid to the pro-
ducer will be reduced by every penny that the
merchant will not be able to recover from the consumer.
Jf the merghant wishes to sell two teas to the consumer,

Thus the native -

AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1901.

the one at double the price of the’ other, it will be
necessary for him to purchase the lower-classed one at
a third of the price of the other—hence we may con-
clude that every 2d added to the duty takes a penny
per lb off the prices received for all teas below a certain
value. When the duty stood at 4d low-classed teas
were handicapped 2d per lb, and the average, or 8d,
teas by 1d. Nowthat the duty has been raised to 6d
low-classed teas are handicapped 3d on the pound of
tea, and average teas 1}d, as against the higher-classeq
teas. The duty as it is now levied acts as a direct tax
on the majority of us producers, “The amount levied
from me as a war tax I estimate at £2,000 per annum
It would have been less had the merchants not
succeeded in passing s0 much free of increased dut
and would have been greater had my teas not been ij
some request for outside markets, It is, I think ae
to be regretted that Messrs. Finlay & Co. limit d
their statement to a bare chronicle of results nd
did not boldly state in what manner and ghv jee
duty has borne, and is still bearing, hardly Est pa
industry. The Chancellor of the Exchequer a
introducing his Budget, stated his reasons favaieea:
selected tea as a fit article for increased taxation dered
because it was not anarticle of manufacture in thi
country; (b) it is Jargely consumed, and (c) at the
time of the Crimean war the duty on teg stood t
1s 6d per lb, and that it was promptly raised 34 ite
practically no objection from anybody concerned ve
then went on to state that even with the additi 7
of 2d per lb tea would still cost the pease oe
2d per Ib less than it cost the consumer in ‘1889,
before the duty was reduced from 64d to 44 per lb A
wound up by saying that he did not think Wes
lation at large will have eny very fair Hl
complaint at the amount which they will be 7 or
upon to bear towards the cost of what th cpa
Majority of them believe to be a necesgay a4 4:
is very evident from what fell from the Chandi a
lips, as from the tenour of the debate in Parli sence
that the Chancellor and also Parliament intend
that the tax should be levied from the tea-con Baa
public, and not from the producers, I am oapree
the vast majority who deem the war to have pee
necessary war, but I deem it wrong to sient te
levy any special portion of its cost under a s P ial
tax from the persons we made war to rotect. Tf
weare to be taxed, by all means t Ae levy th
tax in such a manner tbat it will not act une ait
in itsincidence. Had the duty fallen to the ast ot the
consumer to pay, as it was intended it sho la
have done, the reproach that it added to the poor 3
burden would have been a just one. Why ad Bo ce
produced and manufactured by a large number of his
Majesty’s subjects residing in His Majesty’s colon A
as also in a Dependency ofthe British Crown should
be taxed, and articles manufactured within the United
Kingdom should be exempted, we can leave those oh
talk so glibly of consolidating our Empire to in nine
into; the principle therein propounded found vont
with Parliament, and with the rest we haye no c
cern, and it is most certainly largely consumed.” ea?

THE OBJECTIONS TO THE TAX

are urged. ‘‘At the time of the Crime :
duty certainly stood at 1s 6d, and was croteh cea
3d per lb, but in 1852 it stood at2s 1d. was reduced
in 1853 to 1s 10d, and again in 1854 to Is 6d per lb
Thus, when it was raised 3d it still stood at 1d per
lb less than it had previously done. A duty lesed
on trade will fall either on the consumer or the pro-
ducer, in no instance on the merchant, and in pad
instances, as in the present instance, it may act to
his direct advantage. In 1854-55 the consumers
acknowledging the necessity of levying a duty to
meet war expenditure, could not fairly object to havin
the rate of duty raised, more particularly as the dut
and surcharge together left them a penny better off
than they had been in the habit of paying. Pro-
ducers could not object, as the article taxed was of

foreign origin, and they had no cause to object, ae

ax us,

Nov. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

they had possession of the markets of the world.
What they could not sell to us they could sell else-
where; our custom or our values did not rule their
prices. Our case atthe present day is wholly different.
The major portion of the tea brought for sale to
the English market is of British production, owned
by British subjects. It is not an article that can be
increased or decreased at will, and it is an article
which spoils after a time in keeping. Our home
market was, until recent times, our sole market,
and is still our principal market ; its prices regulate
the prices for all; whatever we make must come
forward, and we must accept the prices offered or
not sell atall. Whenit was suggested in Pariiament
to substitute an ad valorem duty for a duty on
weight, the Chancellor voted against the suggestion
mainly on the ground that it had been tried and
found wanting—I presume on the ground that it
left openings to the quick-witted merchant to pass his
goods through the Customs House at lower values
than he should do. I cannot help thinking that where
there is the will the way will be found, and thas an
industry which yields a revenue of several millions
sterling is worth trying to do justice to, and for my
own sake and for the sake of others 1 sincerely hope
the Chancellor of the Exchequer will see his way to
perfecting one. Formy own part, I believe. a duty
of 44d on allteas valued at 6d and under and ad
valorem duty of 75 per cent on all teas from 6d to
10d (ail teas over 10d paying 74d) would more than
make good the loss the revenue might incur from
the acts of the quick-witted merchants and if the
Customs Honse officials find difficulty in assessing
duty on the fractions of a penny, fractions of a penny
might count as one.”

Whether the views of the majority of producers are
for or againat ‘ secret’ or, as the supporters of the
movement prefer to call them,

‘* PRIVATE ” SALES OF TEA,

they continue to be bitterly resented by grocers.
© Spectator,” writing to the ‘* Grocer,” says, in the
course of his letter : ‘‘ Regarding Wednesday’s secret
sale itself, it was somewhat remarkable in that it
partook of a more mysterious nature than anything
we bave yet seen. Competition amongst buyers to
buy their own property afforded a special feature of
interest, and the good old games of * bluff’ and ‘ puff’
were merrily played, to the satisfaction of all con-
cerned. It is, however, very apparent to the ordinary
morial that a scratch lot of Calcutta-bought tea is
not the class of article which promoters of private
sales have in view. The auction might perhaps be
best likened to a bird-catcher’s nest, with many decoy
birds in various false feathers hopping about and
greedily picking up gilded oats. Its attractions do
not, however, so far appear to have ensnarediany of
the wary old birds who own the bulk of the fine tea
gardens; perhaps they do not care to risk having their
marks prejudiced in the country, or perhaps the Ceylon
merchants who have tried the scheme may have
whispered that the gilded oats only chaff after all. I
understand that the Tea Buyers’ Association antici-
pates that private sales may ‘by amore extended range
of prices in some way confer a benefit on the retailer.’
There can be no doubt as to the question of ‘extended
prices,’ as they will most certainly extend down for the
merchants and up for the grocers, but with regard to
the benefits to the retailers the prospectsdo not appear
to be soclear. I would, therefore, suggest, Sir, with
all due deference, that the General Purpose Commit-
tee of the Grocers’ Federation invite the Chairman
and a few other membersof the Committee who drewup
the privatesales scheme,and have takena leading part in
the movement, to meet them next month and explain
the advantages likely to accrue to the grocer, By this
means the grocers would be enabled to gather much
valuable information, and the representatives of the
Tea Buyers’ Association would not only be afforded an
opportunity of gaining increased notoriety but if
their scheme is found to possess the merits claimed

AGRICULTURIST.

for it, their names would probabiy also, be handed
down to posterity as public benefactors, If/I recol-
lect rightly such a meeting took place at the time of
the pound-draft dispute three years ago, when, I
believe, the grocers were given to understand that the
the protection of their interests was one of the prin-
cipal objects for which the London wholesale trade
existed. It is probably fresh in the memory of many
of your readers the quarter from which that unfor-
tunate disturbance emanated. In conclusion, I would
venture to take the liberty of most strongly impressing
upon the General Purposes Committee the extreme
importance of giving this subject of secret auctions
their most serious attention, asif allowed to continue
without protest or action from the csuntry it
may, although the Ceylon merchants destroyed the
recent public sale boycott, yet develop into a most
dangerous situation for the retailers. I understand
on good authority that many leading Indian and Cey-
lon merchants intend to adhere to the policy of the
‘open door,’ and I know that there are several power-
ful blenders and many old-established leading dealers
who look upon the new movement with suspicion, and
are prepared to support the public saleroom. To these
firms I would most earnestly recommend the grocers
to accord their support and countenance, and, by
making common cause with them, stamp out once for
all the most mischievous scheme that ever was con-
cocted for benefiting a few at the expense of
many.”
US see CALL SER

PARA RUBBER IN CEYLON,

Sir,—It may interest some of your readers to
know that the last consignment of 2 ewt. of
Para rubber from this estate sold in the London
market at 3s 9d per Ib.

My coolies are regularly bringing mein at the
rate of 4 lb. dry rubber per cooly. Considering
that some of the trees now being tapped are not
in a very favourable. location for a good yield,
being up a hillside, the result is very satisfactory.

RC.

Taking value 3s9d in rupees as pened, 240
And | |b. rubber, costing two coolies,

C R average, if 35 cents -» O 70

Leaves a clear profit per lb. of es 2 00

This includes ecst of curing it, us the same
coolies have to do it, in themiddle of the day.
The result may not be so. satisfactory as some
well-known Kalutara estates, but is still good
enough.

If only all our ‘‘ dadap ” trees were Para rubber !
—Yours, &e. FRANCIS J. HOLLOWAY,

Kepitigalla, Matale, Sept. 22nd.—Local ‘‘Times.”

-_———————____—_
INDIAN TEA NOTES.
GREEN TEAS.

(from a Planting Correspondent.)

** You will probably find that the Indian Tea crop
will not be short at all. I believe on pretty good
Calcutta authority the ‘short crop of output’
report will not long hold good; however, we
shall soon see. It is difficult tosay much about
the future of Ceylon ‘‘Green Teas,” but it would
be interesting if Mr J N Campbell of Moray
or Mr Hamlin of Darrawella or Mr Wright of
Brunswick would publish their nett average for
last twelve months’ shipment. If the returns have
been reasonably fair ones the output of these teas
would be increased, which is to be desired,
especially from low-country estates where black
tea averages would be lower than Dikoya and
Maskeliya ones,

i
i
i

322 THE TROPICAL

‘IT still think that all estates getting the
bonus should send their account sales or copies to
the ‘ Thirty Committee,’ not necessarily for public-
ation, but to enable the Committee to judge
if the business is likely to prove a paying
one in the future.”

Teese Se
THE CAMPHOR TRADE OF FORMOSA:

INFORMATION FROM MR. DAVIDSON,
AMERICAN CONSUL.

Pending the arrival of a copy of Mr. David-
son’s exhaustive book on Formosa, it may
be well to mention a few of the facts con-
tributed by him in the course of conversation.
First of all, it is a mistake now to talk
of camphor from Japan, China or even
Borneo, The high prices and monopoly
during the war, completely used up all the
available camphor in both China and Japan ;
while the Bornean article is so inferior as
scarcely to be worthy of the name of
camphor proper. Still, a considerable quant-
ity of camphor enters the American market
even now as “Japan,” and My. Davidson found
it difhcult to convince merchants in New
York that it was really the product of
Formosa, but exported via Japan and there
packed differently. Two years ago, Japan
shipped 1,500 lb. of camphor, the very last
got from her own trees. )

Mr. Davidson does not give much en-
couragement to Ceylon or any other country
to grow camphor trees in order to secure a
profitable, as well as marketable, product.
The indigenous forests of Formosa are of a
very large extent, and it will take a long
series of years before they are exhausted,
even if

THE WORLD’S REQUIREMENTS
should increase a good deal over the present
standard. So large and rich are some of
the Formosan torest trees, that Mr. Davidson
has known one tree yield as much as
£200 WORTH OF CAMPHOR.

ur per cent is about the best yield from
ue ihehest part of the tree. Should compe-
tition by any chance arise, the Formosan
monopoly can be worked to run down the
price for atime, in order to shut out rivals.
All this is not encouraging,

GREEN THA.

Mr. Davidson further made reference to
Ceylon Green Teas and mentioned how he
was in the office of a leading New York
tea firm and witnessed a testing of a package
of Ceylon ‘“‘ Greens.” The verdict was,—a
fair average green tea as to make and ap-
pearance, but with the Ceylon flavour, to
which American consumers are not attracted.
We mentioned how we learned in 1884 from
the largest American buyer of Japan tea, that
every ounce was artificially faced ; and re-
marked that surely now the Americans would

refer to use a pure article. ‘ Yes, replied Mr.

avidson, ‘‘ but then your Ceylon Greens are
fermented.” (There he must be mistaken :
no fermentation takes place in the prepara-
tion of Ceylon green tea; but this shows
pow a wrong belief arises and spreads.)

AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1901.

‘“But the Oolongs of Formosa are quite
pure and natural, and they must long re-
main a favourite tea in America.”

It will be seen from all this,
Mr. Davidson is a firm believer
mosa and her products;
pleasant to find the most made of one’s
adopted home. Mr. Davidson is a great
lover of botany, horticulture and tropical
cultivation generally. He has long known
and appreciated the Zropical Agriculturist,
and he was delighted to be able to study
our Review of all planting products pre-
fixed to the ‘*Handbook and Directory.”
Mr. Davidson was curious to know whence
the first camphor seed or plants received in
Ceylon, came? He supposed from Japan,

>
PEPPER AND COFFEE EXPORTS
FROM WESTERN INDIA.

We are indebted to Mr. C. W. Layard.
the successor of our lamented friend, Mr.
Ralph Tatham, as agent for Messrs. Arbuth-
nott & Co., Tellicherry, for the annual re-
port and statistics of the above products for
the year ending 30th June. |Given as a
Supplement to this issue]. It is surprising
to see how well coffee keeps up, consider-
ing all that has been said of disease and
decay in Coorg and Mysore. The large
proportion, too, of native-grown coffee is
noteworthy and seems to indicate that if
prices were only satisfactory, the export of
our old staple from Southern India could be
maintained, for some time lo come. As re-
gards Pepper, the same rule of an alternate
good and poor crop seems to prevail: the re-
turns for five past seasons comparing thus :—

that
in For-
and it is

1896-97 Export of Pepper ewt, 222.383
1897-98... 3 59 «25,231
1898-99... 5 3 237.041
1899-00... 3 >» 168,001
1900-01 211,987

The value of last season’s pepper crop (July
1900 to June 1901) is given at R7,949,512, or
close on 8 millions of rupees. Would that
Ceylon could produce enough pepper for its
own requirements and still more export
even as much as it did in 1739 when the
Dutch sent away 465,000 Ib. chiefly from
Kandyan districts.
ee eee
NEW PRODUCTS IN ASSAM.

The Report of the Director of Land Records
and Agriculture in Assam contains notices of the
cultivation of ‘‘ sisal” hemp at Dauracherra, in
Sylhet, which is being energetically pushed, and
of experiments made by Babu Debeswar Gohain
and Mr. Matilal Haldar in growing sugarcane on
a considerable scale, and the manager of the
Bambgaon tea estate in growing ‘ balam” rice
and husking paddy by steam machinery. These
experiments, as well as the experimental eculti-
vation of the rubber tree on a considerable scale
in the Charduar plantation by private enterprise
and of rhea fibre in more than one locality, are
all of interest and fraught with importance to
the future prosperity of the province, and the
Chief Commissioner remarks that he is glad to
encourage them in every reasonable way.—Bom:
bay Gazette, Sept, 24,

Nov. 1, 1901. ]

PLANTING “ DAYS OF OLD”
IN CEYLON.

BY A VETERAN WHO ROSE FROM SB. D.
TO BE CHAIRMAN OF THE P. A., AND

M. L. C.;
BUT NOT TO MAKE £40,000!
1864-5 AND ——W— 1901.

Thank you very much for sending me so
promptly a copy of the ‘1901 Ceylon Hand-
book and Directory,” which is to me inost
interesting and which I find almost as ne-
cessary as when I lived in Ceylon. I have _be-
side me while I write—I have unearthed it for
purposes of comparison—your Handbook and
Directory of 1864-65, which I remember con-
sidering at the time a most imperfect and
inaccurate work because I had been a few
months in Ceylon before it came out, and
my name did not appear init. 1 suppose I was
fonder of seeing my name_ in print then than
IT am now, and felt the disappointment.

But despite this (to me) great blemish, Iam
prepared at the present moment to pass an
examination in 1864-65 Handbook against any
man living, the Editor not excepted !*

At that time T lived in the usual Sinne
Durai’s mud-hut with a library consisting
of a Bible and Prayer-book, Smile’s. Self-
help, Burns’ Poems anda few greasy yellow-
backs which had been read and re-read, and
often by the dim light of a cotton wick
floating in coconut oil in the inverted top
ofa bottle as a red pedestal, have I read
myself to sleep over the Ceylon Directory.
To go to sleep once, when reading a book
is a doubtful compliment to the author; to
go to sleep many times over the same book
is the highest compliment you can pay him.

How times have changed in those thirty six
years is vividly brought before me by your
new Directory. A generation of planters
and merchants has almost passed away ;
districts and estates have changed their
names and vanished from view; the
only things which strike me as not having
changed are the native names of estates.
I began life in Ceylon under Bas Gray on
Algooltenne, the situation being procured
for me by my goodold friend and neighbour
in Aberdeenshire, W. D. Gibbon. I think
George Beck and myself are the sole sur-
vivors of the Hunasgiriya | knew at that
time. I movedon from there to Gona Adika:
Spencer Shelley and myself are the only
survivors I know, of the Kadugannawa of
that time. I look back with great pleasure
on.my Sinne Durai days; there was not
much expected of Assistants inthos: days
and though salaries were small, a rupee was
worth 2s, and we had enough for our wauts.
Beer was sometimes 2ls per dozen, so we
did not drink it; but occasionally when a
neighbouring Sinne Duraicame on a Saturday
night, a bottle ot bazaar brandy —which
seemed nectar then, but would be poison
now—was procured.

I was fiedged as a Periya Durai on Kinrara ;
but when I had been there a couple of
months, I was sent down to take charge of

* Well done! and yet we can recall many months of
toil over that old-fashioned volume which stands
Number 6 in our list—Hp. 7,4.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 323

u

Mahaberiatenne and Keenegahawella in the
Dumbara Valley. George Greig and H.G. Mac-
kenzie, nowin London, were my neighbours,
and after two years of Dumbara, I was promo-
ted to the management of the Pendleton Group
of estates where I remained for five years.

In 1873 1 made my first investment: in Mal-
vern estate, one of the group I had been
managing. I bought early in the year when
parchment coffee was worth about 14s_ per
bushel and before the end of the year 25s and
even 26s, I think, was paid for coffee. The
result was that the value of the crop was
considerably more than I paid for the estate,
and the latter I sold immediately afterwards.

I think it must have been about this
time that, at a social function, I said two
things which I have very often beenjtwit-
ted with since:—lst, That every twenty-
year-old placter should be shot to make
room for younger men, as if he had not
made his fortune in twenty years, he could
not be much good. 2nd, That [ had come to
Ceylon to be Chairman of the Planters’ As-
sociation, Member of the Legislative Council
—and to make £50,000 !

I lived long enough in Ceylon to modify
the first statement, and I did not succeed
in carrying out the last clause of the second.

From Pendleton I moved to Dimbula and
Dikoya, and my life is much brightened by
many friendships formed there. ,

Your Directory always carries me back to
days far away, but they seem but yesterday,
and it creates in me a great longing to re-visit
Ceylon, which I live in hope of some day
doing. Again thanking you for the big
volume, which not only serves the practical
purposes of today, but awakens pleasant
memories of the past.—J. L.S.

SSS

CINCHONA.

Mr. John H Stallman, of New York, is the
author of a brief but interesting article on ‘‘ Peru-
vain Bark as viewed from a Commercial stand-
point,” which appears in the July number of the
Journal of Pharmacology. The article is mainly
historical, and although Mr. Stallman finds a
difficulty in saying anything new, he deals concisely
with the data of the industry up to the present
time. Mr. Stailman ealls attention to the enor-
mous increase in the consumption of cinchona of
late years. The average annual production of bark
in all countries twenty years ago, he says, was
about 6,000,000 lb; in 1890 the production had
increased to over 18,000,000 lb, which seems to
have been the high-water mark. In 1900 the pro-
duction was not over 14,C0U,000 lb, but of a high
test, while the accumulated stocks in Europe had
become much reduced. Appended to the article is
an extract from a London price-list which says :—

To sum up, it appears that consumption has at
last overtaken production, and increased shipments
from Java willbe required to supply manufacturers
and make up for the expected deficiency from British
Hast India and Ceylon, and in any case we fancy
the days of quinine selling below 1s per oz. are vum-
bered, and we think it safe to prophesy that the
average value of the unit during the next three years
will be above the average of 1996-98. The present
state of the cinchona and quinine markets do not now
seem to favour this view, especially if the increased
shipments from Java (which already show an excess
of 1,710,000 Amsterdara lb over 1900) should continue
—Chemist and Druggist, Aug. 24,

324

‘ WHAT IS THE MOST CONVENIENT
AND PROFITABLE SIZE FOR A
TEA GARDEN IN CEYLON?”

This is a question which has recently come
before us from several directions and owing
to differing circuinstances. For instance, it
has been said that one reason why certain
Limited Companies do not prosper as they
ought, in proportion to the total area, and
quality, of their tea-planted land, is that
some of their ‘‘gardens” are very much
detached and of too small an area to be

~ worked profitably. Again, in answer to an

enquiry as to why So-and-so does not make
more out of his property,—we are often told
that his acreage is too limited and he is
weighted with a fully-equipped factory equal
to double theleaf he has to bringin. All this
makes one ask in turn as to what may be con-
sidered the proper average of extent planted
to constitute a really profitable plantation.
Now, of course, we are aware how great is
the diversity in soil, in jat, in climate and
other conditions in Ceylon, and how 200
acres of tea at a high elevation may be
more fitted to be worked as a. profitable
property than 400 acres in the lowcountry,
both being supposed to have adequate factories
and sufficient labour supply. We directed
an enquiry as to our problem to an ex-
perienced Visiting Agent and _ had, for
answer, that in his opinion, ‘100,000 lb. of
made tea” was the proper gauge of a really
profitable plantation if turning out fairly
good teas, and that the nearer the outturn

was to 200,000 lb. the more certain the
roprietor should be of an_ adequate,
Randeorss margin of profit. That would

clearly mean, estates of not less than 200
to 250 acres in bearing under any circum-
stances; and we suppose that this may
really be taken as a minimum area tor an
efficient Superintendent and well-equipped
factory? How then about detached estates
in the hands of Limited Companies of as
low an area as 150 acres? Should these be
sold or exchanged as a favourable oppor-
tunity occurs, and would it not be a wise
policy generally to aim at amalgamating
small adjacent properties, so as to
superintendence and factory working. The
subject is one on which we should like to
hear from practical plaaters.
ro

PROGRESS IN B, ©. AFRICA.

A RAILWAY TO BLANTYRE SANCTIONED.
(From Our Planting Correspondent.)
Mlanji, B.C. Africa, 22nd Aug., 1901.
A telegram was received last week by the
Manager of Sharrer’s Zambezi Tratlie Company
that the Foreign Office had granted the neces-
sary concession for the construction of a railway
from Chiromo to Blantyre; but no further in-
formation has been received to date. Sharrer’s
Z, T, Company have been pressing the home
Government for 3 per cent. guarantee on the
capital required for the construction of our
railway for some years and it has doubtless

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

save in.

{Nov. 1, 1901.

been granted. For some years back it has been
known that Mr. Sharrer had the promise of the
capital to build our railway, provided 3 per
cent. guarantee was given by Government.

Lord Stanmore, formerly Sir Arthur Gorden,
Governor of Ceylon, is one of the Directors, and
has been using his best efforts for years back
with the home Government to secure our much-
needed line. Great credit is due to Mr “harrer,
the Managing Director of this enterprising ¢om-
pany, for sending out a Mono-Railway to
relieve the human traffic on the road from the

lower Shire to Blantyre. It is now being Jaid
down from Katuugus to Blantyre. Ar attempt

was made to lay- this Jine from Chiromo ‘or
Maqueras some miies further up the river to
Blantyre, but it was found that the gradients
were too steep and now there will be no need
for it on the Chiromo-Blantyre route. The
gauge of our line is likely to be 3’ ft. 6 in.,
the same asin all the South African Kailways.

The opening up of the country from Chiromo
to Blantyre should do much good, leaving out
of the question the capital to be spent and the

libour set free for agriculture. Rh. B.
a
RUBBER FROM YOUNG ‘ FICUS
ELASTICA” TREES.

In recent proceedings of the Selangor Planters’
Association, we read :—

Letter, dated 20th June, 1901, from Mr. Derry,
Governinent Plantation Office, Perak, to the Hon
secretary, Selangor Planters’ Association, enclosing
copy valuation of sample of robber sent some time
ago by Mr, Tan Chay Yan, of Malacca. from Ficus
elastica trees four years old. The following is the
valuation made by Messrs. W.J.and H. Thompson:
—‘This is a zood rubber and well prepared The
value is about 3/- per pound, provided the bulk is
fully eqaal to the small sample (one kati), equally
clean and equally dry.’

a
IMPERIAL RUBBER.

It 18 stated that the present annual consumption
of robber all over the world is about 54,000 tons,
with a production of only 54,600, so that the margin
between censumption and production is extremely
small, and may easily vanish altogether in a year
or two, says a contemporary. In looking through
the list of countries which supply the world with
rubber, it is rather annoying to note that Imperial
Britain takes a very small share in the trade: a
share which could surely be greatly increased, were
attention and capital to be drawn to the industry.
It is one of these occupation wherein a brisk market
at high prices is a matter of practical certainty, and
hence the risk of sinking capital is reduced to a
minimum. We have many colonies where rubber
could be grown ; andespecialy is the colony of Queens-
land suited for the business, In many parts of that.
great country conditions exist similar to those in
Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia, from which countries at
present half the world’s supply of rubber is drawn.
The value of the material produced by these South
American States cannot be far short of £8,000,000
sterling per annum—a sum sufficiently tempting to
induce the employment of capital on a large scale.
We have yet hopes of ‘seeing a big Queensland rubber
trade established which shall rival the Bragil and
Peru in quantity and quality of exports.—India-rubber
Trades’ Journal.

*

Nov. 1, 1901.) THE TROPICAL

TEA INSPECTION AT THE PORTS.

REDUCTION OF DUTY.

Sim,—There are two circumstances affecting the tea
trade at the present time which demand attention.
The first is the excessive duty, for it is against all
the traditions of the country that the most wholesome
of non alcoholic stimulants, which has become the
staple beverage of the masses, should bear a tax 30
per cent over the cost of production, while a tax
representing only one-third of the same ratio is raised
on beer. That the temperance party has not taken
this np is a matter of surprise. The second circum-
stance which equally calls ior attention is the necessity
of preventing the importation of really bad and
unsound teas.

These two questions are inter-related, and should be
taken up as parts of one scheme of reform, for it will
be useless to reduce the duty if the result is only to
flood the country with bad tea, and so prejudice,
instead of stimulating, consumption. The year 1900
gave a good sample of what some producers can do in
that respect, and that astop must be put to the practice
is proved by the admissions of the planters’ own news-
papers, which would have been very prejudicial to the
sale of tea had they been read in thiscountry. It is
also becoming daily more necessary to disarm the
medical opposition to the use of tea, which is justifiable
only if confined to badly manufactured teas, none of
which need be passed by the Customs,

One fact no gener-lly known about tea is that it is
the only commodity of universal consumption the
supply of which can be indefinitely increased at a few
weeks’ notice by the action of a few large companies,

We cannot instantly incresse the supply of coffee or
cocoa, because these are fruits, Even a grain crop
requires néw cultivation, and a full year must elapse
before much increase can occur. It is not so with tea.
The same bush can at a fortnight’s notice be made
to increase its production 30 per cent by ‘‘ coarser
plucking.” Nor does the evil merely end in glutting
the market and so injuring the stability of the
industry. In coffee, cocoa, or wheat the article—
whether it be a bean or grain—remains the same in
quajity; but in tea simultaneously with this sudden
increase of the supply the quality is deteriorated and
the consumption—a very serious matter alike to the
consumer and the distrioutor—is prejudiced. If these
are facts they must be met by any remedy that may
be practicable and within the limits of fair legislation,

The Wood and Drugs Act is provided by the nation
in this spirit, but is inoperative in tea, because it deals
with teas after they have passed through the “blend.
ing process,” instead of detecting the bad constituents
before they haye left the Oustom House. No grocer
wants ‘rubbish teas,’ but if tea, however bad, may
be offered without restriction at public sale—which is
the delightfully permissive state of the law at present
—there will always be people to buy it and pass it on,
flavoured with something else, to the grocer,

It is this, specially bad tea, which will not
keep that ought to be put under the ban of the
Customs, specially in view of the extortion: te duty
leylead Now I am no supporter of the principle
fo Government interference, such as wight be
attempted on the unfortunate retailer through the
Pood and Drugs Act, but I do believe in prevention
being better than cure, and cen show that prevention
in this instauee is the more easily applied. All that
the Government need do isto appointa few trade tea
exp: rts—the o ly people who have an instinctive
knowledge of tea--to detect the really noxious teas.
These men, as inspectors, should have the necessary
authority to draw samples at will, as the shipments
are landed, from the teas indicated by the brokers’
published sale-lists to be under suspicion.

It would mean sampling but a very small percentage
of thesupplies, but the mere risk of a mark being
condemned would deter uascrupulous producers from
tuking the risk of plucking for quantity regardlesa

of their ability to convert that quantity to whole-

some tea.
41

AGRICULTURIST. 325

If it is said that this form of Government interference
is objectionable it may be replied that the Govern-
ment do employ inspectors as it is, but they merely
examine the dry leaf—a test which is practically
useless, and may just as likely stop good tea as bad.
This actually did occur a few months ago, a mark
of a well-known Ceyion estate having been condemned
by the Customs on its appearance, but proved
on analysis to be of excellent quality. Yet the Cus-
toms authorities who had condemned this were
passing millions of pounds of offensive teas.
From amongst them a _ set of samples was
obtained in the ordinary trade way for the pur-
pose of the pamphlet, “The Tea We Drink,” recently
noticed in your columns, These samples proved to
be of a very objectionable description. They can be
produced and verified, and they represent estates
owned by some of the first tea companies in India and
Ceylon.

Obviously, then, a change of the system of inspection
from a mere ocular examination of the dry leafto an
infusion test by experts is necessary if the public
and distributor are to be protected, There is no
necessity that the test, in the first instance should be
an analytical one, but only that the analyst should
report on what the trade expert has condemned. By
this means much assistance might be rendered tothe
planter in avoiding faults of manufacture. If it is said
that now is not the time to introduce the reform
because little bad tea is coming in the reply is that it
is of all others the very best time on that account,
If it had been introduced last November, when much
bad tea was coming in, it would have created a great
deal of trouble.

Now the pergon who should lead the way in pressing
for these reforms, viz., the reduction of the tea duty
and the stcppage of really bad tea, is the grocer. In
doing this he will be fighting both the people’s battle
and his own for it is, to start with, a trade question
requiring some technical knowledge. The public do
not possess this, but will support what is in their
interest if pressed for by the grocer.

Iam, &c., EK. H. SKRINE.

5, Victoria avenue, Bishopsgate-street, B.C., July

30.—Grocer. Aug. 3.

—_2

FRUIT CULTURE IN JAPAN,

(70 the Editor, ‘‘North-China Daily News.)

$1n,—The subject of fruit culture has always been
ef interest to me, and when I first came out to the
Fast in 1863 we always used to wonder why it was that
the Japanese insisted upon gathering their fruit before
ripe and that even then you could hardly ever
geta peach that had nota grub in it. I thought I
would try for myself, and got a collection of peach and
pear trees out from England. Ialso got some of your,
excellent peach trees from Shanghai.

Under my care, for a variety of reasons, chiefly that I
had not room, they never really succeeded, I gave the
plants away in various directions, and now in the
country hereabout, partly thanks to these trees, the
cultivation has increased and is rapidly increasing.

It isfound that a light, sandy soil, especially where
it is well watered by ariver, is best suited for fruit
cultnre andsome ofour peaches are really splendid;
whilsé among the pears I have seen fruitofa size
that I never saw in France or England. Bat my object
is chiefly to tell you how the Japanese have managed
to get good crops of peaches with no grubs in them,
for in talking with an old Shanghai resident the other
day, he told me you were still unable to securea crop
of peaches free from this pest. The Japanese select
the peaches they wish to keep on a tree, and when the
fruit is the size ofa walnut they cover it with a paper
bag made from the ordinary cheap Japanese paper,
which has been steeped in what is called here ‘‘Shibui,”
a preparation of the juice of the persimmon tree. This
has apeculiar acrid odour that, insects will not ap-
proach. The bag is virtually air-tight, and the throat
is fastened by a string round the branch to which the

326 THE TH@PICAL

fruit hangs. The special grub against which yon take
these precautions is the produce of a fly which is
generally seen about the month of April. It lays its
eggs one by one on the young fruit generally close to
the stem. There the egg sticks for some weeks, until
just about the period when the fruit commences to
swell and take its sugar ; then it hatches and the first
ebject in life of che young grub is to bore its way into
the fruit whereit ,roposes to live. Prevent the fly
from laying its eggs on your fruitand you save it. It
is not very material if you leave the bags on or take
them off when the fruit has increased in size. If you
have provided by making the bags large enough, the
fruit will generally ripen inside and ithas one advan-
tage : if your fruit falls when ripe, it wili fall into your
bag and not get bruised but on the whole if you have
the time and can give the necessary attention you
should take the bag off about June, for the flies are no
longer to be dreaded then and the fruit will generally
be better for having ripened in the sun.—I am, etc ,
R D ROBISON.
Yokohama, 9th Sept.—N China Herald, Sept. 18.

THE ROMANCE OF TEA.

The cold reality of a grocer’s price-list would
suggest to few of those who read it any poetical
or romantic associations, and yet the part of it
which relates to tea is full of veiled poetry.
Most of us leave it to our wives or housekeepers
to select the brand they prefer, ladies being com-
monly supposed to take more interest in the cup
that cheers than the sterner and more alcoholic
sex. But in these days of Temperance men are
beginning to Jose their former shame at heing
discovered ‘in their tea cups,” and it is well that
they should understand a little of what the names
in the grocer’s list are meant to tell them. Not
that worthy tradesman intends to tell them any
thing by the names he uses, for he is quite ignorant
of their real meaning. Nevertheless, these names
were not given by the Chinese without a reason,
and they are the more worthy of notice because
in spite of the talk of adulteration in connection
with Chinese teas, the fact remains that tea is
one of the very few things that fires the enthu-
siasm of the Chinese mind, and leads the growers
of that pretty camellia-like plant to take a pride
in its quality apart from more cash considerations.
Let us deal first with some of the uncouth names
to be found in our aforesaid grocer’s list. Hyson
will probably be found to figure among them.
This isa corruption of two Chinese words, one of
which signifies ‘‘before the rains;’ while the
other Hi-chun is the name of a young girl,
which, being translated, signifies Flourishing Spring.
About two hundred years ago this girl suggested
to her father an improved method of sorting his
tea. He adopted it, much to his advantage, and
his tea having become famous, he gratefully called
it after his daughter. To this day members of
the same family are selling this same tea, and
the ‘‘chop,” or brand, of this particular kind ef
Hyson is Li Ya-hiny, 7e., Li's Extra Perfume.
But this is a name which we must not look for in
the grocer’s list until the public knowledge of
tea and its various qualities becomes very much
greater than it is. at present. Oolong is a name
we inay look for with more cenfidence. This word
means Black Dragon, owing to the fact that one
Su was the first to bring to notice the peculiar
excellence of a tea plant in which he had discovered
a black snake coiled up. Congou is a name
commonly applied in this country to tea suitable
for breakfast, It simply means ‘‘ well-worked.”

AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1901.

Applied to Ceylon tea it used to mean tea
made from the Jower and coarser leaves of he
plant as opposed to the Golden Tips, which
sufficiently indicate the young bnds growing
higher on the mainstem. This Golden Tip tea is
mostly allotted tothe Court and to high Chinese
officials. The writer was once favoured with a
eup
OF A VERY SPECIAL BRAND

of the CeyJon variety. Alter first being
handed round to be inspected and admired
in its dry form, it was infused with the
aid of a sand glass, and then poured off to be
drunk, it is needless to say, with no allaying mill
Comet Port could net have been produced avait
more ceremony, and the feeling of respectful awe
with which the golden beverage was imbibed has
survived the memory of its exquisite flavour,

[tis not perhaps generally known that the
flower petals of roses, olea fragrans tuberose,

orange, jes:mine, gardenia, and azalea are largely
used to periume the teas we drink though the

name Orange Pekoe might. perhaps, have eeaene
ted this fact. The Chinese eall this tea by a
name meaning superior perfume, while the pure
Pekoe is called Lau-tsze’s eyebrows. It should be
explained that Pekoe means ‘‘white hair,” ana is
applied to the young tea leaves owing ied the fact
that they are covered with a fine white down
Most of this tea is sent to this country or Russia,
where it constitutes the bulk of the famous eara.
van tea sent overland. Lauteze was the founder
of the Taoist religion, butas he was born about a
thousand years before the earliest mention of tea
we may presume he never realised the virtue of
his own eyebrowsas a beverage. Other int

er : erestin

Chinexe names are ‘‘Carnation Hoajy.” “Red
a ss ae z 2 i me

Plum-blossom, Lotous Kernel, “ Sparrow's

Tongue,” ‘‘Dragon’s Pellet,” ‘‘Dragon’s’” Whis-
kers,” ‘‘Autumn Dew” and ‘Pearl Flower.” Th
name Souchong simply refers to the mode ak
packing the tea. Itis odd thatthe grocer should
have fastened on this word for the purposes of his
list. Ceylon growers however, used to apply it to
the leaves growing above the so-called Congou
leaves. Gunpowder tea, it needs scarcely boas
marked, is an English term which, though the
Chinese are sometimes said to have invented the ex-
plosive, they have never thought of applying to the
tea themselves. So is ‘Imperial fea.” th
Chinese call this variously ‘Sore Crahs’ E bee:
*® Sesamuin Seeds,” or * Pearis ” To ee the
bad impression which it is feared the name Sore
Crabs’ Eyes may have produced, it should be
added that the vast majority of Chinese names
for various kinds of tea are very pictures ue, ag
for instance, Hearts of the Water Lily Heae of
the Nine Curves, Eyebrows of Esteemed Old
Age, Palm of the Gods, Tea of the Princess Peak
Tea of the Clondsand Mists of Mount Mano Tea
of the Dragon’s Wel), Spikes of Silver and fee
terwoven Branches. There is : 2

A CHARMING CHINESE BALLAD
which the tea-pickers sing as th
: Sing ¢ ev gather
the leaves. It describ: s the hardships viideecene
by the girls who do this work, and makes mertion
hoth on the Sparrow’s Tongue and Dra

kinds incidentally. One of the stanza pee
follows :— }

“« My face is dirty ; ont of trim
Oh, tell mo, where’s the little
’T.3 all because whole weary

picktke tea,

my hair is, and aWAY;
girl so ugly now as I ?
hours I’m forced tg

Nov. 1, 1901.]

And driving winds and soaking showers have made
me what you see.”
After alluding to the fact that early hous and
hard work have made her thin, the singer continues:—
“ Butif my face be somewhat Jank, more firm shall
be my mind;

I'll fire my tea that all else shall be my golden buds
behind; :

But yet the thought arises who the pretty maid
shall be

To put the leaves ina jewelled cup, fiom which to
sip my tea. ;

“Her griefs all flee as she makes her tea and she is
glad; but oh!

Where shall she learn the toils of; us who labour for
her so?

And shall she know of the winds that blow, and the
rains that pour their wrath,

And drench and soak us through and through, a8
plunged into a bath? 5

The Chinese, it may be mentioned, dread rain.

The pathos of the sitnation desembed by the

little bedraggled girl in the ballad will, therefore,

ebe duly appreciated.

Naturally, the Chinese think very highly of
their national beverage. Itis not, perhaps, gene-
rally known that no Jess a person than one of the
Chinese Empercrs has laid down instructions for
the proper irfusion of it. You are to take, he
says, clear spring water, and heat it to the extent
that would be sufficisnt to turn a clay. fish red.
You pour this on the leaves and forthwith drink
it. Whether these directions are generally observed
in China we are not aware. The native made tea
that one gets in the Far East generally seems
slightly insipid until the palate has grown used
to its delicate gradations of flavour, Stewing and
the abominable habit of ‘‘ cosying” are, of course,
unknown; though in Thibet tea of a coarse
quality is literally made into soup with milk and
butter vinegar, and pepper being added when pro-
curable. Other things are sometimes mixed with
it by the poor, as will be seen from the following
notice of tea, by a Chinese expert, written nearly
three centuries ago:—‘‘ Tea is of a cooling nature,
and if drunk too freely will produce exhaustion
and lassitude, Country people before drinking it
add ginger and salt to counteract this cooling pro-
perty. Itisan exceedingly uselul plant ; enltivate
it, and the benetit will be widely spread ; drink it,
and the animal spirits will be lively and clear,
The chief rulers, lords and great men esteem it ;
the lower people, the poor and beggarly will not
be destitute of it; all use it daily and like it.”
And itis because this is still true that the Chinese
are one of the most temperate and sober peoples
in the world.—Lvening Standard.

Ss
CEYLON TEA ON THE CONTINENT.

We make the following extracts from a
letter from Mr. J H Renton, dated ‘‘ Biicke-
burg, Germany, lith Sept., 1901” -—

I am sending you by this mail a little

PAMPHLET IN GERMAN

which gives a short, but clear account of
the rise of the Tea Industry in Ceylon, the
culture of the tea bush, and the manufacture.
This is known inGermany as the defence pam-
phlet (“Abwehr Brochire”). It was written
as a reply to the numerous libels on Ceylon
tea which appeared in numerous Continental
market reports in the early part of this year.
It does not enter into any controversial points,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 329

nor does it attack China tea, It simply
shows our teas are jclean, well-made teas
and that our cultivation is good and sound.
This pamphlet has been distributed to every
wholesale tea dealer, most of the wholesale
colonial produce dealers, 3,000 newspapers
and 1,000 hoteis in Germany. The demands
for more copies are numerous and the notices
which have been received are very flattering.

Well, now to give a very brief summary
of what I have done this year :—

I visited Western and Southern Germany,
Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and_ Trieste,
Northern Italy, Southern and Western France
and Paris in the first four months of this
year. In May I went to Hamburg, Berlin,
Leipsig, Dresden, Magdeburg and I have
now been round the Baltic and Eastern
Germany, going as far north as Konigsberg.
These visits have not only been made to
thoroughly acquaint myself with the tea
trade in these places, but also with a view
to preach Ceylon tea to the dealer and the
grocer, leaving as I do copies of your book
and of Bamber’s pamphlet. Apart from
those visits I have been carrying on the
campaign in Switzerland and Scandinavia
by correspondence.

IN GERMANY,

a Bremen importer furnished me’ with the
names of all the wholesale dealers in the in-
land towns, and although several of them have
been induced to give small orders for Ceylon
tea, only three of his friends have been
found willing to take it up, make a speci-
ality of it, and put their own money into
the pushing of it. These three firms are
in Breslau, Strassburg and Holstein. A
special circular (I sent you one in the book
marked Talanda tea) has been printed for
these firms. ‘Lhe circular is illustrated and
they bear two-thirds of the cost. The same
firm in Bremen has also induced (K— Co.)
the great coffee distributing firm, with their
780 shops throughout Germany, to take up
Ceylon tea. They get 500,000 circulars and
a special mark and label. They bear half the
cost of all this expenditure. Their campaign
does not open till November as the teas
are all put up in 4-lb. and 4-lb. packets. If
properly managed and run, we want no
better agencies in Germany. In addition to
these firms I have secured other wholesale
dealers who are making a speciality of Ceylon
tea—one important firm in Frankfort, a
smaller one in Berlin, another beside Bohringer
in Stuttgart. Bohringer is doing excellent
work in Stuttgart. In Dresden and Konigs-
berg there are two firms who use it largely in
their mixtures, but will not advertise it,
because they maintain that, owing mainly to
——’s association with Ceylon,and the poor teas
he has put on the German market, the name
Ceylon has got into bad repute for tea. In
Miinich a_ lady, ’s sister, carries on
an active propaganda for pure Ceylon tea»
IN AUSTRIA.

Mr. Marinitsch has done well in Karlsbad
and got the gold medal at the Exhibition,
We have three agencies in Vienna. A dealer
in specialities, who has for years imported
it direct. and sold small quantities, is now
getting aid to advertise it, Mr. Marinitsch Bag

398 THE TROPICAL

associated with himself a wholesale coffee
dealer with a connection amongst town and
country grocers and is working hard, not
with much success though, Toifi the client
of the Bremen importer, is doing better. He

romised me to place the tea with 500 of
his clients throughout the Austrian pro-
vinces. He has got 350 up to date, he has
to pack the tea in 1-16th lb,, 4 lb. and 3 lb.
packets for them; and then the Anglo-Con-
tinental Company of Paris are working
from Trieste, so is also another house in
Trieste.

IN FRANCE.

We have three Paris houses, and in Mar-
seilles two smaller firms at work. The Paris
firms are working hard; one has_ specially
distinguished itself by its enterprise in starting
the big new tea rooms in the Rue Caumartin,
by its display at the Exhibitionin thePetit Palais
this year, and at the Exhibition Culinaire,
and by its handbill posters, bills and general
advertising. Another has done very well in
various advertising schemes; but more parti-
cularly by taking up at my express with a
demonstration scheme. A man is going round
the Provinces, and in all the big towns
where he can get the grocers to buy the
tea, he gives a demonstration otf from four
to ten days. It is advertised in the local
press that free teas will be distributed in
cup at that grocex’s shop from 4 to 7 o’clock.

_Samples of the tea are given away free—and

lots of literatures on how tomake it etc., and
Bamber’s book, in French. Here is a resumé
of the work done in Juneand July in Nor-
mandy: —Six towns visited. Tea distributed in
cupon28 days. 4,425 cups teaserved ; teasold to
the public 2,055 people: advertised in 11 local
papers; tea sold, 650 kilos. New grocers
secured, 24. Printed matter distributed, 41,500.
Placards posted in and on windows of shops,
110. Both these firms are spending far more
than three times my grant on their work
this year.
IN SWITZERLAND
we have four firms at work, in Sweden
two, in Christiania two, in Copenhagen two.
IN ITALY

in Naples one, in Florence one. The arrange-
ments 1 made in Genoa have fallen through,
unfortunately.

I go to

SCANDINAVIA

tomorrow to inspect the work there and on
my return start immediately for Frankfort
and Stuttgart. In the latter town a client
of Bohringer’s opensa tea room on Ist October.
From Stuttgart I proceed to Switzerland to
inspect work and accounts and then to France.
I shall go to all the towns in France where
the demonstrator has been, to see personally
how the work agrees with his report. In
Paris I inspect accounts and talk over
scheines for next yeat'.

I then go to London
Commissioner for the

ST. PETERSBURG EXHIBITION

and obtain letters of introduction from our
Voreign Office to the British Embassy
there. Hnd of November I shall probably
go to St, Petersburg to inspect the land
wnd make the necessary arrangements

th see the British

ing this country by roads

AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1901.

for our show in the autumn of 1902. From
Germany, Austria, and France I receive
half-yearly reports and an abstract of ac-
counts and expenditure. All vouchersin these
three countries are examined and compared
with the accounts in my visit in each town.
From Scandinavia and Switzerland the
vouchers are sent to me and then returned.
I keep a most watchful eye on all expendi-
ture and I feel quite certain the Committee
get full value for their money. In Germany
I know I could get an agent in each large
town to run, push and advertise Ceylon tea;
but then I should have to bear all the ex-
pense. The difficulty is to get them to put
their hand into their own pockets and bear
even half the expenditure.

PEARLS IN THE PHILIPPINES.

Colonel Clarence R. Edwards, chief of insular
division, War Department, is preparing a Gazetteer
of the Philippine Islands which will contain much
valuabie information from official and other souices.
He has just completed a comprehensive account
of the pearl and shell fisheries of the Sulu archipe-
lago. During the year 1899 the value of sheils, not
sawed, cut, polished or otherwise manufactured,
imported in to the United States for home con-
sumption was $969,349, and in 1900 $1,016,728.
The manufactures of shells, mother-of pear!, etc.,
are now almost entirely confined to the United
States. In the years above mentioned but
$82,610 40 and $88,362 32 respectively of shell and
mother-of-pearl manufactures of all kinds were
entered for consumption. In regard to pearls, the
best English expert says that the Sulu archipelago
produces the finest round pearls in the world. The
known pearling area in the Sulu and Celebes seas
possessions of the United States is 15,220 square
miles. More than double that area posse-ses the
pliysical conditions necessary to the best form of
pearl oyster life and the nacreous shell which
containsit. Siassi, in the Tapul group of the
Sulu archipelago, is the strategie centre of the
most active pearling industry in United States
territory, andshould be made the station. ‘There
are anumber of fishing villages and several”
thousand fishers in the vicinity. The value of
pear]s, in their natural state or split, imported into
the United States for home consumption during

_ nine months ending March 3lst 1901 was $1,086 40,

ranking next in value diamonds,—Strazts
Times, Sept. 23.
—————EEEE

PLANTING IN PERAK,

COCONUTS—COFFEE—RUBB#R—TAPIOCA—GUTTA.

Coconuts.—Next to the cultivation of sugar that
of coconuts at present finds most favour with plant-
ers. Where the soil is suitable, either coconuts or
para rubber, and sometimes both, are beiug planted
between the rows of coffee on the estates hitherto
devoted to coffee alone. Applications covering many
acres have been received, more especially in the dis-
trict of Lower Perak, between the Perak and Bernam
rivers, where an extraordinary energy has been dis-
played. Here 318 applications have been received
from natives, chiefly foreign Malaye, for small hold-
ings to be devoted to this form of cultivation. In
the same part of the districts the Straits Plantation
Company has planted up between three and four
hundred acres of the two thousand owned. The
Government is devoting special attention to open-

and bridle-paths, §

to

Nov. i, 1961.]

recently visited this part of the State and was struck
by the richness of the soil es e:inced by the extra-
Ordinary giowth and strepgth of the coconuts, many
of which were in bearing at four years old.

Corrrr.—The piospecis of ecffee have shewn but
little signs of improvement during the year. On the
estates that have been maintsined in good order the
cieps have been gocd, but the present price of
ecfiee, it is feared, prevents its being cultivated with
success except in connection with other products
such +s rubber or coconuts.

Rugser,—Para rubber is now extensively planted
on many estates. Where well tended it grows well
and the young trees are strong and healthy. In
many places, however, white ants, which attack the
roots of the trees, are a dangerous enemy, and one
against which the planter will bave to guard. On
no estate have the trees arrived at sufficient maturity
to enable them to be tapped.

Taproca.—Go Hooi Chew's tapiocs estate at
Temerloh is wellreported on. I[t is kept in excellent
order and coconuts, durians and other valuable trees
are planted throughout it at regular intervals. a tram
line runs through the estate connecting the outlying
fields with the mill.—MrH C Hill, the Conservator
of Forests, 1.F,s. is of opinion that the State has an
ample area of

Gutta PrrcHa-propucING Forrst—and that no
recourse is necessary to the establishment of special
plantations outside the limits of its natural growth. A
workiig plan is advocated whereby the palaquium
forests be divided into a number of areas, which should
come under operation at regular intervals of five
to ten years } the operation would consist in giving
more light and space to each palaquium tree, and
in transplanting seedlings to blauk spaces.

Kusta KanesarR Garpens.—The result of asalein
London market of a parcel of Para Rubber (Hevea
braziliensis), Was yeceived early in the year. 327
peuuds of the best quality rubber fetched 33 10d
per pound, and tweuty three pounds of scraps, i.e,
the. fiagments of rubber picked off the stems of the
trees after tapping, were sold at the rate of 2s 6d
per pound, High'y two trees, of an average age of
fourteen years, were tapped to give this result3 the
yield is thus a iittle over four pounds to the tree, but
the Superintendent, Mr Derry, reports that excep-
tionally heavy rains frequently interrupted the work
and threatened in conjuction with the tapping, to
damage the seed crop, and that therefor the tap-
ping was stopped in many cases long before the
supply of latex was exhausted. From the eleven
best trees over ninety seven pounds of dry rubberwere
obtained, one tree yie'ding twelve pounds and one and
half ounces. A small sample of Gutta Rambong
(Ficus elastica) was reported on in HKnegland as ‘good
clean Java character,” andsold at the rate of 33 10d
per pound. A tree in the Kuala Kang:ar garden
yielded twenty five pounds ata single tapping; this
nineteen years old, and about ninety f2et high,
measured round the aerial roots at three feet from
the ground, it has a girth of eighty eight feet.
Mr Derry’s report on the preparation of the rubber
for the maket is most inter sting, and a copy of
it will be supplied to the M na ers of the Plantations
in the State.—Perak Admwmistration Report.

— oo

XING LEOPOLD, RUBBER MERCHANT.

The interest of the king of the Belgians in Congo
rubber is m. ntioned so often, in his own country as well
as elsewhere, that it must amount to something. In
fact sofar asthe Cougo Free state is Belgian at all, it
may be considered as King Leopold’s private property.
The value of the rubber resources in the Congo was
no soouer appreciated than a “private domain” was
established, within which rubber gathering without
official permission was prohibited. It happened that
the richest rubber forests were included in the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 329

reserved district, Every steamer from the Congo which
arrives af Antwerp with rubber includes on its
manifest a liberal shippient on account of the ‘* Dom-
aine prive””—in other words state rubber. But this
is not all. Some time ago. The Speaker, an Kuglish
journal, published an article pointing out that
several of the supposedly private companies in the
Congo rubber trade were in reality permitted to
operate there only on condition that the state—
practically the king—should be admitted as a shere-
holder, in most cases to the extent of 50 per cent,
of the capital. The amount of rubber coming from
that country from really private companies, there-
fore, is comparatively small. Taking the reports of
Congo rubber arrived at Antwerp during the first half
of 1901, as published in detail each movth in the
India fubber World, the figures permit of the following
analysis, in the light of the article published in the
English paper :—

Kilograms,

Domaine prive Etat du Congo «» 1,592,101
Companies in which the state is inter-

ested .. 614,087

All other companies oie) > 01,80)

Total .-- 2,968,019

While these figures may be subject to revision, the
salient fact remains that the rubber output is largely
in the hands of the government. And if half the re-
ports be true, the rubber collectors who work for the
government agents do not receive such high wages,
but that a very comfortable profit exists, at the prices
commanded by Congo rubber at Antwerp for several
years past, King Leopold may fairly be recognized,
therefore, as one of the greatest of rubler merchants,
And he can afford to laugh at competition —Indea
Rubber World.

————
MATE LEAVES.

Cador, in an interesting paper on this subject
(Jour. de Pharm. et de Chim. 1901, ii. 162)
points out that various observers have estab-
lished the fact that not only the leaves of Jleg
paraquaiensis, but also leaves of other species
and even plants not belonging to this genus,
go to make up to what is known as mate,
Cador has examined twenty-five species histo-
Jogically im order to determine differences
in the structure of the leaves, and also the
relative amounts of caffeine in the various
portions ot the leaf. Ninetéen of the species
belonged to the genus TJlez, two were of
Villarezia, and four were of Symplocos. All these
plants grow in South America, in the basin of
the Rio de la Plata and its tributaries, in the
basin of the Rio Uruguay, and in those of the
mio Paraguay, and the Rio Parana. All the ilex
leaves have a hifacial structure. The upper epi-
dermis is usualy @ single layer, is doubled in
Ilex afinis, and partially doubled in certain
varieties ot I, Theezans, The cells of the messo-
phyll enclose co:puscies of a fatty nature
and crystals of oxalate of calcium. Nunierous
peculiarities are noted in certain spvcies,
which enable one to differentiate between many
of them. Such, for’ example, are cuticular
striations on the lower epidermis, and spherocrystals
of hesperidine found in certain parts of the leaves,
In the two species Villarezia which are utilised, the
cells of the jower epidermis are characterised by
very thick walls, and in V. Conghonga very
large isolated crystals are observed. Species of
Symplocos are distinguished by the brownishe

i
é

330 THE
green contents of the cells of the upper epidermis,
and by the disposition of the celis anuexed to
the respiratory apparatus. These are so placed
as to have their long axis parallel to the ostiole.
Of the various reagents sugyested for the histolo-
gico-chemial examination of maté, Cador prefers
concentrated hydrochloric acid aud a three-per-
cent solution of gold chloride. By means of these
re-agents well-dehned groups of erystals ef the
double chloride of gold and caffeine are obtained.
The reaction is particulirly marked in the case
of Ilex paraguaiensis — Chemist and Druggist,
Augnst 31.
pe

PEARL OYSTERS.

Mr. Lyster-Jameson, B.A. Ph. D., sent us by
a recent mail a copy of his paper :- ‘*On the
identity and distribution of the Mother-of-
Pearl Oysters : with a revision of the Sub-
genus Margaritifera”-—reprinted from the
proceedings of the Zoological Society _of
London, April 16th, 1901, This instructive
paper, of some 23 pages, opens :—

“ Acting upon a suggestion made to me by Pro-
fessor EK. Ray Lankesier, I have revently been
engaged in rearranging the collection of Mar-
garitifere in the British Museum of Natural His-
tory, and in revising and extending the series illus-
trating the commercial forms. The nomenclature
of these forms has hitherto been in a_ chaotic
state, and it has occurred to me that this revi-
sion of the genus may be worth publication if only
to prevent further confusion of the common com-
mercial forms by zoological and economic writers.”
Can Mr. Lyster-Jameson be coming out with
Professor Herdman to Ceylon, Professor E.
R. Lankester having been originally con-
sulted by the Colonial Office? The passage of
special interest to us in Ceylon, in the paper
is the one we quote below :—

MOTHER OF PEARL OYSTERS.
(From paper by H. Lyster Jameson, B. A., PH. D.)

Species 13. MAGARITIFERA VULGARIS.

Periamater vulgaris Schumacher, 1817 p. 108, pl,
xx, fig 8; no loe.

Chemnitz, 1785, tab 80. fig. 717 (referred to by
Schumacher as a second figure of hix P vulgaris).

Avicula fucata, Gould, 1850, p. 309 1852. p. 441,
pl. 39. fig. 551 ; New Zealand

Avicula fucata, Reeve, 1857, sp. 74; Japan. Type
in BM. :

Avicula occa, Reeve, 1857, sp. 24 ; Red Sea. Type
in BM,

Avicula aerata, Reeve, 8157, sp. 32; Australia.
Type in BM.

Avicula perviridis Reeve, 1857, sp. 20; Aus-
tralia Type in B M.

Avicula (Meleagrina) varia, Dunker, 1872, p. 17,
tab. 4. fig. 63 Red dea.

Avicula (Mcleag:ina) badia, Dunker, 1852, p.
99 ; 1872 p. 12. tab. 2 fig. 7; no loc,

Savigny, 1811, pl. 11. figs. 8 & 9.

AsSchumacher’s figure, and the one by Chemnitz
to which he refers, are evidently typical Eastern
Lingah shells (from convexity, posterior ‘‘auricle”
of hinge-line, sharp separation o! the inner surface
of the rostrum from the general surface of the
nacre by a well-defined ridge, and distinct anterior
and lateral teeth in Schumacher’s figure), the
name vulgaris must replace the more familiar
fucata (Gould) for this species.

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 1, 1901.

This sheil is extremely variable, and young ex-
amples have been described as distinct species over
and over again, while, until comparatively recent-
ly. the grown shell has been confused by many
writers with WZ margaritifera.

It is highly probable that some of the deseribed —
forms which I am still treating as separate species
will, on better acquaintance, prove to be merely
geographical races of M vulgaris Schumacher.

Geographical Distribution ond Variation :—

Ceylon and SowthernIndia. The Ceylon Pearl-
Oyster is the best kuown local form of this species.
It frequents the Gulf of Manaar, Palk Straits, and
the Southern voast of India. It differs from most
other local races in its Jighter colour, and tie
whitish or pivk ground-colour of the interior of the

ip.

Maldivelslands, Mr J Stanley Gardiner, on
his recent visit to the Maldives, found this species
fairly plentiful there, kut not in extensive neds.
Unhke M. margaritifera, this shell i- not fi-hed by
the natives of the Maldives. Mr Gardiner’s speci-
mens Closely resembles those from Ceylon, and were
at once referred by Captain Donnan to the same
species.

Persion Gulf. The Lingah shell of the Persian
Guf belongs to this species. It is distinguishable
from the Ceylon form by its daiker colour, the —
exterior being usually more purple and tlie ra/‘ial
markings almost black. The interior of the lip is
dark red. The sheils attains somewhat larger di-
mensions than in Ceylon waters. It is shipped in
quantities to the London markets, but is of small
and fluctuating value, owing to large supply and
limited demand.

fed Sea. Throughout the Red Sea this shell is
common, but is fished almost exclusively for pearls,
There are anumber of specimens from the Red Sea
in the British Museum, but with one exception —
(Aden, Major Verbury) they are very young. The
Aden specimen is very like a Ceylon shell.

[Medeterranean. Since the opening of the Suez
Canal this species has wandered into the Mediter-
ranean, There are typical examples from Alexandria
(W B Yegetmeier) and Malta (Col. Feilden) in the
Briti-h Museum. An account of this interesting
immigration has been published by Vassel, 1896.]

Last Africa. Specimens from Mauritius (BM ;
Mus. Cuming), S. Africa BM; J. H Ponsonby
Coll.), Bizaruto Isl. (do.), and Durban (do.), al-
though differing slightly from normal Lingahs in
form and makings, are probably mercly a local
race of this very valuable species. I do not feel dis-
posed to describe them even as a geographical
variety on the small amount of materiaal available.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Specimens
from Malacca and Singapore in the Brit. Mus.
are hardly ditferent from Ceyion- examples, I have
found typical examples associated with the young —
of M margaritisera in a trade samplefrom Flores.

Australan Waters. ‘* The Australian Lingah”
shell of tbe London markets, most of which comes,
I believe, from West Australia, and the ‘‘ Bastard
Shell” of Torres Straits (Pace, 1898) are preferable
to thisspecies. “here are immature examples of
M vulgaris from various localities on the i orth
coasts of Australia in the British Museum. Two
specimens from Sydney, presented by the Earl of
Derby, are the most southerly record. On the West
coast it oceurs as far south as Sharks Bay (Saville
Kent), Australian Lingahs closely resems
ble those from the Persian Gulf in colour,

Nov. 1, 1901.]

New Guinea. The Pearl Shell of the Tro-
briaud Island, whch is fished almost exclusively
for its pearls, belougs tu this species. The fishing
is carried on entirely by the natives, in 02 ims.,
and the live shells are purchased in buik by the
traders. They yield quantities of pearls mostly of
inferior value. The shell bas been exported aud
sold as Lingeh in small quantities, The external
colour of the Trobriand shell is as in the Persian
Gulf form, but the nacre is more smoky and
leaden in lustre. I have occasionally jound iso-
lated examples in other localities in Eastern New
Guinea.

New Zealand Gould (M fucata).

Japan. Reeve (M fucata) (locality doubtful).

aS ib
A 1,500 YEAR-OLD TURTLE.

The largest turtle in the world rejoices in the
appropriate name of Jumbo, He weighs a trifling
500 Ib., and is credited with having celebrated a
modest 1,500 birthdays. He was brought to San
Francisco from the Galapagos Islands last year,
and had to be carried by his proud, but exhausted,
captors over no fewer than eighteen miles of the
lava beds which characterise certain parts of these
islands. ‘Jumbo’ is over 5ft. in length and is
a valuable property. It ix estimated that he is
likely to live 500 years longer, and he is valued at
nearly £1,000. He seems none the worse for his
eruise or change of air, If “Jumbo” shoud live
out his allotted number of years there is no know-
ing what disposition will eventually be made of
him— Daily Express, Sept. 12°

aa rr

PRODUCE. PLANTING, AND COMMER-
CIAL NOTES.

Commenting on the table published by Mr George
Seton, giving results of Indian tea companies during
the season 1900, the ‘‘ Finaneial Times” says: “It
will be observed that despite an increase in the ou'put
of tea amounting tone»rly 10 per cent.‘ the profit per
ib has failen to nearly one-half of what it was last
year, the working cost being little under that of 1899,
There is, however, one encouraging feature. Over-
production is admittedly the root of the evil, and it
is therefore gratifyiny to find that notwithstanding
the failure of the scheme to effeet a combined reduction
in the output, there is evidently a disposition on the
part of the companies to follow eut this principle
individually. A glance at the figures representing
the acrenge shows that the increase in the area
planted is only a little over 1 per cent. This can only
be cegarded as a very moderate proportion to meet
the depreciation in the gardens, and goes to show
that the different managements have fully realised
the folly of large extensions. As to the outlook for the
current season, itis as yet too early to express any
reliable opinion. We are informed that in all dis-
tricts, with a few exceptions, there was a consider-
able shortage in the tea crop at the end of Augnst,
owing, to a large extent, to the weather, which
curtailed the pickings, and this be ne the case it is
certain that unless this falling-off is made up by the
end of September the crop will be materially re-
duced. It must not be overlooked, however, that
there was a large surplus from the past season at
the end of May, and the question is as to what
stocks are heid in private hands. ‘The opinion
expressed by an authority is that it is now but
small, and in that event, if there should be,
as is not unlikely, a shortage in the current
crop, it is not improbable that we shall see
better prices at Mincing Lane before very
long. ‘his view is corroborated by Messrs,
Gow, Wilson and Stanton in their weekly
report, issued yesterday, but, at the same
time, they emphasise the warning that as

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 331

young tea from the recent extensions of tea planta-
tions in India is now coming into bearing, every
effort will be required on the part of planters to
reduce the output. In the meantime it is interesting
to note that tte direct export of Indian tea to places
outside the United Kingdom for the first half of the
year was largely increased, no fewer than 5,774,600 lb
having been shipped, as compared with 3,344,200 lb in
the corresponding period.”

A writerin the ‘‘ Trade Press List,” published at
Bostou, U.S.A, seems more scornful than hopeful on
the subject of tea-growing in the Southern States. He
says: ‘‘ For over a hundred years different individuals
have used the United States Agricultural Depart-
ment asa nursing bottle to draw funds from the
Treasury, to let them pose as tea-planters. Secretary
Wilson has lately slooped over in a statement, ‘ we
are succeeding admirably in producing tea in the
United States,’ As afad, supported by the Treasury
of the United States, it is a very pretty occupation,
but, from a commercial stand-point, the quality of
the stuff as yet produced, makes his remarks rank
nonsense.”’—H, and C’, Mail, Sept. 20.

see

LONDON-INDIAN TEA COMPANIES.

We have received MrGeorge Seton’s annual table
setting forth the resu'ts for the season 1900 of the
working of forty-five Indian Tea Companies regis-
tered in London. There iguo more carelully compiled
or, Within its range, more valuable compilation of
Indian Tea Company statistics than tbis. Year
after year Mr Seton’s figures enable tea share-
holders and the trade to follow the course of busi-
ness and to estimate future probabilities. For the
past year we regret to say the figures in the
table confirm al! that has been advanced in
our columns about the unsatisfactory posi-
tion of Indian tea cultivation. Running through
the totals but omitting a comparison of the total
capital, because this year debenture issues have
been added in the table to the share capital figures
heretofore alone given, raising the total by nearly
£800,000 to £8,760,000, we find fir-t of all that
10,600 acres additional matured garden were har-
vest din the past season, the fotal having risen to

162,699 acres. This involved, however, a decrease »

of 8,491 acresin the area of- immature gardens
under cultivation, so that the uggregate increase
of cultivated area was rather less than 2,200
acres. From the plants on this ground 79,272,489
lb. of tea were gathered, or 6,982,320 lb. more
than in the season 1899. That this increase was
not the product of the small net increase
in the acreage, is proved by the fact that 12 Ib.
per acre more tea were harvested last season
than in the previons one, the 1900 total being
487 lb. per acre. In the present state of trade
that additional output was not any benefit to
the companies, whose working expenses alone ran
up £149,397 to a total ot £2,136,407 so that, even
had the price obtained for the leaf averaged as
much as in the preceding year, the net results
would have been unsatisfuctory. As it was, the
average price receded 0:13d per lb. or 17 per cent
te 6:47d.

Taking the lower average price and the some-
what higher working cost together, it*fotlowed
as a matter of ec urse that the profit fell olf
£245,100 to £279 554. It was in facet 089d per Ib.
lower, altbough the gross income teil off only
£95,703 to £2,415,961. Vhis represented a de-
cline of fully 1d in the Ib, and the ratio of
expenses to receipts rose to 88 per cent, compared
with 79 per cent the year before, ‘This again inyol-

332 THE TROPICAL
ved a decrease of £1 13s 10d in the profit per acre,
which fell from £3 83 2d to £1 14s 41, and meant
that the profit on the total capital was only 3:20
per cent coripar d with 6:59 per cent in 18:9.
From all this a decline in the average dividend
natural'y ensured, and the distribution on the
total capital fell to 3°90 per cent econparel with
5°65 per cent for the season 1899. Even so, how-
ever, the dividends paid exceed the profits, their
agyregate amount being £346 92% or £102,386 less
than in the preceding season. But to pay even
this the reserves and balance canied forward had
to be reduced by £70,469 to £498,684. How dis-
astrous the season was to the companies may be
measured to some extent by looking in detail at
some of the figures relating to individual com-
panies, but we can do this only in the most sum-
mary way, for lack of space. In 1899 there were
three companies whose teas commanded upwards
of 1ld per lb in the market and eight that ob-
tained more than 10d, while there was only one
among the whole forty-five whose crop realised
less than an average of 6d perlb. In the past
season not one single company secured as much as
lid per !b for its tea, and only five got more than
10d, while there were eleven Companies that
received less than 61, and five whose average sales
yielded between 4 451 and 4:56d perlb. How tar
the additional weight marketed had to do with
the decline in price thus roughly exhibited, and
how far it was due to inereased British taxation,
we are unable to say, but would naturally ascribe
the fall to the increased supply more than to any
other cause. By another year we shall perhaps
see nore clearly.—J/investors’ Review, Sept. 2}.

PLANTING NOTES.

“BLUE MOUNTAIN” SEED.—Those who were for
tunate in gettinga pound of the new Blue Moun
tain seed from Jamaica report that this seed
is germinating splendidly and shews every sign
of coming on well.—Central African Times,
August 17,

“CEYLON TEA ON THE CONTINENT.’—We
direct attention to the long and interesting
letter from Mr. Renton which will be found
on another page: he is evidently covering a
great deal of ground and making some
interesting experiments in different countries
which ought to bear fruit.

SueGar.--It is claimed that the price of raw
sugar has reached a point where it barely covers
the cost of production. Only the most modern
plantations in Cuba can expect tc secure the
coming crop without actual loss. Beet sugar is
also down close to the line of actual cost of pro-
duction. -- American Grocer, August 28

COFFEE OVER-PRODUCTION, —The over-produe-
tion of coffee in Brazil has become very serious.
According to the following paragraph, one great
coffee producing, country at least seems even in
worse case than any great Tea producer ;:—

‘‘Tetters reaching Lisbon from Brazil report that the
coffre-growing industry of that country is threatened
with rum. The Province of San Paolu is already
reduced to a state almost bordering on famine. At
the depots of Santos and Rio de Janeiro, stocks are
accumulating to an extent which makes them a drug
in the market, and the fall in prices is ruinous,
The crisis is attributed to the large quantities of
coffee now in Ceuirsl Africa, the Congo, German
East Africa, and Uganda. From these regions it is
traushipped at Aden or Hodeida, where it becomes
‘« Ayabian,” if not actually ‘‘ Mocha,”

AGRICULTURIST. [Noy. 1, 1901.

TEA IN JAvA.—It is very satisfactory to
learn, on the authority of Mr. R.C. Wright,
that no matter how much the cultivation of
tea extends in Java, the production is not
likely to exceed the local demand, so greatly
is the drinking of tea extending among the
Javanese, Malays, &c. his is good news in
the interest of the people, as well as of tea
planters everywhere. It will be a grand
thing when tea becomes the universal drink
in India and Ceylon to the ousting of arrack
in a large number of cases.

THE MOUNTAINS OF THE Moon.—The volime
which Mr J Moore has just published on this
subject has two main lines of interest, says the
Spectator. It describes the chain of lakes which lie
like puddles up the central rift valleys, in proper re-
lati b to their seological time and formation, and it
pieces together the great central ranges of mountains
east cf these lakes, un:il it is difficals not to
agree with him that there exists there what is
practically an immense crntral range, often snow-
eapped and glacier-worn, almost 4s long as the
Rocky Mountains in their United States section,
On this subject, he has also proved that in<tead
of there being some single ‘* Mount Ruwenzori ”
north of Albert Edward Lake, tl.ere is a splendid
snowy range, “composed of as many different
elemental peaks us the Alps seen from the Italian
plain.” In alength of seveniy-five miles visible trom
one spot were fonr immen-e distinet groups of
snowy peaks. To talk of “ascending Ruwenzori’
is as absurd as to talk ot ascending the Alps.
The forests and their bases, the snow speaks, the
glaciers, the astonishing views looking up and
looking down, form the subject of the most in-
teresting chapters of the book. We can only
touch on a few of the main discoveries. The vege-
taticn js extraordinary, Atove the tropical forest
in a cold zone lies a forest of heather. ‘Whe leather
grows in trees to a heizht of 81 tt., and these trees,
fallen and decayed, cover the od watercourses
like rotten platforms. Both the men and the
goats which the explorers in eniously selected to
drive up the mountain with them, and soto ensure
a food supply, constantly fell in through natural
flooring. Various points were reached on a line
as long and as high as that between Mont Blane
and Sv. Gothard. Mr. Moore ascended above the
line of snow and ice to a connecting ridge, where
calculations showed an altitude of 14,900 ft,
and immense snow-fields and green glaciers shone
around. Mr Moore admits that South Africa hag
the finest climate in the world, and says nothing
against the high plateaux over which the Uganda
railway runs, and from which English ladies have
recently returned, after accompanying their re-
latives on hunting-trips, in the best of healih and
spirits. Somaliland, too. is all that could be desired
in regard to the conditions of health. But Mr
Moore deals with the centre, the lakes, the
adjacent mountains, the river outlets, and casts
au eye over the Upper Niie swamps. Below, to
the west, are the endless marshes and feverish
forests of the Upper Congo tributaries. Conse-
quently, when he pronounces Centra! Africa to be
unfit for habitation, he passes a verd:et on the
whole country fromthe Zambhesi north to Gon-
dokoro, and from the central line to the western
ocean. It is perhaps as well to know and_ re-
member this. 6 may narrow the area which a
certain class of Englishmen think we are bound to
police, settle, and ‘‘ develop.”

Nov. 1, 1901.]

Cornyespondence.
——————__<—_—__—_—
To the Eaztor.

CACAO PLANTING IN COSTA RICA.

[A melancholy interest attaches to the following
letter from Costa Rica, the writer—a cacao planter
there—being the son of the late Rev. S. Coles, to
whose address the manuscript came.—Ep. 7.A.]

Costa Riea, August 10ih, 1901.
(To the Editor of the ‘‘ Tropical Agriculturist,”’
Colombo, Ceylon.)

DEAR Srr,—In reply to your foot-note appended
to my article ‘‘ Coffee in Costa Rica,” I give you
the benefit of what knowledge [ have been able
to acquire about Cacao in this country. What is
most surprising about it is that with such faci-
lities as exist for its produetion, it should not
be able to supply even the local market, which
is a very small one, a few hundred quintals
sufficing to supply cousumption throughout the
republic : one may go to several stores in the
cities and villages and enquire for cacao in quite
a few before he will find it, and then most likely
have to pay about one colon per pound of native
best, lower grades from Colombia and Eetador
seliing for 60 centimos upwards. [t is generally
supposed that there are some millicns of acres
specially adapted for the cultivation of cacao in
the following districts of the republic, Golfo Dula,
El General, Talamanca, San Carlos, and Matina,
the last-named being the only one with railroad
advantages. This, however, should not be consi-
dered much of a drawback to the others on taking
into account the high prices realised in the capital.
The principal hindrance to the development of
eacao culture on lands known to be of the best,
is that unwise legislation has allowed anybody
with or without intentions of cultivation to grab
up enormous tracts of land wherever they chose
by merely ‘‘ denouncing ” them according to a
prescribed Jaw : 99 out of 100 who did so, are
doing nothing with the land, and are only waiting
or somebody to turn up some day, and pay them
a big price for it, meanwhile they are stubbornly
fighting any small road-tax that is levied once or
twice a year: the only lands of account that a
poor man can work on are small lots of 50 hectares
apiece, along thesea-coast or banks of navigable
rivers known as the maritime mile, which can be
taken up and held according to what is known
as squatter’s right, which is indisputable to all-
comers as long as it is not abandoned for over one

ear.

The Government is just beginning to offer
some inducement to the culture of cacao by giving
premiums of 30 centimes per tree on what is in
production, Mrs. Arnold of Limon thereby coming
in for a bonanza of some 1,000 colones on her
farm in Matina: Messrs. Codleman and Heinsen,
who have been planting for the pastseven years in
San Carlos, also received a considerable benefit
from the same source. This coming season should
give them splendid retnurns,and they are well-
prepared for it, having putin a great deal of
drying apparatus this year, as well as a tramway
to different parts of their estate.

It is to be regretted that cacao will not flourish in
the most populated part of the country, the cen-
tral pave and itis difficulp to foretell when

4

THE TROPICAL,

AGRICULTURIST, 333

conditions will change for the better as recards
the present tenure of lands. Many are looking
hopetully for the opening of the Nicaragua canal,
which they believe will be the means of foreign
capital developing the enormous plains of San
Carlos, and give a river and ocean outlet for all
products. In the hands of the present owners the
land can never improve.

T am indebted to Mr. Hugo Karlsen of San
Carlos for the following details of a farm of 80
acres, that has been run for several years by Mr,
W. Armstrong of Bluefields, Nicaragua, and’ hope
that the same may be of interest to your readers. To
abbreviate as much as possible I will summarize
small items by stating that they call for:—gather-
ing, planting, and taking care of seed ; planting
cleaning, pruning, marketing of produce ; tools,
houses, foremau’s salary, mules and equipments,
boats, drying houses, stationery, ete; values are
given in American gold.

First year.—Cutting down forest, planting and
cleaning once of 12,000 banana suckers, gathering
and planting 10.000 rubber seeds, gathering and
Blanrine of 13,000 cacao seeds, erection of houses,
ete.

2,957
Second year.—Trausplanting and clean- ;

ing rubber and cacao, marketing of

15,000 bunches of bananas 1,832

Third year.—Cleaning, replanting,and \

marketing of bananas -- 1,845
4th year, cleaning, replanting and marketing :
of bananas a nee soe §=1,920
5th year do do 10,000 Ib of cacao 27405
6th year do do 18,000 Ib do 2,575
7th year do do 30,000 lb do 2,805
8th year do do 48,000 Ib do 3,425
60,000 Ib do
9th year do do 4 15,000 1b rubber } 4,365
19,200 lb rubber
10th year do do 60,080 1]b cacao " 4,475
Total of expenses for ten years. ..§28,604
Proceeds,

2nd year, $
by sale of 15,000 bunches of bananas at 16c 2,400
3rd year do 20,000 do do 3,200
4th year do 20,000 do do 3,200
Sth year do 20,000 do do 3,200
do 10,000 Ib cacao at 18¢ 1,800
6th year do 20,000 bunches of bananas at 16c 3,200
do 18,000 1b cacao at'18¢ 3,240
7th year do 12,000 bunches of bananas at 16c 1,920
do 30,000 lb cacao at 18c¢ 5,400
8th year do 6,000 bunches of bananasiat 16c 960
do 4,800 lb cacao ‘at 18¢ 8,640
9th year do 15,000 Ib rubber at 60e 9,000
do 60,000 1b cacao at 18c 10,800
10th year do 19,200 lb rubber at 60c 11,520
do 60,000 Ib cacao at 18c 10,800

‘Total of proceeds...$79,280
Total of expenses...$28,604
Profits...$50,676
I would remark that these are favorable returns.
all of which cannot be obtained in some parts
as represented here; in the case of bananas
nothing could be sold to advantage where the
distance from the port or railroad is creat.
The Bluefields climate must always be a draw-
back to foreign settlement, whatever advantages
it may have in the question of cheap labor ; other-
wise IT see no reasons why similar results should
not be obtained in favorable districts in this
republic.—I remain, yours truly, E, A. C,

334

" TEA CROPS AND MANURE.
London, E.C., Sept. 6th, 1901.

DeEAR Srr,—Under the above heading the
Overland Observer received this week contains
a short editorial comment upon the increased
imports of manure and especially upon the marked
increase ix the quantity sent Upcountry by rail
during the year 1990.

Appended to these annual returns for the past
few years, there is giveti a statement of the
average yield of tea per acre, and for convenience
ot reference these several returns are repeated
as follows :—

Average yield of Manure Im- Manure carried

; acre. orted. by rail,
aise 1895 10487 tons. 7,213 tons,
1896 396 lb. 1896 11,576 do 8,186 do
1897 403 do 1897 10,874 do 8,431 do
1898 400 do 1298 12,745 do 9,025 do
1899 400 do 1899 14,200 do 11,126 do
1900 424 do 1900 20,341 do ATL, do

The average yield of tea per acre cannot be
taken as being dependent upon the manuring, as
in the majority of cases it is reasonable to suppose
that no manure had _ been applied, for at present it
will be admitted that manuring has only been
generally adopted on comparatively a very small
number of estates. The increased yield of tea
per acre, therefore, given as 424 lb. in 1900 as
against 400 lb. per acre in the preceding year of
1899 may fairly be ascribed to the coarser pluck-
ing which was so generally resorted to in order
to increase the outturn as a consequence of a
demand for tea of low quality.

The real interest in these returns is in reference
to the increased imports of manure which have
risen from 14,200 tons in 1889 to 20,341 tons
in 1900.
sopartler, of this 20,341 tonsimported 17,717 tons
were carried Upcountry by rail as against only
11,126 tons so carried in 1899. Obviously, there-
fore, the great bulk of the manure imported is sent
Upcountry, presumably for application on tea and
coffee estates. i

{n 1895 the manure carried by rail was_ only
7,213 tons so that in six years the quantity of
inapure so carried had more than doubled.

It would, of course, be interesting to know what
proportion of the 17,717 tons was carried up
during the first six months of 1900, also whether
the returns for the first six months ot the pre-
sent year at all correspond in tonnage. Probably
the low prices which have been obtained for the
past year have materially checked the application
of manure on certain estates, 5

But nevertheless the very remarkable increase
in manuring is evidently the result of practical
experience. Planters on estates above 2,000 feet,
are finding out that an exhausting crop like tea
cannot be maintained in a flourishing con-
dition on a naturally poor soil with a heavy
rainfall, without some manurial assistance.
As the writer has frequently pointed out in
private reports the manure for Tea, or rather the
judicious combination of different manures, sheuld

e so arranged that only a moderate percentage
of nitrogenous ingredients in different degrees of
solubility should be supplied, in union with a
more generous quantiby of potash salts which con-
stitute the domiaant element in the mineral

ortion of Tea, to which also. must be added
Phosphate of lime in an alkaline form, readily
available as plant food,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 1, 1901.

From the reports of the practical results of such
a system of manuring which the writer has re-
ceived direct from planters, there certainly is
every prospect that judicious manuring will con-
tinue to be carried out on the tea estates of
Ceylon.

In conclusion i: may be mentioned that in order
to withstand the attacks of grubs and bugs it is
very desirable that Bone dust, dried Fish, dried
Blood or even crushed Cake should be chemically
treated or mixed with chemical! salts before ap-
plication; otherwise such dressings may encourage
insect lite rather than benefit the Tea shrub.

JOHN HUGHES.

ANTIQUATED NOTIONS ABOUT THE
DATE-TREH.

(To the Editor of the Tropical Agricultwrist. )

12th Sept., 1901.

StR,—There are some persons that still believe
that the Date-Palm grows and flourishes in
deserts—which it never did, and never will do.

The Date-tree, like other trees, requires certain
conditions of climate and soil. But apa’t from
these, one of the first conditions of its healthy
development is irrigation. In the desert of the
Sahara it can he grown only in oasis, where
there are springs of water. It does not seem to
mind brackish water, and to bring ont the luscious
quality of the best varieties, they require in-
addition manure.

The following quotation, from the Journal of
the Royal Horticultural Society of England for
August 1901, p. 213, may interest the readers of
the Tropical Agriculturist: “Date-trees in
Spain (Rev. Hort. Belge, May 1901)—Contrary to
the usual opinion that Dates do not ripen in §.
Europe, there is at least one locality where trees
produce excellent fruit. Elche is a smail town
near the Mediterranean which has an ‘oasis’ of
Date. trees, yielding excellent fruit equal to those
of the Algezian Sahara. They were introduced
and grown bythe Moors when ruling Spain; to
whom also was the introduction of the orange
due into Valencia and Piotugal, The Dates are
of a good variety. They are multiplied, just as
the African Arabs used to do it, by separating
the shoots from the base, and not by sowing the
stones. Twenty-five female trees are fertilized
by means of one male.”—G. H. The probability is
that the Date-Palm was introduced into Spain by
the Moors , but it is doubtful whether whatis known
as the Valencia or Portugal orange was known to
the Moors, The bitter, or Seville orange, was known
to the Arabs, and itis that which the Moors
probably introduced into Spain.

In Oranges and Lemons of India and Ceylon
p. 225, there is a letter from Sir © F Bonham
which points to the introduction of the Portuga
orange into the Peninsula by the Portuguese
from China, or the Malay Avrchipelago, after
they had doubled the Cape. It is probable that
in many parts of Queensiand, and perhaps other
parts of Australia, and of South Africa, the Date-
Palm would fiourish, and beeome of importance to
the inhabitants. Its requirements are a suitable
climate and soil, and water; andthe two former
can be discovered only by expeiiment. If the
stoues of the best Dates (Tafilet, and others) were ~
sows as an experiment, they might reveal whether
the climate and soil were suitable to the healthy
growth of their palm. There would be uncer-

Nov. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAi:

tainty about the sexes that would result from
the seeds, but they would undoubtedly show
whether the climate and soil were suitable. It
is reported that the Americans are making an
effort to introduce the Date-Palm in Arizona.

H. BONAVIA, M.D.

CACAO AND CRITICISM.
Sept. 28.

DEAR Sir,—‘*‘ Pod” has the cacoethes loquend:
(eé scribendi) and gets inebriated with the
exuberance of his own verbosity. Is he not the
gentleman who lectured before the Uva Cacao
Committee in June last on the academic question
of growing suckers? He is more adept in dialectics
than in practical enquiry or application. His ac-
cusation of tactlessness in the Committee’s questions
is ridiculons. It is quite optional to answer or not,
any or all or none, of the questious submitted in
the amended circular of 26th July. District Asso-
ciations can have as many copies as they please for
distribution among those interested (if they will
apply to Secretary, P. A.)

Having asked the aid of a Scientist in formulating
the queries and some experienced. planters having
passed in Committee the questions aforesaid, it is
absurd of ‘‘ Pod” to pose as one who desires
information he cannot reach, and yet himself act
only as a captious and not too well-informed
critic.

The parody in your issue of the 20th on the
‘* Mahawansa,” is clever as a literary jew d’esprit
and was worthy ofa good hearty laugh. Even the
poor casket incident, though in questionable taste,
was irresistible to anyone knowing the original.
Those who are curious enough will find en-
lightenment in Barthelemy Saint Hilaire’s ‘‘The
Buddha and his religion ” (in the appendix at the
end of the volume.)

Questions which may seem unimportant to some,
may be most interesting to others. We have un-
doubtedly to thank the Mycologist for identifying
the worst pest cacao has yet suffered from. Sun-
light is the best eure, and we have had very sunless
weather this year in many districts, and yet the
battle is, [ think, in our favour, using the various
methods suggested by Mr. C. If that gentleman
could give more time to cacao interests, and if he
credited average planters with more knowledge,
intelligence and commen-sense generally than he
has implied in some of his imperfectly prepared
lectures, we should ail score in the end, for his
abilities are undoubted. Kew and Peradeniya
are somewhat too prone to scorn the practical
agriculturist, and to encourage too exclusively the
scientific work of the Gardens.

ButI must stop. It might be wise to enlarge the
Cacao Committee and\try to increase interest in
this product; but we do not want oversproduction !

—Yours truly, IN CACAO
d f

SIZE OF “TEA GARDEN” FOR
ECONOMICAL MANAGEMENT.
Sept. 29.

DEAR Sr1r,—I have never given the ques-
tion of the best size of a tea garden, from
an economical point of view, any special
hought ; so much depends on the bearing
ualities of the estate,

AGRICULTURIST. 335

But an ordinary decent place for on
to work should not, I think, be ihore thai
300 to 350 acres. With a good assistant he
could do double that.— Yours truly,

PROPRIETOR AND MANAGER,

———

LARGE vs. SMALL TEA GARDENS :

THE BEST SIZE FROM AN ECONOMICAL
POINT OF VIEW.

Oct. 5.

DeAR Sir,—As to the profitable size of a
tea garden, it depends very much on the
age, elevation, soil, &c.; but I think about
300 acres isa workable average. Where manu-
facture can be centralised I believe in the
grouping of estates under a permanent staff,
As things are, every superintendent has to
spend a great deal of his time in correspond:
ence, finessing and arranging about labour,
doctoring coolies, &c., which on larger estates
could be more organized and combined,
This is, from the purely commercial point of
view, the desideratum to be aimed at; but
a more ideal system I consider to be a
smaller and individual proprietorship, grow-
ing the leaf and supplying it -to central
factories; these being worked as separate
concerns, like the creameries and butter
factories in Australia. But it is too late in
the day for this now and it is no use crying
over ‘‘spilt milk.”—\ ours truly,

AN OLD HAND AT TRA,

THE CACAO CIRCULAR: A SEVERE
CRITIC.
Wattegama, Oct, 10,

DrAR Sir,—I welcome P.O.D.’s challenge to
‘In Cacao”, but I would much prefer to listen
to the combatants in the Planters’ Hall and in
the presence of any cacao planter who may
wish to listen to or take part in the argument ;
for our Cacao Committee has sent out
circulars—like the one I have received—with
a number of foolish questions which at

‘least some of the Committee ought to have

been able to answer on the spot, if they are
entitled to serve on the Committee. I have
no desire personally for further information
re Cacao as I can tell from appearance
of leaf, bark, and pods, the requirements of
the trees; and the taste of the dye extracted
from the soil around the trees is of further
use to prove the correctness. As we have
so many planters able and willing to speak
out, I, as anold planter of 43 years’ experience
and 70 years of age, left younger men to
carry On correspondence, &c., of late; but
this circular is so silly that I welcome P.O.D,
—Yours faithfully,

JOSEPH HOLLOWAY.
—_<>—___

THE JAVA COFFEE CROP, 1901.

According to a telegram sent to Europe by
the Governor-General of Netherlands India, the
Government coffee crop in Java is estimated for the
year at 95,000 piculs.—Straits Times, Sept. 30,

336
SIR JOHN MUIR COMPANIES.
ANGLO-AMERICAN DIRECT THA TRAD-
ING COMPANY, LIMITED.

At last we have been able to get sight of the
report of this Company for the year ended Novem-
ber 30th last, but it has not illuminated us much,
Itis printed on the same coloured paper as the
reports of other subsidiary companies of the Con-
solidated Tea and Lands parent and the directorial
report signed by ‘“‘James Finlay and Company,
Secretaries,” is divided into the same kind of
paragraphs telling us about the quantity of tea
marketed, the extensions of the acreage cultivated,
the balance at credit of profit and loss, and sun-
dry other matters, but into the true position of
the company we get not the slightest glimpse.
Very little profit has come from the company’s
estates in Ceylon, we are told, because of the fall in
prices, but the directors are glad to state that
Ceylon producers generally are now ‘ piucking
much finer,” therefore it is hoped that an en-
hanced averaged price will be realised by the
company in 1901. Even so, we cannot think it
will be benefited much, for coffee is falling in
price, and the company does seem to produce a
little of that berry, although its directors are
careful to avoid confiding to their shareholders
how much. What, though, has become of the
‘6 direct trading” portion of the business? It is
all very wellto inform shareholders that ‘‘ Carda-
moms are produced in the form of three-celled
capsules, containing numerous seeds which yield
an aromatic pungent spice with a peculiar but
agreeable taste.’ This is interesting and quite
nice, but where is the market for the company’s
teas in America of which so much was origi-
nally made? ‘here is not a syllable about the
subject in the report, nor can we trace anything
relating to it in the accounts.

In order to bring the statistics of these various
and fascinatingly peculiar emanations of Sir John
Muir’s company-framing industry into uniformity
we have drawn up tables to exhibit the figures
of this company on the same lines as those laid
down for his other companies in last week’s
issue. These tables show that the Anglo-American
Direct Tea Trading Company offers as good an
example of the financia! ‘trake’s progress” as any
one of them.
cultivation somewhat in the year ended November
30th last, and marketed a much larger crop of tea
but the price exhibited a disastrous fall, and worse,
than all, the company has to lean more
and more upon borrowed money, while dividends
on the ordinary shares, have become impossible.
Twelve months before, the directors boidly paid
a five per cent dividend, -with a four per
cent bonus, making nine per cent for thé year on
those shares and for last year they got nothing, in
spite of the large amount of additional money poured
into the business. This ‘“*maneuvring with
capital ” has become quite appalling, The paid-
up share capital remains much as it was twelve
months before, but loans and advances from
shareholders have risen from £156,000 to £233,000,
and advances by bankers from £171,000 to £202,000.
The company thus owes £108,000 more than it
did twelve months previously, and has not a rag
of a Scotch £1 note to show for the money. All
‘that we can discover is a slight increase in the
value of the tea pledged to the bankers against
advances, but that increase left the bankers un-

THE TROPICAL ~AGRICULTURIST.

It has extended the acreage under

(Noy, 1, 1901.

covered at the date of the balance sheet to the
extent of £145,000. What have they got for
that money? Adding it to the debt of the
other companies, over £500,000 has been advanced
by bankers to the various companies known as the
Muir group, apparently without security unless
the ‘‘ investments” paraded in the accounts are
pledged to them, But these investments have all
shrenk in value, so far as we know, and prob-
ably could not now be realised at one-half their
cost price. It is only necessary to state facts
of this description to indicate what a bottomless
quagmire of unstable credit the accounts of these
companies present. We must, however, congra-
tulate the directors on being able to write off
£434 on account of preliminary expenses during
the past year, although this is almost balanced
by the increase in the suspense account for coolies,
é&e. That, however, is the only word of commen-
dation it is possible to utter, and against it we
must place a decrease of over £2,700 in the cash,
the total of which is now down tor £1,117. No
wonder it was deemed prudent to abstain from
declaring any dividend on the ordinary shares.
Who holds these ordinary shares? Not the public,
it is to be hoped. If the public, may the gods
help them! Sir John won’t.

ANGLO-AMERICAN DIRECT TEA TRADING
COMPANY.

1899. 1909
Cultivated area (tea,
coffee, cardamoms)

Tea crop

14,449 acres

15,222 acres,
2,955,750 lb.t

3,520,332 lb.

Average price 9°83d 637d
z
Proceeds of tea and eoffee
sold 92,666 95,987
Transfer fees : 3
Dividendsand interest 10,792 10,889
Balances brought up 17,047 6,449
Total 120,505 113,327
Working expenses 75,419* 84,313*
Commissions on profit 438 392
Interest, &c. 5,719 5,120
Net profit 38,930 23,552
Estonia share divi-
end 14,849 16,543
Ordinary Share divi- ;
dend and bonus (5
per cent and 4 per cent) 17,631 —
Balances forward 6,449 7,010

ITEMS IN THE A/CS, CAPITAL AND DEBT.

1899. 1900,
Dr. s3 Se
Paid-up share capital 528,788 529,441
Loans and advances by rg
shareholders, &, 155,869 232,691
Bankers’ loans 170,970 202,003
Sundry creditors 4,918 7,175
Reserve 13,600 13,600
Current charges unpaid 11,419 7,528

* Including £2,073 commission paid to Finl i
& Co. and £1,047 to ID AR Bechaeae & Gar eT oal

in 1
and £2,045 and £1,028 respectively in 1900, ie
t Coffee crop not given in either year, only esti-
mates of comin

§ crop and estimates of price, the —
latter 44s per cwt. in 1900, againat 63s in 1899, .

Nov. 1, 1901.]

ITEMS IN THE A/CS, CAPITAL AND DEBT.

1889. 1900.

Cr. £ Ee
Cost of properties 672,229 735,895
Value of tea pledged to

bankers 42,974 57,095
Stores 4,405 5,297
Suspense account for

coolies, &c. 4,208 4,792
Preliminary expenses 434 —
Loans in India and

Ceylon 49,266 54,865
Cash 3,838 1,117
Sundry debtors 18,407 12,281
Sundry Investments, at

cost 121,536 135,769

—Investors’ Review, Sept. 14.

THE CONSOLIDATED ESTATES CO., LTD.

The tenth annual report of the general managers,
to be submitted to the shareholders at the general
meeting, to be held at 34, Great St. Helens, E.C,,
on Wednesday next, states that the profit and
loss account shows a balance (including £596 18s 7d
brought forward from last year) of £3,488 2s 9d,
after paying interest on the Debentures, and an
interim dividend of 4 per cent on the Preferred
shares. Out of this sum the general managers
propose to pay a balance dividend of 4 per cent on
the Preferred shares, making 8 per cent for the
whole year, which will absorb £1,480; to set aside
for redemption of 2 per cent of the Debentures at
103, £927 ; carrying forward the balance, viz.,
£1,081 2s 9d. Total £3,488 2s 9d. (By the articles
of Association it is provided that no dividend can
be paid on the ordinary shares in any one year
unless 5 per cent of the debentures have been
redeemed for that year), The following
shows the result of the years working
viz :—Net proceeds of Crop—1,787,560 lb of tea at
an average net price ofabout 5 5-16d per lb realised
£39.715 17s 9d ; cocoa, cardamoms, cinchona bark,
‘and cinnamon, £961 19s 7d; surplus on estimated
value of produce brought forward from 1899-1900,
£330 ls 6d ; interest on account, £109 12s 3d;
total, £41,117 lls ld. Expenditure on Estates
—Messrs. George Steuart and Co.’s drafts—
R480,732 at an average of ls 4 2-63d per rupes,
£32,784 25 6d ; balance of coast advances, £300
8s 3d; bonus to superintendents—R4,000 at Is
4 1-16d, £267 14s 2d. The shareholders are no
doubt aware that, owing te the heavy fall in the
price of tea, the past year has been an unfortu-
nate one for tea-producing companies, and the
general managers much regret that they are un-
able to recommend the payment of any dividend
on the ordinary shares, but they think the result
of the year’s working is not unfavourable as
compared with that of other similar companies,
They are also glad to say that the prospects for
the new season are much more satisfactory, for not
only is the market in a much stronger position,
but also some further economy in the production
may be looked for, while the crops are still in-
creasing, and with normal weather it is hoped
phat a further addition of about 50,000 may be
expected. During the past season the weather in
Ceylon was favourable for the growth of tea, and
it will be seen that the actual crop exceeded the
estimate by over 100,000 lb., so that, but for the
heavy fallin price, the results would have been
quite satisfactory, The fall was mainly due to
over-production, but planters are now thoroughly
alive to the danger of this, and shipments from

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

337

Ceylon show a considerable reduction, while the
consumption continues to increase. The cost of
production on thecompany’s estates was slightly
in excess -of that of last year, which is due to the
large sum spent in manuring; the arrangements
for this had been made, and in fact nearly all the
manure had actually been applied before the
serious fall in price of tea took place, but during
the new season it will not be necessary to spend
nearly as much on this item, as the company’s
estates are now in ahigh state of cultivation ; but
the subject is one which engages the special atten-
tion both of the general managers and the com-
pany’s agents in Ceylon. Exchange during the
past twelve months has been slightly more favour-
able for the company, the average rate for three
months’ drafts having been 1s 4 23-64d, against 1s
4 31-64d last year. The amount realised from pro-
ducts other than tea is rather less than the
estimate, which is mainly due to the fact that it
was found necessary to let a good deal of the cin-
chona bark stand over till the present season, and
consequently only abouthalfthe quantity estimated
for was actually harvested. The crop of carda-
moms was also somewhat short of the estimate,
No new properties have been acquired since the
date of the last annual report, and the total
acreage of the company’s estimates remains
unaltered—viz., 5,484 acres. But it has been
decided to abandon the cultivation of a
plot of about 70° acres on Warriagalla
whieh does not pay, and the land under tea
is thus reduced from 3,927 to 3,857 acres.

The usual tabulated statement showing the dis-
tribution of the acreage is appended, but a careful
survey of the reserve land suitable for Tea is being
made, and this will probably result in some slight
alteration of the figures given below :—

oo th a s aS ©

w 8 Canes ee)

Q Ba eaccs Cia Vics

Gey Seeing GS) apie}

$o $f g@.Ae ee at q

Nameof Ceylon = SMS Huss
Estate. District. S 5 aa af coe 6
aA oO A

Wattegodde Dimbula 800

Zz
=
bo
or
E
Z
o
“3
S
ol
a)
ao

Hoonoocotua Kotmale 560 25 I5 45 117 762
Tallagalla Kalutara5l5 48 54 60 = 23 700
Ellagalla Matale 225 6 9 38 167 445
Rutland Hewaheta 443 GeO) N85? 159 663
Wariagalla Nilambe 423 61 26 57 694 1,961
Sorana Kalutara 422 79 45 81 1381 158

Total 3,388. 225 244 366 1,261* 5,484

The capital expenditure last year somewhat ex
ceeded the estimate, as the requirements on factory
and machinery account were found tobe rather larger
than had been anticipated, ihe estimate having
been £1,800, whereas the actual expenditure
amounted to £2,210 10s 7d, thus bringing the
total amount at debit of the factory and extension
account to £6,544 4s 1d.
further small requirements in the future the gene-
ral_ managers made an issue in July, as the share-
holders are aware, of £2,000 in £10 Preferred shares,
and £5,000 in 5 per cent. Debentures, which have
all been taken up, but mainly by the general mana-
gers under their guarantee. As, however, this
issue was made in July, the figures in connec-
tion with it do not appear in the annexed

* Of which more than 300 acres are planted with
Cardamoms, Cocoa, Cinnamon and Cinchona,

To provide for this and:

338 fT E TROPICAL
accounts, which are for the year ending June 30.
For the present it has been decided to discontinue
the extension of cultivation, as the shareholdeis
seem fur the most part disinclined to provide the
additional capital that would be necessary, and
the expenditure on factory and extension account
will therefore in the future be small. It is esti-
mated for next year at about £600 to £700, and is
chiefly required for the upkeep of the extensions
of tea and cardamoms made during the last two or
three years, which are not yet in bearing.

The Estimates of Crop Expenditure and Yield
for the New Season have as usual been very
carefully prepared, and are as follows :—

EXPENDITURE. Crop,
b Ib. Tea,
Wattegodde 114,141 440,000
Hoeno cotua 78,687 280.000
Ellagalla 28,469 120,000
Tallagalla 62,735 a0 250,000
Warriagalla di 60,196 ae 230,000
Rutland 90 62,309 940,00
Sorana ae 66,422 275,000
Totals R473,009 @ 1,835,000

1/48 = £32,273.

Also about 20,000 Jb. of Cinchona fiom Rutland
5,500 lb, Cardamoms, and 1,680 lb. Cocoa from Warria-
galla, and 15,000 lb. Cinnamon from Sorana; the
value of the whole of such products being estimated
at about £1,000 to £1,200.

The general managers are glad to be able to state
that the reports they have received as to the condi-
tion of the company’s estates continue to be very
satisfactory, and there is almost an entire absence
of blight or pest of any kind, so that with normal
weather ond even moderate prices for tea, the
prospects tor the coming season appear to be
decidedly hopeful.

—

NAHALMA TEA ESTATES COMPANY,
LIMITED.

The report states that there is a loss for the year
ended December 31st, 1900, after providing for
general expenses, directors’ and auditors’ fees, in-
terest on debentutfes, &e , of £1,544, Itis proposed
to adjust the accounts in the company’s books by
writing £910 off the balance of the amount set
aside for the redemption of debentures, and £109
off the amount set aside for provision against loss
on coolie advances. There was also a credit
balance carried forward from profit and loss for
1899 of £100, which leaves a debit balance to be
carried forward to 190] of £423.— Home & Colonial
Mail, September 27.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be presented to the shareholders at the seventh
annual ordinary general meeting, to be held on
Wednuesilay, October 16th :—

The Directors beg totubmit the general balance
sheet and profit and loss account for the twelve months
ending 31st December, 1990, duly audited, which re-
sults in alossfor the year ending 3)st December,
1900, after providing for general .expenses, Directors’
and Auditors’ fees, interest on debentures, &e., of
£1,544 7s 9d. It is proposedto adjust the account in
the Company’s books by writing off this sum the fol-
lowing items :—The balance of the amount set aside
for the redemption of debentures £910 2s. 6d; the
amount set aside for provision against loss on coolie
advances £10911s. 6d; there was also a credit bals
ance carried forward from profit and loss for 1899 of
£100 148. 8d; which leaves » debit balance to be
carried forward to 1901 of £423 19s 1d.

The Directors beg to hand their report for 1900.
The crop obtained was208,419 lb as against an estimate

AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1901.

of 230,000. The debenture holders and shareholders
have been fully advised as to the various causes tend- —
ing to contribute towaids the disastrous position of —
the Ccmpany. Messrs Bosanguet & Co., Colombo,
have becn appointedthe agents to thes Company in
Ceylon as from 1st ApvilJ, 1901.

The acreage of the Company’s properties on 31st
December last remaincd unaltered, at—Teain full
bearing, 446 acres; jungle, 246 acres; total 692
aCYES,

The Directors report that Mr. Arthur Marsha!) has
resigned his seat upon the Board; they have also to
record the resignation of Mr, William Forsythe. Mr,
Richard Arthur Bocanquet was elected a Director of
the Company at an extraordinary general meeting ot
the shareholders in November last.

Mr. John Abernethy, the Director retiring by rota-
tion, being eligible, offers himself for re-election. Mr.
Richard Arthur Bosanquet being eligible also offers
himself for re-election.

Messrs fox, Sissons & Co,, Auditors to the Com-
pany, offer themselves for re-election.

DOOMOO TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LTD.
REPOKT OF THE DIRECTORS.

Your Directors beg to submit their Report and
Accounts for the season ending 30th June, 1901.

The Tea produced on the two Hstates was 240,130
Ib costing 26°95 cents per lb and realising 40°39 cents
per lb as against 40°57 cents for last season, a result
which may be considered eminently satisfactory in
view of the condition of the tea market during the
financial year. ;

During the year a new bungalow has been built
on Verellapatna at a cost of R3,000 and the estimates
fox the present season provide for the erection of fans
on Verellapatna factory at a cost of R3,500, which it
is hoped will improve the manufacture of the tea.

The smount available to be dealt with is 37,481°22
and your directors recommend that a
divided of 7 per cent be paid absorbing 28,00000
That there be passed to Depreciation account

a sum of ef 0 eee 2,500°00 —
That there be passed to Reserve account
a sum of --- 5,000:00

That there be carried forward_a sum of ... 1,981°22 ©

The estimates for the current season provide for a
crop of 260,000 lb tea at a cost of R69,838 exclusive
of Capital Expenditure. ,

The acreage of the two Estates is as follows :—

Doomoo .. 213 acres Tea 5 years old and upwards.
®) 53 op under 2 years old.
19 ,, Timber.
58 ,, Chena and Patana.
299

35 oe) ” 4 27

24 ” ” 3 ”

10 ,, Grass
154 ,, Chena and Patana,
680

jn accordance with the Articles of Association Mz,
W D Gibbon zetires from the board, but being eligible —
offers himself for re-election. .
It will be necessary to appoint an AuGitor for —
season 1901-2.

Nov 1, 1901.]

‘THE MAZAWATTE COMPANY : CHOCO-
| LATE AND COCOA,
NEW “ ALL-BRITISH” ENTERPRISE,
(Globe, Sept. 27.)

One may fairly describe chocolate as the queen
lof sweetmeats. Thanks to the foreigner, who
‘often supplies us with what we could wel! pro-
‘vide for ourselves, eating chocolate has long
‘usurped whatever position drinking chocolate may
‘nave held in the past, and where the cocoa bean
‘is used in liquid form it is as cocoa pure anc
simple that we know it. After all, the difference
‘between chocolate and 20coa is largely one of
in fact, which is

‘degree—the degree of butter, —

‘extracted oris allowed to remain. A cocoa bean
‘contains something like 50 per cent of butter ;
for cocoa essence this is nearly all extracted,
‘but in making chocolate of the best quality the
lrich vegetable oil is not to any considerable
‘extent interfered with, whereas in chocolate
‘of the lower grades (and it is to be feared
‘a good many people know none other), ton
the natural butter, which is a very marketable
‘commodity. there is substituted inferior animal
fats, while arrowroot, sago, and all kinds
of eclouring matter find a home in the cheaper
chocolates that have but slight acquain‘ance with
the cocoa bean, and that only with the husk dis-
carded by the high-class manufacturer,
Holland, France, Switzerland, and Germany
have, so far, almost monopolised the trede in the
best chocolate and the finest cocoa essence in this
country, and it is interesting to learn that an at-
tempt is to be made by the Mazawattee Company
to capture some of this trade from the hand of
‘he foreigner. Of course, Competition heing what
it iz, the public is nob prone to extend any parti-
eular favour to an article simply heeanse it is
British-made. This fact is often deplored, but
the answer (and one which the Mazawattee
(Company would surely make) is that the
jbuyer seeks the best article for his money,
lwhether it bears a Dutch name or a
Frenci title. It is such a_ commodity that the
vast undertaking so long identified with packet
jeas promises to place on the market, and, having
regard to assured reputation, no less than to the
alaborate preparations, extending over five years,
tor entrance upon the new enterprise, and to the
anique facilities for distribution possessed by the
irm, promise may almost be taken as performance.
Something not far short of half-a-million sterling
jas been sunk in the enterprise, which is not only
ulready giving work to about 3,000 hands at New
Yross, but is further stimulating trade with our
e ,

aa the finest of the cocoa beans come from
Seylon, while a large quantity is imported from
Trinidad; and in the making of the chocolate
in all its varied form—but of one quality-~at
New Cross, including the most popniar milk
shocolate, in regard to which again the foreigner
Inust now look to his own, cocoa from our British
Nolonies 18 alone being used by Mazawatte.
ls New Cross this new and self-contained enter-
brise, with which the public will make more
ntimate acquaintance in a few days, is now in
lull swing. Everything is done there—fror
vashing the cocoa bean to turning out the
Ihocolate with that bloom _and smoothness { of
urface known to the connoisseur and producing
he best of cocoa essence, and from cutting the tin
o finishing the boxes in which the chocolates

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

339

are so daintily placed. Cardboardis said to
contaminate, and is therefore to be rigidly ex-
cluded. The works cover an immense acreage,
divided almost’equally between the tea trade and
the new industry, which has its centre at New Cross,
It is a bold venture and a big one, which, asa
purely British enterprise,- may be wished that
success which is already assured.
—c——qY—_—-
DISEASES OF CHILDREN AND
THEIR TREATMENT :

BY J. L, VANDERSTRAATEN, M. D.*

This very valuable work, which has been
out of print for some time, has now
passed through a fourth edition. It used to
be the book to which every HEnglish-read-
ing mother in Ceylon, turned in time
of sickness, and in which she seldom
sought in vain for guidance. Dr. Vander-
straaten had had so many years’ experience
in Ceylon that he knew just how to direct
and advise. The first Edition appeared in
1873 and now the work has been completely
revised; the chapters on the management of
children in Health and in Illness have been
re-written and several additions have been
made to the Table of Ailments, while another
chapter on Directions tor Infant Feeding
is given. The book itself is divided into
two parts :—Part I contains a concise ac-
count of each disease so that the symptoms
may be readily recognized before the treat-
ment is attempted. The List of Medicines
in general use and the Table of Prescrip-
tions, contain the doses suited to children,
from under one year to ten years of age.
In addition to the results of the Doctor’s
own experience, much of the valuable in-
formation in this part is obtained from the
works of Drs. Goodeve, Hooper, Kesteven
Rees, Tanner and West. A section on Acci-
dents and Poisons is also added. Part II.
is composed mostly of extracts on the Hy-
gienic and the General Management of the
Young, the most valuable extracts being
from Goodeve’s Hints for Management of
Children in India. The Address to Nurses,
by Dr. West should be studied carefully by
mothers.

The work is one that every mother ought
to keep close at hand. It tells when a doctor
ought to be called in, and gives such clear
directions what to do when symptoms are
first observed that no time is lost before the
Medical man canappear. Especially onteaand
other estates should this little volume be
valued. Goodeve’s work is a larger and more
expensive one and, for fevers especially, is
fuller, but, in a general way, this book
will be found the more handy. The pres-
criptions are such as any one can under-
stand and ccpy for the chemist and
then the Alphabetical List of Medicines,
giving their Operation, Diseases in which
gives doses according to age, and remarks,
is one to be often consulted,

Equally valuable is the chapter one the
Preparation of Invalid’s Food, that on Nurs-
ing and what not to do, and one on cholera,
precautions against it and the treatment of it

Published by A. M. & J. Ferguson, Colombo. Price
R260 by V.P.P. Post,

340

PLANTING NOTES.

Mr W Watson has been granted a_ special
license for the purpose of issuing certificates to
any persons having cortrol of any boiler or boilers
used in any factocy.—Gazette.

CocoA AND BANANA PLANTING IN CENTRAL
AMERICA.—We direct attention to a letter
on this subject on page 333 from a British
planter in Costa Rica. He givesus figures of a
highly satisfactory kind; but these are not
on his own experience, and seem almost based
too good to be true. However, we give them
quanltim aleant.

Trout IN NEw ZEALAND.—Twenty thousand
trout ova were received at Rotorua from the
Okoroire trout hatehery a few weeks ago. The
ova has now developed into healthy little fry.—
Auckland News, September 12.—An enormous
male trout was recently found lying dead near
the mouth of the Mimihau river, a tributary of
the Mataura river. It was 3ft. lin. in length,
and although in very poor condition, weighed no
less than 18lb.—N. Z. Mail, September Lt.

ALOE IN FLOWER.—There is new being exhi-
bited in the conservatory at the West Park,
Wolverhampton, a fine specimen of the American
aloe which is said only to flower onee in abouta
hundred years. It has been given to the Park
Committee by Mr H Lovatt, of Law Hill Hall,
and as it is now commencing to flower it will
doubtless be an object ofinterest for several weeks.
Tt is 18fthigh, and it is estimated that it will
develop about 2,000 blooms.—Globe, Sept. 27.

Doomoo TEA Company. — Elsewhere we
give an account of the proceedings at the
annual general meeting of this Company
which discloses a state of affairs upon which
the shareholders may very well be congratu-
lated, considering the condition of the market
during the year. <A dividend of 7 per cent
has been declared and considerable adititions
made to thedepreciationand reserve accounts
while there is a balance of nearly R2,000 to
bezearried forward. A good deal of atten-
tion has been paid to Verellapatna estate
and there is every reason to believe that
the new factory which it is proposed to
erect there, will help very materially in im-
proving the manufacture of tea.

Fruit AND LEAF Crops.—We have in the
Island hill districts whose climate hardly
suited coffee, so far as fruiting at least
went, as well as it suited the health and
comfort of the Huropean Proprietor and
Superintendent, and in the low-country
there are tracts in which the coconut tree
flourishes luxuriantly, but which are too
rainy to bear paying crops. In the Upper
Shillory Experimental Farm in _ Assam,
they are just beginning to realise that,
while there is no difficulty in raising fodder
crops, and in preserving them for cattle in
the winter. When natural grass is very
scarce in parts, seed crops yield disap-
pointing results. Grasses, cloves and even
root crops have been successful; but
wheat, barley, cats and linseed have proved
very disappointing owing to the rains
setting in about the time of flowering, and
preventing the development of seed,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Nov. 1, 1901.

“THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE ”
Wales. Issued by Direction of the Hon. John Kidd,
M.P., Secretary for Mines and Agriculture.
Edited by W. H. Clarke, for August 19(1, has the
fo!lowing contents :—Introduction by the Under Se-
cretary for Mines and Agriculture; Report of the
Chief Inspector of Agriculture ; Report of the Chem-
ist; Report of the Entomologist; Report of the
Dairy Expert; Report of the Fruit Expert; Re-
port of the Wheat Experimentalist; Report of the
Viticulturist ; Report of the Inspector of Agriculture
and Timber; Report of the Fruit Inpectors; Re-
port of the Principal, Hawkesbury Agricultural
College; Report of the Manager. Wagga Experi-
mental Farm ; Report of the Manager, Bathurst Ex-
perimental Farm ; Report ofthe Manager, Wollongbar
Experimental Farm: Report of the Manager Pera
Bore Experimental Farm; Report of the Manager,
Coolabah Experimental Farm; Report of the Se-
cretary, Board for Exports; List of Agricultura-
Societies’ Shows, 1901.

CENTRAL AFRICA AND SEED IMPORTATION.
—The mail from Central Africa brings
us news of importance to those who
have coffee and cocoa seed for sale, in
the announcement that the B C A Chamber

of New South

of Agriculture and Commerce has asked
the Commissioner to permit a _ specially
chosen committee to consider applications
to import economic seeds from countries
at present prohibited under the Coffee
Leat Disease Regulation Act of 1894.
Coffee seed will be imported as ‘ cherry-

dried” only, and all seeds will be chemically
disinfected. The need of new products is
being felt, and the following (Central
African Times, Aug. 24th) is germane to the
subject :—

Mr. J W Moir, of Lauderdale Estate, Mlanje,
who has for many years imported Jamaica Coffee
seed, has another consignment on the way now
which we trust will prove successful. Mr. Moir
deserves credit for his persistent efforts to introduce
not only new Coffee seed, but also to estaplish the
Cocoa plant in this country.

SEED FOR CENTRAL AFRICA.—With reference
to this subject, upon which we quote fully else-
where, the Central African Times has the
following :—

We think it may be said that the Planters have
supported the Administration throughout and that the
present untoward result is due to the extreme strin-

_gency imposed upon both the Administration and the

Planters by the Kew authorities with, we may re--
mark, the very best intentions. The Regulations so
far have been completely successful and as yet we
have been able to keep the leaf disease at bay. In
barring the importation of seed from all countries
where leaf disease is known to be, or has been, we
have, however, handicapped ourselves to a tremend-
ous extent as, unfortunately for a young country like
ours, we have been unable to import seed from all
those countries which are our immediate neighbours,
We have, in fact, had to face the problem of im-
porting our seed trom the uttermost ends of the earth
and seed is a commodity which cannot stand long”
carriage. For example, itis practically impossible to
establish cocoa here because in ninety-nine cases out
of a hundred the germinative power of the cocoa
seed is lost by the time the seeds arrive in this
country from the Hast Indies, the Leaf Disease
Regulations absolutely prohibiting the importation
from our nearest neighbours such as Natal, Mauritius,
India or Ceylon. It is, however, apparent to all that
this risk must be taken and we have no donbsé bat
that H. M. Commissioner, recognising the urgency
of the case, will at once accede to the Ohamber
Committee’s proposals,

.

‘

re.
al

Nov. 1, 1901.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 341,

TO ALL PARTS OF ASIA, ARICA, AMERICA AND OCHRANIA.

pols & Plaiits oi ommercial rroducts.

Hevea Brasiiiemsis.—Orders being booked for the coming crop, August-September delivery
1991 : booking pecessizy before the end of April ; quantities of 100,000 aud over at special low rates,
‘Plants available aliithe year round. 100,000 and over at special low rates. A leading itubber planter in
Samatra, who pwclased 50,000 seeds in 1899, and 109,000 in 1900, writes us, under dai:: 15th November,
"3968 :-— I received your letter of 20th October, from which [ iearn that you added ano\her case of 5,000
seeds to replace the oss. &e. Tam satisfied hereby, and even atterthis addine I am satisfied by the whole
Gelivery of this year.”

Castilloa Elastica,—True superior variety cultivated in Mexico, seeds froin specially reserved
old aatapped trees. Or lers booked for August-September delivery, 1901, booking necessary before the
end-of March ; larve quantities on special terms; Plants in Wardian eases.

Manihot Giaziovii.—Seeis and Plants available ail the year round, 10000 and over at
special low rates. A \iexiean planter, in sending an-erder for this seed, wrote onthe 22rd August, 1900:—.
9 they arrive fresh and germinate easily I maysend you larger orders, as they are for high ground
where the Castilloa does net thrive.”

Kickxia Elastica.—(Funtumia Elastica).—Seeds and Plants, orders booked. (Lagos rubber.)

Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available in May-June ; booking necessary befere the end of March;
also plants.

Urceola Esculeata and U. Elastica.—Same as above. (Burma, rubber.)

Parameria Giandulifera.-——Orders booked for seeds for January-February delivery ; also plants;
immediate booking necessary. (A good rubber creeper of Malacca.)

Landolphia Kirkii.—Seeds in July-August, early booking necessary. Plants can be supplied

@# the year round. (A lighly-recommended species.)
Chonemorpha Macrophylia.—Seeds and Plants; orders-booked. (A very valuable rubber-

FEES

yielding creeper.)
Memusops Globosa and Payena Leerii.—Seeds and plants in-Jmly-August, booking
y beforeApri).
Achras Sapeta, Willughbeia Firma, W. LEdulis and other Rubber-and Gutta Percha
yaelding Trees and Creepers, Seeds and Plants.
Cinaamomum Zeylanicum (Cinnamon superior variety), New crep-ofseed in April to June,
necessary before the-end of February ; also plants.
' Ceffea Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragogipe Hybrid.—New crop March-April,
gmanediate booking necessary.
Cinchona Ledgeriama.—Seeds now ready, also other varieties.
Seeds and Plants of Nutmeg, Clove, Sandalwood (white and red}, per, Cardamom,
Vanilla, Cacao, Tea, Coca, Fibre, Medicinal and Fruit Prees, Shade and Timber Trees, Euealyptus
various varieties, also ‘Palms, Bulbs, Qechids, &c.
Our enlarged Descriptive Price List of Tropical Seeds and-Planis.of*Commercial Products of
foreiga countries for 1901-1902, new being prepared, and will be ready in-a@.few months.
Be, *Sourms Arrica.”—The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says :—
* An interesting Oatalogue reaches us from the East. It is issued by WILLIAM BROTHERS, Tropieal
feed Merchants, of Heusratgeda, Ceylon, and schedules all the usefui and beautiful plants which will
thrivein tropical-and semi-tropieal regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do.good business, for now
that the great Powers have grabbed all the waste places of the earth, they must:turn to and prove that
they were worth the grabbliay. Werecommend the great Powers and Concessionaries under dient to go
to Walliam Brothers,” ‘
Price List of Seeds and Plants for CEYLON use, post free, on application.
- Our new Deseriptive Price Lists of Seeds of Shade Trees for Coffee, Cacac, Tea, Cardamems &c.,
Timber Trees, Trees for Avenues, Hedges, Wind and Shelter Belts, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and.
Climbing Plants; and Seeds and Plants of Palms, Calamus, Pandanus, Cycads, ‘Tree and other Ferns,
Crotons, Orchids, Bulbs, Draeznas, now being prepared, and will be ready shortly.
Special Arrangements mode with foreign Governments, Botanical andi Agricultural Depart-
ments, Planters and others for supplying seeds aud plants of Commercial Produetsiin large quantities:

Agents in London :—Mussrs. P. W. WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street,
Agent in Colombo, Ceylon :—K. B. CREASY, Esq.
Telegraphic Address : J. P. WILLIAM & BROTHERS,

Wruiam, VryANcopA, CxYLOoN. Lropicah Seed Merchants,
Lieber’s, A.J. and A.B.C. Codes used- HENARATGODA, CEYLON.

43

342

A FLORAL DISPLAY.

We were very much struck, during a few
days’ stay at the Sanitarium recently,
with the rich display of flower on a shrubby
specimen of the ‘‘Strobilanthes” or ‘‘ Nelu”
—which we learn from Mr. Nock to be Stro-
bilanthes gossypinus, an introduction from
the Nilgiris. Hence, we do not find it entered
in Trimen’s ‘‘Flora,” although he gives along
list of ‘‘Nelus” and much interesting infor-
mation derived from Mr, T. Farr who is a
special authority on the habits, and parti-
cularly the flowering of these plants, from
his long residence in our hill country and
habits of observation in respect of much
concerning local natural history, botany, &c.
The shrub we refer to with its profusion—a
perfect covering of flowers—is certainly a
notable addition to our bill gardens. Mr.
Nock reports that a plant of it was got
from the Nilgiris about twelve or fourteen
years ago, and having propagated it from
cuttings, he sent it out as an ornamental
plant. ‘It has flowered in Ceylon before;
but this year it has flowered very generally.”
One of the most beautiful of local varieties
is ‘‘Strobilanthes pulcherrimus” and is thus
referred to by Trimen :—

“Montane region, 4000-7000 feet ; gregarious,
rather rare. Ambagamuwa ; Madulkelle ; Elk and
Horton Plains, abundant. FI. November-Feb. ;
pale pink-violet, cal. bright pink.

‘tA lovely plant when in blossom, the whole in-
florescence densely covered with long pink-purple
spreading gland-tipped hairs, causing arose-coloured
halo in the sunlight. This is too striking a plant
to be overlooked when in flower, and it is pretty
certain that there wasuo general flowering between
the seasons 1881-2 and. 1893-4.

“The Nilgiri plant reterred to this by Wight, and
figured in Wight, Ic. t. '15C7, is different, 8S.
amabilis, Clarke, and’is said to be even more
beautiful.

Beddome in writing of the Flora of the
Nilagiri district” makes special reference
to the ‘‘Nelus” and speaks of some of them
(sessilis, Kunthianus) as
‘* often gregarious and covering several acres
in extent, and when out in flower is one sheet of
blue, and some people say that it is from this that
the Nilagiris, or Blue Hills, derive their name.”
But of S. gossypinus, pulcherrimus and some
others he ‘‘ says they are well worthy of in-
troduction into gardens and hothouses as
among the most beautiful plants found on
these hills.”

$< 3¢-—____—_.

PEARLING OFF WHESTRALIA.
A WALUABLE PEARL: PEARLERS’ PARALYSIS.

Broome, Sept. 10.—Mr. A E Gummow’s pearling
skipper brought to his employer today a beauti-
ful pearl, absolutely perfect in shape and lustre,
weighing 63 grains. ‘Che stone is valued at about
£600.

Several divers have been paralysed here lately.
One, a young fellow named Tillen, who recently
undertook diving, stayed down below too long,
and was totally paralysed. The doctor, however,
has hopes of pulling him round.

London, Sept. 14.—Pearlshells,—The_ pearlshell
market is firm. Australian have all been sold at
from par to 10s advance, but West Australian in-
ferior are cheaper.—Perth Herald.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Nov. 1, 1901.

MOSQUITOS’ NETS AND MALARIA.

Calcutta, Oct. 8.—The experiment has been
sanctioned of supplying mosquito curtains
to the men of the RG A doing duty atthe
River Forts, Rangoon, to ascertain whether
any reduction in malarial fever amongst them
can be thereby effected.—M Mail, Oct. 9.

ALGERIAN EXPERIENCE : THE MOSQUITO’S

BREEDING-GROUND.

In a paper read to the Académie des Sciences,
Paris, M Billet shows that the malaria fever
of Constantine, Algeria, is due to the an-
opheles mosquito. It begins regularly at the
end of June, when these mosquitoes appear
in the unhealthy spots. Mr. John Chamber-
lain, an American, believes that the Mosquito
does not always hatch its young in pools,
but sometimes makes shift with heavy grass
and thick woodlands. In such places the
food of the larvz, decaying vegetable matter,
is abundant.—Globe, Sept. 20.

MOSQUITOES VIRULENT IN LONDON.

The mosquito has again appeared in Lon-
don, and his bite is more vicious than ever,
Every summer and autumn, the victims ot
the mosquito become more and more dis-
figured, The swelling caused is now often
as big asa duck’s egg. The eye, head, hands,
and legs are attacked. The causeis attributed
to the neglect of the authorities to drain the
marshy ground and running brooks in the
suburbs, which, with the growth of London,
become more and more filthy, and are the
breeding beds of the mosquito or gnat. Un-
less something is done to clear out these
beds, London before long will be as mosquito-
ridden as [taly.—Daily Eapress, Sept. 19.

————Q-—___
PLANTING “CASTILLOA ELASTICA ”
IN OPEN PATHWAYS.

By Francis Child Nicholas, Ph. D.

[To the Editor of India Rubber World :] Onthe rubber
estates belonging to The South American Land and
Exploration Co., Limited, the following results have
been obtained: Rubber trees (Castilloa elastica) on the
company’s property in the Sierra Nevada de Santa,
Marta of Colombia are nowtwo years old, The com
pany has had the advantage of almost unlimited lands
for its operations, The seeds were collected in Costa,
Rica, and ‘reached the property in fair condition 5 atten
their arrival, planting was commenced almost immis-
diately. The plan adopted was to cut pathwayis
through the forests by the side of streams, and along
rivers. The seeds having sprouted before they reached
the propre there was urgent necessity to plant in

aste.

The seeds were putin the yround about the middle
of June, 1899, and the paths were cut with a view of
maintaining a deep shade to protect the young trees for
the first four months, July, August, and a part of
September, being dry and hot in that region, it was
intended, when the autumn rains should set in, to cut
away overhanging trees and underbrush for the
purpose of providing sufficient sun and plenty of air
for the devleopment of the young trees, Where
the seedlings were too close together, cross paths
were to have been made for transplanting. Before
this plan could be carried out, the civil war, so
lately disastrous in Columbia, made it necessary to
suspend operations, and for eighteen months the
young robber trees were almost abandoned, ‘The
only thing that could be done was to clean away
the dead leaves, which falling from surrounding

Nov. 1, 1901.]

trees, threatened to smother the seedlings; but
even this work was not thorough, and for months
at a time the young rubber trees were without
any care.

Work was resumed on the company’s plantations
during the spring and early summer of the present
year, and is now being regularly carried on. It
was found on cleaning up the rubber plantation that,
while losses had been heavy, there were thousands of
“ voung rubber trees,” and that some of them were
doing remarkably well, showing the first developments
of that enormous length of trunk, found among trees
of the forest which have grown upwards until the
sunlight above the woodlands has been reached—a
condition that produces a great length of trunk
for breeding, promising pounds of rubber where less
favourable trees would yield only ounces, Many
varied conditions of development were found at the
company’s plantations, the most important being as
follows: Trees on moist, but not wet land, where
the surrounding forest had been opened to allow a
fair amount of sunlight, but not enough to burn
the young trees, were the best. At such places many
of the trees presented a growth sufficiently vigorous
to promise the development of strong rabber pro-
ducing trees without any further attention. After
these the most favourable were those trees growing
on moist land, but with the sunlight and free cir-
culation of the air impeded by the surrounding

forests these, however, were doing well, and
while their growth was not phenomenal it
was very satisfactory. Trees showing a rather

unfavorable development were those on moist ground
but too muchin the open sun. Growth had been
vigorous, but there were too many sunburned buds to
give much promise of successful maturity. Of very
poor development were trees growing in rather dry
places in the hot sun. Many of these weredead the
few that remained were very small, some being only
two or three inches high. Of very bad appearance
were those trees which were on rather dry land
in the deep shade, almost entirely cut off from the
~gun. Nearly all of these were dead, among the
very few remaining alive none were vigorous. many
had not progressed beyond the first stages of growth,
though wood was forming where the tender shoot
had been, they were simply dwarfed trees, that
had never progressed after the cotyledons had been
absorbed.

It appears from these results, that under ordinary
circumstances, the Castilloa elastica

REQUIRES FOR ITS BEST DEVELOPMENT

damp soil, open shade, and some sunlight. The best
trees on the plantations of the South American Land
and Exploration Co., Limited, at their Sierra Nevada
de Santa Marta properties, are on rather damp land,
and have had about one hour’s full sunlight each
day. ‘he very favourable results that have been
obtained on these plantations, after subjecting them
to nearly eighteen months’ abandonment, is to my
mind strong evidence that the best method for plant-
ing Castilloa elastica is along open pathways through
the forests which enable the pianter to make an
adjustment of shade and sunlight suitable to the
special requirements of the locality selected for
planting; and further I am fully convinced that
to clear all the land, and keep itclean is a useless
“expense, that a series of pathways intersecting at
right angles will give quite as many trees to the
acre as on cleared land and, that under some climatic
conditions at least, too much sun will burn the
tender buds of young rubber trees, and, influencing
older trees, will harden the bark, thereby checking
the flow of date through the ducts, which in Cas-
tilloa elastica are just under the bark, a condition
which when the bark is too hard may impair the
tree’s capacity to produce rubber.

While I advocate open pathways for COastilloa
elastica, juctice to all conditions requires a brief
notice of results obtained at

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

343

PLANTATIONS IN JAMAICA,

owned by thesame company. These plantations are
in Portland parish, where rains are excessive, the
ground usually saturated with water, and penetrating
fogs are frequent. Here the most vigorous among
the young rubber trees are those where there is an
abundance of sunlight. At places where there is
some shade, the trees are vigorous and healthy,
but are not solarge as those in the more open places,
their leaves are a deeper green, and perhaps they
are ratter more healthy than those grown in the sun.
Trees which were planted where there is a very
limited amount af sun, are straggling and unhealthy.
In the few places where there is little, if any sun,
the trees are nearly all dead.

The advantages of open pathways were demonst-
rated in Jamaica; for,on my last annual inspection
of the company’s properties, it was a simple matter
to order that overhanging branches. should be cut
away to provide sufficient sun to meet the require-
ments of this region, and at present all the com-
pany’s trees in Jamaica are growing vigorously.

These results furnish strong evidence that Castilloa
elastica requires an adjustment of sunlight and shade,
varying with the climate, and the geological conditions
of the region that has been selected for planting.
Whether the best means of providing this adjustment
is to be found in open pathways, is, perhaps, not fully
proved; but at any rate they have given good results
at the plantations which are being developed under my
direction,—India Rubber World, September 1st.

SEED IMPORTATION FOR CENTRAL

AFRICA.

A special meeting of the BC A Chamber of Agri-
culture and Commerce was held on Wednesday after-
cvoon to consider a motion with reference to the
importation of seed from countries prohibited under
the present coffee leaf disease regulations. There were
present :—Messrs. Beaton, Metcalfe, Hynde, Stark,
Luke, Partridge, Lloyd, and MacMorland, Secretary.
Being a special meeting the Chairman called upon Mr
Hynde to make his motion. Mr Hynde moved the
adoption of the scheme which we publish below and
supported it for the following reasons ;—

He stated that it was quite evident that there was
a want of stamina in the coffee, and while he did
not attribute the bad condition of many of the coffee
plantations to this cause alone, but thought that the
recent labour troubles, bug and borer, had a great
deal to do with the weakening plants ; still there was
no doubt that a large influx of new seed was neces-
sary. He pointed out that hitherto seed had been
only imported from Jamaica, and that many of their
importations were failures. The Government scheme
had not worked out, while valuable time was being
lost. Importing seed from Jamaica meant that we

ere importing from one little island, and from one
particular district of that island, whereas it was
essential to get new seeds from widely different places.
specially was it necessary to get some of the seeds
from the Indian coffee districts. It was also neces-
sary to import shade seeds. Under the present re-
gulations we had been compelled to make experiments
with new seeds, and these experiments had been
costly in the extreme, and in many cases had ended
in failure. Such experiments were unnecessary when
tested shade trees could be imported direct from the
Indian coffee districts under proper safeguards. It
was further absolutely necessary to import new econ-
omic plants and many of these could only be got
from prohibited countries. There would be, in many
cases, no danger as they could be got from districts
where no coffee had been grown, and where the dis-
ease way not likely to be. It was a question, he
thought, for the planters to decide whether they were
willing to take the risk. He proposed a scheme in
which every precaution which could be suggested by
science and experience would be taken against the in.

344 THE TROPICAL

troduction of leaf disease, and he thought that with
these precautions we might well take the risk. The
gravity of the situation demanded that some such
steps should be taken. After some discussion it was
unanimously agreed to support Mr Hynde’s motion.

DETAILS OF THE SCHEME DECIDED ON.

It is hereby notified for general information that at
a special meeting of the Committee of the above
Chamber held in the Labour Bureau Offices on 28th
August, 1901, Mr. R S Hynde brought forward the
following motion, viz., ‘‘ That H.M. Commissioner
and Consul General be asked to temporarily amend,
for the period of one year from lst October next, the
Regulations at present in force for the Prevention of
the Introduction of Coffee Leaf Disease into this Pro-
tectorate to the following effect :—

1. That’ a Committee consisting of the Resident
Government Medical Officer, the Secretary of the
B. C. A. Chamber of Agriculture and Oommerce,
and one elected member of the Chamber, be

' formed to specially consider applications to import
economic seeds from countries at present prohibited
under the Coffee Leaf Disease Regulations of 1894.

2. Anyone desiring to import seeds for economic
purposes, from countries at present prohibited under
these Regulations, must fisst make written application
to this Committee. Should their application be ap-
proved they may then import the seed, but it must
be addressed to the care of the Committee and all
charges paid to Blantyre.

8. The Committee will then take such steps
towards disinfecting the seed as they may deem
necessary, and aiter disinfection the seed will be for-
warded to the applicant without delay, the applicant
paying all charges for carriage if such be necessary.

4, Applicants must agree to waive any Claims
against the Committee for any loss or damage arising
from delay, the disinfecting process, or any other
cause, while the seed is being dealt with by the Com-
mittee.

5. Applicants must engage to carry out any other
precautions which the Committee may think fit to pre-
scribe and the Committee must give written notice of
special precautions to particular cases when agreeing
in applications.

PRECAUTIONS.

The Committee will take the following among other
precautions :—

1. Coffee seed will only be allowed to be imported
from a prohibited country as cherry-dried.

2. The Committee will cause the pulp to be removed
andit, along with all packing material, will be incine-
rated under their supervision. The seed will then be
further chemically disinfected.

3. Other seeds will be treatedin a similar manner
according to the degree of danger, and special instruc-
tions, which must be adhered to by all applicants, may
be issued at the discretion of the Committee in special
cases.”

The above scheme was unanimously approved of by
the Committee owing to the urgent need for the im-

ortation of new seeds of economic plants and it was
Recided to publish the scheme before the Annual
General Meeting and to request members to lodge any
objections they may have to its adoption by the
Ohamber on or before the General Meeting called for
the 18th September.

It is hereby notified therefore that members are re-
quested to sig ify their approval or otherwise of the
above scheme on or before the 18th September. Mem-
bers who cannot attend the meeting personally are
requested to send their opinions on the subject and to
indicate their vote to the Secretary of the Chamber
Committee, (Signed) J. MacMornanp, Secretary.
—Central African Times, August 31st.

7s Or

AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1901.

GOOD CULTIVATION NEARLY AS EFFEC-
TIVE AS RAINFALL,

In aletter to the Department concerning his
experience in farm and orchard work at Ellerston,
Mr J Stephens says :—‘‘I have followed the ad-
vice of the Agricultural Gazette in respect to
thorough cultivation of crops, andin pruning and
working among fruit-trees, and I have often raised
good crops in both farm and orchard in very dry
seasons. I consider good cultivation amongst
growing crops nearly equal to rainfall.”—Agricul-
tural Gazette of New South Wales.

—- hp

COFFEE AND BLACK BUG.

A correspondent writes to us :—Government is
making enquiries of the planters on the Nilgiris
as to the damage done to coffee trees by black
bug, from which many estates have suffered
severely. Planters will be interested to know
that all hybrid Maragogipe plants in the Meka-
naad District are freefrom the pest. This cross
seems to be inmune.—M Mail, Oct. 16.

ne

PEARLS.

Mr C Burt, of Victoria square, has in his
possession a number of pearls obtained from
Shark’s Bay, Western Australia, which he
has been informed are of most uncommon
size and rare value. His attention was
directed a short while ago to an illustration
of a specimen # in. in length which was
valued at £600. Until then he had not re-
garded his own as of any considerable worth,
but several jewellers in the city have since
told him that they are beautiful specimens
and of immense value, and he intends send-
ing them to England for sale. The largest
is a cluster 13 in. long, and contains some
hundreds of small round pearls; another is
of purer quality about half the size; a third
cluster consists of three pearls almost cir-
cular, each about 2 in. in diameter. There
are also two “large single ones and three
smaller clusters.—& A Register, Oct. 2,

The most famous pearl discovery in Aus-
tralia of late years is that known as the
Southern Cross. It consists of a cluster of

_ ine pearls in the shape of a crucifix, and

is almost perfect in proportion. This freak
of nature was picked up at low water on
the Lacipede Islands by abeachcomber named >
Clark; it was last sold for £10,000.—Ibid,
Sept. 26

Not a hundred miles from Piccadilly-circut
there is a sight at present to be seen in a
jeweller’s window calculated to afford mucs
food for the cynical. Preserved in spirits
of wine is a large oyster, whose succulen-
body beloved in its fresh state by the gour
met, has taken a yellow parchment_like ap-
pearance, which irresistibly recalls the un-
holy horrors one seen in a hospital museum.
Close to the sickly-coloured fiesh of the
bivalve is a large pearl, milky and lustrous,
its beauty contrasting oddly with the dead
hideousness which adheres to the shell by it,
and underneath is a card which informs the
spectator that ‘the pearl if it grows large
enough kills the oyster’ Nature must have
been in a malicious mood when she ‘started
in the pearl line.’ It is nothing short of
ironical of her to have ordained that the

Noy LO 5]

diseased mollusc should bestow upon the
world as a result of its ailment that ‘ white
wealth of the sea, which, from the night
when Cleopatra feasted with Antony to the
present time. human beings have valued as
the queenliest of gems. Hor who is there
who is not aware that the finest pearl is only,
as the dictionaries coldy say, ‘ the calcareous
concretions produced by certain molluscs,
valued as articles of personal adornment’?
And further inquiry proves the fatal card in
the jeweller’s to be only too accurate: for
whether it be as some believe a payrasitical
growth, or a malignant eruption which attacks
an oyster who lives ‘not wisely but too well’
it is certainly the experience of all pearl-
fishers that the shells which bear the most
beautiful pearls are those which by their
distorted shape and ugly excrescences give
most signs ef disease in the creature itself,
Someone once criticised the Norwegian author
Henrik Ibsen asaman ‘who mistook every
pimple on the face of humanity for a cancer.’
But in the matter of the pearl the human
race has reversed this and ‘gone one better’
for we have mistaken the cancer of the
oyster for a jewel. But even if he could
give the lie to the cynical man of science who
would have us believe that we owe these
natural wonders to a diseased mollusc, the
pearl is at its best but a lowly object, nothing
grander in fact than carbonate or sili-
cate of lime. In old days few mortals had
such disagreeable knowledge. For the early
inhabitants of the globe the pearl was simply
a lovely miracle of Nature, and many were
the beautiful myths which were current to
account for it. But even today ‘ the treasures
of an oyster’ are able by sheer loveliness to
survive the fatality of fact. Much can be
pardoned to beauty, and no one is so impolite
as to inquire into the pearl’s past.

A perfect pearl is indeed one of the most
beautiful objects in the world. But jewellers
will tell you that it is hard to come by. First,
it must be accurately spherical, and not spoilt
in shape by its contact with the shell, And
then it must have a faultless ‘skin’ and a
fine ‘orient,’ which are jewellers’ terms for
the-delicate texture and delicious milky color
of the natural product. The ‘‘ pearl of pearls”
is said to be a specimen in the Zosima Museum
at Moscow, called La Pellegrina and weighing
98 carats. It is absolutely perfect in form and
color. The famous pearl of the Hope collec-
tion at South Kensington weighs 3 0z., and
has a circumference of 44 inches, but it is of
irregular shape. It is specially in the oyster
of the Persian Gulf and that fished in the
Straits of Manaar, near luticorin, that the
finest pearls arefound. But there are many
other places where they are to be found.
Philip the Second of Spain had a pearl, 250
carats in weight, fished off the island of Mar-
garita, in the West Indies, and Columbus
found the natives fishing for them all round
the Gulf of Mexico. One of the most im-
portant industries of the Bahama Islands is
the gathering of pink pearls. It is the only
place in the world where the variety is found.
They ave not taken from the oyster shell, but
from a shell resembling a large snail shell
called a ‘conch.’ These pearls, when perfect,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

345

fetch yery high prices, ranging from £10 to
£1,000! Inthe Hast Indies, whence, as has
been said, the world’s supply comes, the
month of March is the pearling season. The
fishing lasts four or five weeks; the boats
go 60 or 70 together, beginning work at sun-
rise and leaving off at noon, he men labor
in pairs, one diving naked without apparatus
except a ‘sinking-stone’ while the other
holds the cords and the diver, himself des-
cending in his turn when his companion re-
turns wearied to the surface. Hard labor
enough, and risky too is the industry, but
round it has grown a romance which must be
always irresistibly associated with the won-
drous chances of the work. The pearl fisher
has symbolised for poets those entrancing
vicissitudes of fortune which must secretly
fascinate even the most sober of the sup-
porters of the Anti-Gambling League. ‘The
bard will have it that there are two periods
in the ideal pearl-seeker’s life :
One, when a beggar he prepares to plunge;
One, when a prince he rises with the pearl,

—Morning Leader, Sept. 27.

Ww
— >

NEW COMPANY: BRAZILIAN RUBBER
TRUST, LIMITED.

Registered on September 28, by Maddisons, 6, 014
Jewry, E.C., with a capital of £37,500 in 5s share’.
Object, to acquire certain rubber-producing properties
in the State of Para, in the Republic of Brazil, to
adopt an agreement between the Rubber Estates of
Para, Limited, of the one part and T Y Curtis, for the
Company, of the other part, and to carry on in Brazil
or elsewhere the business of planters, growers, col-

‘lectors, manufacturers, curers, merchants, salesmen,

importers and exporters of and dealers in indiarubber
and other articles and substances, timber growers and
merchants, and farmers and planters generally, No
initial public issue. The first directors (to number
not less than two nor more than five) are to be ap-
pointed by the subscribers. Qualification, £250 shares.
Remuneration, £100 each per annum (£150 for the
Chairman,) and a share in the profits (latter not
to exceed £1,000 each in any year).—Financial News,
October 4. ?

Sera PoC sees
PLANTING IN SAINT LUCIA.

According to the latest report of the Adminis.
trator of Saint Lucia, last year was, on the whole
the most prosperous in the history of the colony
since the time when sugar was supreme, ‘There
were no hurricanes, earthquakes, or fires in popu-
lous places, the cocva crop was the largest ever
exported and prices were good for this as well
as for sugar, while the coal trade was the largest
of any yearsince Oastries became a coaling-station.

‘The Administrator hopes that soon the means of

communication may be extended, the cultivation
of the land increased, and the harbour improved.
“Saint Lucia seems now to be established in a
career of prosperity, and [ can foresee nothing in
the near future which is likely to interfere with
it.” The total exports amounted to £229,436, ot
which bunker coal was valued at £124,554, or
54 per cent., while sugar and_ its products
amounted to 24 per cent. and cocoa 17 per cent.
The population is very nearly 50,000, and 1900
was the first year in the history of the colony in
which no death from snake-bite was recorded, —
London Times, Sept. 30.

346 THE TROPICAL

CEYLON AT THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

We give the following extracts from Lord
George Hamilton’s Report on “the Indian
and Ceylon Sections ”:—

The exhibits of Ceylon occupied the large portion
of the castern side of the Indian Pavilion, as well
asa considerable space in the grounds, which as
before mentioned I was able to allot for this pur-
pose. In the Commercial Court the great staple
products of the island, such as tea, coffee, cocoa,
cinchona, spices, etc,, were well represented by exhibits
from every important garden and estate in Ceylon,
and the adjoining verandah contained a fine collec-
tion of plumbago and graphite, shown by the Morgan
Crucible Company, of Battersea,

In the main Ceylon Court the attention of the
visitor was immediately arrested by ajungle trophy,
which occupied a large space in the centre of the
court. This trophy, which comprised, among other
animals, a full-sized elephant, a leopard, bears,
samburs, axis deer, boars, crocodiles, agigantic python,
birds, insects, and characteristic flora, was excellently
arranged by Mr 4 Gerard, of London, in four realistic
tableaux. The conception of this impressive exhibit
was due to Mr W E Davidson, the secretary of the
Ceylon section, and it proved & never-ending source
of enjoyment to the crowds who visited the pavilion.

The collection of precious stones, exhibited by Mr
J Haywarfl, of Argyll Street, London, attrac-
ted special attention. It was the largest and
most comprehensive collection of gems of the
island that has ever been brought together. The
exhibit of this important industry could not have
-been placed in better hands, and Mr Hayward
deserves great credit for the success which resulted
from his enterprise and special knowledge. Samples
of coir and other fibre products were also shown in
this court, as well as silver, ivory, tortoise-shell, and
the artistic manufactures of the island. In the gallery
vabove, @ large number of paintings and photographs
‘of the people and scenery of Ceylon were exhibited,
also excellent examples of art furniture and beantiful
curios.

_ In the grounds of the Ceylon Tea House, a charac-
teristic pavilion, in which tea and coffee in the cup
were sold, soon became one of the most fashionable
centres of the Exhibition, and it is gratifying to know
that the strenuous exertions of Sir William Mitchell
and Mr J H Renton, the representatives of the Ceylon
planters to make Ceylon tea better known and appre-
ciated in France and the Oontinent generally, have
met with the recognition that the commercial enter-
prise of the planters so well deserved.

The creditable position taken by Ceylon at the
Exhibition is due to the able manner in which the
whole of the details were carried out by Sir Montagu
Ommanney and Sir C Clementi Smith, aided by Mr
W E Davidson, the energetic secretary of the section,
Sir W Mitchell, MrJH Renton, and the other gen-
tlemen Associated with the Ceylon Court. ig

The popularity of the Indian and Ceylon exhibits
may be judged by the fact that not less than six
maillions of people passed through the pavilion during
the period it was opened to the public. It should be
mentioned that the main buildings of the Exhibition,
being entirely unlighted had to be closed at dusk,
whereas, owing to a wise resolution of my sub-come
mitee, the Indian and Ceylon Sections were brilliantly
lighted by electricity, und could thus be kept open
later and give admission to the inquisitive crowds who
had little else to see after dark.

From the Reports of British Jurors we
quote ;—
Report sy Mr. J. H. Renton,
British Juror in Class 39: Vegetable Food Products.

GorrEE,—The only exhibitors of this article were
Ceylon and the Madras Presidency. The British West
Indies were not represented, Notwithstanding the fact
that in Ceylon, owing to the ravages of leaf disease,
thia article is rapidly disappearing from the list of this

AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1901.

Colony’s products, the exhibits, though small in num-
ber and from only four plantations, were excellent in
quality andappearance. One plantation made a very
handsome exhibit of Liberian coffee, and the Grand
Prix was awarded to Messrs. Lipton, Limited, in this
section for their collective exhibit of coffee and cocoa.
The United Planters’ Association of Southern India
made a very good exhibit of coffee, to whicha Gold
Medal was awarded. Awards were given to all the
other exhibitors of coffee.

Cocoa.—Ceylon was the only British Colony that
made any exhibit in this article ; the exhibit, sojfar as
number of exhibitors was concerned, was not to be
compared with the large exhibits made by Heuador,
Guatemala, Salvador, and Mexico ; yet the appearance
and quality of the Ceylon cocoa was admitted to be
very superior, and created a favourable impression. It
is much to be regretted that Trinidad und the other
West India Islands made no exhibits. Trinidad cocoa
is very much appreciated in France. The export of
cocoa from Ceylon has grown from 16,000 cwt. in
1890 to 42,700 cwt. in 1899. Cocoa was exhibited from
seven plantations ; they all obtained awards,

A very interesting sample of cocoa was shown by the
Administrator of the Gold Coast. I understand this
was collected from a few experimental trees at Accra.
The quality of this cocoa leaves nothing to be desired
and if suitable labour can be obtained, there is
evidently a future for this product in West Africa.
There will not be a large increase in the export of this
article from Ceylon, as much more suitable land is not
now available in that Colony.

Report py Sir W. W. MrrcHeELt, C.M.G.,
Member of the Ceylon Executive Committee ;
British Juror in Class 41: Non-Edible Agricultural
Products,

Non-edible agricultural products comprised :—

Oins.—Animal and vegetable.

Fisres.—Cotton, wool, ramie, aloe, coconut, palmyra,
and kitul.

Puants.— Medicinal and oleaginous.

France and her colonies were represented by eleven
jurors, and the following countries by one each, viz.,
Germany, Bulgaria, United States, Great Britain,
Japan, Mexico, Peru, St. Salvador, Hungary and
Russia,

The products of the various countries exhibiting
under Class 41 were examined in a painstaking manner,
and the awards of merit were judiciously bestowed on
the recipients of them; the proceedings of the jury
were characterised by fairness and cordial co-operation
throughout.

O1zs.—Animal and vegetable.—The exhibits from
French manufacturers were all of a high order, but
notably in animal oils, the finest display being made

by M. Artus, 18, Rue Montmartre, Paris.

In vegetable oils, after palm oil, coconut oils occupied
&@ prominent position amongst the exhibits, and those
from Ceylon claimed a leading place, their purity and
good colour being pre-eminent. Improvements in
machinery have contributed towards this, together
with care in the selection and preparation of the nuts
from which the oilis made. The oil is usedin the
manufacture of candles, but it is also largely utilised in
soap-making, principally owing to the peculiar pro-
perty it possesses of carrying water to about sixty per
cent. of its weight.

Fair samples of copra (coconut kernel) and oil were
exhibited from the South Sea Islands,

A new product is now being manipulated from the
oil expressed from the coconut, called ‘‘cocoa-butter’”’
or ‘‘vegetaline,” and this edible substitute for ordi-
nary butter is free from objectionable smell and
without colour other than that artificially imparted
to it. This industry is being prosecuted more es-
pecially at Marseilles, where there is an extensive
trade in expressing the oil from the kernel of the
coconut; but there is every probability of a further
development of it elsewhere.

Another industry closely allied to the one above
alluded to is that of desiccated coconut. This con-

Noy, 1, 1901.]

sists of the nut operated upon by machinery, which
cuts it into various sizes from the ribbon to the
granulated form. It is used largely for confectionery
and domestic purposes, and the principal centre of
manufacture is in Ceylon, which sent forward some
fine exhibits of it from the Orient Co., and others.

Linseed Oil and Cake.—The Gourepore Jute Co.,
Ltd., exhibited good samples of these, and were
awarded a Silver Medal.

Cotton-Seed Oil.—Some samples of this useful oil
were deserving of interest. The oil is used by soap
makers, and as a lubricant$ and as the area planted
with cotton in America goes on increasing, it has
resulted in a large production of seed, from which
the oil is expressed, its cheapness enabling it to some
extent to replace more costly oils.

Essential Oils.—There were several exhibitors of
cinnamon, lemon grass and citronella oils, chiefly from
Ceylon. These are used principally for perfuming
soap and to a small extent in drugs, and in cooking.

A number of oils used in native medical practice
were exhibited. Some of these possess ascertained
definite properties, whilst others have traditional re-
pute, but they are of no commercial importance.
~ Fisres.—Cotton.—The exhibits from the United
States, as might be expected, were exceptionally fine,
and the award of a Grand Prix for the collective
exhibit is one that is well merited for its excellence
in every respect. Specimens of cotton from other
countries received attention, but all of them repre-
sented a growth insignificant as compared with that
of the United States of America,

Wool.—The exhibits of wool were numerous and in-
teresting, but those of New South Wales were of
surpassing excellence, and the collective exhibit was
awarded the Grand Prix,

The Collaroy Company, Ltd., exhibited some fine
specimens—one fleece merino ram, two years, growth
of wool 368 days, the largest ever shorn in one piece,
the texture being remarkably fine, close and very
firm and tough. A Grand Prix has been awarded to
this exhibit.

The Glen Moan Station.—I. C. Manchee—submitted
three very fine samples and a bale of wool weighing
300 lb. this latter being of uniform excellence, long in
staple, thick cluster, fine, and very tough in fibre. For
this exhibit a Gold Medal was awarded.

These wools serve to show that great advances have
been made in scientific agriculture and in producing
sheep giving large size and heaviness in the fleece,
combined with a high-class wool.

A collective exhibit of flax from Canada claimed
attention and approval, and a Gold Medal was
awarded. ice

Aloe,—Many very fine specimens of aloe fibre were
exhibited, but those from Mauritius were remarkable
for their excellence$ those of Messrs. Rougier,
Lagane & Goupille were of a stand-out description,
and obtained the award of a Gold Medal

Ramie.—Several samples were contributed, which
gave evidence of the great value that may rightly be
attached to this article in future from a commercial
point of view.

Thus far the endeavours to perfect the process.of
decortication, and to separate the fibre from the subs-
tances enclosing it, have only been partially suc-
cessful. A conference on the subject is about to be
held, when it is expected that special efforts will be
made for the achievement of what is so much to be
desired.

Palmyra fibre and kitul fibre were hown, and at
tracted the atte tion of those interested in the brush-
making industry.

Coir Fibre, Rope, and Yarn.—These are produced
from the husk of the coconut, and a large export trade
is done from Ceylon. The finest range of exhibits
was contributed by Messrs. C P Hayley & Coa., of
Galle, to whom was awarded a Gold Medal.

Cinchona.—Some choice specimens of cinchona bark
were exhibited, chiefly from Ceylon, and a Gold
Medal was awarded to Mr. FG A Lane for succirubra
description.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

347
Report py Mr. C, A. Payton, H.M.’s Consvun at
7 Catats.,
British Juror in Class 53: Fishing Appliances.
CEYLON.

The Oeylon exhibits were incomplete, a valuable
collection of pearls having been lost on the voyagei
but some interesting things were shown, including

an specellens collection of marine shells from Trinco-
mailee,

Report py Proresson ©. Le Neve Fostsr, F.R.S8.
British Juror in Class 63: Mines and Quarries.
The Geological Survey of India sent a very ex-

cellent collection of economic minerals, decidedly

superior in extent and value to that of the Home
Government,

Ceylon fared badly, A fine collection of specimens
of plumbago had been got together, and then mach
of the labour was lost owing to the sorry manner
in which they were displayed. Magnificent blocks of
plumbago were huddled under a counter in a narrow
passage, and other specimens were in dirty boxes on
the floor uncared for. Printed information and proper

explanatory labels were lacking. Plumbago was sacri-
ficed to tea.

$$

‘“FERGUSONS CEYLON HANDBOOK
AND DIRECTORY, 1901.”

(By an ex-Ceylon Colonist.)

‘““Give us your ideas about it: a post-card will
do.” I was dreaming that something was being
handed to me, light and effervescent, with ice in
it, invigorating. I awoke to find before me a
huge red tome measuring 34 inches by 54 by’ 84,
weighing exactly 2 kilogrammes—say 4 2-5th lb
avoirdupois, and containing 1,403 pages of subject
matter, with about 150 pages of advertisements,
illustrated and otherwise! Hardly to be disinissed
by a post card. The book is divided as follows :—
Planting and Agricultural Review; General and
Useful ; Statistical; Directories; Errata and
Addenda; and anything about Ceylon that is nob
contained within these limits, is not worth
knowing, As a reliable book of statistics it has
held its own for many years. Its accuracy has
never been challenged. Its compilation has been
undertaken and accomplished with the most
scrupulous care; and with regard to other Diree-
tories, if the late lamented Artemus Ward were
still in the land of the living, he would certainly

say,

y, Ekalled by few, and excelled by none!
[am not sure that he would not go further
The writer certainly has never come across a
‘© Handbook and Directory ” the equal of this in
completeness of information and accuracy of

- detail.

In a book of this description a good Indeasis
not the least important part, and here we are
well-provided, the Index covering 44 pages ‘and
being exceedingly well-arranged. Take for in-
stance ad valorem customs duty. A triend
once told me that when he was a youngster in
an office, making out some documents, the chief
looked over his shoulder and asked. ‘* Are you
stamping these with a penny stamp? or ad va-
lorem?” The youngster looked up with ‘I beg
your pardon, Sir?” ‘I asked you, are these to
be stamped with a penny stamp? or ad valorem 2”
‘“ Thank you, Sir, Pl takea cup o’ coffee ” was
the impudent reply. Small wonder that that youngs
ster was soon after drinking his ‘coffee on the

hill-sides of Ceylon.

The Planting and Agricultural Review ‘is
of great value, not alone to the Ceylon planter

a48

but to everyone who is interested in Tropical
Agriculture, be it in the Eastern or Western
Hemisptere.

General and Useful should be gone through,

not for what you expect to find in it; but
for the unexpected. There is much useful
information that one does not look for usually
between the boards of a Directory, eg., Method
of Dressing and Softening Skins; a Monograph
on Ceylon Woods with matter of interest to others
than those who only need planks for tea-chests ,
Snake-bites and Antidotes; Compass Variations
and many other odds and ends of usetul knowledge.
It should also be a happy hunting ground for
those seekers after curious tit-bits of information
with which some folks delight to astonish their
friends.
Statistics there are in plenty for those who
Jove to read in figures; and these are relieved
from their usual dryness by 25 very interesting
pages on ‘‘OCuriosities of our Customs.” Here,
for instance, we learn that in 1899, nine elephants
valued at K15,750, and two cats value R210,
were exported. But, what in the name of wonder
is Benjamin? It sounds like the name of an
American Bar Drink !—and was imported to the
value of R16,715. As I suppose we are within
almost measurable distance of adopting the
Metrical system, [ would with all humility suggest
that the next issue of this really wonderful work
should contain a comparison of British with
metrical weights and measures. This rather comes
home to one who sends away his produce in
Kilogrammes, and gets account sales in Kilo-
grammes, Piculs, or Cwts., according to the coun-
try itis sold in!

The Directories, like all else in this volume,
are a marvel of detail and accuracy. The Book
itself isindispensable not only to Ceylon residents,
but to everyone who has any interest or con-
nection whatever with Ceylon, no matter where
his domicile and, as I have poirted ont above, it
contains much information of great value to the
cultivator of Tropical products, be he in the
East or West. 4

For my part, whenever I am reading the London
Times, Whitaker is at my elbow. Whenever I am
reading my Ceylon Observer, 1 have beside me for
reference ‘‘ Ferguson’s Hand-Book and Directory.”

epee eel

MADRAS ELEPHANT CATCHING
OPERATIONS.

The Report received from the Conservator
of Forests, Southern Circle, on the conduct
of elephant-capturing operations during the
year ending the 80th June, 1901, has been
submitted to Government. Noelephants were
captured during the year, as, owing to the
additional work thrown on the department
in connection with the supply of sleepers to
the Madras Railway Company, neither men
nor elephants could be spared for the removal
of captures. The pits were accordingly kept
open in South Coimbatore and North Malabar.
In South Malabar, three sambhur and one
bear fell into the pits. Of these, the sam-
bhur were all extricated, while the bear was
shot. In his endorsement forwarding the
report, the Conservator remarks that there
is a want of suitable elephants for capturing

urposes in South Coimbatore as well as in
Korth Malabar. In its order, Mis. No. 2152,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Nov. 1, 1901 :

Revenue, dated 15th June, 1899, Government
sanctioned the purchase of four elephants for
this purpose from the Mysore Darbar at a
total approximate cost of R10,000; but this
sanction was not acted on, as the elephants
on inspection proved to be too old to be of
use. The Conservator reported that he was
in correspondence with the Conservator of
Forests in Mysore and the District Forest
officers of North and South Malabar as to
whether any good elephants could be hired
or purchased, but the Board has no informa-
tion as to what the results of this corre-
spondence have been. Mr. Gass will be
requested to report on the point.—Madras
Mail, Oct. 7.

PLANTING NOTES.
THt Date Patm.—We attract attention

to Dr. Bonavia’s useful letter on page
334. It may be «a question whether
date or palmyra should be the palm to

plant in our unoccupied Northern regions—
probakly the latter will stand drought

better, but the date should do well on the
borders of coast ‘ backwaters” and marshy
places.

TROUT IN NEW ZEALAND. —The number of trout
hatehed at the Masterton fishponds this year is
approximately 450,000. This is one of the poorest
returns for some years past. ‘There are at presen
at the hatcheries about 350,000 fry ready fo
distribution. Of this number, 300,000 are browt
trout, and theremainder rainbow. About 150,000
brown trout fry will be liberated in the streams
in Wellington province this year.—Auckland
News, September 19.

PLANTING IN THE FEDERATED MALAY
States —The following is from a despatch
dated 1st July 1901 from Sir Frank Swetten-
ham, the High Commissioner for the Fede-
rated Malay States to the Secretary ot State
for the Colonies ;—'‘‘The direct interests of
planters have never been neglected by the
Residents of the Malay States, and, while
the Government expended large sums, years
ago, in experiments with Arabian Coffee,
Indian Tea, Cinchona, Pepper and South
American Rubbers, it is now, as already
explained, constructing great works for the
irrigation of 60,000 acres of Rice land, and

‘last year appointed an Officer to superintend

“

an Experimental Plantation and _ specially
to advice on the cultivation of various kinds
of Rubber and its extraction from the tree.
I believe that the European Planters, who
have hitherto gained but poor reward for
their determined efforts in the Malay States,
fully recognise that they have the warm
sympathy of the Government which will
continue to afford them all reasonable assis-
tance. The planting of sugar, originally
introduced by Chinese, promises great de-
velopments with Huropean capital under
European management.” 3
TO KEEP THE BUYING PRICES DOWN.

The Belgian Associations of Kassai, in the
Congo, whose competition raised, the buying
prices of indiarubber considerably, have
formed a trust to keep the prices down to a
moderate level, and they are receiving the
support of the Congo State in the matter.
eae Mail, Sept. 12.

Noy, 1, 1901,] THE TROPICAL

Correspondence.

To the Eattor.
BOTANIC GARDENS ON THE GOLD
COAST, WEST AFRICA.
(Editor, Tropical A griculturist, Colombo, Ceylon.)
Aburi, Gold Coast, Aug. 26.

Str,— Enclosed please find a list of the plauts
cultivated in these Gardens, which I thought
might be of interest to you.

Iam very grateful for thecopy of the Tropical
Agricalturist which I receive regularly through
the Colonial Secretary,* and I need scarcely add
I find the information it contains most usefnl.

T very much regret that I have not been able
to reciprocate, but I shall always be happy to
stpply you with any information you may re-
quire from this part of the world, if it is inmy
power.—Yours very faithfully,

W. H. JOHNSON, Curator.

[The list of plants is very interesting and em-
braces representatives from all parts of the world
incInding Ceylon cinnamon. Among those peculiar
to West Africa are the following :—

Abrus precatorius, Acrostichum punctulatum,
Alpinia nutans, Anchomanes Hookeri, Angraecum
bilobum and imbricatum, Begonia macrostyla, Calamus
decratus, Clorodendron fallax, fragrans and splendens,
Cola accu ata, (the kola tree), Crinum giganteum,
Cyperus esculentus, diffusus and fertilis, Dioscorea
prehensilis, Dracaena Godseffiana, Goldieane, EK)exis
guineensis,—/(oil palm),) Hriodendron anfractuosam,
Ewophia euglosa guineensis and Saundersiana, Fun-
tumia (Kickxia) elastica and africana, (rubber), Gar-
cinia Hanburyana, Gladiolus sp., Gloriosa superba,
Gymnuogramme lanceolata, Kalanchoe crenata, Lan-
dolphia owariensis and florida, (rubbers), Mussaenda
eryihrophylla, Nephrodium albopunctatum and vari-
abile, Nephrolepis acuta, Psilotum triqnetrum, Pteris
atrovirens, Solenostemon ocymoides, Spathodea com-
panulata, Strophanthus sp:, Tabernemontana crassa,
Thunbergia erecta, Urena lobata, Vanilla crenulata,
Vittaria lineata, Voandzia subterranea.—Ep, 7'.A.]

CEYLON TEA IN N. AMERICA AND ITS
PROSPECTS GENERALLY.
London, Sept. 27th.

Drar Si1r,—I enclose copy of another letter
J have written to the Secretary of the Ceylon
Association. Much of its contents will have
appeared in the Observer, but there are afew
points which are new.

I see amongst the many suggestions for getting
rid of what is called rubbishy tea, is to buy
it up and buin it! I think wine, to convert it
into brick tea, is better. It appears that, after
all the fuss about Japan tea in Canada, she
only takes 5,424,000 lbs. per annum. How
10,000,0€0 Jb. is 10 be captured out of that hy
Ceylon Greensis apuzzle whicd Mr Larkin will
peihaps be alle to solve when he comes back
next week. I missed seeing him by a couple
of. minutes. If Ceylon planters continue their
restrictive policy six months longer until the
duty is reduced, they will set the industry on its
legs again, Lecause there will be an expansion
in the hometrade. I believe, however, even this

is going on satistactorily, but it will probably

he checked by the rise in common tea.

* Ordered officially,—Kp, 7.A.
44.

AGRICULTURIST, 345

I am not sure whether the statement in the
Yokohama Prices Current includes shipments from
Kobe, but I will find out. The Japan Blue Book
is rather confusing ; first they are given in king,
(100th part of a picul) and then the pan-fired and
basket-fired are given separately. I shall no
coubt find out all about it at the American
Consulate and the Colonial Office ; perhaps I may
find it in the ‘* Encyclopedia Ceylonica.”’ 50 mil-
lions trom China, 20 from Japan, and 17 from
Ceylon and J~dia—make up in all 87 millions.—
Yours truly, C. S.

The Secretary of the Ceylou Association, London;
52, Longridge Road, 25th September, 1901.

DEAR Sirn,—In my letter of the 9th inst., I
asserted that the importers of Japan tea into
America held an impregnable position, from which
they could not be ousted by the costly and un-
practical methods adopted by the Ceylon Planters’
Association.

As this opinion is contrary to that of many
intelligent and experienced planters, it’ will
certainly be disputed. J, therefore, think I may as
well anticipate criticism, by stating my reasons
for making so bold a statement, and, by thus
raising the question, give my critics an opportu-
nily of refuting my arguments, if they ean do so.

That importers of Japanese tea in America have
an advantage of thirty per cent in the difference
between 25 pence per yen, and 16 pence per ru-
pee will not be denied. There are none better
qualified to appreciate this advantage than Cey-
lon Planters, for has not the action of the Indian
Government in factitiously raising the sterling
value of the rupee to the extent named, been, tor
the last four. years, a standing grievance of
India and Ceylon Planters ?

There is little doubt that Ceylon Planters can,
if they choose, make better Green Tea than the
Japanese, but todo so, fine-plucked leaves must be
used, and as tbe Jower grades are not admitted
into America, and cannot be sold elsewhere ab
prices that would cover the cost of packages and
transport, they have to be eliminated, and this
adds considerably to the cost of the exportable
grades, which I think cannot be less than 36 cents
per pound, Jaid down in Colombo.

That the leaves used in making superior Greens,
would, if made into Black Tea, give more profitable
results is proved by the fact, that very little Green
Tea is now being made in Ceylon, and it looks
probable, that there will be even less during
the next few months.

Hitberto very little has been publicly written
regarding the cost of teain Japan, except vague
statements that the prices of labourhaving advanced,
there, the cost must be greater than in Ceylon,
Is is very difficult to obtain accurate information
on this point, as there are very few merchants here
who are interested directly in the trade between
Japan and America, I haveinterviewed every one
likely to be able to give me information on the
subject, and Mr Comes of Messrs Comes & Co.,
was the only one I found practically acquainted
with it. From him I Jearned that Japan tea was
not sold packed ready for shipment, as in China,
Tndia and Ceylon ; but was sent to the shipping
ports, in a half manufactured state, and there
refired, sorted, and packed by exporters, and that
the cost of doing this was about five yen per picul.
By adding this sum to the market quotations, the
price ready for shipment is obtained. This was

350

eonfirmed by Mr Walters, Manager of the Hong-
kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, who has
been in Japan.

I find by the Yokohama Prices Current of the
13th August, that common teas including re-firing
&¢c., cost 28 yen per picul; this at an exchange of
25d is equal to 5:26d per pound. Good medium
tea ab 25 yen equals 6°37d, and finest at 40 yen
equal 7'52d. ;

Taking good medium to conregpond. with the
quality usually shipped from Cofombo, it would
appear that there is not much difference between
tbe cost of Japan, and Ceylon Greens.

It is authoritatively stated that, to capture the
Japanese stronghold, it will be necessary to
expend a very large sum in advertisements, and
that Ceylon Green Tea must be made to re-
semble in every way Japanese, and moreover, for
a considerable time, Ceylon planters will have
to carry on the trade on philanthropic, and not on
business, principles,

I will not dwell in this letter on the subject
of the bonus paid by the ‘‘ Thirty Committee”
of the Planters’ Association, because in a letter
to the Financial Times in April last, copy of
which you obtained, I fully explained its nature
and object. [ would simply ask what effect
could the substitution of a couple of million
pounds of Green for Black Tea havein counter-
acting the over-suppiy to Great Britain ?

Those who are old enough to recall the time
when China was the only source of supply, will
remember that the consumption of Green went
pari passu with Black.

Outside the producing countries, and North
America, who now drinks Green Tea? T gather
from the subjoined statement, taken from the
Yokohoma Chamber of Commerce Prices Current,
that, even inthe United Statesand Canada, the taste
for it is diminishing; whilst that for Black, ag
in all other Anglo-Saxon countries, is increasing .

Is it worth while Ceylon’s spending large sums
to try and revivily a declining trade?

I learn from Ferguson’s “ Encyclopedia Ceylo-
nica” that the American campaign costs no less
that £20,000 per annum.* This amount if diverted

to practical-purposes, would pay five per cent divi-
dend on £400,000 of capital.

Your Committee can imagine what this vast
sum could be made to do in promoting the

con mption of Oeylon tea in Muhammedan
cousuries,

It appears that the chief part of the annual
cost of the campaign, is the secret services ! One
year's savings would cover the expense of ereet-
ing in Colombo a Brick Tea Factory, to use up
those grades which every one, but the Chinese
ar© 4Nxious to get rid of. Those astute people are,
I #4bher from the Ceylon newspapers, beginnin
to {nq out their value.

It would only cosh £2,500 per annum to sub-
sidise a Joint Stock Company with a capital of
£50,000 to work the factory.—Yours faithfully,

C. SHAND.

a

* £10,000 per annum ‘is’ more'like the amount:
£20,000 is above the total realised for the Cesg
last yoor.—Hp. 7A,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Nov, 1, 1901.

EXPORTS OF JAPAN TEA FOR THE PAST
SIX SEASONS.

TOTAL

Shipments. 1900-1991. 1899-1900, 1898-1899.

To U.S. America... 19,859,749 19,846,372 15,947,030
To Canada +. 5,424,678 6,859,829 7,979,284
1897-1898. 1896-1897. 1895-1896.

ToU.S. America.. 21,899.958 19,641,751 23,436,023
To Canada 5,563,810 7,708,267 6,500,277
You know. that of the 84 million pounds of

tea imported into America 50 millions is from
China—the consumption of tea in the U. S.
appears to have made no progress during the last
twelve years.

BLANTYRE AND EAST AFRICA,
LIMITED.

DEAR Sir,—I send under separate cover pro-
spectus of the above Company. It was only
begun to be issued by the public yesterday and
it remains to be seen whether sufficient capital
will be raised. The opening of the Railway to
Blantyre would greatly improve the prospects of
planters there and I don’t think anyone could
say the Company was over capitalised. The
Nyssaland Coffee Company’s estate has not been
a success, but there may have been reasons for
that such as the opening of too much land at
once, and unsuitable sites.—I am, yours truly,

[We give a brief summary of the prospectus.—
Ep. 7.A.]

Buantyre AND Hast Arrica, Limirep, has sprang
from an amalgamation of some of the best Planting
Interests in British Central Africa, The main ob-
jects of the Company are the cultivation of coffee,
tobacco, rubber, Chillies, Capsicums, sugar, tea, cocoa,
camphor, and other products.

Bucuanan Broruers.—These early Planters are
dead, and their Trustees wish to realise their Assets,
and have been willing toaccept £21,250—a very reason-
able sum—for their extensive interesis.

Hynpe & Srarx have sent the best coffee lately to
the London market, and have made large profits on
their tobacco, Their senior partuer, a man of large
experience and much energy, is to be the Company’s
Manager in Africa.

Joun W Morr, by properly preparing and grading
coffee on the spot. has secured the highest prices in
in the South African Market.

THe Scorrish Crnrrat AFrican Synpicate Lr-

« MITED, is a newer Company, whose estates are not
fully developed. This Company has been reorgan-
ised, and has become the nucleus to which the other
estates have been added.

‘The land under coffee amounts to over 3,000 acres,
and only costs the company an average of about
£13 5s, per acre or £39,970. There are alsoincluded
154,385 acres of uncultivated land costing on average
about 1s 4d. per acre, or £10,047, although part of this
acreage, being Lownship blocks, is worth abous £100
per acre. E : ra

The Shiré Highlands Railway, which has just been
contracted for with H. M. Foreign Office, will increase
immensely the value of these lands, besides rendecing
the working of this large Company more economi-
cal and more effective.

Central African coffee has already made a great
name for itself in the coffee market, and this new
Company, with its Experienced Staff. and with the
economies and improvements to be effected, should
give excellent results and substantial Dividends in
the near future, for Coffee is indigenous, the quality
is excellent, while labour is plentiful, and costs under
twopence per day.

Yhe detailed Prospectus, on page 14, shows an esti-
mated Profit on the first complete year’s working of

Nov. 1, 1901. ]

£3,654, which would permit of a Dividend of 7 per
cent on the Ordinary Share Capital called up.

The Directors confidently expect that this profit
will be largely increased in sugceeding years,
LARGH' HARE SHOT AT PUTTALAM.

Puttalam, Oct. 14.

DEAR Sir,—I am sending you by this post
the skin of a hare [ shot, on the 20th ult.,
at Nindeniya, 24 miles from Puttalam town,
and shall teel obliged if you can inform me
whether you. have a record ofa hare shot,
larger than the one whose skin £ send you.
The shot caught her full on the head, and
the animal, when skinned, was found to be
with young. lease forward the skin to the
Maha Mudaliyar, MrS D Bandaranaike, after
you have done with it, as he may be able
to say something about it, as a_ better
sportsman than he cannot be found in the
lowcountry. I have seen him bring down
ten, out of a possible 12, snipe, and his estates
and forest reserves are always abounding
with hare.—Yours very truly,

HREHD, GINGHR.

[The skin, measuring 21 by 18 inches, cer-
tainly looks unusually large. The following
is from ‘“ Clark’s Sport in Ceylon ” ;—

HARES,

The hare found in Ceylon is the ‘‘black-necked
hare,” lepus nigricollis. ‘the Sinhalese name is
hawa, and the Tamil musal. They are found
almost everywhere, but are .nost common in the
sandy coast-forests. In some places in the northern
parts they can be kicked out of almost every bush.
They also swarm round the tanks and open places
and in abandoned over-grown fields in the interior.
The best time to go after them is at dusk. The
weight of a well-grown one will be from 5 to 8 lb.

Possibly Mr. Clark, as well as the Maha
Mudaliyar, may have something to say about
this skin.—Ep T7.A4.]

Elie House, Colombo, Oct, 17.
DrEAR SiR,—I have read with interest Mr.
Ginger’s letter to you dated 14th instant, re
the large hare shot by him. From the des-
eription given {am _ inclined to believe
that it belongs to a breed called by the

natives “Gdéna Hawa” (‘‘ HIk hare”).
This species is ot an unusual size, and
I have come across and shot some on

my ‘owitas” on Attanagalla, but they are
very rare. The general opinion is that this
large size is due tothe result of a mono-birth,
and good grazing ground on land abounding
with *‘ Undupialy” or ‘‘ Rabbit leaf” (trefoil).
It may also have been one of this species of
full growth, if not of venerable age.— Yours
truly, S. D. BANDARANAIKA,

CAKDAMOMS FOR AUSTRALIA.
Colombo, Oct. 15.

DEAR Sir,—I feel sure there is nothing
remarkable in the absence of a direct sup-
ply of cardamoms to the Southern Colonies,
With such a limited population, a very
small quantity of cardamoms would go a
long way in Australia. There could not be
any inducement to ship except on order and
I expect ,orders would be of a very retail

ture,— Yours faithfuil
as mm" MERCHANT,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

351
CHYLON TEA ON ‘THE CONTINENT
OF EUROPE,

Kandy, Oct. 17.
Sir,—I herein enclose for the information
of those interested copy of letter from Mr. J
H Renton to Mr. Rosling with reference to
Ceylon tea in Sweden, Norway and Den-

markx.—I am, sir, yours faithfully,
A. PHILIP,
Secretary, ‘* Thirty Committee.”
TEA IN SCANDINAVIA.

My dear Rosling,—I have been for the last 12

days in Sweden, Norway and Denmark, and give

you herewith impressions of my visit.
SWEDEN.

Ceylon tea kas been well introduced into this
country, owing to the fact. that two or three
planters are connected with Sweden, and have
introduced the tea and pushed it through their
agents ana friends. Some. ten years ago the
Messrs Seton of the Agras began the work and
others have followed, viz., Mr Dickson, who is
himself a Swede, the Lethenty Co., and Mr
Luck. With the exception of ‘the agents and
friends of the Ceylon planters, I found only one
other firm importing tea in Stockholm, and this firm
has tea only as one of its departments. It is a large
firm importing all Colonial produce. I called on
two other large firms whose names had been given
to meas tea importers, and found they didnot touch
the article. I was somewhat puzzled therefore as to
how the 216,270 kilos of tea consumed in Swedenn
got into the country, But when I got to Gothenbure
I found nearly as much tea is imported here as in
Stockholm, and that tea is imported into Sweden

through no less than 22 other ports. Detaj
statistics are as under :— : . Sieh
From 1899. 1900,
Norway 1,106 kilos 1,242 ki
Finland 675 do 3,522 ue
Russia 22 do 687 do
Germany 64,598 do 60,618 do
Denmark 55,117 do 52,108 do
Holland 5,659 do 7,820 do
Belgium Al 7,201 do 14,056 do
Great Britain 67,105 do 75,084 do
France 26 do 223 do
Total 201,509 kilos 216,270 kilog

These statistics give no intormation a: igi
country of production. Tea Lene ay eae
burg, Amsterdam and Antwerp for instance, is all
entered as coming from Germany, Holland and Bel
glum, and these countries figure therefore as the
countries of export. The population of Sweden is just
over five millions, The consumption of about b-69
English 1b. per head is very poor, especially when it
is considered that the duty is only 50 Gre per. kilo
say 3d per English lb. The consumption, however,
1s Increasing slowly. Ten years ago the quantity
imported for home consumption was only 80 000
kilos. From eareful enquiries, I think, quite one
third of the above quantity of 475,794 Bieolich
lbs (I Should say it was over a third but not a
half) is of Ceylon tea. With the exception of the
quantty imported by the Messrs. Seton’s and
Dickson’s agents wa Autwerp and Hambure, all
the rest of the Ceylon tea imported into Sweden is
bought in London. Even Messrs. Seton’s friends are
buying now more in London. The reasons of this
are mainly, the London market is cheaper, the
dealer gets samples in advance of the auctions and

352 THE TROPICAL
buys exactly what he wants, and finance is easier.
For teas shipped from Colombo the drafts come
forward by the mail in 3 weeks’ time, and have
to be laid at once, whereas the teas themselves
are always 7 weeks on the road, sometimes longer,
Credit is inneh abused both in Norway and Sweden.
The dealers have to give their clients the grocers
a nominal four but generally six months’ eredit,
because private individuals pay their aceounts
sometimes once in six months, sometimes in a
year’s time. On teas bought in London the Swed-
ish and Norwegian dealers obtain the usual
London terms and are not called upon to pay for
the teas till long after their arrival. I called on
the following :—

IN STOCKHOLM,

Firm A, General importers of colonial goods
with a tea department—has imported direct from
Colombo and are quite satisfied with their work,
but prefer to buy in London. Use _ however,
mostly China tea and keep Ceylon only for clients
who ask for it, are not inclined to go ont of the
way to push it; think the taste is growing for
Ceylon.

BL, Tea importers only. Ten or twelve years
ago took up Ceylon at the instance of the Messrs,
Seton of Preston estate, now purchase only Ceylon
and push it entirely. This firm received a grant
from the Committee in 1897 I believe, and one
through me this year of £100. Last year they
expended on general and special advertisements
8,550 kronen say £475, their travellers’ expenses
were 14,000 kronen, say £777.

In 1901 to date they have expended in general
cavertisements, signs to grocers,
apnisters, &c. 60 5,350 kronen —£297

Travellers’ expenses +. 10,000 ,, = £555
They well deserve our support,

Their imports in 1900 were 61,000]b. To date
1901 only 25,500 1b but 22,200 are on the way from
London, Ceylon and Hamburg. They anticipate
that they will import about 6,0001b less in
1901 than in 1900 as they got a large quantity just
at the end of last year, but they are buying more in
London this year, and quantity from there will be
10,000 lb over last year and correspondingly less
from Ceylon direct.

C. A small limited Company called CeyJon
Plantage le Depdten commenced by a coffee
broker who unfortunately has failed by plunging
in coffee.
years—and seems to have spent a great deal on
advertising in many ingenious ways. To instance
one, they have a number of neat little match boxes,
which they give away. Up to date they say they
have lost money. They are supplied exclusively
by the Lethenty Hstates Company from London.
I have promised them a grant for next year,
and will, if I have funds, make them a contri-
bution for this. As vouchers were not ready for
me, their accounts are to follow me,

D. Mr Dickson’s agent has Dickson’s tea and
placards in three or four shops, but he is workiug
inainly through private persons, and has only
commenced his general propaganda.

HH, Isa firm of first-class grocers with five shops
inStockholm. The head of the firm, a born English-
man, but now anaturalised Swede has a nephew,
a proprietor in Ceylon. This firm some three
years ago imported packet teas direct from
Colombo, but now they have their own Ceylon
Packets packeted in London. They also runa
ure Indian blend—and give the preference to the
ndian, Lhe London firm which supplies them

This firm has been in existence four -

* but

AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1901i
having a branch in Caleutta naturally tries to pusti
Indian teas in preference to Ceylon. ‘This Cal-
cutta firm seems to be doing a good business in
Norway, Sweden and Denmark.

As we have quite enough firms in Stockho'm
making Ceylon teas their speciality I did not tiy
to get any of the Gothenburg firms to take it
up specially and push it. A special return is
issned yearly of Gothenburg trade which gives
amongst other things the quantity imported by
each firm. The return for 1900 is not out yet, but
in 1899, 73,000 kilos were imported by 14 different
firms. ‘Two of these only are purely tea firnis,
the others are general Colonial produce importers.
I called on the principal—entirely tea.

F, By far the biggest importer has correspond«
ents in Colombo, but buys now always in London,
is favourably disposed towards Ceylen tea and
buys about 20,000 lb. per atnuim, which is abont
one-third of his total import.

G, 2nd largest importer, total import thongh
enly 15,000 lb. buys principally Ceylon and Indian,
all in London.

H. Imports 12,000 Jb., principal retail mostly
China from Hamburg, uses Ceylon for mixing
purposes.

f. Entirely tea, imports only 2,000 Jb! all
China—was at one time the biggest tea business
n Sweden,

J. General importer, buys blends from a firm
in Putney, London, 8. W. !!!

NORWAY.

The consumption in Norway is as follows :—
1899. 1900.
From Kilos. Kilos.
Sweden 6 1,656 4,799
Denmark oh «. 20,340 18,805
Germany ae 51,884 58,571
Holland “93 . 2,091 1,640
Belgium ta «+ 1,262 907
Great Britain ... .. 84,030 38,960
Hast India, China and Asia 673 807
Other Countries 55 51 47
Russia “00 108 339
Total.. 118,095 124,875

Last year the consumption was 274,725 English
pounds. The pogulation is 2,000,000, so the
consumption per head of 0°13 of an English Jb,
is better than Sweden, and this notwithstand-
ing the fact that the duty on tea in Norway is 2
kronen per kilo, or about Is 2d per lb. The Nor-
wegian importers have petitioned their Parliament
on successive occasions to have the duty reduced,
The justice of their demand has been acknowledged,
the Government cannot do without the
revenue. ‘The dealers say if the duty were only
reduced by half, the consuniption would be donb-
led. IL have not been able to find out through
whom most of the tea comes, and think Hamburg
and Copenhagen dealers must supply the retail
firms direct. I hear there is a firm in Bergen
importing a good deal of tea direct from London,
but I could only learn of five firms in Christiania
interesting themselves to any extentin tea. Of
these five three are general colonial produce houses.

K, A big firm, tea is a minor article with them,
and they confine their purchases almost entirely to
China. What little Ceylon they get, they buy
in Bremen or Hamburg,

Nov. 1, 1901.]

I. Also another large firm with whom, tea is

_ only a minor article, all of which they buy in
London, and they sell principally theit
| blend.

Assam

M. A smaller firm who took wp Geylon tea

/ in 1897 and import it in packets direct trom
| Colombo.
| rously in 1898-99, and last year.
- displacing their China, as this year they will import
| two-thirds Ceylon, one-third China, but their total

They advertised and pushed it vigo-
It is gradually

imports will not exceed 7,000 lb, this year. ‘They
got a grant last year, and [ have promised one for
next to include this year’s expenditure.

N. A new firm startel two years ago and
entirely tea. They are to put up and run a puie
Ceylon tea of three qualities, are getting special
placards for it and circulars, Their first pur-
chases of Ceylon have just been made, and we

will see what they can de.

Was

O. Isthe Christiania branch of the Stockholm
firm B. They opened in Christiania four years
ago—and only sell Ceylon, Have worked up the
importation to 8,0001b. but have lost money every
year. They haveadvertised very largely, but the
expensive part of the business is their travellersas
it doesnot pay in travelonly for tea, If I have
funds available I will give them something
towards their expenditure this year and have pro-
mised them £50 for next. I taney that nearly one-
third of the tea sold in Norway is Ceylon tea, if
notsold pure itis sold in blends. I have urged on
the dealers the importance of getting grocers to
reduce their prices. Tea especially in Sweden is
far toodear ;until itis muchcheaper the public
will not take to it. The drink ot these countries is,
of course, coffee. I fear nothing can be done at
present in the way of tea rooms, The customs of
these countries do not lend themselves to after-
noon coffee, and consequently not afternoon tea.
The cafés are deserted between 4 and 6, as
this is the dinner hour of the dwellers in towns.
Coffee is drunk at breakfast and at supper. In
a few families tea is taken at 4 o’clock occasion-
ally, but when it is drunk it is at 9 or JO o’clock

at night. The peasants and fishermen will have no -

tea. Still the taste for tea is growing, and there
is no reason why the % million lb. of tea drunk

now in these two countries should not be all

Ceylon.
DENMARK.

In Denmark much more tea per head is drunk,
Quantity entered for home consumption in 1900
was 910,000 Danish lb. . The total import was
1,490,000 Danish lb., but as Copenhagen is a free
port, a good deal is transhipped there for Russia
and Sweden and Norway. The steamers of
the Kast Asiatic Company receive the same

rivileges as steamers flying the Russian flag.

he import for home consumption in 1899
was 900,000 Danish lb. but, in 1898 it
990,000 Danish |b, The population is a
little over 24 millions, of which nearly half a million

| jg resident in Copenhagen and suburbs. 900,000

Danish lb. equal to say 990,000 English Ib, is equi:
valent to 0°35 per lb. per head of the population.
Tam convinced thatthe Copenhagen dealers sup-
ply the retailers in South of Sweden, so that
Denmark offers a good field for Ceylon tea. In
Copenhagen I seeno less than 5 large shops and
3 smaller ones. selling only tea. In addition to
these special tea businesses, tea is displayed in many
grocers’ windows, Bug in Denmark Ceylon hag

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

353

made but a very small beggining, and where
other than China is used it is all Indian, that
is used and prepared. The usual story is, it keeps
better and is much better adapted for mixing.

IN COPENHAGEN

there are four large Colonial Importers with
tea departments. Four firms selling tea only
wholesale, and five semi-wholesale, with good
warehouses and offices but with retail shops
as well.

1. The oldest and most important in the first
group—do put (sic) Ceylon tea, but frankly told
me they only kept it if it was asked for. They had
sold China tea for 50 years and did not intend
to sell any other, if they could help it.

2. Keep only China—and their tea is a very
minor article.

3. A small house principally coffee and ex-
clusively China tea,

4. One of the partners in this firm has been
in Colombo, and has correspondents there. Their
business is principally other articles, but he takes
a keen interest in Ceylon tea and has tried to
open up a trade in it though he finds it very
difficult to do so.

- The second group, all keep Ceylon tea and
buy it in London or through Bremen firms. One
of them gives all the preferable Indian, But
another tells me he imports 100,000 lb. of which
one-third is Ceylon and Indian, mostly Ceylon
bought in the London market. I have hopes
that in time this man will take up and push
Ceylon. The 2rd firm have sgreed to make
Ceylon a special feature in their trade, to
run it in packets in 3 qualities under a special
label and willissue special circulars. I am to
contribute the cost of placards and circulars, and
this is a beginning at any rate ef the 3rd group,
J found one who said hesold practically no China.
He keeps to the China designations but his teas
are allIndian blends. He maintains the public
do not care for Ceylon. The other four firms all
keep Ceylon, but use it mainly in their blends.
The demand for pure Ceylon is they say very
emall, They buy all their Indians and Ceylon
teas in London; one of them has the agency for the
Santhol Missien teas from Bengal !

You will see from the above that the work in
the interests of Ceylon tea was begun in Sweden
and Norway long ago; and that what has been
done tbere, has been through the initiative of the
individual Ceylon Planter. The increase in the
consumption has been very slow, but continuous,
and the work has been a very uphill work. We
have made a beginning in Denmark and I hope it
will not be either so slew orsuch hard work as in
Norway and Sweden.

The duty on tea in Denmark is 66 Gre per kilo
say 3}. per English lbs.—Yours, é&c.,
J. H. RENTON,
Copenhagen, September 26th, 1901.

LL RO EESTI

THe DEAF HEAR.—No. 479 of the Illustrated
World of 626, Chiswick High Road, London, W.,
England contains a description of a remarkable
Cure for Deafness and Head Noises which may be
carried ott at the patient’s home, and which is
said to be a certain cure, This number will be
sent free to any deaf persons sending ,their adc
dress te the Editor, :

yeh THE

SHARE LIST.

[ISSUED BY THE
COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’
ASSOUVIATION,

CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIIKSs.

paid Buy- Sell- Tran.
: s
Company p.sh. ers. ers, saction
Agra Ouvah Eatates Co., Ltd. 500 — $00 a
Ceylon ‘tea and Coconut Estates 600 — — i
Custlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100 — — _
Ceylon P ivincial Estates Co. Ltd, — — 610 _
Claremont Estates Co., Ltd. 0 — — &
Clunes Tea Co., Ltda. 106 40 60 =
' Ciyne states Co,, Ltd. 100 - —- Ee
Doomoo T'ea Co., of Ceylon Ltd. 190 — 65 _
Drayoon Ifstate Co., luc. 100 ae a
Kila Tea Co., of Ceylon, Lid. 100 — 30 ie
Estates Co of Uva, Ltd. 500 =. Ai) —_
Gangawatta 590 — 950 té
Glasgow Estate Co., Ltd. 10 a = =
Great Western Tea Co., Ltd, 5 610 = am
Bapugahalande Tea Hstate Uv. 200 - = 8
High Forests states Co., ltd 500 is!) Ae,
Do __—ipart paid 400 — 450 —_
Aorekelly Estates Co., Ltd, 190 — 85 wee
Kalutara Co., Ltd. 60C — 250 —
Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 100 —_ 40 =
Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100 — 8&6 —
Kelani Tea Garden Co., Ltd, 100 — 25 as,
Kirklees Estates Co., Ltd. 100 = — 120 ae
Knavesmire Hstates Co., Ltd. 100 = 60 pees
Maha Uva Estates Co., Ltd 500 875 400 _-
Mocha Tea. Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 600 See 700
Nahavilla. Estate Co., Ltd. 600 — 3800 con
Neboda Tea,, Co. Ltd 600 -. 500 —
Palmerston ‘I'ea Co., Ltd. 500 — 40) —
Penrhos Estates Co., Ltd. 100 = 90 =
Pitakanda Tea Company 60 — — am
Pine Hill state Co., Ltd. 60 35 40 =
Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 100 -- — ar
Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. 500 — OA) 9 5
Bayigam Tea Co. Ltd. 100 — 40 oe
Boeberry Tea Co., Ltd. 100 — 70 jee
Buanwella Tea Co., Lid. | 100 — Se 30
St. Heliex’s Tea Cv., Ltd. 600 _ 500 wee
Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 100 _ 30 as
Do 7 percent Prefs. 100 a9 70 oe
Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd. 500 825-—tiw‘aN ne
Jdugamo Tea & Timber Co., Ltd, 60 20 $0 a33
Union Estate Co., Itd. 600 vee =: 0 AS
Upper Maskeliya Kstates, Co.

Ltd. 60 — — on
Uvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon,

Ltd. —_ — =
Vogan Tea Co., Ita. 100 — = 55
WanarajahTea Co.,Ltd. 60) .- 1900 —
Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd, 100 — 260 —

Ozynon OowmeEnoiaL Companigs.
's Peak Hotel Co,, Ltd, 100 O00 80 _-
Bristol Hotel Co., Htd. 190 «©6110 315 «1125
Do 7 per Cone 100 105 — —
en, Stesm Navgtits
Cezton Oe oe ae.
Coylon Superaerati n Ltd. 100 135 — 1813
Colombo Apothecaries’ Ge. Lt 100 135 = xe
Colombo Assembly Rooms Co.,
Ltd. 0 = o0 ns
Do prefs. ei 20 the oo oe
Golombo Fort Land and Building

Co., Ltd, 100 85 i210) _
Colombo Hotels Company 100 295 Be 25
Galle Face Hotel Oo., Itd. 100 = aa 175
Kz Hotels Co., Ltd. 100! ay ieee eed Lit50) Fie.

Ms. Lavinia, Hotel Co.,Ltd. 600 260 350 —
{Yew Colombo Ice Co., Ltd.

Wliya Hotels Co., Ltd, 80 00 30 a0
eats tse Gent prefs, an} = Won
Poblic Hall Co,, Ltd, i ws “90

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. |

[Nov. 1, 1901.

LONDON COMPANIES. x

paid Buy- Sell- Tran
Company p. sh. ers. ers. saction
Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd, 10 es 8-9 +
Anglo-Ceylon General Estates Co. 100 «» 09-60 -..
Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon 10 — 13—-%

Do. 6 per cent prefs, 10 a 3—5 se
Ceylon Proprietary Co. 1 oe 4-4
Ceylon Tea Plantacion Co., Ltd. 10 -- 237-724 .
Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd. 5 ae 5—5}

Do prefs. 5 oo 5-6 °
Eastern Produce & Estates Co. Ltd. 5 ar 34-- 33
Ederapolla Tea Co,, Ltd. 10 oF 6—8
{mperial Tea Estates Co., Ltd, 16 on 4--43 4
Kelani Valley Tea Asscn., Ltd. 5 on 3-5 nen
Kintyre Estates Co., Lod. 10 as 6—8 ah
Lanka Plantation Co., Ltd, 10 o>, Pane pe
Nahalma Estates Co.,Ltd. 1 z nom .
New Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1 oe «28-3 Se
Nuwara Hliya ew Msiate Co., Ld. Lu — 93-10 10
Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd. 10 45> 6-7 ss
Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Lid, 10 sa AE NRY Se
Scottish Coylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 —~ 10--15 ;
Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 10 ore 2—5 .
Standard Vea C~,, Led. 6 -. 10—12 ps
The Shell Transport and Trading

Company, Ltd, 23-34 =
Uknwella Estates Co., Ltd. 5 _ par _
Yativantota Geylon Tea Cu., Ltd. 10 2 43-5 na

Do, pref. 6 o/o 10: 7.6. o-10"|'..

BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE
Colombo, Nov. ist, 1901,
* Latest London Prices.
a

RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO.

(Supplied by the Surveyor-General.)
Ay of

1896. |1897. | 1898. |1899. |1900 31yrs. 19C1
Inch | Inch | Inch | Inch.| Inch. | Inch.| Inch.
January 2°92 | 3°81 | 2°32 | 6°98 3°72 | 3°24 | 1lyl
February ..| 0°35 | 1°68 | 1°98 2°78 0°63 1°89 | 3°55
March «-| 5°64 | 3°66 | 4°21 0°88 371 4°75.) 5°12
April --| 5°93 |10°97 | 22°81 6°66 | 15°12 |11°43 | s7L
May --| 9°31 | 8°30 | 5°80 {17°73 | 10°63 |12°04 | 6°23
June --| 8°37 |10°14 | 10°94 9°23 7°83 8°35 | 5°93
July 2°85 | 6°24 | 6°15 111 677 4°30 | 4°52
August ..| 6°35 | 9°09 | 0°97 0°62 7°35 | 3°79 | 0°46
September | 10°99 | 4°58 6°90 1°48 4°00 4°98 | 3°93
October ..|16°78 | 4°71 | 20°60 {12°99 9°47 |14°26 | 3°8u*
November..| 19.81 |11°66 | 17°38 8°58 9°25 |12°55
December..|11°76 | 8°89 | 3-05 | 4°44 5°20 | 6°35
Total. .|101°06/82°73 }103°11 |73°48 | 83°68 | 88°03 | 54°21

——

* From 1st to 30th Oct. 3°80 inch, that is up to 9-20 a.m
on the 31st Oct.—EpD. C.0. '

ee

DOUBLE-HEADED Brown Trovut.—Freaks of
nature, in the shape of two brown trout each
with two heads, and two fish of the same species
joined at the fins, in Siamese twins fashion, were
exhibited at the Mining Exchange on Monday
by Mr. Robert Taylor, of the Acclimatisation
Society. The fish were obtained in the hatching
boxes at Lake Wendouree, and were three weeks
old.—Melbourne Leader, Oct. 5.

EcuADoR—exported during 1900, 1,103,511 pound®
of India-rubber, valued at 1,076,068 sucres (=about
$460,000, gold). ‘These figures are larger than the
averase for a good many years past. The ex-
ports from Guayaquil in 1876 reached 1,013,00
pounds, after which there was a heavy falling
off. only 380300 pounds having been exported in
1893. A recent visitor to the ‘‘India Rubber
World” offices is about to begin, in company with
some other Americans, the planting of Castilloa
elastica rubber near Guayaquil —Jndia Rubber
World, October 1, . |

Nov, 1, 1901.
Nov, 1, 1901} THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 858
c
OLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION
(Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.) FOR SEASONS 1900 AND 1901.
EXPORTS 2| 2 = Genes eNr> 9
A Som “ER OS =
Gobo, Oct sthy1c0l. ae he ce 23° ° S
CarpAMoms :— a} a2 a
Allround parcel, well bleached per lb, R155 LAs ee
Do. dull medium do. R140 Bo Boeo So 828s S
6 ; + No Se Base
Special assortment, 0 and 1 only do. R1:90 vs | [ede SR ee no) eer | 2
Seeds do. R1-40 i BE : = g
PcHoNs Bark :— : | |
er unit of Sulphate of Quinine 9c—I4 to 3 o/ fe SSesa9 = Ras
Cinnamon :— ; . : ue = wg |S :-BPSarg 8 B32 P eee
Ordinary assortment per lb, 5lc. ze oh Vb el i ee ou 8
ur 1 and 2 only per lb. 55c, ‘i
os. 3 and 4 only er lb. 44c. 5 |S SSs5 & Sa
CoENON Curps :— i | E $ Zo awe 2 S 88 | S
er candy of 560 Ib R77'50 BA 8 aOR 3
Cocoa :— B15 as samen calles s 2
Finest estate red ; unpicked per cewt R50 ; 2
Medium do do ‘ None 2| #4 | 38 = | 38
Bright native unpicked and undried R45 6] & [oss & Merl a eGel tc: =
Ordinary do do do None Sil DBR BIR sa : ™
oconuts—(husked). S[,ammooS 5 anita
Selected per thousand R52°:00 | 55 | Seacees Sa. aise | 2
Ordinary _ R45-00 \233 jpn 3° SO esa Z
Smalls # R35:00 Agsi* eCUbanren terse aia its 3
| Gecenur CaKE— 3 | Z
oonac in robins f. o. b. per ton R75:00 ee
Do in bags None g |’ 2 | agess ¢ 8 5 3
Coconut (Desiccated). B) BE CRBSa CUS ies: S
Assorted all grades per lb 17}c o | | ae ; Seas ance ieS
Coconut O1— a a=S OS SS
Deplers ae per ewt R17'50. a/ss [nas GU chs us He Seace Bs
oconut Oil in ordinar acka OSE lar" A Bs HEB PSs te
ton R380'00 Wp qbackneer fy Gyypee Pee si) 40)| Runs a
CorrreE.— 54 TRSSRHSONH S FOSOHS
eee Estate Parchment on the spot per bus 8 EE | BESO Sse yee | 7
one. y Qe q Bes Ree bes
elation Estate Coffee f.o.b. (ready) per cwt — | ign Sore S a
one. 5 aASIOSR S oe |
Native Coffee, f.0.b per cwt.—Non pled |BEBRSSN Eat Beis is: a
OrrroneLLA OrL— p me z |s- SD eetiiitis Oa a alle | =
Ready do er lb.—4dc Bie sass se
Corra— y 2| 3, EEEEEEE gS 8S338 | aA o0
Boat Copra per candy of 560 Ib. R59:00 © hae |B P*5"5 EE SPSS 6. re
cea Goprs do do R60 00 at Medios a | &
yar oO do do R56: bs peor eS os BONS a
Hstate do do do 59-00 g g |e 323 ae cts | i
Ghones SEED per cwt—R15'00 aid RCV ie A :t | 3
BONY— a
Sound per ton at Govt. depot—R2 Sl 4g [83224 , 3 “Re KS a
Byeneacaroenteher pot—R200,00 Per Govt. 8 | = |= Aig ier elie: aS swe: | S
Inferior R15000 Per Govt a
ene ovt. sales of 2nd September, j g [8 S95 8. S55 8.8 | §
Coconut Bristle No.1 percwt R11°50 z | & 3 sadn a | @
Do 9 2 9 None 5 ov :
Be mattress ,, 1 Ks 3-50 J | 5 | i S Saray
Coir Yarn, Kogalla i 1 to 8 TOG 8 2 Be, oy
Do Colombo ,, 1 to 8 11°50 oO} g8|2 855 8.258 3 8 3
Kitool all sizes ; None asl shit oar: ° | 3
fd Palmyrah - af None a ES a5
EPPER—Black Se2)8:2253 WES SSS 50
SS ie per lb None Bis pst tis jsp 2) 4 ese & i FS
Large lumps ert pe SASS STSRE pias
_ Chips do 350 Fine quali: Sls {Ss °° SaRIEsDS28 3] 5
| ties scarce. rant net) ar | =) Ss Ron OL SD
Dust 3 SSeS a a
Be (Flsitss do 200 |, (25222232 2229525582) 3
SaPpanwoop— per ton None Sa niSsoaeces SERSR REARS | 5
Sarinwoop (ordinary) per cubic ft. 310" = le 9 Sy al o&
Do do per cubic ft. None. STE OMe aN Go ae LENS
Gan High Grown Medium Low Grown wa | 1 Penta Wk BGM intee: | ws
cA— Average. Ave 6 5 u
1 Broken Penee and Broken ata Whar meer = gs
_ Orange Eekoe per lb 57 4 me sce 23 ae
ormee Pekoe do 48 re aa Zi ae 2 as Se 33 ce $a ee g 23
ekoe do 42, 38 33 t=) os hie lee i S2aekes af
é Oo DesDEsSeaSeST si-csaal a
ae Bouchoneida 36 33 30 re) P AS On aR Gnesd dbase |e:
ekoe Hannings do 39 26 29 Edel sichevolnesiiatsiclinialsesicyapais 36
Broken mized—dust, &o 24 18 92 ‘ Bs

856

(From Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, October 2nd, 1961,)

ALOES, Soccotrine cwt.
Zanzibar & Hepatic ,,
ARROW KOO! (Natal) Jb.

BEES’ WAX, cwt.
Zanzibar & { White x
Bombay Yellow,,

Madavascar
CAMPHOR, hoes pa

CAKDAMO u S)Malako rib

Ceylen.— Myscre

”

be Yellicherry ,,

Long aH

Mangalore ,,

CASTOR O11, Galetitae,

CRIITIFS., Yar ayer cwt.

CINCHONA BARK.- Ib.
Ceylon

CINNAMON,Ceylcn Ists
rer Ib guds
21¢s
4tls
Chits
CLOVES, Penang lb.
Amboyna
Zanzibar
and Pemba
Stems
COFFEE
Ceylon Plantatien ,,

Native
Liberian an
COCOA, Ceylon i

CO1l OMFO RCOT
COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton
Cochin ,,
FIFRE, Brush ;
: Cochin ,,
Stufing,,
COIR YARN, Ceylon ,,
Cochin ,,

do. ,,

CYCTCNSEFDS,sift. cwt.
ClICH

GINGIR, Bengal, Trough,

Calicut, Cut ,,

B J ys

Cochin Rough ,,

i)
”
»”

Japan
GIM «MN "MONIACUM
ANIMI, Zanzibar

Madagascar ,,

APAIIC ¥.1. & Aden ,,

Turkey sorts ,,

G)atti ,,

Kurrachee ,,

Nadias ,,

ASSA¥QTIDA Me

K1NG ti

MILEH, picked iy
Adcn sorts

”

OLIPANUM, drop

”

ACen eS 9
litings

INDIARUI Bhi vAseain is)

Rangoon
Eorneo

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

MARKET RATES FOR O©D AND NEW PRODUCTS.

QUALITY.
Fair to fine dry ng
Ccmmen to gocd Be
Fair to fne 0
Gocd tc fine
For

lwk to "occd Falieh

Crude and semi 1efined
Fairy aviiage quality...
Clipy ed, Lold, br git, fire
Middlisg, stalky & lear

Oidinary to fine quill
”
DN)
”

”
”
”

Dull to fine bright bold

-/Dull to tine

Gcecd and fine bright
Con mcn dill to fair

| Fair

Bold to fine bold colery
Middlirg to fine mid ..
Low mid. ard low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary

Small to bold

Bold to fine bold
Medium and fair
Native

Middling to good

Ordinary to fair As
Cid. to finelong straight
Oidinary to good clean
Ccnmen to fine
Ccmmon to supericr

» very fine
Roping, fair to good
Dull to fair
Fair to fine dry
Fair
Good to fine bold
Small and medivm
Ccmmen to fine bold
Small and D’s
Unsplit

$m. blocky to fine clean
Picked fine pale in sorts
Fart yellow and mixed
Bean and Pen size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
Med. & bold glassy sorts
Fair to gcod palish ...
+ 60 red
Oidinary to gccd pale
Pickings to fine yale...
Gcocdzerd fine yaje .
Reddish to pale selected
Tak to fire pale 60
Clean fr toga. almends
Oid. stcny ard blecky
Fine Liight

Fair to fine yale
Middling to gccd

Gccd to tue white
Middling to fair

Low to gcod fale
Slightly fcul to fine
Gocd to tine

Con mon,.to foul & mxd.
Fair to geod clean
Cin mon to fine

44S ar0s

2(sa (Cs
d

fida cd

£6 a k7 108

£5 isa L6 Ws
£517
1€fs a itis

lils

Sséda fséd
Isfdalsid

Fair to fine plump » |Issdadgs od
Scecs . |: S2d a 2s td
Gecd to fine ../28 l]ld 4 és
Brewnish .. 12s ¢d
Shelly to gocd (da 2s €d
Med brcewn to gccd bold|és 2d a $s3d
Ists and Ends ..-(:ad a dd
Tull 1 11+ bright ../eoS & 458
ledgeniana Ong. Stemjeda 53d
Crcewn, Renewed Eda id
Oig. Stem |54da 53d
Red Org. Stem Jezda 44d
Rinewed eda 54d
Kec 35da 4d

iq a Is ed

Hd a3 15-1d
1gd

9s €d alZls
iCs a 104s

4(s a 6(s
3s a 4038
278 a 3s
i(sa &s €d
6¢s a 678-¢d
5is€da tus 6d
10s a 20s
ncminal

£13 118 a £18
£16 a £19
£40 a £24

£7 a £9

£15 a £50
#12 a £22
=O a £14 10s
lis acts
265 a 86s

34s

10s a 9FS
4tsa Tis
visa 41s
34s a 3ts”

3os

16s a 45s

£10 7s €da £18
£7 a £8
70s a £9 23 6d
£5 10s a £6 7std
e0s a 1(Us
£4€s a £8

£4 Esa td
3&s a 5ts

40s a 46s

12s €d a é5s

.. (E28 (d a dés

o(s a 40s
£Cs a 25s
€(s a 187s Cd
Cs a 2Es
Istdals €d
{Cs allis
fis a &Cs
3fsia €6s
zEs-a cds
lesa 2s
16+ €da 2&s
gsats 4d
Td als 6a
93a 284d
Isa 2s 8d

oo

fda £61ts

QUOTATIONS.

——_——=_

Java, Siig. & Eenang jb
Mc zambique

”

Nyassaland

Made gascar
INDIGO, E.I,

MACE, Ecmbay & Penarg

}ewt

per lb

MYRABEOJ ANS,
Madias
Ecmbiy

”

Bengal ,
NUTMEGS— Ib.
Bembay;& Penang ,,

INDIARUBbLIR (Contd)
-|Foul togcod clean

“

QUALITY.

Gcoc ito fine Fall

Tow randy Bell
Sausage,

Far to fine Lali

Hengal--

Ordinary
Mid.
Lew
Mid.

[Novi 1, 1903

Oidivary to fair Lall

jair 10 gocd .
liver end Livery Hall ..)

rte fire inky & while:
Fa‘r to g od black
Niggeys, ucw to fine

Shipping mid to gd violet
Consuming wid. to gd.
to mid.

to gocd Kuryah
to oidinaiy

to gocd Madias
Pale reddish to fine

QUOTA’

}
—

. |f£da 2s 6d
ts €da 8s 1d

oye Is lida 2s 6d

.. Is da ls F
s(da 2s
Yssidais

:stda 2s]
fs fda 2 6
.. |28 a 2s 6d
..(1d a 28

as Sd a ds 64
3s 2da 8s 6d
28 10d a 881d
2s a vs éd
Is€da ls 16
fs a 2s10d
<s a 8s

Oidinary to fair Issda Is
Pickings ls 3d # 1s 4d
Daik to fine paleUG |S5sats
Fair Ccast 4s
JubblJepore fs a€s 3d
Bhimlies §s ida 7s 6d
Rhajpore, &e. 4s 3d ats
bppaweas = ss (dais 9
s to iS 2s 4d a tat
Tiga te €5’ Is a 2s id
1€0’s to 1 O's 6d als

NUTS, ARECA cwt,|/Gidinaly to fair fresh |1lésalis

NUX VOMICA, Pcmbay lQidinary to middling [48a 5s €d
per cwt. Mudias [Eair to gocd bold fresh isa ltséd
Small ordirary and faii|6s a 65 94
OIL OF ANISEED _,, |Fair merchantable 53 a 58 lid
CASSTA ” |Accoiding to anslysis |fsa fs Sf
LFV ONGRASS ;, (Gocd faveur & colour |5da aad
NUIMEG ;, |Liney to white 1:6 aad
CINNAMON ,, | Ordinary to fair sweet 24d a 1s 68
CIIRONEILE Bright & gocd flavour oa a 10d

ORCHEIIA WEED-—cwt
Ceylon
Zanzibar. es

PEPPER-— (Black) lb.
Fics & Tellicherry
Singapore

Acheen & W. C. Penang

PLUMBAGO, lump cnt.

Mid. to fne not woody.. |10s a 12s 6
Ticked clean fiat leaf .. 10s a 148
wiry Mczambique|J0s a 11s

bid we

esa a oe
cosa 8

Fair to beld heavy ...
Fair p,
Dull to fine

Fair to tne bright bold

Middling to goud smal] /2isa 488
chips Lull to fine bright ../98 a 15s
dust Oidinary to fine bright|#s €da ss

SAFFLOWER Gocd to fine pinky , Gis a Tes

Inferior to tair . [40s a ots

SAN ; =
ee aa Fair to fine favour ..|/£20a £50

Ecmkay, Iegs ton.
Chips ,, ooo «- a é

os ,, |Fair to gccd flavour
Madrax, Be fe ieee to He wee eae
SI y V fair to gocc Fa a :
para es oop Cesfen e ; Rough & 1c0ty to good £410sa
Siam”? bold smooth...|£7
SEEDILAG cvt, |Ord. dusty to ed. soluble|(2s 6d. 6
SENNA, Tinnevelly Jb |Geed to fine kold green|sdaé
Fair greezish 8da asd
Ccumon dark and smal]|id a 24d
SHELIS, M. o PEARL ;
Bcmbay — ewt. ole and A’s {
D’s and B's £2 1(3a £8
cual = (
Mergui Swallto bold --/£678¢d
Mussel 2) [Small to bold ares
TAMARINDS, Calcutta.,.|Mid.to fine blk not steny|gs a 10s _
percwt. Madras |Stony and inferior _.|?s a €s
TORTOISES T — i lito Wena aoe
nzikar & Rembay Ib. |£ma ola ar. ¥ ;
ae I mottle part heavy ip 16s'a 288°
IURMERIC, Pengalcwt.|Fair
Madras ,, eamaas fair to fine bold)
“Laight 92s a £53
Do. Bulbs .. (278 a 188
Ccchin __,, |Finger - [)7s(d a 18s
Bulbs /€sa Estd—
VANILLOFS— p.|
WV auritius A Gd. erysallized 3}.a 9inlid4s a 248

)

Bourbon ands Foxy & reddish :4a8 ,./13s a 16s'6d

Seychelles 3rds Lean and inferior (8s a 128
VERMILION Ib. Fine, pure, brignt 2s 8d
WAX, Japan, squares ewt Good white hard + |328 @ 3

3 Alla SBA =

AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE,

COLOMBO.

Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for

November :—

Vol. XIIL]

SCHOOL GARDENING IN CEYLON.

HE scheme for establishing gardens
in connection with village schools
may now be said to be fairly
launched. The object of the
scheme is threefold: (1) To
make the surroundings of school

children pleasant. and attractive to them;
(2) To evoke a healthy interest in the study of
plant life and Naturein general, and to encourage
methodical observation and reasoning therefrom ;
and (8) To introduce and extend the cultivation of
vegetables and fruits in the localities in which
the schools are situated. To this end the gardens
will be planted with both ornamental and useful
plants.

In order to ensure a constant supply of such
plants and seeds as will be required for school
gardens, a “stock garden” has been estab-
lished in the grounds of the late School of
Agriculture, Colombo, where vegetables and
flowers are kept under cultivation and nurseries
of fruit trees maintained. The chief ultimate
sources of supply are the Botamic Gardens at
Peradeniya and Henaratgoda. This stock garden—
no doubt only the first of many—is under the
supervision of the Superintendent of School
Gardens, but in direct charge of a manager
and a small staff of coolies.

The difficulties in selecting sites for school
gardens are considerable, for the reason that the
grounds which have been allotted to schools were

NOVEMBER, 1901.

[No. 5.

not in the first instance selected with any idea
of providing space (for sport and gardening)
beyond the bare foundation area for the school
building. Indeed, the conditions at present
attaching to Government school buildings are far
from satisfactory. To begin with, many of the
sites are private property given gratuitously by
the owners, but for purposes of gardening they are
unsuitable owing to their being either too limited
in extent, or already fully planted up with
perennial trees (such as coconuts), while often
they are badly provided as regards soil and water
supply. At present there is|also some difficulty ex.
perienced as a result of the ignorance of the princi-
ples of gardening among teachers, There are, how-
ever, a number that either from having come in
touch with the lateSchool of Agriculture or through
previous experience, make very fair amateur
gardeners, but they unfortunately often have little
scope for gardening, while better favoured teachers
are found to have little knowledge of, or no
aptitude for horticulture. This latter anomaly
will no doubt be remedied in time and suitable
mi be brought to suitable sites, but until all
Gove.::ment schools come to stand on Crown land,
and a large enough area for all purposes be placed
at the disposal of the Department of. Public
Instruction, there will be many obstacles in the
way of school gardening. Once, however, this
ig brought about, the land will be at the disposa]
of the school garden authorities to treat as is
thought best for the object in view, so that, given

a fair water supply the possibilities of gardening
should not be wanting.

308

At present there are in the Western Province six
schools (originally selected to be worked by way of
experiment) which have established gardens that
should in a general way serve as types for other
school gardens. There are the schools at Kirri-
wattuduwa, Jambureliya, Handapangoda, Homa-
gama, Kumbaloluwa, and Kahatuduwa. The
first two and last gardens reflect great credit on the
teachers, and go to prove that we have among
that body, men who are both able and willing to
carry out the requirements of the new scheme.
The names of these teachers deserve to be men-
tioned in this account of the initiation of the
school,.garden scheme, and we mention them
trusting that ‘their example will ~ be speedily
followed by all others who have the welfare of
the children and the people of the village at heart,
and: wish to see their pupils proud of their school,
_ Kirriwattuduwa—M. D. Peiris.

Kabatuduwa—W. A. Perera.

Jambureliya—M. D. Neris.

en eee ere

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

Mr. Alexander Perera, late, Clerk and Foreman
Botanic Gardens, Hakgala, has been appointed
assistant to the Superintendent of School Gardens.
Mr.Perera assumed duties on the lOth October.

The Superintendent of School Gardens made a
tour through the North-Western Province during
July and September, visiting the schools
at. Karukuliya, Medagama, Walahapitiya and
Nattandia (in the Cliilaw district), and Nickawera-
tiya, Wariapola,):
Kurunegala district.

We have been permitted to look through a new
work on ‘‘ Nature Teaching ” by Mr. F. Watts,
Government Chemist, Leeward Isles, isswed under
the authority of Dr. Morris, Director of Agriculture,
West, Indies. , It is,really an. elementary text-
book on Agriculture, in which the lessons are
presented in a very practical way calculated to
create an interest in the minds of the’ scliolars.
We agree with the Jmpertal Institute Journal in
thinking that “teaching conducted on these lines
should be attended with the best possible results.”

i \ i

The following. reference to Agricultural Edu-
cation occurs in H.E. The Governor’s address at
the opening of the new session of the Legislative
Council.ou October 18th :—‘‘ TheSchool of Agricul-
ture has been closed, and in its stead a scheme has
been started for the extension of School Gardens,
whereby it is hoped eventually to improve the
supply and increase the variety of vegetables and
fruits throughout the Island, and to teach just so
much practical horticulture and botany to the
boys as will really be of use to them in their
home life. The progress of this effort will be
watched with interset.” .While in the ‘‘ Message
to the Council” we read: “The School of Agri-
culture has been closed with a view to its transfer

to Kandy. Meantime, as against the expenditure |

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist,’

Weuda and Watareke in the:

[Nov. 1, 1901.

thus saved, provision is made for the encourage-
ment of school gardens, the supervision of which
has been entrusted to the late Superiatendent of
the School of Agriculture.”

Among our latest exchanges is the Agricultural
Gazette of New South Wales, an excellently got
up and edited publication, specially well illustrated,
In our last unmber we omitted to mention that the
notes on Poultry Parasites were taken over from
this paper,

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING. THE MONTH
OF OCTOBER, 1901.

1 Tuesday ano che, Le eenemedawiage st aval

2 Wednesday ... 07 18 Friday .. Nil

3 Thursday Nil 19 Saturday ... Nil

4 Friday Nil 20 Sunday Nil

5 Saturday ‘16 21 Monday Nil

6 Sunday 1.13 22 Tpsday .!,, Nil

7 Monday Nil 23 Wedesday... Nil

8 Tuesday: Nil. 24 Thursday ... 52

9 Wednesday Nil 25 Friday on al

10 Tharsday Nil 26 Saturday .. Nil
11 Friday oo Nal 20h Sandan: Wee5y) tial
12 Saturday .. *16 28 Monday .,. 2°21
13 Sunday «. (0% 29. Tuesday... 167
14 Monday ... 84 30 Wednesday — Nil
15 Tuesday .. ‘02 81 Thursday }. °48
16 Wednesday .. Nil 1 Friday “46
Total. .6*29

Mean.. +20

Greatest amount of rainfall registered in 24
hours on the 28th Oct. 2°21 inches.
' Recorded by UL, DRIEBERG.

DIET FOR THE POOR.

Dr. J. L. Vanderstraaten, M,D., late Principal
of the Ceylon Medical College, has very thought-
fully sent us some’ copies of a Jleafiet on
“Diet for the . Poor” written by him many
years ago for the “ Miscellany,” and specially
draws our attention to the value of the pea
or more correctly Pigeon Pea (Cajanus. indicus),
and the facility with which the plant grows,
thriving well in the sandy soil in Colombo
and round the tank at Nickaweratiya. ‘This
pea is the “Dhall” which forms so’ important
an element in the vegetarian diet of the Hindus
in India. We have always felt that the value
of dhall has never been sufficiently recognised
in Ceylon, and some years ago did all in our
power to popularise it by distributing seed, and
in- other ways, While reserving, further remarks
with reference to this pulse, we here reprint the
paper referred to as worthy of perusal, just a6
this time when a special effort is being made to
improve the diet of the people. We would merely’
add by way of preface that. despite the many
services which Dr. Vanderstraaten has rendered
in-oconnection ‘with sanitation. and. in other
ways, he will always be remembered as the
home physician who always spokejwith. authority

rs

i
|

out to him ‘from ‘house to house.

vegetarians,

a

Novi 1y 1901.J

on questions of domestic economy, and especially
on the subject of diet. We now give the paper
referred to :-—

The subject of “Diet” for persons in health,
for the invalid, and for the poorer classes,
in particular, is one which will not only be
interesting to the readers of the “Miscellany,”
but be productive of much good tothe indi-
vidual and to the community, if the principles
which regulate the supply of nutriment to the
body are clearly understood and carried out
in practice, daily.

There is no doubt that there is much ig-
norance and neglect in the daily selection of
articles of feod, and it is with the object of
pointing out what articles have more nutritive
value than others that I send you a few notes
on’ the diet of the poorer classes for daily
use in health.
~The staple article of food in this country is
rice, which is plentiful and) cheap, ‘within
reach of the poorest labourer who earns from
twenty-five to thirty-seven cents per diem, and
even of the street beggar who accumulates a
large’ quantity from the small handfuls doled
Tf the readers
of this paper; particularly the Chief Mudaliyars,

Ratemahatmeyas, ‘Presidents of Village Tribunals,

Headmen, Officials, and Clerks in the various
Kachcheries throughout the island could induce
the ignorant villagers to cultivate other articles
of food, and not to’ depend upon ‘rice cultivation
alone,» much destitution and misery’ could be
averted in the remote villages of the interior:

The value of meat is well known, it is true,
but°its' cost is’ prohibitive,-and when indulged
in, in the interior it is generally by dishonest
means, The flesh of wild boar, elk, deer and
smaller game is appreciated, and even the un-
civilized denizens of our forests, the veddahs,
preserve venison in the dry state and eat it
with honey ; ‘these are nutritious and are ‘‘flesh
and fat formers.” In Batticaloa, Badulla, Ham-
pantota, dry venison called ‘din ding” is
eaten by the better’ classes in the same way
as dry Maldive fish is: prepared—with onions,
lime juice and chillies. Pork is freely consumed,
when obtainable, in the domestic or wild state.
Mutton is only consumed in the Northern and
astern Provinces by the Tamils, and by the

‘\petter classes of Hindus an4d Moormen in: the

larger towns. Beef is forbidden flesh to the
Simtes, who pride themselves on being. strict
Ittis well known that man cannot
Jive’on’ meat’ alone, but these! vegetarians try to
convince us that ‘‘they live’ on vegetables
alone,” which is also an impossibility, as pure

‘and strict vegetarianism cannot, keep a person

in health and enable him to ‘‘live and move”
about, These so-called vegetarians consume a
large quantity of milk, curds, butter-milk, and
clarified butter called “ghee,” and many of
them eat eggs in curry. The poorer classes

eat. fish in small quantities in the fresh and

in the dry or salted state, and vegetables in
large. quantities in their curries; and in a dry
compound of chopped up vegetables and scraped

Supplement. to. the Tropical ‘ Agriculturist.”

359

coconut, flavoured. with dry Maldive. fish an d
condiments, called medlun.

Europeans, who do not know the composition
of the native diets often: express. their surprise
to find: strong able-bodied men among: those
who live on such simple fare as rice and curry,
without meat as an ingredient., They do not
know that-the national dish isa rich compound
of ‘‘flesh-forming ” and “ fat-accumulating’” sub-
stances.

The milky juice of the scraped coconut,
which is thoroughly squeezed out after two or
three washings, forms an oily ingredient of
all curries, one coconut being sufficient’ for 4
or 5 persons for two meals. In India, where
coconuts are very scarce, ghee is used instead,
and then’ the curries are drier‘in’ consequence.
Most vegetables are consumed accordingly as
they are plentiful ana in season, without reference
to their nutritive qualities. Green’ vegetables
not of the bean tribe are poor in nutritive
properties, but all beans and peas:are rich in
flesh-forming properties and are. well calculated
to supply the place of animal flesh... During
the Franco-German ‘war, the German soldiers
were well fed on a portable dry compound of
compressed vegetables of! the bean tribe, . prin-
cipally the flour of peas, mixed with a small
proportion ,of bacon or. lard, all. compressed
into small cakes, which when boiled with
water formed a most nutritious pea-soup.

The stalwart. Afghans whom we see in our
midst eat pancakes made of wheat flour with
a curry composed of ‘Dholl” or dry peas to
which ghee is added, and this ‘is a close imitation
of the substance alluded ‘to above as used in
the German army.

In this country, all vegetables of the’ bean
tribe grow freely, and it is with the object
cf suggesting a larger cultivation of them in
the interior, so as to induce the villagers to
keep them in stock,'in their fields: and gardens,
when the paddy crop fails, that I indite these
notes. When rice is abundant they can form
the principal ingredient of their curries, and
thus a flesh-forming substance can be substituted
for meat which is not obtainable.

The dry pea used in India is called ‘*Dholl”
or “Dhall,” and it can be readily cultivated
even in dry. sandy localities, for I notice its
ready growth anc fruitfulness in the sandy _ soil
of the Cinnamon Gardens. The other grains of
the pea tribe are ulundu; native peas (pasee
pyeru); mative bean (thala pyaru), ete., ete. ;
kurakkan (a millet) can also be used.

In conclusion, I desire to impress one and
all who read these notes to spread the know-
ledge far and wide that all leguminous vége-
tables, such as beans and peas are the most
nutritious, and can supply the place of meat,
Green herbs and vegetables contain principally
water, and very little actual nutriment. Farina-
ceous substances such as rice, kurakkan, sweet
potatoes, yams, green plantains, breadfruit, jak,
with all the various pulses, lentils, beans, peas,
etc. should be regularly cultivated as articles
of food; the other esculent vegetables as pump-

360

kins, gourds, cucumbers, are useful, but deficient
in nutriment,

[For the benefit of our readers we append
a list of the commoner leguminous food pro-
ducts or “pulses,” together with their popular
names :—

Dolichos biflorus—Horse gram or kollu.

Canavalia ensiformis var. Virosa—Sword bean
or awara

Cicer arietinum—Chick pea, common gram or
kadala.

Cajanus indicus—Pigeon pea, dhall or paripoo.

Arachis hypogoea—Ground or earthnut or rata-
kaju.

Canavaha obtusifoka—Mudu awara.

Phaseolus trilobus—Bin-me.

Phaseolus max—Green gram or mun-eta.

Phaseolus radiatus—Black gram or ulundu.,

Vigna cutians—Nil-me and li-me.

Vigna sineusis—Long bean or mé-karal and
wandaru-me.

Dolichos lablab—Dambala.

Glycine hispida—The soga bean.

Phaseolus lunatus—Bonchi.

Phaseolus vulgaris—French or kidney bean,
bonchi.

Lens esculenta—Lentil,—Ep. A.M.]|

&

HOW TO LAY OUT A MARKET GARDEN.

The following hints given by Mr. H. W. Gorrie,
Horticulturist. appearing in the Queensland
Agricultural Gazette should prove juseful to our
readers who are amateur gardeners. The remarks
of the writer apply equally well to Ceylon.
For wind belts, however, there are many suitable
trees locally available instead of those named,

while horse labour is of course a thing unknown -

here; but all the same, the remarks as to the
necessity of so planting as to admit of working
up the soil during the growth of the plants
is one to be remembered. Mr. Gorrie’s directions
are particularly useful at this time when School
Gardens are being established in the colony.

THE SITE.

In selecting the site of a garden there are
four essential points to be considered—namely,
water, soil, aspect, and shelter. Of course in
growing garden stuff for sale there is also the
question of convenience to rail and market to
be taken into account. : i

I have placed water first in my list of
essentials, because to attain any degree of
success in gardening a good water supply is an
absolute necessity. As arule, the best situation
for a garden is on the bank of the creek, or
near a lagoon or waterhole; but if none
of these are available then you had better sink
a well in your garden, for water you must have.

True there may be months and months during
which no watering will be required; but it
ig quite certain that sooner or later a dry spell
will ccme, and then, if no water is to be had,
you will probably lose the result of months of
jabour, and perhaps, ag in the case of valuable
fruit trees, of years.

Supplement to the “Tropical Agricultwrist.”

“you must have rich

-

{Nov. 1, 1901.

Therefore, above all things, be certain that,
whether you are going to plant twenty acres
or only one, you will be able to command a
sufficient supply of water in time of need.

Now as to soil—

THB SsoIL,

In the first place you may be assured that
you cannot have soil too good for gardening;
but at the same time, if it is impossible to
obtain very rich soil, a liberal and judicious
use of manures will ensure the same results,
although, of course, at some additional expense.
For plants of the Brassica family, such as
cabbage and cauliflower, which are greedy feeders,
soil; and, if not rich
naturaily, it must be made so by liberal
manuring.

The deep alluvial flats commonly found near
the banks of many of our creeks and rivers are
ideal soils for this class of produce, being, as
a rule, very rich in humns, and containing
all the elements necessary to produce high-class
vegetable crops,

A light sandy loam is better for such crops
as onions, carrots, &c.; but as it is not always
possible to get several kinds of soil within the
limits of a garden, it follows that the soil
must be made, as faras practicable, to suit each
different crop by varying methods of treatment
and manuring.

In locating the garden it is well not to have
it too far from the dwelling; in fact, if the house
is mm the garden, so much the better.

As to aspect, if the garden is on a slope, the
fall should be to the east, but a level site is
preferable, as level ground can be more easily
and economically worked than a slope; and
there is not the danger of both soil and crops
being washed away during heavy rains, which
is always to be feared when the garden is on
a hillside. Then, if possible, the garden should
be protected from the prevailing winds by «@
ridge or a belt of timber. In clearing scrub lands
for a garden it is advisable to leave a belt of trees
standing on the side from which the prevailing
winds blow. This belt should be two or three

’ chains wide, and not sufficiently close to the

garden to interfere with the free access of light
and air to the plants.

lf no natural shelter exists, itis advisable to
plant a belt of such trees as camphors, silky
vake, or loquats on the exposed side.

This belt should consist of two or three rows
of trees; the trees in the rows not being all
in one line, but alternating with each other.
‘This mode of planting breaks the force of the
wind more effectually than straight rows. It
is, of course, impossible to obtain a garden site
fulfilling all the conditions you would like;, but
get the best youcan, and then try to supply
yourself what Nature has left out.

PREPARING THE LAND.

In preparing the land for gardening, I should
recommend deep working to being with. Get
down 16 or 18 inches with a subsoil plough if
you can. The advantage of deep working will
be chiefly apparent in a long spell of dry weather,

Nov. 1,. 1901.]

when plants in deep soil will be found to grow
and thrive. while others in shallow soils will
Tequire constant care and watering to keep
them alive.

Having thoroughly broken up your land, the
next step is to mark it off in sections for various
kinds of vegetables, trees, &c. This will be
largely a matter of convenience and circumstances,
as no hard-and-fast rule can be laid down, but
always bearin mind that even in a small garden
horse labour is cheaper than hand labour; there-
fore, arrange things in such a manuer that as much
of the work as possible may be done by means
of horses.

In this connection, I would say, never sow
garden crops ofany kind droadcast. This is an
obsolete custom which should have been done
away with long ago.

Always sow or plant in rows, and have the
rows far enough apart to enable you to use
either horse or hand cultivators between them.
By following this system itis easy to keep the
ground clean, and also to keep it. open, and
conserve the moisture by cultivation—a_ thing
which cannot be done. where crops are sown
broadcast.

This broadcasting of garden crops cannot be
too strongly condemned; as it is wasteful, untidy,
and unprofitable, except to the seed-sellers, who
are the only people benefiting much by it.—
Queensland Agricultural Gazette.

me
EXTERNAL PARASITES OF POULTRY.

(Concluded. )

The Supposed Connection between ‘‘ Gapes” and
“ Tice.” —It has been stated that there is a con-
nection between the nematode worm Syngo-
mus trachealis (the ‘‘ red worm” of game-
keepers), that produces ‘‘gapes” in fowls and
pheasants, and lice. The one is thought to give
rise to another in some mysterious way, needless
to say there is no connection whatever. The life
story of that destructive scourge, the gape worm,
has been clearly traced, and it is known that no
intermediate host is required for its development.

Feather Eating or Depluming Scabies.—Feather
eating in poultry is due to a minute parasitic

mite (Sarcoptes laevis) at the root of the feathers.

It is generally supposed to be due to a ‘‘ vicious
habit’? numerous theories, such as idleness and
thirst, having been put forward to account for
it. There are two kinds of feather eating, viz.,
Self-feather eating and the plucking of other
birds’ feathers, The former is chiefly due to the
mites living upon and irritating the roots and
quills, The form on the fowl makes its appear-
ance about April, and is most prevalent in Spring
and Summer, The mites can be easily found
amongst the white powdery matter at the base
of. the quill; The minute young are transmitted
during copulation. The fowls pluck out the
feathers to destroy the irritation caused by the
mites at their base. Lice, also, are partly account-
able for feather plucking. The birds in picking
off the mites and lice pull out the feathers.

Supplement te the ‘‘ Tropieal Agriculturist.

361

Prevention and Remedies.—As the mite disease
is contagious, isolation of the affected bird is the
first step, especially if it be acock,. The mites
readily yield to treatment with oil of cloves rubbed
into the infected area. One part of creosote to
twenty of lard or vaseline is still more successful.

Scaly Leg.—This well-known disease is again due
to a mite (Sarcoptes mutans). This complaint is
a serious matter and very prevalent. The scales
of the legs and feet become raised and separated,
and a chalk-like excretion accumulates between
and over them. Rough lumpy crusts are formed,
and under these and the scales the mites live and
breed. The disease is slightly contagious,

Prevention and Remedies—Isolating of diseased
birds is most essential. Removal of the crusts
without causing bleeding, and the application of
creosote (one part) and lard (twenty parts) will be
found sufficient, A mixture of equal parts of flower
of sulphur and vaseline rubbed into the limb also
cures the complaint. In every case the limb,
some days after treatment, should be well cleaned
with hotwater and soft soap.

It is most important that any new stock
should be examined, especially the cock, and if
apy signs of parasites ate seen they should be
cleared off before the birds are given their free-
dom, If exhibits of poultry infested with para-
sites were prohibited by Poultry Show Committes
it would force attention to the subject ina way
that could not fail to greatly reduce porasitic
infestation.— Agricultural Gazette of N.S. Wales.

—~<>—___— ---——

SOME BIBLE PLANTS OF CEYLON,

,

Ebony (Diospryus Ebenum.)—The Hebrew word
Hobnim which occurs in Ezekiel xxvii. 15 (They
brought thee for a present horns of ivory
and ebony”) has been translated Ebony. The
generic name Diospyros was the name of Dale-
champs (1586) for the original (Mediterranean)
species D. Lotus with edible fruit, from Dios,
Jupiter, and pyros, grain. There are twenty known
species native to the Island, and nearly all have
the dark-coloured heartwood characteristic of true
ebony, The ebony tree is chiefly found in the dry
region (especially in the north-eastern portion and
near Puttalam) where it is common and often gre-
garious. Though the heartwood (ebony) has been
known from distant times, the tree is not mention-
ed by Hermann and the wood only by Burm who
quotes from Grim (1679) as to its medicinal vir-
tues. Rumph records the fact that ebony trees are
abundant about ‘* Trinkenemale” (1750), and this
is the earliest record. <A large export of ebony
wood takes place from Ceylon.

The Sycamine tree (which must not be con-
founded with the Sycamore’ is the black mulberr
(Morus nigra). In Luke xvii. 6, we read: «If
ye had faith ye might say to this Sycamine
tree he thou plucked out of the root and be thou
planted in the sea, and it should: obey you.”
So common and familiar a tree as was the mulberry
in Palestine would be peculiarly suited for such
an illustration. In North Palestine the mulberry
was usually planted in the courtyard and the juice
mixed with water in which violets were infused

362

tormed one of the most favourite sherbets. A
«writer says that in the neighbourhood of Mount
Lebanon the land-tax of the peasants is assessed
»according to the mule-loads of mulberry leaves
their little farms yield, so that the cultivation
of the tree is directed to favour the growth of the
leaves (for feeding silkworms) at the expense of
the fruit. Even at the present day the black
mulberry is known in Greece as Sycamenia.

The Castor-oil tree (Ricinus communis) is the
gourd of the Scriptures (Hebrew KAikayar and the
Kiki of the Greeks). The plant is referred to in
Jonah iv, 6,° (‘‘He had prepared a gourd and
made it come up over Jonah”’), also 7, 9 and 10.
‘Palma Christi’’?-is another old name for the
Caster-oil plant, which belongs to the order Luphor-
biacee. The oil is the chief product and is got
from the seeds, though the refuse cake has also a
-commercial value as a fertilizer. It is said that
the modern Jews in London use the oil for their
Sabbath lamps. In China.a peculiar fungus called
Exidia auriculata, used in soups, grows on the
decaying stems of Ricinus.

i

‘AN EXTRAORDINARY DISEASE AFFECTING
ARECANUTS,

Agricultural Ledger No. 8 of 1901. consists of
a report on the above subject by Dr. George Watt,
Reporter on Economic Products to the Govern-
ment of {ndia. As the arecanut is now being
cuitivated pretty extensively in the Island, the
information contained inthe report should prove
of much interest to local growers of the so-called
‘« betel nut palm,” but as it consists of no less
than 179 pages (illustrated), the reproduction of
the whole would not be possible in our limited
_ space. We, however, make a few extracts
which will. give our readers a fair idea of the
purport of the rey ort.

The indications of the disease are first, the
Withering of a few leaflets (pinnae) of one of the
innermost leaves. .In about 8 or 10 days. the
whole leaf is seen to be withered. The next leaf

to be affected is that immediately outside. In_

20 or 30 days the bud and innermost leaves,
which still remain green, fall off through the
decomposition that,is set up at the point of their
union to that of the stem. If.a wree be felled just
before the crown of leaves falls off, it will be found
to emit an offensive smell—and the bud when it
falls to the ground of its own accord gives out
the same smell. It would appear that the older
trees become first affected, but that eventually
both old and young suffer alike.

What is most alarming is that many Indian
cultivators affirm that the disease even extends
to coconuts. If this is really so, there is all the
more zeason for our planters to be forewarned.

Dr. Watt states that he has not had a fair oppor-
tunity of investigating this ‘very remarkable and
alarming disease,’ as it had reached its inactive
stage when he was deputed to examine it.
may therefore expect further information of fresh
research. He, however, suggests that the disease

Supplement to the Tropical Agricuburist.”

We.

[Nov.. 1, 1901,

is due to a pathological condition known as
Tyloses, which may be briefly described as the
destruction of the vascular by means of the fun-
damental tissue, a condition brought about by
certain unfavourable climatic conditions. We
will not here refer to the opinions of various
Botanical writers (Bohm, Moh], Reess, Sachs)
as to the exact nature of Tyloses, but. will only
mention that the observations of Dr. Watt coin-
cid? more with the views of Bohm than with
these of the other writers.

To briefly explain these views: The Thyllen
or cells seen within the pitted vessels of the xylem
or wood are produced by a protruding expansion
(a kind of hernia) of the adjacent (parenchy-
matous) cell, which penetrates the pore and either
tears through or causes the absorption of the
primary membrane of the vessel,—the expan-
sion being supposed to be due to rapid devélope-
ment of fundamental tissue under the conditions
previously referred to,—and pushing through the
pores of the pitted vessels as presenting little resis-
tance they practically fill these vessels. And not
only are the vessels of the xylem ruptured, but the
so-called sporules or vesicles soon produce gréat
caverns and rapidly effect the complete destruction
of all the tissues. At this stage fermentive and
other saprophytic organisms find a way into
the young growing parts, and in a few days the
terminal bud and all the young Jeaves emit an
offensive smell. With the fall of the termina] bud
the destruction extends to the stem, so thet in a
maryellously short time, says Dr. Watt, what
was a valuable property is converted into a forest
of dead stems. This disease in arecanuts is said
to be the first record of this extraordinary sui-
cidal degeneration having assumed the form of
a serious malady; but it must be viewed (as
Dr. Watt thinks) as far moré of the nature of a
constitutional malady than of an infectious or
contagious disease. It clearly originates from
climatic conditions, but, most fortunately, con-
ditions (so far as India is concerned) that do not
often occur. According to the observations of
Dr. Watt the sprouting of the cells of the funda-
mental tissue is to be explained by a pressing

“need for moisture in the young growing terminal

bud, which impels them to enter the xylem in
order to absorb the crude sap. With the filling
of the vessels by sprouting fundamental tissue
and the consequent interception of circulation,
the starvation and death of the terminal bud and
ultimately of the whole palm ensues.

The above is the theory of Dr. Watt, and the only
means of averting the disease is, in his Opinion,
more careful cultivation and drainage so as to
better control the water supply to the growing
plants. He recommends that the trees should
be put far enough to admit of the interplanting
of other trees, preferably leguminous trees which
would tend to preserve the natural balance in the
soil that can hardly help being disturbed by
planting up forests of arecanuts put 4 to 6 feet
apart. It was indeed found that where Ery-
thrina indica (Krabodu) was found growing with
arecanuts, the liability to disease ssemed greatly
lessened, “ee ys

Nov. 1; 1901.]

PLANT LIFE.

[A SERIES OF SIMPLE LECTURES INTENDED
FOR A CLASS OF JUNIOR STUDENTS. |

LECTURE II.

Respiration or Breathing._-In human beings
respiration consists as you know of breathing in
and out, and you no doubt further know that
what is breathed in is “pure air,” and what is
breathed out ‘‘impure air.” Now the essential
difference between these two is that the former
consists almost entirely of a gas called oxygen and
the. latter of a gas known as carbonic acid. At
present I do not mean to go fully into the nature
and propertizs of these gases as taught us by che-
mistry, but in order that you may correctly un-
derstand the process of respiration, I must tell you
one or two facts about them. The air which we
breathe. consists of a mixture 'of two gases called
oxygen and nitrogen. It is the oxygen of the air
which is the essential element for the purpose of
respiration, though in breathing we take in
both gases. Chemists tell us that nitrogen exists
in the atmosphere as a dilutent of the oxygen,
as pure oxygen is, so to speak, too strong and by
itself is unsuitable for human respiration, just
as certain medicines cannot be taken without
reducing their strength by the addition of water.
As the derivation of the word signifies, oxygen
is the “life giver,” and when a person is suffo-
cated for want of air, it is the absence of
oxygen which causes the loss of life. The chief
function of the oxygen which is breathed in may
be said to purge the blood of the waste matters
which occur in it as the result of wear and
tear. Now the element which predominates in
the human body (as well as in the plant) is
carbon, and hence carbon is the chief waste
material found in the blood, It is removed by
oxygen combining with it and carrying it away
in the combined form of carbonic acid, the
compound of carbon and oxygen which is found
in the expired breath. ' This carbonic acid is
in any appreciable quantity hurtful to man,
that is it is poisonous. Henee the necessity
of well-ventilated dwellings. You know’ how
uncomfortable any one feels in a crowded room in
which many people are breathing out carbonic
acid and there is no free current of air. As a
rule his head aches and he begins to feel sick
under such circumstances, while some people faint
off. “These are all indications of the presence of
too much carbonic acid in the air. If you have
read Indian History you will recall to mind the
incident of the Black Hole at Calcutta where a

number of English soldiers were crowded into

asmall room and left to be suffocated. In clean-
ing old and abandoned wells people have to be
careful that there isnot a collection of carbonic
acid at the bottom which will suffocate them,
The gas being heavier than air has a tendency
to remain at the bottom of wells and tan pits in
which organic matter has been left to decompose,
- Under such circumstances it is safe to first employ
some means for disturbing the gas and mixing
it: with ordinary air, and one way that this 1s
done is by letting down a bundle of straw by a

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”’

363

rope and moving it up and down frequently till
the gas has been sufficiently mixed with air to
render it less harmful than it would otherwise be.
Some people think that if a lighted lamp which
is lowered into the well does not go out, it is safe
for a man to venture, but though a light may burn
in it, the air in the well or pit would still be
dangerous for a person to breathe. For the present
I think I have told you quite enough about oxygen
and carbonic acid, but later on I mean toshow
you in.a practical way something of the properties
and behaviour of these gases that wonld interest
you more than the mere description I have given
you.

Now the process of respiration in plants
is practically the same as that of animals,
for in breathing plants take in. oxygen and give
out carbonic acid just as animals do. You might
well ask how is it, if all plants and animals take
in oxygen and give out carbonic acid that the
atmosphere does not become poisoned, so to
speak, by the exhaustion of the oxygen of the
air, and the increase of the carbonie acid. Well
this is prevented by a provision of nature where-
by the composition of the atmosphere is practi-
cally. the same at all times. But I will not make
any further explanation as regards this matter,
because 1 shall have to refer to it more fully
under the subject of nutrition.

There is another point I might refer to in order to
explain the importance of respiration, namely, the
maintaining of the internal heat of the organism,
for the combination of oxygen with carbon pro-
duce a certain amount of heat which is necessary
for a healthy condition. The machinery for res-
piration is, of course, not the same in plants and
animals, no more than it is the same in different
animals such as man, fish, insects:and so on. You
would no doubt like to know by what means
plants take in cxygen and give out carbonic acid,
or how gases pass in and out. In our case the
mouth is the external opening through which res-
piration takes place. Well, the plant too may be
said to have a mouth or rather several mouths. On
the leaves, and particularly on,the under. surface,
of ordinary leaves, are openings called stomata
(each being called a stoma which in Greek signi-
fies a mouth.) These openings are guarded by
two more or less curved cells which we may
compare to our lips. It is through these, stomata
that respiration in, plants takes, place. They,
are so small that we cannot see them. with, the
naked eye, but we can do so by the aid of the
microscope, and I will close my lecture. to. you
to-day by showing you these minute mouths
through that instrument. There are other duties
required of these stomata which I shall. tell yon
about later on in another connection.

C..D.
eee
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF HOUSING CATTLE
AND CONSERVING MANURE,
[REPORT BY THE PRINCIPAL, CAWNPORE
AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL. ]

At the Cawnpore Experiment Station this sub-
ject has been under. experiment and observation
during the past five or six years, and the object

364

of this bulletin is to place before the public the
results of this study accompanied by such
general remarks as are thought necessary for a
clear understanding of the subject.

Farmyard Manure or Cattle Manure is the
chief mainstay of farmers in all countries, and
especially in India, where artificial or chemical
manures are not practicable at present. lt con-
tains all the elements of plant food, nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and potash. It also exerts a
powerful influence in improving the mechanical
texture of the soil: by its application heavy
elays are rendered more open and easy to work
and light sands get greater coherence and absorp-
tive and retentive power. Of the several plant
food ingredients supplied by cattle manure
nitrogen is by far the most important as it is
most deficient in Indian soils, gives the quickest
results .when applied as manure, and is most
difficult and costly to get. So the aim of every
‘farmer should be to get the largest quantity of
nitrogen in a form readily available for growing
crops.

Farmyard manure consists of the dung and
urine of cattle and of other farm animals. Its
quality and composition will depend upon :—

(1) the kind and condition of the animal
producing it ;

(2) the quality and quantity of the food

‘ supplied ;

(8) the care bestowed in collection and
preservation.

1. The Animal.—Sheep. yield. more concen-
trated dung and urine than horses; horses than
cattle; and cows than buffaloes. The following
table shows the average amount of nitrogen in
100 parts of the excrements of these animals :—

Percentage of nitrogen in animal excrements.

Dung. Urine.
Sheep ... ne 607. 1:4
Horse Su on OS 1:2
Cow AEP Bante 2038) 0:8

This table brings out clearly not only the
difference in the composition of the excrements
of different species of animals, but also the fact
that in every case the urine is much richer than
the dung.

Amongst cattle themselves an adult animal
gives a richer manure than a growing calf; a dry
cow better than a milking or a pregnant one,
because in the latter cases a part of the food is
spent in putting forth the fresh growth or in
forming the milk.

The food used in feeding the animals is a more.

important factor in determining the quality of
the manure than even their kind or condition.
Tne excrements of the animals of which farm
manure is chiefly made up are simply the food
sent out of the body after it has performed its
functions. So what comes out as manure is what
has been put in as food: the richer the food is
in valuable ingredients the Typher will be the
manure. Foods vary very largely in their compo-
sition, 2.¢., in the proportion of nitrogen and
other valuable ingredients they contain. The
foods given to cattle may be broadly divided into
(a) the staple straws or green fodders which

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

{Nov. 1, 1901,

are given in large quantities, when possible, as
much as the animals will eat, and (6) the concen-
trated foods generally given in small quantities
at so much a day per head, as cotton seed, rape
or mustard cake, judr seed, gram, arhar, lobia,
moth, &c. Practically speaking, the bulky foods
of the former kind are more or less uniform in
their composition and may be taken to contain
about 4 lb, of nitrogen in 1,000 1b., while the
concentrated foods named contain about 385 to
50 1b. of nitrogen in 1,000 lb, Thus these concen-
trated foods contain about 10 or 12 times as
much nitrogen as the straws, and the manure
produced by an animal as well as its health and
condition will depend not so much upon the
straw or fodder given to it as upon the quantity
of concentrated food given daily.

This was clearly shown by the analyses made by
Dr. Leather, the Agricultural Chemist to the
Government of India, not to speak of the !count-
less analyses that have been made in Europe
and America. He took 13 samples of dung, six
of which were produced by cattle that were daily
getting concentrated food in addition to their
straw, and the remaining seven by ordinary
village cattle that depend upon grazing and the
ordinary ration of straw, but get no concentrated
food. It was found that the former six samples
contained on the average 0°54 per cent. of
nitrogen, against the average of 0-17 per cent.
of nitrogen contained by the latter seven samples.
That is, the dung of cattle that get concentrated
foods contained three times as much nitrogen as
the dung of cattle that do not get concentrated
food. By allowing concentrated food it is not
the dung alone that becomes richer as 4 manure
but the urine also, and that in a greater
proportion.

In fact with adult working animals the whole
of the nitrogen and ash constituents contained in
the food eventually comes out into the manure
either through the dung or the urine, A clear
grasp of this fact by the farmers of England and
other advanced countries has not only contri-
buted to their collecting and preserving the
excreta of their live stock more and more care-
fully in proportion to the cost of the food; but
has led them to purposely adopt a more liberal
feeding of their stock. For they see that the
money they spend in the purchase of food secures
them a double advantage: stronger and more
useful animals, and a richer manure as well.

The care bestowed in Collection and Preserva-
tion.—All the dung and all the urine excreted
by farm animals, together with any litter that
may be used, when well-rotted without under-
going any loss of plant food ingredients, make
the best possible farmyard manure. But in the
general practice of the cultivators a great part
of the dung, almost the whole of that collected
during the dry months, is burnt as fuel either
in his own household or sold outside to be used
assuch. Thereby the organic matter of the
burnt dung and the nitrogen contained in it are
lost. Assuming that a pair of working cattle
will produce about 100 maunds of fresh dung per
annum during nights and the non-working hours

Nov. 1, 1901.]’

in the day, and assuming that the cultivator
burns ¢ of this quantity he loses about 11:6 Ib.
of nitrogen if his cattle do not get concentrated
food, and 36 lb. of nitrogen if they do, as in the
case of cart bullocks or plough cattle belonging
to the better cultivators in the Meerut Division.

The case of this objectionable practice is the
want of sufficient fuel. This can be met toacertain
extent by live fences, by. fuel plantations and
by greater attention to those crops that supply
in their stalks fuel also, such as arhar, cotton,
castor, &c. Under present conditions, however,
it cannot be expected that the whole of the dung
will be saved.

In certain parts of India, asin parts of the Madras
Presidency, the Panj4b and Gujerat, where the fuel
supply is better, or where the general agricultural
practice is of a higher order, the cultivators do not
burn their cattle dung but carefully preserve it to
be put to its legitimate use. 1a this respect the
North-Western Provinces and Oudh appears to
be the worst, probably on account of the more
crowded population and greater scarcity of fuel.

The Urine is weight for weight, a richer Manure
than the Dung.—We have. seen this already, Dr.
Voeleker found one specimen of the urine of
Indian working cattle to contain 1:16 per
cent, of nitrogen, and Dr. Leather found in another
specimen that he analysed, 0'S7 per cent. of
pitrogen. A pair of working cattle can be taken
to void about 4,000 lb. in the year during nights
‘and non-working hours, and this would mean
about 35 lb. of nitrogen. But the cultivator in
his ordinary practice not only does not utilize it,
but allows it to ferment in the sheds and become
a nuisance to his cattle and the people living in
the house.

The nitrogen in the urine is in the form of
- urea, and this substance speedily undergoes fer-
mentation and changes into ammonium carbonate
and passes off into the air. The loss of nitrogen
in this way occurs chiefly in the cattle shed. The
strong pungent smell so common in ordinary
cattle sheds is due to the formation and evapora-
tion of this ammonium carbonate. The best and
surest way of getting most of this nitrogen into
the soil is to have tlfe cattle sheds on the land
of the farmer, and failing it at least to tether the
cattle on the land as long as circumstances and
weather will permit. So long as thisis not done
and cattle are tied in villages a certain part of the
nitrogen of the urine cannot but be lost into the
air, do what we may; and only a varyipg
fraction of it can be got to do work as manure.

The way commonly adopted in Europe and in
the United States of America for securing the
urine and preventing the loss of its nitrogen is the
use of litter. In this country the want of bedding
material is the difficulty, but this can be got over
in many places, by careful collection and preser-
vation of the leaves of sugarcane, sheesham,
mangoes, jack or other trees, and all kinds
of vegetable refuse. The following system of
housing cattle, known as the Box system, is. well
suited for absorbing urine and supplying a well-
rotted, rich farm yardmanure.

Box system.—Dig the floor of the ordinary
cattle shed about 3 to 33 feet deep. Plaster the

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

365

bottom and sides with clay and sprinkle a little
ashes and spread a thin layer of whatever litter
may be available. The manger for holding the
straw and other fodder wili be in front of the
cattle. For a pair of cattle, the shed may be
about 7 feet broad and about 10 feet long. When
more than a pair are to be housed a long shed of
the above width may be used, allowing at the rate
of about 10 feet length of shed for each pair. It
may be found convenient to separate the lot of
each pair by two or more bamboos put across the
shed. Every morning after the cattle have gone
out for work the cattle attendant enters the shed,
takes the dung dropped during the previous day
and night, sprinkles it all over the shed; covers
it with the dry part of the bedding in the seed and
spreads about 5 or 6 lb. more bedding for each pair
of cattle. That part of the bedding which is wet
with urine may be spread likewise, before using
the fresh bedding of the day. In the rainy
weather somewhat more bedding will be necessary,
and especially when the roof happens to be leaky.
The manure will go on accumulating and the box
will get full in about six to eight months accord-
ing to the size of the cattle and the amount of
litter used. When the box is full, the fresh
accumulation at the surface may be first removed,
and the rest cf the manure dug out and carted to
the field for immediate use. The manure thas
made will be moist, well-rotted and of a rich-
brown colour. Inthe corners and those parts of
the shed where the cattle do not tread much, the
manure may be dry, mouldy and very hot. A little
care on the part of the cattle attendant while
sprinkling the wetted straw in the mornings, and
his treading down these parts with his foot will
less -this mouldiness considerably. The unrotted
top portion may be put back into the box to be
taken out with the next removal of the manure.
The box-system of housing cattle is now frequent-
ly adopted by the more enterprising farmers of

urope and America for fattening as well as work-

ing cattle, one of the objects being to make as
large a quantity of rich well-rotted manure as
possible. For one thing well-known to the west-
ern farmers and practised by them is that if they
want a large quantity of manure they must make
it, and they can if they like. The box system has
been under trial at the College Farm in Saidapet
(Madras) for the past 2% years and at the Cawn-
pore and other Indian experimental farms for
some years. The cattle have been found to keep
perfectly healthy like those in other sheds, and
the objection that is raised against it by those
who have not tried it, as affecting the feet and
health of cattle, is against all experience in India
and other countries. By this means about 12,000
lb, or 150 maunds of rich manure can be made
from every pair of working cattle.

(To be concluded.)

———_ —________

GENERAL ITEMS.

The cemperature, pulse and respiration of
domestic animals varies considerably. The artery
usually selected for taking the pulse of the horse
is the sub-maxillary where it winds around the

366

lower jaw-bone. On the inner side of the artery
may be readily felt and pressed against bone, the
number of beats in a minute, the regularity, and
the strength are to be noticed as indicating the
condition and action of the heart. In the cow
the same artery should be felt, the precise location
being at the lower edge of the flat muscle on the
aide of the cheek. When the cow is lying down
the metacarpal artery on the back part of the fore
fet-lock may be felt conveniently, For both horse
and cow the temperature ig taken by inserting
a clinical thermometer in the rectumen. Care
should be taken thnt mercury is below the normal
temperature of the animal, and the thermometer
should remain in the gut for three or four minutes.
‘The following table give the normal temperatures
ete. of the principal domestic animal. The
frequency of the pulse and of respiration even in
repose depends somewhat upon the temperature
of the air stable, or house, and upon whether the
observation is made before or after feeding.

Periods of incubation or latency of disease ;
anthrax 4 to 1 day; canine distemper 7 to 21
day; cattle plague 5 to 8 days; contagious foot
rot 38tu6 days; foot and mouth disease 2 to 4
days; glanders or facey 7 to 42 days; pleuro-
pneumonia 21 to 100 days or more; rabies [0 days
to months; tuberculosis 14 to 60 days or more;
Variola (cow) 6 to 9 days; Variola (horse) 6 to 8
days; Variola (sheep) 8 to 12 days.

There are many who depend blindly on rainfall
for supplying moisture to plants without making
any effort to preserve the moisture already in the
soil. The following are some useful figures

' regarding the breeding of cows and horses: Age
to begin breeding—horse 4 years, cow 3 years;
_ period of gestation —horse 317, 342, or 419 days,

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agrieulturist.”

[Nov.'1, 1901.

cow 226, 280 or 386 days; duration of aestrum —
horse 5 to 7 days, cow 2 to 4 days; return for
breeding after parturition—horse7 to 10 days, cow
21 to 28 days; return to ascertain pregnancy—horse
14 to 21 days, cow 21 to 28 days; age of weaning
—horse 5 to 8 months, cow ¢4to 6 months; females
to each male—mares 20 to 80, cows 20 to 40;
period of usefulness for breeding purposes—horse
or cow 10 to 12 years.

Here in Ceylon where Guniea grass and Mauri-
tius grass are so largely cultivated (they are indeed
the only cultivated fodder crops) we never hear
of either being grown for pasture. In the New
South Wales’ Agricultural Gazette we find a
correspondent recommending that 5 to 6 lbs. of
the seed should be sown broadcast for grazing.

_ Mr, Albert Gale, writing in the New South
Wales’ Gazette, draws attention to the mis-
apprehension that wax is got from flowers, and
that bees gather it there from and carry it on their
hinder legs. What is seen on the hinder legs is
pollen, and bees’ wax is really a secretion from
the body of the insect.

Mr. J. Stephens, writing with reference to his
farm and orchard work says:—‘‘I have followed
the advice of the Agricultural Gazette (of New
Seuth Wales) in respect to thorough cultivation of
crops and in pruning and working among fruit
trees, and J have often raised good crops in both
farm and orchard in very dry seasons, I consider
good cultivation amongst growing crops nearly
equal to rainfall.” This report of a practical test
should induce all cultivators to follow the
example of Mr. Stephens in keeping the soil in
good tilth so that the stores of moisture within so
far from being dissipated by evaporation, may be
tuken advantage of by the roots of growing plants.

| Mexico

those shores.

_ while

| tion, has endured.

«<1 MONTHLY. be

XXI.

COCOA AND CHOCOLATE.

EARLY a century before Sir
Walter Raleigh astonishedzthe
English people by bringing
tobacco from America and
teaching them how to smoke
it, to the great scandal of the
“yneo’ guid” of those days,
Columbus had introduced cocoa

into his native land. How long the inhabitants of
and Peru had been acquainted with its
nourishing properties we do not know; but cer-
tainly it was carefully cultivated and so much
esteemed that the cocoa bean was an article of
currency when the Spanish explorer first visited
There is not the halo of tradition

which centers around that moe
popular drink, tea; mainly, perhaps, because
nearly all the traces of the aborigiual
South American have been swept away, China, the
home of the tea plant, with all its ancient civilisa-
Now is it clear how the botanists
who first named the genus to which the cocoa tree
belongs fixed on the scientific term it bears, Anuy-
how thzobroma means ‘“‘ food of the gods,” and there
are those who think that, consideriug what valuable
properties it possesses, the plant was not inaptly
christened. A long time went by before it was in-

and sentiment

| troduzed into England, for the earliest intimation of

it as an article of commerce is to be found inthe
Public Advertiser of June, 1657, when it is notified

‘that “in Bishopsgate-street, in Queen's Head-alley,

at a Frenchman’s house, is an excellent West India
drink called chocolate to be sold where you may
heve it ready at any time, and also unmade at reason-
abie rates.”

It is not a little curious that the introduction of
tea and coffee dates almost from the same time:

COLOMBO, DECEMBER 2Nnp,

1901. No 6.

Just a year after we find in the mercurius Politicus
an advertisement of ‘‘that excellent and by all
physicians approved China drink, called by the
Chineans ‘ teha,’ by other nations ‘tay,’ alias ‘ tee,’”
which was to be had “at the Sultaness Head Csophee
House in Sweetiug’s-rents by the Royal Exchange.”
This notice would seem to show that as a drink
coffee, as far as this country is concerned, has the
palm of years, though now it has fallen on, com-
paratively speaking, evil days, Chocolate, from the
first, caught the taste of the town, It was the fashion-
able temperance beverage—to use a modern phrase
—perhaps because it wasso dear—duving the greater
part of the Highteenth Century, and the cocoa tree
was a favourite sign and name for places of public
refreshment. The writers of%that time frequently refer
to it. But its price kept it beyond the reach of
the bulk of the people, and when fashion changed
its consumption fell. In Spain and Italy chocolate—
which is a rather different thing from the cocoa as
we know it—has always been very largely consumed.
Io England it early became the subject of taxation,
and in the middle of last century a customs duty of
sixpence had the effect of limiting the consumption
to some 440,000 lb. a year. With the new financial
era the use of it began to revive, but it is only
during the present generation than it has become at
all popular. Of course, the Frenchman iu Queen’s
Head-alley was wrong in calling it ‘‘a West India
drink.” Then it came almost wholly from South
America. Now it is grown also in Dutch and British
Gaiana, in our Indian Empire, Ceylon, the Straits
Settlements, West Afric:, and the West India Islands,
so that the Frenchman after a!l only anticioated
eveuts,
THE MopERN ARnricuu.

Its popularity in recent times is usuaily accounted
for by the fact that it has been largely recommended
by the medical profession, Unlike tea and cofiee—

368 THE TROPICAL

which are infusions and more stimulants—the whole
substance of cocoa is absorbed. But a late Chan-
cellor of the Excheguer—Mr, Goschen if memory
serves aright—attributed the growth of its use as
against coffee to the extensive advertising of rival
manufacturers. He spoke regretfully because, as
between the two in the raw state, coffee pays the
higher duty, Whatever the cause, the consumption
has enormously increased, and continues to grow.
The cocoa we drink and the chocolate we eat—for
the chocolate powder from which the beverage is
made is not very popular here—are two very different
things. The cocoa bean contains from 40 to 50 per
cent. of cocoa-butter, the greater part of which has
to be extraeted in order to make the liquid diges-
tible. Inv the best makes some 1) per cent, is re-
tained. Tho cheaper qualities have very little left,
and, moreover, the powder is mixed with the bean
shell, while arrowrcot or sago is added, to say nothing
of colouring matter. Bus with chocolate confectionery
in its almost countless forms the case is different,
or should be. Here the fatis kept, sugar and milk
is added, with a very small proportion of flavouring
essence, and generally speaking, the chocolate is
simply used to cover a cream, an almond, a walnut,
and things of that sort.

FoREIGN CoMPETITION. —

In a few articles of daily consumption has the
non-British producer laboured so hard to catch trade
as in this. Of course, there are first-class Huglish
makers, both of cocoa and of chocolate confectionery.
But we believe it is the fact that of the first named
gome of the best comes from Holland, and of the
second from France, Germany, and Belgium. How
much the home trade has grown, however, is shown
by the latest Blue-book from the Statistical Depart-
ment of the Customs House. Ia 1896 we imported
the raw material to the extent of 82,218,803 lb, 3 in
1900 the total had mounted up to 52,647,818 lb, We
exported five years ago to foreign countries 474,500 lb.
and to British possessions 2,146,300 Ib, of the manu-
factured article; the figures for 1900 being 758,000 1b.

nd 3,850,800 1b, respectively. In other works, taking
an gets of figures we nearly doubled our exports.
But when we turn to the other side of the slate we
find that there isroom for apprehension. The record

of imports 1s:

1896. 1900,
- lb. Ib. ;
tured cocoa or chocolate... 3,794,422 7,754,879
Mane a erared with the use cre 51,603 106,087
1 i containing not more
CE ees cent. of chocolate.. 12,095 37,516
Ditto, with the use of spirits..... 22,796 36,937

Totals ... ss»: e+ 3,877,916 7,935,449

it is remembered that the bulk of our exports
Manele Hmpire the statistics show how keen
and successful has been the rivalry of the foreigner,

A New ASPIRAN’.

is i se circumstances of the trade that
pan Gee eas cocoa has entered the field. In
the old days when a man hada good thing he used
to starr making it in a small way and gradually
push his ware. But other times other methods. : Now
the plan seems to be to perfect arrangements —taking,
if need be, years in the process—and then, having
prepared the ground as thoroughly as a von Moltke
would calculate a campaign, to spring the new ae
fine} on the consuming world. This is what the
Mazawattee Tea Company has done. For ENO QRH
experts have been studying the gies ion, eee en,
ting and investig:ting ; and very soou the * Lateriba
cxcors and chocolates will be proclaimed from the
housetops, The company’s large new works at New-
cross are divided by a corridor into two portions. One
ig devoted to their tea, which the sweet uses of ad-
vertisement have made known in every part of the
country, and the other to cocoa and chocolate. aoe
factory is one of the most perfectly equipped places

AGRICULTURIST. [Dro, 2, 1901.

for the preparation of food stuffs it is possible to
conceive. Hlectricity is the motive power, generated
by gas made on the premises, Cleanliness and per-
fect ventilation have been sought after and attained.
The complesion of an immense laundry, has enabled
the company to provide linen overalls for every
employee, though, from the time tea chest or cocoa
bag is opened to the moment the finished product
is sent out in its leadfoil packages or dainty tin,
hand never touches either article,

Mopet Wonks:

Every manufacturing country contributes to the
collection of machinery to be found; and many trades
and crafts go on within the walls. The work of
eminent artists in lithographed and printed en tins
and boxes—themselves made in the wo1ks—labels are
printed, lead and tin mixed to pack tea in—as little,
in fact, a3 possible is left for outsiders to supply.
The process cf cecoa and confectionery making are
most interesting to watch, especially the second.
The maternal care which the high-class sweetmeat
receives would astonish the ladies who eat it, In
the ‘‘ covering”’ room, for instance, the rich brown
substance is simmering over hot water, but the upper
air is cooled by bsine-charged pipes fixed half way
up to the ceiling, so that when a little of the deli-
cate mixture has enclosed cream or praline it may
settle quickly enough to preserve its taste and aroma.
Then in the packing there is a notable departure
from the custom of the trade. The sweetmeats are
placed in tasteful airtight tin boxes, and the choco-
lates rest on layers or crepe paper coloured in harmony
with the box. This is not merely for effect—-though
that is pleasing—but to ensure that the contents
shall remain in perfet condition. Chocolate with its
large proportion of fat is very susceptible to damp
and to odours of flavours which may arise from the
materials composing the cardboard and the coloured
paper which surround many of the most expensive
forms of this kind of sweetmeat. Contamination of
that sort is of course, deterioration, and this the
Mazawattee Company claims will be impossible with
its system of packing. The company’s experience
with tea has shown it the importance of this con-
sideration, and, as only one quality of cocoa and
chocolate is to be made—the best, and all grown in
the British Hmpire—precautions are doubly neces-
sary. The cocoa, too, will be all put up in airtight
cans, which, like the boxes, will be advertisements
in themselves. For the Mazawattee Company believes
in educating the eye as well as the palate of the
people, It has shown this in the past. It intends
to prove it again immediately. A well-known artist
his painted an allegorical picture—Britannia welcom-

‘ing the new cocoa—the reproduction of which by

colorr-photography makes a distinct step in the art
of the hoarding. The actual process is not novel;
what is new is the size to which it has been found
possible to make the various blocks. In the character
of the tones—particularly the dusky flesh tint of the
female figure representing cocoa—and in the way
the individuality of the painter is preserved the new
process is unquestionably better tha the best chromo-
lithography.—Worning Post.
Sew eae
QUEENSLAND TREES &c.: IN BRIS-
BANE BOTANIC GARDENS.

Between the central entrance and the one onthe
river bank is the cricket-field, a considerable streteh
of ground, ample for the purpose. From this en-
trance, running the whole length of the garden, is
a row of Araucaria Bidwillii, from 40 to 60 feet
high, As here seeu, litcle can be said in praise of
tnis tree fcr ornamental purposes: its branches, 10
to 15 feet long, ave almost invariably leafless, ex-
cept from 12 to 24 inches at the end. The immense

cones, of several pounds weight, are clustered atthe

top, hidden from view, and difficult to obtain without

» the assistance of a storm,

Dec. 2, 1901.]

Ficus macrophylla, also a native tree, is very
handsome. In the gardens is a _broad-spreading
specimen, with a stem 2 feet in diameter, the roots
exposed for many square yards around the base;
the fruit, not large, is freely borne. and the brown
under-surface of the leaf offers a pleasing contrast
to the solid green of the whole. Kigelia pinnata is
at home, and bears many loose racemes of large
Geen carmine blooms, on pendent stalks 3 to 5 ieet
ong.

‘I'he rose-garden, containing many beds surround-
ing the finest Araucaria Bidwillii in the grounds (a
s.ecimen about 70 feet high), is filled with well-
grown plants, almost exclusively Teas and Chinas,
as one might expect. A box-wood tree, Hematoxylon
campechianum, with a much-divided stem, is close
to Quercus suber, Q. Toza, and Q. cerris, frem South
Enrope; they are, however, scarcely fine specimens,
though the English Oak, Quercus pedunculata, seeds
well, and makes a good tree. Liquidambar and
Liriodendron are also both evidently thoroughly
at home.

Near Mr. MacMahon’s house is a fine bed of
Arabian Coffee, loaded with berries. A bed of Alla-
manda neriifolia, close by, was one mass of flower,

Cedrus Deodara, Magnolia grandiflora, and Hrio-
botrya japonica, are not good, the climate being
evidently too dry and hot for them, though a
Camellia seems in a very fair condition. Plumeria
acuminata is as fiue and free-blooming asin India;
as is a species of Terminalia, with its peculiar ob-
long sezsile foliage, Near a Poinciana regia, its
stems carrying many immense Platycerium alcicorne,
gs a group of Palms, two of which are probably the
best specimens of the order in the gardens—one a
Jukcea spectabilis, the other a Sabal Palmetto. Also
fine, are an Oreodoxa regia 30 feet high, and some
broad masses of Rhapis flabelliformis.

The most successful examples of growth here, as
in Bowea Park, are unquestionably the Bamboos,
Several large clumps of Kbambusa arundinacea, with
thickly interlaced tough stems, 40 to 50 feet high,
cracking and bending in every breeze, shade, near
the centre of the grounds, one of its prettiest spots
—a large open-air fernery, containing Alsophilas
Dicksonias, Asplenium nidus, Platyceriums, Ravenalas
Cannas with flower-spikes 8 feet high, Caryotas
Livistonas, &c. At the end is a neat avenue of
Guavas (Psidum guava), the smooth Stuartia-like
stems, and pale glossy foliage, through which
now peep the innumerable fruits just commencing
to swell, being very pretty.

The Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum
australe), of course does well, as do Butea frondosa
and Strychnos nux-vomica. A curious tree is
Davidsonia pruriens; each leaflet of its large pine
nate foliage is nearly of the substance, size, and
colour of a good-sized Loquat leaf. Sterculia rupes-
tris, the narow-leaved Bottle-tree, is more noticable
still; of one specimen, the smooth circular stem is
4 feet in diameter at the base, but narrows gradually

to 1 foot at 8 feet from the ground, whence for the

remainder of its height (another 7 feet) only the
smallest branches are seen.

The native trees do not, as here represented, strike
me as particularly ornamental, though in the bush,
from all accounts, some must be very fine. Inthe
gardens, however, some trees are not particularly
interesting. Agathis robusta is an exception. This
can be picked out anywhere by its tall, slim clean
stem and pear-shaped head of dark foliege, Two
good specimens are not less than 70 feet in height.

Blwocarpus grandis, Spondia pleiogyne (the Bur-
dekin Plum-tree), Ateurites moluccana (the Candle-
nut-tree), with long-lobed foliage and bunches of
green fruit each as large as a good-sized egg-Plum ;
Erythvina Vespertilio the Australian Bark trees,
and Cassia Brewsteri, its thin, circular, brown pods,
12 to 15 inches long, hanging in profusion, are all
representative of the native flora. On_ leaving I
passed beneath an Indian Cluster Fig, Ficys glo-

‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

369

merata, the fruit on short stalks in thick buncheg
of every shade of colour, from green through yellow
to bright red, cluster on the old branches 18 inches
in diameter. ‘The masses of fruit rotting on the
ground beneath the tree testify to its extraordinary
productiveness, I also noted on leaving Combretum
parpureum, and Beaumontia grandiflora, growing
luxuriantly, At the end of the garden Mr. MacMahon
has erected a tail house, composed of long twigs
so ticd on rafters as to give partial shade. Beneath

sheltered from the sun’s fiercest rays, are Philoden-
drons, Anthurium Scherzerianum, Dracewnas, Marantas
Gymnostachyum Pearcei, Lomaria gibba, Selaginellas,

Aspleniums, Platyceriums, Dicksonia antarctica, Al-
sophila australis, flowering Begonias, and a few
Orchids, chiefly the native Dendrobium undulatum,—
Gardeners’ Chronicle.

eee

GUTTA-PERCHA IN DUTCH INDIA,
(TRANSLATED FROM THE ‘* GUMMI-ZEITUNG.”)

About the year 1845 the first gutta-percha, the
milk of several tropical trees, appeared in the market,
The gutta-percha comes almost without exception,
from the Malay Archipelago, and ‘its greater part
from Dutch India, especially from Borneo and Suma-
tra. The vatives collect his valuable product in the
virgin forests, whence it is brought, through Chinese
buyers, to the Singapore Market. As long as the
request for it was only a small one, the natives were
content with getting the gutta-percha by means of
incisions in the trees, but when the export from
Singapore, which was in 1845 enly 10,140 kilos., and
in 1848, 720,009 kilos., increased, they began to fell
the trees, in order to get more sap, withcut pro-
viding for the after-growth. The consequence of this
bad policy, which must have been increasing during
recent years, cannot be definetely seen from the
figures of export from Dutch India, which were ;—

1,598,330 kilos. in 1889

2,277,328 4, 4, 1890
1,402,923 ,, 4, 1891
1,201,681 ,, ,, 1892
1,270,533 ,, 4, 1893
1,281,664 ,, 4, 1894
1947.994" 5,8 Jeon
1:837,745 5. ;, . 1896
1448:973. 45° -,) 1897
4,361,514. ,;- ,, . 1898
7,263,048 4, ,, 1899

but they are proved through the exhaustion of several
districts which produced gutta-percha in earlier years.
Tf the number of the felled trees can be estimated
according to the export at some millions, and
if the export increases in the same proportion as
in recent years, one can imagine how we are draw-
ing closer to the end of the gutta-percha export,
whereas the request for this indispensable insulating
material for telegraphic cable is, on the other hand,
daily increasing. Dr. W. Burck, at that time sub—
director of the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg, first
drew attention to this danger in 1883, when, taking
an official journey to the Pandangschen Bovenlanden,
on the west coast of Sumatra, in order to study
the gutta-percha trees, he noticed the felling of the
trees. As an official law preventing the felling of
the trees could not be enforced in the districts, Dr.
Burck proposed a way out of the difficulty by sys-
tematic cultivation of trees. This proposal found
approbation with the Dutch-Indian Government, and
in 1884 Doctors Burck and Treub, now director of
the Botanical Gardens at Buitenzorg, were commiss
sioned to find some land not far from Buitenzorg
suitable for a plantation of gutta-percha trees. They
chose for this a hilly ground of 625 acresin Tjipetir,
about 1,640 feet above the sea-level, and at a dis-
tance of eight miles from the railway station of
Tjibadak, in the country of Preapger Hill, In the

370 THE TROPICAL
west monsoon, April, 1885, they began with the
planting of over twelve acres. In the following year
the plantation was so extended that it was necessary
to bring it under constant European supervision, and
it was put under control of the Council for Forests
in 1891, with the order to plant only the best sorts
of Palaquium. Bat as it did not flourish co well
under this council, it ws in 19J0 once move brought
under the supervision of the directors of the Botanic
Gardens. ‘The directors have taken the matter at
once in hand in order to effect the purposes of the
plantation, namely: (1) To find out the best kind
of Palaquium suitable for forest-culture; (2) Study
of the botanical derivation; (3) To ascertain which
climatological and other conditions are the best for
the growiug of the plant; (4) Study of the way
in which they multiply, if by seeds or otherwise.
To make these tests on a bigger scale, the Govern-
ment allowed a considerable amount in 1901 for the
Indian Budget. In the west monsoon of this year
the plantation will be enlarged by 250 acres and
1901 1902 by 552 acres. In this way an extenstion of
963 acres will be reached, and it is hoped to plant
in the next five years 3,625 acres more. Only good
kinds of Palaquium will be employed as Palaquium
gutta (Isonandra gutta in earlier times), Palaquium
borneense and Palaguium oblongifolium. If the old
seed, which the trop cal garden of Tjikemeuh, Tj:petir
itself and a Palaquium oblongifolium plantation at
Poerwokerto give sufficient it will all be used, and
there will ‘be just evough material for the planned
extenstion of the plantation, so that no seeds can be
given away from the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg
for other purposes. This new enterprise promises to
open fresh means for the settlement of the burning
question of gutta-percha production, and will become
a guide for private enterprise in this field later on.
With regard to profit, these experiences in Tj'petir
will hardly be as
questions, as labour is rather dear in that district
on account of the great amount of private planta~
tions, and as a Government enterprise of this kind,
which answers in the first place general purposes
and not the gaining of profit, works under quite
different circumstances and is generally dearer than
a private business, chiefly establishes with economical
views. In any cae the trial plantation at Tjipetir,
which has been put under the leadership of the ex-
perienced expert Dr. P. van Romburgh, late director
of the trial garden in Tjikemeuh, promises to become
of a high technical and economical interest. The
market for the gutta-percha obtained in Dutch India
lies not in the district of production bat in Singapore.
This fact is proved by the figures given below which

authoritative regarding other’

AGRICULTURIST. (Dec. 2, 1901.

give the export for 1899, giving origin ard destination
of the gutta-percha:

The dominant position which Singapore takes ac-
cordiig to this as a market for gutta-percha from
Dutch India is owing to its favourable situation in the
centre of the Mulay Archipelego and partly to the
smartness of its European and Chinese merchants,
Singapore gives to a buyer of gutta-percha all pos-
sible advantages of a great maiket, where he can
buy all kinds of gutta-percha according to sample,
whereas Dutch India puts only certain kinds of
gutta-percha out. If Java, which is more independent
than Singapore, and where gutta-percha plantations
are now flourishing, should develop and create a
market for this article in its own district, cannot
as yet be decided upon, but it is hardly to be ex-
pected. Besides the gardens in Tjipetir and Tjikemeuh
there are only two more plantations at Jaya, near
Poerwokerto, in the country of Banjoemas, of which
the elder one, from 1856, consists only of 58 trees,
whereas the younger and a bigger one was founded
in the early eighties. But both plantations have
been neglected up to now. In other parts of Dutch
India the gutta-percha plantation, for which the
batives seem also to show more interest, now is
only cultivated in a few districts, aud in recent
times through some private enterprise. In 1898 a
Nederlandsch-Indische Getah Pertja Maatschappy
was founded in Medan, on the east coasts of
Sumatra; another recent plantation exists on the
island of Bintay, in the Riouw Archipelagus. Two
other companies, an English and a German one,
are said to be at work on the west coast of Borneo,
near Pontianak, and another firm has been established
under the style of Gutta Rubber Syndicate for the
production of gutta-percha and caontchouc, the
plantations of which are in the territory of the
Sultan of Johore. And, lastly, the Nederlausche Getah
Pertja Maatshappy, established at the Hague, has
still to be mentioned. All these companies use the
process of extracting the gutta-percha ont of the
leaves by a mechanical process, which a Dutchman,
P. J. Ledeboer, now a French subject, has invented.
Not much has become public about the process, but
it is said to be a perfect success. If, through this
process, a material is created which is equal to
the gutta-percha gained from the trees, and if the
trees can be deprived of their leaves without being
interrupted in their growing, as seems to be possible,
a further important step has been made in the
production of gutta-percha, for through this process
quicker and larger results can be effected than through
the old simple way,

EXPORTS IN 1899,

From

To Singapore. Penang. Holland, England. Germany. France. Belgium. America.

Total.
Borneo. 5,722,307 _ = 32,409 — _ _ — 5,764,716 kilos,
Sumatra, 1,247,342 145,856 36,389 — 6377) ea — 80 1,438,044 ,,
Total 6,969,649 145,856 36,389 32,409 Sei <= — 80 7,192,760 kilos
ean 29,019 = 18,408 = 16,964 5,594 308 — 70,288 ,, —
Madeira f° ———— ——— So es cola giant Se ie See ae pe
Total export 6,998,668 145,856 54,797 32,409 25,841 5,594 303 80 7,263,048 kilos,

Ce

Cure vor THE BuAck Spot 1n Tomatous.--Ever since
this fungus disease of the Tomato made its appear-
sauce in this country, gardeners have been helpless
in the matter of cure or alleviation; and beyond re.
moving the fruit aul burning it, so ax to prevent
the diffusion of the spores, nothings could be done,
Now, Mr, J- Thomas, landscape gardener, 1, War-
wick Grove, Surbiton, alleges that he has found the
remedy for attacks of Cladosporium lycopersici, and
certainly some fruits, which he brought to us a few
days #30, and which are lying before us, show tha

he is correct in his statement, for the fungus is
killed superficially, and appears as a dry, brown ine
crustation ; even the flesh below it is quite sound
and uninjured and the fruit as good as possible, bar-
ring the little blemishes of about the size of a
shilling. The inventor would willingly dress any
diseased fruits if requested to do so, but untill he has
patented the substance, he will not let it out of hia
hands. It is obvious that the remedy should be
applied to the leaves and to the berries when quite
young, It must b- remembered also that the spawn
of the fuugus is internal, so that exteraal applications,
however useful, are only of a palliative nature.—
Gardeners’ Chronicle,

Dec. 2, 1901.

TIPS FOR RUBBER GROWING,

Mr. James Maunder writes to us from San Juan
Evangelista, Vera Cruz. Mexico, under date 24th
June :—

I will send rubber seed to you ard others dur-
ing the next 10 or 15 days. Seed is now well
ripened, end just begun to come in. Instead of
writting another letter ve Nursery making, I send
youacopy of a leiter I have just wiitten to the
President of the Company I am working for. In
it I have described the modus operandi. The Nur-
sery described is, I think, the largest one ever
made in this, or any other county. I am surprised
that more attenticn is not paid to rubber cultiva-
tion all over India. In Travancore and Mysore
there are thousands of acres of land adapted to
the cultivation of 1ubber, from which the respec-
tive Governments only get a tittle money from
grezers of cattle. I remember many years ago, while
on a shikar expedition out in the western part of
Wastara Taluq of Mysore, alone the Ludra River,
near Baleyhunoor, also on the Toongabudia, I caw
some cf the best kinds of rubber lands. I ehall
send a few hundred ceed to the Amildra of that
Talug, as well as to parties in Munzerabad,
asking them to give them a fair trail. I will send
you 2lbs. of seed. Please meke up your mind to
whom you will give them, so that there will be no
del«y in sending them out on arrival. The ceed
must be planted on arrival, as I am afraid that
many will have lost their germinating power on
so long a journey. If the parties receiving the
seed will follow the instructions as per letter here-
with, all. good ceed will germinate; the seeds are
large and well packed in charcoal as per instuctions
received from the best experts in the seed business.
If we can make rubber pay here in Maxico where
we pay a little over Rs. 2 per day, what could
rot your people do in India, where you have the
chespest and best labour in the world?

Following is the letter referred to above.

The work been done this week on this place is

the planting of rutber seed in the large nursery
pow being laid out near the banyan tree. We
selected this place for the nuisery on account of
its excellent soil, being wear to our next year’s
location for planting, and because there were about
15 acres of nesrly level land, so necessary for making
a good nursery.
_ The forests having been cut down by the con-
tractor, and burnt, we wept to work, cut up and
burnt the remaining logs, then dug out all the
small stumps, roots and creepers; after this stump
pullers were set to work, with a good pair of strong
oxen, with the yoke tied to the horns, Mexican
fashion, they did excellent work, in fact saved the
Compavy hundreds of dollars, besides tearing up
the ground so much there was no necessity of dig-
ing it over.

The earth having been dug out from among the
roots of the stumps, they were piled in heaps and
burnt. After this the ground was levelled, raked
over smooth, roads laid out; then the lines were
laid cff at right angles to the roads 18 inches apart,
and just one inch deep. Rubber seed sown about
one inch apart in the lines, and covered as soon
as possible after sowing.

Avy of the readers of the Planter having a fancy
for figures they might find out the number of seed
sown in this rnbber nursery. Here is the sum:—
The nursery ig 15 acrea in extent. Deduct for a
road 8 feet wide, and 900 feet long. The lines are
18 inches apart, and seed sown one inch apart in
the lines, Now, if one-third of the seed sown
grows, how many plants will we have to plant out
rext season ?

We also had a gang of men planting corn, of
which we have about 160 acres planted, and seed
corn enough to plant about 90 acres more.

I will explain to you the Mexican method of
corn planting; the forests having been cut down

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

and burnt for plantirg rubber, the lines staked
out seven anda half by seven anda half feet ; two
lines of corn are planted between the lines of stukes,
each hill of corn teing three feet nine inches apart,
Yesterday we had forty men planting. Hach man
had a stick sbout seven feet lorg sharpened to a
point at cne end, This was stuck into the ground
about four inches, Thiee or four grains of corn
were then put into each hole, and the corn planted.
Nothing more is done to it till** breaking down, ”
the ear season comes. If. however, the weeds becoine
too high for the ycnng iubber plants, they are cut
down, thereby weeding coin as well as rubber.
Your farmers of the West will naturally ask “how
many bushels of corn does euch outlandish planting
produce.”’ I will answer the anticipated question,
and say the averege crop is about 40 to 45 bushels
per acze, We will sed to the (hicago cffice a
few ears from this crop, so thst your people may
see for themselve the kind of corn produced by
this Maxican mcde of planting. It is ali iight for
this country. Coin planted 10 duys ago is now 10
to 12 inches high.

We are going to scw a large cattle pasture with
Paral and other grs-es as scon as we get through
with our coffee and rubber nurseries. in my next
letter 1 will give details of the 5 acre iubber nu-
sery we are going to plant out near the river,
as well as the seven c.ffee nurseries already cut
down and burnt; these have been selected near
the land to be planted, as the system of ‘ pilon”
or ball planting is a very expensive mode ot plant-
ing, seeing that 6 to 8 pounds of earth is carried
with each plant from the nursery to the place of
planting. 1 said above that the pilon system is
expensive; it is, but it is the best in the long run,
Last year’s failares do not amount to over two per
cent.; 2%. ¢e,, not over two per cent. of the planis
planted last yesr have died, we got no rain after
the first week in February till the second week in
Jnne.— Madras Mat!.

——$$—<_—$___ 4,
BREEDING FOR BEEF IN TRINIDAD.*
By C. W. Muapen,

Maneger of the Government Farm, Trinidad.

It is a general belief in Trinidad that our native
grasses are not sufficiently nutritious to enable the
Colony to produce its own meet supply and parii-
cularly of keef. A sum of £40,000 ‘is annuaily
spent in the supply of meat, so that the question
is one of eufficient interest to demand thorough con-
sideration, From a purely egiicultural aspect the
production of beef would form an additional in-
dustry, and bring into a healthy and remunerative
condition land which is now waste and a burden to
its owners.

In order to biing our natural grasses into good
grazing condition systematic treatment is required.
Sub-division for the purpose of rest and change, and,
where the foimaticn of the land peimits, the use
of agriculture] imp!ements such as the hay-mower,
borse-iake, and the harrow, should soon result in
the formation of sound feeding pastures.

The present paper deals only with the conditions
of Tiinidad for the preduction of beef; that is to say,
whether there is suitable land and other facilities,
and sufficient inducement in the wiy of prcfit to
encourage the industry,

That there is Jand enough is evident from the
areas lying idle on abandoned sugar estates, and
the great Caroni Savannah,—a menace to health

*“ This subject has already been dealt with by
the author in two communications presented to the
Agricultural Society of Trinidad, which form papers
Nos. 98 and 131, in Volume UI, pp. 119 and 310
respectively, of the Society's Proceedings. The
information contained in the present paper sum:
marizes and carries to a conclusion the history of
these experiments. (Ed, W.1,B

372

and unproductive. With regard to facilities, there
are good roads and railways cutting through what
might be the heart cf the industry. The market
value of the product has already been shown, and a
recent rise in the price cf meat shows that, at
present, there is little danger of oversnpply. The
present meat trade in Trinidad is open to serions
jnterruptions which often renders it diffienlt to meet
the demand, andthe poorer people are deprived of
meal in consequence. Itis therefore very desirable
that aveserve supply should be available, that the
market should not continue in its present dependent
position, ; ; E
During the last year an experiment in breeding
for beef was brought to a satisfactory conclusion,
although only carried out in a small way. The
subject of the experiment was across between a Red
Poli sire and an ordinary Creole cow. ‘This steer,
when turned out to grass at fourteen months old,
weighed 465 lb, He was kept under conditions such
as might be expected would be given in the general
way in the Colony, to test the vilue of grass feed.

ing. ‘The season proved exceedingly severe and
grass was scarce. At two years old, he had gained
only 831b, As grass became more plentiful a rapid

increase in growth ensned, and at the end of his
third year, he scaled 770 |b. showing a gain of
9221b: for the Jatter period. Thisrate of gain
wou!d probably have continued so that at four
ears old have would, in all likelihood, have scaled
1.100 lb. the weight of a prime beast in Trinidad.
Nhe cost of rearing this animal amounted to $4: 80
including milk and feed. The gain in weight dur-
ing his last year cost two shillings, one shilling
{and-tax and one for upkeep of fences and land,
calculated on the average cost of the herd of oxen
running together. 2

The dead weight was 384 ib. The animal was
in a ferfectly healthy condition, every organ sound
and, to use a butcher’s term, “cleaned well,’ The
meat was tender and juicy and altogether superior
to what is generally obtainable, and realised in the
open market, sold under the same conditions as any
other beef, $32:28, which after paying for slaughter-
ing, market dues and commission left a profit of
$27:48 or $9:16 per annum. With a large herd,
sufficient working capital, and souna management
such returns indicate the possibility of a lucrative
ndustry.—West Indian Bulletin.

——_—__—____——
LIGHTNING AND ITS EFFECTS,

The diy after one on which a thunderstorm took
( came across a chir pine (P. longifolia), which
haa vaen been struck. The tree was mature, stand-
ue on the top of a hill, and he had no _leader,
which had evidently been broken or cut off in its
youth. Lhe lightning had struck one of the upper-
most radiiting branches and took a straight course
for a short distance, when it enconntered a branch
which turned it off its course, and from this point
the ditrection taken was a spiral one, the turns
being closer together at the top of the tree, where
there were more branches with the fluid avoided »
About 5 feet from the ground the electric current
encountered 2 swelling, evidently caused by the
healing up of an old wound, and at this place it
left the tree, joining it again about one foot from
the ground. A strip of bark about 4 inches in width
was removed the whole way down the tree where
‘ho fluid took its course. ‘I'his strip was not re-
moved in one broad piece, but in two slips of 2
inches each in width, for its full length, the division
peing oxactly in the centre and quite clean. The
length vf the strips varied from 2 feet to 45 feet in
Jength some of them being, found on the ground,
whilet otherg remained on the tree, usually being
fixed to it at their upper ends, the lower ones
being qiite free and curling outwards. The outer
rough ark was totally removed, not a single piece

place }

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Dxc. 2, 1901,

remaining on thestrips mentioned above. It was
found lying in small pieces under the tree. In no
case were any actual sings of burning to be found,
although the long strips of underbark were diied
and curled up with the heat, and neither the bark
cn either side of the course taken by the lightning,
nor the needles at the foot of the tree where the
current entered the ground were damaged in any
way. Both the inner and outer edges of the strips
of underbark were quite clean as if ent by a knife,

Curious to relate, down the whole length of
passage a thin narrow ljayer on underbark was left,
exactly in the middle, firmly fixed to the tree; of
the blaze where the separation of the two strips
took place and at the foot of the tree where the
electric fluid joincd it again, two distinct courses
could be traced as if the fluid had become ceparated
in its leap.

The tree I had cut down, and it was examined
carefully. Judging from appearances it would seem
that the lightning threw off, simply hy shock, the
rough outer bark which opposed its passage, thus
uncovering the smooth underbark, over which the
fluid passed uninterruptedly. The great heat dried
up this underbark and turned the sap underneath
it into vapour, which forced it up causing to divide
at its centre, leaving the thin line of bark where
the separation took place, caused also by the con-
traction of the underbark. The pressure underneath
caused by the formation of steam, coupled together
with the fact that the strips of underbark were
quite shrivelled up and contracted, is quite sufficient
to explain the clear way in which they were sepa-
rated from each other and from the bark on each
side of the course taken. Theze would appear to
be no doubt that lightning, if possible, will avoid
all serious obstacles by going round them, and this
being impossible, it will either remove that obstacle
or be broken itself into two or more currents by
trying to do so.

It would be interesting to know if in any other
parts of India lightning has been observed to have
had similar effects as the above

E. RADCLIFFE, Forest Officer.
Camp Choch, Mirpore, Jammoo: February 8th, 1901
—Indian Horester.
eee ee
CASSAVA.

We have had many inquiries since we wrote on
the cultivation of cassava as to its commercial value,
and with reference to the method of cultivation.
Cassava is sometimes called Brazilian arrowroot. It
resembles arrowroot in one respect, so far as manu-
facture is concerned, in that tubers are rasped, and.

_the starch precipitated as in the case of arrowroot.

There are two species of the plant (which is one
of the Euphorbiaci#)—viz., the Bltter Cassava,
Manihot utilissimt, and the sweet, WM. Aipi. Both
furnish highly nuiritius food starches. ‘he bitter
contains a poisonous element, hydrocyanic acid
(prussic acid), and, as a consequence, cannot be
eaten in a fresh state, whilst the sweet variety may
be used as a table vegetable without any prepar-
ation. The poison of the bitter variety is, however,
rendered volatile by heat, after the application of
which the juice may be safely used as the basis of
cassareep and other sauces, in Brazil great use is
made of the bitter cassava. -The dried roots are
rasped, and a kind of flour results, from which cassava
cakes are made.

The plant is easily cultivated and finds a con-
genial home in Queensland. When the land intended
for cassava is well broken up and reduced to a good
tilth, the rows are lid off much in the same manner
as for sugar-cane, but only 4 feet apart. The sets
consists of portion of the stalk cut into pieces about
6 inches long. Four inches is a better length, be-
cause the roots springing from the cut ends are
those which produce the tubers, Like all other such
crops, they must be kept clean, There is no need

Dec. 2, 1901.) THE TROPICAL

for deep cultivation, indeed, shallow works is the
best. A very fair profit may be made by growing
cassava, as is shown by the Florida Aagriculturist.
That Journal, quoting from the Leesburg Commercial,
says—

While there is no great big money in growing
cassava, there can be reasonable profit made in
growing it, and it is not subject to be killed out
by the frost like some crops, for it is planted after
the first frosts are over, and matures before the frost
comes again.

The following information on this important sub-
ject is furnished us by Mr. George E. Pybus, of
Fruitland Park, who has been growing cassava for
several years. He estimates the cost of growing
cassava as follows :—

Per Acre.
g Sa a.
Ploughing aes rs fe DD) SS GAG
Harrowing ie eee Te OLoon o=— 1 5s
Seed, planted 4 4, 2,700 hills,
6-inch pieces, 1,500 feet, at
Weecents ~ >. . a Reem Opp Onbel:
Planting... oe oo fore Oi ee)
Six cultivations at 35 cents 2710 = 8 5
Four hoeings at 1 dollar... 400 —= 16 0
Fertiliser, 3501b. at 23 dollars
per ton on bse so CHU): SS 1G)
1465 = 58 84
Digging andhauling,sayl mile 1:25 = 5 O
VialteSeto.bs. | ci re 00m —— 2080
Net .. ove At ee OD) == be Ae
Necessary to make, say, 4 tons
to pay expenses 6 -- 1400

Leaving a net profit of 3°75 dollars per ton on all
above 4 tons. Of course, two of the above items,
cultivating and hoeing, may vary, but to make na
success of the crop, is must be kept clean until 1%
can take care of itselt, and he believes his estimate
to be afair one. Notwithstanding the ii!-lack which
attended all who adopted fall planting, in 1899, he
has jast finished planting I0 acres, being determined
to give cnssava-growing as a farm crop a fair tria!,

The resulting crops with good fertilisers will
amount to from 6 to 8 tons per acre, and the
digging can be done for about 2s. per ton. The

cost cf hauling will, of course, depend ou the dis-
tunce. On sandy soil it will yield more feed than
any other crop that can be grown, For feeding
pigs, horses, cows, and chickens no better crop can
be grown. It will produce the best of pork and
bacon; it will make. excellent pastry and delicious
breakfast cakes.—Queensland Agricultural Journal,
—$__—__

COMBATING SAN JOSE SCALE ON
FRUIT-TREKS,

At the present time San José scale is being found
in many orchards, and although advice as to the
best treatment has been given repeatedly in the
Agricultural Gazette, many growers may have over-
locked it, and are in Gouht as to th» steps to take
to rid their trees of this extremely destructive pest.
™Mhe scale itself is not unlike red scale iu appear-
ance, and during the winter months when the peaches,
pears, plums, and apples which it chiefly affects
are bare of leaves, tne scale may be noticed on
the wood of the trunk and branches. When the
scale is picked off on the point of » knife a little
yellow-coloued mass is seen inside. As the result
of numerous successful trials the Fruit Expert is
able to recommend a painting of pure kerosene for
smaller trees and spraying with lime, salt, and sulphur
for larger trees which could not be readily gone
over with a brush. Before applying the kerosene
the affected tree should be pruned, and the prun-
ings burned, Then the kerosene should be applied

AGRICULTURIST, AS

ot

so as to wet the tree but not trickle down to the

roots; care to be taken not to miss i

: any rti
of the stem or limbs. It does not fisurer aha
buds, and apparently has little or no effect cn

the cuts.
The lime, salt, and
follows ;—
Formula:—Lime .,

sulphur wash is prepared ag

semeen a) TP (fresh slacked)
b,

Sulphore. pet 20
Saltge ccm ee ls lb!
Water .. 4. .,. 60 gallons.

Take 10. 1b. of lime and 20 Ib
) » sulphur
them until throughly dissolved, then Feat
ore us and the salt and water
gallons. Strain and spray when rather
milk warm, ae eerie
The only difficulty likely to pa
making up this mixture is in gelting ;
thoroughly incorporated. To do thi. “Bean
tinuous boiling, with coustans Stirrine aes “th
liquid is of a deep yellow colour, if? Heasible.
the sulphur should be first ground
cee of ae into a paste, in
nat mustard is made, so that tho oraj
a : 18 grains 1
phur may be throughly wetted, This’ will OO
hasten the process, and if as much as 50°Ib. oe
Swp ane is to ie ew this may be ground up a tite
a time in a largish mortar ¢ d iling
ee i ortar and added to the boiling
The best thing to use for boillj i i
i“ g oillin 3 xture j
is an enamelled vessel. If only Bane ie

and boil
tne rest
to make 60
more then

expesrienced

Siup:

up with a small
the same Way

c ; small i

is made at a time, an Ordinary enamelled eas
lug pan is the very best kind of vessel, - ery-
abseuce of these, an jron Vesteliae Peg n the

Ordinary

oil-drum may be used, wccount use copper

vessels.
‘The actual manner in which the ingredien
added does not matter, 16 will be fannde ue: }
slack the lime on a board in preference to g] Es
Ing it in the vessels, Hot water is not ne eS
for slacking it. ony,
The main point is th i
int hat the lime an Ipt
should be well mixed and thoroughly bein ogee
The action of this spray is to smother Ps
stroy the scale and eggs, ap

On no

ave

d de-

Some peop!
bark of the trunk and main Benohes with oo, . sue
pefore spraying them with this Wash, ens

This is a splendid spy;
f pray for cleari rees. of
all sorts of pests that escape notice, ee 1a
worth while giving all deciduous trees in ieee

chard a spraying with it immedj —
) 2 ediatel fter
annual pruning.—Agricutural G yNe eee
ae g rat Gazette of New South
Se

MANURE FOR TOMATOES,

The Chemist, at the request of 5
growers in the Minmi district FF
following information as to the
titising tomato and cucumber cr
manures :—:

eral tomato-
has furnished tee
est means of fer-
Ops with dry and liquid
for Tomatoes,

A complete dressing for an acre would be—

Costing about.

Sulphate of ammonia... 16 fos. da
Superphosphate ag) is eae ee
Sulphate of potash... ,. 150 lb. : 10 6

e 03

Total, =, 560 Ib Navas
site weed .or
For Cucumbers, EES Ss

Costing about,

Dried blood 5 ca £. 8, a.
Supe: phosphate ae se Bee ee On 136
Sulphate of potash : ss 7 ih g 10 O
Total ee a

: i ota eo) | see 5 ewt £1 Boon
This quantity will be ra ' 12 6

ther much for an acre, the

exact amount being 41 i
8 42 ¢wé., which would come tq

about £1 103. per acre,

B44

Both the above formule are based on the actual
manurial requirements of a orop of the kind men-
tioned in a soil of fair average quality. Where
miaterials like well-conserved and rotted stable
manure, fowl-yard sweepings,and wood ashes are
available, the quantities of commercial fertilisers
can be reduced ; but it must be remembered, especially
az regusds tomusoes, tnat the principal manurial
requirement for good crops is potash, and the pro-
portion of it in most of the manures that can be
home-saved is very small.

The fertilisers mentioned may be vsed as liqnid
manure, by dissoiving in water, thongh the best
plan is to add in the dry state mixed with earth and to
water the plants afterwards.

[In the case of dried blood, this does not dissolve
in watec and would have to be added separately.—
New South Wales Agricultural Gazette.

—————_—_<§_2__—____—.
CASTOR-CAKE, CASTOR-OIL, AND
CASTOR-SEED AND ITS PRO-
PERTIES.

Many people are under the impression that the
castor-cake contain 7 per cent. nitrogen and 12 per
cent. of moisture, and is thereby considered a man-
ure sufficiently lucrative for cheena barley and
other rabi crops. Such is not the case. Castor-
cake contains 11°86 per cent. of moisture and 5‘23
per cent. of nitrogen and can be used for all
purposes. Moisture is of very little consquence to
the agriculturist, whereas, on the other hand, nitrogen
potash and phosphoric acid are considered the
most valuable ingredients in a manure, especially
for leaty crops, and it is needless to say that the
castor-cake contains all these properties, which
renders it a mamare of the very first class. The
reason why it may be looked upon as a manure
of the very best, is because it contains 2°53 per
cent. of nitrogen, more than any other manure.
We all known that potash, which forms one of its
component parts, is by itself equal to any ingredient
in a manure. Besides phosphoric acid, the other
component part is in such a condition of chemical
combustion as to be easily assimilated by the
plant, Further, it may be stated that the cake
contains a certain amount of oi!. This oil in itself
acts as a manure, and at the same time prevents
the cake from decomposing rapidly in the ground;
thus allowing the cake a fertilizing action of more
than a year. When once a person has studied
closely and scrutinizingly the properties of the
castor-cake manure, it does not take him leng to
testify to the effect it has on potatoes, wheat,
oats, cheena and makai. If on eight biggahs of
land you strewed 180 maunds of well pulverized
castor-cake, and sowed this land with oats, you
would find that your return would be 143 maunds
or thereabouts, of good clear oats, with and ex-
ceedingly heavy crop of straw. Again, if you were
to sow on 14 cottahs of this land dug out into
trenches, Naini Lal seed potatoes, you would get
a return of 82 maunds of crop from about four
imaunds of seed. After these two crops were cleared
out, if cheena was sown, your returu would be just
as much. Again, after the cheena crop was taken
up, if makai was planted on the same eight big-
gahs of land, your yield would be 122 maunds from
not a very liberal sow. Thus in one year you have
realized three substantial crops from the same piece
ot land without any trouble of manuring for each
crop. This manored land will answer tho followlng
year without any trouble, to rear up another supply
of the crops mentioned above, excepting that the
potatoes this time will not be so laige as on the
former occasion. he husk obtained from the castor-
seed, also, acts a8 a very good manure for flower:

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

—

|Dre, 2, 190i,

beds, but great care must be taken in the adminis
tration of it, as the ingredients with which this
husk forms a manure, have a tendency to either barn
up the piants or prevent them from budding. Too
niuch cannot be said on this score, as the making of
this manure is a secret. Another mistaken idea is that
castor oil cannot be bleached. It can be done, and
the process is very simple. Pass the oil through
the folds, say two, of pure white blotting paper,
and then expose it to the rays of the sun, under
-he cover a pane of glass. Oil of a reddish hue
's of course beyond bleaching, as it contains a
arge portion of moisture, which is obtained from
the husk. It may be remarked that castor-seeds
are of various sizes, though more or less of the
same shape and form. It will be observed that
the smaller the seed, the more oil youget. Seeds
of a large form generally contain very litt!e mois-
ture; as the shell, which is of an absorbing nature,
dziives its moisture from the kernel.

The foregoing statements may call forthcommenta
from those in the manufacture of oil, owing to there
being 4 keen competition in the trade, but reliance
can be put on what has been stated above, asthe
statements to a certain degree are the outcome of
the experience of the late Chief Engineer of the
Sivan Oil Mills, Mr, Edward Austin Neame.—Indian
Planters’ Gazette.

eee

COFFEE CULTIVATION IN THE
FRENCH CONGO.

The fo'lowing interesting particulars with regard to
the cultivation of coffee in the French Congo, based
on information spplied by the Director of the ex-
perimental Cultivation Gardens at Libreville, in
rep'y to questions addressed to him by the

“ Office Colonial” in Paris, were given some time
back in the Board of Trade Journal:

Liberian coffee is the kind principally groyvn in
the French Congo, the enltivation of the San Toome
coffee (Coffea aralica) being now almost abandoned,
Kouilon (coffea canephora) and Oubangi (coffee Chaloti)
grow wild, but the latt:r variety is now beginning
to be cultivated,

The amount of coffee exported from the French
Oongo during the past four years was ae follows:

Kilos.
in 13°6 50 a5 xO soe 4,471
e1807, 0a ght ee 30,094
PLs98 aie aoe ove -. 07,660
» 1899 Be me te «» 41.281

In January, 1900, 30,473 kilogs., valued at abont
33,500 francs, were exported. The coffee is exported
in bags of from 50 to 7C kilogs each, the freight
for coffee, unhusked, bzing 66 francs per ton of 1,010
kilogs. by the Chargeur-Reunissteamer from Libre-
ville to Havre. The bagging in which the ec: ffee is
packed is imported from abroad. Thec ffee planters
who are themselves merchants export their coffse
to Europe themselves- without the intervention of
middlemen. Ouls a small quantity of the coffee is
sold for local consumption, the retail price at
Libreville being 2 francs 50 cents per kilog.

There are at present about 1,800 hectares of coffee
plantations in the colony in bearing; in addition
about 150 hectares have been planted, but will not
yield a crop till about 19:5.

There is no export duty on coffee coming from
the Gaboon district, but that produced in the con-
ventional basis ig dutiable at the rate of 5 per cent,
ad valorem on a valuation of 60 francs per 100 kilogs,
Note.—Kilog.=2°2 lb. Hectare=2:47acres, Franc—9 61,
—Tea.

_ Duc. 2, 1901.)
RUBBER IN RHODESIA,

In a report received from North-West Rhodesia

Major Colin Harding, the Acting Administrator,
says :— f
The indigenous rubber found in North-West

Rhodesia is of three distinct species, which should
be classed as: (1) Landolphia-HFlorida, (2) Kickxia-
Elastica, (8) Capodinus-Lanceolatus. I wiil first
take the Landolphia-Florida, which is a species of
vine rubber in this country, growing to a consider-
able length, varying from 20 yards to 60 yards, and
in size from }in. tolsin.in diameter. It is found
growing usually in marshy tropical localities.

This rubber first came under my notice on a
small tributary of the Zambesi, north-west of Nyaka-
toro, during my journey to the source of the latter
river last year. Again I saw and collected portions of
this vine in the same lutitude, also found in a very
maishy and verdant spot, on an east bank tributary
of the Kabompo River, called the Mumbasi. This
vine at the latter place was sesn to perfection, ex-
tending round the adjacent trees, forming an im-
penetrable thicket, and affording, besides a lucrative
employment for the native, a shelter and protection
to the kraal which was built beneath its shade. [
am forwarding samples of this vine for your identi-
fication. Judging from the quantities of prepared
rubber which I have found in the possession of
different natives during my journey, I am convinced
that considerable quantities of this valuable species
are found surrounding the majority of the numerous
tributaries which flow into the Kabompo and Zam-
besi Rivers, or, to put it more concise and plainly,
the Landolphia-Florida is found between the twelfth
and fourteenth parallels, throughout the whole of
Barotseland.

The mode of collecting and preparing the Landol-
phia-Florida is similar to that adopied by the natives
when making the ground rubber into a marketable

commodity. Without thought for to-morrow, they
promiscuously hack and cut the vine, selecting,
when their work of destruction is. complete; the

best and largest branches only, leaving the smaller,
which in another year would have attained maturity,
to rot on the ground. Divided into various lengths
of from 3ft. to 4ft., the vine is taken to the kraal where,
after forty-eight hours’ continual soaking, it is ham-
mered ard pounded with the idea of removing the
bark, which secretes the rubber from the stem;
this process complete, the rabber—or blanket, as it
is termed—is again immersed and continually boiled
for three or four days, or, in fact, till the bits of
bark are completely removed. In examining a piece
of vine rubber before boiling, you would find no
aluminoid or resinous matter. The rubber seems a
part and parcel of the bark, and, unlike Kickxia-Hlas-
tica, the juice could never be extracted by incision
or tapping. The boiling operation being complete,
the rubber whilst warm is rolled into sticks about
6in. long, called matallas. It is then hung under
the various roofs to dry, and later made up into
chetotes, ready for Mombari traders, who periodically

visit the kraals to purchase and transport this
valuable product to the West Coast. Whilst on my
tour 1 purchased several chetotes of rubber, for

which 1 paid two yards of calico, each valued at
1s. 8d. per yard, on the spot. The weight of a
good chetote should be about 21b., and the price
oi this class of cubber at Benguela would run trom
1,800 to 2,000 reis, or in English money from 2s, 9d,
to 38s. 6d. per lb,

(2.) Kickxia-Hlastica.—My knowledge of this rub-
ber, which I have set down as Kickxia-Elastica, is
very limited. Undoubtedly it is a true rnbber found
in the same districts and in close proximity to the
Landolphia-Florida described above. Several samples
were shown to me when east of the Kabompo; also
Linspected the same species of rubber in the possession

of natives north-west of the Zambesi, near the Kasi
aie Tt is of a guperior quality to either of the

THE TROPICAL) AGRICULTURIST.

375

other two kinds; and as itis procured by an incision
made in the trees, it is absolutely free from all
dirt and bark, the only damaging ingredient being
grease, which is infused by the natives whilst collect-
ing and rolling it into various shapes. In selling
the inferior species of rubber the natives will mix
the Kickxia-Elastica with other unsaleable root
rubber. Isaw arubber much resembling the Kickxia-
Elastica at Kota-Kota, some two years ago, the only
appreciable detference being, as far as I could see,
the different shapes in which it was rolled.

(3.) Capodinus-Lanceolatus.—Accepting Sir Willam
Dyer’s authority, the third and last species of indigen-
ous rubber which [ am about to describe must be
the Capodinus-Lanceolatus. Its description as being
worthless is, I think, unwarranted. Onthecontrary, I
have seen Capodinus growing, prepared, and finally
sold at good and remunerative prices, although ad-
mittedly it is of inferior quality, still itis a rubber
that thrives in the soil where no other root could
exist, and will, with an ordinary amount of care
in collecting it, eventually prove a valuable asset
to Western Barotseland. ‘'o substantiate my state-
ment, I might point out that already, both east and
west of the Kwito River, the Portuguese have
erected stations and conducted trading expeditions
for the object of collecting this rubber, and apparently
for that object alone. Again, at Katende, a large
village situated some sixty miles north-west of
Nyakatoro, and well within the boundaries of King
Lewanika’s kingdom, during the last two years no
less than ten waggonus have penetrated to the heart
of that country for the object of collecting and
transporting this rubber to the west, and I am led
to believe that these expeditions met with an
ordinary amount of success. The Capodinus-Lanceo-
latus is found in considerable quantities between the
Kwando and Kwito Rivers, and also west of the
latter. At the head waters of the Lungwe-Bungo
and in the Balachazie country its growth is also
noticeable; in fact, the whole Barotse country west
of the Hast Lunga River, above parallel 15, is dotted
with portions full of this indigenous root. The pro-
cess of manufacturing and preparing this root
I have described under the heading of Landol-
phia Florida, Strange to say, the root of the Capos
dinus-Lanceolatus and a portion of the DLandol-
phia vine are, when gathered, so alike that: only
the most competent judge could correctly define
the species, This Capodinus is phanelogamous,
growing from 6in. to 10in. in height. The roots
are found about 4in, under the surface of the soil,
and, spreading themselves evenly and uniformly,
cover a considerable: quantity of ground. At present
this plant is so plentiful that in rubber districts the
natives collect only the larger roots, leaving’ the
smaller exposed and perishing under a tropical sun,
The surface, after the natives have collected their
rubber, resembles an orchard or meadow which has
been upturned by a grub-seeking hog. For two or
three years the production of rubber from such ag
spot is nil, and treated on similar lines to his garden
the native never returns for a second crop, but
seeks pastures new, where the same work of. des«
truction is carried on in the same reckless and
extravagant manner. It is useless disguising the
fact that, with one or two exceptions, the most prolific
and thriving rubber districts are found outside of
the present provisional boundary,‘and until the ques:
tion of demarcation is satisfactorily settled, the idea
of preserving or encouraging the production of rubber
in this country to any great extent is out of the
question. In the meantime, whilst we are arbitrating
and settling the boundaries, the Portuguese are ex-
tending their power to within 100 miles west of
liialui, destroying districts which. beyond all doubt
must eventually coime under the control of the
Chartered Company.

The fact that North-West Rhodesia is a rubber«
produciag country has been proved beyond doubt,

although the fyll exteng ig yet gnknown, Hach

316 THE. TROPICAL
journey has resulted in further ocular demonstrations,
and I am convinced that the more we see of this
country the more we shall become confirmed in the
knowledge of the existence in considerable quantities
of this valuable plant, which only awaits the early
settlement of the boundary question, the prevention
of the slave traffic, and the establishment of police
posts, to secure a successful future for the develop-
ment of the rubber industry.—/ndia-Rubber Trades’
Journal.

a

CINCHONA AND QUININE IN JAVA.

The following is based on an interview with and memo
randa sapplied by Mr. F. L. Seely, St! Louis, Mis., in
regard to his recent journey of investigation in India and
Java. The illustrations of Java scenes are repro-
duced‘from photographs taken by Mr. Seely.

Java is generally supposed to have come later into
the cinchona+field than Ceylon and India, and some
say that Java started where the British dependen-
cies left: off—not an uncommon thing with Britain’s
trade-rivals.. But this is scarcely the case. As early
as’ 1829 the cultivation of cinchona in Java was
mooted, but it was not until 1852 that the Dutch
Government sent Hasskarl, who had been director
of the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg, to Peru and
Bolivia,’ where he got’ with much difficulty seedlings
that he took to Java, but these did not. come to
much; In1855, Dr. Franz Junghuhn, an eminent Dutch
botanist’ was sent to Java with a number of seed-
lings, commissioned also in the following year to
superintend the. cinchona culture. Janghuhn was
one of the most diligent workers in the field up to
sixties of the nineteenth century, indeed, by the
end of 1860 there were about a million cinchona plants
in’ Java, but 939,809 were the comparatively valuless
Cinchona’Phudiana, which had been propagated
from the seeds of C. ovata brought from South America
by Hasskarl, and renamed’ after Pahud, Governor
General of tke Netherlands India. Dr. J. EH. de
Vrij was sent out to Java in 1857 as a chemist;
but: he was really the man who recognised that
the future of cinchona-cultivation in Java depended
upon ‘the’ adoption of the particular’ kind of calisaya
that Charles Ledger had obtained in South Aimerica
and-which is'now known by the generic name of
the: man who risked his life to get the seed. Ceylon
and India might still be the centres of profitable
cinchona-cultivation had the British: Government
realised that Ledger’s work was the consummation
ofa long: and. expensive inquiry; but the Dutch
Government, thanks’ to De Vrij; was svfficiently
fortunate to try the new seed well. and within
twenty years planters had proved that C. Ledgeriana
at first regarded as a rich calisaya) is the tree best
worth cultivating. De Vrij’s great service to quino-
logy was the early recognition of the necessity for
cultivating plants with a high quinine yield.

The Island of Java is only 673 miles long and about
125 miles wide. About 25,000 acres of the Island
are under cinchonas. There are 25,000,000 natives
in the Island, and only two of them speak the
English language. The first thing Mr. Seely did
was to secure the services of one of these men,
whom he kept through his visit. He was a very ac-
complished young man, and somewhat of an aristocrat
as compared with his countrymen. His main ac-
complishment lay in the fact that'he had two wives,
and he claimed that for a man to be a sincere
Mahomedan he should have four, if .his means
permit, He explained to Mr. Seely, however, that
one wife did not know of the other’s existence, and
he was quite confident that matters would run
somewhat smoother if he maintained that ignorance
on’their part. The day after Mr. and Mrs. Seely
arrived they proceeded to Bandong, which is about
eight hours’ ride from Batavia, at which port thev
Janded. It is a delightful little town of about 1,000
Bnropesns and prokably 60,000 natives, and the hote:

‘each tree is sawed off at the roots,

AGRICULTURIST. [Due, 2, 190k:
was as comfortable as any one could hope for.
Nearly all houses in Java are one storey high, and,
in the case of hotels, only one room wide, and
sometimes a mile long ‘This is to prevent serious
Injury in case of earthquakes, which are common
out there.

After resting for a few days Mr. Seely made trips
to the plantations, which Jay in different directions
around Bandong, ranging from 9 to 30 miles distant,
all of which had to be covered by pony-carts, pony-
back, or in mountain-chairs each carried by four
natives. Cinchona was seen growing in all its stages,
beginning with the seed and the little plants jast
above the ground, to immense forest trees which
have been allowed to grow for nearly half a century,
and some of which are 100 feet high, and could not
be spanned more than half-way round by the em-
brace of a full-grown man.

Over 20,000 trees grow from Ledger’s seeds, and
a large number of the trees are still standing, as
is evident from oneof the photographs. These trees
have been allowed to go to seed, and are simply
used for their seed, as they are now about 45 years
old, and a tree is harvestable at six years.

The seed is planted in what is known as the
nurseries (see page 165). Both Ledger seed and
succirubra seed are plyn-ed. When the latter seed-
lings grow to a height of about 3 feet they are cut
down close to the root, and a Ledger shoot about
6 inches, iong is grafted to each. This is covered
up with wax and bound with a piece of banana-
leaf, whereupon, after a short time, the wound
heals and the little Ledger shoot comes oat in leaf;
then the tall top of the little succirubra tree is cut
off, and we have the completed combination ready,
to be transplanted in the forests. This is one of
the most important events in the life of the cinchona-
tree in Jaya—the bit of scientific culture which has
enabled Java to outstrip the world in cinchona
supply, It is done because the Ledger plant does
not grow well in the soil, while the red-bark tree
flourishes exceedingly. It is a wise procedure to graft
the rich ledger top on the poor succirubra-root, for
the Ledger bark is so rich in quinine that as much
as a fourth of the weight of the dry bark has on
rare occasions been quinine sulphate,

The so-called cinchona ‘‘forests” are clearings
made from the jungle, and the ground is kept
clean from weeds and rubbish by diligent garden~
ing. The trees are planted in rows systematically,
and the ground is so worked that the rains penetrate
to a great depth. The trees are allowed to grow
until the sixth year, when they are ready to be
harvested. The old system of harvesting was to peel
the bark of the trees. This is no longer done, but
divested of its
bark, and a new tree planted near by. It has long
been a familiar canard in commercial circles that
the Java planters had tired of their work, and were
uprooting the trees in order to put tea in their place.
It will be seen that Mr. Seely’s observation proves)
exactly the opposite; the uproot because it pays,
The new trees grow tothe harvesting stage nearly
as soon as the bark would grow on again, and the
trees are much richer in quinine than renewed
bark. ;

After the trees are hewn down and cut into short
lengths native woman beat the bark off the pieces.
The wood is dried and used to heat the ovens in
which the bark is dried. The drying, however, is
largely done in the sun before the bark is put into
the ovens, and the quilled or pharmaceutical bark
is usually «dried entirely’ in the sun, the native
women and children sitting in the drying-trays and’
tying the bark into pipes while itis green and
pliable. After the bark has been thoroughly dried
it is coarsely ground, usually by water-power, and
it is then packed tightly in bags.of 100 kilos. each;
these bags are sent to Amsterdam (90 per cent. of
the Java bark going there), and the remaining 10

per cent, is manutactuyed into quining at Bandong,

- found.

| manufacture quinine—3uch as it was.
| were fortunate, however, in securing the services of

Dro. 2, 1901.7

This 10 per cent. yields 1,000,000 oz. of quinine per
year} and will very soon be increased to 2,000,000
a& veer: uy x

Mr. Seely found thé Java quinirte-factory to be
particularly attractive, as his own business-interest
in quinine is equal to the annual cottput of, the
factory. It was a sarprise to him to find so finely
equipped a laboratory, and especially to receive from
managers and owners such courtesy as belied the
current tales of mystery about the Bandong works.
Most people know that the manufacture of quinine
Has always been tteated as a very profound secret,
and probably there is not a quinine-factory in the
world, ontside Java, where a stfanger would be
permitted to learn anything of the prozess of manu-
facture. For this reason it was naturally difficult
for the Bandong works to secure chemists who were
conversant with the manufacture of the article, parti-
cularly on account of their being so far removed
from. civilised countries where chemists usually are
In the first instance, the Bandong factory
was placed in the hand of a man. who was not
familiar with the manufacture of quinine, though
He had had a large experience in sagar-making, and was
otherwise a nian of scientific attainments, so the
quinine first produced was not up to commerical
standard. The enterprise went through a trying
experience for about three years, arid, although it
wai a hard struggle, it continued to exist and to
The owners

Dr. A. R. van Linge, who had studied under Dr. de

| Vrij, as manager and head chemist for the Bandong

factory. He is the moving spirit of the enterprise
now, and not only has:he perfected the processes
of manafacture, but has invented and personally
supervised the construction of ‘the machinery and
apparatus used in the works.

Mr. Seely saw about 4,000:0z. of qainine made per
day, which he could not distinguish when placed
among the best-known European brands, and, in
addition to this, every lot of quinine the factory
manufactures is tested by the director of the Govern-
ment plantations, and he was present at one of these
ex3minations, where he saw for himself that the.samples
were above the requirement laid down in: the Phar-
macoposia. The quinine is sold at open auction.

A word as to the process of manufacture. -When
the bark reaches the factory every parcel is.assayed,
and the natives mix the various lots so. that an. average
strength of alkaloid is represented in -each- day’s
work. ‘Tons of bark are ground up every day and
sifted by very improved machinery, after which) it
is moistened with an alkali and pumped into
immense digesters containing hot crude petroleum.
There are agitators inside the digesters, which mix
the bark well with the oil, and the oil extract the
a:kaloid which the alkali sets free from the bark.
The bark is then allowed to settle out and the
oil is decanted off and washed with sulphuric-acid
water, which again takes the alkaloid from the. oil.
The oil is returned to the storage-tanks to, be used
over again. The crude quinine sulphate crystallises
from the hot solution. as it cools, and is afterwards
purified by recrystallisation, the «mother-liquors, of
course, being worked un too, Itis a beautiful sight
to see the immense rows of big porcelain crystallising-
pans, hundreds ‘in number, full of the erystallised
sulphate, which looks like snow in water; and, it
was ® delight to Mr. Seely. to run his hand down
through the -sol'd .crystals.and squeeze. the water
out as one,would in making a snowball.

Aftar the crystals have formed in
the solution is throughly cooled, their contents , are
dumped into centrifugal extractors, which throw the
water out and leave the quinine sulphate nearly
dry. The last crystallising solution (distilled, water
with a trace of quinine sulphate in it) is returned
to this main. building through underground ..pipes,
eulphuric acid is added ‘to it, and it becomes. ;the
first washing-solution as above described, The

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

the pans and,

30%

quinine is then taken out of the centrifugal machineg
and sp¥ead wpontrays to dry. . Nearly every druggist
knows that quinine sulphate should. contain between
14. and16 per cent. water of crystallisation. One of
the most delicate operations in the manufacture of
quinine is to produce the article without too much
er too little moisture in the finished product. The
Bandong factory follows a process, invented by Dr.
van Linge, which enables the workers to regulate the
air and other conditions in the drying-room, to the
extent that the product exactly meets Pharmacopeia
requirements.

After the quinine sulphate has been properly dried
it is accurately weighed, under the supervision of a
European chemist, like all other operations in the
Jaboratory. Ihe photograph of the operation of pack-
ing the salt in the tins shows the chemist whose
duty it is to look after this part of the work.

The crystallising building, in which all of this
work is done and in which no manufacturing opera-
tions are carried on except the purifying and crys-
tallising of the quinine sulphate, is the most perfect
specimen of absolute cleanliness Mr. Seely has ever
seen. ‘The floors are covered with porcelain-finished
tiles, which are kept. as clean .as dishes, and he
noticed that if the. smallest dripping of solution waa
spilt on the floor it had hardly landed before there
was a native after it. with a cloth. The machinery
and apparatus are kept in prefect order, and even
the porcelain-lined crystallising~pans are washed with
soap and.water every time the solutions are changed.
Cloths are stretched over each row of pans. to keep
out the dust and light.

The quinine sulphate, after being put into tins,
is sent to. the stock-room, where it is put in cases
which are manufactured by natives on the ground.
After the goods are placed in the cases, ® sample
is extracted from each lot that is represented
in the finished product, and the director of tha
Government cinchona-plantation, who -has spent
twenty-five years in the service and who. is. a. dis-
interested party, comes to the laboratory and ap-
plies the pharmacopeeial tests to every sample.

The quinine then goes to Batavia, the principal
business city and port of Java, where it. is sold at
public auction about once a month- The - factory
owners have no interest in the sales, as they do no
business except with the planter himself, who pays
the factory a,stated sum (8s. for every 35 oz. for
manufacturing costs), for it must be borne in mind
that the planter owns the bark, and sends it to the
factory simply to have the quinine taken from. it,
which is. done on. a. guarantee, that he shall receive
the quinine that the bark assays, and he is at
liberty to have assays made on his own account
before he. sends the bark to the factory. The quinine
which comes from the bark belongs to the planters
until it. is. sold .at public auction. The factory
owners have agreed not to enter into the manufac-
ture of quinine on their own account,

The auctions in Batavia are carried on. by Mesars,
Tiedeman & Van Kerchem, the oldest-established
bankers in Java. The quinine is bid for by various
brokers, who act for any one that wishes to employ
them, and who charge, a stated commission for their
work, but do not speculate. So strict are they with
the auctions that a broker. must mention the names
of the persons for whom he,is purchasing, ‘The
quinine is, then shipped to various parts of the world.—
Chemist and Druggist, oe

———$—>______—_

NOTES ON PRUNING.
By A. DEspPrisais.
' Numerous enquiries reach the Department of Agri-
culture every season on the matter of pruning. ‘The
subject has already been discussed with detail in
previous publications, and to Parts 4and 5. Vol. V.,
1898, of the Producers’ Gazette and Settlers’ Record
I mast refer those in search of more definite infor-
mation on this subject, ee

378 THE TROPICAL

OE the methods of pruning, there are two practised
in the orchard, viz.; winter pruning and summer
proning. In the course of these notes, the first
method alone will be considered.

Several objects are aimed at when pruning. It
helps to control the growth of the plant and train
it in such a way that the operations of cultivation,
of treating and dressing the trees and vines when-
ever required, and of gathering the fruit, are made
easier and more economical. 16 equalises the wood

and fruit capacity of the tree, checking the one
to favour the other if need be, suppressing rank
growth of the boughs or limiting the productive-

ness of the plant in such a way that the quality
is not affected by the excessive quantity of the
fruit crop.

It checks the growth of suckers, water sprouts,
and unsightly knobs and enlargements along the
stem and branches; it tends to keep the plant in
a thriving and healthy condition, promoting the
growth of luxuriant foliage which tend to shelter
he froit and limbs from sunburn.

Prunine Ourrrr.

The tools required for pruning are few, but it is
essential that they should be of the best quality
and of a type suitable for the work to be done.
It is also essential that they should be kept in good
order, sharp and smooth, as a jagged or a biunt
blade will inflict upon the wood bruises and injuries
which will either cause the sap to sour and the
limb to die back or will delay the healing of the
wound and thus leave a door open to the entrance
of the fungi of canker and other moulds productive
of rot and decay.

Secateurs. or pruning shears, are easier to handle
than the pruning knife. They do the work quickly,
neatly and without giving a jerk to the brznches
of fruit trees and vines as does the pruning knife.

The first illustration represents Rieslter’s Secateur,
which can be procured in Perth. It is sold with a
duplicate blade made of well-tempered steel, the tool
is made of chilled steel, the tool is 9 inches long,
strongly made and well finished. - :

The second illustration shows two types of secateurs
and a handy praning saw. The longer pruning shears,
15 to 17 inches long, is a two-handled one and a
very powerful tool, suitable for pruning strong vines
and hard and knotty wood. One of its handles is
chisel-shaped and is found very convenient for
suckering vines or trees, an operation which, when
made with the blade, jags its edge and makes it blunt.

The edge of the blade of the secateur should be
kept sharp by the use, whenever required, of a small
hone or an oil stone, while the file will keep the teeth
of the pruning saw well set.

When using the secateurs a clean and neat cut is
given by seeing that the blade, and not the prong,
faces the part of the wood which is left on the plant.
As strong branches as can well be inserted between
the blade and the prong can with little etftort be
snipped by gently pushing the top part of the branch
or rod it is intended to cut away from the operator
and against the prong side of the secateur,

The pruning knife, if kept sharp, will, in the
hands of an experienced pruner, do \very good work,
and makes a very clean cut, which soon heals over.
The blades should be strongly made, of the best
steel, and with a beak curved at asharp angle. A
rough buckhorn handle will ensure a good grasp in
the hand while in use; the blade, well-ground, will
be found useful for trimming and paring the wound
and giving it a smooth face after sawing.

To the other tools and appliances described, the
following two will be found of great use when high
trees have to be pruned and handled :—

This Jong pruning shear, mounted on a light pole
about the size of w broom-stick, six to eight ‘feet
long, is @ very handy device for reaching to the tops
of the higher trees. It is found at the leading
jronmongers,

AGRICULTURIST.

[Dsc. 2, 1901,

An orchard ladder, properly constructed, is a very
pay appliance when pruning trees and gathering
ruoit.

Orchard lagders of several designs are made. Some
consist of a pole of a fibrous kind of timber, such
as stringy-bark, bound with a strong band of hoop-
iron a foot or so from the top end; this will prevent
the pole, which is sawn to that point, splitting
when the two lower ends are stretched and the run ¢
fastened. .
_ Hinged, four-footed step-ladders, like the one here
illustrated, are, as a rule, clumsy appliances, which
are inconvenient on hillside or aneyen ground be-
sides being heavy and easily dislocated. Those
found ready-made for sale in shops are often so
lizhty made as to be of little use in the orchard.

_ Varnish or wax paper is found useful for prevent-
ing wounds, caused by the removal of a large limb
cracking and decaying owing to exposure; it also
promotes a more speedy healing. For that purpose
gum shellac is often used. It is made by dissolyin
in a little strong alcohol as much gum shellac an
will make the varnish of the consistency of paint
This varnish is kept in a well-corked flask, with a
mouth wide enough to admit a brush, and is thus
always ready for use. lt is applied over the cut
surface, well pared with the knife. Other good
coverings for wounds made in pruning are also com-
mon white lead paint, grafting wax, coal tar, in the
order named, The last-named is often a hindrance
while pine tar is even somewhat detrimental es
healing.

Curtinc To A Bop.

It is important before cutting off a branch of a
tree or a rod of a vine to make sure that the last
bud left on the plant, and which is intended to
prolong the growth of the plant, isa sound, plump
one, likely to grow, or whether it h4s accident]
been rubbed off or otherwise destroyed. Such a
Beane bud should be a leaf bud, and not a frnit

ud.

Lesf buds differ from fruit buds in being more
elongated, flattened, and more pointed in the same
species of plants; they are either single, or give
growth to single shoots, or double and even triple
when grouped in small clusters, two or three
together, as in the case of stone fruits, they pro-
duce cither leaves or branches.

Fruit buds are distinguished from leaf buds pb
their rounder and fuller form, the scales that coves
them are broader, snd they begin to swell and burst
open earlier in the Spring.

Fruit buds are also single, as in the case of apples
pears, quinces or single, double and triple, as in
stone fruits and berries. They are, besides, simple
or compound; that is to say they produce but one
flower, as in the peach, nectarine, almond, and
apricot, or two or more flowers, in clusters, as in
apples, pears, plums and cherries.

All buds are leaf buds when first formed - some
at alater stage develop, either by being allowed to
mature naturally or by artificial means, into fruit
buds. Many trees develop their fruit buds towards
their terminal shoots, unless these are cut off, when
those left at the base of the branch. or along it
are thus excited into growth. and transformed into
Jateral fruit buds.

When cutting to a bud a slight slant is generall
given to the cut, at a place close to the bnd, al-
though in so doing it is advisable not to approach

_the bud too closely, nor on the other hand leave

above it a useless stump, which might engender
decay; a piece of wood about an eighth of an inch
above the bud is sufficient to leave. In the case of
the grape vine the practice is often to cut though
the joint, above the last bud it is intended to
leave on the spur, as shown at C2. A longitudina
section of the young wood of a vine shows in each
joint a tubular cavity filled with pith; at each joint
or node that tube is closed, as in the case of the

Duc. 2, 1901.] THE .TROPICAIL

bamboo, and if the section is made at OC} that
pith dries up and the bud below is ws times en-
dangered. The section should be made either at
C or at C2 as shown on the fig., and never at Ol.
The buds B. are those left on the spur. D is an
axillary bud which often fails to shoot. HH is a picce
of the previous season’s wood.
WHEN Bust To PRUNE.

For the winter pruning of deciduous trees, May,
June, July and August are the best months. Pruning
may be started directiy the wood is ripe, when the
leavea fade and begia to drop off. it is recomended
to give to apricots and cherries a preliminary pran-
ing in the late summer, after the crop has been
gathered. Trees thus pruned are less subject to
gumming and dying back, and the leaf bads have
thus more time to transform into fruit buds, and
to perfect themselves.

As a rule older trees are ready for pruning before
younger ones. ;

In frosty localities, where stagnant cold air hangs
about hollows and gullies, it is advisable to delay
the pruning of vines, peaches, and plants whose sap
moves early, until later in the season. This delays
the ‘period of active growth, and may save the
crop. As regards the grape vine, late pruning is, if
anything, also preferable to early pruning, in res-
pect to yield of the crop and earliness of the period
of maturity; but of course where wide areas have
to be gone through, it is not possible to delay unt
the right moment this operation.—Journal of the De-
partment of Agriculiure of Western Australia.

hi —~:

SOME RECENT INVESTIGATIONS IN
THE CHEMISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.

A fuecture delivered on College Day at the

Saidapet College of Agriculture, Madras, by Dr*

J. W. Leather, Ph. D,, F.1.C., &c., Lecturer at
the Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun, N.-W.P

When you did me the honour to ask me to read
a paper on Oollege Day, I thought that I could
not well choose a more suitable subject than the
one which has been announced, namely, a brief ac-
count of some of the recent work on the chemisiry
of agriculture.

As a matter of fact, kowever, I have found it
impossible, without unduly occupying your time, to
deal with more than one ox fwo subjects, and L have
had to leave unnoticed the greater part of the very
extensive work which has been done on vegetable
physiology.

Sorns.

There is perhaps no subject which has claimed

the attention of the agricultural chemist move than
the soil, and there is certainly no subject which is
more deserving; at the same time it isone of the
domains of agriculture about which, if we have
learnt much in the past, we have muchto learn ia
the future.
' Playfair when editing Leibig’s Agricultural Chemis-
try, expressed surprise that the chemist of that day
should be content with the determinations of the
amount of silicates and iron and alumina, leaving
the potash, phosphoric acid, &c., undetermined. It
was a comparatively simple matter for the chemist
to free himself from this criticism, and he proceeded
to determine the amount of the valuable plant foods,
the lime, potash, phosphovic acid and nitrogen, with
very great precision. This told us how much of
these ingredients were in the soil.

As years passed on, it became evident that, valu
able as this information was, it was insutticient.”
The chemist would find what appeared to be only
a small proportion of potash or phosphoric acid,
whilst if a manure were given to supply the deficiency,
it might happen that the crop did not respond to
the more liberal treatment in such a measure as

AGRICULTURIST. 379

one might have expected. Or, conversely, it was
found that whilst a few tons of farm manure, or
a few hundred pounds of more concentrated arti-
ficial manures, would have a remarkable effeet on
a crop, the actual amount of plant food contained
in such manures, was far less than the soil itself
contained.

One explanation of this was provided by the teach-
ings of the field experiments at Rothamsted, which
showed clearly enough that all crops have not the
same requirements. It was found, for instance, that
the cereal crops were particularly eifected by a
nitrogenoas manure though at the same time it
paid to give them mineral plant food also, Turnips
aad Mangels showed that if the supply of phosphoric
acid were not liberal, they felt it keenly, and re-
turned, for an application of comparatively smail
allowances of, super-phosphates, a largely increased
crop.

The third class of plants which fills an important
place in English agriculture, namely, the Papilli-
onacs, behaved again differently, and often refused
to grow at all in a field, however liberal the supply
of manure might be. ‘The latter is for several reasons

erhaps not quite so suitable an example as the
two former, bat the evidence, as you will see, went
to show that the methods employed by the chemist
in the analysis of soils, were by no means perfect.

One fact that appeared very striking was that
soils, which either appeared poor from the chemical
analysis, or were actually known to be poor agricul-
turally, contained admittedly very much more plant
food than several, or indeed many, crops required.
It was known that at the most, a good crop only
required a few pounds, 10, 20 or 30, of potaah or
phosphoric acid, whilst on the other hand soils rarely
contained less than 1 per cent. of either of these
plant foods, usually indeed more than this, and such
a proportion amounts to no less than about 4,000 lb.
per acre in the surface soil, to say nothing of the
stores which the sub soils were known to contain.

It was clear that all this plant food could not
be equally within the reach of the crops, that some
portion of it must be in a different state of com-
bination to another, the plant being able to assimilate
the one more readily than the oiher. One commenced
to speak therefore of ‘‘readily available plant food’?
as distinct from that which was not so.

Whilst a recognition of such a difference was easy,
and tne problem to be solved made clear, the method
of differentiating between, say the portion of the
phosphoric acid which the plant could readily ut.
ilise, and that other portion of the same material
which it could not, was by no means clear.

Ville offered a method, which was at least roseate
on the surface. He said, why not divide the land
to be examined into plots, and to one plot give all
the valuable plant foods exceptiag one say phose
phoric acid, to another plot give all the several plant
foods excepting another, say potash, and by provid=
ing a seriesof manures each deficient in one particular
food, surely, will not such a method enable one to
tell, from the weight of crop raised, what the soil
is deficient in ?

The Rothamsted experimenter, had however shown
very Clearly that one cannot accept the answer which
one sort of crop might give, as being that which
would be given by another sort of crop. And fnrther-
more, that in the case of field experiments with crops
one season is not sufficient to provide a definite answer,
that, indeed the experiment must be repeated at least a
numoer of times before one can eliminate from it
tbe influences of season, and the original inequalities
of the land) Such a method then becomes imprac-
ticable, for the farmer does not wish to wait y-ars
before he knows what sort of manure to apply to
his crops.

Latterly, Wilfart has experimented upon the value
of another method, based on somewhat similar lines,
He raised the question whether, supposing a crop
say of wheat, be grown ina soil which is deficient

380 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

in some one food, will the grain have a foriial
composition, or will it prove to contain less of the
element in which the soil is deficient, than is com-
mon to it ? Whilst the stems and leaves of a plant
vary very much in composition, that of the seed
remains usually very constant, and the question was,
would grain produced from a soil deficient, say in
phosphoric acid, be itself deficient in this substance ?
He has therefore tested this question by growing
plants in pots of the particular soil under exami-
nation, to which manures of different composition
were added. After the grain was perfected, he has
analysed it to see if, from its composition, the de-
ficiencies of the soil might be detected. The work
is comparatively new and is probably still incomplete,
but the last paper published indicated that whilst
the method might be used for ope particular crop,
any one svil would have to be tested in celation to
its value for exch crop separately. This naturully
entails a very great deal of labour,

The foregoing relates to methods in which it has
been sought to utilise the services of the plant itseli
to answer the question—‘‘In what respect is this
or that soil deficient” ?

I turn now to the question of applying tests in
the chemical laboratory,

Some investigators, more particularly in Germany,
attempted to apply certain dilute solvents to the
soil, which might provide a measure of the available
plant food.

Such a method has a great advantage over any
cultivation experiment, because it can be accomplished
in a short time. On the other hand, many considered
that such tests were unsuitable. If the chemist
tekes a portion of soil and submits it to any treat-
ment, he is submitting the whole of that portion to
a like treatment. The roots of the plant, on the
other hand, do not come in contact with more than
a certain limited number of soil particles.

About ten years ago Dr. Dyer of London took up
the matter in a somewhat different manner.

The agricultural value of some of the experiment: 1
fields at Rothamsted was known with great accuracy.
Here a plot of land was known to be ¢eficient in
phosphoric acid, there another which was with equal
certainty deficient in potash, and Dr. Dyer raised
the question whether it might not be possible to
find a chemical standard which, though more or less
arbitrary in itself, would have a definite relation to
the known qualifications of some of the Rothamsted
soils.

Dr, Dyer’s method of procedure may be stated
very briefly. It may be assamed that much of the
food of plants exists in the soil in a more or less
insoluble state, and that it is rendered soluble by
the action of the juices ofthe roots, which are acid.
The amount of such acidity was therefore determined
in the roots of a great number of plants, andfrom
the result of this investigation an artificial acid
solution was prepared. This resembled more or less
the root sap. Dr. Dyer then allowed this to act on
cértain of the Rothamsted soils for a given time,
and determined the amount of potash and phosphorio
acid which has been dissolved. In order to illus-
trate the result obtained, the following may be
quoted ;—

Proportions of ‘‘ readily available phosphoric’ acia
in Rothamsted soils.
Thirty-nine crops of Barley had been taken

off the land.
Manures used per acre. Yield, 1890. % of readil
Bushels fuble P. O y
grain. scluble P, O.,
Plot1—O. Unmanured
continuously 13 0055
9—O. PA oe: super-
phosphate 16°75 0463
1—A, 200 1b, ammonia,
alts 24°5 0060

(Dac. 2, 1901.

Yield, 1890, % of readily
Bushels soluble P20,
grain.

Manures used per acre.

2—A. 200 lb. ammonia

salts and 34 cwt.

super-phosphate 33°5
1—AA,. 275 ib. Nitrate of

soda 29°5 0067
2—AA, 275 lb. Nitrate of

p0da and 33 cwti

superphosphate. 47°5 0350

In this statement is: set ont in the first column
the munures employed on the different plote, and
in tbe second culumo the yield of barley per acre
in 1890, that being the. thirty-niunth crop. The
effect of phosphates will be readily perceived. Piot
1—O, whica has always remained uumanured, yielded
13 bushels, the next plot manured with phosphates
yielded 16% bushels. Similarly, from plot 1—A
manured with ammonia salts, 244 bushela were reaped,
whilst an addition of phosphates raised the
yield to 33} bushels. Tne third pair of plots yield
similar evidence. 1I—AA, manured with nitrates
yielded 2¥4 bushels, whilst an addition of phosphates
effected a yield of 474 busheis.

It is clear, then, that plots 1—O, 1—A, and 1—Aa
were all in need of phospnoric acid.

When ihese several soils and othersalso, for I
only give here a small extract of Dr. Dyers work
in order to illustrate his method, were treated with
a dilute solution of citric acid, it was found that
these soils yielded the proportions of phosphoric
acid which are found in the third column of the
statement, Hrom these figures you will see how very
preat is the diiference between the amounts of
readily available phosphoric acid in the soils of the
several plots. Where barely had been grown for a
long series of years without phosphatic manure, the
proportion of readily available phosphoric acid had
jallew to a very low figure, *0U5 or ‘006. Where
phosphates had been annually applied tu the land
the proportion was many times greater.

The deduction which Dr. Dyer made, was that,
if a soil contin less than ‘Ol per cent. of readily
available P, O, or less than ‘005 per cent. of readily
available K, O, such a soil is probably in need of
an artificial supply of this plant food.

It is very desirable to bear in mind that_ this
standard is not one made arbitrarily by Dr. Dyer,
but one which was indicated by the Rothamsted soils.

It did not however follow that a standard which
was applicable to Rothemsted soils would be equally
applicable to soils generally. The method has been
since applied to soils in other parts of the world,
and apparently it has a remarkably uniform value,
In India I have had.a like experience. Applying
it to the soils of the different experimental tardus,
it has shown that at Poona, Nagpore, Cawnpore
and Dumracn these is rather more than the -01 per
cent. of available P, O in the soil, and- at none o¢
these farms have bones proved of material value
as manure, On the other hand, the soil at Burdwan
contains a low proportion of phosphate, and it is only
at this farm that bones have proved of any value,

The evidence which has been gained in England
with Dyer’s method has gone to show its general
applicability for the determination of the soil’s re.
quirements for potash as well as for phoaphoric acid.

In India no manurial experiments has been made
at the Farms to test the question whether the soil
is in urgent need of an artificial supply of potash,
but I may mention that most, if not all, these soilg
contain more available potash than what, according
toy Dr. Dyer’s test, is a minimum quantity. Thus,
so far as these two elemellts are concerned, one
may say that the chemist has supplied a means of
detecting whether any particular land is urgently in
need of gn artificial supply of them or not. ge

"0425

le

Dec. 2, 1901.]

NITROGEN,

It will have been noticed that in the above all
reference to nitrogen has been omitted:

It has been known for a long time now that,
whilst the mineral foods remain in the soil in much
the same state of chemical combination, suffering
within moderate periods of time but little change,
the nitrogen compounds of the soil are constantly
undergoing very great changes. When first placed
in the soil, either by accident. such as the remains
of crops or leaves of trees, or by the agency of man
in the form of farm mantre, the nitrogen exists
as a part of complex compounds, which are classed
principally under two heads, the albuminoid and
amide bodies.

It then becomes forthwith the food of a host of
micro-organisms which resolve it gradually into sim-
pler states of combination, such as a ammonia and
nitrates. Another class of organism is unfortunately
also present, which may proceed a step further than
many ‘of us consider desirable, for it liberates the
nitrogen altogether, a state in which this element
is‘useless to most plants.

Now these changes in the condition of the nitrogen
of the soil are constantly going on, more vigorously
at one time than at another, a moderate degree
of warmth and a proper supply of moisture being
among the most desirable conditions, Furthermore,
Bince some of these nitrogenous compounds are
soluble in water, they are apt to be carried away by
drainage water, which is not the case with either
phosphates or potash. Thus it is probable that no
simple method will ever give us the answer corres-
ponding to the one we have for valuing the supplies
of the mineral foods.

At present, at any rate, we can only determine
the total-amount of nitrogen in a soil, and judge
from it whether it will repay us to supply manure,
. So far as Indian soils are concerned, I may say
that, with few exceptions, they uniformly contain
very low proportions of nitrogeu, and at the experi-
mental farms we have found that nitrogenous,
manures have given greatly increased crops. In a
series of experiments at the Cawnpore farm for
instance, farm yard manure has produced, weight
for weight, a greater increase of wheat over a period
of 15 years than it has done at either Rothamsted
or Woburn in England.*

Nirgogenous Foops.

Chemists have, however, sought to answer another
question about nitrcgenous food for plants.

I have already indicated the states in which the
nitrogen exists in the soil. There is in addition a
very abundant supply of free nitrogen in the at-
mosphere. [t has therefore been a problem to deter-
mine in which of these different states is the nit-
rogen most useful to plants.

As to the nitrogen of the atmosphere, I need not
dwell at-any length, more especially as 1 dealt fully
with the subject in this room about 12 months ago.
Yon are all probably aware, that it has been proved
that elementary (i.e., uncombined nitrogen) is assi-
milated by the plants of the papillionace and like-
wise by some of the algx, but among our farm crops,
those of other natural orders are dependent on a
supply of combined nitrogen.

Many years ago, experiments were made by Cameron
in England, and Hampe, Knop and Wagner in
Germany, to test whether the higher plants were
able to assimilate various forms of combined nitro-
gen, and the result of the experiments was that the
cereals were found to assimilate such nitrogenous
compounds as urea, hippuric acid, glycocoll and
guanidin, as well as nitrates and ammonia.

Later, however, it became evident that these ex-
periments were open to doubt, It became known

ST
* (An exhaustive examination of these experie
pents is now in the Press,)

THE TROPI@AL AGRICULTURIST.

381

that nitrogenous substances may be readily chunged
by the various micro-organisms into simpler com-
pounds. It followed as quite possible, nay probable,
that in Cameron’s experiments, the complex nitro-
genous compounds which he had added as manure,
were, during the progress of the experiment, trans-
formed by such organisms into simpler substances.

In order to determine definitely whether such
compounds were useful to higher plants, the experi-
meut must be conducted in the entire absence of
such micro-organisms.

The qaestion has therefore bsen lately taken up
again, and with the result that, apparently none of
these complex nitrogenous compounds are directly
useful to higher plants. Lyebyedyer found that
barley could not feed on them in the absence of
soil-organisms. And he practically proved this result
by adding, in a second series of cultivations, a
quantity of organisms from a soil, when his barley
plants managed to make some headway. ‘Thegrowth
wis only moderate, for the plant had to wait until
the micro-organisms had reduced the complex com-
pounds to simpler forms. Finally he showed that
nitrates, supplied in the absence of bacteria, were
readily assimilated. Other workers have been Maze,
Lietz and Pagnoul, whose experiments generally
confirm those of Lyebyedyer. These experiments are
quite recent and will probably be repeated, but it
is highly probable that the higher plants can only
assimilate nitrates andammonia, and that the more
complex nitrogenous compounds must first be con-
verted by the myriads of minute organisms, which
inhabit the surface soils, into simpler compounds,
before they can be useful to our crops

Before passing on to the next chapter of this
paper, I must not omit a very brief reference to
the work on soils which Professor Huilgard, and
those who are associated with him at the Univer-
sity of California, have undertaken, It consists of
an exhaustive examination of the inherent differences
which exist between the soils of the humid and the
arid regions of America, Unfortunately these in-
vestigations cannot well be done justice to in any
brief digest, and I must therefore.refer my hearers
to Dr. Hilgard’s original papers. Nor shall I detain:
you with details of the investigations which Hilgard
and Loughbridge in America, and I, here, have
made on the salty land called usar in India, or
“alkali lands” in America; excepting to say that
whilst working independently, we have arrived at
corresponding conclusions. The result of those in-
vestigations has gone to show. that comparatively
small amounts of these salts are sufficient to prevent
the proper growth of crops; that in some cases
drainage may effect their removal, though in other
cases the soils are in a less amenable state. Also
that in some cases gypsum may be of service, in
other cases useless.--Indian Forester,

(To be Continued.)
(ee Ne SR SS

SUBSTITUTES FOR THA.

At the present time, when the important question
of how best to increase the consumption of tea with
profit to producers and pleasure to consumers is
engaging so much attention, it may be interesting
to remind readers in this country that the cup that
cheers does not everywhere contain the beverage
with which we are: all so familiar and which ig
prepared from the leaves of a plant that is known
scientificially as Theachinensis. ‘‘Tea” is, in fact
an accepted term for a good many beverages that
are no more tea than beer is, any infusion or de-
coction made from the leaves, flowers or twigs of
edible plants and shrubs being conveniently described
as tea, To begin with, it is doubtless commonly
known, that in many parts of Southern India, the
Natives prepare a palatable and aromatic beverage
from the long leaves ofthe lemon grass, The leaveg

389

are gathered fresh and tender, infused in boiling
water, and then served with sugar and milk added,
although the poorer classes do without the addition
of the last luxury. The preparation is known as
pachachaya or green tea, and it is highly valued as
a night drink for patients ailing with certain dis-
orders, for the leaves possess carminalive, antispas-
modic and other medicinal properties @he people of
Arabia and Abyssinia make their tea from the twigs
and leaves of the shrub known as Catha edulis.
Slender shoots of the plant along with the attached
leaves are gathered and made into bundles, and
when required for use, a decoction is prepared which
is said to be pleasant to the taste and very similar
to ordinary green tea. The leaves are also chewed
by the labouring classes in Arabia and Abyssinia
when food is scarce or when work demending phy-
sical endurance has to be accomplished, for they
are believed to possess the property of sustaining
human energy. Cafta, as the beverage is properly
called. had to make a straggle to obtain popularity
among the Arabs, for when it was first brought into
use, the orthodox condemned if on the ground that
it was excessively stimulating, and, therefore, taboo
to Mahomedans, But a Council of learned and
holy men assembled to discuss the matter and ar-
rived at the conclnsion that thongh « stimulant, the
drug was not sufficiently intoxicating to be included
in the category of drinks forbidden by the Koran.
It is said to produce great hilarity of spirits and
to remove drowsiness. The leaves of a species of
fiydrangea are very largely uzed in Japan as tea,
being prepared in the form of a decoction, and the
beverage is so highly valued by the Japs that they
call it, with true Oriental imagery of expression,
Ama-tya, or the Tea Heaven. In Tasmania and
the Falkland Isles, species of myrtle are used for
tea, the leaves being infused and furnishing a fra-
grant and fairly palatable drink, which has, however,
to be made weak, as the leaves possess emetic pro-
perties. Other species of trees belonging to the
myrtle order, such as the Glaphyvia nitida, in Ben-
coolen, the L2ptospermum, in some of the
asian Colonies, and the Hug nia in Chili, ave alllargely
used by the Natives for the same purpose. [5 is
almost a matter of history that a certain species
of myrtle often served for tea on board the vessels
of Captain Cook’s expeditions in the South Seas,
In paris of Siam, a leaf known as ZLaoten is the
substance which furnishes the people witb their drink.
The leaves are steamed, tied up into bundles and
buried in the earth for several days, and after they
have undergone a process of fermentation they are
taken out and either drunk as tea or chewed. Like

the cafta of the Arabs, this tea is supposed to im-'

part powers of endurance to those who partake of it,
The leaves are so prepared that they keep well for
over a year.

A particular species of Simlax, the roots of which
constitute the sarsaparilla of commerce, was atone
time very extensively employed in Australia as the
tea of the Natives, and thereby came to obtain the
title of Botany Bay tea. In parts of Africa, a legu-
minous plant, akin to the English broom, furnishes
the leaves known as Bush tea, the prepared drink
possessing an agreeable smell and a pleasant taste,
not very different from the tea that is served at our
own tables. Another leguminous plant is used in
Chili as a substitute for the more famous Mate or
Paraguay tea. Mate itself is of considerable im-
portance, being very largely used in Paraguay, Brazil
and other parts of South America. Itis also known
as Jesuits’ tea and St, Bartholomew’s tea. It is
plucked from an evergreen plant of the holly tribe,
the leaves being roasted on the branches, stripped
off when dry, and coarsely powdered. The powder,
with sugar to taste, is thrown into a cup, which is
then filled with boiling water. Sometimes, burnt
pugar and lemon squash are added to heighten the
flavour, The beverage is not drunk, but is shipped
PR through a glass tube, ‘Lhree!brews are commonly

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST

Anstral- «

[Dico. 2, 1991.

made use of, the first one being the most pleasan
to the taste and but slightly stimulating, the other
two being very much stronger, and yet harmless,
Mate has been drunk by the Natives of South America
almost from time immemorial, and itis called Jesuits
tea merely because the Missionaries were the first
to cultivate it systematically, and just in the same
mauner as quinine is known as Jesults’ bark,

[ternoon mate is as fashionable in South America
as five o'clock tea in English drawing rooms. The
consumption of mat2 in the various South American
Republics is from 30 to 40 millions of pounds an-
nually. The Brazilian variety of this tea is known
as Gongonha,

In North America, we fiud another species of
holly largely used by the Indians for the manufac-
ture of a kind of black tea, which is said to. contain
the active principle of China tea and to possess
certain advantages over the latter. It is sometimes
called Appalachian tea. The United States Govern-
ment has lately interested itself in this shrub with
a view to ascertaining whether it could not be brought
under systematic cultivation. In the same region,
the leaves of a sp s of Viburnum or honeysuckle
are mixed with the above, the result being locally
considered a fairly satisfactory blend. In Tropical
and Central Africa, a species of Lupatorium, or daisy,
makes an excellent tea, the dried leayes, which are
used for the purpose, giving au aromatic smell and
an agreeable taste. The use of this tea, which is
now known in Mauritius, Ceylon and elsewhere, is
said to be harmless. The leaves are also possessed
of valuable medicinal properties, This tea, it may
be mentioned, is commonly kaown as Ayapava. In
parts of the Hust, Ocymum leaves furnish what is
known as Tuisi tea, while the dried leaves of the
wild marjoram area popular substitute of China tea,
Two other species of marjoram are employed in North
America for the preparation known as Oswego tea,
while an allied species of rosemary is another occa-
sional substitute for tea. It may not be generally
known that in Sumatra and some of the adjoining
islands, as well as in parts of India, the poorer
classes, with whom necessity is the mother of in-
vention, employ the roasted leaves of coffee for an
infusion which goes under the name of coffee tea,
but we would doubtless want our palates especially
educated to discover anything satisfying in such a
wonderful decoction. In North America, two species
of heath are pretty largely used as substitutes for
Chinz tea, one variety going by the name of Sal-
vador tea and the other of Labrador tea. Turning
to Hurope, we are at once reminded of the extensive
use to which a species of Muliein or Figwort has
been used for centuries by the Germans in the pre-
paration of tea, the flowers and not the leaves being
used, and care being taken to detach the hairy fila-
ments which cover the flowers and which would
cause a most irritating sensation if taken into the
mouth, Mullein has been so largely employed that
it has obtained the name of The del’ Hurope. Finally,
it may be mentioned that the familiar English cow-
slip was once largely used in Hnglaad by the lower
orders for the manufacture of a tea by the name
of Paigle. It would not be difficult to mention the
names of several other plants, shrubs and herbs,
whose letves, flowers or roots have at some time or
other administered to the service of man as substi-
tutes for tea, but enough has been said to show that
our familiar friend, China tea, is not the only be-
verage that the world has drunk out of “the cup
that cheers but not inebriates.” Yor,
Madras Mail, 11th Oct.

Se eS

MANURE For Topacco—Where wattle ashes can be
procnred, they are said to form an excellent manure
for tobacco. Mr. J. M. Van Leenhoff, tobacco expert
in Natal, states that they may be used for procuring
a mild, good burning tobacco. The ashes should be
ploughed in very shallow, four or five months before
planting, Queensland Agricultural Journals ;

Deo, 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

THE AMERICAN “BOY TRAVELLER”
ROUND THE WORLD.

IN THE PHILIPPINES:
WHAT HE THINKS OF MANILA AND
ITS TRADE, NEW AND OLD PRO-
DUCTS, PROSPECTS, &c.
AMERICAN JUSTICE AND THE ‘‘FILIPINOS,”
Manila, P. I., Sept. 28. ~
I am leaving on Monday for Hongkong,
and this morning the spirit moves me to
write and tell you something of my ex-
periences since leaving Ceylon. lt seems an
age since [ visited your sunny isle, not but
what I have a lively recollection of your
kindness and my good times, but because
so much has transpired since. As you know,
we proceeded from Colombo to

SINGAPORE,

where, much to my disgust, we remained
five days. I didn’t find the city nearly so
interesting as your capital, and one day
sufficed to exhaust all the ‘‘ sights” there
were to see: I visited the Botanical Gardens
the first night, to attend a band concert, but
that was the only experience in Singapore
which I will remember with real pleasure.
The Chinese were everywhere, and I think
we have too many of them in New York
to be interested in seeing them out here.
I thought at first that their shops and resi-
dence streets were worth seeing, but they
were all alike, and the smells were nauseat-
ing. I think you should be glad that you
haven’t the Chinese plague in Colombo: the
Sinhalese are ever so much nicer to have
around. All the English in Singapore say
they couldn’t possibly get along with only
the Malay: to do the work, and that is
doubtless true, so they are wise in makind
the Chinaman welcome.
I have been in
MANILA

now for three weeks, and in some ways I
am greatly pleased with our new possessions.
The city of Manila, under proper laws, should
become one of the greatest ports in the Kast,
if not the very greatest, next to Hongkong,
because the Islands are evidently rich in
agricultural, mineral and timber resources ;
and there must eventually be built up a
great exporting business. The Government
has experts who are investigating these
resources, and their reports have so far
been very encouraging. In lumber alone
there is untold wealth, and there are
millions of acres of uncultivated fertile lands.
The tobacco and orange plantations are by
no means as numerous as they should be,
and, of course, there are unlimited possibil-
ities in the cultivation of hemp and coco-
nuts. This must surely be one of the richest

| archipelagoes in the world, and I trust we

Americans can make it pay.

Conditions, as you have read, have been
rather discouraging until the last few months.
The insurrectos kept up their guerilla war-
fare in several of the provinces, and the
whole country was unsettled and anxiously
awaiting what was to come next. But since

48

AGRICULTURIST, 583

Civil Government was established, on July
4th, everything has quieted down. There is
fighting in only two or three of the most
remote districts, and the vast majority of the
Filipinos seem to have become good Ameri-
cans. In Manila business of every kind is
on the increase, and everyone takes it for
granted that the war in the Philippines is
over. But the Civil Commission has still a
great deal of hard work ahead of it. They
have to proceed with exceeding care, for
fear of making a mistake now which wilk
have to be paid for with interest later on. Gov-
ernor Taft is a strong man, and he is making
a deep study of conditions, so I have faith
that everything will come out all right.
Business development will be slow until our
Congress meets in December and decides the
status of the islands. Then American banks
can be established, and large corporations
will not hesitate to invest their capital. It
appears certain that some great fortunes will
be started out here within a very few years,
and I hope that there will soon be several
lines of American steamers running around
the islands. The line which at present does
all the business is owned in England, and
unfortunately the managers are not dis-
posed to treat Americans with much con-
sideration. The same is true of the two
English banks here, so that I am afraid your
countrymen are not laying a good founda-
tion for future success here.

The streets and public buildings of Manila
are being rapidly improved, but there is
plenty to be done before the city can com-
pare with Colombo, Hongkong and other
English Colonial cities in the Hast. The
Spaniards found the Philippines a source of
revenue, but the revenue was certainly not
spent here, from the looks of things. It is
expected that an electric railway will soon
be started by an American Company, and
various manufacturing concerns are contem-
plated. The Government has erected the
largest artificial ice plant in the world, so
our soldiers have plenty of coolness during
these hot days.

There is a large element

‘AT HOME”

which is anxious to get rid of these colonies
in any possible way, but I’m sure that if
they saw these people and how glad they
are to have American justice, they would
be willing to accept this great responsibility
which fate has thrown upon us. It is pos-
sible that we won't be quite so successful at
first as England is now in governing ber
colonies, but I feel confident that we will
in time do just as wel]. I hope we won’t
be looked upon as you English look upon
France and her colonies,—something to be
laughed at. What man has done, man can
do, and after all, we’re of the same blood,
and should share the same capabilities for
colonisation. IL ouly hope that the extreme
Republicans at home won’t insist on giving
the Filipinos full citizenship. They may
deserve it after a while, but at present they
need a lot of educating. Several hundred
school teachers have recently arrived from
the States and are being scattered through:

384

THE TROPICAL

out the provinces, 80 in a few years we
may expect to hear English where we now
hear Spanish.

I must close this rambling narrative. I
am looking forward with pleasure to seeing
China and Japan and then to getting home,
for I am rather tired ot travelling. My
articles on Ceylon will soon begin to appear
and I will try to send you copies of some
of them, so you will know I wasn’t exag-
gerating my appreciation.

HARRY STEELE MORRISON.

et

THE TEA TRADE: AMERICAN NOTES,

A British Consular report from Kiukiang states
thatin brick tea the export shows an advance
from 51,610 to 60,794 hundred-weights. bus this
is partly accounted for by the fact that whereas
the figures for 1,900 include a portion of the 1899
crop, none of the 1900 crop was left over to be
dealt with in 1901. The same remark applies to
tablet tea, of which the output has, however,
slightly fallen off. Expensive hydraulic

ENGINES FOR MAKING TABLET TEA

are now in use in the factories, and
the old wooden presses for making the bricks
are being, or have been, replaced by steel moulds
of an improved pattern. At the beginning of last
season the price of the dust used for brick teu
ruled at about 11 to 12 taels for picul, and against
= to 8 tacls in 1899. The Chinese dealers com-
bined to demand 13 taels, but the outbreak of the
northera troubles compelled them to accept a re-
duction, and before the season closed they were
selling at about 6 taels. For tablet tea a better
quality of tea, at considerably higher price,
is ired. ’

my For the manufacture of brick tea the dust is
moistened by steam. It is then subjected to a
‘pressure, applied by steam power, of twelve tons
to the whole surface of each brick. The pressure
is only applied for a second or two, but the
mould is immediately locked with wecges and
kept so for about two hours. The bricks are
about 84x6 x1 inch in size, and vary in weight from
one to two and one-half pounds for different grades.

The tablets are made by means of a hydraulic

S. . . 5
eee is required, as it is only applied for a
fraction of a second, When mae they somewhat
resemble cakes of chocolate, weighing about four
ounces each. They are then tastefally wrapped
in paper covers, and packed in baskets suitable
for camel transport.

The British Army requires 1,000,000 pounds of
tea annually. Brig.-Gen. John P. Hawkins (re-
tired), late Commissary-General United States
Army, stated that, during the Civil War, the
troops in his division travelled farther, and sustained
the fatigues of the

MARCH BETTER, WHEN TEA WAS SERVED

instead of other beverages. _ ;

Ww. K. King & Co., Detroit, Mich. : }

“TPea-duukers are vapidly dying-off. America
is destined to become a great coffee-drinking
nation.” )

au, Sadler & Co., San Francisco. :

“© We decidedly think the
DEPRESSION IN THAIS DUE TO THE PRESENT DUTY.
The imposition of the duty has been a detriment,

The dust is used dry, and a very high-

AGRICULTURIST. [Dre 9, 1901,

decreasing the consumption among the poorer and
medion Classes. The duty has caused the importa-
tion of very much lower grades, J.ess fine tea is
used at present than formerly. ‘The removal of
the duty would be a benefitto the consumer, and
better grades would be imported.”.

C. W. Antrim & Sons, Richmond, Va. :

‘‘We consider the depression in the tea trade
due to two causes :

‘* First.—On account of the Government allowing
low-class, trashy teas to be brought into this
country before the duty was put on,

“ Second.—When the duty was put on, it made
the medium class of teas, hat are great sellers,

oo high,

‘“ Now, we think if the duty is taken off and
Jow-class teas are prohibited, you willksee quite a
difference in the tea trade.”

The above opinion are among many of similar
import, given in reply to inquiries made by the
New York Commercial. ‘The facts gre that the
per capita consumption in 190] is practically the
same as in 1900, not varying over one-hundredth
of a pound. The use of tea, judged by the
per capita record, has been lower since the im-
position of the duty of 10 cents per pound.

AMERICANS ARE NOT LOVERS OF TEA AS A
BEVERAGE,
and so because the average quality of imports
has always been low—very low. Very fine tea
forms a small part of the total imports. If con-
sumers were educated to an appreciation ;of fiue
flavor, and would acquire the habit of nus ng the

beverage as a means of gratifying the palate
the tea trade would be in a more satisfactory

condition. But how can we expect the inex-
perienced housekeeper to appreciate niceties of
flavor, and pay for the same, when tea experts
differ as much as 20 cents per pound in their
estimate of value on a sample of faney Formosa ~
Oolong ?—American Grocer, Sept. 11,

ee

THE COST OF PRODUCTION
IN BRAZIL.

A propos of the figures published in a late number of
the Review on the cost of production at the Fazenda
Uniao, a correspondent from Pernambuco writes under
the designation of ‘Gold versus HExchavge” as
follows :—

Arrobas per

OF COFFEE

1896 {897 1898 1899 1900
1,009 trees. 170 37 121 57 217
Average ex-
change 91-32 71116 75-32 727-64 9 27-64
Price per 15
i kilos ‘Sd 83. 6s, 53. 4d 63.

A reductio ad absurdumto begin with! The viable
can be read to show that a low exchange causes
the trees to bear Jess whilst a higher exchange
causes them to bring forth more abundantly! This
deduction is no more wide of the mark than is tke
assertion that exchange can affect the gold price—
s greatafallacy as that itis the ‘ tail that wags the
ogs.’

The sterling price—assuming that this is based
solely on supply and demand and that Stocks and
Visible Supply, are the prism through which the
relative effect is foreseen, then we can arrive at an—
evident reason why Coffee was worth ils. 8d. in 1896 and
8s, in 1897. In1896 thereading of the prism was t20-
optimistic, and so this year we got more for our
Coffee than the acutual circumstances warranted.
In 1897 the reading of the prism was still tod opti
mistic at 8s, for nextyear stijlshows a decline, notwith- —
standing a smaller crop. In 1898 the prism is still
toe optimistic, for next year shows a drop from 6s, to

;

:

q

4

q

| percha in these trees

| Ceylon.

| seeing it.

Dec. 2, 1901.] ‘THE TROPICAL

5s. dd. In 1899 the prism too low, for next year
shows a rise fromds. 4d, to 6s. andso we can go on
ad infinitum.

The above seems to disclose of two fallacies, viz—
that exchange can be a factorin the fixing of the gold
price—it at most, canonly be a fact r for secepting
or rejecting the fixed gold price during, say,
a@ month or two; the other fallacy is that
of Dr Assis Brazil, and of many others, viz,
toat Importers and Retail dealers can combine
to sell at fantastic rates. The import price, as we
have seen, depends on the sanguine or doleful view
of the probable effect of supply or demand, and the
Coffee market is not yet nor is it, likely to be
collared by any one Trust, so supply and demand
hold the field. As for the fantastic difference
between the price of Coffee here and its retail price,
this is naturally accounted for by the actual cost of
retail distritution. A corollary can easily be
deduced from all this, viz. that speculation can
have much less to do with the price of Coffee

than is often supposed to be the case,—
Brazilian Review Sept. 3.
ered
THE BOTANIC GARDENS AND
GUTTAPERCHA.

The expedition to the hilly districts of the
8S W of Ceylon for determining the yield
of guttapercha from indigenous species of
Sapotaceae is meeting with undoubted success,
The party consists of Mr Herbert Wright,
the Scientific Assistant and Acting Curator
of the Royai Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya,
together -~vith forest guide, plant collectors,
interpreter, appu, and twenty coolies who
are well loaded with boxes: containing the

| necessary herharium, paper, collecting utensils,

preservatives, and general scientific instru-
ments. Mr Herbert Wright, writing to

/ a Colombo friend, states:—*‘Hinidoonkanda is

just the place [I anticipated. ‘he soil is very
poor, there is plenty of water, and an al-
titud e of 2,200 ft. Under such conditions you
will not be surprised to learn that I found
over 70 trees of the particular species
required, and some of which attain consider-
able dimensions. There is plenty of gutta-
and I could go on
collecting for three months quite comfortably.
Should the samples prove of high commercial

| value, it will be an easy matter to collect

many thousands of seeds and seedlings of this

| species from Hinidoon alone, to say nothing

of Kittulgalla, Hratua, Singhe Raja, and
Hewesse where I know this species to abound.

| The vegetation here is a perfect treat con-

sisting of huge woody climbers, epiphytic
ferns, abundance of pitcher plants, and that
pretty leaved orchid—the finest in Ceylon—
Anactochilus regalis, or Wana-raja of the
Sinhalese. I had a fine stroke of good fortune
with Diospyros oppositigolia, a species of
ebony limited to, and almost extinct in,
I did not find it until the 11th day
and had well-nigh lost all hope of ever
Dr ‘rimen never saw it and
Dr Thwaites described it as very rare. I
managed to get male and female flowers,
fruit and timber. You will remember that
hitherto the female flower and fruit were
unknown, L[ shall have to disagree with the

| opinion of Dr Thwaites about the value of

the timber of this species which he asserted
was equal to that of the Calamander, It is
@ plain white wood, and the trunk frequently

AGRICULTURIST. $85

guite hollow. It grows alongside trees of
Calamander and the appearance of the bark
and the arborescenu habit is the same for
both species. Hence the source of error is
obvious.

», We have some very pleasant evenings when
the Weather is fine, and to see the glare of
« roaring fire and hear the crackling of the
branches reminds one of other days along
the west coast of Scotland; altogether it is
vrough happy life and well worth time
and money to experience.”

——— ee
THE SEYCHEILES,

The revenue of Seychelles last year was
the largest ever collected, and amounted to
R399,311, while the expenditure was R351,919,
The revenue has gone on steadily increasing
of recent years, and in the laslt 36 years it
has increased more than seven-fod, while the
expenditure has in most years been less than
the revenue, and has invariably been so since
1896. Customs duties form more than half
the totalrevenue. The value of the imports
last year was,, R908,911 and. the exports
R1,036,161. The chief exports are vaanilla and
coconut oil; snr. quantites of gupno and
tortoise-shell are Also sent abroad, w ile rice
coal, cotton goods and sugar are the chief
imports. The United Kingdom sends over
a third of these, India nearly a third, Mauri
tius about a sixth, and France the remainder
In the preparation of vanilla, coffee, cocoa,
and tobacco, the extraction of coconut oil
the manufacture of aloe fibre and lime-juice,
the making of preserves and pickles, the ex«
tension of the fruit industry, and the deve-
lopment of the fisheries the colony offers full
scope for the energies of its people. Seventy-
four islands are included in the administration
of a total area of 248 square miles; the chief
is Mahé with an area of 55} square miles
and nearly the whole of the land in all the
islands is in private hands. The population
was estimated at 20,275 at the close of the
year, and has almost trebled in the last 50
years. The administrator of the colony, from
whose report for the past year these’ facts
and figures are taken, says that, in spite of
the excellent climate, the islands are not
adapted for white labourers, though Euro-
peans do well as managers of estates and
owners of property. Residents can lead an
outdoor lite without fearing the usual effects
of exposure in tropical countries. ‘For a, man
of energy, perseverance, and teniperate habits
Seychelles affords as good an Opening as
any other tropical colony. But he must be
provided with sufficient capital to enable him
to buy Jand outright and to wait until the
crops give a return. He mustjlive on his
estate, and make himself acquainted with
the peculiarities of each vanilla vine as well
as those of his labourers. .He must be ready
to learn and to make use of his knowledge
when acquired. He should not rely, as many
planters do, on the somewhat capricious rée-
turn wnich a vanilla plantation gives, but
endeavour to plant up his estate with other
tropical products for which the climate and
soil of Seychelles are well-suited. He should,
in fact, be guided by the same principles

— Pe. TG

for these gentlemen to learn that,

‘Gin next week’s

386 THE TROPICAL
which actuate the skilled agriculturist in
England and other countries, and remember
that the chief elements of success are patience
and hard work.’—London Times, Oct, 2.
———————_—$-_—_—_——_

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

The following letter signed ‘‘Taster,” in the
Grocer of last Saturday, shows that although some
grocers are apathetic on the subject of the private tea
auctions, others in the trade are doing their best to
rouse up the sleepers. It says: ‘‘In view of the
committee meeting of the Gr eCere Meera or a

it may perhaps prove Of 10
Glasgow next week, 1 yp p pre Ss a
cret tea sales ‘ fizzling out’ as many grocers appear
to believe, they are very much. alive. Messrs. P
R Buchanan & Co. continue well to the fore; and
dealers and blenders are merrily competing every
‘Wednesday for the privilege of squeezing the grocer.
The ranks of the ‘ring’ have this week been swelled
by the accession of Messrs. Shaw, Wallace & Co.,
who include tea from the Budla Beta Company
private auction. This in itself
is not a matter of much importance, so long as the
great majority of leading merchants remain solid for
the policy of the open door, but wehave had some
experience of the cheerful, methods adopted by the
fea Buyers’ Association in the matter of Ceylon
gales, and if the supply of secret off rings can only
be made sufficiently large, there is attle doubt that
the private room would again used as an engine
of coercion against sellers in the public sales. The
new ewe lamb will doubtless be welcomed into the
secret fold next week with suitable adulation and
plausible promises ; a high price will probably be paid
for him by his admirers, and he will be afterwards
distributed to the confiding grocers. Whether the
sellers obtain a better or a worse price at these sales
is not a question into which I propose to enter. The
seller has a perfect right to dispose of his property
as he thinks fit, and in this case there may be ad-
vantages which are not apparent to other people. Itis
sufficient for the grocer to know that supplies are now
forthcoming for secret auction from a fresh source,
It might perhaps be well, however, for the retailer
to clearly understand that the opposition on the
part of merchants to the secret sale scheme does not
arise from any special desire to protect the grocers
interests or to fight the grocers battles ; it simply
arises from the fact that the great majority of mer-
chants have the common sense to perceive that it
would be as detrimental to their interests to
pe shut into a private room as it would
be detrimental to the grocers to be shut
out. The extraordinary apathy displayed by the
rocers throughout the country in net grasping the
fact that their interests are in this case identical with
rchants i
ean venture to point out, that if the grocers do
not see their way to speedily make common eause
with the merchants who are combating the ‘ring,’ the
* fizzling out’ process may develop in away which
st expect.’

proces the Dee once made in a recent issue to
the valand Revenue statistics about drink, areturo
prepared by the authorities of the Board of Trade
iving information as to the consumption of alcoholic
reverages in various countries contains plenty of
material for thinking, and proves that there is pienty
of scope for the consumption of tea, coffee and cocoa,
Of the total revenue of the United Kingdom 36 per
cent comes from the taxation of alcohol. The United
States derive 29 per cent of theix income, France
19 per cent, and Germany 18 per cent from this source,
Of wine the United Kingdom consumes 0.39 gallon
er head, Germany 1.45, the United States 0.33, and

Tyance 2.9 gallons per head. France is the largest
wine-consuming country, ‘The figures for our own
country shows a consumption of 31 gallons of heex
ee

is certainly somewhat remarkable. *

AGRICULTURIST. [Duc. 2, 1901.
per head, whilst France has 6 gallons, Germany 27,
and the United States 18. In spirit drinking, asin
wine drinking, France takes the lead. Acomparison
between Great Britain and her colonies is instructive.
In New Zealand the, consumption of wine amounts
015 gallon per head, that of beer to86 gallons, and
that of spirits to 069 gallons, Even more remark-
able are the figures for Canada,-where the consump-
tion of wine is 008 gallon per head, of beer 40
gallons, and of spirits 0°68 gallon per head. It is
clear that some of our colonies can give us lessons
in temperance.

In this connection it is worthy of note that the
writer of some special articles on the spread of
temperance in the Hecho says :—“ Tea is the salvation
of Australia. In Russia the whole of the vast nation
would grovel under the rule of the yodke demon
but for the counteracting effect of the samovar,
which brews the most delicious preparations
of tea to be obtained in the world; so Aus-
tralia would in a few generations become 4
country of frivolous and volatile wire-bibbers
wete it not for the allurements of the teapot.
Throughout the Australasian Colonies tea is taken
at every meal by all classes, It is safe to say
that our ‘corn-stalk’ cousins do not on the same
average spend more than half as much on intoxi-
cants as we do. The temperance movement is @
much more powerful social factor there than here.”

As will be seen on reference to the summary of the
new Fiscal Bill of the Australian Federal Parlia-
ment, given in another column, the duty on tea
per pound is 2d, plus twenty per cent ad valorem‘
and on cocoa per pound, 2d, plus fifteen per ceut
ad valorer —H.- and C. Mail, Oct. 11.

er eee

KEW GARDENS,

Mr JOHN PURCELL QUINTON, a member of tlie
Gardening Staff of the Royal Botanie Gardens,
has been appointed by the Secretary of State
for the Colonies, on the recommendation of Kew,
Curator of the Botanic Station, Sierra Leone.
Mr Aage Engelbreth Casse, Director of the Plan-
tations and Experimental Gardens in Hayti.
Messrs James G Duncan and George Douglas,
assistants in St. Geore’s Park, Port Elizabeth.
—‘ Kew Bulletin,” April-June, 1901.

RETIREMENT OF CURATOR.—It willbe a matter
of genuine regret to all acquainted with hew
that Mr George Nicholson, F.L.S., was compelled
by impaired health to retire on June 3lst from
the post of Curator of the Royal Botanic Gar-
dens. Mr Nicholson entered the Curator’s office
‘on Febrnary 15th, 1873, after a public competi-
tion. In 1886 on the retirement of the pre-
ceding curator, the late Mr John Smith, Mr
Nicholson was appointed by the Treasury to succeed
him. Mr Nicholson’s servicesto Kew are well-known,
To him in a great measure is due the present efficient
condition of the Arboretum. The Hand list of
Trees and Shrubs grown in Arboretum. was
prepared by him, and is universally accepted as
a standard authority for their nomenclature. Kew
still hopes to retain the benefit of Mr Nicholson's
botanical experience now that he has been
relieved from the pressure of administrative
duties.

New CuraAtTor.—The First Commissioner has
filled the vacancy created by Mr Nicholson’s retire-
ment by tle appointment of the assistant cura-
tor, Mr William Watson. ‘This officer entered the
service of Kew in 1879 as foreman. In 1886 he
was raised to the position of assistant curator,
in charge of the indoor cultivation; this, as
curator, he will still retain. Mr W J Bean, the
Assistant Curator in charge of the Arbor

ty INA oe, Ee

be Mee Wa ce

a ae

¢
‘

Dec. 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL
retum, will now takethe general charge of
the yrounds of the ligneous collections.— Kew
Balletin,” July-September,

—
MOSQUITO BRIGADES FOR
(To the Editor of the ‘* Pioneer.”)

Siy,—The great interest taken in the subject of
malaria and ;mosquitoes by medical men and other
persons in India suggests the hops that the time
has now arrived when some general measures can
be commenced to limit the propagation of mosquitoes
in Indian cantonments, towns and plantations. The
operations now being conducted in West Africa by
the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, cordially
assisted by the Governments of the various colonies
on the coast, and by the Americans in Havana,
demonstrate not only the advantage of such
measures but the best means of executing them. In
order materially to diminish the number of mosqui-
toes in any town or cantonment it is necessary
only to organise a Mosquito Brigade in the following
manner:—The local Health Officers, or District
Medical Officer, or other person interested in the
subject. should at once engage the services of an
intelligent head man and a sufficient staff of work-
men, who will constitute the brigade. These should
first be instructed how to find the larvae of mosqui-
toes in vessels of water in the vicinity of houses,
in pools of stagnant water on the ground, in garden
cisterns, drains,and soon. Native agents, carefully
selected, will be found quite capable of learning the
work, The brigade should now be at once employed
in getting rid of all the collections of stagnant water
in which mosquitoes breed within the area of opera-
tions. Empty tins and bottles, broken flower-pots
and unconsidered vessels of the kind, in most of
which mosquitoes multiply during the rains, should
be carefully collected from the compounds and
back yards of houses and dumped in an assigned
spot. Tubs or vessels of water which cannot be
dispensed with by occupants of houses should be
periodically emptied or treated with kerosine oil.
Once a week will suffice. Cisterns and wells which
are in use and arefound to contain larve should
be treated with oil; others should, if possible, be
closed or filled up. Shallow rainwater pools and
slushy areas in which larve occur can generally be
easily obliterated by means of a ‘‘scratch drain” and
a few basket-loads of gravel; deeper pools, but rubbish
collected from houses and covered with earth. If
pools oscur in the course of drains or gutters, the
attention of the local municipality should be called to
the fact. The oil can and especially the broom are
most useful until more permanent work can be done.
Small driving streams, which are often prolific sources
of mosquitoes atthe end of the rains, can be periodically
cleared by a gang of coolies with brooms, especially
after the last showers of the season; but for more
permanent effects, hollows in rocks should be filled
with concrete and rubble. The guiding principle is
contained in three words: no stagnant water.

Experience in Africa shows that these operations
are not nearly so formidable as may at first sight
appear. It is astonishing how much can be done
even by a few men, when they are steadily employed.
‘Thus it has been found in Sierra Leone that six
men can clear fifty houses anu remove ten cart-loads
of broken bottles and empty tins daily. As to ways
and means, beyund the salaries of the men the cost
is little, a fewspades, brooms, pickaxes, and kegs of
crade petroleum sufficiag—at least under ordinary
circumstances. The local Municipality and Pnblic
Works Department will generally give much assist-
ance in the way of carts, implements and even
labour. In my opinion, however, it is best not to
wait for or depend solely upon Government aid,
but at once to raisea local public subscription for the
costs of the local brigade. In Africa the response
has been so immediate and so gemerous that there

is ng doukt @ health officer will be able to raise

INDIA.

AGRICULTURIST. 387
similar funds almost everywhere where Europeans
reside, Hven R50 a month will suffice to maintain a
gang of five or six men, who willdo much for any
ordinary Indian cantonment. It is emphatically my
Opinion that the campaign against mosquitoes in
towns can best be commenced by private enterprise,
At Lagos, for instance, the merchants subscribed
£150 a year at my first request; for Cape Ooast
Castle, a single gentleman has given £400 a year;
while the Sierra Leone £2,090 was put down imme.
diately by another philanthropist,

A warning must be recorded against commencing
operations over too large an area. Itis best to begin
in the immediate vicinity of the houses of Kuropeans
and other subseribers. Experience shows that in the
large majority of cases, where mosquitoes abound
in a house, they are being bred close at hand. Bat
in this matter, as well as in the questions of the
number of men to be employed, the superintendent
of the operations must be guided by local con@itions
and, needless to say, nearly all medical men are now
well enough acquainted with the subject to form their
own plans. A beginning once made, the work will
shape itself as it prozeeds; and it’ will generally
be found that as soon as neighbouring breeding
places are carefully removed, the Winged insects will
vanish as if by magic. In order to prevent theft
or _ imposition if is advisable to give a distinctive
badge to every man employed. No special legisla.
tion is required; and experience proves that the
occupants of even the poorest houses willingly
second the efforts made to rid them of these trouble-
some and dangerous pests. In military cantonments
the officer commanding can generally be induced to
give the assistance of fatigue partiesof men. Planters
who suffer so frequently from malaria both in purse
and person should at once request their medical
officers to commence the operations required, Seeing
that mosquitoes are responsible fer malaria
vellow-fever, and elephantiasis, and are a, great
source of annoyance to all, there can be little
doubt that before many years have passed
pretty general efforts will be made to get rid of
them in the principal centres of Civilisation in
the tropics. It seems to me that the sooner these
efforts ave commenced the better.

In conclusion I should like to add that if any
medical man who is desirous of employing a mosquito
brigade in the town where he is stationed, but who
finds after proper efforts that he cannot raise the
necessary money, will represent the facts of the case
te me. I shall probably be able to supply him with
certain funds out of those placed at my disposal for
thispurpose by the Liverpool School ‘of Tropical
Medicine and by several private persons,

Ronaup Ross, tT.R.C.3., D.P.H,,
F.R.S., MAJoR, 1.M.s., Retired,

University ‘College, Li | :
October 23, 7 Werpool, 28th Sept.—Pioncer

me

PLANTING IN JAVA.
WEEDY TEA NOT SUBJECT TO
BLIGHTS ?

(From a Practical Planter.)

’ Oct, 10,
I have often intended sending you a tew
Java planting notes, as it has sometimes
struck me as so peculiar that Ceylon and
Indian men seem to know so little of this
island or what she is doing, and the notices
that have appeared inthe 7, A, in reference
to cinchona &c. have not struck me as ver
“inspired ” or generally near the mark. Ten
—it is apparently not vet generally realized
in your part of the world,—exists in Java
except in an amateur way. I only hope it
wont go on increasing as it has done last
five years and that Ceylon planters won’

388 THE TROPICAL

wake up one day to the fact that Java has
given them the ‘go by” in that product,
as she has formerly done in cinchona and in
» lesser degree, in coffee. Lhese Dutch
planters travel slow, but sure! [ am sure
it is to none of our advantages to see more
tea—anywhere. [Bab what about local con-
duanstion ?—Hp. 7.A.) L wonder, too, if that

ULTRA-CLEANLINESS FROM WEEDS
that every Ceylon planter I have ever yey
seems to think a “ sure qua non of B00
tex cultivation, has anything to do with t e
increase in both qualiby and quantity o
diseases which oS ie Ceylon seems more
j o than here: f é
tee Cael 10 years planting tn Java I
am prepared to bet my bottom dollar tbae
young tea, just as 1s the case with youne
cinchona, grows stronger and heartier, 3
amongst weeds. Sometimes old tea seeins 2
do so too—of the right sort of Couser ADH
bud grasses, which should be regularly for ed
out in my opinion, and the fertilising weeds
sometimes lett though not to a too luxurian
amount and then dug in. Young tea on sh
estate and on others I have to do with,
seems to me to revel in such conditions —
and surely it is only following ae
that it should do so—for the young stems an
crowns of the roots are all the time Bre:
tected from excesses of sun, wind, wash an
all forms of exposure and in the warm season
kept cool and regularly re-dewed.
L saw really bad
“ GREY pcre ah ; pelle
first time in my life in Java las
Tore ia that was on the young tea celle
of a Ceylon co-Director of mine, now res en
in Java, on whose estate there is Bee a
single weed of any sort to be seen. | i is s
perfect example of a clean tea estate ae
the weeding cost per bouw is very cue on
on more or less 10) bouws the eres
were bare, from the joint attack of Helopel is
and this awful Grey Blight, and at that ra e
the weeding cost cannot be very cheap Pes
lb. even if it is per bouw! Can it pal e
possible the young tea would have cen
hardier and better able to withstand these
attacks, if let to run a bit wild at irs
On this estate I am sure such is the case.
But this is all treason to write to
a Ceylon man, Tknow! So I will refrain.

——$—$<<——<<

LECTURE ON THA BLIGHTS.
By J. B. CARRUTHERS, Hsq., F.L.S.

ing mbegamuwa to talk about the diseases
Paces eer ike taking coals to Newcastle as
your Chairman has observed so carefully and knows
so well the nature and effects of your common blights,
Still you are already interested in them by means of
Mr Collett, you may be, more willing to hear what I
eg ey ie practical purposes group the diseases
hich tea and other cultivated plants are subject to
as environmental and specific. Enviroomental are
those diseases which are due to physical conditions
jojarious to the vigorous growth of the plant such as
drought, excess of water at the roots, continuous and
owerful wind, absence of nutritive substances in
the soil &e. ‘These are evils which the planter knows
ww 2il aad he knows the way fo cure the plant suffering
trom a disease of this order-yemove the conditions

AGRICULTURIST. [Deo. 2, 1901.

if pd3sible and tha plant recovers if it is not too late.
While mentioning this I muy sav that it woald be an
advantayeifplanters would mika themselves acquainted
with the u3sual symptoms; in the leaf of som3of these
environmental diseas2s. If he can do it in no other way
let him select a bush of no great value, somewhera
thit he can converiently exumina each day, and
damage the roots by severely cutting them, so as to
imitate to some extent the physiological effects of
drought, THe will then baveaa objecs lesson of a tea
bash euffering from an environmental disease—a
disease which he is able himself to deal with quite as
well a3 if not better than a plant pathologist. I
have frequently sent to me specimens of tea leaves
and the leaves of other cultivated plants, which are
merely discoloured and partially dead from the effects
of} drought or “ wet feet.” Isi3 not always easy to
say without a miscroscopical examination if this is
so; but in muny Cases an acquaintnangce with the
eff2cts caused by drought, wind etec., would lead to
the planter beiug himself able to remedy the evil.

In the other class—the specific diseases are more
common perhaps and more difficult to remedy or cure.
They are diseases due to the attacks of a foreign
organism on the plant an insect, fungus or bacterinm.
It is the duty of all to endeavour by observatioa
and experiment to get all the knowledge possible of
these enemies, so that we may b2 able to war in-
telligently against them and reduce the loss to the
tea bush. It is important to remember that though
the fungus or bacteriam is called the ‘** cause” of
the disease yet itis only one of the canses, strictly
speaking. Sach disease are the effect of a number
of factors working together. In the case of leaf
diseases on tea we can see what conditions in addi-
tion to the presence of the spores of fungi are needful,
We have intea in Ceylon some specific leaf diseases,
of which grey blight (Pestaiozzia guepini) is the
most widely distributed and best knowa; and as it
is known so well a great many leaves which are
dying owing to environmental diseases, and other
specific diseases not gray blight, are attributed to it.
Grey blight is due to the presence of the growing
mycelium of Pestalozzia inthe leaf tissues, but the
attack of blight in any spot on theleaf cannot take
place unless when the spore lights on the under
surface of tae leaf when there is moisturein the at-
mosphere to allow it to germinate. Here in Amba-
gamuwa you have exceptionally favourable conditions
for the gercminationof sporesof fungi. Your days in
which there is a moist atmosphere sufficient for spores
to germinate are in a tremendous proportion to your
anti-fungus growing days, t. e., with dry atmosphere.
The spore of the grey blight lights on the under
surface of the leaf—as in the diagram—and in &
moist air—a very damp atmosphere is not needed.
I have grown the spores of grey blight on dry glass
plates in the evening and early morning of an average
day at Peradeniya when the air was not, either by
the wet and dry bulb thermometor or to one’s owa
senses, damper than usual. The spore grows along
the surface of the leaf until it reaches a breathing
hole or stoma in the leaf, of which there are larga
quantities on the undersurface of the tea or other
leaves, When it reaches one of these holes it
turns in and grows in the space between the
cells of the leaf. After it has grown for some
time in these spaces it penetrates the cells and kills
them successively. The time taken to kill any definite
area of tissue in a leaf varies with the condition of the
leaf, the moisture of the air, and other factors, In
some experiments of tea leaves I found that a dis-
coloured patch about the size of a ten-cent piece was
produced some time after the spore had been sown on
the leaf. In one case a visible patch of this size was
caused in 12 days, in another 19, and ina third in 24
days. It is important to keep in mind that the time of
the visible signs of disaase is not thesame as tha time
of the ontbreak of the disease or rather theorigin Plan
ters frequently say of tea diseases as wellas others * a
sudden outhreak—I know exactly whea it occurred”?

—*

Duo, 3, 1901.) THE TROPICAL

but it must be remembered that the time responsible
for the evil may have been 12, 19, 24, oc even mere
days previously. The mycelium of the fangus is pre-
sent in the leat long before the discolouration 18 pet-
ceptible. In fact, there is no doubt in some of the
flush picked and taken to the factory some myceilum
of the fungus so that, if these leaves had been lett,
in a few days the disease would bave been noticeable.

The methods of cultivation of tea are most fortu-
nately the most excellent means of combating leaf
diseases. The grey biight in nearly all cases is confined
to the leaf tissues, no5 spreading to the leaf staik, but
Thave in a few cases found this not to be the case,
and I have receive! specimens from three different
districts in which the fungus has spread toand partially
killed the leaf stalk and the young wood of the bash.
This should be looked out for by all planters carefully,
and directly itis observed the bush should be pruned
back below the discoloured leaf stalks and young
branches, [f the grey blight began to invade the
permanent portions of the tea bush it would prove a
much more serious enemy than itis at present.

After the grey blight mycelium has growo for some
time and produced a fairly large discoloured patch,
spores are produced and these becoming detached
float about in the air and are carried by the wind to
other tea and the same process goes on again.

A most interesting instance of the nature of the wind
distribution of spores is to be seen quite near to this
place. There is a belt of jungle along the crest of a
bill about 30 yards wide and a ro.d cui through the
trees. The tea on the far side of the jungle was
blighted fairly badly but the tea on the near side—the
leeward—was only blighted just at the place where the
wind blew through the gap in the jungle—a clear case
of wind borne spores and a most instructive one.

With regard tothe measures to be taken to reduce or
avoid the evils caused by Grey Blight, our knowledge
of the life history of this (though this is not yet com-
plete) shows us the direction in which success is most
likely to ba gained. The destruction of as many
diseased leaves as possible remove an immense
quantity of spores. Burning is the only effective
means of destruction. Unfortunately men whohad taken
trouble and spent money in removing their blighted
tea leaves were discouraged when the effects wore not
8) markedly beneficial as they hoped. This would
always be so while only one man here and there went
in for preventive measures. Universal co-operation
in such sanitary means was essential to 4 complete
success.

The study of the factors which are needed for an
outbreak of grey blight is of importance and it is a
matter for surprise that after an abnormal prevalence
of this disease in 1898, followed by two years of
rather exceptionably favourable weather for the spread
of fungi, the quantity of grey blight is less than be-
fore. Whatfactor is missing isnot known. It is prob-
able that the distribution of spores by the wind
has been in some way favourable—perhaps a larger
quantity has been carried away from the areas of tea
cultivation than at other times.

The other diseases of the leaf in tea common in Cey-
lon are Colletotrichum camellie and Cladosporiwm her-
barum. The former was observed in 1897, aud sent
home to a mycologist, Mr Massee, at Kew and
named. I had not seen it on any tea in Ceylon until
some months ago I got it from the same estate as it
was got from before, so that in the four years inter-
vening it has not spread, and therefore need not be
considered as a serious danger. Cladosporium is also
comparatively rare.

arning to root diseases, for I am thankful to say
we have no stem diseases, there is a disease which
maust be watched for and guarded against as carefully
as possible. It is known to science as Lossellinia
radiciperda, end is characterised by a white thread
ike mycelium which can easily be seen with the naked
eye. The majority of fungi are either saprophytic ve,
living on dead and decaying substances, or parasitic,
je. preying on living animals or plants, but in this

AGRICULTURIST. 389

case of fossellinia the fungus starts ay a saprophyte
on any dead timber, roots especially, and spreads to
the living roots of tea and other plants. The white
threads ‘of mycelium can siéretch out 7-10 inches from
the dead root on which they are growing until they
reach the young and tender rootlets of the growing tea
bush. Those roots of jungle trees like Simplocos which
are soft and spoogy in tissue afford the best home for
the fungus and enable it to spread more luxuriantly.
In connection with this T have been working for some
little time lately upon a disease of Grevilleas which
may be due to the savager of this sime root disease
I have not yet discovered whether the root disease,
(Lossellinia) is the cause of the death of the Grevilleas,
or whether it comes on the dead roots of that. tree
after the tree is killed. I am experimenting by infec-
ing the roots of a Grevillea tree with the fungus to see
if itis capable of killing the tree. However it is im-
portant for every planter to recognise that the Grevillea
roots may be the harbourers of this dangerous disease,
and when they have a tree dying or dead to use
preventive means. The best preventive means for this
and other root diseases is to isolate the diseased tree
or trees by means ofa trench one foot wide, and aq
least two feet deep, over which the mycelium ofthe
fungus cannot stresch—in addition lime should be put
into the affected patch and all diseased roots should
be taken out and burnt. tf thisis not done the roots
of supplies will contract the disease, sometimes three
or four supplies dying in the same way and from the
same cause. Buried prunings also where this root
disease existed are a source of danger as the fungas
could start there on a piece of buried prunings not
thicker than a pencil. In affected spots it is best not
to bury prunings et all and in places where from damp
or adjacency to infected places danger is feared lima
should be freely used with the prunings, Damp and
undrained spots were the most likely to be the starting
points of this evil, and the cutting of the isolating
trenches would tend to reduce his condition,

eee

“BRACKEN FERN AS LITTER.”

Under this heading the following paragraph
appears in The Field, of the 19th ultimo :—

Mr J Hughes r.ic., refers to the manurial value
which the dung-heap supplies to the land where
this fera is used, butit is not generally known that
the animals which are littered with it are believed
to be safe from the attacks of insect pests. The
South Cheshire Foxhounds (the bitch — pack)
have for many years had no other litter in their
kennels and the late kennel huntsman informed me
that neither the puppies nor the working pack ever
were troubled with insect parasites of any kind
aad to all appearance it was inimical to lice, fleas,
and all other insects, It was believed that the fine
condition of skin and coat which these hounds
always possess mast be attributable to its use. The
late master has a large stretch of wood some six
or seven miles from the kennels, where the bracken
grows in great profusion and is cut down and
stacked like hay every summer being carted to the
kennels in great trusses as required.—W.G.

—— eee

“CACAO AND CRITICISM.” — Under this
heading a practical crcao planter delivers
himself in reference to recent writings and
criticism in general. It is, as he points out,
comparatively easy to find fault with Com-
mittees and Scientists: the great matter is
to lend a hand and endeavour to work for
the common good, by making further, use-
ful suggestions, or additions to the questions
which have been circulated.

390

NOTES FROM OUR LONDON LETTER.
London, Oct. 18,

One day this week I spent an hour with
Mr. Alex. Whyte and had a most interest-
ing talk with him on his

EXPERIENCES IN UGANDA

where he has been for the last three years.
Tropical life seems to agree with him, for
he really appeared more robust and ener-
getic than when I last saw him just before
his departure. He has kept his _ health
well and considers the climate of Uganda
an ideal one. His chief work when there
was the laying out of Government Bota-
nical Gardens and introducing various new
plants into the country. Grain he does not
consider so far a success, but almost
everything else one could mention will
grow well, he says, in the Protectorate,
‘English vegetables, rice, fruits of most
sorts, save stone fruits for which winter is
necessary, thrive well; and the natives who,
up co the arrival of Huropeans, attempted
hardly anything in the way of agriculture,
are now beginning to learn something of
the wealth that is hidden in thesoil. The
native lives almost entirely on the banana
which may almost be said to grow by itself.
Once the trouble of stocking the banana
plantation is over, the owner has little else to
do forthe rest of his life but to gather the
fruit. Consequently he is indolent and re-
luctant to go in for experiments in novelties.
But the labourers under Mr Whyte’s instruc-
tions were brought up by the chiefs in levies of
ahundred or more, who worked for a month
and then retired to their homes, giving place
to a fresh relay; and though the system
involved extra trouble in the teaching each
new lot afresh, it has been found that these
men have become in many cases pioneers in
their own villages and are eager to introduce
the new plants to others. The country, Mr
Whyte predicts, will become a magnificent
coffee-growing district, Coffee already grows
wild over all the more hilly parts of Uganda,
and the conditions of the soil, water supply
and abundance of shade present advantages
such as are seldom met withfor its cultivation.
Local labour is cheap, and once the railway is
completed and transport becomes easier, pos-
sibly no other part of Africa will be able to
compete with Uganda as a coffee country.
Tea also, Mr Whyte is of opinion, has a great
future before it in Uganda, where the rainfall,
though less than in Ceylon is better distributed
throughout the year. He places the districts in
Uganda suited for tea as abont equal to the me-
dium elevation tea estates im Ceylon. But I[
am afraid news of districts where more tea
canbe grown, willnotbe particularly welcome
to Ceylon readers at present, so [ hasten
to add that there is a large local demand
for tea among the more civilized natives.
2ubber, it appears, is to be found in almost
every thicket belcw 5,000 feet altitude, chiefly
from the liana creepers which abound in two
species (Landolphia and Strobilanthus.) The
natives knew of its existence and where to
find it; but until urged thereto by the Kuro-
peans, had made no attempt either to collect
or sell it. Now they have begun to extract
rubber, and one of Mr, Whyte’s aims in

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dec. 2, 1961,

London is to get the different varieties
separated and valued. The natives valued
the rubber vines principally for their
fruit which is eaten, but the chief,
once become alive to the importance of the
plants commercially, are now beginning to
send their men to be taught the proper
methods of milking the trees. Sir Harry
Johnston has concluded an agreement with
the chiefs which places all the forests of the
Protectorate under the Crown, and it is no
longer open to the natives to collect rubber
in these forests without permission, but
the people are encouraged to do so as long as
the rubber gathering is carried on under
Government conditions and to sell what they
get to the merchants. The Government bene-
fit by a tax of 15 per cent which is put on
all rubber exported from the Protectorate.
The specimens already sold, though not per-
fect, realise from 2sto 3s per lb. Mr. Whyte
hopes to go back for another short spell,
till he has seen something further of the
results. After that he talks of giving up
tropical life, and coming home definitely to
settle. At present he goes north for a few
weeks tu Aberdeen, Edinburgh, not forgetting
to stop off route for a look at the Glasgow
Exhibition ere it closes. Mr. Whyte would
be a capital subject for one of the sketches
in the Tropical Agriculturist, it strikes me.
BrP:
ee SO

THE WORKING OF RUBBER—has been begun in
the department of Santa Cruz, in Bolivia, where
the supplies of ‘‘tine” rubber are reported very
abundant. ‘‘Caucho” has also been discovered
in southern Bolivia. In order to tacilitate the
export of these products a national custom house
has been established on a tributary of the Para-
guay river, the waters of which discharge suc-
cessively into the Parana and the Rio dela Plata,
reaching the seaboard at Buenos Ayres.—India
Rubber World, Oct, 1st.

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL AND
COMMERCIAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH GUIANA.—By
last mail we have received a copy of this pub-
lication being a record of the transactions of the
society for 1900. From its pages we note that
on November 8th, the secretary of the society
read to the members a letter from the Honorary
Secretary of the Imperial Institute in reference
to coconut fibre. The letter indicated that it was
possible for British Guiana to develop a trade
in this product. Asto the revenue to be derived
from such a source he referred the people to the
case of Ceylon, a sample of the coconut fibre of
which island he enclosed them, and stated that
at the present time Ceylon fibre fetched £15 per
ton when landed in London. Abstracts are also
published showing the land under various products,
ete., in the colonised parts of British Guiana for the
years 1897 and 1898. The total area given as
under the production of coffee in 1897 in the four
districts :—Berbice, Demerara, Essequebo, and
North-Western district, is1,553 acres. Roodsare
also given but in such a manner as to be unintelli-
gible to us; cacao, 1,916 acres: kola, 48 acres;
spices, 3 and coconuts 3,526 acres. In 1898 the
totals given for the three districts of Berbice,
Demerara and Essequebo are :—coffee, 608 acres
cacao, 433 acres; kola, 82 acres; coconuts
1,159 acres,

Dre, 2, 1901.] THE TROPICAL

THE LATEST VENTURE IN BRITISH
CENTRAL AFRICA.

We have now studied with some care the
papers sent us respecting the new ee
entitled ‘‘ Blantyre and East Africa, Ltd.
The term “East” is rather confusing, be-
cause British East Africa is the official term
given to the Uganda, rather than the Nyassa
or Blantyre territory. But let that pass.
The capital of the new Company 1s to be
£60,000 and the Directors include such practi-
cal menas Mr. John W. Moir, of Lauderdale
estates, B.C. Africa, and Mr. A. L. Cross, so
long and favourably known in Ceylon. Now
the present Company has been formed for
the purpose of amalgamating the concerns
known as :—

I.—Buchanan Brothers’ Trust Estates, II.—
Hynde and Starke’s Estates, I1J.—John W Moitr’s
Lauderdale Estate, IV.—The Scottish Central
African Syndicate, Limited, and for the purchase
of other selected estates in British Central Africa
and elsewhere, and for carrying on and extending
the various existing businesses connecte/l with these
properties, comprising coffee ‘planting and curing,
tobacco growing and manufacturing, lvory, rubber
and general trading, and for the production of
chillies, capsicums, rubber, sugar, tea, cocoa,
camphor, &c., and for developing the agricultural
resources, Trade, and Commerce.of British Central
Africa, Northern Rhodesia and East Africa.

And then we read :—

Among the immediate results of the amalgama-
tion will be the reduction of the management
expenses, the more efficient distribution of the
native labour supply, and generally a more eco-
nomical and efficient working cf the properties
under the direction of a Local Board of experi-
enced planters. ; 4 wit

The Directors believe that planting in British
Gentral Africa, on the high and healthy plateau
known as the Shire Highlands, has a bright future
before it, as the native labour is probably the

cheapest in the world, and is chiefly paid in goods. |

Nyassaland coffee has already a reputation in the
London Market, and Blantyre tobacco is gaining
the premier position in Rhodesia and the East
Coast. The present scheme provides for the
amalgamation of the oldest and best coffee estates
and tobacco businesses with the recently formed
Scottish Central Africa Syndicate, Limited, on
the lowest and most favourable terms, and for
the working of the amalgamated concerns under
the direct management of the most experienced
and successiul. local planters in both coffee and
tobacco.

The valuations certainly seem moderate
enough, take for instance the ‘‘ Buchanan”
coffee lands :—

Coffee in bear-
ing, 363°53 acres, valued at £18, £6,534

Planted 1897-8, 17744 ,, Pe 154 Ye ZiGS5
Planted 1898-9. 91°80 ,, An 10, 9510
Planted 1899-00, 28060 ,, a 6, 1,680
Planted 1900-1, 226.45 ,, 73 3 678

Total area, 1,139°8? ,,
Total capital value, £12,457

If coffee does not pay at these capitalized
rates, there is no hope for it in Central
Africa at all. But the Buchanan estate gives
the Company Township and Uncultivated

49

AGRICULTURIST, 391
Lands, Trade Goods and Live Stocks. Here
is the full valuation :—
Coftee Acreage (as above) + 12,457
Township Lands, 50 acres at £30, 1,500
Uncultivated Land,—i40,000

acres atIs6d_... as «10,500
Trade Goods, Cattle, Buildings,

&e. (per Report of the Trust’s

London Agents)... 3,000

_ £27,457

Coffee crop (per the estimate of Mr. V J

N Cox, Estate Manager),—less expenses

from Ist April, 1901 Eh se sesh Ly L25

Total estimated value at current prices...£28,582
Price to be paid awe Hes ... £21,250

Next we have Meesrs.Hynde’s and Starke’s
estates which include coffee and tobacco, a
good trading connection in the latter having
been established with Rhodesia. Here is the
summing-up in this case :—

The Company have acquired these estates at
£12,000, one-half of which has been taken in Ordi-
nary Shares of the Company, and the balance will
be paid in cash or Debentures. The Balance-
Sheets of Hynde & Starke’s Estates for 1899 and
1900 may be seen at the Offices of the Company.
They shew an average net Profit for that period of
£820 19s ld.

Then comes Mr. Moir’s Lauderdale property
of which we read :—

The Lauderdale Estate, belonging to Mr. John
W Moir, late Joint Manager of the African Lakes
Company, Limited, and one of the early planters
of British Central Africa, is situated in the Mlanje
District, and extends to 1,399 acres of well
selected land, of which 226 acres are under Coffee.
In addition to the Coffee Mr Moir has been ex-.
perimenting with Tea, which is manufactured and
sold locally, and which gives every promise of
being a distinct success. Other economic pro-
ducts, such as Cocoa, Ginger, Rubber, ée., are
also being tried on this estate.

The acreage under Coffee, and the uncultivated
land, is valued at £2,607, and the buildings, machi-
nery, cattle &e. at £2,270: the price has been fixed
by the Vendor at £4,500, of which one-half is pay-
able in cash, and the balance in fully paid-up
Shares of the Company.

Next we have the Scottish C. African Syndi-
cate, the report being :—

The estates of Scottish Central African Syndi-
cate, Limited, are situated in the Blantyre,
Zomba and Cholo districts, and have been carefully
selected for the purposes of Coffee, Tobacco and
other cultivations. Like other properties in the
Shiré Highlands, the Syndicate had to face in 1900
an abnormal scarcity of labour, due chiefly to
Portuguese political action, which prevented the
ordinary influx of Jabourers during the rains, when
Jabour is essential; but the total receipts reported
to date have amounted to £3,390. Among the
receipts there is included a substantial profit from
experimental trading in the Lakes district in
ivory and rubber. Over 7 tons of rubber were
secured last season, 6 tons of which have come
forward and been sold in the Londen market at 3s
per lb., realising a total of £2,024. The remainder
is pow on its way to thiscountry. The profit on
these transactions represents over 30 per cent on the
outlay.

As these Estates were only recently formed, and
have not yet been developed to the same stage as

392 THE TROPICAL

the other Coffee properties forming this amalga-
mation, the contract with this company provides
that the Syndicate’s Estates should be amalga-
mated on exceedingly mederate terms, and that
the price of £17,000 will be paid, £11,990 in ordin-
ary shares and £5,010 in debentures, and will con-
Sist, as regards more than one-half, in shares and
debentures deferred as to dividend until these
Estates are fully developed. In addition, the
amalgamated concerns take over the whole assets
of the Syndicate (including its uncalled capital of
the value of £4,612 10s being 7s 6d per share on
12,300 Ordinary shares, the total number formerly
offered and allotted to the public, the balance of
12s 6d per share having already been paid up), as
well as its liabilities, which are fully covered by
these assets.

Hinally here are the immediate expecta-
tions :—-

For the season 1901-2 the Directors expect that,
under average conditions, the coffee crop will
, amount to at least 180 tons. Recent sales warrant
their quoting this at 45s net per ewt. in London,
and latest private advices predict an immediate
advance, The prices obtained in South Africa are
about double the above figure, and will greatly
raise the average selling price. Taking 60s per
ewt as a low average rate for the sale of the whole
crop, they estimate the Profit as follows :—

180 tons at 60s per cwt ga £10,800 0 O
Tobacco and Sundries hs 1,600 0 0
£12,400 0 0

Less Expenses of Cultivation, Manage-
ment, Superintendence, Accounting, &e,
(3,008% acres at 49s 6d pez

acre). £7,446 0 0
Carriage of Crop 800 0 0
Home Hixpenses, Contin-

gents. &. a 500 0 0

—- £8,746 0 0

Ss

Leaving a Net Profit of £3,654 0 0

On the capital required, supposing all the
Preference Shares are taken up, and £15,000 De-
betures inallare issued, this balance would pay—

5 per cent on £15,000 Debentures £750 0 0

4 percent on 10,000 Preference Shares 600 0 0

Balance available for Ordinary Share-

holders is a0 « 2,804 0 0

£3,654 0 0

This balance would equal a dividend of about
7 per cent on the ordinary share capital, so far as
paidup. In 1897 the average price of Nyassaland
coffee was about 85s per ewt in London, and
almost half as much again in South Africa. Later,
overproduction in Brazil caused a heavy downfall
in prices, which however has now been checked,
and recovery is taking place. A return to these
earlier prices, with a like tonnage, would permit
of a dividend of 10 per cent on the ordinary shares
being paid, and over £3,000 carried forward. The
Directers confidently anticipate both larger crops
and better prices in subsequent years, and con-
sequent handsome profits. No credit has been
taken in these estimates for sales of land- and
rents. These have yielded annual, and sometimes
very considerable profits in the past and once
the Railway is undertaken would add largely to
revenue, The Directors have agreed to leave the
amount of their remuneration to be fixed by the
shareholders,

AGRICULTURIST. [Duc, 2, 1901.

TO FIGHT MALARIA,
£100,000 REQUIRED FOR AN ENGLISH
SCHOOL.

Under the auspices of the Seamen’s Hospital
Society, the third winter session of the London
School of Tropical Medicine was opened by Lord
Brassey, KC B, yesterday afternoon ata meeting
held in the large hail of the Royal United Service
Institution, Whitehall, SW. “ To carry on this
work efliciently,” said his lordship, ‘‘ more funds
will be required, and I have to ask for ro less a
sum than £100,000. It is not a large sum to ask
to establish an efficient institution, and a favour-
able response tuust come from the large section of
the public who have interests in the tropics.”

Dr. Patrick Manson, medical adviser to the Co-
lonial Oftice, followed, and spoke about the func-
tions the London School of Tropical Medicine wanted
to fulfil. ‘* The first was to promote the education
of men for the special work. ‘‘ No youths come to
us in the hope that we will provide them with
situations abroad. At the outset of the scheme,
medical men proclaimed from platforms and in
letters to the medical Press that medical schools
were able to supply what was required. But those
who have made a special study ot tropical diseases
regard such opinions as vamped-up figments of
the imagination.”

Dr. Patrick Manson then went on to illustrate
his case by referring to errors in diagnosis made
by ships’ doctors and others, and to a recent case
at the Seamen’s Hospital, where a negro was ad-
mitted suffering from a tropical disease of which
medical men who saw him knew nothing, « To
enlarge our borders we must have more room for
laboratories, museum, anda library. At present
there are only six rooms where students ean live.
The big mercantile companies recognise the value
of the London Schoo! of ‘ropical Medicine, and
ask us to supply them with medical men.”

A statement of unusual interest was made by
Dr. Patrick Marson during his speech. ‘ Inthe
course of one generation the blood of the Barba-
rians can be freed from elephantiasis and eognate
diseases.”

Sir Francis Lovell, who has seen thirty years’
service under Government, then speke to the meet-
ing in regard 10 his mission to obtain funds for the
School of Tropical Medicine. He will visit India,

Burma, Ceylon, Straits Settlements, China, Japan,

New Zealand, Australia, the US A, and Canada
in order to put the school forward as a teaching
body and provide sufficient fands for larger build-
ings, newer appliances, and better arrangements,
The appeal will be made to wealthy residents
abroad.

After the meeting an ‘‘ Express
interviewed Dr Patrick Manson.

“We are sending out an expedition to the
Christmas Island to investigate beri=beri and
study the pathology of other diseases. Dr Durham
is the senior medical, and he wiil be assisted by my
son, Dr P T Manson, ‘They will remain on the
island two years. Germany is far ahead of us in
spending money on the study of tropical diseases.
In a conversation J had with Professor Koch we
compared notes, and I was foreed to admit that
they spent five times as much as we did. Men in
England go out to the tropics for study and research
work for a mere pittance—I am ashamed to men-
tion the amount—but Germany pays a comparat-
ively handsome salary te hermen.—Daily Hapress,
Oct. 17, a

22

representative

_

|

We have referred to the

DEC. 2, 1901.

COTTON CULTIVATION.

There are many obvious reasons why the
cultivation of cotton in the island should be
encouraged and fostered by the Government ;
and these reasons find forcible illustration in
the Governor’s Opening Address to Council,
though no direct mention ismade of it. There
is first the undoubted fact that the increase of
the revenue “by leaps and bounds” is a thing
of the past. If, with the presence of thousands
of Boers consuming dutiable articles which
further pay for carriage by rail almost the
whole length of our Ralway system and with
tens of thousands of labourers engaged on the
non-recurrent Public Works now in progress
there is a backward tendency in the revenue,
its maintenance at the figures to which we
have been accustomed during the past few
years is the most that canbe expected. The
probability is that there will be an appreci-
able set back when ‘‘our guests” have taken
their departure, both those who are here
under compulsion, and those who have come
to us of their own free will. Another ele-
ment which may re-act on the revenue is a
diminished output of tea, whether as a means
of helping up prices, or as the inevitable
result of prices which cannot leave a margin
of profit. But the uawisdom :of placing all
one’s agricultural eggs in a single baskev nas
been often preached, and occasionally ex-
perienced, so every effort to give encourage-
ment to the cultivation of new products
becomes a duty. The circumstances of
the Colony do not favour the initiation

of experiments with cotton by private enter-

The European capitalist has not the
attractions of climate to draw him into
the Northern Provinces where alone, or
chiefly, the cultivation is likely to prove
successful, even if his investments in the
hill country do not call for his anxious and
undivided attention at this particular
juncture. The native capitalist is too con-
servative to take the lead in experiments,
though he is receptive enough of ideas,
bearing on up-country or low-country
cultivations which have been proved to be
remunerative. The Government should,
therefore, take the initiative, both on
general grounds of policy, and also because
the Northern [Extension is specially its
own work, and, in the opinion of not a
few, a risky venture. [fit is wise, it will
anticipate events, and make a_ vigorous
effort to demonstrate the possibility of
cultivating cotton successfully in the arid
districts which the line is to traverse, before
its completion. By such action it will, if
successful, provide some traffic for a line
which, at its start certainly, will not have
much to carry; while it may induce the
settlement, in that part of the country, of
precisely the classes of people who will best
aid in its development—we mean _ the
labourers and artisans from South India
who have grown up under conditions which
should attract, or at any rate, reconcile,
them to the tank country.

prise.

support which
our suggestion derives from His Hxcellency’s
Speech. We have specially, in view the

remarks on the helpfulness to the export

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

393

trade of the coconut industry, on the decrease
in the cotton import trade under exceptional
circumstances, on the evil influence on
crime of the depression in various industries
during the past twelve-month, on the effective
equipment of the Botanical Department
and the practical work which it has been
able to accomplish, and on the attempts
being made to encourage agriculture by
means of School Gardens. No systematised
eifort has yet been put forth to enlist
cotton among our regular products; the
more reason, perhaps, why Mr. Willis
will throw himself into the task of
establishing the new product. Cctton may
not be among the sort of plants which are
to be grown in connection with village
schoois which, we suppose, will have to do
chiefly with fruit culture and market-
gardening ; but there is no reason why
small plots inthe Northern, North-Western
and North-Central Provinces should not be
devoted to cotton, and placed under the
care of village schools. Mr. Drieberg’s
experience with cotton inthe Agricultural
School, though intermittent, should stand
him in good stead in pressing on experi-
ments. India is keeping its eyes wide
open on cotton, as the following extract

A writer in Capital remarks :—‘‘I observe
that the Chief Commissioner of Nagpur is devoting
great attention to the improved cultivation of
cotton in his district, and that he has been sending
Mr BS Joshe, Superintendent of the Experimen-
tal Farm, on a tour round the villages to converse
with the cultivators regarding the most suitable
land, the best kinds of seed, and the most improve
ed methods of raising the finer qualities of cotton.
In promoting this educational work, the Chief
Commissioner is laying the foundations of enduring
agricultural wealth in his province, and all other
Commissioners in India ought to follow his
example in reference to the chief products of the
soil of their districts. Especiallydo my remarks
apply to Lower Bengal, where the jute plant has
been undergoing a slow process of deterioration
during the last twenty years, and this season
although we have a bumper crop: we have &
‘starved’ fibre. And no wonder, for the ryots go
on breeding in andin, year after year, from the
seed raised on the same plots. Will we haveto
send tor a loan of the Chief Commissioner of
Nagpur and the Superintendent of his Experimen-
tal Farm to show the Bengal authorities how
they ought to proceed? There is an Experimental
Farm over at Seebpore. Why not ask the able
Superintendent there to go in at once for the
culture of improved jute seed, and then send him
round the jute districts to interview the ryots,
and instrues them as to to what they ought to do.
The one thing to dois to get a beginning made,
and this ought to be done at once in preparation
for the next seed time.”’ i

7

>_>.
Forest DEPARTMENT FOR THE MALAY STATES,
--The Rangoon Gazette says that Mr. A M Burn-
Murdoch, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Burma,
has been deputed to the Federated Malay States
to initiate a forest department there. This is a
result of the report ef Mr. H C Hill, Inspector
General of Indian Forests, who recently visited
the Federated States and reported on the con-
duct of forest conservancy there and in the
Straits Settlements,—Perak Pioneer, Oct. 22,

394. THE TROPICAL

INDIAN COOLIES IN MADAGASCAR.

(London ‘* Tunes” Corresnondent. )

Paris, Oct. 15.—According to a letter from
Madagascar, the Hindu coolies who recently
went co Antananarivo are rendering good
service to their employers, and a fresh convoy
of 1,700 is expected. The Chinese, however,
who are being set to road-making, seem to
be less sluggish and better fitted for heavy
labour. Two-thirds of the trade on the west
side of the island are in the hands of Ger-
mans and Hindus. They are more conver-
sant than French merchants with the native
language,iand give longer credit. Some Lyons
firms are endeavouring to compete with them.
—London J%imes, Oct. 16.

ee

INOCULATING PLANTS AGAINST
DISEASE.

Do you know that it is possible to render the
plants in your garden or greenhouse disease proof
by inoculation? This the latest preventive scien-
tific discovery, and it offers the world a novel
reans of fighting the numerous maladies which
mttack the garden, the orchard, and the ripening
fauit crops.

Briefly the system is this; hypodermic injec-
tins of certain germ cultures are given to the
plants, which, being mildly sickened for a while,
presently recover and are thereafter proof against
infection—veritable vegetable immunes, in fact.

Moreover, 1t is necessary to administer the
treatment to every plant in a field, for that would
be far too costly and elaborate a process.

The object of the new system is to establish
varieties thatare immune, and these may be counted
upon to transmit to their descendants the disease-
proof qualities acquired by them through inocula-
tion.

Yhus all the gardener or tiller of the soil has to
do is to cultivate the immune strains of vegetables,
cereals, and fruit. Recent experiments have
proved that plants may be made more vigorous by
watering them witb oxygenated water; and
rendered more resistant to disease by inoculating
them with apple acid or grape acid.

Ofcourse, there are certain germs. which, far
from being injurious to plants, are highly bene-
ficial to them. Each kind of podbearing plant has
its own species of bacteria, upon which it depends
for a supply of nitrogen from the air.

Thus the modern gardener or farmer may _ in-
oculate his land with the microbes required or
growing various plants inthe event of the des d
microbes being scarce on a given piece of landy

Nowadays the successful tiller of the soil mu,
be somewhat of an intelligent scientist.—Da
EHupress, Oct. 16,

ete ee

PROGRESS IN MANILLA AND THE PHILIP-
PINES.—We direct attention to an inter-
esting letter on page 383 from Mr. W.
H. Steele Morrison—‘‘the boy traveller ’—
in which he gives us a good deal of useful
information about the Philippines and their
capital, Manilla, and what the American
officials and merchants are doing and hope
to do with their latest Dependency. We
have no doubt that there is a great future
before these splendid islands under American
AUBPICes,

AGRICULTURIST. (Dew: 2, 1901.

THE CEYLON FERTILIZERS ORDINANCE,
1901,

The regulations under section 9 of this Ordin-
ance, made by the Governor with the advice of
the Executive Council, are published in yesterday’s
“Gazette” for general information. They refer
to the following:—Definition of terms, Appoint-
ment of Agent, Proceedings by buyer to procure
samples, Regulations as to samples taken by
buyers, Regulations as to samples taken by analyst
or authorised representative. General regulations
for taking samples, General directions, and Regula-
tions as to samples sealed by seller and buyer.
The regulations are to take effect on the first
day of January next and to remain in force until
altered or revoked.

We quote the following : —

PROCEEDINGS BY BuyER To Procure SAMPLES,—When
the buyer of not less than a hundredweight of a fer-
tiliser desires to have thesame analysed in pursnance
of the 6th section of the above Ordinance, he is, within
ten days after delivery of the article to him or receipt
of the invoice, whichever is later, either to give notice
to the seller that he intends to take samples of the
article himself, or to give notice in writing to the
Analyst or authorised representative, stating that he
desires that the sample shall be taken by the Analyst
or authorised representative, as the case may be,

REGULATIONS AS TO SAMPLES TAKEN BY BUYER.— When
the buyer intends to take the samples himself, he ia
to give at least three days’ notice in writing of such
intention to theseller, with particulars as to the place
day, and bour of sampling. If the seller does not
attend, the samples are to be taken in the presence of
a witness, who is to initialeach sample. The buyer
is forthwith to deliver or send by post to the Analyst
one of such samples, with the invoice or a copy thereof.
One of the remaining samples is to be delivered or
sent by post to the seller and the other is to be re-
tained by the buyer.

GENERAL REGULATIONS FoR ‘l'Axinc SAMPLES.—
When the fertilizer is delivered in bags or other
packages, a number of bags or packages are to be
selected as follows, viz:—

Not less than 2 bags or packages where

the quantity does not exceed 1 ton
2 3 9 2 2 tons

” 3h ” ” 3 tons
and one additional bag or package for eyery addi-
tional ton or part of a ton; provided that in no
case need more than ten bags or packages be
selected.

—___3 _____

COMPRESSED TEA AND THE POPULARITY
OF TEA DUST.

An up-country correspondent writes :—“ The
growing favour accorded to tea dust in the London
market is, we understand, due to the appreciation
the tea tablets (for which Mr. William Gow has
acquired a patent) are acquiring among _hotel-
keepers, coffee room people and others who use
large quantities of the articles. Concentrated foods
are now so much in vogue that these cakes, as
likewise the bigger ‘bricks,’ bid fair in the near
future to supplant loose leaf to a very great ex-
tent. The several advantages of using them are
self-evident, not the least being that while the neces-
sary compression will ensure, in retention of strength
and aroma; double, and more, of the quantity of
material that can be got into the usual space, the
tinfoil wrapping will also hermetically seal the
packet. While on this subject, I may as well note
that Japan bricks are being largely imported in
Vladivostock for consumption in Siberia, and as the
population of that great internal colony is rapidly
increasing—we should enter the field. Our Ambas
sador ati Yokohamaand the Consuls at other centre

Dio. 2, 1901.]

might be moved to procure samples of these bricks
for the guidance of producers here. My impression
is that the bulk of the home Indian trade which
has been undertaken by Messrs. Yule & Oo.
will eventually take the concentrated form, Judg-
ing by results already obtained, I may safely
predict that in much less than a decade hence,
the consumption within the country will amonnt
many millions of pounds monthiy. ‘The advant-
ages to the planter, of compressed tea taking on
With the masses, would be that he could dispense
with much of the classification now used, as most
of the coarser leaf could be broken down in the
brick-making. In fact I see ahead realisation of
my prediction that almost all our teas below
the Pekoes, will be known as brick or tablet.”—
Indian Planters’ Gazette, Nov. 2.

—__—__~——_

PLANTING NOTES.

Creyton TEA IN ScAanpDINAviA.—Mr. Ren-
ton’s record of his work is a plain and
businesslike statement, but so full of detail
as to make excellent reading, even for the
outsider interested only in a general way in
commercial enterprise. Hegets a very clear
idea of theground already gained and works
upon it with rare judicial impartiality. for
the amount of work he has got through and
its methodical achievement, we commend
Mr. Renton’s letters as models for a Tea
Commissioner in aneven less promising field !
see page 351.

Tue STUDY OF RAINFALL in a really scienti-
fic way is scarcely twenty years old,—it was in
1882, as Dr. Herbertson points out, that the first

ood ‘‘annual rainfall map of the world” was-

published, Yetits importaace can hardly be over-
rated, says the Spectator—since it is by the study
of rainfall alone the variation of the water con-
tained in the atmosphere can be invest. gated, and
ultimately, perhaps, predicted. Meteorologists have
recognised this, and now there are more than
twenty-five thousand stations where the rainfall
is watched by skilled observers. Dr. Herbertson
has set himself The Distribution of Rainfall over
the Land. By Andrew J Herbertson. (J Murray.
5s)—to co-ordinate their reports, and has adopted
the graphic plan of presenting a map of the world
for each month in the year, coloured and con-
toured in accordance with rainfall, supplemented
by a map of the mean annual rainfall, anda table
of the monthly distribution of rain at a number
of selected stations. We are full of admiration
for the truly scientific and accurate manner in
which Dr. Herbertson has compressed his inmense
study into these simple and easily comprehensi-
ble maps. We cannot deal at length with the
results of bis work, which should long remain
a standard authority, but we may conclude this
notice by quoting bis interest in deductions :—

“ First of all there are seven well-marked bands
of high and low rainfall girdling the earth. These
are :—

1 Sub-equatorial wet belt.

2 and (3) Sub-tropical dry belts.

4) and (5) Temperate wet belts.

(6) and (7) Polar dry caps.
Secondly, these hyetal belts move north and south
with the sun, Thirdly, in equatorial regions there
are two wet and two dry seasons every year ; and
fourthly, most rain falls when the sun is highest
at noon, except on the west coast of temperate
lands,”

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

395
RuBBER Imports at Antwerp during the past
month included one cargo by steamer from the
Congo ot 1,783,540 pounds. The receipts of Congo
sorts had previously amounted, for the year, to
7,725,291 pounds. ‘fhis volume of trade, built up
only in afew years, is a most notable development
in rubber, and particularly the large single ship-
ment here recorded. If this sort of thing can be
kept up, theannexation of the Congo Free State
will prove a good thing for Belgium, but there
is no assurance that a decline in the Congo rubber

production is not near at hand.—India Rubber
World, Oct. Ist.

RUBBER PRODUCTION OF COLOMBIA.—Record
of importations from Colombia into the United
States for Fiscal Years ending June 30, and into
Great Britain for Calendar Years—in Pounds:

United Great

Years. States, Britain. Total.
1855-1860 .. 2,300,920 17,472 2.318,992
1861-1865 3,485,264 §,516,240 6,951,504
1866-1870 9,608,376 5,594,512 15,202,388
1871-1875 .. 22,952,386 3,907,232 26,859,618
1876-1880 .. 17,394,793 1,194,144 18,588,937
1881-1885 ... 9,503,916 979,136 10,483,052
1886-1890 .. 4,809,306 727,516 5,036,832
1891-1895 .. 3,848,365 1,035,328 4,883,693
1896-1900 .. 38,152,957 1,146,880 4,299,837

Total.. 76,506,283 18,118,460 94,624,743

—India Rubber World. Oct. 186.

WANTED AN INVENTOR.—‘' The man who

invents a really practical maize husker which
will husk standing maize is assured of a for-
tune,” says American Agricultwralist. ‘ Ag
in the case of the trying work of picking cotton,
but little help has been given to the farmer by
the inventor. Numerous attempts have been made,
but none of them machines construsted has proved
practical. One of the latest is a combination of
the maize binder and the husker and shredder,
which is attached to the ordinary farm waggon.
The fingers of the husker collect the stalks and
convey them to the rollers of the shredder, where
the husks are removed and the ears elevated to
the waggon box. The principle seems to be all
right, but the practicability of the machine is yet to
be demonstrated.”

Mgssrs. KEARLEY AND FONGE, Ltd.—the well-
know tea firm of Mitre Square—have produced
one of the most tasteful and artistie little pam-
phlets that Lhave yet seen issued by the tea
trade. Itexplainsin an instructive and enter-
taining manner, the general principles which
ought to govern the buying and blending of tea.
Blending was an operation carried on at one
time ina very haphazard sort of way. A great
number of varieties of tea were chosen without
discrimination, thrown together and left to chance
for the result. Sometimes this was good, some-
times bad, and sometimes indifferent, but in no
case could the blender claim any credit for it. If
by a special dispensation of Providence the tea
came out all right and the customer was pleased
the blender considered himself lucky. As for
producing the same result a second time, that
was athing’of which he ceuld be by ne means
certain.—Zea, (Oeteber.)

556 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

The trade between China and Russia over the
Kiskhta route is being superseded bythe Viadivostock
and Nicolaievsk route. It cousis:s chiefly of tea
which had been bought in Hankow, and was forwarded
by :camel caravans via Tientsin aod Kiakhta for
the Central Asiau and Russian markets, ‘he follow-
ing are the most recent figures supplied by Meesrs J
Welch and Co., of Mincing Lane, of this years trade,
being dated Shanghai, September 4, and are compared
with tne figures for the sorresponding periods of the
two previous years, showing at a glance the chanye
which has taken place in the past two vears. May
1 commences a season. Hxport of tea via Port Arthur,
Newchwang, and ‘ientsin (old route): Krom May 1
to September 4, 1901, 1,398,961 lb; from May 1 to
September 4, 1900, 2,715,488ib; from May 1 to Sep-
tember 4, 1899, 20,391,931 lb. Hxport of tea to Vladi-
vostock and Nicolaievsk (new route): From May 1
to September 4, 190}, 21,787,556 lb; from May 1
to September 4, 1900, 8,908,130 lb; from May i to
September 4, 1899, 7,285,485 lb. Whe same change
has taken place between Bombay and Batoum, Teas
which formerly found their way to Central Asia via
Bombay now go in increasing quantities via Batoum,

Several letters have recently appeared in the pro-
vincial Press about the weighing of paper with teas
and now a correspondent of the “Times” calls
attention to an anomaly in our laws whereby we
punish for false, but not for short weight. He in-
stances breadand tea, and says, with regard to the latter,
the grocer used to blend his owntea. Now he buys
it quite as cheaply, much better blended, made up
into packets, ready to hand across the counter, The
packet in many cases does not contain a pound of tea,
The little printed notice on the wrapper to the effect
that the packet weighs a pound with the paper means
nothing to the ordinary purchaser. How many even
of the intelligent middle-class read what is printed
upon the wrappers of the goods delivered to them?
Neither of the two classes is aware thatthe notice
means thousands of pounds extra profit every year to
the big packet-tea firms who use it,

A writer in the ‘‘ Tea and Coffee Journal,” of New
York, referring to the tea market there, says:— Ceylon

and India teas must increase in popularity, so far as

black teas are concerned ; and from some experiments
made this season in ‘ Ceylon Greens’ it is not unlikely
that before many years more they may occupy an
important place in cur tea distribution, and the jobber
and retailer who fosters the trade in both of the tea
products from India and Ceylon will not be the loser.”

It is mentioned ky Mz. Robert Mitchell Floyd, of
the ‘‘ Trade Press List,’’ published in Boston, U.S.A.,
that tea culture in the Southern part of the United
States was attempted asfar back as a century since,
the produce costing about £15 per lb, to grow. Again
an attempt was made in 1848. In 1881 Congress made
an appropriation for an experiment in tea culture, but
when Mr, William Saunders, of the Department of
Agriculture, made an examination of the work done
under it, he found that owing to the illness of the
expert and other causes, he had to report that there
was little prospect of anything of value being accom-
plished. Mr. Floyd, in the April number of the
yade Press List,’ published an interesting account
of a visit paid to the South Carolina tea gardens of
Dr. Shepard.—Z and C Mail, Oct. 25,

——_-__Y~--------

EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION IN MADRAS.—
The Madras Government has sanctioned expendi-
ture of R15,000 next year on experimental cultiva-
tion, of which R5,000 will be spent on starting a
*¢sugar-cane station” in Godavery. R2,000 have
also been sanctioned for public Exhibitions and
Kairs,-Madras Mail,

[Dec. 2, 1901,

FAMOUS TEA HOUSES
LIPTON, LIMLTED.

The Tea House founded by Sir Thomas Lipton,
although of comparatively recent date, may fairly
claim to be the most famous, as it is, perhaps
the Jargest, in the world. It was the overstock
ing of the markets with very cheap growths for
some years that furnished Sir Thomas Lipton with
the opportunity for building up his enormous
canister trade in blended tea. Ae uses Indian
and Ceylon teas chiefly, and these are blended
with scrupulous care. Nothing is neglected.
EXven the kind of water used in each district
is taken into consideration. This was explained
o our representative in the tasting department,
where hundreds of small boxes filled with samples
of the choicest growths of Ceylon and India are
neatly arranged around tbe walls. The quality
of water varies of course, in different parts of the
Kingdom. Therefore, whenever a branch is
opened, a sample of water of the district is taken ;
the tasters experiment therewith again and
again until the special blend is obtained which is
best suited to the varying chemical constituents
of the water. The result is that tea which is
sold in London differs from that which is supplied
to towns north, south, east, or west, where the
proportions of lime or other substances in the
waters are different.

Apart altogether from the Ceylon estates, with
their tea factories and bungalows, or the Caleutta
establishment, and,thinking only of the British
Island, Sir Thomas has a Liverpool centre, which
supplies the North of England and the Midland
Counties; a Glasgow establishment, serving the
whole of Scotland, and sending cakes all over
these islands; and Irish stores, including the one
for the collection of Irish produce situated at
‘Clones, and the Dublin centre of distribution.
Besides these, there are various depots required
for the military contracts and shipstore work, and
specially chartered craft which wait upon his
Majesty’s fleets in the Mediterranean and upon
other stations with all sorts of provisions for British
sailors. In London alone, the survey must needs
embrace the rapidly-extending bonded and export
bottling vaults at Shadwell and the central rack-
ing, vatting and bottling stores at St. Katharine’s
Docks ; the enormous jam and preserve factories
in Bermondsey, covering already two acres and
about to be enlarged, which are supplied from the
Lipton fruit gardens in Kent; and the premises
for making extract of beef.

LIPTON’S TEA DEPARTMENT
may fairly be ranked as one of the wonderful sights
of London. In the basement of the great building in
City Road are immense piles of chests containing
duty-paid tea from India, Ceylon and China.
The ‘‘Celestial” consignments are, however, in-
significant in comparison with the quantities that
pour in from India and Ceylon. ‘he tea is not
allowed to remain very long in the warehouse.
By rising in a lift to the upper storeys of the
building the interested visitor may discover what
sort of treatment it undergoes before being sent
forth to carry fragrance and good cheer to the
homes of the weary millions. On emerging from
the lift, one’s nostrils are filled with a hundred
different odouzs, each of which the practised tea
man, with his miraculous olfactory sense, seems
able to trace to its origin in the plantations of
India, Ceylon, or China, Each chest of tea is

Dee, 2, 1901.]

distinguished by its own mark, and from each
is taken a sample to be pacsed on to the ‘tasters ”
below. These gentlemen are engaged all day long
in tickling their palates with little sips of tea,
upon which they eventually pass judgments from
which there is no appeal. These judgments are
afterwards communicated to the foreman above
by means of little slips with hieroglyphics
which none but the initiated may decipher.
The contents of various chests are then poured
in rapid succession into a huge mouth in the
wooden floor. Some six or more of such
movths yawn all round the rooms, and down each
of them a black torrent is continually rushing
like a little Niagara, from which rise clonds of
tea-dust instead of foam. Empty tea-chests are
sent out another way, and one manis employed
all day long in stripping ‘their leaden linings, the
value of which amounts to about £5,000 a year.
Descending to the next floor, the visitor pene-
trates into the great stomach which is fed by the
six gullets from above. Here a _ sort of
digestive process goes on. The apparatus consists
of great iron hoppers, with a marvellous taculty
of deglutition, which devour cheerful little meals
weighing about a ton.

THE WHIRL OF THE BLENDING ROOM.
When they have got as much as they can
hold, they begin a wild whirl, which is
kept up until the different sorts of tea
‘are mixed up into a perfect blend. Here, too,
is thetasting-room, with its nests of white cups,
and the big kettle always on the boil. The
tasting is an affair of great moment, and over it
arise frequent debates, carried on with all the
solemnity of the National Palaver at Westminster,
Some new flavour is sudeenly discovered, or a
quality, hitherto unsuspected, begins to develop in
the cup which is, perhaps, less cheering ‘to the
professional taster than it is to the ordinary
tea-drinker. This furnishes subject matter for
investigation by a committee of experts, whose
profound and earnest mien is quite in keeping
with the importance of the issues involved. The
qualities that fit aman for becoming a successful
tea-taster are given only to a privileged few, and
these may be said to carry their fortunes in their
mouths.

When the tea is thoroughly blended, it is sent
down to another floor, where we finda long array
of tables and an army of girls in white ‘‘ chet ”
caps, who are continually employed in packing it
in appropriate canisters. Bins are plazed at the
ends of the tables, and at each table sixteen girls
are engaged. Then there are four sealers, two “fun-
nellers,” two girls opening bags, seven more wrap-
ping and packing, and one girl putting the parcels
into boxes. Thescalers weigh up the tea, and the
funnellers receive it from them for the packets.
All the operations proceed together, the speed of
the whole table being dependent upon the manner
in whiclrthe various workers assist each other. It
is interesting to learn that a money bonus awards
the smartest table weekly, and, in addition, de-
pendent upon the aggregate output, a bonus in
tea, varying from 3]b to 2]b. to eachlgir!, is made
when it has been fairly earned. There are busy
workers, too, in the bonded department, where iea
is packed in wooden cases exactly fitting, which
then, duly marked and labelled, are put on it
vans and waggons ready for export. In spite of
the fluctuations of prices at public auctions,
Lipton’s blends have continued to be offered to the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

397

public almost at the prices with which he started,
namely, 1s, Is 4d, Is 6d and 1s 9d per pound,
There are altogether scine 400 girls engaged in
weighing out and packing dozens of different
blends of tea, and at Christmas time their number
rises to 600. The normal output is some fifty tons
a day.

Another building is given over to

THE PREPARATION OF COCOA.

The processes incidental to this are exceed-
ingly complicated, but at Lipton’s they are
earried on with a degree of exactness and regu-
larity that seems little short of the miraculous.
Cocoais an increasing article of consumption, which
has demanded the use of very powerful macbhi-
nery. Fully £30,000 worth of steam presses,
mills, and grinding apparatus are in operation in a
building that has been recently ewlarged, and in
which work goes on night and day. Prominent
features of this department are the wholesale
way in which chocolate cream is made, and the
practical use of refrigerators. The process of
cocoa manufacture is of intense interest. We see
the cocoa-nibs in their raw state, watch them put
in the great revolving metal globes over tbe fires,
rested occasionally until the exact degree
of roasting has been attained, then picked
over carefully by hand before they go to the mills,
from which presently we see them issue in more or
less minute fragments. iThis is an early stage,
Tuch sorting and sifting has yet to be done before
the still semi-raw product goes intoa large depart-
ment, where strange-looking machines, combined
with heat, are extracting the superfiuous fat,
though leaving just the right amount to ensure
proper nutritive qualities. Hydraulie presses
reduce this fat into solid blocks, and it is put on
little trullies and wheeled away, to find its way
latter on to the wholesale chemists. There is no
more ingenious machinery ou the premises than
that which separates and refines the cocoa asit
swishes round the great receivers in aliquid state,

As most of the prodnets of the City
Road establishment are carefully -packed in
tin, it follows that an immense number. of
such packages are daily required, and most, if
not all of these are made on the premises. One
department deals with the coloured lithographs,
which are printed cirectly on the tins such as
adoin the tea-canisters. In the basement of the
huge bleck there are ponderous machines, which
by sheer pressure block out and finish lids and
portions of tins. On another floor of the same
building more machinery, each apparatus doing
its allotted part, is turning out the tins themselves
—ilb., $ lb. and 1 lb.and larger sizes still, to 14 Ib,
Then, too, there are coifee tins round, of } kilo. to
20 ib. capacity. Some idea of

THE COLOSSAL NATURE OF LIPTON’S BUSINESS
may be gathered from the ~ fact that
2,000 workers are employed in the City Road
alore. The frontage building is only one among
eight separate blocks. In addition to this Sir
Thomas Lipton controls ‘ea ptantations, stores,
factories, buyers, agents, and upwards of 400
shops in various parts of the United Kingdom,
And yet, so inexhaustible is the man’s marvellous
energy that, in the midst of all this, he finds time
to attend to numezous schemes of philanthropy
and industrial progress, Among the latter may
be mentioned the Alexandra Trust, for supplying
food to working classes at very little over cost
price, and to which he eoutriuted £100,000. Wor

398 THE TROPICAL
Sir Thomas Lipton yreereation consists simply in
a charge of work, and it is certain that he has
never had to endure that most irksome of all mise-
ries, the misery of doing nothing. Any one visiting
the great establishment in City hhoad will be able to
see how organisation has served to reduce every
operation to perfect simplicity, and s0 to economixe
the labours of the work-people, as well as to
promote harmony and happiness among them.
Sir Thomas Lipton has for his general manager
Mr. Duncan McDiarmid. who has been associated
with him from his start in Glasgow, and who
opened the first of his London branches, which
flourishes still in Westbourne Grove ; and his tea
department manager, Mr. T R Smith, another of
the directors, has been associated with him ever
since the firm began to build up the reputation
which they now enjoy as the “largest tea dealers
in the world.” Huge as the business is, it still
keeps steadily expanding. Everyone must remem-
ber the rush tor shares that took place when the
firm was floated into a eompany, under the title
of Lipton Limited. The market value of the
concern is now little short of five millions sterling,
This implies an immense turn-ovel, and is an
indication of the perfection that has been attained
in the system of organisation and administration.
The spreading branches of this wonderful business
are all centralised in the private room of Sir Thomas
Lipton in the City Road establishment.

Sir Themas Lipton understands the im-
portance of keeping

IN TOUCH WITH ALL WHO SERVE HIM,
from the chiefs of departments down to

the humblest message boy. Of all the thousands
in his employ none is ever debarred from
access to him, Much of his success, as well as
his popularity, is doubtless to this, which is,
after all, only the quality of a skilful organiser.
His dining-room in the City Road premises seems
to the visitor a most delightful oasis in a well-
kept wilderness of tea-chests and packing: cases,
Every day when in town he dines here with his
chiefs of staff, and bere hangs framed the historic
cheque which was drawn for one week’s clearance
of tea. Here also may be found several interesting
mementoes of Sir Thomas’s travels to his Ceylon
estates elsewhere. :

Sir Thomas Lipton’s parents migrated from the
North of Ireland to Glasgow, where he was born
just forty-five years ago. Beginning ]f¥e as an
industrious warehouse
ladder of success from the very lowest rung. At
the present moment the business operations of
Sir Thomas Lipton include Kentish fruit farms,
meat stores and refrigerating cars all over
America, curing factories in Liverpool and else-
where, biscuit bakeries in Scotland, and ‘‘markets
all over the United Kingdom. From the City Road
he is in direct communication with Glasgow, Liver-
pool, and Dublin. Sir Thomas Lipton is tea mer-
chant to His Majesty, and some two hundred tons
of tea are received and sent out by him eveiy
week. Eyery other department of his enormous
business is organiscd on thesame scale, and, in
addition to his own ‘‘ markets,’ le employs over
six thousand agents. Thesccret of the phene-
mena) success he has achieved lies In an
IMPROVED SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION AND THE ELI-

MINATION OF THE MIDDLIMAN, ;

An interesting picture has been drawn of Sir
Thomas Lipton in his beautiful home at Osidge,
Southgate. Although his average working hours
are populaily suppesed to vary from twelve to
fifteen out of every twenty-four, Sir Thomas
eeftainly looks somewhat younger than he really

lad, he has climbed the.

AGRICULTURIST. [Drc. 2, 1901.

is. His stalwart frame (his height is well over six
feet) is as erect as that of a youth of twenty, and
oue is not likely to easily forget his intelligent
face aud strongly marked features. During the
time he has resided in Osidge he has never once
patronised either of the two railways which have
invaded the traditional privacy of Southgate. He
drives to and from his great central offices every
morning and night, and his fast-going American
trotters excite much admiration and attention in
the neighbourhood of Seven Sisters Road, Green
Lanes, and Palmei’s Green. Orchid-growing is
one of his favourite forms of diversion, and an
electrophone connects him with all the principal
theatres and concert-halls in the Metropolis.

A visit to one of Sir Thomas Lipton’s tea and
coliee estates

IN CEYLON.

is an event never “to be
beautiful scenery, the coolies at work in
the gardens, piuning and plucking the tea,
the great bags whizzling down the wire to the
valley below, the coming and going of bullock
waggons—all these and many other curious sights
make up together a scene full of life and colour
which Jeaves an indelible imprint on the
memory. Dambatenne is, perhaps, one of the
best-known of Sir Thomas’s estates. It is situated
in one of the loveliest and most fertile parts
of the Island, being reached from Colombo by
railway passing through innumerable ‘‘ paddy ”
and rice fields and estates of every description.
The first stoppage is at Kandy, or Newera Eliya,
aptly described by Mr Clement Scott asa veri-
table paradise of lilies and roses. Starting from
Newera Eliya, the journey up country is continued
with relays or horses, the nights being spent at
‘‘vesthouses ” or hotels maintained by the Gov-
ernment. At Dambatenne the tea is plucked on
the hills and manufactured in the valley many
miles below. The tea, when gathered, used to be
despatched to the factory, packed on the heads
of native bearers, who had to find their way by
long and winding pathways down the mountain,
the journey being frequently one of considerable
peril. They have changed all that, however, on
Lipton’s estates. The aid of science has been
invoked, to devise a means of transit which, besides
veing expeditious, obviates entirely all danger to
life and limb. A poweriul wire is stretched from
the tea garden on the mountain to the factory in
the valley beneath. The tea, when gathered, is
packed with great care in bags, which are fastened
with rings to this wonderful. aerial railway,
and sent swishing along at a tremendous rate.
“Tt almost makes you dizzy,” says Mr Clement
Scott, “‘to see the bags dancing down, down,
over forests, rocks, and rivers, until they arrive
by sheer force of descent safe at the manufactory
door.”’ In order to show how quickly tea is manu-
factured at Dambatenne, Mr Scott relates how he
picked some tea on the mountain very early one
morning. He started the machinery that sent
the bag whizzing into the valley. There it was
dried, curled, and made into tea, acup of which
he had the pleasure of drinking before going to
bed that night. The tea, when manufactured,
is despatched in large bullock wagons to the
nearest railway leading to the Port of Colembo,
and very scon afterwaids it may he purchased
in the shops and stores. It isnow many years —
since coffee planting saw its best daysin Ceylon,
but at Dambatene and other estates, Sir Thomas —
Lipton still cultivates the fragrant berry and —
manages to make it pay almost as well as tej,
— Tea, October,

forgotten. The

|

Duc. 2, 1901.]

Cayrespondence.

_

To the Eattor.

OF ALLIGATORS FOR
WORK.
3 New Galway, Oct. 23,

Dear Sir,—Enclosed you will find a cutting
froma home paper 7e Sea > has me capers
ment been tried in Ceylon? nob, why nov?—
Yours faithfully, CONNEMARA.

A Tram oF ALLIGATORS.—Jefferson Lee, who lives
on the Ss. John’s River in Putnam Country, Fla.,
has the most extraordinary teamin the country, It
is a team of alligators that Mr. Lee uses to tow his
boat up and down the river when he goes to market.
Mr. Lee has to go six miles down the river to his
post-office, and it is a hard pull against the current
coming back. He noticed how swiftly alligators swam,
and it occurred to him that it might be a good thing
to turn the alligators that abound in the St. John’s
River to some account. He captured a pair of young
’gators and raised them in his yard. He taught them
to swim and drag a weight behind them, aud he also
taught them to turn either to the right or left by
pulling ropes fastened to their teeth on either side.
When the alligators were big enough he puta har-
ness that he had constructed on them and harnessed
them to his boat. They swam well and pulled the
boat through the water at a good speed. by puliing
on the reins that passed through the months of the
’gators Mr. lee was able turn his strange water team
in any direction he pleased, Mr. Jee made a point
of never feeding his alligators until after they re-
returned from a trip, when he would immediately
reward each one with a fine meal. The alligators
seem to be willing to perform their task of pulling his
boat, and when he turns them oat of athe pen in
which they are stabled and starts them for the water
they shuffle down to the boat in the liveliest style,
and after they are hitched they plunge into the water
with grunts of delight, Mr. Lee says his strange
team has never run away or kicked out the dash
board of his river craft, but that they have one fault,
for which, however, he does not blame them, They
sometimes sweep their powerful tails in a curve
through the water, aud once smashed one of his
boats into small bitsand threw Mr. Lee and a party
that he was taking boat riding into the river. ‘hey
would have all been drowned had not the alligators
swam back to them and permitted the party to climb
on their backs, after which the alligators swam swifily
to the shore and all the party were sayed. Mr. Lee
now hitches up his team twenty feet in front of the
boat, so that the sweep of their tails will not en-
danger the craft. Mr. Lee’s success has created
great interest among all of his neighbours, and now
many alligators are being trained for duty as sea
horses.

THE LARGHST CACAO POD IN THE
WORLD:
GOOD CROPS IN WATTEGAMA ;
“DAYS OF OLD” IN HUNASGHRIA.
Franklands, Wattegama, Oct. 25.
DEAR SitrR,—I was very glad to read in

A THAM RIVER

- your paper about the large Cacao pods (4 to

each) sent youfrom our friend, Mr. J. Martin,
of Katugastotte estate ; no doubt, grown from
seed planted from pods I supplied to Mr. Fair-
weather and him. Ihave now the pleasure to
send you one pod, length 13 in. girth 153 in.
which weighs 5 lb., just ripening and plucked
from a tree thisday. There is another pod
en same tree (amongst other pods) about the

ad

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

399

same size, but quite green as yet.
on land which one intending purchaser would
not take asit was too steep and worn out!
This shows what practical cultivation can do:
You remember, I also supplied you with the
largest Cacao leaf 24 inches long by 10 inches
broad taken from the sameland. I am glad
to say my crop for this year again promises
well, though I had to fell much shade and so
lost some blossom.

Our neighbour, Major Pain, expects 5 ewt,
per acre from Meegama cacao in full bearing.
Lhis also from land which was formerly
chena; then planted with Tobacco and Cotton,
after that with Cacao and Coconuts. This
land has also been caretully planted and its
wants attended to.

Ours iriends = Mri Je tn Sere wrong

George Beck

This grown

when he says Mr. is the
Cnly survivor of Hunasgeria estate while
Messrs. Tindall and Co. were proprietors. I
joined Bunasgeria in July 1858 under the late
Mr. W. Henderson on Sina Maly ; afterwards
was sent to Maha-oya division to put up the
large bungalow and assist Mr. Geo. Harcourt
in opening the estate. Then I built and lived
in another bungalow under the Peak where I
received a number of visitors on their way
tothe Peak. From thence I was sent to Gava-
tenne and Mr. Geo. Beck came there to learn
the opening of new land,andI wasalways glad
to hear of his great succcess in Dimbula. He
Was a most painstaking, careful planter. In
those days we had Mr. Adie, as Manager of
Pendleton: he hada fine Billiard Table, and
we, young planters from Hunasgeria, used to
spend our spare time at his bungalow. Mr.
Vincent Harcourt, who was on Hunasgeria in
my time as Assistant, is still alive andis now
a Minister in India,— Yours faithfully,
JOSEPH HOLLOWAY.

[The Cacao pod sent by Mr. Holloway
is indeed a superb one measuring 13 inches
long by 15$ inches in circumference and
weighing close on 5 lb.—it has lost a
little in drying. Has anything larger
or heavier been grown in Ceylon? We
shall ask the same question with reference
to Trinidad and other Cacao-growing coun-
tries in our monthly Zropical Agriculturist.
We are to circulate the pod round the Fort,
as requested by Mr. Holloway, as perhaps
the largest pod ever seen.—Hp. LEAR |

Franklands, Wattegama, Nov. 2.

DEAR Sir,—Re Mr. P D Young’s letter of
28th Oct, in the ‘ Times of Ceylon” of 29th
Oct. “Kudos and Cocoa seeds.” Mr. David
Fairweather of Glen Esk wrote on 29th Oct.:—“T
have read your letter of 25th in the ‘* Times”?
of 26th inst. The cacao pods supplied by you to
Katugastota Estate, Iam pleased to say gave me
every satisfaction.” In reply tomy letter of 30th
Oct., Mr. T J Martin writes:—‘“I am unable to
say who supplied the seed from which I sot the
tree which bore the large pods I sent in last
year. We have had seed pods from Franklands,
Woodthorpe, Gounambil and a few from other
places, during the last six or seven years.
PD Young had no authority from me to make
any statement as to the seed which produced my

big pod trees.” I (J H) supplied Mr. Young seed

400 THE TROPICAL

pods from Franklands when he planted cacao, and
sold to Mr. D Fairweather 6,500, prior to February
1895, for Katugastota when he sold the estate to
Messrs Finlay Muir & Co. I had three Trinidad
plants given me by Mr. F M Mackwood in 1878.
Lhese [ planted on Maria; when he got 12 plants
from Trinidad, balance were planted on Goonambil

Ly me. I also got some seed pods from Goonambil
afterwards from those plants for planting on
Franklands.

As Mr. Young poses as possessing good cacao
trees with large pods, let us now see the other
side:—On same date that he wrote the letter
**Kudos &e.” on 28th Oct., there was a case
against bim in D C Kandy for trial in which
I was a witness fur plaintiff where one Manick-
rala sued Mc. Young for 2 years’ lease money
due, on a land said to be 38 acres in extent,
taken on lease by Mr. Young in 1891, to have
land 5 years free, then to give one-third profit each
year trom the whole land, The claim was for the
one-third profit for che 2 years 1899 and 190) put at
R250. Mr. Young had planted same with cacao
and tea in 1891 and had 16 old cocunut trees on
the land, which was almost flav.

Cacao planted 8 x 8 with tea between, 690 trees
to the acre (roads, ete., deducted) Mr. Young
tendered R73°78as the one third profit for two years
on this garden of three acres or say (one-third
of 3 acres is) 1 acre, profit as per Mr. Young’s
account R36'89 per annum. Coconut income would
b2 R5 per annum—(tea not counted)leaves cocoa
R31°89 profit, add working R40 or R71-89 income
from cacao; this at R40 per cwté would only be
12 cwt or even say 2ewtcrop per acre. This from
cacao trees on a flat land, in good deep soil and
well sheltered, in its eighth and 9th year (?) where
such trees must have given at least between 4
and 5cwt per acre: here ‘‘ Kudos” wishes to
show poor result of his bearing cacao, so to pay
less rent where in his letter he wishes to take
credit for large pods. Upkeep would not have
exceeded R40 per acre as cacao was in its prime
and healthy: flat land, no wash, no weeds or
roads and drains, expenses and no supplies required.

Measurements of some of the large cacao trees
*< Forestero” on Franklands :—

No. Height. Spread. Girth. From Ground:
ds) O3k tt,» 26.tt) 2th. Olin 2 ft.
23) ft, 82 ft, 2 #6. 42'in 2 ft.
3 83 ft. 33 ft. 2ft.7 in. 13 ft.
A BOP ty | 3i tte 42) thes) an! 14 ft
5 264 ft. 20 ft. 2 ft.4 in. (2 stems)2 ft
6 23° ft 25 ft. 2 ft.4 in do 13 ft

No 1,5 is at 1 ft. above ground, 3 ft.4in girth
then. as 2 stems girth 2 ft. 4 in. each.

So far back as the Matale Exhibition in 1887
I send a broad basket full of large selected cacao
pods weighing from 24 to 3lb with a card sent
heretwith: ** Cocoa pods from Franklands estate
Wa tegama.

“N.B.—This variety of cocoa is very hardy
and prolific, well suited for natives to cultivate,’
On this card was written:—‘‘ Not according to
condition. Prize for native garden-grown pods
only.” Highly commended by the Committee.—
Yours faithtully, JOSEPH HOLLOWAY.

P.S.—Please refer to my letter to you of 16th
Oct. when I sent you eight pods weighing as per
your remarks 19th aud the heaviest one was 2b.
You were also pleased to say :—‘‘This is cer-
tiinly the finest collection of cacao pods we have
ever seen. We shall try that all interested in
the Fort shall see them, ‘* Dr. Duke visited Frank.

AGRICULTURIST. (Dec. 2, 1901.

lands on 10th December 1893, walked over the
estate, could not believe my cacao would bear like
that, both the crop already in and what was onthe
trees, yet with weeds from 2 to 3 feet high. These
I told him I let grow to help oa my trees in
preventing wash, hacking them down and usinoe
them as manure, and it was a very great help to
work up pumped ont chena land by digging them
up and liming soil.—J.H, vals

COTTON CULTIVATION IN CEYLON.

Colombo, Nov. 11,

Dear Sir,—With reference to your article
about ‘‘ Cotton Cultivation in Ceylon ”
(see. page 393) we herewith beg to
hand you a pamphlet entitled ‘‘Cotton
Culture” published by the New York
branch of the German Potash Syndicate
whose sole agents we ave for Ceylon. You
will observe that the book, which contains
90) pages and many interesting engravings,
is very instructive and will be of great use
to everybody who has an interest in cotton
cultivation, Weshall be pleased to supply
a pamphlet free of charge to all planters
who wil! ask for it.—Yours faithfully,

FREUDENBERG & Co.

OO?

POISONOUS SNAKE-BITES.

Mr Robert Miller, writing from the offices of
the Bengal-Nagpur Railway Company under date
October 17, sends us the following interesting
extract from the narrative report of the compay’s
medical officer in India for the month of August :
—‘‘On the night of the 23rd I was called to
see a coolie woman who had been bitten by a
large snake, supposed to be a cobra. She was
said to have been bitten at about 7 p.m., and I
did not see her till two hours later. She was
then practically moribund, the throat paralysed
and consciousness completely lost. All the symp-
toms of poisoning by colubrine venom were well
marked. I injected afull dose of Dr Calmettee?
antivenene, but was not sanguine as to the results
the patient’s condition being apparently hopeles.
The effectof the remedy was marvellous: con-
sciousness returned in 15 minutes, and [ was so
encouraged by the result of the first injection that
I decided to give another dose of the serum. Ib
acted like magic, and within three hours of the
first injection the patient was well. Dr Sen my
assistant surgeon, was present at the time. 1
have sent the notes of the case to Dr L Rogers
the professor of pathology to the Caleutta Medical
College, and propose to also send a report to Dr
Calmette, who is, I know, always glad to hear of
cases in which his remedy has been used. [ am
satisfied that in even desperate cases we have in
Dr Calmette’s serum a really reliable remedy for
the bites of poisonous snakes, and I propose to
supply all assistant surgeons with a syringe ard
some bottles of serum. At present only this place
and Chakardharpur are so supplied. IT am now
convinced that the case reported by mein May
would in all probability have been saved had a
large oes of veiaee been injected and had the
patient come under treatment earlier,”—
Limes, Oct, 21, 2 ee

&

Dec. 2, 1901.]

DUCKWARI (CEYLON) TEA PLANTA.

TION COMPANY, LIMITED.

REPORT BY THE DIRECTORS TO THE ELEVENTH

ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING OF THE COMPANY,

The Directors beg to submit to the Shareholders
the statement of the affairs of the Company, for the
year ending Juae 30th, 1901.

The accounts, including the balance brought for-
ward from last year, and after writing off 10 per
cent depreciation on value of Machinery and Build- -
ings, show a credit balance of £788 93 0d. Ont of
this sum, the Directors recommend the payment of a
dividend to the Preference Shareholders, at the rate
of 5 percent per annum, carrying forward £188 93 6d
to next year.

The season has been a very unfavourable one for
tea, owing to’ depressed and over-supplied markets.
If the present curtailment in production is maintained,
the prospect of better times are confidently looked
for in the future.

The returns of crop have been 301,530 lb tea, and
8,159 lb. Cardamoms, against 321,0261b tea, and
8,779 lb. Cardamoms last season. The estimates for
the coming year are 310,0001b tea, and 9,000 lb
cardamoms. Mr Hull retires from the Direction by
rotation and, being eligible, offers himself for re-
election. The Auditors, Messrs Brown, Fleming and
Murray, also retire, and offer themselves for re-
appointment.—P, G, Spence, Chairman; R Cross
AITKEN, Secretary.

THE KINTYRE TEA ESTATES, CO., LTD.

The following is from the fifth report of the
directors :—

The directors have'the pleasure to present the ac-
ecunts for the twelve months ending June 30, 1901. The
estimated tea crop for the season was 521,000 lb, and
this was considerably exceeded, the total secured
being 565,861 lb, or 25.0001b more than was harvested
the previous year. The average cost of production
was 232 cents per lb, which may be considered a very
satisfactory rate. The profit is againless, however,
owing te the extremely low price of tea during the
greater portion of the twelve months under review
The causes which brought about that low price’
over-production and inferior quality, have now dis
appeared, at all events for the present, and _ the
smaller quantities of tea now coming forward have
already resulted in a much-improved market for all
Ceylon teas. The net profit amounts to £4 030 2s 7d,
and after paying directors’ and auditors’ fees, &c.,
income-tax, and commission to superintendents, there
remains a balance at profit and loss account of
£3,486 1s 8d, to which has to be added £132 19s 1ld
brought forward from last year. ‘The board have
p2id, half-yearly as usual, the dividends on the
Preference shares, amounting to £1,090 and an in-
terim dividend of 2 per cont, on the ordinary shares,
which absorbed further £900, They have written off
for depreciation of machinery £250, and they now
recommend the payment of a final dividend of 3
per cent. on the Ordinary shares (making 5 per
cent. for the year); for which £1,350 will be
required, leaving £119 1s 7d to be carried forward.
The capital expenditure on Ayr estate during the.’
year amounted to £527 0s 11d, this amount including
the cost of a block of land sixty-eight acres in extent
adjoining the estate, which was offered for salejduving
the year and acguired by this company at a cost
of £187 2s 2d. It is not contemplated to spend any
more on capital account on this estate. The sum
of £81 16s 8d is the equivalent of the coast advance
recoveries during the year. The average yield of tea
in full bearing was 671 lb per acre, and the gross
average price realised in London was 6°58 per lb,

while the average rate of exchange was 1s 4gd. The’

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

401

estimates for the current sseason point toa tea ero

of 528,000 1b, to cost 243 cents per lb, Mr. W. Nevatt,

a director, retires on this occasion, and basing eligible,

ere for re-election.—Home and Colonial Mai,
et. 18.

KORALE TEA ESTATE, LIMITED,
[REGISTERED 27TH MAY, 1896 ]

Report of the Directors, to be submitted at the
Fifth Annual Ordinary General Meating, of Share-
holders, to be held at the Office of the Company
on Lbursday, 10th October, 1901, at 3 pm, 4

The Directors now submit the Report and Accounts
forthe year ending 30th June, 1901, which have been
duly audited.

The net amount at Credit
or Profit and Loss Account
after providing of Genera] Ex-
penses is te -. “504 19 10

To which should be added
the balance brought forward

from 39th June, 1901 wer 46 18) 21
To dispose of which, it is pee
proposed to write oft the
balance of expenses of forma-
tion, which will absorb +. 23819 2
To Adjustment of Income Tax 20 2 1
Directors’ Fees -- 150 0 0
And to carry forward a
balance of ee -- 11216 8
— £551 17 11

The Directors regret that the continuous range of
low prices for all classes of tea, has left so small a
margin of profit over working expenditure, that they
are this year unable to declare a dividend and think
it well te derers ane smal! balance at their disposal
Oo writing off the balance at debit of “i
Hoare De & of ‘‘ Hixpenses of

The reports as to the condition of all th

8
satisfactory, and the new fields on eats
wawa and Wewesse give promise of considerably in-
Fasing the yield from these estates, but Directors
ch adopting, ae peuey, oH treating the young treeg

y, and not placking them until t I i
sufficient maturity, i Ep panei heehaniac

A new cart road to Riverside factor i

( which h
long been promised by Government, Hag at length
seen sanctioned, which will materially lessen the cost
of transport of goods, both to and from the estate
and make the labourers more settled and contented

The average selling price of Ceylon tea is now
higher than it has been for two years, and the
Bootes from India and China as well as from
eylon gives promise of a farther j a
Goes: ner improvement in
In accordance with the Articles iati
{ 3 of Associa
Mr JL Shand retires from the Board, and Ble
gor oes himself for re-election. i
i The Directors desira to express their gati i

i 5 s isf
with the Agents and Managers in Ceylon, ie naee
kept down expenditure on the estates as far as
has been consistent with effective working.—By Order
of the Board, H. C. Downxrne, Seoretary,

ACREAGE OF ESTATES,

Tea

48 a oo Helis : 5

se Oa ge Pa HHS nan on te

oo 83 seesgea 8 8 &

yrs Onn 1s Sac: FA SO
abt p oo Be
Riverside e. 290 tach COnULe w—=. 890
Glenloch se eS ee BO SBA 316

Karagastalawa 148 59

32 oe
Wewesse ... 356 199 45 1 80 88 14 392

402

Crop, Expenditure
on Production.
1899/1900 1900/1901 _ 1900/1901
Exchange, 1/4
11-32,
Ib. lb. AB vos Bay lo
Riverside » 154,620 137,423 DIDDO NS ane
Glenloch we 60,427 54,839 1249) 2" 11
Karagastalawa 82,468 63,995 WN ile} 1)
including bought leaf
Wewesse ree 9,000 98,C00 9319 17 2
Cost of Pro- Average Net
duction. Price in London.
eg
on oo on «#5
Beli Sakis =o
— neo a I D
AS
rom
d. d. d. d lb.
Riverside 4 43°61! 3°89 5:28 04.51 473
Glenloch eo cari 5:98 5 84 ee
Karagastalawa 9523 531 385
including bought leaf
Wewesse Ay) Behs) 5°68 5:79 5°67 270
THE CAROLINA TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.
Report of the Directors to be submitted at the

ninth annual general meeting of shareholders, to be
held‘ at the Offices of the Agents, Messrs Frith,
Sands & Co., Winchester House, Old Bond Street,
B.C., on the 30th October, 1901.

Your Directors beg to submit the balance sheet
and Profit and Loss Account for the year ending
30th June, 1901.

The nett profit is £2,280 8s 8d, amount brought
forward from last year at credit of the ordinary
shares £475 18s 1d = £2,756 6s 9d; from which has
to be deducted debenture interest £2,450, leaving a
balance of £306 6s 9d, which it is proposed to carry
forward to the credit of the ordinary shares.

The crops secured during the season compare as
follows with those of previous seasons :—

Tea from T'ea from Cocoa

estates. purchased from
leaf. estates,
lb. lb. cwt.
190-1901 .. 958,399 29,575 466
1899-1900 PAs aleoop, 43,195 414
1898-1899 961,757. 32,862 555

The smaller outturn this year is due to a system
of finer plucking having been adopted on some of

your estates, in order to raise the standard of quality

of the tea.

The tea crop cost 4'78d per lb. free on board
Colombo, being the same as in the preceding season.
The average gross sale price was 634d, per lb., as
acainst 7°06d for the previous season. his fall again
presentres about the decline established in Ceylon teas
generally, and 13 the chief factor in the reduction of
profit for the season. The yield of cocoa has been
normal both in quantity and quality bat market con-
ditions have been Jess favourable. The total area of
land now under cultivation is 2,608 acres, com-
prising :—Tea in full bearing 1,801 acres, tea in partial
bearing 630 -acres—2,431 acres; cocoa, colice, &c. 177
acres—2,608 acres.

The Directors much regret having to present to the
shareholders a report showing such Cisappointing re-
sults, attributable to the crisis in the tea industry,
arising from the preduction of supplies of common
teas Jargely in excess of requirements, and the period
of greatest depression being embraced in the financial
year under review. Notwithstanding the smaller
ontput the cost per lb. of the tea has been kept down
to the level of last year, while it includes the usual
expenditure on manuring, &e., for the maintenance of
the properties in good cultivation, thus leaving the
Company in a position to reap the full benefit of a
return to prosperity in the tea, indwstry. Your Diree-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Dru. 2, 1901.

tors have to express their satisfaction with the work
of the staif in the Company’s employ. The Direc-
tors retiring by rotation are Mr. Evelyn Heseltine
and Mr. Wharram Meggimsen, who, being eligible,
effer themselves for re-election,—Lecal ‘* Times,”

THE SCOTTISH TRUST AND LOAN
COMPANY OF CEYLON, LTD.

Report by the Directors of the’ Scottish Trust
and Ioan Company of Ceylon Limited, to the
twenty-fourth ordinary general meeting of share-
holders, to be held within the Company’s Regis-
tered Office, No. 1238, George Street, Edinburgh, on
Wednesday, the 30th day of October 1901, at 3
o’clock afternoon, -

The Directors present their twenty-fourth report,
being for the year to 31st August, 1901.

Estates In THE Company's PossEss1on.—The past
season has been an anxious one, as over-production
in India and Ceylon disorginised the market to a
greater extent thanat any previous time. The yield
of tea on the Company’s estates has been an
average of 376 lb. per acre, as compared with 393 1b,
last season. The prices realised by the Company
have been well maintained, considering the low
yrange of price which has generally obtained during
the period of depression. Coffee cultivation has now
practically ceased on the Compzny’s estates,

Factrorins, Bur.pincs sans MaAcurinery.—The ex-
tension of the Factory at Alnwick has been com-
pleted, and new machinery, for Brookside and Sar-
nia erected.

Accounts.—The balance at the credit of Profit and
Loss Account1 O£54 =e
And the Directors propose—

To pay a Dividend of 5 per
cent per annum, free of
Income Tax -.. £2250 0 0
Nort. Twoanda half per
cent of this was paid as
an Interim Dividend at
Whitsunday 1901.

To pay Bonus of 5 per cent

free of Income Tax

9950 0 024500 0 0

Leaving
to be carried forward to next Account.

The Board regret to record the death of Mr. Wm,
Beattie, the esteemed Superintendent of Sarnia estate,
while on his return voyage to Ceylon. Mr Beattie,
during the period of his residence at Sarnia, had
charge of the practical traasformation of the estate
from Coffee to Tea production, and the erection ofithe
new Factory. ;

Mr W G Smith, whoon the death of Mr Bowden
Smith was appointed Joint London Agent, resigned
office during the yaar to commence business on his
own account, and Mr A Gordon Dickson has been
appointed sole London Agent.

During the past year there has beena prolonged
agitation in favour of a general reduction in the output
of tea, and the Directors have fortunately been able
to discuss this important question personally with the
Colombo Agents, as well as the methods of plucking,
pruning and manuring most suitable to the Company’s
Estates.

The Directors retiring by rotation is Mr Henry
‘Johnston, K C, and he is eligible for re-election.

Auditors for the current year fall to be appointed.
Messrs Monereiff & Horsbrugh, C A, are eligible, and
offer themselves for re-election.—By order of the board.

Francis A. Brineton, Secretary.
Edinburgh, October 22nd.

oe £941 0 4

THE ASSOCIATED THA ESTATES OF
CEYLON, LTD.
REPORT OF THE DIREC LORS.

for the twelve months ended 30th June, 1901.
During the year under review no alteration wag

Dro. 2, 1901,]

made in the area or the estates belonging to the
Company, or in the planting of same with tea,
so that the total stand as in last year’s report,
with the exception that at Silver Kandy estate
20 acres were planted out with fuel trees, with
a view to future economy in the supply of firewood.

The yield of manufactured tea tor the twelve
months was as follows :—

Silver Kandy

ey DO'S
Chesterford

345,292

Horagoda ws | 42,833
Doragalla .» 229,035

Total .... 729,205 lbs.

This shows and aggrevzate increase of 36,847 lbs,
on the total yield of the previous 12 months,
but it falls short of the totel of the Superin-
tendent’s estimates by 5,795 lbs. With the ex-
ception of Horagoda, each estate showed an in-
crease in yield over the figures for the corres-
ponding previous 12 months and had finer pluck-
ing not been introduced about the middle of the

season the total crop would have beea much
heavier.

The cost of production per lb. f.0.b. Colombo on
each of the estates was as follows :—

Exclusive of Manure, Proportion of
Buildings, and New Cost of Manur-
and Immature ings, Buildings, =

Cultivation. and New andIm- s

mature Cultivation, q
Cts. Cts. Cts.
Silver Kandy Bo'15 201 37°16
Chesterford 25°34 2°50 27°84
Horagoda 31:77 95 82°72
Doragalla 30°14 5°57 30°71

As in the previous season, the Directors considered
it judicious to sellin the Colombo market all the
produce of the Company’s estates, except the teas
from Silver Kandy and the finest grade made on
Doragalla, and are satisfied that by so doing they
have obtained the hizhest value possible.

The average prices Against comparative
realised were as prices for previous

follows. year.
IN LONDON, IN LONDON,
per lb. per lb.
Silver Kandy 781d. 922d.
IN COLOMBO. IN COLOMBO.
per lb, per lb,
Ohesterford 28°74 cts. 34°22 cts,
Hoiagoda 26°39 ,, PBB} vn
Dozagalla 34°47 ,, Bharti

The fall in prices has again been a very
serious one and especially the values obtained for
the tea produced on Silver Kandy have eaused
grave concern to the Directors. The bushes on
this estate have taken a long time to recover
from the effects of the severe cutting down which
was found necessary two years ago and the tea
has been very thin in the cup and deficient in
the fine qualities which formerly caused it to
realise high prices. In consequence instead of the
‘price improving during the last working year, it
has again fallen considerably, but there are at
last indications of some improvement. The prices
of the Teas from the other Estates have merely
shared in the severe fall which, mainly because
of the excessive overproduction in India and
Ceylon, has effected all Tea. A turn in the
course of markets has, however, come, and should
there be a continuation of the moderate crops
produced during the last six months, a highep

THE TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST. 403

level of prices will probably be definitely es.
tablished,

The whole of the Company’s Estates remain
under the same superintendence as at the date
of the issue of last r2port, and the work upon
same has been done generally. to the satisfaction
of the Directors and of the Company’s Visiting
Agent.

In the course of the working year a sum of
£150 was accepted by the Directors in full settle-
nent of claims in connection with the misappro-
priations of the late Mr. Pomeroy, formerly
Superintendent of Silver Kandy.

The estimates for the 12 months ending 30th
June, 1902, are based on acrop of 780,000 1bs.,
and there seems little reason to doubt that this
should be harvested, having in view the liberal
manuring policy of recent years. Having regard
to the financial position of the Company the Di-
rectors with regret, decided that it was impracti-
eable for them to continue thejsystem of heavy
manuring they had adopted. In this direction
during the new season nothing will be done
beyond burying with basic slag the prunings
taken off the Silver Kandy, Doragalia and
Ghesterford Estates, a method of treatraent which
has been found of: value in restoring important
constituents to the soil.

‘The ordinary local expenditure for the year
has shown a serious increase, but a large
proportion of the increase is attributable to
the larger crop, which of course entails a direct
increase in many ways, also the cost of burying
prunings is charged in the ordinary local ex-
penditure, and this in itself amounts to a econ-
slderable sum. The cost of visiting agency has,
for the first time, been transferred from the
Colombo to the Estate Expenditure. Unfortu-
nately, while the expenditure shows the increase
referred te, the receipts have fallen off materially
because of the lower prices, and the result isa
loss on Revenue Account. It will be seen that
including the balance brought forward and the
amount or bad debt recovered, there remains at
the debit of profit and loss account a sum of
£363 lls, 38d. It is with extreme regret that the
D rectors find themselves again unable to pay
any dividend. The effurts they made during the
last year to obtain an increase in production,
although successful to some extent in the di-
rection intended, have been mullified by the
extreme severity of the fall in the prices of all
tea. The Directors have again drawn only half
fees, and the Secretaries have rebated a con-
siderable portion of the sum paid to them for
managing the Company’s affairs.

As is well-known, the general position of the tea
industry has recently been a very bad one, and the
Directors joined with others in an effort to come to
a common agreement as to the restriction of pro-
duction. The scheme was not, however, carried
out, owing to the opposition of many producers, but
the general result desired has, in some way, been
attained, and the yields from both India and
Ceylon having seriously falleu off, there is at the
present moment a much more healthy position and
a fairer prospect for those interested in tea than
fora long time back. There seems little doubt
that, should producers continue to work on the
moderate scale they have recently operated on, and
eonsumption at home and abroad continue to in-
crease as it has been doing, a more healthy basis
of trade for tea producers will be firmly established,

404

The accounts, duly audited, are presented
herewith. ie

Under the Articles of Association, Mr, John
McEwan retires from the directorate, and being
eligible, offers himself for re-election. An auditor
falls to be appointed by the shareholders at the
eeneral meeting. Mr. J M Henderson, F.C.A., is
Ls) .
e igible for re-election.

MATURATA THEA COMPANY, LIMITED.

The following is from the directors’ report, to
be submitted to the shareholders at the fourth
annual ordinary general meeting, to be held at
the offices of the company on Wednesday next :—

After bringing forward £1,424 14s 7: from last
year’s account, and after payment of debenture
inte est and London charges (directors’ fees, &c.),
the net amsunc at credit of profit and loss ae-
count is £3,250 17s 3d. An interim dividend of
3 per cent has been paid on the Preference shares
for the half-year amounting to £12), and the fina!
3 per cent was prid on the Preference shares on
July 1, making 6 per cent for the year, amount-
ing to £120. Itis proposed to pay a dividani of

10 per cent less income-tax, on the ordi-
ware share capital, which will absorb £800,
thus leaving to be carried forward to next
year a balance of £2,210 178s 3d. The

result of last year’s trading is particularly grati-
fying, as the past year has been the worst that the
Ceylon tea-growing industry has ever had to face,
yet the position of this Company today has im-
proved as compared to this time last year—a re-
sulé that is certainly highly satisfactory, and
which reflects great credit on the manager of the
estate, Mr. Alder Alderson-Smith, as well as the
Company’s visitingagent; and your directors take
this opportunity of giving public expression ot
their appreciation of the excellent way in which
the estate has been worked during the past year,
During the past. year £500 of the Debentnre
debt has been paid off. This reduces the debt
to £6,500, thus enhaneing the value. of the Pre-
ferred and Ordinary shaves. Your directors, con-
silering it to the advantage of the Company, ap-
pointed Mr. G B Owen their managing director.
Mr. kt F Bayford retires’in accordance with the
articles of association, but being eligible offers
himself for re-election as a director.—A. and C.
Mail, Oct, 11.

——<

THE NEw TEA DISCOVERY.—Apropos the
information appearing in our columns
in reterence to the new tea discovery,
we quote the following from the Indian
Planters’ Gazette:—“ We have advocated
for years that more scientific methods are
requisite in the manufacture of tea, and
that in this way, to some extent, the evils
of the present depression may he partially
averted. Indigo has felt the pinch and is
setting its house in order, with the prospect
that it will be able to compete on. satis-
factory terms with its German rival. Tea
must arise and do likewise, and by every
scientific means possible, so improve its
quality and reduce its cost of production
as to raise itself once again to one of the
most paying industries of India,” -

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|Dec, 2, 1901.

CEYLON TEA IN BOSTON, U.S.A.

After the years’ labours of our Tea Com-
missioner and the expenditure of thousands
in bringing the merits of our staple before
the American people, the following extract
froma Boston letter is amusing and affords
food for thought :—‘*Ceylon tea is little
known here in Boston, and you cannot get
ic at hotels or restaurants, There is only
one hotel here where Ceylon tea is mentioned
on the menu, and that is the new * Lennox,’
which has just been opened. Now why does
not the Planters’ Association —or whoever it
is that has to do with advertising Ceylon
tex—open a first-class tea-room in Boston—
there is no such thing there now—and have
afternoon tex served from 3 till 6 at 25
cents ; while the morning hours could be
used for selling the tea and taking orders.
A nice large room in Boylston Street, one of
the principal shop streets on the Back Bay,
could be nicely got up with individual tables,
etc.. and three or four neat waitresses to
serve the ter. A man could take charge
and take the orders, ete., and the maids
could be hired for the :sfternoon only, If
wisely advertised, it would certainly ‘ take,’
und once it was fashionable to go to the
‘Tea Shop,’ it would be a great. success,
This is merely _a suggestion, but I think it
a good one. Rents are high on Boylston
Street. $1,500 I think would be the cost
for a large room on the ground fHoor (£300),
but if it were done at all it would have to
be done well.”

Tea rooms at home have done much to
spread a taste for good tea and reform
morals as well, and that Boston. ‘‘ the hub
of the universe,” should know so little of our
product and have so little of it publicly on
offer, does not say much for the methods
which have obtained to bring our teas
before the notice of the American peop e.
The person who starts a suitable tea
room in Boston for the sale of Ceylon tea,
would evidently ‘strike ile.” Ali that is
wanted is that someone would “ hitch on,”

aannnnEINIIEREnemmeen<cemeeremeem

THE RECENT TEA DISCOVERY :
MR. BAMBER’S OPINION.

Prominence is given in the issue of Indian
Gardening and Planting tor November 7th to
a paragraph which announces the discoyery
of a ferment having the same effect on
tea leaf as one already existing there. The
paragraph, which appears on page 4(d
is vague upon the nature of the
ferment or the matter from which the
ferment is to be isolated.

Recognising the discovery to be of more
than passing interest to our Inany readers
connected with the tea industry, a represents
ative of ours waited upon Mr. M. K.
Bamber, Analytical Chemist, Colombo, re-—
cently to ask his opinion, which was cour-
teously given.

Mr. Bamber says that it is possible that
the ferment discovered by Myr. Newton
may have a similar effect on tea to the a
one already there, but this would seem to

| Dac. 2, 1901.]

act more on the tannic and other organic
acids to produce the coloury liquor of black
tea, rather than on any constituent which
produces the well-known flavour of upcountry
teas. ¢ is well known that the most delicate
flavour is found in very lightly fermented,
teas, while over fermentation either re-
‘moves {the flavour altogether, or dis-
‘cuises it by the {production of other
‘odourless constituents in the leaf. If
‘the soluble ferment (in tea) has an effect
‘on the flavour at all, it probably takes place
partly during growth, and partly during
the withering process, as it Is then that
‘the distinctive flavour is most no ticeable ;
and it would be practically impossible to
employ any external fermenting agent at
this stage. Mr. Mann, the chemist to the
LT.A., is working out this question of
ferments and their effect on flavour in tea,
and a similar enquiry is now being made
in Ceylon, as to the effect of the euzyime
‘yeferred to in Mr. Kelway Bamber's report
‘to the Ceylon P.A., and other causes likely
‘to produce flavour and quality. {
Mr. Bamber has himself on a previous
occasion experimented in this direction and
t is interesting, in view of the present dis
covery, to quote from his * Report on Ceylon
‘jea Soils and their effect on the quality of
Tea” the result of these experiments:
“Quite recently, he says Ihave succeeded, after
‘numerous attempts, in isolating a minute
proportion of a soluble oxidising ferment,
somewhat similar to the oxydases recently
discovered in several plants of different
natural orders. The substance in question,
which evidently has a considerable bearing
‘on the oxidising properties of the tev,
“apparently does not exist In the active form
/in the fresh green leaf, but is changed either
during the withering if the leaf is bruised,
or during the rolling] processes, when the
'yarious organic acids &c., are liberated
| from the cells.” 3 :
| Again he says. ‘There ts one variety of
_proteid present in the leaf which in dilute
acid undergoes a slight decomposition, with
the production of a very sweet aroma,
almost identical with that of the essential
oil, which has been isolated and kept some
weeks. It is more than probable a_ similar
decomposition takes place with, withering
leaf especially if the sap Is distinctly acid
from the presence, in excess, of organic
acids.” Further on Mr. Bamber says—“ An
experiment on the effect of the ferment
on a solution of gallatannic acid resulted
in the formation of a considerable _pro-
portion of sugar (glucose), and a slight
| colouring of the solution from absorbed
1 en.” E
Ganihior information on the matter will
| be waited for with interest.
—__—_—___>__—_—-—-

A’ NEW DEPARTURE
MANUFACTURE.

ISOLATION OF A FERMENT.

Mr C BR Newton, of Kurseong, an old Fellow of
the Royal Microscopical Society of England, and
who has, under the nromede-plume of “FR MS,
frequently contributed to our columns, principally

IN THA

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

405

on microbes, ferments and the diseases of tea, has,
we understand, after an enormous number of ex-
periments, isolated a ferment having the same
effect on the tea ieaf as one already existing there
and has applied for patents for its utilisation in tea
manufacture. Mr Newton has always been an
pponent of the bacteria theory in the flavouring
oatea, and has maintained that it was caused by
flferment contained in the tea itselfi—a fermentum
awidum vivum. These ferments and their action
are, we understand, but little known, and itis only
within comparatively recent years that they have
been recognised, and this is, we believe, the first
occasion on which it has been proposed to.make
artificial use of their great power of rendering
soluble many plant substances.—/nrdian Bngia
neering and Planting, Nov. 7,

EE ——

BRITISH NORTH BORNEO: NEW. DUES,

A new customs tariff came into force in British
North Borneo on the 15th October. Under it, im-
ported rifles and guns are charged at the rate of $5
a barrel, and pistols and revolvers $3 each. Cloih,
flour, rope, building materials, leather, rice, station-
ery, and tinned provisions are charged 5 per cent on
the value, 10 per cent is the rate on chemicals,
cutlery, haberdashery, machines, medicines, paints
silk stuffs, timber and pipes. Imported fireworks
pay 25 percent on the value. Liquors are rated
high, gin being $7°30 acase. s to iexports, barks
and roots are charged 25 per cent on the value,
camphor four dollars per catty, copra 5 percent ad
valorem, gutta percha 10 per cent ad valorem—or
$20 on every picul of the red kind—eattle $5 per
head, gambier ard cutch to be charged under
agreement, rattans and rice 10 per cent ad valorem,
raw sago 16 cents per picul, timber $2, $1.°75, and
0:75 per ton : tobacco (estate) onecent per English
pound, and (native) one dollar per thousand rolls,
—Straits Times, Nov. 2.

—p-
THE INDIAN THA

SCHEME,
SOME SHARCHING CRITICISM.

It is ditficule now to make anyone believe that the
exploitation scheme is really bsing worked for the
benefit of the whole tea industry ; and the reasons
given for this non-belief are as follow. Itis pointed
out, that though the work has now been carried out
for nearly a year, yet the Association and its Com-
missioners have made no attempt to take the inter.
ested public into its confidence. No reports nor
accounts have been published. No statement has been
announced showing the progress made,—the quality
or quantity of tea sold,—the receipts and disburse-
ments made,—the composition of the staff employed,
and so on. Such information can only be rightly
withheld by a purely private firm ; but the Expansion
Commission, which is alleged to be a national concern,
is not justified in keeping the publicin the dark about
such matters. Further, an impression has got abroad
that the Commissioners are more intent on advertising
their own firm, instead of solely advertising the tea
tentrusted to them. In support of this, itis pointed out
that tea labels on the packets now offered for sale have
yhe full name and address of a private firm, when
seference should only have been made to the imper-

onal ‘* Tea Markets’ Hxpansicn Commission.” And
again, that this firm has included its own name in
its communications ; and has been receiving fulsome
congratulatory messages from thoughtless Govern-
ment officials, as if the whole exploitation scheme
was really owned by the firm instead of the firm being
merely the Commissioners, or working agents ofthe
Indian Tea Association, It is argued that the drifg

EXPLOITATION

4.06

of everything points more to the existence of a private
Caleutta firm, than to a public institution promoted
vy the tea industry for its own benefit. ,

“All the criticisms L have he wd are, however, directed
not against individuals, but against the suicidal and
unbusiness-like metiods adopted by the 12a Associ-
ation for carrying out the behests of its clientele. Its
methods are now condemued by practically everyone
outside Calcutta and many even there. What is wanted
is the formation of some association or company
which will be owned, controlle 1, and worked entirely
in the interests of shareholders and proprietors, OF,
in other words, the producers of tea. The object
aimed at should ke to benefit the whole Indian tea
industry, and not merely, as now, to benefit a few
favoured ones at the expense of the res’. If some
such alterations ate not immediately made, there is
egery probability of rival schemes springing up a
over ths country. In fact two such schemes are
already known to be maturing ; the promoters of which
are only waiting to see whether the Expansion Com-
mission means to continue its present methods or not,
Should the Commission insist on continuing as it has

‘begun, it will undoubtedly have to face avery sirong
o position, and probably be kept entirely out of the
markets over a large area of the country. But, on
the other hand, should more enlightened priv ciples be
followed, the Commission will not only be lett the
field to itself, but will also gain the good will and
active support of those who at present strongly op-
pose its methods and ways. sli

{t now rests with the Indian Tea Association to
as3ure the public, by full and unreserved explana-
tions, that the exploiting scheme is really not a close
preserve for Calcutta, with selfish interests behind ag
the motive power; but that the work will in future
be carried out solely with the object of directly bene-
fiting the whole Indian tea industry. Until some sUch
assurances are convincingly given, the Association
ewnot reasonably expect to have that moral and
material support from the planting’community, Which
is very essential to the success of the scheme. Some
have gone so far as to strongly advise shareholdeers

roprietors, and others who have joined the levy, to
withhold their future contribatious unless immediate
reforms are made in the directions indicated. But
it ig sincerely to be hoped no such drastic measures
will be necessary, and thwt wiser counsels will pre-
vail, before irretrievable damage is done to a scheme,
which after all is the best that has yet been proposed
for the amelioration of the Indian tea industry.

J. B. Lestrz RoeGeErs,
Gora Gully, Punjab.

Indian Gardening and Planting, Nov. 7.

———__¢————

ALOK FIBRE AT MADRAS.

Mr F W Tytler is going well ahead with
his aloe fibre factory at Madras. Government
gave him a grant of some twenty thousand
acres, part of it rent free for three, and
a part rent free for five years, and he has
now on this land’ about 300 miles of aloe
hedging which should give about three tons of
clean fibre per acre, but Mr Tytler is cramped tor
want of more machinery, so he is getting out the
Todd machine, which is in exclusive use in the
Babamas and which ata minimum of cost turns
out between half to a ton of fibre per day.
Messrs Ide and Christian, the London brokers,
have pronounced Mr Tytler’s fibres to be very
superior quality, and their fiat was borne out by
the results in the sale room, as the Madras fibre
fetched £32 10sa ton where the other was selling
at £28, and this in spite of its being only a small
let and the packing inferior,—J.2.G,, Nov. 9%

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Deo. 2, 1901.

AN ANALYTICAL LABORATORY FOR
CALCUTTA.

We have more than once commented upon the
absence of a reliable analytical laboratory injthis
country to which the public could resort. That
such an institution has not been established before
is a matter for surprise, considering the require-
ments of the commercial community in this gity
aloue, We are therefore glad to see that Dr ©
Scbulten will shortly open such a laboratory at 12,
Mission Row, Caleutta. Dr Schulten holds the
Diploma of a graduate in Chemistry and Natural
Science of the’ University of Erlangen (Germany),
and has acquired a thorough practical experience in
testing commercial, agricultural and other articles
as an assistant of Professor Dr KGnig at the Pub-
lie Station for Chemical and Scieatific Research
in Miinster in Westphalia. He has kept up his
connection with this institute and will continue to
do so by correspondence. He is thoroughly ex-
perienced in the different branches of analytical
testing and his laboratory will be fitted with the
latest appliances for this work, The following are
afew of the articles of which he will undertake
the chemical analysis :—Soil, Manure, Bonemeal
Saltpetre, Lime, Stones, Shellac, Coal, Metals,
Indigo, Seeds, Oil, Sugar, Spirits, Water, Food-
stuffs, ete. In indigo testing he has special ex-
perience gained during the last nine indigo seasons
in Calcutta and Samarang (Java). Microscopical
investigations will be undertaken by him as well
as chemical ones. To ensure against delay in the
execution of work, he has engaged a qualified
assistant who holds the Diploma of a graduate in
Chemistry, ete., of the University of Heidelberg
Germany), and has for the last threes years been
(working in one of the largest laboratories in

Germ.y.—Indian Gardening and Planting,
Nov 7.

——

TUSK MEASUREMENTS OF
ELEPHANTS.

Sir,—I1n continuation of my letter in your issue of
the 8th instant. under the heading of *‘ A Notorious
Rogue Hlephant,’ 1 write to give particulars of some
Measurements of record tusks. The late Sir Victor
Brooke shot alarge elephant in the Mysore forests
which is said to have been 11 feet high and its single
tusk measured 8 feet in length, 16% in circum-
ference and 90 lb in weight. Another single tusk
from Gorakhpur is said to have weighed 100 lb.
Lieutenant Fowler, of the 5th Fusiliers, Bangkok,
writing to the Bombay Natural History Society (Vol.
XI. No.2 Page 335) gives the length and circum-
ference of the elephant tusks in the Royal Siamese
Museum, Bangkok, of which there are several large
ones, the largest as 9’ 10" and the thickest 202” circum-
ference. There isa skeleton of an Indian elephant in
the Caleutta Museum which measures 11’ 3” so that in
flesh it must have been over 12 feet in height ; yet
there are sportsmen who say that there are no
elephants of 10 feet found in India.

INDIAN

Mysore, 11th Nov. Bia Bore.
—Madras Mail, Nov. 13. j
a
PEARLING REGULATIONS IN SOUTH

AUSTRALIA.

Adelaide, Oct.30.—The Legislative Assembly
today passed a bill to regulate pearling in
the Northern Territory by means of licensing
dealers, and preyenting illicit traffic—Avus-
tralian paper. .

Dec. 2, 1901.]

PARA RUBBER PLANTING IN
TRAVANCORE,
INTERESTING ENTERPRISE: GOVERNMENT AND
PRIVATE.

Trevandruw, Nov. 9.—Considerable interest is
being evinced both by the Government and private
gentlemen in the planting of para rubber. There
is a small para rubber plantation ab Maliatur
worked by the Government, but it is not thriv-
ing as ib should. [ learn that Mr Sawyer, a
Dehra Dun scholar of considerable attainments,

who was formerly in the Travancore Forest
Service and resigned it is to be re-
employed. He will probably be _ placed

in charge of the rubber planting as he was
in charge of the rubber plantations ab Mergui, in
Burma. Mr Sawyer’s health nob being good in
Burma, he has come back to Travancore.
Meanwhile, Mr Hunter, a cardamom planter on
the High Range, has been traversing the unre-
served forests near Maliatur which he thinks are
suitable for para rubber. He purposes planting
3,000 acres if he can get them from Government,
and the area will be worked by a syndicate. To
be early in the field appears to be the object oi
everybody. Ceara rabber grows well in Travan-

core, but is not remunerative.—Madras Mail,
Nov, 13.
et
THE COMMONWEALTH STANDARD FORK
4 TEA,

UNDER THE NEW CUSTOMS REGULATIONS.

Sec. 54 of the Customs Act, clause e, states :—
‘ Any tea not complying with the prescribed
standard of strength and purity shall be deemed
unfit for human use.” Clause 15 of the regulations,
which have been issued only a few days. provides
that ‘* Tea which does not comply with the fol:ow-
ing standard of strength and purity shall be deemed
unfit for human use :—

‘“* The analysis to be made on the tea dried at
a temperature of 212 deg. F,, and then powdered
and totally exhausted with boiling distilled water.
Total aqueous tea extract, not less than 80 per
cent.; total ash, nob more than 8 per cent ;
soluble ash, pot less than 3 per cent.”—Avws-
tralian Grocer, Oct. 24.

———<——

THEA PRUNING,

[From Our Special Correspondent. }

The various systems of pruning the tea bush are
the result of experience, and consequently each
manager holds on strongly to that system which he
has proved to give the best results.

But, as time goes on, and conditions change,
systems which apply to any branch of tea cultiva-
tion or manufacture, should be adapted to the altered
conditions.

As a rule, men who haye themselves proved any
fact, are inclined to be conservative, and there aro
cnly a few who move with the times, and adapt their
systems to their present conditions, Of these again
a few look ahead, und prepare for what they see ag
an inevitable necessity.

This is the reason why a scientific enquirer is
necessary at this period of our history, so that he
shall go ahead and save us the trouble of making
geials, and give authovity for any necessary change,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

407

The remarks T propose to make are intended to
call the attention of anyone who will make pruning
his special study. Achange in the system of pruning
is required, because of our altered conditions. In
the old days when tea was worth a rupee a pound it
became the natural tendency to get as many pounds
as possible, without any regard to the future welfare
of the property. It is a fact that light pruning will
give the greatest poasible yield in the coming season,
and so the general system has been to prune as
lightly as possible until, after a succession of years,
the bush gets choked up with a superabundance of
small twigs, and the yield begins to get less, because
it is more difficult to pluck the small new shoots.
Then the bush has to be cut down, and will again,
within a few years, get nearly up to its maximam
yield. If in its prime, a plot has yielded ten
maunds of tea per acre, it may, after cutting down,
reach nine maunds per acre. After the second
‘cutting down” it may get up to seven maunds. [
nold that each successive ‘‘cutting down” reduces
the vitality of the bush, and of its roots, so that
eventually the bush will die. I am speaking from long
experience, and am ready to argue out this point if
necessary. The haste to get yield succeeds at the
ime, bat leads eventually to the ruin of any pro-
perty. As prices fall it becomes all the more necessary
to keep up the bushes to a fixed standard. In the
old days the loss of a maund of tea per acre did not
make much difference in the course of ten years,
because economy of expenditure kept pace with the
fall in prices; but now when economy cannot be
carried further, the loss of yield is a dead loss, which
cannot be replaced. The system of pruning must look
to the future welfare of the-bushes, They cannot
be strained now without fear of actual ruin.

I will propose a system, and will leave it for others
to improve on my suggestions, If it is true that each
time a bushis cut down it receives a shock which
reduces its vitality, it stands to reason that ‘‘cutting
down’”’ must be abolished. But it is a fact that each
branch of a tea bush sooner or later gets hide-bound
and covered with mosses, and ceases toyieid. There-
fore each branch must be cut out whenever it reaches
this stage. Ihave pointed out that the custom is to
allow the majority of the branches to grow too old,
and then cut them all out at once. This renders
the pruning simple and inexpensive. One man can
cut down 100 bushes, and the operation will last
for five to ten years, Whereas it will take one man to
cut out only old wood from 106 bushes, and this must
be repeated every second year. But in the first case
the bush is injured, andin the second it is actually
benefitted by the removal of old wood, Let it
be accepted then that no bush to be. cut
down all at once, but at stated periods old, use-
less wood must be removed carefully, and with dis«
crimination, Ifthisisdone the bushes will always
remain at their best, with due consideration of goil
exhaustion, Beyond the health of the bush there is
a very important consideration for Indian estates, ona
which gives Ceylon a distinct advantage over India,
and that is the

REGULATION OF SUPPLIES

to the market. The Editor of Indian Gardennig and .
fang made out a table of offerings to London in
900,

Packages, Excess Deficiency
Average over under
offerings, average, average,
India 135,026 100 142 125,478
Ceylon 107,443 55,116 40,492
Average of Variations,
India es 33,861 67,206
Ceylon 27,333 19,803

_ This shows at a glance that India has greater varias
tions, and I will propose a system of pruning, which
is certain to lessen the vaviationgs withous decreasing

the yield,

408

PRUNE ONLY HALF THE GARDEN.

Ceylon gardens prune at long intervals; they
always have the bulk of the garden unpruned at the
beginning of each year. The unpruned parts yield
well as soon as warm weather comes, but the Indian
gardens, having pruned all the bushes, have to wait
till April before the bushes yield well. ‘The maximum
yield is attained in September and October. ‘The
Indian offerings in 1900 were greatest in November,
235,168 chests, and least in June, 10,548 chests, The
Ceylon heaviest was in June, 162,562, and the least in
July 66,954. That means that Ceylon had the run
ofthe market in June, when Indians were practically
unobtainable. The remedy is, as stated above, to
prune only half the garden, the other half can either
be left entirely unpruned or merely tipped, an inch
or two only of growth being removed. ‘he unpruned
parts will give more leaffrom February to June, and
less from June to November, so that the total yield
will be the same but more evenly distributed over the

ear.

; I do not wish to claim too many advantages for
this system, but there is one more which I thiuk of
‘great importance, and that is allowing the sew wood
to grow for to years instead of one, It gets stronger
and will send out stronger shoots. ‘There is one
danger in not pruning a plot for two years, but I
do not know how it would affect the low lying
districts. Inthe second year after pruning the bushes
may die back in a severe drought. The new flush
will start from lower dow», leaving dead twigs above.
This will certainly affect the yield of the early part
of the season, but I doubt whether it would injure
the bush permanently, or even reduce the total yield
in that season.

Hach writer on pruning advocates the common-
sense system of clearing out old wood, and depre-
on the entire cutting down of the bushes. But in
practice the advantage of this system must be clearly
seen, and up to this time tbe advantage has been
hidden by the urgency of getting in the largest pos-
sible yield. The advantage of this system is, of
Course, not visible until it has been carried out for
several years, and the bushes have been proved to
remain in good condition, As a rule, the manager
of an estate cannot wait; he is forced by the proprie-
tors to gather in the largest possible crop with the least
possible expenditure. The systemI have proposed
would consist of three different sorts of pruning,
Fivsily, one-half the garden would be only light
tipped, and would cost very little; secondly, one half
the garden would be thoroughly pruned; thirdly, the
old wood should be cleaned out of (secondly) the
the pruned bushes, which are then open to inspec-
tion, ag they are quite bare of leaf or twigs. The
cost of these three operations should not be more
than that of an ordinary pruning of the whole garden.
But the value of the system cannot be proved for
ut year or so. I myself am convinced of the value
ef it, both in theory and in practice, but the
ardens [I work are in an isolated district, and the
onditions of climate are quite different from those
f the plains gardens, Chota Nagpur is 2,000 ft.
®levation, rainfall from 35 to 85 in. April, May, and
part of June are very hot and dry, and the bushes are
dormant at that time (if no rain has fallen) as well as
from December to March. We prune from May 1,
and get it done early in June, and we prune only half
the area. But besides the off time in the cold weather,
the pruned bushes take two months to start again, and
three months to getinto full yield. I argue that if
tea will stand the above treatment in such a severe
climate, the same treatment will be more beneficial
in better climates, But whatever system of pruning
ig adopted it is more than ever necessary to look to
the future welfare of the bushes, and to prevent them
from deteriorating for the fancied gain of the coming
season. | |

In the case of taking over an ill-used estate it might
pe best to cut the bushes below the surface level, and

“also po cut the poote,’ 89 that ¢hoxe may he reciprocal

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Dec. 2, 1961,

growth between the branches above and the roots
below. ye have dug up seedlings with their roots
/ entire, wand pi found that when the upper growth was
at rest’”’—2.c., Bangi, the roots were longer, but when
there was upper growth (v.¢., Pekoe Bud) the roots
were shorter. And so I conelude that “both” the
roots and branches mnst have periods of rest and
activity. Ifa bush is cut down, the roots cannot rest
until the upper growth stops. Bus if the or,ots are
gut off there will be a natural and reciprocal growdh
which should be beneficial, Having once cut down aee
renewed the bushes they should never again be sub-
jected to the trial. The fact that many bushes din
after being cut down proves that the trial is severe,
Ifanyone doubts whether the duennial pruning is of
any benefit, and not practicable, on account of droughts,
etc., etc., I recommend that praning at the end of
April should be tried. If half the garden shoald be
praned in December and half in May, this also would
equalise the yield of the year. We practise this safely
in Chota Nagpur, because the bushes are dormant in
May, andin Assam or Cachar they would be in vigorous
growth. There isan idea that it is harmful to prane
a plant when it is growing, but as the tea plant is
* leaf pruned” constantly, I doubt whether wood
pruning wouldinjure it. At the first glance this latter
plan appears absurd, because it gives two periods of
rest instead of one, but it is worth trying. The
systems of pruning will never be changed unless pro-
prictors recognise the damage done to their property
by cutting down, and pat an end to it once for all.
If cutting down is forbidden the Managers will find
the best system under the circumstances, and will
soon find that no deficiency in yield comes fron
letting the bushes remain at their fall gize perma-
nently.—TZea. ABOOKE.

eS

COPRA FROM ZANZIBAR.
MORE CARE WANTED.

We wonder why Zanzibar planters are so hope-
lessly apathetie and stupid. Produce is often
brought into town in a very disgraceful condition,
coprah especially being frequently offered for sale
in a half dried and almost rotten state, This is
either due to sheer laziness or else it is done deli-
berately because hait dried copra weighs more than
the properly prepared article, and the fact that the
loss in weight is more than compensated for by the
price on the quality is completely lost sizht of.
For this reason Zanzibar coprah ‘has lost much
ground on the Huropean markets of late years,
and were it not for the fact that our coprah yields
a very large percentage of oil, we would probably
be unable to hold our own in the face of the
keen competition of other countries.—Zanzibar
Gazette, October 23rd.

————

PROSPHROUS MALAY STATES,

Here are striking ‘ bits” trom Sir Frank
Swettenham’s latest Report on the ‘“‘Federated
Malay States” :—

The value of trade for the year 1900 reached nearly
a huadred million dollars or ten millions sterling.
In the twenty-six years during which the Malay States
have had the advantage of British advice and pro-
tection, the revenue has grown from about £100.000
to over £1,500,000. Over 250 miles of railway, 1,300
miles of cart-road and 1,400 miles of telegraph have
been constructed. Waterworks, wharves, hospitals
prisons, schools, and many other public buildings
have been constructed, while, at this moment, the
Government of Perak is engaged upon an important
scheme of irrigation which will benefit about 60,000
acres of land and cost about a million dollars, The
four States under British protection were federated
in 1896, their total revenve for that year being a little
gver eight million dollars, As some proof of th

t
;
%

Dac. 22, 1901.]

success of this step it is not a little remarkable that
in 1900 the revenue should have almost doubled, thus
securing in less than five years ag large a measure
of invrease as had been gained in the previous twenty
vears, About 500,000 tons of tin, worth over £40,000,000
sterling, have been exported during the last fifteen
years.
eq ee

A MANUAL OF THE NORTH CENTRAL
PROVINCE,

We have to welcome the appearance of
an excellent and handy manual of a
province before which perhaps there lies
the richest future in contrast with its recent
past of any in the island. We refer to the
*“*Manual of the North-Central Province,
Ceylon” compiled by the Hon. R W Tevers,
M.A., present Acting Colonial Secretary,
but who was formerly for nearly seven years
from May 7th 1886 to April 14th 1893,
Acting Government Agent of this province.
The book issues from the Government Press,
The preface explains the raison détre of the
work and we are glad to quote it in full :—

When Agent of the North-Central Province I
was directed by Government to prepare a Manual
of the Province, and the materials which I then
put together are now printed. I regret the in-
completeness of the work, and hope that my
successors may be able to bring it up to date ia
a later and more useful form [ have to ac-
knowledve obligations to many who have assisted
me with information, and especially to Mr H © P
Bell, Archeological Cominissivuer, who has helped
me in various way. R. W. ITEVERS.

Jatina, 1899.

We are not prepared to admit thatit con-
tains any serious omissions. The maps alone
—North-Centrai Province, Nuwarakalaviya,
and YTamankaduwa—are most valuable,
while the titles of the chapters—Physical
Features and Topography, Anciené History,
Modern History, Political History, Popula-
tion, Inhabitants, Climate, Health, Religion,
Oaths, and Ordeals, Revenue and its Collec-
tion, Irrigation, Agriculture, Food Supply
Roads, Archeology, Trees, Shrubs, &c.,
Beasts and Birds, List of Sinhalese words
used in a peculiar sense or used only in the
North-Central Province, and Forests,—quite
belie—superiicially, at least—any apology
for incompleteness. We notice Mr. fevers
quotes from White's Selborne: ‘* Every
Kingdom, every Province, should have its
own Monographer” and—following in the
footsteps of Sir A. C. Lawrie with the Central
Province—Mr. [fevers could hardly have been
surpassed as the chronicler of things as they
have been, and are, and might be, in the
North-Central. On a cursory glance we
have found this manual of 276 pages in every
way admirable and its translation into Sin-
halese, and even Tamil, should prove a
profitable as wellas most useful task for an
official.

Se

COOPER, COOPHR, & JOHNSON.
THE DAWN OF RECONSTRUCTION,

After months of delay owing to the fact that
a promised £10,000 was not forthcoming there
seems at last some chance of the reconstruction of
this business taking shape. It seems that there

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

409

are reaJiy to be two concerns, the retail shops being
separated from the plantation properties, Existing
shareholders will have an opportunity of taking
up the shares in the shops business, and it is satis-
factory to note that all debenture or other first
charges are to be got rid of. Of course the re-
organisation proposals will involve a wholesale
reduction in the capital, and shareholders will be
asked to contribute ls 6d per share, but this assesse
ment will be reissued in the shape of second de-
bentures, We await the full details with some
curiosity, and shall be glad to know that some-
thing has been saved from the wreck.—Jnvestors’
fieview, Nov. 2.
ee ee eee

THE’ GEOLOGY OF SOUTH-CENTRAL

CHYLON.

We direct attention to an_ interesting
paper by Mr John Parkinson, read before
the Geological Society, on the Geology
of South-Central Ceylon. Mr Parkinson
visited Nuwara Eliya, Hakgala, and other
popular places during a visit, with Mrs
Parkinson, last year—on their way round
the world. The ‘‘ notes” are published below.

NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY

SOUTH-CENTRAL CEYLON.

BY JOHN PARKINSON, ESQ., F.G.S.
I.—INTRODUCTION.

The following notes are the result of a tour of a
few weeks duration in the south-central parts of
Ceylon. The time spent in the island was brief,
aud the work was done-entirely upon inland sec-
tions; butin many places the exposures of rock are
good, especially along the lines of railway. Petro-
logical descriptions of Ceylon rocks are not wanting,
but details of their field-relations are few, and it is
hoped that the following paper may direct attention
to the interesting problems which are likely to
arise from sueh an investigation.

I!.—THE GNEISSOID GRANULITES.

(a) ON THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT RAILWAY
FROM RAMBUKKANA EASTWARD IN THE DIREC-
TION OF ALAGALA.—Leaving the station at Ram-
bukkana, and proceeding along the metals, we
walk over country which is flat, or nearly so, for
about half mile, when we come to asmall cutting.
Here is exposed a rather coarse™. granitic
rock with pinkish brown felspars up to ‘3
across. In about six yards this gives place to one
more finely graived, rather saccharoidal in appear-
ance, and speckled with patches of mica.

On the opposite side of the railway line the rock
is banded, but not in the clear even way which,
for instance, characterises the gneiss on the sonth
side of the St. Gotthard Pass. The darker, parts
are rich in hornblende and brown mica, and contain
little or no quartz. These bands often have a
wavy habit, as though torn, and sometimes small
black patches, like fragments of bands, appear
isolated in the.more granitic rock. Rather
frequently we find large felspars rounded in ont-
line, and an inch or more in diameter. In 25 to
30 yards a very hornblendic rock crops out,
followed in turn by one conspicrously banded. We
find next the hornblendic rock veined by the

OF

* Granite and granitic are used raerely as field
terms ; as will be seen, the structure of the rocks here
described is not that of a granite,

410 THE TROPICAL

granitic : some of the veins are only 5 inches across,
and frequently contain a fair proportion of the
darker minerals. ‘The hornblendic rock itself often
exhibits much felspar. Sometimes long lenticular
bands of the dark rock appear; at others ib is
represented merely by a few broken minerals.

A very fine section is exposed near the 54 bench-
mark, This shows in some places the rock
beautifully and wavily banded, the darker parts
varying somewhatin their proportions of horn-
blende and mica, and hence in colour. In places a
light-coloured vein cuts across an older banding
and yet seems to form an integral part of the rock ;
at ochers, the bands are disjointed and lie in frag-
ments in the lighter matrix as though broken,
while occasionally we find strongly-marked puckers.
The gigantic rock variesin texture, and some-
times for a foot or so, is almost free from dark
folia.

Thin sections show the dark rock to consist of a
mosaic of green hornblende-crystals, extremely
irregular in shape, and plagioclase, the former
predominating in quantity. Occasionally, rounded
grains of the hornblende are enclosed in the felspar.
Apatite is very plentiful, and small zircons are not
uncommon. ‘The section also contains a little
pleochroic augite with the characteristic colours
of hypersthene. The specific gravity of the rock
is 2.95, 4 1

The granitic rock, taken at a point where ib
possesses a minimum of hornblende or mica, is of
medium grain or rather pink in colour. A thin
section discloses microcline in considerable quan-
tity, some orthoclase with microperthitie inter-
growth, and a good deal of plagioclase. Quartz
is plentiful. In addition, the rock contains a few
irregular flakes of biotite, zireon, and iron-
oxide.

Specimens from the banded part of the same
mass are characterized by rather small horn-
blendes and micas, often with a few larger indi-
viduals of the former seattered through the rock,
The specific gravity of such a rock is 2-82. '

One possessing well-marked bands has a peculiar
though quite distinct foliation, making an angle
of about 45° to the direction ef the bands. Under
the microscope the rock is seen to consist of pla-
gioclase, orthoclase, quartz, green hornblende, a
little brown mica, zircon, and apatite : the darker
minerals predominating in certain parts. and,
together with less quartz than in the remainder
of the slide, constituting the banding. The pro-
portion of mica varies and in several instances
itis associated with hornblende in a way which
suggests very strongly its formation from that
mineral. Iron-ores are abundant: for the most
part they are probably ilmenite, together with
some pyrites. The rock shows no indication of
crushing and the foliation referred to above seems
probably due to afresh movement preceding final
consolidation, causing the mica-flakes to take
up a new position oblique to the plane of
banding.

(b) ON THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT RAILWAY :
WESTWARD FROM KADUGANNAWA.—-Along the
rai) way-line good but monotonous sections are ex-
posed, essentially resembling those just described,
The rock is both finely and coarsely banded, in
some places the granitic veins measure 4 inches
across, and although they frequently remain
straight for some distance, yet they often vary in
thickness, thinning out, then swelling. Occasion-
ally the rock is gnarled, but this is not charac-
teristic ; while not frequently the veins, by inter-

AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. 2, 1901.

secting, produce an appearance of brecciation. This
seems incompatible with any theory which would
impute the banded structure to crush. A little
farther west the ruck, banded in its lower part,
has a much more brecciated look in its upper.
Lhe whiter veins seem partly to enclose lenticular
masses of thedarker rock, and, in a few cases, to

form a rather high angle with the underlying
bands. Jn onecase a long band of the darker

rock, containing one or two small white bands, has
been broken in two (lig. 3), so that probably the
granitic rock is not all quite of the same age (lig.
4). Some coarse felspar-veins are certainly
younger than the granitic rock which constitutes
the more regular bands,

The cross-cutting granite-vein of fig. 4 is fine-
grained and white in the hand-specimen, thereby
differing from the granite described on p. 199. A
thin slice exhibits Jarge and very irregular grains
of quartz, orthoclase in considerable quautity,
microcline rare or absent, plagioclase, and a few
greenish flakes of mica. The rock has a granulitie
structure, the quartz usually penetrating tke fels-
par, orin some places forming quartz vermicule.
Its specilie gravity is 2°62.

A dark band (specifie gravity 3°28) in the banded
rock below Kadugannawa shows in a thin section

much pale green augite, altering to darker
green hornblende. A brown mica is_ pre-
sent, often presenting the appearance of a

further product of alteration, but at others seem-
ingly independent andin well-formed flakes with
a distinct orientation. The rest of the slide
consists of pyriteswith some magnetite, untwinned
felspar (no6 very plentiful), perhaps a little
dolomite, and apatite.

A thin section, from a well-banded specimen
from thesame cutting, exhibits both in constituent
minerals and in structure a great resemblance to
those already described in § (a). In the lighter
bands theon!y ferro-magnesian mineral isa mica; the
remainder consists of grains of quartz, plagioclase,
and some orthoclase. The extinction of the
plagioclase symmetrically with regard to the trace
of the composition-plane varies from 7 dg. to 9 dg.
The darker parts of the slide are distinguished
by large plates of green hornblende and a quantity
of brown mica. The two minerals are intimately
connected the one with the other ; in one instance
the mica seems to be an alteration-product of the
hornblende. The constituent grains of the light
and dark parts interlock, and there is nothing
approaching to a sharply defined line of contact.
Quartz is less plentiful in the darker parts, a few
grains of an apatite-like mineral occur, and an
occasional crystal of zircon. There is very little
quartz vermicule, but no microperthite.

In the cutting just below Kadugannawa (that is,
on the west) the banded rock becomes strikingly
garnetiferous. The garnets favour the dark parts
in their distribution, but occur also in the lighter.
One or two are of the size of a very small pea,
but this is exceptional. A typical specimen is
dark and micaceous, markedly foliated, slabby in
fracture, and crowded with small garnets, about
‘025 inch in diameter. A thin section shows that
hornblende is entirely absent, its place being taken
by the garnets. These are irregular in shape,
rather cracked, and may be either pyrope or alman-
dine.* Occasionally we find mica-flakes embedded
in the garnet. The plagioclase gives symmetrical

* M Lacroix refers the garnet to almandine, Bull,
Soc, min, France, vol, xii (1889) pp. 288, 306, etc.

Dec. 2, 1901.) THE TROPICAL

extinctions from 18 dg.—18 deg. to 22 dg.—22 dg.

A thin sectionhas been cut from a specimen taken
near the small wayside station of Balana, on the
Colombo side of Kadugannawa. Here the darker
rock is in excess, but the white bands are still
clearly seen in places. Under the microscope we
see it to be closely related to the series already
described. It contains a considerable quantity
of hornblende and mica ia approximately equal
proportions.

A thin section has been cut from a very similar
rock cropping out on the path to Lanka Tileka
near Kandy. It is a black and white speckied,
rock, the white constituents being granular and
saccharoidal. Under the miseroscope the resem-
blance to the Balana rock is very great: the fer-
rumagnesian silicates are somewhat less strongly

eveloped, but iron-ores are not uncommon.

(c) RAILWAY TO THE NORTH OF MAHAIYAWA

ANDY).—A well-preserved banded rock is found
K the north of Mahaiyawa. It sometimes con-
Sins quartz-grains of considerable size and,
tacaily, garnet. Not far from this is a small
Onarry near the railway, excavated in a grey bio-
ite-gneiss, streaked rather regularly by a red

oarse granite, which occasionally contains large
black mica plates. The rock is often very coarse,
and exhibits big eye-shaped telspars such as were
seen near Rambukkana. The bands which this
granite forms run parallel with the general folia-
tion, and from. the field-evidence seem clearly to
be an integral part of it. A slide cut from a fairly
coarse specimen of the granite shows that 1t is
essentially the same rock as that which forms
the lighter-coloured part in the cuttings near
Rambukkana (p. 199). Both rocks are character-
ized by microcline and microperthite, and by

the presence of large, very irreguiar quartz-
grains, while the ferromagnesian silicates are

represented in both by a few flakes of mica, A
thin section taken from a specimen showing the
banding of this rock with the Liotvite-eneiss,
demonstrates that no Jine of demarcation can be
drawn bstween the two varieties, that is, that
whole must have solidified at the sametime. The
darker part, that called biotite-gneiss, consists of
an interlocking masaic of quartz and felspar,
with orthoclase and plagioclase. <A little mucro-
cline is found, and one or two grains of ortho-
clase contain microperthite. Biotite with a slight
foliation is the sole ferro-magnesian silicate, and
possesses the same characters as before. The
specimen is almost identical with one from near
Rambukkana.

A little farther north we come to a very siabby,
rather fine-grained, and uniform pinkish ‘ granite,’
the planes of parting being determined by mica-
flakes. This ‘ granite’ forms the greater part of the
cutting, but the gneiss also appears, and specimens
were taken showing the junction of the two. A
thin section proves a perfect gradation between
the two rocks and both are characterized by the
same type of structure.

The pink rock contains no ferromagnesian sili-
cate at all (except the black mica just referred to),
and is distinguished by a quantity of orthoclase
with microverthitic intergrowth, though the
mineral does occur without it, and a little
plagioclase. The rest of this rock consists of quartz
in small and very irregular grains, which fre-
quently occur as inclusions in the feispar and
vice versa. The other part of tie slide (that is,
the gneiss) contains orthoclase without a micro-

AGRICULTURIST. 411

perthitic intergrowth, large and very irregular
quartzes, some plagioclase, and no mirerocline in
addition, we finda few flakes of mica. In passing
from the pinker rock to that just described the
first sign of change is the appearance of the larger
grains of quartz, and then the gradual disappear.
ance of the microperthitic strneture. It seems
clear that the pinkish ‘ granite’ is a fine-grained
representative of the coarse roek which ‘streaks
the biotite-gneiss in the smail quarry above des-
eribed, :

The rocks of _Kadugannawa, Rambukkana, and
Mahaiyawa are usually well foliated, and com-
monly banded, The dark bands are characterised
by green hornblende in varying quantity, and the
association with this of a brown mica, Garnets
are found locally. Field-evidence shows that the
inter-relationship of the light and dark bands may
be best explained by the streaking together of the
component parts of a magma which had undergone
differentiation, and that occasionally this provess
was carried to a rather unusual extent.

Ill, CONTACT oF LIMESTONE AND PYROXENE-
s GRANULITE.,

Railway between Matale and Ukuwela.—On

leaving Matale Station we see, first, a few

* outcrops of white crystalline limestone, followed

and overlain by hard red soil. This exhibits a
number of smail ferruginous concretions, . which
are, however merely the outcome of a weathered
condition, for internally it is mottled red and
yellow, audis apparently an argillaceous soil rich
in iron.

In a short distance we come to a level crossing
and on the leté hand side or the track a small
section is disclosed by the railway-cutting. The
dominant rock is a eryséalline limestone, but in
this, and looking like an approximately horizontal
dye, is a fine-grained rock rather saccharoidal
on afractared surface, but with a greasy lustre
This very closely resembles the pyroxene-
granulites exposedon the road to Hakgala from
Nuwara Eliya (see p. 207), This rock which I
will cali ‘ the Band,’ in order not to prejudge the
question of its intrusive nature, is about 4 inches
thick at the only place whereits upper and lower
surfaces are seen. It can be traced for about 5
yards, the base nob been seen ; and in one place it
forks, and partly includes a mass of limestone
about a yard square.

After this exposure, we find a good cutting of
well-crystalized limestone (specific eravity 2°36)
followed by another of red rock similar to that
seen before, butless concretionary on the weathered
surface. This is succeeded in turn by limestone
and again by the red soil, which must be a kind
of laterite. y

Thin sections from the ‘ Band’ and limestone will
now be described. Inaslide cut from a specimen
of the former (specific gravity=2°96) the dominant
mineral is a pleochroie augite. In an orthopina-
coidal section the colour for vibrations normal to
the prismatic cleaveage is a pale pink with a
slight tinge of crimson; at right angles a pale
rather bluish, green. The pleochroism thus closel ,
resmbles that of hypersthene. The nolarinntige:
tints are brilliant, rather recalling those of olivine
Occasionally this augite is of a medium shade of
sage-green, non-pleochroic or but feebly so, and
probably merely a variety, Mixed in with this
augite area few irregular grains of pale red garnet
which are abseat in a second slide. The atite is
altering to brown hornblende, pleochroism of ‘which

412

ranges from a yellow to a red-brown. There are
also afew grains of pyrites. Brown mica o¢eurs
in other specimens. Thesedarker minerals consti-
tube the greater part of the rock. The rest of the
slide is made up of clear and colourless plagio-
clase, with well-marked twins and extinetion-
angles of 14 dg. to 17 dg. (agreeing with oligo-
clase) on either side of the trace of the plane of
composition.

A thin section, cut from a snecimen showing
the contach between the ‘ BanV and the mass of
limestone which appears to be ineluded in it,
exhibits points of interest. The aspect of the
‘Band’ is greatly altered. It is fine grained,
rather pink ia colour, and discloses no distinetive
minerals when examined by the naked eye. The
lime stone is notso coarse as in the cutting nearer
Ukuwela, bat is crowded with green inalacolites.
At the janction exists a line of dark minerals.
Under the microscope the ‘Band’ is represented
by a fine-grained aggregate of calcite and malacolite,
the latter preponderating, the former interstitial.
The smaller grains of malacolite are full of in-
clusions, perhaps of a carbonate. The limestoen
consists of plates of dolomitie ecalcite,* and is
exceptionally rich in malacolite, thus resembling
the rock on the other side of the junction,
except that the carbonates predominate over
the malacolite, and the wholeis coarser. The last-
named mineral becomes more plentiful as we ap-
proach the boundary, aud is also serpentinized along
cracks and edges; while near the junction many
grains are coaverted into yellow and green ser-
peatine. The line of demarcation between the
two rock3 cousists of greenish and yellow serpen-
tine, whithout definite forn aad showing but few
traces of its origin from malacolite.

A second eontact-section, cut from another speci-
men a couple of yards or so away, unfortunately
gives but little information about the composition
of the ‘ Band’ near the juaction, We find the
same serpentinized zone ; and the line of demarea-
tion between the two rocks is not strongly marked,
so that it is difficult to say where one begins and
the other ends. This section is, however, note-
worthy for the grains of spinel embedded in the
serpentine-zone. There is some iron-oxide, possibly
of the nature of a residue, and a few small flakes
of reddish-brown miea, almost colourless for viora-
tions norma! to the basal plane. The spinel is of
a dull sage-green, considerably cracked, and occurs
in rounded subangular grains up to ‘025 inch in
diameter.

Perhaps some monticellite may be present, as
well as malacolite. The limestone 12 inches from
the junction contains abuaodant grains of mala-
colite, fresh and not serpentinized, and a few
plates of siighty-coloured augite. ‘The dolomitie
caleite here and in the cuttings to the south
often has a vermiculated structure, owing
to the presence of threads of a colourless mineral
with an exceedingly low index of refraction and
apparently no action on polarized light.t Very
rarely we find a few flakes of yellow-brown
mica, and still less frequently a grain ofspinel.

* The rock effervesces sharply with cold hydroch-
loric acid. See Bull. So¢, Min. Wrance, vol. xii (1889)
p. 336, where the presence of both calcite and dolomite
are recorded by M, Lacroix.

+ An identical strueture is described and figured by
M: Lacroix in the dolomite of these rocks; see Bull.
Soc, Min, France, vol. xii (1889) pp 337-38 and fig, 60.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Drc. 2, 1901.

Prisms of pale blue apatite are common, ranging
up to ‘O07 inch in length When detached eatirely
from the ruck and examined in polarized light
we find them to be strongly dichroic (pale blue
to pale claret-red).*

A specimen of the ‘ Band’ distinguished by the
presence of large brown plates of mica, 1 to 14
inches across, deserves a few words. The rock is
much lighter in colour than normal specimens.
A thin section shows that there are three primary
minerals and one secondary—the former are mala-
colite, mica, and spinel, the last named brownish
hornblende. This replaces the malacolite coin-
Pletely in many places t. It is yellowish-browa
for vibrations parallel to the prismatic cleavage,
and possesses a fairly strong absorption. The
mica includes plates of the hornblende, and ex-
tends its irregular edges amongst the hornblende-
erystals. It is browaish-red for vibratious parallel
to the basal plane, and pale straw at right
angles to this direction. The mica also encloses
small grains of green spinel, which make only the
faintesé attempt at an idiomorphic outline. The
same mineral occurs embedded in the malacolite,
and occasionally forms conspicuous agszregates
which measure ‘1 inch across. The malacolite-
grains are closely packed together, cracked, and
rather stained. Very commonly the hornblende
and mica contain a large number of small roundel
greenish inclusions, with a high refractive index
They are so minute that their double refraction
eaanot be safely estimated, bat it seems that
a regular gradation can be traced from them to
indubitable grains of spinel, and it may b inferred
that they are that mineral.

The laterite-exposures found alternating with
those of the limestone must originally have been
represented by-a crystalline rock of some such
type as that describel from the west of Kandy
ovr from the neighbourhood of Bandarawella. +
Accordingly we fiad the less difficulty in corre-
lating the small rock-mass termed the ‘ Band’
with those between Nuwara Eliya and Hakegala,
which it closely resembles. The presence of
crystalline limestone above and below this ‘ Band’
and the way in which it partially encloses a mas3
of the former are unaccountable by any explana-
tion other than that of intrusion.

IV. HORNBLENDH AND PYROXENE-GRANULITES.

(a) THe NEIGHBOURHOOD Of BANDARAWBL-
LA.—In the quarry on the hillside above the
station we find a garnet-bearing hornblende-
felspar-quartz rock with a very granulitie struc-
ture (specificgravity=2 76). [tis oftea well banded,

*See A. K. Coomara-Swamy Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soe. vol. lvi (1909) p 600: Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min.
France, vol. xii (1889) p. 339; aud C. Barrington
Browo and J, W. Judd, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, vol.
clxxxvli (1896) A, p. 212.

+ Some iron must be present
mineral.

in the original

{ Decomposition zn sitw seems to be the true ex-
planation of the formation of this type of soil in
Ceylon.

gI am of opinion that tbe peculiar mineralogical
composition of the two rocks described above, namely,
the representative of the ‘Band’ at the junction with
the limestone, and the malacolite-mica-spinel rock,

may be best accounted for on the hyhothesis that.

local incorporation of the limestone accompanied the
jntrusion, é

Duc. 2, 1901.; THE TROPICAL

the more telspathie containing much quartz, but
frequently such parts, instead of forming bands,
occur as patches coarser than the rest. The felspar
is greenish, which gives the rocks a rather dark
appearance, and, by the aid of the quartz, a greasy
lustre., Oceasionally we find large eye-shaped
felspars abont 1:5 inch in length. A_ typical
specimen is a finely-banded rock, the darker parts
being composed of garnet, magnetite, and horn-
biende, These bands vary in breadth from about
‘l inch to mere lines. To these three consti-
tuents the microscope adds a mineral, which I
think is apatite. The magnetite is often embedded
in the garnet; its outlines are irregular or
sinuous. An angle or a side of the garnet is
often finished off by hornblende, and flakes of
the latter frequently connect small outlying grains
of the former. A few crystals of zircon are
present. Quartz is abundant, and occurs in the
usual elongated grains, which occasionally divide
and ramify among the other constituents. The
felspar is, for the most part, orthoclase with
microperthitic inter-growth ; but a little plagio-
clase is found.

In some specimens the garnetiferous parts of
the rock are represented by a short band, about
*4 inch broad, composed almost entirely of garnet,
while in other places the mineral is aggregated
into patches.

A specimen collected at the station before
Bandarawella is essentially the same as the
banded rock of the quarry above described. It is
compact and greenish in colour, slightly banded,
and with a greasy lustre. The irregular outlines of
the garnet and their association with green
hornblende, magnetite, and the apatite-like
mineral, merely repeat the characters of the
Bandarawella rock. A very few flakes of brown
mica are found. The largest garnet is about 0°10
inch in diameter.

Similar rocks are met with by the new road
which runs aiong the side of the hill above
Bandarawella village. The numerous cuttings
usually show the common sandy soil, which seems
certainly to result trom the disintegration in sitw
ot the gneiss, The bands which characterized that
rock are still clearly visible, and even the remains
of the garnets can be seen as reddish spots. A
few small quarries and road-cuttings show a
little variation in the character of the rock.
Sometimes no garnets at all appear, and the rock
is uniform when seen from a distance. Fre-
quently, however, closer inspection reveals the
presence of a few dark bands (specific gravify=
3:16). Such and one possessed green hornblende
as its dominant constituent, while a pleochroic
augite was common, and biotite not rare. The
rest of the slide was composed of plagioclase, as
usual quite translucent.

A thin section cut from a banded rock near
here showed that, asin all instances met with of
banded rock in Ceylon, no line of demarcation
could be drawn between the dark and light por-
tions of the slide, The darker parts contain
hornblende and pleochroic augite; and more
sparingly, magnetite. brown mica, and garnet in
order of frequency. The greater part of the horn-
blende is an alteration-product from the augite.
The remainder of the specimen is a light greenish
rock containing large quartz.crystals, but as a
whole much finer in grain than those from the
Station Quarry at Bandarawellas Some red
garnets about °03 inch in diameter catch the eye,
aad also a few flakes of mica,

AGRICULTURIST. 413

(b) RoADFRoM NuwARa ELIYA TO HAKGALA
—In the quarry at theend of thelake at Nuwara
Hliya oceurs a dark greenish rock, with greasy
lustre and some variation in degree of coarseness.
Felspar is present in considerable quantity, and
also conspicuous elongated grains of quartz.

A specimen, less finely grained than usual, has
been sliced for examination. The ferromagnesian
silicates (both biotite and horn-blende) are in-
conspicuous. The two constituents which build
up the greater partof the rock are quartz and
orthoclase with microperthitic structure. Someof
the felspars measure ‘4 inch across. The quartz
is occasionally micropegmatitic, and accessory
minerals are plagioclase zircon, pyrites, and (?)
apatite.

Cropping out by the side of the road to Hakgala,
close to the quarry just mentioned, is a garnet-
bearing rock closely related to the above, but
more finely-grained and richer in the ferromag-
nesian silicates (specific gravity=3'1l). A little
farther on, in a quarry on the left bank of the
stream, the rock of the Nuwara Eliya quarry
appears, The rock is traversed by coarser quartz-
felspar veins, essentially the same as the coarse
patches from the Nuwara Eliya quarry, and in
these rather large flakes of mica are scattered.
Occasionally the mica-flakes have a distinct orien-
tation.

A small exposure above and to the right of the
road consists of a banded garnetiferous gneiss,
containing some quantity of pink felspar and a
good deal of quartz A vein or band of pink
felspar aud quartz, recalling the pinker parts of
the gneiss (from which indeed itcannot be separa-
ted),traverses the rock ronghly paratlel to its
foliation, It measures about three inches across,
and contains patehes of mica. No hard-and-fase¢
line as of a contact can be drawn between the, two.

About 230 paces down the road we find the
compact greenish rock of the Nuwara Eliya quarry
(specilic gravity =2°66). Its sections prove that
this type is identical with the pinkish banded
gneiss, in spite of the rather striking difference of
colour : hence therecan be, I think, no doubt that
they form one group.

A well-bauded rock erops out about 4 mile
below the entrance to Hakgala Gardens. The
more felspathic partis compact greenish-yellow,
of uniform texture, of specific gravity 2°59,
and contains a pyroxene and afew inconspicuous
red garnets. ‘rhe pyroxene.is monoclinic and
pleochroie, but the pink colony which distinguishes
this mineral elsewhere is almost imperceptible,
The rest of the section consists of an aggregate of
quartz orthoclase (microperthite and microcline
absent) and plagioclase (extinction 7°), and afew
grains of zircon,

(c) Ontya.—The recks of the railway cutting
between Ohiya and the aseent to Horton Plaing
are identical with those of Nuwara Eliya and the
road to Hakgala, so that aguetailed descriptionh is
unnecessary.

Taken as agroup, these rocks are distinguished,
with a few exceptions, by a greenish
colour accompanied by a greasy lustre, and
usually by the presence of garnets. These
garnets are associated with hornblende,
a pleochroic pyroxene, magnetite, and
frequently biotite. Irregular grains of quartz are
common. There can be, I think, no doubt that
these rocks are closely related to those of § Th,

Pr 202

414

Mr TH Holland,* in a most valuable memoir,
describes ‘a group of Archzean Hypersthenie
Rocks in Peninsular India’ under the name of
the Charnockite Series, and states that members
of i6 occur in Ceylon. Some stress is laid by Mr
Holland on the presence of the rhombic pyroxene.
So tar as my work goes, it tends to show that
hypersthene is not distinctive of the Ceylon rocks.
Ihave not, in fact, found theindubitable mineral
at all (though it has been recorded by Mr A K
Coomara-Swamy), but a monoclinic pyroxene with
the pleochroisom of bypersthene does occur.

The preceding observations show that the
series of igneous rocks studied are closely related
one to the other, and have arisen through the
variacion of a single magma. This variation, in
places, has resulted in a well-marked differentia-
tion into acid and basie parts which, by subsequent
intermingling, have produced a banded gneiss.
Further the evidence brought forward indicates
that these rocks are younger than the crystalline
limestone and are intrusive into it.

In conclusion, I wish to express my indebted-
ness to Prof. Bonney, DSc F RS, for valuable
suggestions and help during the preparation of
this paper.

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

On the subject of ‘Teas of Low Grade” the
@roeer, says: ‘‘* Keep your tea customers together,’
an old grocer used to say, ‘and other goods will
virtually sell themselves. People who come to buy
good tea,’ he would add brightly, ‘ stop to buy other
things, and the net all-round profit is satisfactory.’
Many grocers are now acting on that advice, and are
working energetically to keep their tea customers
together. Moral suasion, taking the form perhaps of
a little personal homily, is not a neglected method.
_ It tickles the ears of consumers, so to speak;

whilst in numerous cases printer’s ink is largely
employed. During the winter season a number of
persons drink more tea; consequently they become,
in a sense, more important to their grocer, and, like a
wise man, he is handling them accordingly, He keeps
in touch with them, telling them what is good, giving
small samples and excellent advice. One of our
subscribers, addressing his tea patrons, states that
*recent exhaustive experiments by an eminent physi-
cian have demonstrated the value of pure, high-class
tea asastimulant and dietetic... , Many low-class and
adulterated mixtures of so-called teas are placed on
the market by large advertising firms, and it behoves
every householder to view with considerable suspicion
brands retailed at prices which, with the cost entailed
in advertising them, render it impossible to give any-
thing like value for money.’ It is also pointed out
that teas of low grade ‘ contain an excess of tannin
and other ingredients injurions to the nerves and irri-
tating to the alimentary canal.’ Harping on the same
theme whilst eager to keep their tea customers to-
gether and attract ifresh buyers, another firm of
grocers describe how they have established a reputation
for the sale of good tea. ‘ We watch,’ they write, ‘what
other people are doing; we personally sample
all the advertised and unadvertised teas in the town,
and do not rest until we have beaten or at least
equalled them ; thusour blends are the concentra-
tion of years of study and skill.’ It will be perceived
that, so far astea is concerned, the education of con-
sumers is now taken in hand with some degree
of confidence; and we are glad to notice that
they are being warned off low-grade stuff,
That article does not give much satisfaction to the
buyer ; itis not really economical in use since it does

* Men, Geol, Bury. India, vol, xxvili (1900) p. 119,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Dec. 2, 1901.

s

not ‘go fav’ whilst retailers get little profit or credit
from the sale of an inferior commodity. Their
present action by way of pushing finer qualities, is
worthy of hearty commendation. It is pretty sure to
be successful in the long run,”

efforts have lately been made and with
snccess, to improve the condition of the tea market
by restricting production in India and Ceylon,
there is apparently the prospect that tea cultiva-
tion in Natal will tend to expand. In the latest
report of the Commissioner for Agriculture in Natal
it is estimated that the yield for the year ended
June 30 last was (1,600,000 lb. in contrast with
1,300,000 lb. in the preceding twelve months and
1,000,000 lb. in 1899. Something like 500 acres more
land have been plantedin tea in the Colony since
1899, and it is expected that within two years the
yield will reach 2,000,000 lb, while the hope is
expressed that it will shortly be increased so much
as to supply the whole requirements of South Africa.
—H & C Wail, Noy. 1,

ee
CULTIVATION OF THE OYSTER-
SHELL,

Geraldton, Nov, 6.—Some years ago, at the
instance of Messrs. Broadhurst, M‘Neill and Co ;
the Government of the day sent Mr Saville-Kent
to inspect the waters of the Abrolios with a
view to the cultivation there of the Nor’-West
coast variety of mother.o’-pear! shell. This expert
reported in favour of the experiment, and some of
the Nor’-West pearl oysters were deposited in the
shoal waters of the Pelsart lagoon. Mr. Broad-
hurst, while recently visiting the islands, had as
company the Rev. P U Henn, who was collecting
conchological specimens for the Sydney Museum.
This gentleman picked up a young live m.-0.p.
shell, and Mr. Broadhurst sent the spectinen away
for expert examination and it has been pronounced,
true Nor’-West shell, ‘‘ Meleagrina margaritiferae,
and identical with those planted by Mr. Saville-
Kent. There are doubtless many others three
by this time, and the above discovery tends to show
that the Nor’-West shell will thrive in the
Abrolhos waters.—Perth (W A) Herald.

PLANTING NOTES.

THE CLOVE Crop .atT Pmpa.—News from
Pemba states that the clove crop which pro-
mised to be a very good one this year, is practi-
eally at an end, there being nothing left on the
trees. The Labour Bureau which was established
by the Zanzibar Government a few months ago
has rendered great services to the Sister Island
where Mr. Commissioner Farler who had charge
of the movement at Chaki-Chake has been able
to help many a planter to colleet cloves which
otherwise might have been lost.—The Gazette
Oct. 30, ;

PRUVIAN RUBBR SYND, Lp. (71,664).—Reod.—
Oct, 23, with capital £1,500 in £1 shares to acquire
any estates, lands, plantations, premises, ete., in
Peru or any part of the world, and to carry on the
business of cultivators, collectors, and manufae-
turers of and dealers in India rubber, gums, coffee
cocoa, rice, grain, tobacco, spirits, gold, silver,
copper, tin, timber, wood, hides, skins, ivory, ete.
No initial publicissue. Registered without arts of
a rocia ond by Ae Brothers and Layton, Ld,

irchin Lane, —Invesiors Guardi
Noy, as aia

Dre. 2, 1901. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 415

TO) ALG PARTS OF ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA A

Products.

Hevea Brasiliensis.—Orders being booked for the coming crop, August-September delivery

1901 : bookins necessary before the end of April ; quantities of 100,000 and over at special low rates,

“Plants available allthe year round. 100,000 and over at special low rates, A leading Rubber planter in

‘Sumatra, who purchased 50,000 seeds in 1899, and 100,000 in 1900, writes us, under date 15th November,,

*1906:—“ I received your letter of 20th October, from which I iearn that you added another case of 5,000

tseeds to replace the loss, &e. Iam satislied hereby, and even after this adding I am satisfied by the whole
delivery: of this year.”

Castilloa Elastica.—True superior variety enltivated in Mexico, seeds from specially reserved!
rold.antapped trees. Orders bookel for August-September delivery, 1901, booking necessary before the
rendof March ; larce quantities on special terms ; Plants in Wardian cases.

Manizot Giaziovii.—Sce’s and Plants available all the year round, 100,000 and over af
ispecial low rates. A Mexican planter, in sending an order for this seed, wrote on the 22nd August, 1900:—
€Ifthey arrive fresh and germinate easily I may send you larger orders, as they are for high ground!
>where:the Castilloa does not thrive.”

Kickxia Elastica.—(funtumia Elastica).--Seeds and Plants, orders booked. (Lagos rubber.)

Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available in May-June ; booking necessary before the end of March;

also plants.

Urceola Esculenta and U. Elastica.—Same as above. (Burma rubber.)

Parameria Glandulifera.—Orders booked for seeds for January-Vebruary delivery ; also plants;
Smmediate booking necessary. (A good rubber creeper of Malacca.)

Landolphia Kirkii.—Seeds in July-August, early booking necessary. Plants can be supplied
all the year round. (A highly-recommended species. )

Chonemorpha Macrophylia.—Sceds and Plants; orders booked. (A very valuable rubber-
syieldinz creeper.)

Memusops Gicbosa and Payena Leerii.—Seeds and plants in July-August, booking
necessary beforeApri).

Achras Sapota, Willughbeia Firma, W. Edulis and other Rubber and Gutta Percha
yielding Trees and Creepers, Seeds and Plants.

Cinnamomum Zeyianicum (Cinnamon superior variety), New crop of seed in April to June,
‘booking necessary before the end of February ; also plants. q

Coffea Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragogipe Hybrid.—New crop March-April ;
immediate booking necessary.

Cinchona Ledggeriana.—Seeds now ready, also other varieties,

Seeds and Piamts of Nutmeg, Clove, Sandalwood (white and red), Pepper, Cardamom,
Wanilla, Cacao, Tea, Coca, Fibre, Medicinal and Fruit Trees, Shade and Timber Trees, Eucalyptus
‘various varieties, also Palms, Bulbs, Orchids, &e.

Our enlarged Descriptive Price List of Tropical Seeds and Plants of Commercial Products of
®oreign countries for 1901-1902, now being prepared, and will be ready in a few months.

“Sourm Arrica.”—The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says :—
‘ An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the Hast. It is issued by WILLIAM BROTHERS, Tropical
Seed Merchants, of Heuaratgoda, Ceylon, and schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will
thrive in tropical.and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do good business, for now
thatthe great Powers have grabbed all the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove that
‘they wereworth the grabbling. We recommend the creat Powers and Concessionaries under them to go
to William Brothers,”

Price List of Seeds and Plants for CHYLON use, post free, on application.

Oar new Descriptive Price Lists of Seeds of Shade Trees for Cofiee, Cacao, Tea, Cardamoms &c.,
Timber Trees, Trees for Avenues, Hedges, Wind and Shelter Belts, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and
Climbing Piants; and Seeds and Plants of Palms, Calamus, Pandanus, Cyeads, Tree and other Ferns,
‘Crotons, Orchids, Bulbs, Dracenas, now being prepared, and will be teady shortly.

Special Arrangements made with foreiga Governments, Botanical and Agricultural Depart.
ments, Planters and others for supplying seeds aud plants of Commercial Products in large quantities,

eno arin

Agenis in London :—Mussrs. P. W. WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street,
Agent in Columbo, Cceylon:—H. B. CREASY, Esq.
Telegraphic Addvess : J. P. WILLIAM & BROTHERS,

WILLIAM, VEuYANGODA, C5YLON. Lrowcal Seed iverchants,
Lieber’s, A.I. and A.B.C. Codes used- FIENARATGODA, CEYLON,
52

416

THE TEAK TRADE OF NORTHERN

SIAM,

The British capital invested in the teak forests of
Northern Siam is about two millions steiling, and
three-fifths of the total teak trade of tie country
is in British hands, the bulk of the remainder
belonging to Chinese and Siamese. British for-
esters and British companies were the pioneers of
the trade, and those now concerned in it have lately
been caused some anxiety by a change in the old
conditions and the concentration of the forest ad-
ministration as well as the establishment of new
rules by the authorities at Bangkok, There are
two main channels for the trade one down the
Salwin to Moulmein, the other by the Me-nam and
its tributaries to Bangkok. The timber floated
down by the former, where the rains are plentiful
and the valley deep, reaches its desti-
nation in a month or two; by the Me-naim Valley
the time taken is often more thana year. Never-
theless, the trade by the Salwin, according to the
last report of the British Consul at Chieng-mai
(Zimmé), has steadily decreased in the last three
years, probably because of the indiscriminate
felling of the Burmese and Shan foresters prior to
the new leases of 1897, since which time the work
of extraction has been restricted and controlled by
the leases, as well as by a British firm which finan-
ces the foresters. This firm has spent a large sum
in making the new arrangements, and the increased
inaccessibility of the timber causes a large and
permanent outlay, sothat some years must elapse
before the returns will be commensurate with the
outlay. On the Me-nam side there was a large and
well-uistributed rainfall, which floated out of the
streams a large number of logs (as the stripped
%runks are called), which had accumulated for
years awaiting a favourable floating season, so
that 120,000 full-sized logs, valued at about £3 a
log, reacked Bangkok, the largest number in any
previous year having been 73,000 in 1893. These
logs having thus got beyond the boundaries of

the forests, escaped confiscation under the provi- ©

sion that timber !ying within the boundaries on
the expiration of the lease becomes the Jessor’s
property, and this gave great relief to the British
companies and traders engaged in the staple in-
dustry of Northern Siam, who would otherwise have
suffered heavy losses. But, on the whole, under
the new leases and the new regulations for forest
conservancy, the Consul’s opinion is that it the
reoulations are enforced with impartiality against
all concerned, ‘‘ British foresters and traders are
entitled to anticipate, if not the same profits as
heretofore, at least a maintenance in the future of
the same proportion of the teak trade in their
bands as in the past.” Last year the value of the
teak sent down the Salwin to Burma was over

£75,000, that sent down the Me-nam and its
tributaries about £350,000.—London Z%mes,
Oct, 25.

See eementeeneaenteneme -copmmeemmeeneamemnmmtanaal

PLUMBAGO IN TRAVANCORE.

“6 writes as follows in Capital :—

In a recent order of the Madras -Government
reviewing the Administration Report of the
Travancore State for 1899-1900, 2 three-line refer-
ence is all thatis made to the important plum-
bago industry which has been introduced into the
country, mines being for some time past in excel-
Jent working at Vellanad, a place about 15 miles

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Dac, 2, 1901.

from Trevandrum. They have timbered shafts
underground, are worked by Cornish miners, and
turn out more than a hundred tons of plumbago
each month. Last year, 1,609 tons were shipped

Europe. At present the main disadvantage is
with ,egard to the existing arrangements for
shipping. Shipperz, including those of plumbago,
have frequently to send their goods a bundred and
forty miles to Cochin for shipment. This is
certainly alamentable state of affairs. Recently,
the facilities which Quilon offers for the consteuc-
tion of a harbour have been ventilated, and the
Travancore Durbar might do worse than examine
the question seriously. We believe that the
plumbago industry in Sravancore has now emerged

_ from the experimental stage and is justifying the

enterprise of its promoters. ‘The existence of the
mineral in the country was established long azo
by the late General Cullen, a former British
Resident, ont it wanted the boldness and enter-
prise of Huropeans totound an industry out otf iv.
Thereare said to be more than one or two deposits
of the minerai within the State, but in the mines
which are now working, though the plumbago is
not always easy to find, experience has shown that
good ‘‘pockets ” exist toa paying extent. The
plumbago is taken out in irregular lumps, stored
in an open shed, broken up into small pieces, and
all its sand, ete., separated. It isthen washed,
cleaned and sorted, and after a further process of
picking and sorting, is packed for shipment. The
shafts which descend to adepth of about 150 feet
are well timbered, and the mines solidly and safely
constructed. Labour is cheap in the Travancore
State, and uo difficulty, we believe, is experienced
in obtaining a sufficient number of men, women
and children for work, underground and on the
surface, in the different departments of the
industry. In tact, the labourers on the mives have
already attained so much skill that those who
are employed to sort the mineral after it has been
washed are well able to differentiate the ore and
to select from the entire mass the particular ore
which is called ‘‘needie piumbago” and which
fetches a higher price than the ordinary ore. The
enterprise is a mest laudable one, and itis for the
Travancore Durbar to render it all possible
reasonable assistance.—I/. Mail, Nov. 15.

So

PLANTING NOTES.

THE TEA CAMPAIGN IN FRANCE.—In a
letter from Mr. Renton, dated Grand Hotel,
Calais, October 27th, are very glad to read :—
“Our demonstration goes on right merrily.
At Boulogne, Dunkerque and here we have
now got severai depots besides those at
Havre, Rouen, Caen, Dieppe, etc. Those shops
may not sell mutch tea, but the result of
those ‘ degustations’ will be that in course
of time we will knock China tea out of
France.”’

TEA PrRuNING.—This is the subject of a
special article which we quote from ‘* Tea” on

page 407. It advocates the appointment of a
scientific enquirer to give authority for

‘any necessary change in thesystem of prun-

ing, and the remarks that are made wiil, no
doubt, receive the attention of all who intend
to make of proning a special study. The
practice that prevails in Oeylon comes in
for special mention, and the advice is given
to prune only half the garden. Many other
useful hints are throwa out.

Dec, 2, 1901.]

-PLANTING NOTES.

Foor-AND-MoutH DISEASE DISCOVERY.—
A Reuters wire dated Pisa, October 27,
states Signor Baccelli, Minister of Agricul-
ture, presiding at the opening sitting of

the National Congress of Medicine, yesterday,
delivered a speech in which he _ explained
more fully than in his speech at Novara the
method discovered by him for the cure of foot-and
mouth disease. The speaker said that some time
after having been appointed Minister of Agricul-
ture he happened to be at Civitavecchia, and,
hearing that there were casez of foot-and-mouth
disease in the neighbourhood, he instructed the
veterinary surgeon of the town to employ in the
trertment of the diseased cattle the Baccelli
therapeutic method, which consisted in injecting
sublimate of mercury into the veins. He pre-
scribed the following doses:—for calves, two to
four centigrammes for each injection, according
to the seriousness of the case;for adult animals,
four to six centigrammes ; and for bulls, six to
eight centigrammes. The solution was to contain
75 millegrammes of sodium chloride (common salt)
for every four centigrammes of sablimate of mer-
cury. Out of 52 cases of the disease 52 were
eured. In Sardinia, where the Baccelli method
was also employed, there were 26 rapid and com-
plete cures out of 26 cases. In short, all the
cattle which underwent treatment at Civitavecchia,
in Sardinia, and elsewhere were promptly aud
completely cured by the treatment. Signor
Baccelli was warmly applauded and received many
eongratuiations on his success,—London Limes,

Oct. 28.

BririsH GUIANA—is by far the largest of
the West Indian Colonies—says the London
Times, October 28th, indeed, it is nearly
fifteen times as large as all the British
Antilles put together. ‘The Hinterland is
almost totally neglected. It contains at least
20.009,000 acres of land not beneficially
occupied, ‘an area of country,” says Dr.
Morris, an unimpeachable authority, “equal
to two Ceylens quite uatouched,” ** These
undeveloped Guiana lands,” says the same
authority in his report to the Royal Com-
mission of 1897, ‘tare amongst the richest
existing in any part of the tropics” Mr.
Chamberlain, at. the instance of the late
Governor and late Colonial Secretary of the
colony, recommended the appointment of
Mr. W D Barnes as Commissioner of Lands,
Forests, and Mines in British Guinea. Mr.
Barnes, who has had much experience of
the climatic and mineral conditions of the
Malay Peninsula, which are more or less
similar to those of British Guiana, was
recommended to the Secretary of State by
Sir Frank Swettenham, the Resident-General
in the Malay States, and his brother, Sir
Alexander Swettenham, the Colonial Secre-
tary of Singapore, as a person highly
qualified for the proposed appointment. It
was necessary, however, for the salary of
the new Commissioner—which was fixed at
£1,000 a year—to be voted by the Combined
Court; this by a narrow majority of nine
votes to eight has lately rejected the vote.
We cannot but think that the action of
the Combined Court was deplorably short-
sighted and impolitic, The colony is mani-
festly unable, even if if were willing,

THE TROPICAL AGRICUILTURIST.

417

to develope the Hinterland itself. The in-
uence of the sugar industry appears to have
been allowed, directly, or indirectly to frust-
rate Mr. Chambertain’s well-conceived measure
for setting the development of the Hinter-
land on foot, or atleast for giving ita fair
and promising start.

Tae InpIAN Tega Crop FoR, 1901-2.—The
Indian Planters’ Gazette, in its issue of Sept,
28th, enters into calculations based on the
best available information which show a
probable falling-off in production of 12 mil-
lion lb. We extract as follows :—

In our caleulations we have taken into account
the reduction in outturn already caused by, and
likely yet to ensue from, more careful plucking
and abnormal and unfavourable weather. Taking
als> into consideration our preseet position, re-
lative to the different markets in which our teas are
sold, we think the following approximate forecast
will prove about correct :—

ESTIMATE FOR ALL INDIAN TEA, SEASON
1901-1902.

lb.

Australia and New Zealand.. 10,500,000
America Be as, 3,500,000
All other places... ea 5,590,000
} 19,500,000
United Kingdom hi . 157,000,000
: 176,500,000

Left in India .. Aan wee ~~: 9,000,000

Total ... . 185,500,000

The total production for all India last season was
197,460,664 lb, deducting the above 185,500,009 ib
the probable shortage in outpud this season all
amount to 11,960,664 lb, or in round numbers
(say) some 12 miliionsIb. The outlook is. by no
means so gloomy as was anticipated. * * — Apart
however, from the above estimate, viewiag the
subjech from the stand-point of the reports
received from Home, we find that the average
price for this season’s new teas sold on garden
account, is 0'51d better than last year’s average,
* * Calcutta averages, moreover, cannot well be
compared with London averages, for the simple
reason that the bulk of the fine aad good teas pro-
duced is shipped Home direct, to be sold on garden
account. London averages are therefore naturally
higher than those realised out here. {6 will be seen
from the statistics which we have furnished that
the present position of Indiav tea is strong, and
the outlook a hopeful one. Our readers must not
be misled into thinking that a// gardens are realis-
ing an average of 842d per lb for their teas in
London, or that all estates are oaly getting As. 5-6
per lb for their teas in Caleutta. The figures re-
present the @verage price for the sales during the
periods named. There are gardens and gardens.
Some will pull through the present depression and
move strong in the inture; others will gradually
fall away and eventually become extinct. ” Phe law
of the survival of the fittest must and will work so
far asindividaal gardens are concerned, but the
Indian Tea Ladustry will go on and gather strength
in its course, and will come ont all the better for
having been tried by the fire.

418

MR. RENTON’S CAMPAIGN IN
EUROPE.
Lonpon, Noy. 1

Mr. Renton has many. interesting things
to tell of his Muropean Campaign. Demon-
strations and tea lectures have been given
in a large number of towns on the More
mandy Coast with great success, In one
place, in fact, the people collected in Bier
fect throng, each one bringing some sort of
househould vessel from a bed-room ewer
down to an empty can, in which to Canty
away the tea they expected to be presented
with! In consequence of Mr. Renton's
efforts also a number of depots for the sale
of tea have been established, and in icles
especially several firms have taken pp ae
“ business,” and are pushing it by the aid o
circulars, etc., extensively. It seerns to me
that Mr. Renton

CARRIES ON HIS PROPAGANDA VERY
ECONOMICALLY,

and it is a pity he has not been better
backed up by Ceylon this year as he is iuee
at the critical time one might say of us
‘work. If the money 1s not to be continued,
it is almost to be regretted that it was

‘ven at the start. A little longer support,
Q ad Ceylon tea will be able to stand by it-
velf—especially in Germany, where bere is
4 present a strong temperance mov ement
i Wee in, which must undoubtedly help the
ace oe tea immensely. This anti-beer
drinking erusade pervades all es ee
society at present in Germany anc oe

ang are not anxious to alternate beer
aa more coffee of which already they
Ne sufficient.. Here is\ where the oppor:

eae for pushing tea comes jn, and,
eee De the ‘Thirty Committee” by taking
Pee nomen wisely, could effect a great
change in the consumption of tea at present
in that country. Speaking of WERT

= AMERICAN TASTE FOR SEN TEA,

eg Reon made a good suggestion. i he
said, some Japanese tea makers coull We
i duced to come to Ceylon and show 1e
Genoa planters how Japanese Green Tea is
made, it would place the question ft

hether Ceylon grown tea can be manutac-
Me d into Greens, similar to the Japan Greens,
te d a doubt; and also teach the planters
beavers do it. Or alternatively perhaps one
Bee o Ceylon men could visit Japan and
a ores Doctors differ, and so this week
fe Sruandon merchants have been interviewed
ine an American who seems to think Green
oh ; no such desideratum as Messrs. Mackenzie
Z aa ‘Larkin would impress on us. Whether
5 has the experience sufficient to make bis
aeience reliable, I should rather doubt,
but at all events,

MR. FELS,

avesentative of a firm of the same name,
ee eect here to study the tea question
from all points, with a view of EM i
article in the States. Ie fen ones
that Americans are just as ee an ae
Black Tea as Green, and itis Black sing a
he purposes starting with, though he will se
Greens too, no doubt if he finds them go.
The more Black Tea he sells the better, so all

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Drc. 2, 1901.

We can say is more power to his elbow. But
the planters need not stop making Green Tea
yet awhile, I imagine.—London Cor.

--——_—_—_ —--—— -—

INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION.
Royal Exchange Building, Caleutta, 5th Noy., 1901.
(Latracts from the Proceedings.)

Letters dated 4th, 11th and 18th October, from the
Secretary, Indian Tea Association, London, were
brought up for final consideration after previous circu-
lation, The principal matters dealt with in these
letters were :—

{a) Green TrAas,—The London Committee had con-
sidered the circular issued in Calcutta on the 9th
September, in which proposals for bulking green teas
in Calcutta were advanced. They werein yeneral
agreement with the scheme outlined in the cireular.
Information was also contained in the letters regard-
ing an offer made by the Baraoora (Sylhet) Tea Co.,
Lid., to manufacture 200,000 lb. of “‘ faced” green tea
for 1902 in consideration of the bounty. This offer
had been accepted by the London Committee con-
ditionally on (a) funds being available; (b) the tea
made by the Company in 1901 being suitable; and (c)
the teas being sent to the firms in America selected by
the Calcutta Committee to deal with green teas.

The General Committee observed that the offer of
the Baraoora Co. had reference to ‘‘faced’’ green teas
which, they understood, were indemand in the United
States. The scheme set forth in their recent circular,
dealt with the unfermented or Ceylon type of green
teas, which they believed was preferred in Canada,
They regretted to find that, in response to the circular,
only two Companies had offered to manufacture green
teas on the lines suggested. The London Committee
were to be informed of this. It was also to be added,
in writing to London, that the Committee here in-
tended to approach one or twoof thelarger agency
houses witha request that they should take up the
matter of manufacture and bulking.

(b) Proposep Tra Crss.—it was stated in the letter
that a memorial to H.E. The Viceroy upon this ques-
tion had been prepared, and was being signed in
London, Subsequently, it would be forwarded to
Calcutta for additional signatures and presentation.

(c) Crop Estimares,—In the letter dated 4th Oct-
ober, the opinion of the General Committee was
invited upon the following resolution which had been ~
adopted at arecent meeting of the London Committee,
viz:—

‘ That in the opinion of this meeting it is advisable
that monthly figures of production with compara-
tive figures for the two previous years shoula
be published at the end of each month commen-
cing from the 31st July, 1902, to the end of the
Season, so as toenable people to form their own
Opinions as to the probable size of the coming crop,
and that the Calcutta Committee be asked for their
opinion on this subject. And also (as a separate
matter) whether the forecast based on the tea manu-
factured to the 31st August (in lieu of the 15th August)
should or should not be issued in future years.”

The General Committee, after thoroughly discussing
the whole question, came to the conclusion that the
most satisfactory method of procedure would be to
restrict the information published by the Association
to the fortnightly statements of exports. In other
words to abolish entirely ell estimates and returns
of the crop because of the difficulty of procuring
complete and correct figures, They thoughtit would
not be practicable to obtain the particulars required
for the monthly statements proposed by the London
Committee. Moreover they recognised that the
Director-General of Statistics was giving special at-
tention to that aspect of the question which was dealt
with in the statements of actual crop, hitherto an-
nually issued by the Association. And they were
of opinion that the returns which the Statistical
Department was ina position te procure, were genes

Dane: 2, 1901.]

rally speaking, much more likely to be comprehensive
and reliable than those obtainable by the Association.
For these reasons they considered that, at the next
Annual General Meeting of the Asscciation, a resolu-
tion to discontinue the existing system of preparing
and publishing crop statements should be proposed.
These views were to be conveyed to the London Com-
mittee.

(d) Reeubation or SAtss.—In the letter dated 18th
October, it was stated that the London Committee had
resolved to resumethe regulating of sales until the
3lst January1902, on the lines of the regulation of
1898-99. A circular had accordingly been issued to all
Companies and Proprietors, explaining the importance
of the matter and inviting support. The Ceylon
Association had also been asked to co-operate,

The General Committee noted this announcement
with satisfaction, and hoped that the regulation
would be successtully carried out.

In the proceedings of the mesting held on the 20th
September, reference was made to correspondence
with Messrs, Aitken Spence & Co. of Colomho re-
gardingthe shipment of teas from Calcutta to Black
Sea ports. The letter which it was then decided
to writeto Messrs Aitken Spence and Co., had been
forwarded in duecourse; and the Committee now had
before them a further communication, dated 18th
October, from that firm. In thisit was stated that
the owners ofa line of Russian steamers were willing
to establish a regular service between the Hast and
Odessa, provided sufficient inducement were offered.
Calcutta might possibly be included in the itinerary
although it was feared that the stringency of the
Russian quarantine regulations would be a serious
obstacle. But even if this proved to be the case,
shipments might be ervanged on speial terms via
Colombo. Andin order thatthe owners might have
someidea of the probable extent of the trade, Messrs.
Aitken Spence and Co., asked for information as to
the quantity of tea which would be likely to go for-
ward to Odessa, They also enquired whether, in the
event of special terms being arranged, Calcutta ship-
pers would be prepared to enter into an agreement to
ship by the line, which was run under the Russian flag.

The Committee noted this letter with iuterest.
They were not, however quite clear as to whether the
reduced
steamers flying the Russian flag, or whether it was
restricted to the vessels of the Volunteer Fleet.
Messrs Aitken Spence & Co, were accordingly to be
asked to furnish information upon this point. If the
reduced taviff didapply, the Committee were inclined
to think that the Russian line in question might,
by offering sufficient inducement, secure the bulk of
the trade between Calcutta and Odessa. It was diffi-
cult to estimate the quantity of Indian tea which

- would be likely to go forward; but they noticed that

the shipments to Odessa from 1st January 1901 to 30th
September amounted to 560,0001b. They were not at
present prepared to enter into the question of an
agreement, but they thought that if ample notice of
the arrival of a steamer were given, and if the rates
of freight quoted were favourable, practically all the
cargo available would be secured. A reply in these
terms was to be sent to Messrs. Aitken Spence & Co.
10. Considered a letter dated 29th October, from
the Director-General of Statistics, enquiring as to
whether there is recognised tare for tea chests, In
the case of most ofthe tea imported into Calcutta by rail
the gross weight of the packages was registered, and
a deduction of 23} per cent was madeas representing
the average weight cf the chests, The opinion of the
Association was asked whether this rate—which had
been adopted twenty years ago—was still correct,
The Committee were of opinion that the principal
changes during the last twenty years were (a) a re-
duction in the number of half chests, and (b) the
jntroduction—since 1896—of patent chests of metal
and veneer. These weighed from about 20 lb to 22 Ib
each, as against wooden chests at about 28 lb; and
the ayarage weight of tea per chest might be taken ag
90lb, Theuse of patent chests had fluctuated; but

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

tariff on Russian railways applied to all’

419

the Oommittee thought that by referring to the
statistics of the imports of such chests, the Director-
General would be able to form a fairly accurate idea
of the extent to which they were used. With the
information thus obtained it would be possible to de-
termine what correction, if any, in the deduction of
234 per cent from the gross weight, was needed, A
reply in these terms was to be sent to the Director.
General. HS Asuron, Chairman.
HM Haywoop, Assistant Secretary.

SEE aad Re 0
STATE OF THE TEA TRADBE,

The recent rise in the market value of Tea
which in some cases is very considerable, has
lightened the previous deep depression, it might
almost be said the despair, which has for some
months existed among the growers and importers
No one will grudge this pieces of comfort, coming
at a time when there seemed so small a chance
of improvement. Buta bad crop in some or all
of the Iudian districts is, after all, only a matter
of one season. It remains to be seen, even this
year, how much of the deficiency in the older
gardens will be filled from new land now comine
into bearing, and which it has been said will
yield many millions of extra Ib. for several vears
to come, We are certain that the home trade
cordially wish for renewed and continuous pro-
sperity in the Indian and Ceylon industry. Better
times, however, if they happily come, will afford
an excellent opportunity for considering how far
the recent extraordinary depression (due, of course
mainly to the production outstripping the consum *s
tion) may have been added to by the Spualete
and costly organisation of the tea trade.

Weare called on by every hoarding to remember
the delicious teas of thirty years ago, but it is
not added that the average price in bond at that
time was Is 94 per lb, while at the present time
to probably only averages something like a third
of that amount. Yet, notwithstanding this fall
to something like one-third of the old price, the
expenses connected with the import, sale and dis-
tribution of a chest of tea are, if anything, higher
than they were a generation ayo. In the ‘interval
every other article of consumption sold through
grocers has had the expenses connected wibhaat
reduced to a minimum, and the organisation ot
the trade has been modernised, so much so
indeed, that our predecessors, if they could come
to life again, would hardly reeognise their
businesses. In tea they would be quite at home
for as it was in the days of the East India Coin.
pany, So 16 is now, and many are so conser-
vative as to believe that so it will ever
be. That it costs ten or more times
to sell a chest of Tea than to sell a huudred
weight of Sugar isin the minds of such Keattet
perfectly natural and inevitable state of thin ;
Dock charges four times what they are in Coffee
and immensely greater than in any other grocer
intricate weight notes and warrants of an ao a
vatingly useless and costly character—are ene
of the marks of antiquity which hallow the ciade
in the mind of some of its members, Uanscee:
sarily long prompts, coupled with a system of de
posits abandoned in all other con modities a
Mincing Lane make matters worse. Then we Maes
a system of public sales, well suited for Hotatoes
or onions, bu one main effect of which is to
depress the price of medium and fine Teas. These
points mainly affect the growers and importers of
Tea, but they appear to accept the disastroug
Position as desirable, unavoidable, and inevitable,

490

It is true that we knew one respected member of
the home trade, who so far agreed with them,
that he said that he would as soon join attacking
the four Gospels as the organisation of the Lea
trade, hallowed as it was by long antiquity. We
contend, on the other hand, that this obsolete
system has materially aggravated the depression
caused by the over-production of Tea, and that it
will continue to be most Injurious, whatever the
price may be. Tea at 1s 91 could stand expenses,
that Veaat 7d, 8d, or 91 cannot do.

While the growers and importers haye had such
terrible prices to contend with, it might be thought
that the home trade would have found the suf-
ferings of their suppliers highly beneticial, and it
is likely enough that many of the less informed
planters think so. Asa matter of fact, the home
trade, whether wholesale or retail, have never
fone so badly in Tea as they have done during
the Jast few years. House after house with
names honoured and familiarin the trade for
generations, have given up their wholesale busi-
nesses. Others goon with their profits reduced
to something like the funds would yield them
Without any trouble. ‘The facts are quite no-
torious and familiar to every one connected with
the trade. Animmense sum of capital has been
withdrawn, whichincidertally used to steady prices,
and to toster and create a demand for fine Teas.
If things were to go on as they are doing now,
far larger sums will yet be withdrawn, and busi-
nesses will perforce be so altered as to bring all
teas to an even deader level of price, than even
the very unsatisfactory one now existing. Nor
is the position of the retail trader any better.
Taste and care in tea, in which the older genera-
tion of grocers used to pride themselves, no longer
pay, and cheapness is the aim of all distributors.
he public, no doubt, are the greatest offenders
in this respect, for, as Punch humorously re-
marked, the male giver of adinner party boasts
how much his Port costs, while his wifein the
drawing-room tells her guests how little she gave
for her tea at the stores. No doubt this feeling
exists to a considerable extent, but there are yet
left connoisseurs who appreciate fine tea and would
gladly pay areasonable price forit. If any effort
were made to meet such a demand such buyers
would rapidly increase, but it is worth uo one’s
while to foster it. More fine tea is grown than
ever, but it isso blended and muddled up that it is

ractically lost to the consumer. If the planters
still further lose the support of the wholesale
houses, who practically finance the 100,009 retail
grocers of the kingdom, and if the public is allowed
to continue to believe that the finest Tea the
world produces can Le sold wholesale at something
Jike 1s per lb., when unpacked and unadvertised—
things must go from bad to worse. Teas are al-
ready not sold on their value, but according to
their cost, and of course the lowest cost secures
the order, so that depression simply leads to more
depression. :

Things, indsed, have got into such a position
that to find the remedy appears to be almost im-
possible. Here we have the grower on the one
hand and the distributor on the other complaining,
while some, at any rate, of the depression can be
alleviated by concerted action, Such action is
difficult, for between these two sections of the
trade there is a greab gulf fixed, imperfectly
bridged by the brokers, who, quite unintentionally,
keep the twosufferers from knowing each other's
names on entering into each other's griev-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|Duc. 2, 1901.

ances, Yet if they would only come together
they would find that to a large degree they were
suffering from the same causes, and that they
could do much to help each other and to briug
about better conditions. We believe frankly that
the interests of all parties are at the present
time absolutely identical, and that by meeting
together and openly talking things over they
would find this to be the ease. Seperated, the
branches of the trade are quite powerless, but
jointly they can effect much. In the question of
Dock charges, weight notes, and so on, the aid of
the trade is essential, and would be readily given.
There are many other matters in which the dis«
tributors can help the growers, and any mutual
attitude of suspicion can only arise from absolute
ignorance of the feelings and desires of the other
side. Had there been free and constant com-
munication between the various sections, for in-
stance, the late difficulty as to drafts could never
have arisen. In almost every other Mincing Lane
product, joint interests are looked after by a
body representing them all, and fairly and care-
fully considering what each section has to say. Tea
has been poetically described as the cup that cheeis
but not inebriates, but those who tradein it, or
grow it, have all found it very bitter and anything
but exhilarating of late years. To sit at tea is
the proverbial acme of domestic bliss. Why should
not the importing and home tea trade meet round
a table, restore internal peace and talk over
how things can be bettered? If no remedy can be
found and nothing is done, at any rate they
would get to know each other and would find that
there were no Machiavellis on either side, but
simply plain, honest people, who find the position
intolerable and wish to alter it.—Produce Markets’
Review, Oct. 26,

eet

PEARL FISHING IN THE PACIFIC.
At the begicning of 1899 a Mr Wickham held

‘a lease of someislands in the South Pacific. and

his object was to develop a trade in pearls and
mother-of-pearl]. In'June of that year Mr Leo
Ferdinand Sachs agreed to purehase of Mr Wick-
ham his interest in the islands, and paid a de-
posit. In August it was agreed that Dr Henry
Lyster Jameson, who had made a special study of
shell fish, should go ont to the islands to look
into the trade, that if a syndicate were formed to
take over the islands the plaintiff should receive
the appointment of scientific manager of fisheries,
and that if he did not receive the appointment
within six months he should be paid £150 by the
defendant. The plaintiff went out tothe islands,
where he remained for eleven months. He was
not appointed as scientific manager.

Yesterday Dr Jameson, who is lecturer at the
Technical College, Derby, sued Mr Sachs, before
Mr Justice Darling and a common jury, to recover
the £159, and obtained a verdict for that amount.
—Daily Chronicle, Nov. 1st.

eeepc en
“COOLY SANITATION.” :
(Paper read by Mr. MacLure at the Maskeliya
Planters Association Meeting on Wednesday. )

Mr. MacLure, in introducing the follow-
ing paper, read at the Maskeliya Club on
Wedoeey said that his idea in meeting
it was that it might be a help to some of
the younger members amongst them i—

Dro, 2, 1901.1 THE TROPICAL

‘t This is a question the importance of which is
not sufticiently realised by a good many people.

‘© We can all remember the terrible death-rate
through disease among our troops at one period
of the war in South Africa. In response to the
popular outery, a Commission was appointed by
Government to inquire into the working of the
hospitals at the front. The results of the in-
vestigations of the Commission went to show
that a large proportion of the deaths must have
been due to the neglect ot proper sanitary
precautions.

“T think we might take this lesson home to
ourselves. This and last year there has been a
great deal of sickness amongst our coolies, and
‘the death-rate has been higher than usual, and
we haveall been rather alarmed at the prevalence
in our midst of enteric fever, an epidemic which,
medical men tell us, is directly due to insanitary
conditions of some sort. This abnormal sickness
is no doubt due in a great measure to the
seasons, but perhaps some of it is alsodnue to the
neglect of proper sanitary precautions in cooly
lines. Anyhow we should see to it that every-
thing is done that can be done to keep lines and
surroundings clean, and prevent all sickness that
is preventable, for our own sakes as well as the
coolies. Having to pass and re-pass dirty lines
might very easily affect Superintendents’ health
too. There may be contamination in the atmos-
phere as well as in water or milk.

“Tt has seemed to me that greater efforts might
be made to try and get our coolies to show a
little more attention to cleanliness. It is uphill
work I know. I don’t suppose there is a single
planter, who has the welfare of his coolies at
heart, who has not at one period of his career,
made an honest effort to induce his coolies to
keep their lines and surroundings cleaner, but
spasmodic efforts are not enough. We must keep
pegging away, and in time you will find coolies
begin to appreciate the efforts, and show their
appreciation by complaining of dirty neighbours,
suggesting that they should be fined. I know
a good many men look upon it as a
hopeless and thankless task to try and_ instil any
ideas of cleanliness iato the cooly. Let us not
forget that it is not so very many years ago
when the lower classes in our own country were
every bit as careless, and sanitary officers found
the same indifference and even obstruction. It
may be a disagreeable duty, but it is none the
less a duty to see that our coolies live decently.
The Superintendent who takes some trouble has
his reward in better behaved coolies, not to men-
tion the pleasure it would be to him in passing
and re-passing his lines to see them swept and
garnished. If they are allowed to live like pigs,
coolies will behave like pigs.

“And now if Lam not wearying youand you
will forgive me for my little lecture, I will trv
and give you the results of my experience and
efforts,—in the hope that they may be some little
help to the younger generation of planters
amongst us.

‘©The Superintendent should see to it that there
is ample line accommodation for his labour force,
erowded lines are a most fruitfal source of dis-
ease. Better to have too much than _ too little
line room. I am sure proprietors or directors
would never be so blind to their own interests
as to refuse to sanction necessary expenditure on
lines. We all know what an important thing
it is in the busy months to get our coolies to

AGRICULURIST, 49]

illturn out to work, and how the outturn depends
on the condition of the coolies as regards
health. A room of 10’ » 10’ or 10’ % 12’ should
be provided for, at most, every 5 labourers, Cooties
should not be allowed to build in their verandahs :
this excludes light and air trom the rooms. If there
is not sufficient room without the verandahs, then
additional accommodation should be built. Nor
should they be allowed. to erect their garden
fences bang up to their lines ; there shonld be 4
good open space between lines anit garden fence,

** In building a new set of lines the first essential
is a plentiful supply of good water. I have some
lines near a good supply of water, and other:
where the supply is rather Scanty, the difference
in health is most marked, and yet such is the
callousness of the coolies that they prefer the
less healthy lines, as they are on flat land, the
others are on the hillside. ;

“Tr a plentiful supply of good water be not avail-
aole, I will tell you how a rough and cheap but
effective filter may be improvised. A cooly mason
could make one in a few days. Build four walls
of rough masonry, euclosing a space of 4’ »% 4°
walls, say 3 ft. high; no mud or mortar should
be used, it must be dry masonry ; then at the
bottom of the enclosure lay down charcoal, broken
into small pieces, to the depth of about 1 ft. :
then on the top of the charcoal put say 2 ft. of
clean river sand. The water supply should be
eondicted in spouting or pipes on to the top of
the sand. It will percolate through the sand
then through the chareoai, and find its way through
the stone walis into the drain or spouting cone
veying if to the liaes. It shonid be made as
near the lines as possible, and it should not be
put in the natural bed of the stream, or flvods
will carry 1b away.

“Care should be takea when applying artificial
or othermanure, not to put it anywhere near
the sources of the water suppty.

“Next in importance to the water supply are
clean surroundings, and with a lot of dirty and
indifferent coolies this is hard to get, but not
impossible. ‘The cooly is a selfish creature
and will do nothing for the general good, so .a
certain amount of compulsion must be used
Regular line-sweepers are I believe a mistake.
Left to themselves as they are, they do little or
nothing, and that livtle is useless. I believe the
best system is to make each line occupant res-
ponsible for the space, immediely in front of of his
room, and periodically to. pnt on a small cane of
coolies to clean up round: about burning all rub-
bish that will burn, and burying the rest, This
is the systein in South India where the Bclimate
necessitates very strict attention to sanitation.

“T have walked through some of the villaces
there,?and§1 was surprised to find how clean the
were. What they can do there we can surely do
here. Coolies who do not keep the space in front of
ttheir houses clean are.find, I have found a
system of rouch latrines to work fairly Satie:
factorily, but they must be made easy of access
and kept clean. It is a common sicht to se
@ woman come out tothe door ofher room with
a chatty full of rice water, andj just throw it
down right in front of the door.} This should not
be allowed. A good plan, for ‘those who have
a drain and running water round their lines, is
to make paved receptacies, say one to every two
rooms, into which the dirty water ein be thrown
» For those lines that have no running water, the
same kind of thing can be made, some distance

429

away, and leading into a drain, which should be
flushed regularly. In the light of recent dis-
coveries, no stagaant water should be allowed near
lines, and swampy places should be well drained.

‘© We all know what an unsightly, dirty, rotten
thing the usual cooly garden feace is. If I had
an estate of my own, aud if iv were paying fairly
well, I would goin for galvanized wire netting
for the fenciny of cooly gardens. 5 feet netting
can be got for about £5 per 100 yards. It would
greatly help towards keeping surroundings clean,
and would prevent gardens continually eucroach-
ing on the tea or Jiae compounds. Another good
fence can be made, cheaper but not so permanent,
by those who have suitable timber available, and
that is by sawing good splitting logsinto lengths
of say 5 feet, and then splitting up the logs into
sticks, about one and half inch thick, in the same
way as coolies split firewood, these sticks, which
should be all the one length, can be nailed on to
horizontals, fixed on to uprights in the usual way.
Two good coolies I found could split about 300 of
these sticks in a day. I do dot believe in res-
tricting coolies in gardens, i¢ is a good sign to
see them busy in their gardens, it means they
have settled down, but they should not be allowed
to make their gardens just where they please.
To those who are convinced of the necessity for
greater abtention to sanitation in cooly lines,
and wish to put their convictions into practice,
T would say, tackle one set at a time, do it
thoroughly, and when ib is done, keep it right,
aad geb your Kangany vo help you. ‘The coolies
in the other sets will soon ask you do the same to
theirs, and perhaps help you in your endeavours. ’,

The meeting closed as follows :—

A heavy vote of thanks was proposed by Mr
G © Aston, and seconded by Mr G GREIG, to
Mr Macture forhis most interesting paper. This
was errried with acclamation. The meeting closed
with the usual vote of thanks to the chair.

Beth epee
CEYLON AND INDIAN TEA AT THE
PARIS EXHIBITION.

TH LATEST, LAST AND FINAL OFFICIAL REPORT

(Fvtracts from the report on the Indian
Section by Mr. Benjamin J. Rose, Honorary,
secretary Indian and Ceylon Committee,
Paris Universal Exhibition, 1900.)

THE CEYLON SECTION.

A full official report on the work of the Ceylon
Section having been issued by Mr. W E Davidson,
the Government Officer in executive charge of
that section, it is only necessary to very briefly
refer to Ceylon in this report.

By a friendly agreement with the Royal Com-
missioners for Ceylon, Sir Montagu Ommanney
and sir Cecil C Smith, the Indian Committee con-
sented to place an area of 3,750 square feet of
spacein the Indian Pavilion at the disposal of
the Ceylon Government for the display of ex-
hibits from that Island, as well as a space of
3,065 square feet in the grounds for the erection
of a tea house, in return for a contribution of
£5,090 towards the cost of buildings, &e.. This
sum was later on redueed to £4,150 on the strong
representations of Sir Montagu Ommanney. ‘Lhe
Indian Committee were pleased to be able to give
ultimately move than double the space granted
to Ceylon without requiring any increase on the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|Drt. 2, 1901.

contribution paid by that Colony, The actual
space granted was :—

. oy eq. ft.

In Indian Pavilion Ground Floor .. 4,766
Do do Gallery 3,715
Tea House and Grounds 5,728
Total ae 14,209

The arrangements made by the Government
and Exhibition Committee in Ceylon, under the
presidency of the Hon. Mr. F KR Ellis, for the
participation of the Colony in the Paris Exhi-
bition of 1900, were admirably planned and
executed. The whole of the 256 cases of exhibits
were despatched from Ceylon in December, and
arrived in Paris in goud time, and Mr, Davidson,
ably assisted by Mrs Davidson, was, by almost
continuous work, under the most trying climatic
conditions, able to have the whole of the exhibits
installed by the opening day.

The Ceylon exhibits comprised the great staple
products of the Island, tea, coffee, cocoa cinchoua,
spices, plumbago, &c., as well as the largest and most
comprehensive collection of gems and _ precious
stones ever brought together. The most popular
exhibit was the large and well-executed Jungle

Trophy, in which among other stuffed animals,
were shown a full-sized elephant, a !eopard,
bears, «eer, crocoiiles, &e. This trophy was

arranged by Mr. E Gerrard, of London, and was
anever ending source of pleasure to visitors.

_ THE CHARACTERISTIC CEYLON TEA HOUSE.

in the grounds was largely patronised, and it
occupied a better and tar more prominent position
than the Indian Tea Courts. Mr J H Renton,
the special Ceylon Tea Representative ap Paris,

reports that during the six months the ‘Tea
House was open 134,257 pots of tea and
12,°00 lbs of Tea in small packets were sold, a

resu/t waich Mr Renton states exceeded all his
expectations and he attributes this marked
success to the following causes :—

(1) Lo the good quality of the articles, the tea
being very carefuily made and then poured, after
five minutes’ infusion, into an urn, heated by hot
water ;

(2) To the Sinhalese boys, with their rapid and
Civil waiting ; and f

(3) To the aid of lady friends, journalists, and
others, who from the first assisted in advertising the
merits of the tea and the attractions of the Tea
House.

The total number of exhibitors in the
Ceylon Courts was 205; and the awards
they gained were four Grand Prix, 19 Gold

Medals, 60 Silver Medals, 61 Bronze Medals, and
47 Honourable mentions. The success of the
Ceylon Section was undonbiedly due to (a) the
ample funds lavished upon it; and (b) to the
skill and energy with which the Government and
the Commercial Community of Ceylon teok advan-
tage of the unique opportunity placed at their
disposal by the Indian Committee for an effective
advertisement of the products of the Island; and
(c) to the strenuous exertions of the Royal Com-
missioners, Sir Montague Ommainney and Sir
Ceci] C Sinith, aided in Paris by the nntiring zeal
of Mr W EH Davidson, the Hixeecuzive Secretary of
the Ceylon Section, and Sir William Miiche!l and
Mr J tH Renton, the Commercial representatives of
Ceylon.

The cost of the Ceylon Courts was about
£16,500, of which £2,00) was paid by the Ceylon
Planters’ Association and the remainder by the
Government,

Dac. 2, 1901.]

THE BRITISH INDIAN TEA COURT.

HOW THE WORK WAS DONE.
48 Rue du Faubourg St. Honoré, Paris,
Nov. 29th, 1900.

T am in great hopes that this my final report
of work done at the exhibition Will satisfactorily
show the Committee that the prospecis of Iudian
Tea in France are brighter now, even than they
were when I wrote on the subject in September last,
and that the Association will feel how justified
they were in deciding to continue a business
which has commenced so well.

As the sale of tea in the cup was
chiefly intended to serve as a means to
popularise Indian tea in France, the Asso-

ciation will be pleased to note what progress

was made in
THE SALE OF PACKET TEA,

At their stall in the exhibition which was
opened on 13th June, the sales increased, part
assu, in a manner which I think the Committee
will consider highly satisfactory. A tabular
statement will be given at end of this report.
It will show that to date over.8,000 Ib. tea
have been sold.

The liking for Indian tea undeniably increased
during the run of the exhibition, but the increase
of sales for the last few days is partly to be
accounted for by the fact that purchasers had
formed the idea that when the exhibition closed
the price of tea would be raised. This opinion
was held by the trade, but that such will not
be ‘the case is now fast becoming evident to all,
and our hopes, therefore, are that we shall not
lose much ground by reason of the exhibition
now being closed. That the low price can and
will be maintained is, of course, in consequence
of the support we have received, and are to
continue to receive, from the Association, aud
which I venture to say is of far better form
than that of subsidising grocers, with whum, how-
ever, we shall have to reckon later on when
Indian tea is more generally inquired for in
France. Up to the present we have not been
able to do very much with the trade itself, for
the reason that our price does not permit us to

give a discount anything approaching the custom-

ary one in France—viz., 25 per cent—but our
hopes are that the present trade price may be
modified if we can buy our tea through more
direct channels than we do now,

INFUSION.

Owing, as I have elready said, to their
somewhat unexpected secluded situation, | the
‘‘TIndian Tea Courts” were not easily found by
mapy chance visitors, or by those who came
especially to visit them, but once they were found
they became the resort of the best society, mem-
bers of which have been known to say that the
Indian Tea Courts were the mcst chic of any in
the Exhibition. Although in such ‘‘rushes” of
business as occurred in the Tea Courts it was
utterly impossible to give entire satisfaction to

_ every one, the complaints were very few indeed,

and of rather a hypercritical kind. On the other
hand I am happy and content to mention that
unstinted and warm praise was given by the
hahitués of the Courts, notably the Piincess Mala-
koff (who for nine days took her seat regularly +t
four o’clock), the Duchess of Mecklenburg, Baron
and Baroness Alphonse Rothschild, and the French

08

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTLURIST.

423

Commissary-General. The Baron and Baroness
were pleased to say that the Grand Prix should
have been awarded the Association for the manner
in which the tea was served, as well as for the
goodness of the tea itself.

THE PRETTY BOXES OF SAMPLES

were much appreciated by all visitors, and happily
by the French in particular. About 20,000 sam-
ple boxes were given away during the exhibition,
and the balance of our stock will be distributed in
connection with the work to be continued at the
Rue du Faubourg St. Honoré and Rue d’Alger,

TO REVERT TO TEA.
By a calculation of mine that on an average no one
person ordered less than 75 centimes’ worth of tea
in the cup, tbe 69,500 franes receipts represent
96,400 pots of tea (two cups in each) ;but that
number is cousiderably under-estimated because
so many people often ordered pots of tea
for a smaller number than their party consisted
of, and also extra cups for the rest. Tea for two
and cups for three, four and five, was an order
frequently executed. As also hot water in addi-
tion was served, sufficient for another two cups,
the quantity of tea drunk by each person was,
of course, much increased. J] have not taken that
into my calculations but only the number of pots
of tea served. Putting it, however, at a reason-

ably low figure, [ believe that not less than
50. to 60 people were every day served
with extra cups without having to pay

anything except a penny for the accommodation.
At this rate, in the 210 days of the Exhibition
10,000 cups of tea can be added to the 96,4C0
pots accounted for. The

FRENCH DO NOT ALWAYS TAKE THEIR

THE ENGLISH DO,
but they persevere in their attempt and evidently
wish to like the beverage. Some, more often
than not, dip their bread and butter and even
cake into the cup of tea they are drinking, and
some novices seemed to consider the tea was a
kind of grog to be mixed with the hot water,
which they poured into the cup first. Others
poured the tea into the sugar basin, half the con-
tents of which they had previously eaten and
then into the hot water jug and from that into
the cup. Or, for another change, they would
partially empty the milk jug and then pour the
tea into that. Our American visitors liked a glass
of iced water to drink either with their tea or
after it. I do not mention these little peculia-
rities for the purpose of ridicule, but rather to
show that tea-drinking in France is yet very much
in its infancy.

TEA AS

THE EXPERT

was, of course, sometimes present in the Tea
Courts, judging from the procedure of some of
the visitors, who, to the great wonderment of
the foreign waitresses, would turn the leaves out
into the saucer or plate, examine them closely
and then turn them back into the tea pot, and,
having added more water, drink another cup ot
tea. [Here comes the portion we have already
quoted specially criticising Ceylon methods to
secure public attention, to which we have directed
the notice of the ‘‘ Thirty Committee ” and Mr.
Renton.—Ep. 7’. A.]

Lhe exhibit of Tea in the Commercial Court
attracted much attention, more particularly so
as the tea sales stall was close to two of the show

4d

vases, The light, however, was not good, and
although, with the object of showing up the tea
better, I did not fill the globes more than three-
quarters full, the exhibit at certain hours of the
day was not so effective as could be desired. I

j exhibit of very fine
may mention that the
bien from some of the gardens, apart iroi
all other merits, was most useful, in

i , of the purchasers of our packets be-
Pate aicaesel of ike idea that tea with tip ia
it was not guood, but contained some foreign
matter. I do not know if it is within my pro-
i lude to
anne THE UDINE i

rse, the reputation of the gentlemen
sae the British Commissioners as jurors
is undisputed; but Imay, I hope, without pre-
sumptioo, ask to be permitted to say that no one
could have taken more pains than Mr Wilson
did to have the tea properly judged and the
awards fairly given. All the samples, more than
R400, which were in the show cases were
carefully examinedin the leaf by all the jurors of
class 59, who, however, not being expertsin tea,
often deferred their opinion to Mr Wilson and that
of Mr Dérode, the French expert, on the jury,
and I would particularly mention how hard Mr
Wilson fought to have awards given to individual
gardens independently of the Grand Prix which
was to be awarded to the fudian Tea Association
for the collective exhibit and how, too, he won
his point in spite of ae ae oppositign offered

ingly only on technical grounds, ;

Serna eda for coffee was, by a clerical
error, first of all awarded to Ceylon, but was
ultimately given to the United Planters’ Associa-
tion of Southern India, after repeated and
etrenuous representations on my part. Summary
of quantity and value of Tea in packets sold at the
Exhibition and at Depot, 3 Rued eee Paris :—

‘. Frs.
h April at Depot 18,125... 90.40
Saige fee Picea velscog tanya
For June at Exhibition & do 88.016 .. 2,704.60

For July do do 483.600 .. 3,354.10

Hor do do 492.375 .. 3,208.60
For a is do do 673.750 we 4,642.85
For October do do 1,021.575 ... 7,117.25

For November (approximately)

at Exhibiton and Depot 1,000,000 .. 6,600.00

4,187.325 ..28,455.40°

(Equals 8,364 English 1b.)
(Signed) EDWARD EF. LANGDALE.

J0OOMERA (CEYLON) TEA ESTATES
THE COO OMPANY, LIMITED,

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

1 ors beg to submit herewith their seventh
ene se apalanee sheet for the year ending
Se ey after paying debenture interest and
Loondon expenses, show a loss_of £2,205 123 which
amount after deducting the credit balance of £29 16s
2a brought forward from last year leaves a loss of
£2,175 153 16d to be carried forward, a

The total crop from the Company’s estates amoun e
to 245,318 lb. realising a net average of 4 13d per Ib,
against 223,758 lb, harvested from the Company’s
estates last year, which realised net average
6:27d i i

During the past year the system of high cultivation
advocated by Mr Joseph Fvager and mentioned in
last your's report, has been entered upon by the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

‘|Dec. 2, 1901.

Directors. The result of this expenditure have not
shown themselves to the extent that was hoped during
the past season, the figures for which, including as
they do all manuring expenditure, show a very heavy
loss. Itis believed that the present season will show
the effect of the money that has been spent, and the
directors consider that, in face of the present and past
conditions of the tea market, the only hope for the
Oompany is by a continuance of a policy of liberal
cultivatfon.

The Directors have not drawn their fees for the
year, and propose waiving them.

Daring the year, Mr. B F White, who was re-elected
as a director at the last general meéting, resigned his
seat in favour of Mr. F EB Qobb, a large shareholder in
the Company, who was so kind as to accept a
seat on the board,

Mr. A V Holland retires in accordance with the
articles of Association, and being eligible, offers him-
self for re-election.

The auditor, Mr. J D Stewart Bogle, C.A., retires,
and offers himself for re-election,

THE LANKA PLANTATIONS COMPANY,
LIMITED.

REPORT,

Presented at the twenty-first ordinary annual
general meeting of the Lanka Plantations Oom

any
Limited, held at the offices of the Berane
on Wednesday the 13th November, 1901, at twelve

o’clock noon precisely,

1. The Directors now submi
twelve months ending 30th June last, together with
the Balance Sheet and Accounts of the Company made
up to that date and duly andited,

%. The Coffee crop amounted to 1
17 lb, and realised £490 123 54. Last p
was 174 cwts. 3 qre. 13 lb, and realised £573 83 5d.
The cultivation of this product being no longer re.
munerative has ceased, but there will be a little crop
for a year or two from the trees that remain among
the Tea.

3. The total crop of Cocoa gathered on Yattawattte
amounted to 1,026 cwts., and realised £3,610 33 104,
against 1,099 cwts. lastyear, which realised £5,121 83
od. The expenditure on clearings not yet in bearin
is charged to Capital Aczount. On the same Hatate
340 lb of Oardamoms were gathered, realising
£19 2s 104,

4, The total yield of Tea was 974.511 lb plucked
off 2,164 acres, being at the rate of 450 lb. an acre
and realised £26,979 17a 2d the average being 6 64d,
perlb. net. Last yearthe crop
which realised £27,566 4s
6°93d per lb. net

5. Theaverage rate at which dr
on accaunt of the season’s crops was 1/4 3-8 per Rupee
against 1/41 last year.

6. The following Statement sho
acreage and state of cultivation
Estates on the 30th June

t their report for the

39 cwts. 0 qrs.
year the cro

7a the average

ws the approximate

of the Company’s
last,

aS per recent —
Burveys :— 1
£2 3
me 88
ape Ne
A are an 2H
oa oe mn o Qo J
Estate. a 8 8 & 2.34. 3
oO HO 668 BS 8g
Ampittiakande 2/297 ve 4 ego) = sER
Arnhall oo; D742.) 56) 25a ener
Fruit Hill 20 1227 ee Het ALO OS
Fordyce, Garbawn, Go-
nagalla& Paramatta. 798 .. 6 .. 135 938
Rappahannock «. 322 .. 81 3) 90 473
Rillamulle -» 195 .. .. 343 22 560
Thotulagalla, 55 “327° 3. 1. (60) Wid ae
Yattawatte ve au. VL 95 812-82 1,240 4

Se ee eS

562,384 751 185 1,010 613 4,793

amounted to 947,194 Ib. _
being

afts were negotiated

/ more than

Dad, 2, 1901.) THE TROPICAL

7. The Net Profits of the past year amounted at
£5,115 3s 1d, to which must be added the sum of
£614 183 9d. the balance brought forward from the
year 1899-1900 making together £5.730 1s 104.

8. Having already paid a half years’ interim divi-
dend on the 6 per cent Preference Shaves to the 31st
December, 190, amounting (less property tax) to £418

.19s Od, the Directors recommecd the payment of the

dividend on these shares to 30th June last, requiring
(less property tax) £417 2s 3d, and they further
recommend a dividend of ds per share (free of income
tax), being 25 per cent on the ordinary shares,
amounting to £3,750 carrying forward the balance
of £1,144 0s 7d to next account. The Directors du
not consider it necessary to make any deduction from
the Suspense Account this year, as they deducted
last year in anticipation £999 43 5d, being one-tenth
of the sums charged to this account during the ten
years ending 30th June, 1900.

9. Mr. Henry Bois, the Director retiring on this
occasion, being eligible, offers himself for re-election,

Mr, John Smith, the Auditor also rctires, and being
a sharzholder offers himself for re-election. —By order

of the Board,
C. M. Rozertson, Seeretary.
12, Fenchurch St., London, E.C., 1st Nov., 1901.

THE YATIYANTOTA, CEYLON
COMPANY, LIMITED.

. 27, Mincing Lane, London, H. C., 29th October,
901

To the Shareholders.

Dear Str (or Mapam),—An Interim Dividend of
3 per cent. for 1901 on the Preference Shares was
declared and paid, as usual, on Ist July last, but
the Directors regret to announce that the working
of the Company for the first half of this year does
not admit of the payment of an Interim Dividend

TEA

on the Ordinary Shares, as is usual at this time.

At the annual general meeting of the Company,
held on 25th April last, the Obairman referred to
the movement then under the consideration of pro-
ducers, having for its object a curtailment in the
output of tea, in order to meet the adverse position
caused by the then existing accumulation of stocks
and serious depression in prices. Although concerted
action was found impossible, growers generally have
taken steps to lessen their production, with the
result that the excessive stocks have been absorbed,
and market prices have lately shown appreciable
improvement.

The latest advices from Ceylon indicate that, con-
sequent upon the alteration in the method of working
adopted this year, the crops from the Company’s estates
will show a falling off of 10 to 12 per cent on the
quantity produced last year, and that the cost of
production, per pound of tea, is likely to be about
three-eighths of a penny higher than it was in 1900.
The net average price obtained for the first half-
year’s production, however, shows but a very
trifling advance on the average secured for the whole
of last year’s crops, notwithstanding a marked im-
provement in quality, resulting from the higher
character of the leaf plucked, ‘The margin of profit
for the half-year has thus been reduced to about
three farthings per pound of tea, which does little
meet the Preference Dividend, after
making the nsual provision for depreciation, &e.

Present market prices, however, show fully a penny

_ per pound advance on last season’s average, and if

this improvement should continue until the balance

| of the current crops has been sold, the net profiton
| the years’ working will, in all propability, equal that

of last vear.

The Directors desire to take this opportunity of
informing the Sharebolders that Mr. Walter J Smith,
having assumed charge of the working of part of the
Company’s property, has resigaed his seat on the
Board as at 30th September, The Directors have
appointed Mr. John McInnes Skinner to fill the

AGRICULTURIST.

428

casual vacancy thus oreated.—I am, dear sir (or
madam), yours faithfully, T. A. Wiutrams,
Secretary,

CENTRAL TEA CO.

Report of the directors submitted at the sixth
Annual Ordinary General Meeting of shareholders
held at 20, Eastcheap, E.C., on Monday, the 18th
November, 1901.

Lhe directors beg to submit the general balance
shect and profit and loss account for the year ending
30th June 1900, duly audited.

Thenet amount at creditof profit £
and loss account including the
balance brought forward at
30th Juna 1900, and after provi-
ding for general expenses, direc-
tors’ fees, income tax, etc., is

Dividends on the 6 per cent
preference shares were paid for
1900/1901 to 30th June (less in-
come tax) amounting to oe

The 15 per cent unpaid on
the preference shares at 80th June
(less income tax) has since been
paid amounting to

It is proposed to write off for
depreciation se a6

And to carry forward to next
year a balance of .. ag 306 16 2

OF CEYLON, LD.

sd £ sd

960 9 4

317 16 3
300 00

eae

Owing to the heavy fallin the market price of tea
and a diminished yield the directors regret the re-
sults for the past year have been disappoiuting.

The gross average price realised for the tea was
6.55d per lb, as against 7.03d per 1b last season, and the
rate of exchange was 1s 4 13-32d as against 1s 4-31-64d,

The yield of tea was 374,383 1b, being 418 1b per
acre over a plucking area of 895 acres.

The increase of expenditure under the head of Cost
of Estates during the past year is due principally to
necessary additions to machinery for Somerset ; and
for an installation of an aerial tramway ; factory
extension; and cart road for Kabragalla. These
works have all been made with a view to reducing
the cost of production.

The vendor having surrendered the 400 ordinary
shares allotted but not issued, the agreement and the
allotment for the same have been cancelled.

The current year has opened with better prospects
for tea, and encouraging reports have been received
as to the future of the acreage under cardamoms,

Under clause 24 of the Articles of Association, Mr.
W H Anderson retires on this occasion from the
Board, and being eligible, ¢ fferg himselffor re-election,

The auditors, Messrs. Harper Brothers, Chartered
Accountants, also retire from Office, and offer them-
selves for re-election.

By order of the Board, Wm., Jounston, Secretary.

London, Nov. 8th.

THE CEYLON LAND AND PRODUCE
COMPANY, LID.

Report of the Directors, submitted to the
seventeenth annual general meeting of shareholders
held at the Registered Office of the Company
Nos. 353 and 354, Leadenhali House, 101, Leadenhai}
Street, in the City of London, on Friday, the 15th
day of November, 1901. ai 2 o’clock p.m.

Your directors haye the pleasure to submit the
annexed Profit aud Loss Account and Balance Sheet
for the Crop year ending 30th June 1901, duly
audited.

The amount at credit of Profit and Loss Account
is £6,533 183 11a which with the sum of £745 lls 7d
brought ; forward from last year, leaves £7,279 10s 6d
to be distributed.

426

On the 22nd July last an Interim Dividend of
74. per cent on the Ordinary Shares and 3 per cent
on the Preference Shares was paid, and yonr
Directors now propose to pay on the 14th day of
December 1901, the balance of the fixed Comulative
Dividend on the Preference Shares (3 per cent)
making 6 per cent for the year, 74 per cent on the
Ordinary Shares makiog 15 per cent for the year,
all free of Income Tax. Itis also proposed to set
aside the sum of £100 as a provision for possible

losses on Coast Advance Account, and carry forward-

the balance of £1,172 12s6d subject to the Directors’
remuneration tor the year under review and to the
payment of Income Tax, &c.

A sum of £1,693 17s 6d spent upon permanent im-
provements during the year has been debited to
Revenue.

In accordance with a resolution of the Board, a call
of 10s. per share was made upon all the members,
holding preference shares upon which only £4 had been
paid, and the same wag payable on the Ist July last.
Your Directors take this opportunity of pointing out
that the security of the debenture-hclders is thereby
increased, as the borrowing powers of the Board on
debenture are restricted to the amount of the subs-
cribed but uncalled share capital at the time of
such borrowing.

Your Directors have to report that the total crop of
tea from the Company’s estates for the year fell short
of the estimates by 28,462 Ib., but on the cther hand,
theve were increases of 79,167 lb. made from purchased
leaf, and of 138,935 1b, made for others, the total excess
amounting to 189,640 lb. It is regrettable, however,
that the net average price secured has fallen from
621d to 5:28d per lb; during the currency of the season
the mean rate of exchange has receded from 13 431 to
1s 43-84, whilst freights h:ve «lso shown a lower ten-
dency as compared with the previous financial year.

Your Board specially wish to inform the members
that no expense has been spared to bring the Com-
panvy’s estates into the best possible state of cultivation
even in face of the low prices that have prevailed:
not only has extensive manuring been done, but in
every case where tea bushes were cut down they were
lightly plucked for six months, and in consequence, the
Company’s Manager in Ceylon reports that each
estate shows improvement in the cover of tea.

Your Directors are of opinion that the important
work of manuriug should be continued judiciously
year by vear, not in order to increase the yield, but
principally to give nourishment to the bushes and
keep up their strength and vigour, with the result
that they will be better able to resist blight, which
has not been at all prevalent during the past year.

A total sum of R31,350 (£2,188 193 8d) has been
expended on manuring Tea and Cocoa during the
season, the whole of which has been debited to
Revenue account.

The cocoa crop totalled 2,378 ewt, against an esti-
mate of 2,165 cwt.

Your Directors have to report that the greatest pre-
cautions continue to be taken to keep cocoa disease
in hand, gangs of coolies being frequently employed
in searching for and treating canker, in accordance
with the advice given by the Government Mycologist.
The opinion is generally heid, by those competent
to judge, that this disease can be kept down, by
continuous care and attention, to a point when the
vesultant loss from it is not serious; your Directors
concur in this view, and think that canker will be
a great obstacle to the successful cultivation of
cocoa; indeed, the probability is that it may be
eradicated.

A census of coconut trees was taken on or about
30th June last, shewing a total number of 46,709
prowing amongst other products; this is equal to
over 600 acres, af the rate of 76 trees per acre.
Your Directors ave pleased with the progress made
with this cultivation, and believe that in the course
ol time it will be a valuable asset,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|[Dro. 2, 1901,

A tea factory has been erected on Strathisla Estate
and is working well. A satisfactory contract has been
entered into, to manufacture the total outpot from
a neighbouring Estate for a term of years.

Two bungalows, situated on New Peradeniya and
the grounds pertaining thereto, have been disposed of
at good prices and proceeds applied to the reduction
of the Estate's Capital Account.

Your Directors have purchased from natives 18%

acres of land within. the boundaries of North Matale
Estate, of which 12 acres were under cocoa in full
bearing.
_ Txa.—This iadustry has passed through a very try-
ing time since the issue of last report and balance
sheet. Owing to favourable weather, heavy flushes of
leaf were experienced generally throughout the Island,
and many growers, encouraged by the high prices
ruling here for common kinds during the first half of
1900, were induced to take advantage of the situation
and pluck somewhat coarsely. I'he market was con-
sequently overburdened with supplies of inferior
quality and the inevitable reaction set in, resulting
ina serions dropinthe value of most grades. The
anticipation of a possible rise in duty also led buyers
to make clearances largely in advance of immediate
requirements and hampered their purchasing power.
Fortunately the seriousness of the position was re-
alised, and successful efforts were made by more
careful plucking and mannfacture to remedy the state
of affairs, aud this. combined with climatic influences
more favourable toa smaller and better crop resulted
in a curtailment of shipments and improved quality,
which has gradually brought about a mure healthy
condition of the industry. Unpleasant as the ex-
perience has b2en to all interested it has perhaps not
proved an unmixed evil, as Ceylon tea. on acc unt of
its cheapness, was used more freely than before, both
at homeand ab:oad, atid it is to be hoped that the
taste for the article once implanted may be fostered
by the more careful cultivation and manufacture now
bestowed upon it.

From lst January to 31st ult. 1,053,000 packages
of estate tea passed through the Mincing Lane Sale
Room realising 62d per lb against 7id per 1b for
100,700 packages, and8d per lb for 964,500 packages
in the corresponding ten months ofthe two preced-
ing years, Tae lowest point of the market was touched
in February, the average for that month being 63d
per lb whereas for October it was 8d per lb.

During the first nine months of this year to 30th

September Exports to Foreign Markets from London
were:—r
1901. 1900. 1899.
13,305,000 Ib 10,279,000 lb 8,913.000 lb.

Inthe same period shipments from Ceylon to the
undermentioned countries were :—
To AUSTRALASIA.
1901, 1900. 1899,
15,669,000 Ib 12,894,000 lb 11,967,000 Ib.
o Ruwssia.
6,977,000 lb 6.657,000 Ib 2,719,000 Ib.
To AMERICA.

2,692,000 lb 3,463,000 Ib 2.344,000 Ib.
Cocoa.—The Market has been disappointing, At
the commencement of the season there was a good
general demand with an improvement in prices but
as the season developed and arrivals were plentiful
and continuous, the demand suddenly enbsided and
prices became almost nominal business assnminga
retail character, with accumulating stocks, Holders
generally adopted a firm attitude for <ome time,
awaiting the resumption of demand, but this being too
prolonged, pressure to sell became manifest, and #
break in prices was the result. The statistical posi-
tion of the article is satisfactory, consumption in
nearly all countries shewing an encovraging increase.
The quality generally has been infcrior, with oniya
few really attractive lote, which are niostly firmly held
Acrnacus,—The following statement shows the ap-

=<

|

Dae, 2, 1901.)

proximate proacresge of the Company’s properties
at date :—

3 os
Tea. Cocoa, = OA
ae har aa) Ranta)
cr eT -
uw a2 6 HO OO
a Goltaiisy he teensiin abel
Name of Estate. pa DB paren tg ayes tes Ics
. peyote) Sg 3 oS 2A =
aon n m4 i} oa 3
a ow Oo 3S > cS) a ~
alo © 2 ° Die °
am O (28 \ yee Nes fle dala
Alloowihariegroup... 214: 319 23 1164 15 692%
Andangoddeestate .. 1764 .. .- +2 ue T%bs
Fetteresso estate 5... 405 .. «. «. 28 438
New Peradeniya ae
estate ee WOSOE USI a icuitese: 502 4545
North Matalegroup 18 389 733 10 85 3601,595
Owellaestate ..... .. 47 1710 .. 239 457

Rickarton estate 2 .. 538 .. .. vs 56 596,
Strathisla*group39358 162 167) 7 ... 5 4385
Forest land AGA etna MAR eS Rien Uae omRE CLONE SU

ee a ee

464 16 2,2703 1,284 216 2012 1,1833 5,278
Sn eee

2,393 1,500
a And cocoa. }) And tea.

N.B.—In the absence of detailed surveys these
figures, as mentioned above, are approximate only.

The Estimates for current year provide for a Crop
of 1,069,750 lb tea from the Company’s Estates,
80,000 lb from bought leaf, and 295,000 1b made for
others, or a total of 1,444,750 lb, as compared with
the aggregate of 1,400,140 lb secured in 1900-190].
The crop of cocoa is estimated to be 2,325 cwt. Owing
to unfavourable weather and finer plucking, the total
in take of tea at date of last reports was somewhat
less than at same time last year. It is hoped that
the cocoa estimates may be realised, but at the
moment your Directors cannot speak with any cer-
tainty ; with favourable weather the estimates should
be secured.

It may be interesting to note that income tax now
amounts to over 11 per cent of the full dividends
for last year.

Mr Aiex. D Wilson, by rotation. retires from the
Directorate, but being eligible, offers himself for re-
election,

Mr James. B Laurie, the Auditor, also retires, but
he is eligible, and offers himself for re-election,—
By Ocder of the Board, James Winson, Chairman ;
Aurrep E Lock, Secretary.

Leadenhall House, 101, Leadenhall Street, London,
E C, 6th November, 1991.

Y STATISTICS FOR PAST 12 YEARS.
TRA.
| gaz G65
Le! “oO aS 5 :
a aaites AM esata ”
Se we 9 S) 2 ae Ege wo 2
a> SO 2 Ot geo Ses—g cu ?
aq a “i ao Cae Fons 5 o
aS os a Be nis SEAS os 3.
$e 52 S 22 Foen BABA Fo 5
x 4 oS 4008 Z a, &
s ¢
1890 1131 351,812 314 286,292 946d 1 5} 54°05
1891 1345 480,684 358 367,648 910d 16. 48°61
1892 1385 503,293 364 47905 781d 142 4663
1893 1406 589,192 419 528172 770d 13° 61°33
1994 1451 608,110 419 342040 677d 125 46:68
1995 1556 597,399 384 435,908 7344 11% 55-40
1996 1556 694,720 446 590,111 680d 12 48°57
1997 1671 748,004 476 432,652 G51 1:3 A840
< cya 6°22¢ 38°88
1998 1636 753,151 460 393,360 | 74 \ Tid (uideag sae i
5 HeAtne 6°759 (41°54
1999 1754 754,768 430 281,457 } O00 0e hh 4 tarot \
i ¢ 619d, \ 37 51
1900 1814 $65,768 477 406,327 | e-21d@ Viag | orga }
rah genean 46-944 32-00
1901 2108 917,038 485 483,102 | ?-509a \a 43 {Spay \

aw Including Sales made in Colombo,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 427

COCOA, DIVIDENDS,
te ry)
Eo 2 Ey Q
cond e °

32 5 Pe gi Ba Re

ar) a <= Chi a@ go
wu Q 9 eat Diem ww 8 os)
33 2 34 ie ee eo ead
AS o) Zs moe Ha Ox

sade s. d.
1890 1224 95 11 LD SSO) 6 10
1891 1355 108 0 129 6 6 10
1892 1481 96 5 120 0 6 15
1893 2201 90 11 130 9 6 lia
1894 1212 58 4 83 0 6 15
1895 2840 52 9 65 6 6 15a
1896 Z3o0 56 8 80 0 6 la
1897 2266 CGjael 85 0 6 lia
1898 2523 68 3 80 0 6 lia
1899 2594 66 3 86 0 6 15a
1900 1574 78 0 102 6 6 15
1901 2378 76 &b 103 6 6 15
b Estimated. a And 5 per cent, Bonus.
$$$
THE CENTRAL PROVINCE CEYLON
TEA COMPANY, LTD.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.
Submitted to the shareholders at their fifth

annual ordinary general meeting, held in the
Council! Room, Sondon Chamber of Commerce,
Botolph House, Eastcheap, E.C.,on Monday, the 4th
November, 1901.

The Directors beg to submit to the shareholders the
audited accounts for the year ending 30th June, 1901.

The total crop of tea from the estates for the past
season was 809,858 lb, against 843,388 lb, of the pre-
ceding year, being a decrease of 33,530 lb a great part
of this reduction being caused by finer plucking,

The total sales, including bought tea, were 1,058 683
lb, averaging 5'341d. per lb net, being “342d. less than
last year, equal toa loss of profit on the estate crop of
over £1,000 by the fall in price alone.

As regards cocoa, the crop amounted to 521 cwt,
against 315 cwt last year, the average price being
66s. 10d. per cwt as against 66s. 9d. Small consign-
ments of minor products have been received, showing a
profit of about £300, mostly from pepper.

There were during the season 1y4 acres of tea not
yet in full bearing.

The rate of exchange, averaged 1s 4'21d per rupee
as against 1s 43d last season.

The net profits for the year amount to £3,036 23 5d
after’ writing off £200 from estates account for depre-
ciation of machinery, which with £1,723 6s 9d brought
forward from last year, shows a sum of £4,759 9s 2d
to be dealt with. Of this amount £1,50U has been
applied to the payment of an interim dividend at the
rate of 6 per cent per annum on the preference shares
to 31st December, 1900. The Directors now recom-
mend a dividend of 6 per cent per annum on the pre-
ference shares to 30th June, 1901, absorbing £1,500
and leaving £1,759 9s 2d to be carried forward to
next account,

Mr. S R Pryor is the Director retiring by rotation,
and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election.

Messrs. Fuller, Wise and Fisher, Chartered Accoun-
tants, offer themselves for re-election a3 Auditors.

Tok DEAF Hear.—No. 479 of the Illustrated
World of 626, Chiswick High Road, London, W.,
England contains a description of a remarkable
Cure for Deafness and Head Noises which may be
carried out at the patient’s home, and which is
said to be a certain cure, This number will be
sent free to any deaf persons sending their ad_
ress to the Editor. ;

498 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Dro, 2 1901.)

SHARE LIST.

[SSURD BY THE

COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’
ASSOCIATION,
CHYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES.

paid Buy-

Company p. sh.
fers, Ouvah Estates Co., Ltd. 500
Ceylon Tey #ne Coconut Estates 500
Castlereagh Tea Oo., Ltd. 10

Caylon Povincial Estates Co. Ltd. 500

Clarevont Kstates Co., Ltd. 100
Clunes Tea Co., Ltd. 106
Ciyde Estates 0o., Ltd. 100
Doomoo Tea Oo., of Ceylon Ltd. 100
Drayson Mstate Co., Ltd. 100
Hila Yea Co., of Geylon, Ltd. 100
Estates Co of Uva, Ltd. 500
Gangawatta 959
Glasgow Hstate Co., Ltd. 500

Groat Western Tea Co., Ltd, 5
dapugahalande Tea Estate Co. 200
Digh Forests states Co., Ltd 600

Bo part paid 400
orekelly Estates Co., Ltd, 100
Ralutara Co., Ltd. 50€
Kandyan Hilis Co., Ltd. 106
Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100
Relani lea Garden Co., Ltd. 100
@ivklees Estates Co., Ltd. 100
Kuavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100

Maha Uva Estates Co., Ltd 500
Mocha ‘Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 600

Nahavilla Estate Co., Ltd. 500
Neboda Tea,, Co. Utd 600
Palmerstou Tea Co., Lid. 500
Perrhos Estates Co., Ltd. 100
Pitakanda Tea Company 600
Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60
Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 100
Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. 600
Rayigam Tea Co. Ltd. 100
Roeberry Tea Co., Ltd. 100
Ruanwella Tea Co., Ltd. 100
St. Helier’s Tea Co., Ltd. 600
Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 100

Do 7 percent Prefs. 100
Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd. 590
Jdugama Tea & Timber Co., Ltd. 50
Cnion Hstate Co., Ltd. 600
Upper Maskeliya Hatates Co.

Ltd. 500
Uvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon,

Ltd. 100
Vogan Tea Co., Ltd. 100
WanarajahTea Co.,Ltd. 500
Zataderiye Tea Co., Ltd, 100

Czyton CommMmnoraAL COMPANIES.

dam's Peak Hote! Co., Ltd. 100
Sristol Hotel Co., Ltd, 190
Do 7 per cant Debts 100

Ceylon Gen. Steam Navegtnys
Co., Ltd 190

Ceylon Superaeration Ltd. 100 137°

Colo, bo Apothecaries’ Co. Ltd, 100
“olompo Assembly Rooms Co.,

Ltd. 20
Do prefs. 2u
“olombo Fort Land and Building
Co., Ltd. 100.
colombo Hotels Company 100
Galle Face Hotel Co., Ltd. 100 172°50
Koendy Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 :
Mount Lavinia Hotel Co., Ltd. 600
New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 19"
Nuwara Wliya Hotels Co., Ltd, 30
Do 7 per cent prefs, 100
Public Hall Co., Ltd. 20

o

he Yt dees

.
.

(BS oleteteeulats|

LONDON COMPANIES.
paid Buy- Sell- Tran
Company p. sh. ers. ers, saction

Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 .. 8—9
Anglo-Ceylon General Estates Co. 100 -- 55—60
Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon 10 =— 15-2

Do. 6 per cent prefs, 10 +f 3—5 at
Ceylon Proprietary Co. 1 ss 4—i ae
Ceylon Tea Plantacion Co., Ltd. 10 ~- 23;—24 ..
Dimbuls Valley Co., Ltd. 5 = 5—5f Ct

Do prefs. 5 3 5-6 js
Eastern Produce & Estates Co. Ltd.5 3} 34--33 ..
Ederapolla Tea Co., Ltd. 10 oa 6-8 =
(mperial Tea Estates Co., Ltd, 16 4 4-4 —
Kelani Valley Tea Assen., Ltd. 5 5 8-5 os
Kintyre Estates Co., Ltd. 10 ses 6-8 Se
Lanka Plaatation Co., Lid. 10 oe B3—-4E oe
Nahalma Estates Co.,Ltd. 1 es nom +:
New Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1 owe 24-8 pt
Nuwara Aliya ‘lea Estate Co., Ld. 10 —_ 10 44
Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd. 10 ao 6—7 ip
Ragalla Tea Estates Uo., Ltd. 10 oo, AL See
Seottish Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 =) 3015s,
Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 10 oie 2—5 oa
Standard Tez Cce., Ltd. 6 -- 10—12 5

The Shell Transport and Trading

Company, Ltd. 1 23—34 5
Ukuwella Estates Co., Ltd. 95 - par *
Yativantuta Geylon Tea Co., Ltd. 10 45 43—5

Do. pref. 6 o/o 19h) G:. 9-10

RY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE
Colomho, Dec. 6th, 1901,
* Latest Lonndo Prices,

—_———_——____

RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO.

(Supplied by the Surveyor-General.)

1996, (1897. | 1898. |1g99. 1900 © |A¥ fl ici

3lyrs

Inch | Inch | Inch | Inch.| Inch. | Incb.} Inch.
January ..| 2°92 | 3°81 | 2°32 | 6-98 | 3-72 | 3-94 | 47°91
February ..| 0°35 | 1°68 | 1°98 | 2-78 | 0-63 | 1°89 | 3°53
March 5°64 | 3°66 | 4°21 0°88 3°71 4°75 | 512
April 5°93 10°97 | 22°81 6°66 | 15°12 |11°43 |] S71
May 9°31 | 8°30 | 5°80 |17-73 | 1063 |12°04 | 6°28
June 8°37 |10°14 | 10°94 9°23 7°83 8°35 | 5°93
July 2°85 | 5°24 | 6°15 TeUT 6°77 4°30 | 4°52
August ..| 6°35 | 9°09 | 0°97 0°62 7°35 | 3°79 | 0-46
September | 10°99 | 4°58 | 6°90 | 1-48 4°00 | 4°98 | 3-93
October ..|16°78 | 4°71 | 20°60 |12 99 9°47 |14°36 | 391

November..| 19.8 |11°65 | 17°38 | 8-58 | 9-95 |12°55 |19-84
December..|11°76 | 8°89 | 3-05 | 4:44 520 | 6°35 | 0-08*

Total..|101°U6/82°73 /103°11 |73*48 | g3-6g | 88-03 [7424

* From 1s to 4th Dec. 0:08 inch, thatis up to 9-30 a.He
on the 5th Dec.—ED. C.O.

eee

Bark Strippinc.—A short time since some strips
of Larch-bark were sent to us, with a request for
information. The rectangular strips were 1 or 2
inches long, quarter to half an inch wide. verv
regular and straight-edged. Squirrels were at once
thought of, but we had never seen an injury of this
kind effected by these animals, nor had the numbers
of the Scientific Committee, to whom they were sub-
mitted. Nuthatches were snggested, but now the
culprits have been seen at work, and turn out to
be as at first suspected—squirrels. Mr. Rothery, gr.
to O. O. Wrigley Esq., Wausfell, Windermere, writes :
—-“ The speed with whieh they can tear off the bark
would greatly astonish anyone. They have destroyed
about 350 treer, ranging from 25 to 35 feet high, and
some of them ure stripped 7 and 8 feet down, and
the whole of them appear to have be2n attacked some
5 feet from the top. Their object is no doubt food,
for they scrape off the gultinous sabstance between
the bark and the wood,—Gerdeners’ Chronicle,

i

|

Dec. 2, 1901.]

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished by the Chamberof Commerce.)
EXPORTS
Colombo, Dec 2nd, 1901.
CaRDAMOMS :‘—
Allround parcel, well bleached per Ib, R155
Do. dull medium do. R140
Special assortment, 0 and 1 only do. R190
Seeds do, R140
CincHonA BARK :—
Per unitof Sulphate of Quinine 10c—14 to 3 o/o
CINNAMON :—

Ordinary assortment perlb, 53c.
Nos. 1 and 2 only per lb. 59,
Nos. 8 and 4 only per lb. 48s.

Cinnamon CHIPs :-—
Per candy of 560 lb R77'50

Cocoa :—
Finest estate red ; unpicked per cwt R49-00
Medium do do do R45°00
Bright native unpicked and undried R43 00
Ordinary do do do R40:00
Coconuts—(husked).
Selected per thousand R54:00
Ordinary 0 R47'00
Smalls iA R38'00

Coconut CakE—
Poonac in robins f. o. b. per ton R700
Do in bags None
Coconut (Desiccated).

Assorted all grades per lb 18¢
Coconut O1L—

Dealers’ Oil per cwt RI17‘75.

Coconut Oil in ordinary packages f. 0. b. per
ton R390°00. The lower price for distant shipment.
CoFFEE,—
pe pueniation Estate Parchment on the spot per bus,

one.
penton Estate Coffee f.o.b. (ready) per cwi —

one.

Native Coffee, f.o.b per cwt.—None.

SITRONELLA OIL—

Ready do
Copra—

Boat Oopra per candy of 560 lb. R60-00

per lb,—45c

Calpentyn Copra do do R60:00
Cart do do do R57:00
state do do do R60:00
Croton SEED per ewt—R15:00
finony—

Sound per ton at Govt. depot—R160,00 Sale this

day.
Inferior R125°00 Sale this day.
Fipres—
Coconut Bristle No 1 percwt R11°50
Do Sie. is None
Do mattress ,, 1 is 3°50
Do 502 if 200
Coir Yarn, Kogalla,, 1 to 8 14°75
Do Colombo ,, 1 to 8 11°25
Kitool all sizes rr None
Palmyrah oH None
Prprer—Black per lb None
_PLUMBAGQ—
Large lumps per ton R550
Ordinary lumps do R530
_Chips do R350 Fine quali-
ties scarce.
Dust do R200
Do (Flying) do R120
Sapanwoop— per ton None.
Satinwoop (ordinary) per cubic ft. R310
Do do per cubic ft None.
High Grown Medium Low Grown
Tra— Average. Average. Average.
Broken Pekoe and Broken cts cts cts
Orange Pekoe per Ib 53 47 38
Orange Pekoe do 49 41 36
Pekoe do 42 38 33
Pekoe Souchong do 42 35 31
Pekoe Fannings dg 37 27 27
Broken mixed=dust, &o 27 = 4 23

CEYLON

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

429.

EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTEON

7 > Yi
: 1 J
FOR SEASONS 1909 AND 1961.
i> | = aaa on mC
z ee Ieee) eRSan owe S S
hy ~ Bw oD es
id lass m oN waisaiens oe o
ua a 2S — [=
E SiN =)
Ie NA DLN ow ve lo el : =>)
8B” SIV Sao esa F =
of J g eS N oD Soe oD f=)
uw = aa mms N
e+ = oO boa! oD aD
et s : = er)
_|Sé oy
3 | |
ee Iz ON-—-NOM “<
s B Saatsn S E5h ute
LE re MRtNake N Hor oO
e a Sia s oo Fetileu: ictal verins a
=] SE bend x AQ Oo
= (25 x <i
= Da SDoo AN == c
8 |ZBESS & S 36 S
S-l|ans oor =I Sa | oS
on a. oS a af gi
ow 12 xn @ o =)
S S : 4 on =
8 | : . . I
Sra ae anten
3 ; 18 SS S aR
a BZ a aos | R
= i) i) S
5 E ries) aMeblenls fe
S| f BR cop a
; 2)
J 2 oo
} a
m—s | =)
2os iS
a ma
Ras Bre a
as : m
°
o
Nawne
| Sx |ERBes Ot ol es Ss
Bleanas as OQ S
anos ¥ %
PE 2RSEes AL isie aon @: fanias ish e <a
O° moe. : nests as
iy eno oD S f ;
Gin | aes ww $B oh Stas sa a
ales SieeSe ea Phas) aah hs skaieoioo! PON : rt
3\S8e BUCA tes Hy OD CCI Sas AM ° =
& ee =~ 1.0 ror)
» 2. 3 | oe
3)
s ~ONANOND ost a Om O 5
ro) SR a ee aS tu tse ales ates
ros Sono a
oO fs) RSG estar me Nea - Oo i=)
ola roo HON AUS wo sa
) 2B S = oN ON * oO
21Se om . oO
MeiZasecss Ss Ss ee
et DE OASUMN "SCN 2 HN s es es Wen ow
fay eA | eT ee OSI Res oan 3
ox Au A woe e 8
3 aAOSSNSCS i a
Sl @Ss8enxss 8 BSSes y's
i= ox DBOOeawi~ & OOO rti~ =)
a YS Ooaragn o Own k { uo
0 )a2 RG) CON roa) Psi SRT S Orfeo) : ny
& eS a | *
fa Ian COO Os > SAY
q Oo eon sd So SSG | 3
Q oe SWAN Cis Oo X00 n>
i) n AQ orn ie
= Lon = Arg wo
2 DB [= : oO: Rest) . 5
§ 2 => mins <A
Lo) : |
eo Snoors. rR ace q “A paaAC
ol on Sarlon a as Ga ees
3 3 So ano psa 2 OAs ea : =
Sigel (se foo: AmB itl 3
‘s oo
. : So oo sm 93 i~ Ok I> oa So
= =
a gS woge nN 855 43 & | S
8 3 S on | : ° oa)
= ° 2a 3 ‘ fo)
a
1
-
6 o D>
i on
2 2 a) ss aa a)
oa a¥ieoiel sonia leude (Muti vali give yialia
eco trstite Bike oon
2 |G
Fw] ae, omn om = rf
Oo £96 a eo a SSNS sa gs 3
Oo easy a rw ates <H
3 ot a
—————— EEE —— — ee eee ie
RB ~ ry a =
SS4 (8-222: eS aacae =
: ~
Pot} = eS sss > ey Oonw S =
Serle aes 3
=
id = occ. :
i} Rega SeSeSSconseeaaR Ss
° SSE RSS OBR ROR DORE DOOR | S
g\2 ADPADOCALOKRNDRASWMARHSN 8
Son RAND BPAOMASOAMIRC =
BHIc2 a rier) rs] g SSS a
ce Sy Occ Ie Nee = a
M = o w Boo a
= = cq
of = al
3 iSeee esse esos hees est
Olea | BSR Se SesdaSSseei ees oS
ees BSHi~ARBANO HON DDAODE Hm 3
On Lome Ornrsi~ OR NOM wie x
AQ ne am I~ C1010 00 Dt ON i~
f=} 2 es) Han a rer)
Sn) i] Nn
pa 4
SRISEoES oT oS OEE a a oe oer sea
shiotuetiegeltiel aaleliel tie Ol D0os Site n>
se
Dw a
i=t0
& oo
- a @ aa
ei aff ei
p25068 ss _ Be eo, a5 158
z, Meroos Bagless assets) an
5 GORE A ER Oe gains eee |e
oS PSOSSORSEESUT SHS a es oe
rs) So SRR OREM ned dOnAA =e
Has ane aharanansanaaerlor !
i) ‘

430

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUGTS.
(From Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, October 30th, 1901.)

THE TROPICAL AGRICWLTURIST.

ALOES, Soccotrine cwt.
Zanzibar & Hepatic ,,
ARROWROOT (Natal) lb.
EEES’ WAX, ewt.

Zanzibar & (| White ,,
Bombay Yellow,,
Madagascar AD
CAMPHOR, Formosa ,,

Japan a
CARDAMOMS, Malabarlb

Ceylon. - Mysore

”

90 Tellicherry ,,
” Long ”
” Mangalore ,,

CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,,

CHIV LIES, Zanzila: cwt.

CINCHONA BARK.- Ib.
Ceylon

CINNAMON,Ceylon Ists
per Ib 2nds

CLOVES, Penang
Amboyna
Zanzibar
and Pemba
Stems
COFFEK
Ceylon Plantation ,,

Native
Liberian
COCOA, Ceylon- ’

COLOMRO ROOT Be
COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton

Cochin ,,
FIBRE, Brush ;
Cochin ,,
Stuffing ,,
COIR YARN,. Ceylon ,,
Cochin ,,

0. 4

CROTON SEEDS,siit. cwt.
CUTCH ” ,
GINGER, Bengal, rough,,
Calicut, Cut 4 ,,
B&C,,

Cochin Rough ,,

Japan oo
Q@UM AMMONIACUM ,,
ANIMI, Zanzibar ,,

Madagascar ,,

ARABIC ¥.1.& Aden ,,
Turkey sorts ,,

Ghatti ,,

Kurrachee ,,

Madras ,,
ASSAFCETIDA oe
KINO ”
MYRRH, picked an
Aden sorts ,,
O@LIBANUM, drop a
pickings ,,

siftings ,,

INDIARULBEK,Assamlb

Rangoon
Bornco

QUALITY. QUOTATIONS.

44s ac0s
.|2U8 a 608
53d a 64d

Fair to fine dry
Common to good
Fair to fine

Gocd te fine £6 a £7 10s Mozambiqu Low sandy Bell
er, £6 2 £6 128 6a ate Ic, Mas te
Joark to ths od palish £6 28 Sda£8l's Peer pee Jai EZ KA aap . 74
g rude and semi refined 1ges a it5s Nyassaland Fair to fine ball ..j282da 2s 9id
air avirape quality te ie Fr to fine pinky & white|2s 3d a 2s 6d
Clip: ed, bold, br ght, fine} ’s 8d a 2s 4d Mi dagascar Fair to g od ‘black 2s a 2s 6ed
Middling, staiky & leai| s5dais 7d Niggers, low to fine ""l7d a 1s 9d
Fair to fine plump ,, [184d ade 9d INDIGO, E.I, Bengal--
peels) : nS ae 2s td Shipping mid to gd viole:)3s 8d a 4s 6d
Goo, ouing -|28 aha 3s Consuming mid. to gd,|3s 2da 3s 6d
aes 4 : a ag 7 Ordinary to mid. 2s 10d a 3s 1d
elly to goo ..oda zs 6 Mid. togood Kurpah |2sa 2s 6d
Med brown to good bold|/s 3d a 3s 3d Low to ordinary Is6dals i0d
uate and Zande j ae aoe ee Mid. to good Madra 2s a 2s10d
fo bre brigh ».[908 a 45 MACE, B & Pale reddish to fi 2
Ledgeriana Ong. Stem|sda 53d peg fe aE Ordinary a ri: = is a Is lid
Crown, Renewed 5d a id i Pickings ls 3d 8 Ie 4d
Ae oe: Stem aid a pag MYRABOLANS, Dark to fine pale UG |5sa 6s
e 1g. Stem oe 2 43 Madras }ewt Fair Coast 4s 6d a 4s 9d
Renewed poe gd Bombay Jubblepore 5s a 68
Rovt f 33d a 4d ”’ |Bhimlies 4s 3d a 7s
Ordinary to fine quill |92d a 1s 6d Bhajpore, &c. 4s a 5a od
” ” nS a 1s 5d Bengal ,, |Calcutta 3s 6d a 5s
” ” a aps 4d NUTMEGS— 5, 64's to 67's 2s 4d a 28 6d
sa aA eof i Bombay & Penang ,, |110’s to 65's 1s a 2s 3$d
a aoe », aid a 160’s to 1230's 6dais
h Buse ie flue bright bold 13 peta NUTS, ARECA ewt, Ordinary to fair fresh |3(s a 50s
Dn A to ane tie re pen NUX VOMICA, Bombay Ordinary to middling |48 4 5s 6d
xo0d and fine bright {id a 43d per ecwt. Madras ;£@ir_to good bold fresh {78a 10s6d
Common dull to fair 32d a 3 15-16d \Small ordinary and fair}5s a 6s 9d
-| Fair 1g On Ce ANISEED _,, pees merchantable Be od .
SSIA ccording to analysi sass 8
Bold to fine bold colory 928 6d a 12(s LEMONGRASS »» ‘Good avai & Colour 5d a 53d
Middling to fine mid ., }80s a 10s NUTMEG a | Dingy to white 17d a 3d
ohne and low grown a CINNAMON ” | Ordinary to fair sweet {34d a 1s 6d
Smal 8 a a a 60s CITRONELLE ” | Bright & good flavour {948 10d
Good ordinary 30s a 40s ORCHELLA WEED-—cwt) ..
Small] to _ bold Urs a 35s Ceylon Mid. to fine not woody... |!08 a 12s 61
Bold to fine bold “78 6d = 90s Zanzibar. *’ | Picked clean flat leaf ...j1Cs a lis
Medium and fair Gus a 66s », Wiry Mozambique}!0s a 11s
Native ‘ : oes ed 4 62s 6d |PEPPER-(Black) Ib.)_. :
iddling to goo seas Alleppee & Tellicherry Be to bold heavy... Side 64d
een 6 Singapore air xe as wep
Ordinary to fair _., |£13 lus.a £18 aes W. C.Penang|Dull to fine... «| 54d a 64d
Ord, to fine long straigh a6 a £19 PLUMBAGO, lump ewt.|£air_ to fine bright bold 308 a 35s
Ordinary to good clean|#20 a £24 ‘\Middling to good smali|2"'s a 32s
Common to fine | &7 a £9 chips Dull to fine bright 9s a 15s
Common to puperigr ee a eo dé Ces to fine bright es 6da 8s
svjoy oe . 2 ood to fi i os a 75
Roping, fair to good |£10a £14 10s SERED ss 325 Interior at Rad 40s 4.602
Dull to fair 158 a 20s SANDAL WOOD—
Hair to fine dry 258 a 358 “Bombay, Logs ton,|Fair to fine flavour .. £70 ae
s : One sa £8%.
Good to fine hold 33a 958° Chips » lrair to good flavour 2 /420a £
Small and medium 508 a 758 Meee ae ¢ phe ap aie ...| £44 £8 2
Common to fine bold 4isa47s 6d SAPANWOOD Cevlon ” 'Fair to good io. £5a£5 10s
soaneng D's ne a aes Manila |” | { Rough a rooty to good ee 10sa £5 be
U 1 7 old smooth..
Sm. blocky to fine clean}165s a 45s SEEDLAC "am gt, |Ord. dusty to gd. soluble|2”S 6d @ 70s
Picked fine pale in sorts|£10 7s 6d a £18 ewt. occa to tne bold ereen{od a 6d
Part yellow and mixed/£7 a £8 SEA ISy BREA SIOUZ 15: Fair erent po eTeS 35d a 33d
Bean and Pea, size ditto|70sa £9 2s 6d Common dark and small|1@ a 3d
Amber and_ dk. red bold|£6 103. a £6 7sidlsHELLS, M. o'PEARL :
Med. & bold glassy sorts}80s_ 4 100s ' Bomba: Bold and A’s
Fair to good palish ,.,|£4 88 a £8 y ewt. Ing and B’s 210s ’
PLE ie red | £4 58 a £9 Small i £2103 a £37566
Ordinary to good pale|35s a 5838 Mergui Small to bold -- |£6 7s €d 3 £6 165
HG Sel a ab ae atte : usse i" Small to bold ...J228a 5F8
picks Be Aes e Ealboeea see TAMARINDS, Calcutta... Sadie fine blk not stony/8s a 10s
Re a ish to pale selected 30s alos ane oe Tas aes ony and inferior ..|5s a 7s
ark to fine pale ,..|20s a 35s oH oe
Clean fr. to gd. almonds/60s a 187s Gd Gaerne iene tee HP: Bottle ee ees { 16s a 28s
Ord. ‘stony and blocky/6s 2258 gq |!URMERIC, Bengalewt,|Fair «..|208
Hine, bt A cae da 1s 6 Madras Finger fair to fine bold
‘air t pale 90s a 115s 2 bright 16:
Middling to good 50s a 80s D Bulbs ad pees
Good to fine white 358 a 55S Cc et Tinger rah See
Middling to fair 25s a 36s eae puis ae aes
yoy te good pale 188 a, 23s VANILLOES— ce ieee
Slig ht y foul to fine lee pe Mauritius ...\ 1sts}Gd. crysallized 3} a 9in|14s a 24s
Colamorte: toulimianed (va faGa Bourbon «J 2nds Foxy & reddish 3448 ,,|133 a 168]6d
aire Teco] TC ey Be aus Seychelles 3rds Lean and inferior «(83 & 128
Common to fine and 8a 23 ad Ne REO) DE ee eee a
Good white bard = (829A 6h

INDIARUBBER (contd.)
Java, Si: g. d& Penang ib.|Foul togood clean

[Dec. 2, 1901.

QUALITY. | QU OTATION

oe

8d a 2s $d

29s éda 3s 1d
1sl0da 2s 6d
1s 3d a 1s 7d

Goor to fine Ball
Ordinary to fair Ball

AGRICOLTGRA

L

EG

INAGAZINE,

COLOMEG:

Added as a Supplement Monthly to

December :—

Wel) XE]

OCCASIONAL NOTES.
R. L. A. D. Silva, an old student
| of the late School of Agriculture,
and at present in charge of the
Experimental Garden at Maha-
walatenne, was awarded a prize
for onions at the Show lately
held at Ratnapura.

St. Benedict’s Institute has made a small
start with School Gardening. and with the limited
extent of land available for the purpose the
results are very crecitable. Two other private
schools are likely to follow the example of
| St. Benedict's.

The Superintendent of School Gardens has been
| travelling in the Three Korales, Kegalle district,

The Kegalle district has been des-
cribed as ‘‘The Paradise of the Pedugogue,”
for the reason, no doubt, that the attendance
at the schools is excellent, the accommodation
_ for scholars and teachers most satistactory, while
the interest taken by the revenue officer and
the chiefs of the district is an important factor
in the success of the schools. Where land is
available schocl gardens may be expected to be
found flourishing before long, as the natural
conditions for successful cultivation are nearly
always present in that favoured district.

Mr. F.C. Fernando, late of the School of
Agriculture, who left for South Africa some months
ago, says in a recently received letter: a
have enlisted in a medical corps, and am off
to Maritzburg en route for the front.”

gardens.

In our last issue we referred to a letter
received from Mr. John Spencer, Deputy to the
Chief of the Bureau of Nature Study (Cor-
nell University, College of Agriculture.) In
response to Mr, Spencer’s request for a ecmmuni-
cation from a Ceylon child, a letter was des-

the

DECEMBER,

with a view to selecting suitable sites for school

“TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for

1901. [No. 6.

patched some weeks ago containing a lively
description from the pen of a youthful corre-
spondent. The last mail brought the following
reply from ‘*Uncle John”: My dear———— ‘
Your Uncle John is delighted to. receive your
letter of September 2nd, which was four days
before our President McKinley was shot, an
event you no doubt know about, but you cannot
conceive the shock and grief the tragedy gave
everybody. When we have our presidential
elections, the feeling of the different parties
would seem to be very intense, but 1 think
it must be on the surface. Men who did all

they could to defeat Mr. McKinley at each
election mourned his death most sincerely,
1 thank you for your letter. I shall pass it

along to my junior Naturalists, my nephews
aid nieces as I call them, for they address me as
Uncle John, and you will no doubt hear from some
of them. In a short time I will send you some
photographs. Your description of your bullocks
and coolies is very good indeed. I wonder if
my boys and girls can do as well. Perhaps
some of them will tell you about their flower
gardens and some of them had flower shows.
Ycu will no doubt think Ihave a novel wuy
of giving my friends an idea of their number.
1 do not measure them by the bushel or by
the ton. Icount them by churehfulls. TI have
enough to fill forty churches, and each church
holds 500 boys and girls, Can you compute
the number in thousands. Out of that number

6,700 bought flower seeds and had gardens
all their very own the past summer. T
am fond of every one of them. I cannot

help it, for they are go very kind to me. Just
now they are engaged in watching crickets,
If you have none in Ceylon your father
will no doubt tell you about them, Hoping
you will let me be your Uncle John the same
as with the others, I am, yours cordially
and sincerely, JNo. W. SPENCER,

An official of the New Administration in the
Transvank who has dut lately. taken up his
Guties at Pretoria, Writing under date the llth

439 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist,’

October, says: ‘This is a country of great
promise—not yet fulfilled—with very rich soil
and plenty of water, but the water has not

been stored or made available. Its possible
future might be anything. The climate
is a little too variable, bright and bracing
generally; but just now the mists are
down on the hills and the rains have
commenced. It is very like Nuwara Eliya when
the mists are hanging low down. Indeed,
Pretoria is situated in a basin like a large

Nuwara Eliya. Johannesburg is much higher
(5,600 ft.) and is colder. My three Sinhalese
servants have done excellently, and we are now
installed in a charming little house.”

Agricultural Banks for Ceylon have been
more than once advocated in our columns.
' The description of the system as it exists on
the Continent and in England will be read
wich interest by those who are calling for the
adoption of some measure (such as exist iu India)
for helping the small cultivator,

School gardens appear to be making head-
way in distant Samoa, as to judge by the
following extract from a lettter kindly placed
at our disposal by Mr. J. P. Williams, the well-
known seedsman of Ienaratgoda. The writer
(Rev. J. W. Hills) says: ‘‘I am introducing
new plants of commercial value for the benefit
of the agricultural department of our Boys’
High Schoc!, and the Directors of the Society
make me only a smajl grant for the purpose.
However, I am asking you to send me one case
filled with specimens of the various plants
mentioned in your note as near as you can do
it. I may say that our garden here at the
school is beginning to attract the notice of planters
aud officials, so that in the long run you will
end in increased business in this quarter of
the world.”

——__< > ——————

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF

AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH a

OF NOVEMBER, 1901.
1 Friday ‘46 18 Monday .. ‘08
2 Saturday ... :21 19 Tuesdav .. °72
3 Sunday .. 1:85 20 Wednesday... *21
4 Monday .. ‘03 21 Thursday .. ‘84
& Tuesday .. O4 22 Friday ooo) eal
6 Wednesday .. ‘34 23 Saturday .. 1°08
7 Thursday ... "24 24 Sunday... 3°72
8 Friday . 2°48 25 Monday ... 1°62
9 Saturday .. ‘47 26 Tuesday "43
10 Sunday .. ‘6 27 Wednesday... Nil
11 Monday ... 262 28 Thursday Nil
12 Tuesday ... 2°41 29 Friday .- Nil
143 Wednesday .. 66 30 Saturday ... Nil
14 Thureday ... ‘O01 1 Sunday... Nil
15 Friday ee NAL peek SRL
16 Suturday °46 Total...21°26
17 Sunday Bibi. aby Mean... ‘70

Greates! amount of rainfall registered in 24
houre on the 24th Nove 3°72 incher,
Recorded by C, DRIEBERG,

[Dec, 2, 1901.

MARKET GARDENING--THE RAISING
OF SEED.

Having prepared the soil, and decided upon
what to grow, and marked out the ground ia see-
tions tor che different crops, the next most im-
portant question is that of

SEEDS. :

Seeds to be jrofitable must be of first-class
quality, and it will be found cheaper in the
end to pay a good price for good seeds than
to buy inferior rubbish, which is dear at any
price. Always purchase your seeds froma relj
able seedsman, who has his reputation to main-
tain, and who can be depended upon to send
out only seeds of good germinating power, and
free from mixtures of any kind other than the
variety of which the name appears on euch
packet.

_ Some kinds of seeds retain their germinat-
ing power unimpaired for several years, cabbage
and turnip seeds, for instance, and cucumbers
melons, &c.; while others,} such as onions,
carrots and parsnips are of yery little use
when more than a year old.

_ Peas, beans, &c., are also at their best dur-
ing the first season,

As it would be a difficult matter for the
amateur to distinguish in all cases between good
seeds and bad, the only plan is to always purchase
from a reliable seedsman. [Seeds muy be tesied
by placing them on damp fluinel and noting
whether they germinate or not,—Ep. Q.A,J,] r

_ SELECTING VARIETIES,

In making your choice of ihe kinds of
vegetables to grow, do not be misled by glow-
ing descriptions of certain kinds of cabbuges
or peas, and purchase them under the impres-
sion that you have got something wonderful

It is auch safer and more satisfactory Fa
buy varieties which are catalogued as standard
varreties or good market sorts. It is also worth
while to find out from your neighbours the
names of any varieties which they haye grown
successfully, and you will thus be enabied to
plant something which has already been proved
good, and will be likely to have some Measure
of success wita it yourself.

Many beginners in gardening are disheartened
at the commencement by the miserable results of
their first attempts, which are in many instances
attributable to trying to grow varieties unsuited
to the soil or climatic conditions,

If you have uno ¢eliable data to go upon, your
seedsman will probably be able to help you
in the selection of good varieties,

In any case, until sufficient experience has
been gained in growing well-known and tested
kinds of vegetables, it is. not advisable to
experiment with anything neworrare. The results
of such attempts are sometimes far-reaching,
inasmuch ag a certain kind of crop is fre-
quently condemned as suitable for a district
because “So-and-so tried it and proclaimed it
2 failure.” People are very apt to accept state-
ments of this kind without going to the trouble

of verifying them for themselves,

Dre. 2, 1901.4

I have often been told that a certain kind
of vegetable will not grow here, because it has
alreidy been tried by someone, when, as a matter
of fact, it has proved to beas easy of cultivation as
pumpkins or maize, if accorded proper treatment.
It is always safe, however, for the beginner
to profit by the suecesses cf his neighbours at
first. Where are many things which only ex-
perience can teach, and it is rather expensive
to go experimenting with unfamiliar kinds of
plants, before learning how to grow the known
and established varieties.

SOWING THE SEEDS.

Some kinds of vegetable seeds are sown in
seed-beds, and when large enough transplanted
to the open ground: others are sown directly
in their permanent places. For a seed-bed, I
know of nothing better than the plan recom-
mended by Mr. Nevill for raising young tobacco
plants. A full description and illustration of
this form of seed-bed appeared in Vol. IL,
Part 3 (March, 1898), of this Journal, and I
can confidently advise its adoption for raisiug
young plants cf any kind.

Cabbages, canliflowers, lettuce, tomatoes, and
numerous other kinds are always raised in seed-
beds; and it will be found better to sow these
all in narrow shallow drills in the bed than
to sow broadcast. Young plants grown in drills
aye much easier to lift and transplant than if broad-
casted, and as arule are stronger and sturdier.
In preparing the bed, the soi! should be raked
as finely as possible, and the seeds must not
be sown too deeply. <A quarter to a half inch
of soil above the seed is usually enough, li
the drills are covered in with a little very fine
and thoroughly rotten manure, germination takes
place quickly, and in transplanting a ball of
the manure will stick to the rootlets, thus
increasing the chances of success in planting.

_ In preparing soil for seed-sowing in the open
‘ground, always have the soil thoroughly ‘tilled,
cleaned from weeds, and well pulverised. An
Acme harrow immediately following the plough
will reduce most soil to a very fine tilth; and
if not, the rake must be used to finish off,
especially with such seeds as carrots, onions, &c.

Where enough ground is available, I should
recommend sowing all such crops as these in
drills from 2 to 3 feet apart, so that horse
cultivators can be used among them.

However, this subject will be more closely
gone into when dealing with crops in detail,

TRANSPLANTING.

For transplanting, the ground should be
prepared, more especially for delicate plants,
in precisely the same way as for seed-sowing.
The finer the surface soil is, the more easily
will the young tender rootlets be able to force
their way down in search of food and sustenance ;
end as a consequence leaf growth will neces-
sarily follow.

{f the soil is hard and lumpy, the attempt
of the rootlets to strike into it becomes fo some
extent useless, and it naturally follows that the
top, growth also becomes retarded, and it will
only be by good luck if the plants eome to

Supplement to the * Propieai Agricullurds.'

435

anything, When taking the plants from the
seed-bed, be careful not to break the roots too
much, and endeavour to lift them with a little
of the sol adhering. Never pull young plants
up, but lift them carefully, It is a good plan
to give the bed a thorough soaking with water
some time before beginning to lift the plants.
Always, if possible, choose a dull or showery
day for. transplanting; but should the weather
be warm and dry, do the work in the afternoons,
and water well after planting; and if suitable
material is procurable, mulch the ground fora
few. inches round each plant, Set the plants
a little deeper in the ground than they were
in the bed, and firm the soil well around the
roots without bruising the -necks of the plants.
Take care always to make the hole for planting
just deep enough, so that the plant will not
hang in it, and give the plants plenty of room
to grow, by setting them a little wider in the
rows than the size cf the plants when fully grown.
For example, if a cabbage will cover 2} feet
ou the outside leaves, set the young plauts of
that variety out 38 feet apart each way.
Should the weather be dry for some time
after planting, it will be necessary to water
the young planis several times a week until
they become established; the watering being
done either eatly in the morning or late iu
the afternoon.
A great deal of watering and hoeing will
however, be saved if mulch is used as already

advised. The importance of mulching cannot
be over-estimated, Almost anything will do—
stable manure, grass, or litter of any kind,

be easily and conveniently
plants. Mulching prevents
the ground from baking after watering, and
so saves hoeing; snd it also helps to arrest
evaporation, to us saving watering; and also it
tends to keep the temperature of the surface
soil equable, and so tends to promote healthy
and vigorous root-action. I confidently re-
commend mulching for any kind of vegetable
erops which require transplanting, and am
sure that the grower will never give it up again so
long as he aims to get the best possible results for
his work with as little labour as possible.—
[H. W. Gorrie in the Queensland Agricultural
Journal. |

[We shall reproduce Mr. Nevill’s instructions
for making seed beds and raising seeds in
over next.—Ep, A.M]

——<- —
POULTRY NOTES.

provided it Gan
placed round the

(Culled from Various Sources.)

There is a great similarity between the various
poultry-powders and foods. The powders are
popularly supposed to “increase the egg-laying
powers of hens. The following are a few typical
formulas :-—Powdered eggshell, or phosphate of
lime, 4 0z.; iron sulphate, 4 0z.; powdered cap-
sicum, 4 02.3 powdered fenugreek, 2 02. ; pow-
dered black pepper, 1 oz.; silver sand, 2 o02.;
powdered leutils, 6.02. A tablespoonful to be
mixed with sufficient food for 20 hens. Oysters

434

shell—ground—5 0z.; magnesia 1 02,5 caicium
Carbonate, 3 0z.; bone—ground ~14 oz.; mustird
bran, 13 0z.; capsicum, 1 02.3 sodium chloride,
1 0z.; iron sulphate, 3-0z.; sodiun carbonate,
3-02.; sulphate, 3-0z.; beef—lean, dried and
powdered—!0 0z.; fine sand, 10 oz. ; corn meal,
20 02.; linseed meal, 20 oz. Reduce ali ty mo ler-
ately coarse powder and mix well. The above are
formulas that are recommended by poultryaen,
and are based upon practical experience in poaltry-
feeding, not upon the theoretical knowledge of
pharmacists.

Indian corn will fatten geese quickest, but it
makes the fat very yellow; and when the bird is
put before the fire to roast, an undue amount of
if becomes goose-greese. Oats are much better.
They may be given crushed or whole. The former
‘is the better; and a barley-meal and ont-fattened
goose is always a heavy-Weighing, firm, well-
flavoured bird.

There are many readers of a poultry column,
as well as fanciers and others, who consider that
too much is made of Cleanlness. | Writers
of the poultry columns are constantly harping
on the subject, but it isin duty bound and in
the best interests of those who keep poultry
that this subject receives so much attention. [
should not be far wrong in saying that 60 per
cent. of the fowlhouses in the colony are so dirty
that it is impossible for fowls to live in them in a
healthy condition. With is the sure cause of
disease, and ofttimes death ; indeed, it 1s the one
great curse in keeping poultry. If your fowls
droop, or are ailing, see if the house is infected
with lice or tick. If it is, so are the hens, and
also are the nests. Do you think you would enjoy
hife yourself if a myrisd of insects were for ever
boring into your skin, preventing all comfort
during the day and all rest at night? Yet this is
the usual experience of the vast-majority of fowls.
“They are overrun with lice or tick. Many of
them have broken-down, draughty houses, foetid
runs, impure water, and then their owners won-
der why they don’t lay a plentiful supply of eggs.
Cleanliness is second only to godliness in the
human creature; in poultry-keeping there is
nothing comes before it. It is the first and most
important condition of success. It is advisable,
therefore, to occasionally examine your birds for
the purpose of detecting any parasites that may
from time to time molest them. This remark also
applies with regard to the houses. As the moult-
ing season draws to an end, it is advisable to
thoroughly lime-wash all poultry-houses, coops,
&e., and if you have any suspicion that tick
or other parasites are present use Little’s Phenyle
profusely in all the crevices, corners, and other
places where these pes's are likely to congregate,
If this is negleeted, the fowls which snonld in a
very little tinie preset quite a gay and glossy
appearance will le found with their feathers
exten away to such an extent as to entirely spoil
their ajpearance, and may eventually be found
pead just for the want of proper attention,

Supplement to the " Tropical Agrieulturist.

(Dro, 2, 1901.

The secret of raising chickens is to keep the
growing all the time. To do this they should
have nourishing food, a fair range, and not be
overcrowded. Poor feed is expensive at any price
where chickens are concerned. It is best to let
chickens run at large, providing they do not go so
far as to keep them tired all the time. A young
chicken can be run down the same as the young
of any kind, and when this is the case they will
not prosper. They thrive unusually well in
orchards, the reason being they are shaded, and
insects are more plentiful. A piece of land where
a fair amount of grass, old trees, and loose soil
abound is the very best place imaginable to
raise chickens, and especially after they have
reacned the age of four to six weeks old. Under
the old leaves, and along the logs and fallen tim-
ber there is an abundance of insects, &¢., which
make splendid food, the shade is plentiful, and
the green food contains the elements for building
up the body. lt is essential to give them all
they can eat in the morning and evening, and if
the range or run does not afford ‘*good picking”
if is best to scatter cracked grain where they can
find it by scratching. A chicken that receives
every atttention and is pushed right along for the
first few weeks must not be neglected, for if
permitted to stop growing it will never fully
recover,

The question is often asked, “How many
females should be mated with a male bird?”
To answer this correctly is not easy, for much
depends cn the male himself; besides each variety
or breed will differ more or less. For instance,
the <Asiatics, or large breeds, will not take as
many females as the Mediterranean, or lighter
breeds. I have become a believer in mating a
larger number of females than the orthodox rule,
and I find 1 get better results, especially with the
lighter breeds, Early in the season fewer hens
are needed, but as the season advances the num-
bers may be increased. For the lighter breeds I
generally mate up five or six hens, and add as the
seasons advances, up to nine or ten, and even
twelve hens. With the medium breeds—Wyan-
doties, Orpingtons, ete., four or five at first, and
increase up to eight or ten. With the larger or
heavier breeds, three or four hens early in the
season and increase up to eight. Of course, a
good, lively, vigorous male bird must be at the
head of affairs to get best results. The hen should
be considered as well as the wale bird, and must
be sound and healthy if we wish to get good fer-
tile eggs. On her depends the greater part of the
production of the future chick. She should pro-
duce a perfect egg, stored with the proper
nutriment for the development of. the embryo,
ana the foundation of health, growth, ete., for the
future bird.

During the hot summer months the fowls’
driuking pots should be kepi out of the sun, and
should be filled with water as we would use
ourselyes. Shade of some kind should be provided
for all birds; if no trees, or sheds are handy, 4
shade can be made of boughs, buys, oranythings 1.
will shude a part of the ryu from the hat dl.y

Dre, 2, 1901.) Supplement to the ,

sun, Green food should be supplied regularly
every day to young—as well as the old stock —if
we wish to keep our poultry in perfect health,
The best time to feed green-food is at mid-day,
and there should not any lefs about the pens or
yards,

In rearing ducklings there are two objects to be
kept in view, that of rearing to maturity for
stock birds, or for fattening for table, as the two
methods differ very materially. When ducklings
have been hatched for tweaty-four hours they will
require their first meal; hard-boiled egy mixed
with pollard or bread crumbs is a good first meal.
When the duclking are two or three days old, their
food should consist of pollard and bran (8 to 1
respectively) mixed into a nice crumbly mass——
not too sloppy—green food—cut up fine, and a
little animal food. Of course clean water should
always be before them, and nice clean sand which
they will use as grit,

In the large majority of cases (writes an
English weekly, where fowls are kept in thickly-
populated districts, the only object is to obtain
eggs, not to rear chickens. Under these condi-
ticns there is no occasion whatever for the pre-
sence of the male bird. Numberless experiments
have proved this. The United States Govern-
ment maintain, at considerable expense, an Agri-
cultural Department to investigate all matters
of interest to the farmer. That Department has
closely and scientifically examined the question as
to whether the male bird is needed for the produc-
tion of eggs, and the conclusion arrived at was
that the laying of the hens is greater if they are
kept alone. It has also been proved again and
again in this country that the “crowing gentle-
man” ig not necessary where eggs only are needed,
if the town poultry-keeper will stock his yard
with hens only. Evenif itis considered necessiry
to hatch some chickens, a sitting of eggs, guaran-

oD" I 3
teed fertile, can be easily purchased for a
small sum.

THE AGRICULTURAL BANK.

| Mr. Sutton Nelthorpe, a Large Iand holder in
Lincolnshire has succeeded in establishing, and,
with the assistance of a Managing Committee and
an excellent Secretary (Mr. Spencer) in efficiently
maintaining an Agricultural ‘‘Credit Society”
since 1894. |

Most people, writes Mr, H. Ricer Haggard in
the Daily Express, have heard of the Reiffeisen
system of agricultural banks, of which the object
is to promote and foster co-operative personal
credit, and to advance moneys to small agri-
culturists wherewith to enable them to carry
on or extend their business.

The underlying principle of these banks is
collective guarantee; thus all the members are
responsible for the default of any one cf them,
the basis upon which the system is built up
being the established character for probity and
sobriety of the individual members of each
association,

Tropical Agvicuiiurisi,' 436

The success of these banks ttpon the Continent
hag been colossal. I believe that there exist
at the present moment nearly 2,500 of them,
and that their transactions in 1893 amounted
to a total of about £11,000,000.

Further, it is the boast of this foreign
Ruiffeisen Agricultural Bank Association with
its two thousand odd aflitiated societiex, that
since the begitning of the enterprise in 1840,
neither member nor creditor has lost a shilling

by them, whereas the good ¢hejz have done to
struggling agiculturists cau scarcely be expressed
in words.

That this is the opinion of the Prussian Diet
is shown by the fact that, in July, 1895, a Bill
was reid a third time in the House of Deputies
establishing a Central Co-operative Bank, of which
the object is to grant loans to and receive
deposits from co-operative unions and co-opera-
tive credit banks. ‘To further this end the State
granted to the said bank as original capital a
sum of £250,000.

When we turn to England it is, as might
be expected, to find that in the matter, having
to do with agriculture and the welfare of the rural
population, little or wothing has been done,

In 1895, at the instance of Mr. Yerburgh,
M.P., some information was obtained from the
Continent through the Foreign Office officials,

and there the thing stopped,
am right in saying that largely through the
enterprise and energy of Mr. Yerburgh, the
Co-operative Banks Association has been founded,
but as yet, I understand, has not progressed
very far. How can it, fighting ageinst such a
sea of prejudice, ignorance, aud Parliamentry
indifference, ?

Our Governments can squander
tons of millions upon foreign enterprises and
wurs, some of which at least are of doubtful
advantage, but what amount of pressure would
it take to extract from them even £250,090 to
assist a movement of this sort? That sum is
about the sixteenth of the cost of, let us say,
the Uganda railroad, and the benefit whic
would result from its judicious use in the
establishment of people’s banks must, I firmly
believe, be a truer defence and benefit to this
country than a dozen Hast African railways.

Yet, as it would benefit not trade but agri-
culture and the land, what chance is there that
it wili ever be forthcoming, or indeed, any
earnest and heartfelt Government assistance in
shis and kindred matters ?

The Scawby Credit Society started with the
modest capital of £200 in 1894. Today it is
quite solvent, and even boasts a reserve of £3
lis. haviug since its origin granted loans to
the extent of £577--twenty-two in all, ranning
from £50, the maximum allowed, to £5, Dur-
ing this period of activity it has suffered no
losses and incurred no bad debts.

To exemplify the working and usefulness of
the bank, lt do not know that I can do better
than quote two on three specimen cases, names
only being suppressed,

Case 1.—A farm labourer, an industrious man
who had brought up a large family and managed

Also I believe I

millions and

436

to save a litule money. He took half an acre,
then three acres and the proverbial cow, then,
when nearly sixty years of age, seized the
opportunity to hire a small farm of fifty acres,
which he managed to enter and stock, except
with sheep.

To purchase these the Scawby Society granted
him a loan of £30 on his own security, con-
sisting of his live and dead stock and corn in
stuck, which he insured at the instance of the
society for £150. But for this loan the bor-
rower would have had to sell his sheep food
to his own loss and to the damage of the
farm. flaving punetually discharged his debt,
he applied for a fresh loan of £40, again to

buy sheep, as his roots were more plentiful
than in the previous season. The loan was
granted on the same security as before, and

duly discharged.

Next, one of £20 was granted, and paid off
to the day. After a year the borrower saw a
eliance of placing his sons on a small farm
which he partially stocked for them. To do
this, however, and replenish his own holding,
he applied for another loan of £50 which was
granted on the same security.

This chain of loans, therefore, has assisted in
starting the tenants of two small holdings and it
is estimated that if the original borrower were
now to go out of farming after six years he
would have been found to have quadrupled the
capital with which he started.

Case 2.—A working foreman heard of the
Seawby Credit Bank and deposited with it a sum
of £50. When the chance offered of taking a
farm of seventy-three acres, he borrowed £40
on the secarity of his deposit, and a further
£50 on that of his stock and implements and
the guarantee of two sureties.

Even in the present bad season this man’s
farm looks well, and, as he is hardworking and
knows his business, his success is fairly certain.

Case 8.—A foreman in a commerical concern
established himself independently in the same
line of business, and locked up his small capital
in manufactured goods of his own production.
He was granted a loan by the Scawby Society
on the security of his stock in hand and of
two sureties. This loan was repaid and a fresh
one for a smaller sum granted, which, after
an extension of time, asked for on the ground
that it would enable the borrower to establish
himself, was duly repaid. This man has now
secured a connetion of customers, and has a good
prospect of success.

But for these loans he would have been obliged
to sell his first manufactured stock at a scarifice,
and must have drifted to his old position, and thus
lost the independence he coveted.

It will, I think, be submitted that the above
sample instances demonstrate the utility of co-
operative people’s banks more clearly than could
be accomplished by any amount of argument.

And if these things are done in the green tree,
what might not be done in the dryP The
Scawby Bank, with its tiny capital of £200,
has in the course of a few years succeeded
in assisting quite a number of industrious

Supplement r0 the * Tropical Agriouturist,”

(Dec, 9, 1901,

struggling folk to advance themselves in life
and attain to independence. What, then, might
not happen if there were hundreds of such
institutions scattered up and down the land,
having the strong support and sympathy of
Some central wuthority, and engaged, each of
them, in the judicious dixsemination of capital
among deserving folk, whv mutually guarantee
its repayment, that it may be used again to
help others in their turn ?

It is said that the great banks would be hostile
to any such movement, but why should they be
hostile, sesing that the business is not of the
class which they would care to do, and that
being co-operative, it produces no profit except
to the eo-operators? On the contrary, I believe
that if ip were put before them in a proper
light, they would be glad to assist in the estab-
lishment of such societies, seeing that these
would in due course manufacture customers for
themselves. and, by increasing the wealth of the
country, give them more money to handle.

The utter indifference of our Governments is,
I think, much more to be feared than any
hostility on the part of the large banking
institutions. That these co-operative credit
societies can be mide to do good work in
England as well as on the Continent has, I
think, been demonstrated by Mr. Sutton Nelthorpe
and his Committee at Scawby. Possibly also
there may be other successful instances with
which I am not acquainted, Now it remains
for the country to follow this excellent example,
and thereby help to satisfy one of its most
pressing needs—the multiplication and develop-
ment of the desirable class of small holders.
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF HOUSING CATTLE

AND CONSERVING MANURE.

[REPORT BY THE PRINCIPAL, CAWNPORE

AGRICULLURAL SCHOOL. |

Dry Earth System.—Where litter is scarce or
wien the quantity of manure made in the year is
deemed subordinate to perfect cleanliness of the
shed the following method will be found the
simplest :—-

Beat down the floor of the cattle shed with clay,
to make it level and hard, give it a gentle slope,
and at the bottom of the slope have a small drain
lined with ordinary tiles. Let this drain lead
into a small pit holding an. earthen vessel; a
common ghara will do very well. When the
cattle are tied in the shed the urine soaks into the
earth on the floor, and any extra urine not so
soaked in, flows down the slope into the earthen
vessel, Hvery morning the cattle-attendunt
removes the dung, scrapes the wet parts cf the
floor and puts over it fresh dry earth, at the rate of
about 10 lb. for a pair of cattle. The urine in the
pot (if any) and the scraped earth are thrown into
the manure pit, either separate from the dung or
along with it, according as the farmer intends
usiug the urine-earth at shorter intervals than the
dung or all together. Naturally, in this method
also, a little more earth is necessary in rainy

Dic. 2, 1901.]

weather, for which period the farmer will have to
keep a store of dry earth in a place protected
from rain.

By this method the urine is fully utilized and
the sied remains as neat and clean as a cattle
shed can possibly be. It has been under trial for
about four years at the Cawnpore Experimental
Station, and so far presents no difficulty that wall
fall in the way of its general adoption by cultiva-
tors. To what extent the earth applied to the
shed increases in manurial value by absorbing the
urine, will be seen by the following figures. Dr.
Leather analysed the earth used at the Cawnpore
Station, before using it, when if was used once,
and when it was used twice; and found the per-
centages of nitrogen to be respectively 0:931,
0°224, 0°395. From the shed of a pair of working
cattle about 4,000 to 5,000 lb. of earth may be
expected to accumulste in the year which meas
that about 7 to 10 1b, of nitrogen has been saved.
In producing immediate effects on a growing crop
the nitrogen of this earth acts like that of salt-
petre or sodium nitrate and can be reckoned as
equal to not Jess than 20 to 30 lb. of nitrogen of dung
or straw or litter. Instead of accumulating the
earth the whole year, in which case the earth
must be losing a part of the nitrogen by fermen-
tation, the accumulations of shorter periods can
every now and then be used as a top-dressing to
any crop standing at the time. If this plan be
adopted and the daily scraping of the wet earth
be thoroughly done and the use of dry earth be
liberal, there is no reason why the year’s urine-
earth of every pair of working cattle should not
be sufficient to give the cultivator an additional
yield of from two to four maunds of wheat, maize
or other food grain. Fresh urine-earth unlike
fresh dung does not encourage white-ants in a
growing crop.

When some litter is available, as is often the case
when a cultivator has some area under sugarcane,
it may be spread on the floor of the shed during
the cold weather months from November to
February to give the cattle a warmer hed to lie
on. And this bedding may be removed once a
week or so. It should, however, be remembered
that this plan is recommended only with a view
to the better comfort of the cattle, and that for
preserving the urine and making the most out of
it as a manurial agent the mere dry earth system
is one of the best and simplest.

The Manure Heap.—Wbatever be the system of
housing cattle that the farmer adopts a manure
heap will be a necessity. if the box-system be
adopted the dung will be preserved in the box
itself; but there will be a Jot of rubbish to collect
and preserve fur using as manure. For this pur-
pose a pit should be dug on comparatively high
ground so that it may not get submerged under
water in the rains. The sides and bottom should
be plastered with clay, and a cheap thatch put
over it to protect from sun or rain. The dung,

the sweepings of the household, all vegetable

refuse as the leaves of sugarcane, useless weeds
and straw, fallen leaves of sheesham, mango, or
other trees and zlso any animal remains available
should be put into it. The dry leaves shed by
trees in the autumn and those of sugarcane cone

Supplement to the “Qropical Agriculiurist,”

437

tain in 100 1b. about 3 and 11b, of nitrogen and
so make generally as good a manure as cattle
dung, while animal remains make much richer
manure. By taking care throughout the yerr in
this way a cultivator can make in the year ubout
150 to 300 maunds of manure for every pair of
cere by him, according to varying circum.

If no thatch be put up over the heap it should
be covered with earth to prevent the loss of
nitrogen, Jiven in the presence of a shed, cover-
ing the heap with earth will be a good plan ;
when the heap gets very dry in the cold or hot
weather some water may be poured on it just to
moisten it. By this means not only will the heap
rot or ferment well and become a readily atinge
manure, but the loss of free nitrogen which takes
place when the heap gets dry and mouldy will
also be prevented.

MUSHROOM CULTIVATION,
We have been asked for infor
the cultivation of mushrooms,
cannot do better than quote from an article on this
subject contributed some time ag0 of Mr, A. J
Boyd of the Queensland Agricultural Department
to the Queensland Agricultural Journal :-—
zh The directions for raising mushrooms without
the aid of spawn are also given, and we shall
be glad if some of our readers will give the
process a tiial and report results to us.

mation regarding
and we taney we

PREPARING THE Brp,

During January or February a quantity of fresh
horse-droppings should be collected, They must
not be piled up in a heap, but rather spread
cut thinly nnder a shed until required Dis
trenches 1 foot deep and about 4 feet wide :
into the trenches throw the droppings to Ri
depth of 9 inches. Then ram or ‘tread tien:
down firmly to exclude the air as much ib
possible, thus preventing the droppings froin
heating too much. Now break up the spawn
bricks into pieces the size of a large marble
and set them a foot apart almost a the aie
face of the manure. If no rain should come
give the beds a fair sprinkling of water, and s
few days afterwards cover the manure and s sets
with 8 inches of fine soil. In Queeneiacd vs
often have heevy rains in February, Too nen
water is injurious to the spawn, so it would
be well to provide some shelter for the beds
It the weather is suitable, within a month ie
six weeks after covering up the spawn with
earth, tiny white buttons spring up at intervals
all over the bed, the spawn being distributed
in spaces about I foot apart, These little buttons
Alan develop into mushrooms, and. in about
pen ccs they are large enough to eut for

They do not grow steadily, but
or two of slow progress they sud
to expand, and in a few days double

in size,
One of the strangest things about i

t them is that
they can be producdd spontaneously, as it werg,

after a week
denly begin
or quadruple

438

from a bed of manure and earth properly prepared
and cared for,

Without spawn or seed of any kind, if the
work is properly done, after a few weeks the
mushrooms will spring vp from a bed of this
kind, and for about three weeks they can be
gathered. But that exhausts the bed, and you
will never get another mushroom from it unless
spawn is introdaced. It would appear that the
seed ig in the mixture of manure and earth
naturally, and needs only proper conditions of
warmth and dampness to bring it to perfection.
These mushrooms preduced in this way are
rather an inferior grade, however, and do not
compare with those raised in the usual manner
from purchased English spawn.

Cultivated mushrooms also are far superior
to the wild variety. The latter do not attain
the size and fleshiness of the former, owing
to want of proper conditions and sudden changes
of temperature. To raise them in perfection, a heat
of from 60 degrees to 70 degrees Fahr, is sufficient.
To be palatable, they must be fresh. In very
warm weather they will not keep well, and
in wet weather will become maggotty. The
gills (or underside of the mushroom) turn black
when too cld or damaged by weatler, and a
few black-gilled mushrooms will damage a whole
basketful if they are kept together for even
a whole day. ‘fhey also lose their flaveur, and
get tough if picked for any length of time,
Fresh mushrooms are very brittle, and must
be picked with great care, and broken mush-
rooms are not eagerly bought up by lovers of
this edible. In France, and [ believe also in
America, mushrooms are grown in cellars.
In Paris there is a vast number of cellars
devoted to their cultivation, and also to that
of the ‘*Champignon,” a more slender kind of
mushroom and of more delicate flavour. It is,
however, difficult to distinguish between the
Champignon and poisonous fungi of similar
appearance, and many persons have suffered

from eating what they, in their ignorance, had.

gathered for Cliampignons, but which were, in
English, ‘‘Toadstools.” I have not seen the
Champignon in Queensland; but there is no
reason why it should not be found here as
well as the mushroom and the truffle.

CELLAR CULTIVATION.

The first requisite is equable: temperature ;
the next, dampness; and the third, gloom.
The best way to prepare the cellar is to build
shelves all round the walls and in the centre,
indeed anywhere, so long as room is allowed to
pass between the shelves. On these shelves
boxes a foot deep ure placed. They may be of
any suitable width and length, but they must
have the depth. As soon as the boxes are in
position, the next thing is to prepure the beds
for the reception of the spawn. I have already
shown how to prepare the bed in the
open, and the same method will serve for the
cellar bed, the spawn being put in a Tittle
further apart than was the case in the garden,
the reason being that we shall have a larger
crop on @ given area owing to the superior

-gonditions of temperature and damp, Sixteen

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

“{Duc. 2, 1901,

inches is not too great a distance between the
fragments of spawn. The temperature must be
kept at about 60 degrees or at the most 70
degrees I’, aad such a temperature is easily main-~
tained in a cellar even in our hot months.
Next comes the question of dampness. This is
essential. But if is not always necessary to
water the beds. As before said, too much water
i3 injurious to the spawn as well as to the
mushroom, The plan adopted in Paris cellars
is to water the stone or brick floor and also
to sprinkle the walls. In America the same
thing is done by cellar growers. I lately came
across a Chicago paper in which some account
was given of a celebrated mushroom-grower
(W. C. Blakemon) in Chicago, who realises a
handsome income by growing mushrooms in a
dark cellar-like barn in the heart of the city.
He has a number of boxes of earth, piled over
each other, resting on shelves arranged like the
bunks in an emigrant ship. Narrow aisles run
between to enable him to attend to his crop.
Except for the light of a lamp he carries, all is
darkness in this moist warm den. The mush-
rooms are not picked by hand. This often
results in the top breaking uway from tlie stem,
and thus the market value is lessened. Mush-
rooms should be snipped off about half an
inch below the bead. A long stick with a sharp
brad in the end is used to harpoon each button
or formed mushroom. The area of earth
space in the boxes under notice is 13 acres.
Every morning 50 lb. of fresh crisp mushrooms
are taken from the beds and sold. The business
is a very profitable one, and the crop never
ceases, ‘The expenses after the first outlay are
not heavy. Mushroom spawn in Ameiica is
worth from £1 to £1 10d per 100 lbs. It can be
purchased in Queensland in small quantities for
1s. per lb. brick.

But the intending grower can produce the
spawn artificially in this way: Mix two or three
kinds of dung—horse and sheep or horse, sheep and
cow dung—and keep up under cover, treading it
down as the heap grows. Then cover the lot
with fermenting horse dung or with bags. Ina
month or six weeks, if the compost heap has
not been over-heated, you will find on taking
cut a handful of it that there are small white
threads running through the dung. This is the
mushroom nucleaus, It will not keep, how-
ever, and should be used at once. In a stable
which had not been cleaned for some time I have
found the white mushroom fibres on breaking
a piece of the trampled dung. Seeing that mush-
rooms can be raised in any odd, dark, damp
shed with very little labour, and that there
is always a ready sale for these in the cities,
the business should be a profitable one.

eee SSS eee
PLANT LIFE.

[A SERIES OF SIMPLE LECTURES INTENDED FOR,
“A CLASS OF JUNIOR STUDENTS, |
LECTURE 111.
Nutrition,—Plants, like us, require food and
water for their sustenance, but the means by which

Fe a
Ss

Dec. 2, 1901.}

nutrition is supplied to the plant as well as the
elements and sources of plant nutrition are very
different from those of animal nutrition. All
animals, including human beings, are either
carnivorous, herbivorous or both, that is to say,
they consume animal food or vegetable food or
subsist. on a mixed diet. Bnt vegetation is the
ultimate source of all animal food, for either
directly or indirectly it is to the plant that
we must trace the source of unimal nutrition.
We can imagine, for the sake of argument,
a man becoming independent of animal food, in
the absence of animal life, but we cannot imagine
the opposite state of affairs, for granted that
human beings can maintain themselves on a
purely meat diet, the latter would not be
available inasmuch as vegetation would still be
necessary for the nutrition of the lower animals
whose flesh we consume. It comes to this then,
that plant life is absolutely mecessary for
human nutrition,

Let us now enquire how plants get their food,
The source of plant food are the atmosphere
and the soil. From the atmosphere the plant
draws one very important element of plant food,
namely, the carbon which helps to build up
the framework of the plant. I have already been
speaking to you about the carbonic acid which
is present in the atmosphere. It may be said
to be an adulterant in an otherwise pure
atmosphere consisting of nitrogen and oxygen,
and is produced as the result of respiration
(exspiration) of all animals and plants, as well
as of the combustion and decomposition of organic
substances. As a result the oxygen of the
atmosphere has a great tendency to be exhausted
and to be replaced by carbonic acid, for it is
the oxygen of the atmosphere that combines
with carbon from whatever source to form car-
bonic acid. But the composition of the atmo-
sphere, as I have already told you, is practically
constant in spite of this, that is the proportions
of nitrogen and oxygen vary very slightly, at
any rate not to a sufficient extent to cause any
inconvenience to human beings. Under normal
conditions there are to every 100 parts of
atmospheric acid, 79 of nitrogen and 21 of oxygen,
and this quantity of pure air is ordinarily adulter-
ated with 1-25th part of carbonic acid.

Now the means by which the composition of
the air remains practically unchanged is the
same means by which plants obtain carbon from
the atmosphere. This process is technically
known as assimelation, and consists of carbonie
acid being taken by the plant from the air through
the stomata, the carbon retained or fixed,
and the oxygen given out. Jt is like a sum in
subtraction; the plant takes in carbon and oxygen
in combination as carbonic acid, substracts the
carbon and liberates the remaining oxygen. Now
you will see how the plant purifies the atmo-
sphere while it secures the carbon necessary for
its nutrition, This process is, indeed, the exact
opposite of the process of respiration, which
consists of the taking in of oxygen and the
giving out of carbonic acid, There isno difference
in the process of respiration as carried on by

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculiurist.”

439

and animals; but assimilation in plants
is the opposite process which counteracts the
effects (the vitlaling of the atmosphere by
accumulation of carbonic acid), of respiration
in plants and animils, aud not only respiration
but also the combustion and decompoclilon of
organic matter. Thus is the a:mosphere pre-
served in a condition suitable for humau life,

plants

————_

GENERAL ITEMS.

According to an American paper the Public
Health Journal), the dreaded mosquito, which is
such an intolerable nuisance in the summer
months, more particularly along river banks and
on the sea coast, can be easily abated by the use
of avery simple remedy, It is stated that but
two and a-half hours are required for the develop-
ment of the full-grown mosquito from a mere
speck, its first stage. It can be instantly killed
either in its infancy or at maturity by contact
with minute quantities of permangunate of potash,
the cheap purple salt which is used so much for
disinfecting purposes. It is said that a solution
of the salt containing only one part in fifteen
thousand of water, distributed in the marshes
where the mosquito breeds, will render the deve
lcpment of their larvee impossible. To quote the
Journal itself :— A handful of permanganate will
oxidise a ten-acre swamp, kill its embryo insects,
and keep it free from organic matter for thirty
days at acost of 25 cents. With care, a whole
State may be kept free of insect pests at a small
cost. An efficacious method is to. scatter a few
crystals widely apart. A single pinch of perman-
ganate hag killed all the germs in a 1,000-galion
tank,”

Not many people are aware that the onion con-
tains a principle which acts on tie nerves in a
manner similar to the action of opium. Unfor-
tunately, the persistent odour oi the vegetable
makes sensitive persons disinclined to use them
at ali events in the raw state. Now, an onion
taken at night is one of the best sleepinducers.
The element above mentioned hes the effect of
calming the nerves, and consequently of lulling
the brain to rest.

A correspondent to the Queensland Agricultural
Journal, writing of the Brinjal as a neglected
vegetable, says: ‘‘It is a vegetable of considerable
excellence and has the merit of being hardy and
very easily cultivated. Care should be taken to

_ gather the brinjal before it passes its prime ;

otherwise it is unpalatable. The purple-fruited,
of which there are several varieties, is usually
cultivated for the table; it should be picked
before it loses its brilliant, purple hue. There
are several ways of cooking it; an approved way
is first to boil it from 20 to 30 minutes, then to
slice and fry it. When thus treated, it is a
delicious vegetable. I noticed when in London
and Paris, last season, that the brinjal was
frequently in evidence. The price quoted was
about 2d, or dd. each, Itis known in London by

440

its French name, ‘‘aubergine”: this is probably
because the London market is supplied from
France. ‘he brinjal is largely grown in India;
it is also esteemed in Germany, Italy, and other
European countries, but more especially in the
United States of America. It is an annual, but
it continues bearing for some time in Queensland.
IT have had it fruit three years in succession. 1
have grown the white kind, which is also edible,
and recently a white, striped with purple, which
was as good as the purple.

How great are the possibilities of Hawaii as a
fruit and vegetable growing country, will be under-
stood, says an exchange, when it becomes known
that four crops of potatoes have been produced in
successson on the same piece of land within twelve
months. Radishes become edible in ten days after
showing. Strawberry vines bear fruit all the
year. The berries are of the finest flavour.
Cabbage grows all the year, and it apparently
makes no difference whether it is planted in the
spring, summer, autumn or winter. Parsley once
sown, grows forever, apparently. Lima beans
continue to grow avd bear for over a year, and
they have to be gathered every week after start-
ing to bear. Cucumbers bear the entire year, and
so do tomatoes, which, with proper attention
bear for years. Raspberries bear for six months.
Pineappies come into bearing when the plants
are four months old and bear in abundance for
years. Lettuce can be planted at any time and it
develops quickly. The same is true of celery.

Those who have been interesting themselves
in rhea cultivation in Ceylon will be interested
to learn that there is at the Buffalo Exhibition
a machine which defribiates ramie from the green
stalks. The exhibitors of the invention are the
Egssan-Packer Defribator Co. of New York. It is
reported to have been worked with success in the
field in Florida, cleaning 4 tons of green stalks

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agrieulturist.”

[Drc. 2, 1901.

per day and requiring less than one horse-power
to operate.

Indian Gardening publishes a most interesting
article, detailing a curious discovery made by
Mr. N. G. Mukerjee, M.A., M.R.A.C., Professor
of Agriculture, Civil Engineering College, Sibpur,
in the cultivation of rice, which should have
an important practical bearing on this crop
—in Bengal at any rate. Mr. Mukerjee has, in
fact, succeeded in evolving an aus paddy with
aman tendencies, in addition to producing
superior varieties of aus paddy. It is expected
that the discovery will be of material benefit
to cultivators, and our contemporary recommends
that steps should be taken to make known the
discovery far and wide.

Here is a simple, inexpensive and practical con-
trivance for keeping birds out of fruit trees, which
might answer for scaring away sparrows from
paddy, parakeets from Indian corn, squirrels
from cacao, custard apples, &c. It consists in
hanging a small mirror on the top limb of
the tree. There should be at least six inches
of string to the mirror, so that it can swing
about when moved by the wind. It is said that
the flash of the mirror creates a scare. One
or more cheap mirrors used thus on each tree are
said to have answered wellin the Philippines, and
the birds do not grow familiar with the contri-
vance as in the case of scare crows. The experi-
ment suggested is well worth trying.

Soot and lime are very useful in keeping off
slugs. The material should be sprinkled arouna
the rows so shat the slugs cannot cross the
line formed. When this is done there will be
little to fear from slugs, and where the operation
is neglected, they are in the vicinity of crops,
they will come out and devour the leaves in
the most destructive manner. Land affected with
slugs should be kept free of weeds and rubbish
and the land constantly stirred up and kept open.

I~ Tr
QB EMO,

recognized,

<{ MONTHLY. be Zi

XXI.

COLOMBO, JANUARY 1st,

1902.

No 7%.

CACAO CANKER IN CEYLON.

History oF THE DtskAsu.

: T is difficult to arrive at the exact
date of the appearance of cacao
canker in Ceylon: it had most
probably being growing on
cacao for a long period before
it was noticed by planters. In
1896 it was generally noticed,
and various theories pat forward

as to its nature, some favouring
the view that it was caused by an insect, others that

the methods of cultivation were at fault.

We may safely assume with our knowledge of the
rate of growth of the organism causing the canker
that it had been present in cacao trees at least five
years previous to 1896, when in the public press and
at planters’ meetings the existence of the evil was
The number of trees affected and the
wide area over which the canker existed in 1993,
when the investigation of its nature and life-history
commenced, supports the presumption that cacao
canker began in Ceylon not less than ten or twelve
years ago. unhappily the disease was until 1898
only treated in various empiric ways, without
definite knowledge of the nature of the eveil. It
was said to bo a fungus attacking the root, to
especially attack weak trees, and to be a conse-
quence of the attacks of boring and other insects,
and from these premises various suggestions for the
prevention of further spread of the disease were
formulated. This has been almost invariably up to
the present time the history of diseases of cultivated
plants, and the experience has been dearly bought
that in plant life, as in human sanitation, sporadic
diseases should be carefully investigated as soon as
possible, and when their nature is discovered prompt
maazures taken to prevent them becoming epidemio,

In 1898 I began an investigation into the causes
of the disease, spending a year in observing the
life-history of the fungus causing the mischief, and
also in visiting and examining more than forty
cacao estates in different districts of the Island
and at various elevations (from 100 to 4,000 ft.).
The results of this investigation were published in
three reports by the Ceylon Planters’ Association,
and an abbreviated account, with rules for dealing
with the canker, was printed in Singhalese and
Tamil and circulated by the Government,

The amount of damage done before any steps
were taken to combat the evil is hard to estimate,
but a most serious loss in crop was caused by the
canker and a still more serious loss of trees; some
estates, for reasons which may perhaps be under-
stood by the following account, were free, or almost
so, from the disease, while others were entirely, or
in great part, wiped ont.

Had the organism causing the disease invaded
the root—as it was erroneously supposed to do—

‘as well as the stem of the cacao trees, the loss

would have been more disastrous. When the stem
was cut down suckers were produced from the
stump and grew vigorously, without disease, produc-
ing fruit, in some cases when only a year old, in
addition, new plants sapplied grew healthily b side
the stumps of the old cankered trees, and these
circumstances retrieved a great deal of the lo3s on
mavy estates.

On some estates the methods laid down for come
bating the spread of the disease have been most
carefully carried out, on some others partial trials
(which, as a rule, are &@ mere waste of money)
have been made, but in a large number of cases,
notably native holdings, no measures have been
taken to decrease the ravages of the disease,

442

Since I have taken up my duties as Government
Mycologist 1 have more than once had inquiries

as to a ‘new disease” noticed, which on speci-
mens being sent proved to be typical canker, and
from its hold on the trees and the number

attacked must have been present in the state for
many mouths, probably even years. f

That there are also many false impressions current
as to the nature of this disease appears in letters
of inquiries received as well as in the local news-

apers, which show that some of the facts recorded

in the reports issued by the Planters’ Association
have been misunderstood. The object of this Circular,
therefore, is to recapitulate the knowledge gained
by the investigation and to record observations
and experiments carried on since the reports were
published. :

Tt is to be hoped that every cacao planter, especially

those whose experience and observation has given
them definite views on the question, will read and
carefully consider the evidence and the facts deduced
therefrom.
- The methods employed in gaining these facts are
described with a view to encouraging planters to
gain for themselves knowledge, not by general
observations recorded only in the memory, but by
experiments and observations—simple perhaps 1
themselves, but conducted carefully and the results
permanently noted. ;

It say here be stated that, for reasons which
our readers will readily understand, the names of
states where the various observations mentioned in
this Circular were made are not given, yet these
cases, like the inoculation and other experiments,
are not mere general observations, but exact Ins-
tances, of which the place and conditions were re-
corded at the time of observation. ;

EXTERNAL EFFECTS OF CANKER.

The first question in investigating any disease is
—What isthe nature of the departure from the
normal health of the trees? Briefly, in the
disease in question the external signs are a lack
of vigour in producing fruit and leaf, similar in its
appearances to the lack of vigour caused by long
periods of drought or by severe mechanical injuries
to stem or root. The period during which the tree
continues to exist depends on the amount of disease
on the tissues and the quanticy of nutrition the
roots cantake up. The fact that trees of all varieties, at
all ages above three or four years and in some
cases less than that, in the best soils as well as
on poor land, in various aspects and at different
elevations, are attacked naturally leads to the sup-
position that this disease is not due to conditions
under which the trees are growing, but to the effects
of an extraneous parasitic organism.

No injuries caused by insect or other animal can
be found exclusively on diseased trees, so that the
disease cannot be due to the attacks of an animal.
The next point is—What portion of the tree, if
not the whole tree, is affected, and in what man-
ner? The roots of badly diseased trees show no
sign of injury, and when the tree is cut down
near the ground healthly suckers are formed, which
grow without any sign of disease. These, as well
as many other facts which will appear in the course
of the Circular, show that the root is not aftected
by the disease, and it is indeed a happy thing for
the cacao planter to be assured on this point, as root
diseases are much more difficult to battle with, and
consequently much more to be feared.

The leaves of diseased trees, except in rare cases,
are free from fungi, and present on microscopic
examination all the features to be found in leaves
dying from want of moisture, showing that there
is no disease in the leaf, but that some malady
in another part of the plant has cut off their supply
of nutrition from the root.

The stem and branches must now be examined,
and here it is not hard to find the cause of the
disease. Lf we examino the external bark of the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|Jan. 1, 1902.

at

em and branches of diseased cacao trees, we
Shall notice darker patc hes, where in some cases
where there is an injury in the bark, and insect

puncture, or an abrasion) claret coloured drops
exude, and where they have run down and dried
up a rusty coloured streak is seen, On scraping
these darkened patches the ba»k is found to be
discoloured, sometimes of a decp claret hue, bnt
in earlier stages of a brownish or “neutral tint”
colour, quite evident if these places be compared
with the yellow or reddish yellow colour of bealthy
cacao bark. This discoloured bark is always very
wet, and on being cut exudes copious mojsture—
the darker the colour the more the moisture—
and feels soapy to the touch. Ii such a diseased
patch be carefully shaved, its difference from the
heaithy bark surrounding it can be clearly seer,
as it stands out as a bright claret coloured patch
surrounded by the light yellow healthy tissue.
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS OF THE DISEASE,

A microscopic examination of the tissue in these
discoloured parts shows a quantity of mycelium of
a fungus permeating the tissue.

Mycelium is the vegetative portion of a fungus,
that is to say, it is to a fungus what the root,
stem, branches, and leaves are to a flowering
plant. The quantity of mycelium is much greater
in the darker coloured parts than in those of a
neutral tint, and in cases where the discolouration
is only just perceptible the mycelium is scanty.

The mycelium also penetrates into the wood of
the stems and branches, running generally in a
longitudinal direction. It can be observed when
it is present in any quantity as a thin black strand
as thick as a piece of cotton; this strand may
crop out into the bark at another place higher up
or lower down, and produce a fresh cankered spot
on the bark,» The time the fungus takes to kill a
tree or part of a tree depends upon many condi-
tions. It is possible for it to produce death in a
few months: as a rule it takes two o1 three years.
Death occurs when there is sufficient mycelium to
prevent any sap being conveyed from the roots to
the parts above.

To return to the external appearance of
cankered tree. If we observe a number of patches of
disease we shall find on many of them whitish
pustules on the surface of the bark, varying in
size from that of a pin’s head to aten-cent piece
white gray or pinkish gray in colour, and bursting
through small ruptures in the bark. If these be ex-
amined microscopically they will be seen to consist
of masses of oval-shaped bodies, and some larger
bodies crescent-shaped and septate, v.¢., having a
number of partitions, usually eight. They are the
spores of the fungus, and a section cut through the
centre of one of these masses into the discoloured
bark will show that they are produced on the
mycelium which permeates the tissues. Spores may
for purposes of popular explanation be considered
as the seeds of the fungus. These spores are ex-
cessively minute; some notion of their size may be
gained by the rough calculation that about five
million could be placed on a ten-cent piece only
one layer thick; those which are crescent-shaped
are larger, being about six times the size of the
oval spores,

When these spores are sown in a Suitable medium
and kept moist (a form of microscopic gardening
which must be always used in gaining a knowledge
of these small organisms), in the course of twelve
or fifteen hours they begin to grow, pushing out a
tube, which, as it grows, branches, frequently coalesc-
ing with neighbouring branches, and in about fifty
hours producing more spores similar to those from
which it originated. This minute gardening is of
great interest, but it is of less practical value than
observing the processes of growth in the living
cacao tissues (which is unfortunately impossible),
because the nature of the‘ bed” in which the spores
are growing affects the rapidity and character of

the

JAN. 1, 1902.1

the mycelium, and in a good nutritive solution the
conditions of resistance to growth and _ the
amount of food available are much more fayour-
able than in the bark tissues of cacao. On care-
fully searching diseased and dead cacao trees, and
especially those which have been attacked for a
long period, we shall find a third form of spore
enclosed by a fruit wall, which is very characteristic
in colour and size. These fruits are of a bright
crimson-colour, and occur in clusters about the
size of a pins head; if looked at with alens, they
will be seen to be in shape and colour like
a strawberry, minute in size, about twelve or fifteen
making a mass equal to a pin’s head.

These are the fruits or perithecia of the canker
fungus, the name of which, botanically, is Nectria,
and they are hollow spheres containing a series
of sacs or ‘‘asci,” which in their turn contain each
eight spores. They are to be found only on dead
wood or dead patches of dying branches and
svems;

The name ‘‘canker’’ is not strictly correct, though
it may be used, as the other Nectrias parasitic on
trees are ‘‘cankers,” Properly a canker is a
diseas causing malformation of the tree at the point
where the fungus is. In the case of the cacao
Nectria, however, no such excerscence or other
irregularity occurs, the contour of the stems of
cankered trees being the same as those unaffected
by disease,

This completes the life-story of the canker fungus:
the small oval spore producing mycelium, which in
its turn produces spores of three kinds: first the
oval and crescent-shaped spores in whitish masses,
and then the ascospores enclosed in crimson spherical
fcuits,

INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS.

We have a fungus which will account for the
diseased condition of the cacao tree, but in order
o prove absolutely that this organism is the chief
and only cause of the canker, it was necessary to
arvificially produce the symptoms of the disease by
inoculating a previously healthy tree.

The table on page 322 gives a record of thirty-
two inoculations made on previously healthy trees
in full vigour, showing the variety of the tree ex-
perimented on, the material used to infect it, and
the time occupied before the characteristic symptoms
of the disease were produced. As will he seen,
twenty-five out of thirty, or more than 80 per cent.,
of the trees inoculated acquired the disease, the
majority showing unmistakeable symptoms after eight
weeks.

As would be expected the inoculation of diseased
tissue produces a cankered spot sooner than the
sowing of spores in the bark, just as in the case
of the production of new plants from cuttings instead
of seeds.

The time taken to affect a certain area of the
bark is very variable; in the case of quickest growth
(No. 18) a space of nearly 10 inches long by 43
inches wide was permeated and discoloured by the
fungus in five weeks, while in the one of slowest
growth a piece not larger than a rupee was diseased
after ten weeks. The spread of the canker fungus
in the bark depends upon the amount of sap in
the tree at the time, and in a vigorous tree where
the roots are taking up plenty of nutrition the
diseased spots increases more rapidly, hecause_ the
mycelium of the fungus obtains more food. From
the table it will be seen that in the cases of in-
oculation of suckers only one out of three cases
succeeded. This fact and observations as to the
comparative rarity of canker on suckers led me to
make further observations and experiments in this
direction. I examined 200 suckers on 1385 trees,
most of which (113) had disease on stem and bran-
ches, and in only five cases were the suckers can-
kered. I also inoculated thirty suckers, and in only
twelve (40 per cent.) was canker produced,

THE TROPIVAL AGRICULTURIST.

443

The smoothness of the outer bark on suckers and
the fewness of wounds and abrasions give less
chance for the lodgment and subsequent growth of
the canker spores. This, together with the fact
that even when it has a footing the spore does
not invariably grow on them, make the “suckers ”
of more value than other brances. In cankered
estates, therefore, whatever method has been pre-
viously practised, it will be well to spare the sucker.
In the limits of the Circular, though it may be
treated in a subsequent one, it is not possible to
discuss the pros and cons of pruning for fruit
in cacao. Dealing with the matter from the point
of view of combating the canker, the use of the
knife, or, still worse, the nipping or tearing off
suckers, leaves a vulnerable spot for the cacao
spores, and since the suckers are more protected
from canker than other parts, it is well to
allow the tree to produce these branches, which
like the lateral branches, bear their fair proportion
of fruit. We have seen that the roots and leaves
of the cacao tree could in no case be found affected
by the canker fungus, and in order to still further
prove this point I made some inoculations of ex-
posed roots and of underground roots; seventeen
cases were inoculated, nine exposed roots and eight
in which the earth was temporarily removed, but
in none of them was any canker produced. I also
attempted to get the spores of the fungus to grow on
the leaves by sowing them on both the upper
and under surfaces and by scraping the epidermis
away and then introdusing spores. Fifty of such
experiments produced no growth of the canker, so
that we may definitely state that the canker does not
affect roots or leaves.

DISEASE OIF THE PODS.

The fruit, which has so far not been mentioned
cannot however be so classed, for upon it the fungus
grows vigorously. For many years the great losg
of pods in various stages of maturity has been a
serious question. To understand the pod disease it
must be stated that there are a number of causes
why large numbers of pods which are set do not
reach maturity. There are in many trees hundreds
of pods which blacken, dry, and shrivel up when
they are from 2-5 inches long; in these there ig
no specific organism causing disease to be seen, and
this is a physiological effect, it is an evil which I
am continually observing and investigating, and all
exact knowledge as to its nature is of importance
as leading us nearer to some way of preventing
this immense loss of energy in the fruit-producing
power of the cacao tree. The planter is satisfied
as a rule, with the comforting explanation that the
tree has set more fruit than it can bear, and ag
he has frequently in his mind a dread of what ig
called “‘over-bearing,” he is not much distressed
at this waste. This Circular, however, treats of
the canker, and further discussion of drying of young
fruits must be deferred.

The attacks of insects and other animals cause
the death of many pods. From the squirrel to the
Helopeltts many animals feed on cacao pods or
lay their eggs in them; but of these I have no
authority to speak, they are dealt with by my
colleague, the Government Entomologist,

The canker fungus is, however, responsible in
many estates for a very large loss of crop. The
disease can be readily recognized on the pod. A
characteristic discolouration accompanied by an ex-
cess of moisture which gives a slimy feeling to the
touch when cut, and as in the bark the colour ig
darkish brown, and a clear line can be drawn
between the healthy and the diseased parts. The
disease attacks the pod most frequently either at
the point or at the stalk; this is due to the fact
that a drop of moisture in which the spore can
germinate often hangs on the point, and the cup
formed round the stalk holds moisture which aids
the growth of the spore at that end of the pod.
The life-history of the canker fungus on the pod

44 THE TROPICAL

is similar to its progress in the bark, except that
it is much shorter, We have seen that under
favourable conditions the tim2 taken from the ger-
Mination of the spore to the production of new
spores in the bark is a question of some weeks
and often months, but the whole of this is passed
in the pods in a few days, and vast numbers of
spores are produced in every pod thatis allowed to
hang on the tree for a week or more.

The diseased tissue of the pod if examined micros-
copically will be found to be permeated in the
same way by the mycelium of the fungus, but this
mycelium is of a more luxuriant character, because
there is more moisture in the pod for it to grow
on and less resistance to its growth.

If a planter wishes to observe for himself the
life-history of the canker fungus, he can by placing
a cankered pod under a glass and keeping it from
drying up see the production of the two early forms
of spore (gonidia), and later the red spherical bodies
of perithecia containing the ascospores.

That the canker fungus grows on the pods has
been proved by numerous observations, and in order
‘to test by inoculation I experimented with twenty
pods of fairly typical Red Cacao trees and twenty
of Forastero trees, These I inoculated with both
gonidia and ascospores, seventeen of each variety
being painted with gonidia spores and three of
each kind with ascospores. ln the case of the Red
Cacao all the seventeen grew at once, twelve in
the first three days and the rest within eight
days; in the Forastero twelve grow within nine
days, the remaining five did not acquire the disease,
the tact that the typical Yorastero fruit has a thicker
epidermis or outer skin no doubt gives it a greater
power of resistance to the growing spore of the canker
fungus.

On all these inoculated pods the spores—both
gonidia and ascospores —of the fungus were produced
in from four to nine days, and these spores were
exactly similar in character to those on the bark,

RELATION BETWEEN POD AND STEM DISEASE,

In order to prove the relation between the canker
on the bark and on the pods, and how far the one
spreads to the other, the following experiments were

ade :—

(1) Small pieces of cankered bark were placed
in selected healthy pods on sound trees. Five pods
were so treated, In all cases the pods became
diseased after eight days, and in less than four-
teen days spores of the fungi were produced in
abundance.

(2) Small pieces of diseased pods were placed in
the bark of sound trees. Hight of these inoculations
were made. In all cases canker was produced in
the bark after ten days, and the spores of cankey
were found after eighteen days.

(3) Small pieces of cankered bark were placed
in the bark of sound trees just above the stalks
of healthy pods. Seven inoculations were made. In
all cases the bark became diseased, and it spread
to the pods, which were plainly diseased, in nine
days, and spores produced both on the pods and
on their stalks.

(4) Pieces of diseased pods were placed in healthy
pods on sound trees, Six of these inoculations were
made. Ail the pods became diseased, and in
three cases the canker spread through the stalk to
the adjoining bark; in the other three cases the
stalks of the pods were cankered, but not the
adjacent bark. In one case the mycelium of the
canker went through in to the wood of the tree
through the stalk without affecting the adjacent
bark.

We learn from these experiments that the canker
fongus can spread from the bark of stems or branches
to the pods; that the fungus can spread from the
pod to the bark of stem or branch.

Another matter of interest in connection with
the disease on the pods is that they are invaded
by another fungus Phytophthora, sp., one which ig

AGRICULTURIST.

pomnion us many climates and
issues of numerous plants. Ona examinati

some hundreds of Geemned cacao oaene eee
found this fungus associated with the canker fungus
I was unable to get a pure culture of the spores of
the second fungus, so that I conld not observe
the action of the Phytophthora alone on the pod
The canker fungus I have found by itself on the
pod, but in the great majority of cases it is soon
joined by the Phytophthora, and this latter I ha ve never
tonne by eels iu the pods in nature,

_A very large series of observation -
tion between the canker in the bad pit ar
pods shows that in a certain Proportion of cases
the canker originates in the bark from a cankered
pod which has been left on the tree sutfciently lon
--three or four days—to enable the mycelium “
penetrate through the stalk; also in a sinaller ro-
portion the panier in the pod has been clad
y the mycelium growing fr i
ae stalk and aaterree the ner aii sina
_ to sum up the knowledge gained b is i i
tion of the cacao gakee The dices ee
fungus (Nectria) growing in the bark « Wood” and
pods of the cacao tree. It spreads by means of an
abundant production of spores of three kinds It
grows more rapidly on the pods than in the bark
and its rate of growth in both cases is regulated by the
amount of sap in the tissnes.—Loyal Botanic Gardens,

Ceylon.
(To be concluded, )
—_—2___

SOME RECENT INVESTIGATIONS IN
THE CHEMISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.
(Continued from page 381.)

Som Moisrure.

I must now refer, though with great i
another department in the investipatioaeeererie
meet vue Movsture conditions. g

is subject has a pacticular inter i i
where the rainfall is unequal dite ae

Some parts of America suffer likewise from an
unequal distribution of rainfall, aud Professor
Whitney of the U.S. Department of Agviculture, hag
for some years devoted his time to an examination
of the moisture conditions which obtain in soils
Although his work has already been productive cf
most valuable and interesting information it is at
present in its infancy, and it is impossible to sa
what Sie uepae ment os research may eventually tell
us. ut some of the informati i
sven Ae ation gleaned is of

‘In _the first place, mechanical analyses of soi
by Whitney, Hilgard and othera, hers deus easeed
that it consists largely of very minute particles many
of them measuring only a few micro-millimetres in
diameter, some indeed being even smaller than this
or to put the statement popularly, they are little
larger than bacteria. In loamy soils about one-half
of the silicious matter consists of such material

The result of this state of minute sub-division is
that it offers & very large surface, not only to the
plant, to whom itis important, but also to the water}
Perhaps will appreciate this if I say that each cubic
foot of soil offers a surface area amounting to man
thousand square feet. One of the results of this
is that water is held, long after rain has Ceased to
fall, in very thin films on the surfaces of these small
particles, and does not at once evaporate into the
air or run away as drainage water, as would be the
case if the soil consisted of coarse pieces,

Turning from the soil ior a moment, we may en-
quire how much water an ordinary crop will require
during its growth. This is a much larger amount
than one might sappose. The results of the most
recent investigations go to show that the quantity
varies from about 300 to 500 lb. of water per 1 lb. of
dry crop. For example, an average good wheat crop

(Jan. 1, 1902.

grows on the soft

Jan. 1, 1902.

at Cawnpore will weigh (corn and straw) abont 4,500 lb.
per acre in the dry state, and sucha crop will re-
quice something like 1,800,000 lb. or roughly 80) tons
of water. Or again a cholum crop, including stems,
leaves and grain, may weigh from 4,0)0 to 7,000 1b,
in the dry state, and such crops will require 2,000,000 to
3,500,000 1b. of water, or say 1,000 to 1,500 tons.

These are of course very large amounts, but when
we state them in terms of rainfall, they are not so
very surprising. The former is equivalent to 9 inches
aud the latter to about 10 inches to 15 inches of
riinfall, One would be inclined to ask why even
more than this rainfa!l is necessary in order to grow
heavy crops. If the rainfail were well distributed
over the seasons, it would indeed go much further
towards satisfying our Indian crops than it does,
but unfortunately it is apt to fallin heavy showers,
and a part runs off the land, whilst there is always
some lost by drainage, the latter being indeed a
necessary condition for all healthy soils, It follows
however that, in order to grow heavy crops, even
larger amounts of water are required than the few
inches [ have spoken of.

It is necessary therefore that the soil shall hold,
for periods of weeks and months, very considerable
quantities of water, aud this it does in the manner
I have indicated, namely, as a very thin film on the
surface of the soil particles.

A further part of Whitney’s work consists in the
determination of that proportion of moisture, or to
state it popularly, that degree of dampness of any
soil, which is most suitable to the crops grown.
I have already told you that these investigations are
merely in their infancy, and I cannot do more at
present than to say that there is every probability
of reaping a rich harvest of information.

1n some soils, crops will grow best with very much
less water than in others. The following examples
will better show the importance of the work.

One soil was found to be too wet with 10 per
cent. of water to be too dry if the proportion fell
below 5 per cent. and that the crop fared best with
from 5 to 8 per cent. In another case, the soil was
too wet if the moisture rose to 25, and it was too
dry with 15 per cent.; in yet a third case 23 per
cent. of water was too little.

What this line of research may ultimately indicate,
it is of course impossible tosay, but one thing seems
probable, namely, that although we cannot alter the
rainfall, it may tell usin what manner we should
irrigate our land, so as to produce the best crop
with the least waste of water, and without damage to
the land.

SEWAGE.

The last subject which I shall refer to is the so-
called biological treatment of sewage. It may appear
at first sight that this matter belongs rather to the
domain of the sanitary engineer than to the agri-
cultural chemist. As a matter of fact, the disposal
of sewage should engage the attention of both. To
the one the question is—‘‘How am [to get rid
of this material at any price, and with the least

jossible amount of nuisance to the inhabitants ?”
Whilst to the other, the deposition of such matters
in the soil, means an increased manure supply.

That the land is the proper destination for the
town ‘“‘night-soil”’ has been admitted by all who have
had to answer the question, but when the practical
details of the working arrangements were taken in
hand, the difficulties proved great. In many parts of
Europe, America, and in fact wherever the sanitation
of towns has been seriously taken in hand, the excre-
mentious matters have been conveyed down closed
sewers by water and emptied, with, or without pre-
viously ‘‘ purification,’ into the nearest river, and
sanitary authorities have been very well satisfied if
they could do this successfully.

The regular return to the land of those matters
which had been withdrawn from it, although so de-
sirable, has been considered as generally impractic+
phle, and has had to be classed among the many

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 445

other interesting problems which remained unsolved.

To sanitarians and to agriculturists alike, there-
fore, the discovery of a means of disposing of sewage
without causing any nuisance whatever, void of
technical difficulties, with a minimum of cost, and
including as an integral part of itself, an effluent
which no one would object to put on their flower
garder, much less on their fields, has come as a
matter of unusual interest. It is now, of course,
a very old story, that animal and vegetable refuse
matters of all kinds disappeared when allowed to
remain in either water or the soil, and that this
resolution is effected by lowly organisms which are
commonly spoken of as ‘‘ microbes,” better known
to the scientific world as moulds, yeasts, fungi, and
bacteria, organisms small of stature, but performing
nevertheless an all-important work, For many years
attempts were made to utilise this army (for the
number of such organisms is very large), for the
disposal of town refuse. It was argued that because
these matters do disappear if left in either soil or
water, then why not put them on the soil or into
the river ? And for a long time this procedure has
been followed, but with the result, that in the majority
of cases the river was rendered foul, or the land
unapproachable. There was clearly something very
wrong in our method of utilising the services of the
wily microbe.

For the last 10 years, however, efforts have been con-
centrated by a number of investigators on the value
of what is termed the ‘Biological Filter.’? The
general meaning of the term ‘‘ Filter” is a porous
medium, through which a liquid will pass, but which
will arrest solid matters, and prevent them flowing
on with the liquid, Thus we use blotting paper in
the chemical laboratory to separate our precipitates,
Drinking water (with the idea that only solid svb-
stances did us harm) has been filtered through such
things as sand or charcoal, or more recently by the
aid of the Vasteur cylinder of finely porous earthen-
ware. The “biological” filter is, however, in reality
very different, at least in principle. It consists, it
is true, of such material as broken charcoil or
stones, but there is no attempt to make it impre-
vious to the passage of fine solid matter. It had
indeed become recognised that at least one of the
reasons why the soil of the sewage farm did not
purify its daily allowance of sewage, was because it
was too fine, and contained too small an allowance
of atmospheric oxygen, resulting in harm to the army
of microbes which it was hoped would consume the
sewage, The idea of the biological filter was then
to offer to the sewage as larger a surface as possible,
with, at the same time, plenty of air, Liquid
sewage run into such filters (which had been pre-
viously aerated) and allowed to remain in them for
a few hours, was found to have lost one-half or
more of its organic matter.

The Massachusetts Board of Health, in the U.S. A,
and Mr. Dibdin, and Mr. Scott-Moncrief in Englana,
must be named among those who carried out the
first experiments in this direction. At first, only a
comparatively weak sewage was run into the bio-
logical filter, but the process worked so exceedingly
well, that very shortly these filters were supplied
with the raw and unadulterated sewage, in the hope
that this might be equally palatable and digestible
to our friend the microbe. And indeed it was
found to be so. The solids of the crude sewage
disappeared, that is, they were dissolved and broken
down, and this, as also the matter already dissolved
in the sewage, actually disappeared to the extent
of about 85 per cent, It thus became evident that
the microbe could be persuaded to perform his
duties most efficiently, if the sewage were only
given to him in a proper manner.

Before telling you anything more about the form
of the biological filter, or its analogue the Septio
Tank, I must digress to say a word about micros
organisms generally,

In the first place, as you know, they consist of

446

minute cells, having a very brief individual ezis-
tence. They ave divided into groups, such as moulds,
alge, fungi, yeasts and bacteria, and it is principally
those of the latter class with which we have to deal,
An important point in the life history of Bacteria
is that, whilst some of them thrive in the pres2nce
of a plentiful supply of atmospheric oxygen, others
have a more healthy existence in its absence, The
former are called srobic bacteria, the latter anzro-
bic bacteria. Another point is that they all live
on food of complex character. Whilst the higher
plants feed on very simple foods, such as carbonic
acid and nitrates, building up from these the com
plex compounds, carbo-hydrates, oils and albumens,
these lowly organisms perform the reverse opera-
tion, and, feeding on complex material, break it
down, with the production of simple substances,
some of them proceeding so far as the production
of carbonic acid and nilrates. Furthermore, whilst
one organism will prefer the most complex material
as food, producing therefrom simpler substances,
others have a particular appetite for these simpler
substances and reduce them to compounds of a still
more simple constitution. ) :

It is indeed,as has been mentioned in a former
part of this lecture, owing to the existence of my-
riads of such organisms, that the vegetable and
animal matter, which accidentally or by the agency
of man are annually deposited in the surface soil
of our fields, rapidly disappear and become changed
into the simpler compounds on which the higher
plants feed. 5 ;

The action of these bacteria has very pertinately
been likened to that of a child, who after assisting
in building up a castle froma pack of cards, pro-
ceeds to take a card first from one part of the
structure, then from another, with the result that
the castle is rapidly converted into a heap of cards
Sorinelly: I must refer o another characteristic of
these organisms, and that is, they don’t like their
food to be too concentrated. If they have too much,
they suffer in the same way, as a boy does who
eats too many sweatmeats at once, They get ill and
may die, if the excessive food supply is persisted
in. This really explains why the sewage farm has
been a nuisance instead of a blessing. Vast quan-
tities of matertal have always been poured upona
small area, without any consideration for the health
of our microscopical friends, and the result has been
that they couldn’t perform their duty satisfactorily,
and the sewage farm proved a failure.

We may now return the biological treatment of
sewage, with a clearer understanding of the condi-
tions involved in its arrangement. For it to pro-
ceed satisfactorily, we must offer the material to
these organisms in such a manner that each class
may perform its appointed task—the aneerobic or-
ganism prefers to be without air, the s#robic microbe
must have an abundance; the food must also be
in a reasonably diluted state ; and thirdly, we must
not upset the home or colonies which these classes
make for themselves, for they sort themselves out,
and one class will inhabit one spot in the biological
filter, another class another, and if we give crude
sewage to the class which lives on the partly
simplified material, the result will be destruction,
not to the sewage but to the microbe. — nade

Thus in the case of the filter which Dibdin,

ott-Moncrief, Garfield and others have used, the
crude sewage passes first into one vessel, which
Mr. Scott-Moncrief has called a) ss cultivation tank.
This is simply a large tank filled with broken brick
or some other coarse material. Here those organisms
which prefer the more complex organic foods thrive

articulariy, dissolve it and reduce both this, as
Mcaaiee the other soluble matters, to simpler sub-
stances, In this tank little or no air is admitted.
The resulting effluent then passes to a series of so-
called ‘‘ filters,” to which I will return presently.

I leave the “cultivation tank” tg qescrihe very

THE TROPIGAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. 1, 1902.

briefly what is called the ‘‘septic tank.’ The
author of this is Mr. Cameron, the City Surveyor
of Exeter, whoalso took up the biological treatment
of sewage a few years ago. His experiments took
a slightly different line. Whilst Dibdin and others
passed the sewage into a tank filled with broken
brick or coke, Camezon tried the effect of allowing
the sewage to remain in a simple closed tank (con-
taining no broken material) for some hours, and
found as aresult that the sewage was rapidly purified
in a great measure. A tank was then erected of
such dimensions, that the sewage of a portion of
the town might constantly flow into it at one end
and pass out at the other, the time occapied being
about 24 hours. It was then found that in fact
great changes took place in the sewage. By means
of a ‘“‘manhole” from which the interior of the tank
could be observed, it was seen that the solid matter
would first settle to the bottom, then rise with
bubbles of gis to the surface, then fall again, and
apparently this process goes on from one end of the
tank to the other, A scum, consisting of organic
matters, forms on the surface, which seems to ba
thicker in winter than in summer, but never re-
quires removal, and an ash-like deposit collects very
slowly on the bed of the tank, which consists largely
of mineral matters. Guses are evolved in this tani
consisting largely of mathane, with some carbon di-
oxide, and this is utilised to illuminate the works
at night. The efflient from this septic tank is free
from smell and is clear. Like the effluent from
Dibdini’s bacteria tank, it then passes to the bio-
logical filters.

These consists of simple vessels filled with broken
material, such as coke, and here the effluent is
allowed to remain for several hours, after which it
passes out, and the filteris left empty for purposes
of wration before being filled again.

By an ingenious device, due to Mr. Cameron, the
flow of water from the septic tank, opens the tap
of one, or closes that of another filter at the proper
time, thus enabling the series to wo:k automatically,
The raw sewage runs directly into the septic tank
continuously, and passes from it again similarly un-
informly to the filters, which, as 1 bave said, work
autom tically. The apparatus requires therefore a
very small amount of supervision.

The effluent from the filters is not on'y free from
odour, it is so pure that it remains perfectiy clear
and bright for any length of time in closed bottles,
which is one of the severest tests of the purity of
water, and it has been druak by more than one
person without any ill effects whatever. Thus
putting the matter very briefly, one class of organisms
inhab:t the septic tank or “bacteria tank”? these
thrive on complex organic food, and are largely
angerobic in character, ‘Then, secondly, the bio-
logical filters are inhabited by another class of
organism, which are srobie and feed on the more
or less simplified materixl, converting it into still
simpler matters. The chemical changes may be very
briefly described as follows: the earbo-hydrates are
reduced to carbon di-oxide and mathane, the albumi-
noids and amides first to ammonia and then largely
to nitric acid,

And now you will doubtlessly agree with me that
the value of tne biological treatment of sewage is

just as important to agriculture as it is to the
sanitary authorities. Especially is this so here in
India. Not satisfied with converting the farm

manure into fuel, the attempts to utilise the city
manure have been generally of just as ruinous a
description, A dry-earth system, which if it could
be perfectly carried out, could not readily be im=
proved upon, has been converted into a general
nuisance; the whole of the manure has been placed
in a few square yards of land, to the utter ruin of
our friend the microbe. Suggestions that the
manure should be. given in smaller doses over a
large area have been met by the rejoinder that
such was impracticable, Now, likewise in the gagg

Jan. 1, 1902.)

of the biological treatment of sewage, we have 2
means of converting our city manure supply, a
out any nuisance at all, into a most valuable liqui
manure, which may be run on the fields all round
the town, and thus a material increase of plant
food will be recovered from the hopeless wreckage
which at present prevails. But this result will not
be attained if we are ungenerous to our microsco-
pical friend. He requires to be treated well, to
have his home 7.e, the particular part of the septic
tank or filter which he has colonised, left indis-
turbed, and, above all, if we are stingy with the
allowance of water, he will be unable to serve
us well.—Jndian Forester.

THE CASSAVA-PLANT.

The Cassava is, par eacell-nce, the nutritive plart
of the African races and of the indigenous popula-
tions of the West Indian Islands, of Central
America, and of equatorial South America. Tt will,
therefore, be seen that it supports the life of a
goodly part of the world’s population. It is also
very much made use of in Hurope, and especially
so in England, in the preparation of biscuits and
of dietetic articles. Its principal product, Jtaproca,
is known universally. : :

The prevailing opinion in France is that tapioca
and, especially, the good quality of tapioca, is ob-
tained only in Brazil. Now it is a fact that
cassava is cultivated in all French colonies, and
the makeing of tapioca is one of the rare manufac-
ing industries in the colonies, one of the most in-
teresting of all colonial mannfactures. Tapioca
grown in the French colonies comes chiefly from
the island of Reunion. ie

There is sold, besides, enormous quantities of
tapioca into the preparation of which not an atom
of cassava enters, but which consists simply of
potato-starch. This is a falsification which the
consumer may readily recognise. The grains of
Buropean tapioca are, in fact, more regularly rounded
and whiter than those of genuine tapioca, Besides
which, however well purified it may be, the spurious
tapioca always keeps, more or less strongly, the
characteristic odour of potato-starch.

The Cassava plant is a shrub with tuberous roots,
which sensibly call to mind those of the dahlia.
Two sorts are distinguished—sweet cassava and
bitter cassava. The tubers of the latter—(Manihot
utilissima)— the most useful, contain a poisonous
principal (hydrocyanic acid) which makes their use

dangerous in the raw state, but which in the pre-

paration of starch is caused to disappear com-
tely. ; ‘
Bie arooyanio acid being volatile, completely dis-
appears on the application of heat, as in baking or
boiling. |—Zranslator. :
In preparing cassava the pulp of the tubers is
rasped, and the material is soaked in water. The
sediment which is formed at the bottom of the water,
when collected and dried, is the cassava-starch of
commerce. It is employed as a food-stuff, either
as the pulp itself or as starch, properly so-called.
The grated pulp, washed and dried, is known
under the name of cassava-flour or farina when it
has been heated and pounded. Cassava-farine re-
places bread in the food of the natives. In Guade-
loupe, but more especially so in Brazil, ig is seen
every day, by habit, fancy or necessity, on the table
alike of the poorest and of the richest of the in-
habitants of the country. :
When reduced into small lumps aud only slightly
heated, it is called conague, a native term. When
simply grated and dried at the fire in the form of a
pikelet or muffin [the torta or bunelo, of Spanish
America] 7r.—it is called cassava, It is generally
consumed under this form in French Guiana,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 447

The starch dried in the open air is known as
cispa or moussache, From this sweetened cakes are
made, and other very agreeable dishes and pastry,
When slightly damp and grilled upon plates of
copper at the temperature of boiling water (100deg.
Centigrade) it constitutes tapioca. The dregs and
residues from the operations of preparation are made
use of in producing alcohol.

The cultivation of cassava should be encouraged
in our [French] colonies, for its product are sure
to find a sufficient market in France. Besides its
uses as a food, which are very numerous in form,
and which we shall have frequently the opportunity
to point out, cassava-starch can be employed in
many manufactures :—paper-making, soap-making, in
the making of glucose, or starch-sugar, and in
making size and adhesive paste

Let us say, in concluding, that we shall be glad
to see the employment of tapioca from Reunion,
which yields nothing to any foreign tapioca, and
also to see the use of cassava-farine more general
amongst us, the reason why their use is not more
common being entirely due to simple ignorance of
the delicious pastry and the exquisite dishes which
can be prepared from these two forms. We shall
deal with this subject in future special articles,

Cassava-starch can be made use of in the pre
paration of all kinds of cakes, just as flour or the
common starches. It gives them a particularly
agreeable flavour, and greatly increases their hygienic
and nutritive properties. One of the best prepara-
tions that has ever been made is wheat-cassava.

[Translated for the “Journal” from the French
journal Les Prodwits Coloniaua dans UV Alimenta-
tion, March 31, 1901, by Jamus NursH, M.D., Old
Harbour. |]

N.b.—'l'he author of this interesting communica-
tion appears to be a little antiquated in the matter
of botanical nomenclature. The name now univer-
sally applied by botanists is no longer Manihot, but
Janipha manihot, and it applies equally to both
varieties, the sweet sort and the bitter. The old
name wtilissima, applied to the bitter kind, was in
respect of its greater yeld, not greater usefulness.
—J.N.

[The real Farine is not powdered, It is simply the
grated pulp of Bitter Cassava, with the juice
pressed out; the pulp being then spread on an
iron pan, not hot enough to burn it and make it
stick to the bottom of the pan, but with enough
heat to dry it; and, as the mess is kept constantly
stirred and turned over, it falls into various degrees
of coarse and fine granules, like biscuits -ground
into a rough meal.]|—Ep,

CassAva.—Almost in every issue we endeavour to
direct attention to Cassava and its preparations, more
especially the dry meal we call here Farine. In the
further article on ‘‘ Cassava’ published in this issue,
translated from the French by Dr. Neish, it is
shown that Cassava and its preducts are much
used in Frenck colonies not only in the Weat
Indies, but also those in the Indian ocean. The
Curator of the Botanical Station at Belize writes
in the ‘‘Journal” for June, the Cassava is the chief
food of the Carib Indians of British Honduras who
are the hardiest, healthiest and strongest lot of
people in the country. The Indians of Colombia
who perform tremendous journeys among the moun-
tains carrying immense weights, subsist largely on
Cassava or Yucca as it is there called; so do the
Indians of Guiana; while the Mendioca and Fare
inha (Cassava and Farine) are the chief support of the
labouring people along the river Amazon, whose
strength and endurance, on scanty portions of far-
inha and fish, and nothing else save pacovas or
plantains have been the marvel of travellers in
these regions. Yet withal, Cassava and its pre-
parations are much neglected as food in Jamaica.
Notwithstanding the precarious state of poverty much
of our population is in at present (and the people

448

from British Honduras down to Paraguay who live
largely on Cassiva are not more so) through loss
of sale of exportable products for which there is
either no demand or only very low prices offered,
they go on ignoring to a large extent this product,
which every good authority places as on2 of the
most valuable edibles available in warm climates.
Itis sup2vior to cornmeal for this climate as it is
less heating in its effect on working people, aad
less irrit:ting to the digestive organs of children,
and it is more digestible than either Cornmeal or
wheat-flour bread, as may be easily proved on trial.
Cornmeal is an imported product, biker’s bread is
to all intents also an imported product, and even
if this were actually cheaper than Cassav. products,
which they are not, would not be preferable to
a home product; if we were receiving plenty of
money readily from our exports and our buying
power wa3 good, by all means should we purchase
freely what we could afford. Our buying power is
very low yet the people accustomed in better time
to purchasing imported articles of diet, never at
any time necessities, but always in the nature of
luxuries, go on spending their little monies on
morsels of expensive imported articles, and ignoring
to a large extent the production of their own
fields, or what muy be readily produced at their
owo door. Even the native yam when scarce and
high priced, as it is at present, will be bought by
the small piece at five times its nutritive value
compared to Sweet Cassava, as if it was absolutely
indispensable. If, however, Cassava, Sweet and
Bitter, hal been planted freely, as we have insisted
on, (and it is so easy to grow,) the Sweet Oassava
could now replace the yam temporarily, Farine
which can be stored and kept in bulk for a year,
if necessary, could replace the Bornmeal, Cassava
Meal and ‘‘Bammy,” or Cassava Cakes, the flour
‘bread, aud Tapioca, the rice to some extent, the
saving to the individual and to the island might
hive been very appreciable, if this could have been
done at the present time. We have not forgotten
the Cassava starch, largely used,—but still many
towns folk use imported Cora starch admittedly
inferior for laundry purposes. We ought even to
export Cassava Starch and over and over we have
put very fine stuff on the London and New York
markets, but the market price is not enough to
make its manufacture here by hand labour, a pay-
ing industry. If in Florida, where for several years
past there have been starch manufactories working,
using principally Cassava for making Starch can
pay with but six months to grow the Cassava in
and much cultivation and fertilizing required to
make any crop yield well at ali, then here where
it grows a'l the year round, with typical soils for
its production without much cultivation and fertiliz-
ing, if we had proper machinery, surely starch
making would be profitable. We need some manu-
facturing concerns to employ labaur, female labour
especially. —Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society.

eee

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON CARDA-
MOM-FRUITS.
By R. C. CowLny and J. P. Catrorp.

In a paper read before the Liverpool Chemists’
Association (C. & D., lviii., 472) the authors pointed
out that combustion in a platinum dish of cada-
mo)m-seed3 leads to inaccurate results owing to
rejuction of the phosphorus compounds into phos-
phides and they suggested the use of ammonium
nitrate as an oxidising agent to complete the oxi-
dition. Further experiments on different samples,
however, have shown that combustion in a clay pipe,
also then suggested, produces results which closely
correspond with those obtained with the use of the
oxidiser. Neither method is, however, by any means
perfect. They have since examined Malabar, Mysore,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,.

[Jan. 1, 1902.

and Mangalore cardamoms, which Messrs, Evans,

Sons & Co, gave them, and some of tke results
are tabulated in the following:
5
és 3
Variety. Malabar. 5 #&
SE
=
Number of fruits in 10 gms. 89 5545
Percentage proportion of
SSE Ae: 5 50 Oo: 30 25 20
ercentage proportion of dark 57
sped: ce ae” eae ae 70 | tight 13¢ 7 eg
Percentage of ash from
dark seed .. : - 5 33 29
Percentage of ash from
light seed... a =A 85-9 45 —
Percentage of ash from
pericarp. ... 45 sis 13 71 76

Lime was found to predominate in pericarps of
all varieties to such an extent than an admixture
of 20 per cent. of pericarp with seed is readily dis-
tinguished by precipitating the lime as oxalate from
the acetic-acid solution of the ash, two-thirds the
ash of Malabar pericarps is soluble in acetic acid,
bad of the seed-ash less than one-half is soluble
and this portion is mainly composed of potassium
salts. Manganese and iron are present inall varieties
of pericarp and seed; but in Mysore cardamoms only
comparatively small traces are shown when small
qantities are examined, such as would be used for
pharmacopeial testing. Cobalt was not found in any
of the three varieties—a result which entirely differs
from those obtained from previous experiments with
the seeds. There was another point of difference—
viz., that dark and light Malabar seed on fusion
did not differ in yield of metallic oxides as was previ-
ously recorded.

The authors proceeded to say that a quantitative
test for volatile oil would not be so complicated or
tedious as many of the standardising processes com-
monly in use. Absolute accuracy is not essential—
e.g-, 10 grams. of seed might be required to yield
0°3 to 0:4 c.c. of volatile oil, They concluded with
these observations .

An ash determination of cardamom-seed in itself
is of questionable value as an index of quality.

The mineral constituents are not constant even in
individual varieties.

The large proportion of lime in the pericarp is cha
racteristic of all varieties,

The ash-percentage of light-coloured seed is always
higher than that of the dark, because of the imperfect
development of the organic matter.

The high proportion of mineral substances in Malabar
cardamoms is not a matter to be ignored, for they
think the medicinal action of the drug does not depend
entirely on the volatile oil —Chemist and Druggist.

eae

ORANGES.—The Fruitgrower ot London says
that ‘“‘ Jamaica oranges continue to arrive and
sell freely. These fruits have excellent flavour
and fair colour. If only a little deeper colour
could be given them they would be very fine
market fruit. Most of thesupplies available have
been dearer at from 15s to 16s per case. That
was the condition of things in October. Since
then it is reported that the market for Jamaica
oranges has ‘‘gone smash.” The total receipt
of oranges in Britain for the last week ot October
was three times more than the corresponding
week of last year; 8,000 cwt came from Spain,
5,906 boxes from Jaffa, and from the Mediter-
ranean generally large shipments arrived in
Britain.”—Journal of the Jamaica Agricul-
ral Society,

JAN. 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

-APROPOS OF CASTILLOA TUNU
HEMSL, AND OF OTHER NEW
CASTILLOAS.

(Appeared in the “ Journal d’ Agriculture Topi-

cale” of 31st August 1901).

[Epiror’s Norr,—We draw the special attention
of .our readers to the letter from Mr. Eugene Poiseon,
printed below. Mr. Poisson has been, good enough
to respond to the, appeal we made, in our July
number, to his zeal in the cause of science; we
are most grateful to him for it,

With regard to the facts Mr. Poisson gives.on
the origin of his specimens of Castilloa Tunu HEMSL.,
details are so absolutelyprecise that no doubt whatever
remains as to the difference existing between the
bad Castilloa of Koscuny, called Tunv by the in-
habitants of the valley of San Carlos, and the Cas-
tulloa Tunu Hrs. of the San Jose country and of
British Honduras, sold by Mr. GopErrRoy-LEBEUF.

To discover what exactly the Tunu of KoscunY

is, we must bave a little patience; the Berlin botanists
will perhaps tell us shortly.

The letter of Mr EH. Poisson contains two other
hints of great practical value; the first is as to
the varieties of the Hevea brasiliensis. On this head
the observation of our correspondent, made at Para,
has just found confirmation in an analogous remark
made on the cultivated Hevea by Mr. Derry in
the Malay Peninsula; we will again refer to it in
our September issue of the Journal d’ Agriculture
Tropicale. The second observation in Mr. Poisson’s
letter refers to the remarks of his father and of
Mr. Jules Guerin upon a Castilloa giving ® fishy
extract, which is met within Guatemala. Planters
will be indebted to Messrs Guerin and Poisson
for letting them know of this “aa,” for which
the place in botany has yet to be determined, and
they will know they have to beware of this Cas-
tulloa. =

Unfortunately, to be able to avoid a species, one
must know it well, but a precise and useful des-
cription of a plant can only be given when it has
been duly classed in the botanical hierarchy; and
that is what is now being done at the Museum
of Natural History in the matter of the tiga. (Signed
J. Vilbouchevitch.)]

Paris, 12th August, 190),

Dear Sir,—In reply to the article *‘Goop AND Bap
CasTILLoa”’ contained in No. 1 of the Journald

_ Agriculture Tropicale, in which youare kind enough to

mention, may I offer you the following reflections;
—The botanic and economic study of the genus
Castilloa is far from being exhausted. This is as

. much the case for this genus of Artocarpacae as it

is for the Heveas, of which the numerous species
are not yet disentangled in any satisfactory manner,

_ In spite of the ability and the ceaseless lahoura of

Mr. Botting Hemstry. This sayant has set himself
to elucidate the question of the Heveus, the Cas-
tilloas, and the Sapiwms, the three principal Ameri-
can genera producing caoutchouc.

Many other sorts of plants are cited in the books

as yielding a utilisable latex, but a great number

have not been studied at close q uarters; many cal-
culations will be upset when weil-conducted experi-
ments have been made,

As to what bears upon the Castilloa of Costa
Rica, which I know a little, I have not beard Mr,

_ PirrlER De F'ABREGA say that there are other species,

and I myself have only jseen one kind of tree, the
C. Tunu. It is possible that elsewhere, on the
Pacific slope for instance, there may be Castilloa
elastica and perhaps other species besides, since
Mr. Hemstrny has just published a new Castilloa
C. australis, in Hooker's Icon, ‘Plantar (February
1901) of the Peruvian region.

57

AGRICULTURIST. 419

Of the Tunu Y have brought back

(1) Branches’ bearing fraoits taken by me from the
trees themselves;

(2) Herbarium specimens, in Flower, given me by
Mr. Pirrirr. These materials have Leen
sent to the Museum of Natural History.

At my request, some frnit-bearing receptacles
have been sent to Mr. B. Hemsuey, the learned
curator of the Kew Herbarium, who I knew wished
to complete his description before the publication
‘of this Castilloa, which until then had only been
remarked in British Honduras. <A little time after-
wards, my father inserted a note in the Bulletin
du Museum 1900, (p, 137) on this new plant, and
shewed, at one of the monthly reunions held in
that establishment, a fine specimen of the caoutchouc
furnished by it. After a testing carried out by Mr
Lamy Torrilhon, this caoutchouc was valued as first
quality. At the same time, my father soon regretted
having misunderstood a page of the BULLETIN oF
MisceLtantous INFormation, of Kew (June 18J8),
which he would have cited, and in which Mr. Hemsley
gave the history of the C. Tunu before his publica-
tion. Already Sir J. Hooker in (Transac. Linn bot,
ser., 2, II, p. 212) had spoken of this Castilloa,
which to him appeared distinct from the C. elas-
tica; Mr. Rownanp Cater would have confirmed
him in this idea, but there was a doubt on the
point, and the uncertainty could not end _ until
samples complete and in good condition could be
had. Thus it has required long years for a full
knowledge of this species. If J have dwelt on this
point, it is in order to shew what perseverance is
necessary to clear up questions of this kind; they
are liable to remain indefinitely in obscurity with-
out sustained efforts made. The geographical area
of the C. Tunu is thus very extensive, relatively
for it reaches from British Honduras to Costa-Rica ;
perhaps even going further yet to the south. We
must not forget that in the identification of botanical
species trouble often arises from the fact that popu-
lar names vary from one region to another; at
times these local names are different in one ‘and
the same country. Thus, in Honduras, the C. Tunu
has two or three distinct trivial names; in Costa
Rica it is called ULE MACHADO in the district
of San Jose, and perhaps something else on the
western slope of that State.

As to what relates to the work of Mr. Koscuxy,
I think it ought to be taken into consideration,
but without going further until the sorts, varieties
or species. of which he speaks are clearly distin-
guished botanically. It is besides quite possible
that there may be a correlation between the abun-
dance or the quality of the latex of these different
castilloas and the appreciable organographic charac-
ters of each of them. This fact would accord
with what I have seen in Amazonia in certain
races of Hevea, mentioned in the Report I om
preparing for the Minister of Public Instruction.
Another interesting observation on the Castilloa, which
I have from my father, Mr, Jules Poisson, is ae
follows:—Mr. JuLes GUERIN, commisary-general for
Guatemala at the Universal Exhibition of 1900, had
brought herbarium specimens of two Castilloas, with
samples of latex. One of them, recognised as being
the C. elastica, gives a latex coagulable as is cus-
tomary in that species. The second, called C. Liga,
produces a milk which will not coagulate or gives
a useless material. Nevertheless, the herbarium
specimens are hardly dietinguishable by the most
experienced observer. The Liga has the leaves a
little less silky, the tints a little less clear, but are
these characters constant? One can understand how,
in practice, mistakes are easy, since the collectors
mix without noticing the two latices, whence
irreparable damage to the gethered material when
the labourers come upon the bad kind of Castilloa,
The herbarium samples are unfortunately unaccom-
panied by flowers and fruits, which perhaps would
decide the question, We must only wait until Mr,

450 THE TROPICAL

J. Guerin, who directs the Central Chemical La-
boratory at Guatemala, sends more complete materials
fo as to determine the point. It follows from these
facts that it is prudent to maintain a reserve
when treating of a subject such as the botanic
determination of economic plants; otherwise one
runs the risk of spreading errors and often even
leading colonists into ruinous enterprises.

Tam &c.
(Signed) Kuc. Potsson.

CASTILLOA TUNU HEMSL.; DOES IT CON-

TAIN CAOUTCHOUC ?
(Appeared in the ‘‘ Journal d’ Agriculture Tropi-
cale ’’ of 31st October, 1901,)

We have already given upon this question, in
Our July issue, a note entitled “Good and Bad
Castilloa”’ extracted from a recent German monograph
by Mr. Th. F. Koschny, also a reply by Mr. Gode-
froy Lebeuf; in our No, 2 (August), a Note by
Mr. Eugene Poisson. Today we are in receipt, on
the same subject, of an article by Mr. H. Pittier,
and a letter from Mr. Th. F. Koschny which we will
publish as soon as possible hereafter. We add to this
an extract by Mr. Pearson, completing the indications
of Mr. Koschny.

We are very fortunate to have elicited this series of
communications.

Itis impossible to draw any immediate conclusion
from it, the contradiction of the two opinions being
absolute, and one of the parties to the debate being
absent; for Mr. Eugene Poisson has just resumed
in Dahomey the sequel to his economic and agri-
cultural exploration of last year, and from now to
his return to Europe, we must not count upon him.

Be that as it may, it is already something to
have fixed .the point at issue; the ‘‘ Journal d’ Agri-
culture’ can take this muchcredit to itself.

As for giving the final solution of the question set,

that is not within our competence; it is not to be
reached by any retrospective discussion; we must
have new materials and fresh researches on the
spot. For this reason we propose to close the
discussion at this point, and not to go back again
upon Castilloa Tunu; at least not until the botanists
of the Botanic Garden at Berlin have pronounced
ampon the specimens of Mr. Koschny. As soon as
their specific determination has been made, we
shall hasten to let our readers know of it.
.. The best. way to disentangle these vexed questions
would be to send to America a professional botanist,
whose mission would be to study on the living
subject, in their several countries, the different
Species, forms and varieties of the genus Castilloa.
He must have in view this sole object, and be in
& position to devote a, sufficiently long time to it.

If people were willing to assign to the botanical
study of the Castilloa one-hundredth part of the
money invested up to now, more or less blindly;
in its culture, there would be the wherewithal to
ergenice a very complete mission of research.

hat we are asking to be done for the Castilloa
ia what the Germans are this moment doing for the
Hevea; the initiative being due to Dr. K, Schumann,
Oonservator of the Botanic Museum at Berlin; the
money having been furnished by Mr. Witt, a mer-
chant at Manaos, and Dr. H. Traun, a manufacturer
at Hamburg.

The botanist appointed in the first place by these
gentlemen; Dr, Kuhla, having succumbed to yellow
fever before he could enter upon his campaign, he
was replaced by Dr. Ule, assistant—director of the
Botanic Gardens of Rio de Janeiro. The Notizblatt
of the Berlin Botanic Garden (issue for July) gives a
first report from this savant; at the present moment
it can be affirmed that the practical results, as regards
the culture of the Hevea, will be most important,

AGRICULTURIST. (Jan. 1, 1902.

The genus Castilloa deserves to be taken upa fresh
on its own account in its own environment, both
in the botanic and the economic sense; at the stage
now reached, this work can only be carried out to
advantage on the spot.

This is the only conclusion we would draw from
the debate on the Castilloa Tunu.—Tue Eprror.

THE CASTILLOAS OF COSTA RICA.
(By Mr, H. Pittier; Director of the Physico-

Geographic Institute of San Jose de
Costa Rica.)

Under the title ‘‘Good and Bad Castilloas” the
first number of the “Journal d’ Agricalture Tropicale,”
publishes a short article which, we regret to say,
will hardly contribute to clear up a gqnestion in
itself quite entangled enongh.

Castilloa plantations existing in Costa Rica.—There is
no plantation of Castilloa in Costa Rica over twenty
hectares in extent or three years ofage. The only
old experiment, dating some fifteen years back, has
been a regular failure as such. The plantation
referred to is ‘‘La Pepilla,”’ in the plains of Santa
Clara, a plantation exploited by me in 1899 on
behalf of the United Fruit Co.; in spite of its age,
it has never produced more than the absard quan-
tity of eight grammes of dry caoutchoue (burrucha)
per tree (average of 1,500 trees fit for tapping.)
Our friend Mr, Eugene Poisson visited ‘‘ La Pepilla ”
along with us, and can corfirm what we say of it.
Moreover, the example of “La Pepilla” is not con-
clusive; the land chosen (about 20 hectares) was
detestable for the most part, marshy in some places
and too clayey in others. After some years the
plantation was invaded by a grass forming a
carpet, a very bad thing for the Castilloa; then
later on they turned cattle loose to pasture on it,
a& much worse thing, for the trampling of the soil
is fatal to trees whose roots are so superficial, In
spite of this by no means encouraging experiment,
other enterprises have been inaugurated during these
latter years, one at Las [iomas, in the valley of
Reventazon, another near Jimenez in the plains of
Santa Clara, a third near Las Canas, on the Pacific
slope. There are perhaps some others,.but all are
certainly recent and the total of conclusive experi-
ments they can bring towards the solution of the
problem of Castilloa culture is consequently very low,

A thoroughly trastworthy person, a landowner at
San Carlos and familiar with that region, assures
me that he does not know of any plantation or Hule,
old or new, except a few recent attempts the ex-
tent of which does not exceed half a hectare. By
what has preceded this, I do not at all mean to
dispute the very re:l advantages the valley of San
Carlos possesses for the cultivation of Castilloa. On
this point I am quite in accord with Mr. Koschny,
and I believe that in no part of Oentral America
can the cultivation be undertaken with better pro-
spects of success. Castilloa abounds there jn its
natural state, and developes in a manner truly mar-
vellous, but as to all that concerns its cultivation,
past experience remains ni or next to it,

The question of Species. —Turniug to the question
of species of Castilloa, as far as I know, the
four following have been described up to now:—
(1) Castitloa elastica, Cerv.—Found throughout Gen-
tral America. It is undoubtedly the predominant
species in Chiapas, Soconusco and a part of Guatemala.
(2) Castilloa Costaricana, Liebmann.—Gathered for
the first time at Turriaiba Costa Rica, by Oerated.
(3) Castilloa Markhamiana, Markham.—The species
of the isthmus of Panama, ot Darien, and prob-
ably of the whole area of dispersion of the genus
throughout South America. May it not have been
to this species that the C. australis cited by Mr.
Godefroy Lebeuf belongs? A species cited withous
name of the author (p. 20 of the Ist No, of the
Journal d’ Agriculture Tropicale.) 4) Castillog

conditions,

Jan. 1, 1902.1

Tunu WHemsl.--The hule macho (not Machado, ae
Me. Poisson writes it), or hule colorado of the Cos-
taricans. Macho means male. ‘T'unu,and in some
cases tanu, is the Mosquito name of this species.

This is not the place to discuss the value of the
three first species, which are distinguished one from
another by characters drawn from the carpels and
other parts of the organs of fructification. We will
say but one thing, and thatis that all the specimens
of Hule gathered during the botanic -«xplorations
of the Physico-geographic Institute, directed by us in
41888, correspond with the description given by Lieb-
mann of his Castilloa Costaricana. This certainly
does not exclude the presence in the country
of the Castilloa elastica, Cerv, which besides
cannot well differ specifically from the foregcing;
if, this last hypothesis is not confirmed, the presence
in Costa Rica of the species of Cervantes remains
yet to be proved, We will say the same of the C.
Markhamiana, a species equally doubtful and to be
studied anew.

Castilloa Tunu, Hemsley.—As for Castilloa Tunu,
it is a species absolutely distinct from the foregoing,
described recently by Mr. Hemsley, if we mistake
not, from samples collected by us personally, in
March 1898, in the valley of the Diquis, on the
south-western slope of Costa Rica, and distributed
by the Physico-geographic Institute under the No,
12,051. The original label, accompanying the examples
from the National Herbarium of Costa Rica, says
they come ‘from atree abounding by groups in the
region of Diquis, attaining a height of 8 to 12 metres,
and distinct at first sight from other Castilloas by
its coriaceous, glabrous, sharply entire leaves, and
by its female receptacles being very small, and flanked
by seeds of which the glabrous envelope shews from
three to six sutures keeled.” Among the specimens
now before us, there is one bearing three cupules
with seeds, answering to the description above, with
a solitary male receptacle near the end of the

‘branch; two other pieces of branch only present

male flowers of which the receptacles seem mostly
twin, as in the other species.

Lastly, we are in a position to state that Mr,
KucrenE Poisson, to whom we have made a present
of a part of the samples mentioned above, has taken
away from here neither the milk nor the caoutchouc
of the Castilloa Tunu. There has simply been a
lamentable confusion of names and specimens. The
milk carried away by Mr. Hueuns Porsson, drawn
by us together, is that of the HULE proper (C. Costa-
ricana), at ‘La Prpiya”’; the specimen of gum of
which Mr. Godefroy Lebeuf speaks, was extracted

-from our own gatherings, and from the same species

in the plains of Santa Clara, Some botanical speci-

mens, of which Mr. Poisson has taken away a por-

tion while the rest figures in our herbarium and

has been distributed under the number 13,429, were

gathered at the same time and place as the milk,

and can in no way be confounded with the Castilloa
wi.

The latter, which has not been reported with
certainty until now on the Atlantic side of Costa
Rica, gives, it is true, an abundant milk, but the
rubber drawn from it gets brittle and falls to powder
in a very short time. In the New York market it
is said to have been quoted, a few years ago, at
from 12 to 14 cents, a price so unprofitable that the
exploitation of this species has been completely
abandoned.

Opinion on the species noted by Mr. Koschny.—As
for the new species or varieties of Mr. Koschny, I
cannot make up my mind to give them 2» botanic
value; the distinction through the colour of the
bark, by which he is guided, is insufficient.

I am convinced that we have here to deal with
no more than individual differences, the result of
immediate environment and changing with its

(Signed) H. Pyttiex,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 451

[Note by the Hditor. We must bear in mind that
Mr, Koschny has taken care to send herbarium
specimens to Berlin; the only thing to be done is
to await quietly the decision of the botanists charged
with their examination. |

APROPOS OF THE ARTICLE: “GOOD AND
BAD CASTILLOA.”
(A ‘letter from Mr. Koschny,.)

Mr. Koschny, who is one of the oldest colonists of
San-Carlos in Costa-Rica, like all educated Germans,
reads French, but is not well enough acquainted
with it to write articles in that language; his letter
is therefore written in German; we will summarise
its contents.

USELESSNESS OF THE GUM oF THE Tanu.—Mr. Koa-
chny maintains that the latex of the
Mr. Koschny Tanuonly furnishes a hard gum, brit-
adheres to this tle and devoid of elasticity; he. is
pronunciation, convinced that his Tanu is really tha
contrarytoMr. Castilloa Tunu, HEMsieY. Letus leave
Pittier, who theprofessional botanists to settle this
writes ‘‘Tunu.” point after comparison of the herha-
rium specimens.

The Tanu, Mr. Koschny writes to us, is abundantly
represented on the Mosquito Ooast, but it exists also
on the Pacific. The name is reserved expressly for
the trees of which the gum is brittle. The reputa-
tion of this gum is so atrocious that the mer-
chants of New York refuse the ‘Sheet Rubber"
of Nicaragua in spite of its cleanness and careful
preparation; and this is simply from fear of coming
upon goods falsified by the latex of the Tanu, - In-
deed the preparation of the sheets makes this falsi-
fication possible, while it cannot be effected in the
case of “scrap” (Castilloa caoutchouc coagulated
spontaneously on the trunk itself or at the foot of
the tree.)

Everyone in this country, says Mr. Koschny,
knows the evil repute of Tanu gum; the French
Consuls at Panama and Bluefields can, if necessary,
certify to the fact.

We sincerely thank Mr. Koschny for having given
himself the trouble to pick out what appeared to
him inexact in our article of July. We hope he
will do so again whenever he meets with, in. the
Journal @ Agriculture Tropicale, any question fallin
within his competence. We have no Arecon Gated
opinions whatever, and far from evading discussion
wo aiviie it, so long as it keeps inside the field
of fact.

INDUSTRIAL USES OF TUNU ACCORDING
TO MR, PEARSON.

What Mr, Koschny says of the stuff known in
commerce under the name of Tunu, is quite in
accordance with the information to be read in the
volume ‘‘Crude Rubber and Compounding ingredients ”
of Mr. Pearson, Editor cf the India Rubber World, the
great New York caoutchouc review; here is the text
in question:—

““Vuno, Toonu or Tunu, is a name of un-
certain origin, applied in commerce to designate a
caoutchouc gathered chiefly in Nicaragua and Hon-
duras. . . . Its coagulation is effected by heat,
The rubber obtained has but little elasticity ; it be-
comes very fishy when heated; its selling price is
low. It is used in the making of pencil erasers,
and, mixed with balata, in the manufacture of driy-
ing belts,

‘Sometimes this rubber is sold under the name
of “Seiba Gum,” after it has been made to lose
its natural appearance by a laborious soaking under
water, The true caeutchouc of Nicaragua is some:
times adulterated by the addition of Tunu, just at
the moment of coagulation; this mixture mekes the
rubber lose in a short time ita supplences and itg
industrial qualities.”

“452 THE TROPICAL

THE FERMENT OF THE TEA LEAF, AND
ITS RELATION TO QUALITY IN TEA.
BY HAROLD H. MANN, B. Sc.,

ScIENTIFIC OFFICER To THE INDIAN TEA ASsocCIATION.

From the commencement of the manufacture of
Black Tea in India the nature of the process of
fermentation, which plays such an important and
essential part in the manufacture of tea, has been
a subject of controversy. In the years before 1880
for instance, a most energetic discussion took place.
On the one hand it was contended, and with good
show of reason, that the process was merely one of
incipient putrefaction. On the other, with equal
vigour and with equal reasonableness, that the re-

“sult obtained was entirely independent of any ten-
dency to rot and, though it might run parallel with
it, was an entirely independent process. Inasmuch
as all these views were based entirely on specula-
tion, and were put forth without an attempt even
at microscopic examination of fermenting leaf,
they naturally led to no better understanding of
the question.

MR, BAMBER’S EXPERIMENTS,

- The investigations of Mr, Bamber were, in fact
“the first of any importance on the subject, and he
has remained practically ever since the standard,
if not the only, authority on the subject, Hia in-
. vestigations, which it is ‘well to recall, led him to
_ Make certain experiments, the following account of
which I quote from his ‘Chemistry and Agricul-
ture of Tea.”’+ : f
“ The following experiments were made in Assam
to determine whether the changes, which take place
during the process, were due ‘to the presence of
either an organised or soluble ferment or nierely to
oxidation :—
1st.—Freshly rolled leaf was placed under a re-
-ceiver, and the air exhausted as completely as possible.
Little or no change took place, and the leaf at the
end of 24 hours was still a dull green colour, with
a little brown colour on the stems. Admission of
air or oxygen at this period had no effect on the
colour, probably owing to the comparatively dry
condition of the leaf.
2nd.—In this éxperiment the air was exhausted as
before, and pure dry oxygen gas admitted; in half
an hour the leaf had attained a bright coppery colour,
‘and in two hours the whole of the leaf was a uni-
* form dark red, and had gone beyond the stage re-
quired for ordinary manufacture. Duplicate experi-
ments were made of the above with similar results,
and in each case a sample of the same leaf was
treated in the usual munner for comparison with
the experimental leaf, the flavour of the teas treated
with oxygen gas did not. differ from the ordinary
teas, but the infusion had a brighter appearance,
3rd.—The: rolled leaf was treated in vacuo with
pure carbonic acid, which is an inert gas, with the
result that at the end of 54 hours it was still a
dirty green colour, while a sample treated in the
usual manner attained the required colour and con-
tion in 3 hours. atts
nath—the leaf was exposed to a limited supply
of air and even after 20 hours was still of a greenish
colour, and the tea mannfactured from it was very
pungent, showing that little of the astringent pro-
perties had been destroyed. é
5th,—The rolled leaf was treated with dry steam
at a high temperature for a few minutes, and was
then treated as usual, when it attained a good
ight colour, : ;
CEL ane rolled leat was treated with air and
oxygen gas, which gave a bright colour ; the liquor
was flayoury, but not very pungent, and infusion

bright.

* See Tea Cyclopwdia, p. 211.
f Calcutta 1893, 9

AGRICULTURIST. (Jay. 1, 1902.

“All the above experiments tend to show that the
change in the leaf in the so-called ‘fermentation ,
is due to oxidation. Microscopic exarnination has
failed to show any organism; and the fact that the
change will take piace in an hour or less from the
breaking of the cells is, { think, conclusive evidence
that it cannot be due to the development of living
organisms,”

@hese experiments, thus reported, formed an en-
ormous advance on the preceding condition of
ignorance on the question. But yet on careful
examination it will be seen that Mr. Bamber’s con-
clusions were not quite justified by experiments.
In one case he has since* withdrawn from the
position he then took up, and has himself announced
the discovery of an oxidase or soluble ferment to
which he now ascribes the changes occuring during
fermentation.’ He announced this last discovery n
the following words :—

“Qaite recently I have succeeded after numerons
attempts in isolating a minute proportion of a
soluble oxidising ferment, somewhat similar to the
oxidases recently discovered in several plants of
different natural orders. Lhe substance in question,
which evidently has a considerable bearing on the
oxidising properties of the tea, apparently does not
exist in the active form in the -fresh green leaf,
but is changed either during the Withering, if the
leaf is bruised, or during the rolling prozesses when
the various organic acids, etc., are liberated from
the cells.

Lhe discovery here made has been confirmed by
one or two independent observers since the time,+

In another point Mr, Bamber was also in error
in the views expressed in 1893. He states that he
found no living bacteria or other organisms on the
fermenting leaf, but I have never been able to find
tea during this process on which a comparatively
large number of organisms could not be found.
Whether they have any part in the process is
another question, but they are in evidence on every
sample which I have examined.

FERMENTATION AT A HIGH TEMPERATURE,

But assuming that the conclusions are in general
correct, certain results would naturally follow. It
would seem likely that a high temperature would be
the best and quickest for fermentation, since oxygen
is then most active and the action of stray microbes
would be entirely eliminated above a temperature
of 110° F. It therefore seemed advisable to try
whether fermentation would proceed normally and
correctly if the mass were raised above that tem-
perature. Two samples of rolled tea leaf were
therefore taken, one fermentei at ordinary temper-
ature (730-749 F.), and the other, with due pre-
cautions that no drying of the leaf took place, at
120° F. As a matter of fact to all appearance,
both coloured normally. that at the higher temper-
ature a little more rapidly. When apparently ready
both samples were fired in the same way, and the
tea examined. In the result it was found that the
hot fermentation gave a slightly lighter, but a little
duller. liquor. It had a tendency, though not a
very marked one in the present case, to be soft
to the taste. :

So far, however, the result is in conformity with
the idea that bacterial action could have nothing to
do with the operation, seeing that no organisms
could be active at the temperature employed, ‘and
yet a fermentation, not quite normal, certainly,
but nearly so, could be carried out,

OXIDATION BY CHEMICALS.
It might, however (still on the basis of the above
assumption that oxidation by contact with oxygen

gas is all that takes place), be possible to assist
the action by some substance energetic in giving

* Report on Ceylon Tea Soils, Colombo, 1900,
foie Also Bail, Roy, Agricultural College, Tokio,
» &,

oe. a

tf

JAN. 1, 190221

oxygen to any body with which it was mixed. Two
such substances, both of which could not damage
the tea were therefore tried. These were Hydrogen
Peroxide and Permanganate of Potash, either of
which could be bought, were a demand to arise, at
@ comparatively cheap rate.

With Hydrogen Peroxide 4 oz. ofa ‘one yolume”
solution was added to 21b. of leaf just from the
roller, and fermentation allowed to proceed. After
45 minutes the lot of leaf treated was distinctly
brighter in colour. The fermentation was considered
complete in each case after 14 hours, and both were
dried in the same manner. I sent the teas to an
expert taster who was good enough to make the
following report :—‘‘I give preference to ‘B’ (without
Hydrogen Peroxide) samples which have much better
appearance than ‘A’ (with Hydrogen Peroxide)
and have more body. On the other hand ‘A’
samples have fine Darjeeling flavour, and almost
perfect infusions.
body in the cup, and less greyness in the dry leaf
to make them very desirable teas.”’ Hliminating all
reference to the appearance of the dry leaf, it
appears that the addition of an oxidising agent had
little effect on the quality. A repetition of the ex-
periment gave the same result.”

In similar manner Permanganate of potash was
added to another iot of roiled leaf (4 oz. of 1 per
cent. solution to 3 lb. of leaf) and on drying after
being fermented for the same time no difference
could be detected in color of liquor, taste, or
pungency.

The mere addition of Oxygen in an active form
was therefore not capable of making the fermen-
tation go either perceptibly more quickly, or more
evenly. This would afford, were it needed, strong
evidence against any theory of mere oxidation as
erblAnatOry of the changes which undoubtedly take
place.

BACTERIA IN TEA FERMENTATION.

Though the first experiment above described ap-
peared to have eliminated the possibility of bacteria
being the cause of the changes, another effort was
made to isolate such as were present, and likely to
be of any importance, so that one might then as-
certain whether they had any influence on the
fermentation of rolled tea leaf. This was done by
grinding up some fresh tea leaf to a pulp, then
sterilising it by means of steam, and finally intyro-
‘ducing into it apiece of fermenting tea leaf. After
two days it was evident that growth of some or-
ganism was tuking place, and on examination this
was fouud to be a small rod-shaped microbe. I only
succeeded in isolating this one type of organism from
ali the cultures that I made, but it was nevertheless
invariably present. After a second culture in tea
juice, freshly rolled tea was inoculated with this
microbe, and allowed to ferment. After 14 hours
the tea was sour, while a check lot of rolled leaf
to which nothing had been added was fermenting
normally. This, I think, therefore, finally sets at
rest the question as to whether actual living or-
ganisms play a part in the ordinary fermentation of
tea, Though they are present always, they are pre-
sent as impurities, and have nothing to do with
the action which it is desired should go on, and
they should be eliminated, so far as is possible,
from the fermenting leaf, and the fermenting house,

FERMENT OF THE TEA LEAF,

But nevertheless thore must be some active cause
in the tea leaf which causes the production of the
desired colour aud flavour, especially as we have
shown that oxygen alone is uot capable of producing
the effeci, And this cause is the presence of a represens
tative of a cluss of teements—not actually living but al-
ways produced by living cells,—the discovery of which
in tea was, for the first time, as stated above, made
by Mr. Bamber in the early part of 1900, These
‘ynorganised ferments” or ‘Senzymes” as they are

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

They only want a little more .

453

termed have been discovered in recent years’ to
play a most important part in many operations
where their presence previously had been hardly sus-
pected. Tuking the ‘‘oxidases,” for instance, the
class of enzymes which is active in the case of tea,
it has been shown that ferments of a similar type
also take a principal part in the production of
Japanese lacquer,* and further, as has been still
more recently discovered, in the curing and fer-
mentation of tobacco,t

(To be concluded.)

—_— J?

THE RUBBER PLANTING SITUATION

IN MEXICO.

(To the Editor of the India Rubber World.)

Regarding rubber culture in the Soconusco district,
State of Chiapas, Mexico, 1 Gesire to say in the
first place, that on the low lands of said county,
and down near the Pacific coast, the rubber tree
grows wild in profusion and in many instances is
found of enormous sizes, On the ‘‘3an Carlos’
tract, for example, belonging to Mr. Alejandro
Cordova, of Tuxtla-Chico, Soconusco, -there are
rubber trees which cannot be less than fifty years
old, having a diameter of seven feet, and the space
shaded by the foliage a diameter of at least seventy
to seventy-five feet. Similar trees can be seen at
the “Jesus Maria” tract belongiug to Mr. Richard
Bado, of Tapachula; on the different properties of
Mr. Porfirio. Aparicio, ‘Tuxtla-Chico, towards the
Guatemala frontier; and on “Los Cerros” and
“Santa Isabel” tracts belonging to the Escobar
family, also of Tapachula.

Now, as to the cultivation of the rubber tree in
the same district, enough has been written lately
to demonstrate that its returns provide plenty of
margin for contingencies. I hereby give you some
data in reference to this industry, the truth.of which
can be also easily verified.

In 1871 Romolo. Palacios planted over 100,000
rubber trees in connection with cacao on the tracts
“San Antonio” and “‘Pampuapa” of his property,
about five miles distant from Tapachula, and near the
seaport of San Benito, in the district of Soconusco.
These trees have been gradually reduced in number
by reason of forest fires until probably only about
6000 remain, ‘Tne owner of the property, dying
about ten years ago, left it to his son Teofilo
Palacios, who now manages the estate, The rub-
ber trees are tapped every year,and some of the
product has been shipped at various times to New
York, to Marquardt & Co.,and W. Loaiza & Co., *
and to London, 1 have never seen the trees tapped,
but from what I have seen in the district 1 should
say that trees of the age mentioned should yieid
readily at a single tapping 10 pounds of milk, which
will afford 4 pounds of dry rubber per tree.

In 1872 the late General Sebastian Lscobar, a
well-kaown agriculturist, thoroughly acquainted with
the nature of the Soconusco lands, and enthusiastic
in the matter of agricultural progress, planted over
1,000,000 rubber trees ou his properties called ‘‘ Los
Cerros” and ‘‘ Santa Isabel.” These trees were also
planted in connection with cocoa, at a time when
the Mexican government was seeking to encourage

* Bertrand, 1894 and 1895.

+ Oscar Loew. Bulletins of the United States
Department of Agriculture, 1699-190).

¥ It seems proper to state here that Messrs. Mare
quardt & Co. and also Messrs. Loaiza & Co. advise Tug
Inp14 Rupper WoRLD that no rubber which they may
have received from Mexico at any time has been
described to them as being the product of planted
trees. LHE EDITOR, i

44

the planting of rubber by the payment of a premium
or bonus. It was also at the time that an interest
in rubber planting was being stimulated by Mr.
Matias Romero. This plantation has also been fre-
quently ravaged by fires, particulariy such as result
from the annual burning of the old grass to make
the new growth more available for the cattle.
Grazing, by the way, is the chief interest on this
estate, and little attention really has been given
to rubber. There are now perhaps 75,000 of the
original trees standing, and from these more or
less rubber is taken every year which reaches the
agents of the Escobar estate. A greater amount,
however, is probably stolen by neighbouring Indians.
The rubber from this estate is sold in the Tapachula
market, lots having been taken at different times
by William Henkel & Co. for shipment to Hamburg,
O. H. Harrison for London, and Louis Tomelen
& Uo. and others for Hamburg and New York. The
“Santa Isabel” property is about 64 miles from
Tapachula, and the ‘‘ Los Cerros’’ property thirty-
nix miles distant, near Guatemala.

In 1873 the late Mexican ambassador to the United
States, Mr. Matias Romero, started, on the “‘ Suchiate ”
tract of his property a plantation of over 100,000 rubber
trees, and, as for political reasons he was compelled
to abandon the property, when the trees planted
grew large enough to yield rubber, they were tapped
by the natives and nearly destroyed, but still there
are many of them growing and yielding rub-
ber to show what a caltivated tree will produce.
This tract consists of 14,868 acres, about three miles
from the port of Ocos beyond the Guatemalan
border, and sixty miles from Tapachula. It is owned
by the wife and sons of Mv. Romero, whose agent
is Ricardo de M, Campos, collector of customs at
Tapachula. Perhaps 2,000 or 3,000 pounds of rubber
are sold each year through Henry Pincon, of Tapa-
cihula, who represents some English firm in hand-
long the cedar wood which is the principal article of
export from the estate.

In 1888, Mr. Rafael Ortega planted at “ Los Cer-
ritos ’ over 50,000 rubber trees which caa be seen
while going by the country from Sam Benito to
Tapachula. This is a sugar cane estate, devoted to
the making of rum for consumption within the coun-
try. The trees were pianted in the open, bordering
on both sides of the road, and probably 40,000
are still standing. Naturally all of the original
planting would not survive, besides which some of
the trees have been injured by the crowding of
wagons when forced out of the regalar roadbed by
its bad condition in the muddy season. Mc. Ortega
was a large coffee planter on another estate owned
by him, and, getting into financial difficulties, was
obliged to surrender all his properties, including
that on which these rubber trees stand, to a German
house, ou account of advances made to him, and
who are represented at Tapachula by the import
and export firm of Louis Tomelen & Co, The rub-
ber gathered from these trees is shipped to the
various connections of the house of Tomelen.

In 1898, Mr. Ferdinand Nehlsen started in plant-
ing rubber trees on the “ Ulapa” tract of his pro-
perty, where there are many wild rabber trees.
He has to-day over 1,000 plants handsomely grow-
ing. Teese trees were planted in the open in the
grass lands. such as are maintained for grazing,
which is the principal interest on this estate. Tho
estate is near the Indian town of Excuintla, about
28 leagues from Tapachula,

In 1899, La Zacualpa Rubber Plantation Go. planted
over 30,000 rubber trees, to duly appreciate the
development of which they must be seen personally.
This company is already tapping cultivated trees,
which were planted by the former owner of said
“Zacualpa”™ tract, to shade his cocoa plantation,
some twelve years ago, and dnring the last year
has planted over 500,000 young rubber trees,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

[JAN. 1, 1902.

The Soconusco Rubber Plantation Co., organized
by me and incorporated under the laws of Califor-
nia, October 16, 1900, owns 17,855 acres, with over
5,000 wild rubber trees yielding gum, and intends
to transplant from its nurseries this year as many
young trees as possible to enhance its production.

What precedes is suffisient in my opinion to de-
monstrate incontestibly the possibilities of rubber
culure in the Soconusco district, and persons who

are interested in this important source of wealth,
if considering the matter seriously, will find out
that the industry has long since passed the ex-

perimental stage in ‘Soconusco, and today there are
many companies and individuals gathering and ship-
ping rubber from wild and cultivated trees, or selling
it in the Tapachula market.

The time required to produce gum from the Cas-
tilloa elastica rubber tree depends upon the locality,
rainfall, and methods used for its cultivation. My
estimates of production and tapping age are based
upon my personal experience and close observation,
and not upon what others have written. The culti-
vated rubber tree blossoms after the sixth year,
and cannot be tapped before this time without in-
jury. The rainfall of the previous year generally
determines the earliness of the season, the number
of the blooms, the quality of the seeds, and the
flow and quality of the milk itself.

The sap furnished by a seven year old rubber
tree shonld yield a mimimum of 14 pounds of pure
rubber, and as every tree increases its yield by uo
less than*half a pound of gum annually until its
twenty-fifth year of age, at least from 15 to 20
pounds of pure gum should be obtained yearly
there after during the life of the tree. So an
acre of land containing 229 rubber-tree3 planted 14
feet apart each way, will give at the end the sixth
year—or to be more exact, in the first crop made
during its seventh year of existence—33) pounds
of pure rubber, which at the rate of 50 cents
gold, would give a revenue of $165. If this estimate
of 14 pounds per tree should not seem conservative
enough, let it be one pound to the tree, and the
return per acre will be $110.

The hardiness of the Castilloa elastici1 tree sim-
plities its culture very much, and as it possesses a
vitality superior to that of the wesds oc of any
other kind of vegetation, it does nof require heavy
expenses for frequent weedings. If without any help
from man such trees can grow for hundreds of years
in wild woods full of vines, briars, and many other
plants, under cultivation, they can certainly outlive
the weeds,

I shall be very glad if the data contained in this
letter .contribates to its object, whick is to increase
among agriculturists ani business men of enterpries
the desire to plant on a large scale fields of rubber=
trees in th2 localities suitable for that ourpose.

Cuas. G. Cano, C. E.

New York, June 21, 1901.

[Lhe werilter of the above letter has spent nearly
ten years in tha district to which ths letter relates.
He went there first, at the request of President Diaz,
to reform the customs service at Tapachula. He
next became manager of the large coffee plantation
“*Guatima,”’ of L. R. Brewer, in Soconusca. He
was later employed as civil engineer on the line
of the O>scidental railroad, in Guatemala, after
which he became engaged in the importation of
Gutemula. coff2e at San Francisco. He has thus
had ample opportunity to study the resources of
southern Mexico, and has taken special pains to
become acquainted with the prospects for rubber
cultivation,—Tue Epiror, |

PROGRESS IN NICARAGUA.

A letter from James 8S. Nodine, manager of the
Manhattan Rubber Plantation, at Bluefields, to
the India Rubber World, states that on the day of
writing—June 21—he gathered seeds from cultivated

JAN.‘ 1, 1902. ] THE TROPICAL

Castilloa elastica rubber plants two years old. The
plantation, he reports, is showing the most satis-
factory progress, leaving no room for doubt as to
ultimate success. There are, altogether, about eigh-
teen rubber plantations at Bluefields. Mr. Nodine
writes that this year two of ths planters in the
district will tap their rubber for the first time. On
the Manhattan plantation last yearsome Para rub-
ber seeds were planted, a large precentage of which
germinated, and the plants are now growing well.
Mr. Nodine has shipped rabber seed from wild trees
this year to planters in Mexico.

RUBBER PLANTING IN THE MALAY STATES.

We think that this is a great rubber-growing country,
and that if prices only hoid there is a lot of money
in it. Labor and suitable lani are cheap and
plentiful, and we have no fault to find with the
yield either of Hevea Brasiliensis (Paraa) or Ficus
elastica, locally known as “Gutta rambong.”
certain amount of Castilloa elastica has been intro-
duced, but it does not promise well, though appar-
ently yielding large quantities of Caoutchouc, be-
-cause, having a pithy aud very brittle trunk, it is
peculiarly liable to the attacks of the worst of our
termites (Termes gestrot)—a white ant—which thrives
on sach food, and, commencing from below the ground,
eats up through the centre of the tree. Borers, too,
attack and destroy the branches. Kickxia Africana
has been introduced in small quantities, but it is
impossible to predict the success or failure of this
rubber, as our biggest trees are scarcely more than
seedlings yet. :

For Para rubber and Ficus elastica, however, there
seems to be a great future, and ary of your friends
who are interested in the subject, and who would
like to see what we are doing, might do worse
than try a ruo over, with a note from yor, I would
gladly show them zound and put them in the way
_ of seeing all we have to show, and possibly they
_ might think this small corner of the earth, not so
bad after all. Rich in minerals, gold, and tin, with
a great agricultural future before it, the Malay
eninsula will hold its own with many countries
Better known at present. All we want is money and
confidence, and the country will boom like wildfire.

Coffee has gone down with such a rush that many
of us have lost pretty well all we have put in it,
but we calculate in another three years to be on
our legs again with rubber, and fancy that the rise
in the sterling value of the mi/vets will knock agriculture
pretty hard in the Brazils, while our coinage
practically follows bar silver. values.—A PLANTER.
India Rubber World.

——_-— 2}
RHODESIAN REPORTS.

We have received from the British South Africa
Company, Reports on the Administration of Rhodeva,
1898—1900. It may well ba imagined that the effects
of the South American war have not yet been fully
felt or realised in Rhodesia; still, it is pleasant to
hear that, so far, ‘‘ the principsl result of the year
which has seen so much disturbance and trouble
in South Africa has been to confirm and strengthen
the belief of the settlers, and also of the board of
directors and the shareholders, in the rea‘ity of the
resources of the country, ...%In agriculture culti-
vation is extending, and live-stockis increasing. ...
In Mashonaland many farms are being occupied and
worked by Europeans. Locusts disappeared almost
entirely in the season of 1898-99, and this happy
yesulf is, no doubt, largely attributable to the use
of antitoxine. The contentment of the native mind
is largely dependent on theexcellence of the crops,
and ia this respect the season of 1900 has beena
satisfactory one. From reports “received, I [Sir A.
Lawley] estimate that the native crops this year
have been more abundant than in any year since

the occupation of the country. As railway facilities

increase for the conveyance of farm produce to the
yarious markets, the de yelopment of the agricultural

Ate

AGRICULTURIST. 455

indastry in this country should be ever increasing,
Both at Salisbury and Bulawayo most successful
agricultural shows were held in May, and in point
of quality and quantity the exhibits were remark-
ably good. Throughout Rhodesia fruit-trees have
been imported in great numbers, and many thousands
of various kinds have been planted. Perhaps the
most interesting experiments that are now being
made are in the growing of Coffee in Umtali, and
of Rubber in the Melsetter districts. Coffee seeds
were imported by the Government from Nyasa;
they have germinated well, and the young trees are
thriviag. Mr. Renwick, of Melsetter, furnishes an
interesting report on the possibility of developing a
Rubber industry in that country. At present the
prospect of successfully establishing such an industry
is a matter for conjecture; but there is every reason
to hope that Southern Melsetter, from the nature
of its soil and its climatic conditions, is a country
where this valuable industry may be introduced
and conducted on a large scale with every prospect
of success.” The above sentences are mostly taken
from the Report of the Administrator of Matabele-
land, Captain the Hon. Sir Arthur Lawley, K.C.M.G.
(resigned), and the sentiments expressed in them
are borne out by the reports from North-eastern
and from North-western Rhodesia, though over so
large an area details naturally vary in the different
districts. It should be mentioned that the British
South Africa Company is now directly responsible
for the administration of the following — terri.
tories:—I, Southern Rhodesia, or the provinces
of Mashonaland and Matabelelan?; and, 2, Northern
Rhodesia, or the whole of the British sphere lying
between the portuguese Settlements, German Hast
Africa, and the Congo Free State, with the except-
ion of the strip of territory forming the British
Central Africa Protectorate. It [Northern Rhodesia]
is divided into two provinces—-North-eastern Rho-
desia, and North-western Rhodesia. The total
population of Southern Rhodesia is estimated at
13,365 Europeans, and 449,901 natives. From the
brief notes here extracted, some notion may be
gathered of the importance of the book before us
which deals with the state and prospects, political
and industrial, of our African territories, ‘The re-
porters seem, on the whole, sanguine that the
country is one rich in resources, and with inhabitant,
well qualified to appreciate and to develop them,—
Gardeners’ Chronicle, Oct. 5.

?

INSECT ATTACKS ON TERMINALIA
CHEBULA.

The myrobalans of TVerminalia chebula, commonly
called harra, being one of the most important minor
forest products of this Division, this tree received
considerable attention; and the time of its flower
ing and fruiting and the development of its frui
are duly noted. Last season the harra cro
was practically a total failure, and this was cause
by (1) the depredations of a defoliating caterpillar
and by (2) the attacks of a gall insect.

In July, 1900, harra, together with several other
trees including teak, Anogeissus latifolia, Adina core
difolia and Stephegyne parvifolia, “were absolutely
defoliated. I was unfortunately unable to leave
headquarters at the time, and I did not succeed in
getting specimens of the attacking larve: from the
harra trees themselves, Simultaneously with thia
Gefoliation in the district, however, an equally severe
attack was made on the various garden and avenue
trees in Jubbulpore itself. Larve clustered on the
trees in enormous numbers and teak, M:llingtonia
hortensis and Albizzia Lebbek were, among others,
completely defoliated. I collected several of these
larvee and the moth which emerged from them proved
to be Hyblea puera. At the same time as this
occurred, the forests in the neighbouring district of
Damoh were also attacked by a defoliating caters
pillar, and specimens of the insect collected by the

456

Divisional Officer were subsequently also identified
-as Hyblawa puera. I am therefore inclined to think
that this insect is also the culprit in the case of
the damage done to harra.

In consequence of this wholesale destruction of
foliage, the teak and harra trees were practically
devoid of flower and fruit, and the majority of the
harra flower which was. produced never developed
on account of the attacks of a gall insect, In
September, 1900, I noticed that the flowering spikes
of many harra trees were covered with round bodies
of a dark-red colour, bearing ® superficial resem-
blance to the fruit of a species of small fig. It
appears that the flowers instead of developing into
the usual myrobalans had, owing to the attack of
a@ cynipid insect, merely produced these small galls.

Specimens of the galls were sent by me to the
Indian Museum for identification in October, 1900.

The insects which emerged from the galls were
pronounced to be chalcids, and were forwarded by.
the Museum authorities to Mons. Andre, France, for
identification. Mons. Andre, however, has been un-
able to do more than identify the insects as chal-
cids, and he surmises that they are parasitic on the
cynipids which produce the galls. If this surmise
is correct, and nothing but chalcids emterged from
the considerable number of galls sent by me, it
appears that the gall insect is subject to very wide-
spread parasitic attacks in face of which it can
scarcely develop to any extent or do any consider-
able damage. ‘There appears, however, to be a pos-
sibility that the chalcids themselves are primarily
responsible for the formation of the galls, and it is
hoped that further observations and the collection
of additional specimens will settle this point which
is of considerable importance in harra-producing
tracts.—Indian Forester R. S. HOLE.

Divisional Horest Officer,
18th April, 1901.

———SSsS
MINERALS IN KUMAON AND GARHWAL.

Many parts of the Himalayas are rich in minerals,
but there is hardly a portion of the world which
has been less prospected than these mountains,
While such out of the way places as Ashantee, the
interior of Central America, and even Borneo and
Sumatra, have been well examined by prospectors
and command lakhs of British capital, the fine
range of the Himalayas, which has railways to its
foot-hills at many points, has hardly been examined
in the least by the Geological Survey of India, much
less by professional mining engineers. It is aston-
ishing that so little has been done. Here is an
immense range of mountains stretching from Afghan-
istan and Kashmir through Nepal to Burma, the
geological structure of portions of which is not even
known. The mountains consist of a great central

JUBBULPORE:

range of granites and gneisses and crystalline rocks, _

with nearly 50 miles of lower hills on either side
stretching into India and Thibet. Most of this vast
range of country consists of formations more or less
favourable for minerals. Itis about the finest scenery
in the world and the climate is excellent, hot for
a month of two in summer but always cool at nights
and cold in winter. Food is cheap and abundant,

and the labour is docile, easily trained and cheap. —

The writer, who has for eighteen months or more
been engaged in mining and prospecting in various
parts of Kumaon and Garhwal, has rarely seen a
country in which the indications are more promising.
As far as can be seen these two provinces are full
of minerals, Gold exists in the sands of almost every
river, washed down from the reefs in the higher
and central ranges. There are alluvial flats in some
of the valleys, consisting of sands and gravels,
which readily show a good colour in the pan. Some
of these gold-bearing rivers take their rise in moua-
tians not more than three days’ journey from the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Jan. 1, 1902.

plains. Quartz reefs occur in schistose rocks in many
places, and some of these are known to be anri-
ferous graphite of excellent quality, more easily
mined than in Southern India, and asbestos, gond
in colour and long in fibre, is frequently fonnd.
Prophycitic granite, associated with much schor] is
found in parts of Eastern Knmaon. and here trne
lodes have been observed traversing both the granite
and the adjacent clay-state, and containing traces of
oxide of tin. Sapphires and other precions sfones
are sometimes brought down by the Bhotian traders,
who frequently come through the passes, driving
flocks of sheep laden with borax and salt. Copper
and lead have been abundantly worked in the past,
and copper-bearing rocks are found all over both
Kumaon and Garhwal.

At half-a-dozen places there are most extensive
old works covering many acres of hill-side, and
there are also mountains which here and there are
literally covered with ancient slags, which have
been assayed and are sometimes found to contain
as much as 2 per cent of copper.

The revenue derived as royalties from the copper
ores was pretty considerable, even in the first half
of the last century. There is every indication that
the copper ores mined before the country was taken
over by the British must have been enormons,
judging from the extent of old mines. The copper
ores occur mostly in limestone formations, often
associated with talo slatesand sclists. Both irregular
deposits and true lode formations are met with,
some of the lodes being of great size. The ores
mined long ago by the natives were mostly green
and blue carbonates and the oxides of copper. Sul-
phides and sulphurets they usually put aside as
being too refractory for their primitive methods of
smelting, and beneath the deposits of carbonates
which they worked out many extensive deposits of
copper pyrites and grey copper are still left. In
several cases known to the writer, lodes of copper
and iron pyrites of considerable width crop out
very close to the surface, which have been abso-
lutely unrouched by the natives. One feature is the
number of gossan “ backs” to be noticed in the copper .
districts. The natives have ocec*sionally worked
these, presumably for iron, to a little depth, but
there can be little doubt that systematic exploration
would reveal in depth great masses of copper pyrites.
The hill copper was formerly noted for its purity,
and even now the natives prefer to obtain their
metal from Nepal, owing to i’s being so much softer
and purer than that obtainable from Europe. Assays
of copper and lead ores from Kumaon and Garhwal
show the presence of a considerable amount of
silver, and occasionally a gold value is obtained.

The climate of Kumaon and Garbwal is excellent.
All the hills which range from 6,000 feet upwards
are clothed with forests of good-sized pine oak, and
rhododendron, There are deep valleys between,
often only 1,609 feet above the sea-level, in which
oranges, lemons, peaches, bananas and o*her fruit
flourish exceedingly. The land is so fertile that
two crops of corn are reaped every year. The great
difficulty is transport, all loacs being carried
up into the hills by coolies, G@»od roads can
easily be constructed up the main valleys, and ample
water power and facilities for wire rope railways
occur everywhere. It is a matter of surprise that
this vast country, so fertile and teeming with min-
eral wealth, has remained so long unexploited.
If only the attention of capitalists were called to
the possibilities of the Himalayas it would undoubt-
edly be explored, and found to be as rich a moun-
tain range as the Rocky Monntains or the Andes,

Nearly the whole of the southern portlon of the
Himalayas is British territory, and there shou'd be
few, if any, difficulties in the way of prospecting
these magnificent heights, F.G.S., AI.M.M.—
Lroneer.

Jan. 1, 1902.) THE TROPICAL

UVA DISTRICT REVISITED.
AFTER AN INTERVAL OF TWENTY YEARS.

(By ax old Planting Correspondent.)

There is a pleasant and a very unpleasant
way of travelling through some of the tea
districts of the Central Province, especially
when twenty miles or more must be traversed
on a dark night and there is no resthouse
or shelter. Any ‘ stranger’ who wants to
go to Nuwara Hliya via Gampola and Pus-
sellawa should be armed with a letter of
introduction or he will most certainly come
to grief, there being now

NO RESTHOUSE IN PUSSELLAWA.

If we had known this and that, after
travelling ten miles to Pussellawa, we should
be obliged to push on another ten miles
to Ramboda when very tired and hungry
and the little bullocks of the hackery com-
letely played out, we should most certainly

ave let Pussellawa slide and quietly stepped
into the upcountry train at Gampola station
for Nanuoya, and $o avoided making a mis-
calculation and spending a miserable night
on the road and going to bed without any
dinner. Under such circumstances it is not
to be expected that a very cheerful ac-
count of

PUSSELLAWA DISTRICT

can be written. The Gampola resthouse (or
rathe hotel) appoo tried very hard to get
two coolies io carry baggage and, after a
long search round the town, brought two
men who asked for one rupee and fifty cents
each, very reasonable certainly, but they did
not get it all the same. Then a hackery
was sent for and the bullocks were a failure ;
we made very slew progress even where
the road was easy. At the bridge toll the
fat kine was exchanged for the lean kine
and two miles an hour was about the rate
of progress. However, we wanted to look at
the tea on some of the estates including
Orwell, Sanquhar and Sogamawattie. So far
we felt ‘“‘sogam” because we had daylight
and it was the first fine day for a long
time! The scene is changed since we knew
Ryan, Innman and Mason on the three
above estates. The places have grown out
of knowledge, particularly the two latter
estates with over one thousand acres of tea
between them and large factories. The tea
is not as good as may be seen in Assam and
seems to require manure in an old district
like Pussellawa.—Rothschild we could not
see at 7 p.m. We caught a glimpse of some of
the fields next morning,

'* And distance lent enchantment to the

view, :
And clothed the hills in all their verdant
hue.” ;
We should always associate Pussellawa with
abig miscalculation we made of ** spending a
happy day” and going to bed without any
dinner at 12-380 a.m.
We had also promised ourselves a great
treat—to see the Ramboda Falls fall in their
yaajestic glory; but the Fates denied even this

ee

AGRICULTURIST. 487

and we could only hear them thundering
above and below as the miserable hackery
wended its way in the dark over bridges
and culverts. We should never have fetched
Ramboda with the two Gampola bullocks,
An old planter was good enough to lend us
a white coast bull who had to pull the Gam-
pola bullock as well as the hackery. We
paid ten rupees for twenty miles, according
to agreement to the hackery man in addition
to paying for two tolls and other small
charges including one rupee to the driver of
the white bull (being night work.) We regret
very much passing through a large district
like Pussellawa containing as it does over
twenty thousand acres of tea and seeing so
little of it. It is @ contrast to the good old
days of coffee when we often spent Christmas
week up there and saw all the estates and
all the planters of the district and had a
Government Resthowse to vest our weary
bones if unfortunate enough to be benighted.
Ramboda was the first halting place from
Gampola and here we enjoyed the hospitality
of the oldest planter in the district, Mr. de
Lemos who is still strong and hearty and
walked to the top of the Condegalla Pass
with me by the short cuts. Ramboda, inclad-
ing Bluefields, Condegalla and Labookelle
all look in good order with nearly two
thousand acres of tea between them and large
factories. Westward Hois a series of tea fields
near the cart-road to Nuwara Kliya, the
property of Mr. G W White.

We much preferred the old forest shade of
Nuwavra Eliya to the present innovation of
much over-produced tea; and as we entered
the Town of Nuwara Eliya we thougit the
ridges—plianted with tea—no improvement
whatever, but on the contrary robbing the
Sanatarium of its original picturesqueness
and pleasant resorts for family pic-nics,

NUWABRA ELIYA
is very greatly improved as regards new
buildings and the business appearance of the
town, but we did not feel happy uatil out
of civilisation and on the borders of the
Lake where we tound shelter for the night
through the kindness of tae proprietor of one
of the snug cottages situated to the left of
the Lake. We started at daytight tor Uva
and called in at the Hakgalla Gardeus, but
saw too little of them to make any com-
ments, good, bad, or indifferent; we just went
in at the grand entrance and out at another
gate on to the Patana taking a short cut
down to the cart-road from whence we came.
Mr. Nock was engaged with a visitor and we
much regret not seeing more of Hakgalla.
There are many good vegetable market
gardens between Nuwara Hliya and Wilsen’s
Bungalow and great quantities of vegetables
packed and labelled for Colombo. Cabbages,
carruts, beet, onions and parsley seemed
flourishing. We quite agreewith your corres
spondent ‘* Progress” that the Ceylon Goys
ernment should construct a lake or large
dam to bold the waters running to waste in
one of the healthiest climates of the island.
ft would certainly attract settlers to that
part of Uva between Nuwara Eliya and New
Galway to Wilson’s Bungalow and the desos
late patanas would come under cultivatiog,

458 THE TROPICAL

We were kindly received at Albion near
Ambawela, ‘he Railway Station is only five
miles from the cart road. This must be a very
great convenience to travellers and estate
proprietoxs in the immediate neighbourhood.

Mr. A. J. Kellow has still some good coffee
on his property and also some good tea with
valuable orchard of English fruit trees. Mr.
Kellow’s coffee was very nice in thecup, and
any of your readers wishing for good coffee
would do well to try the Albion fragrant
berry, the old original Arabica. Twenty-five
acres still remain and seventy of tea. Beauti-
ful English flowers do well here and are well
cultiyated. ‘The climate of this part of Uva is
delightful and the views of the mountain
ranges surrounding are very grand indeed.

People who visit Nuwara hliya should
have a peep over the other side. Before
dismissing Old King Coffee, we may mention
that the old king is by no means played out.
He still lives. Wesaw good coffee all the way
from Gampola to Pussellawa alwost free from
' disease. Our dear old friend H.V. was still
there, but indulgent to coffee * within
sound of the human yoice.” There is no
doubt it likes to grow native fashion and
cultivation and patent manures helped to kill
it. We had a very long and hot journey
from New Galway to Attampitiya, but were
welcomed by our old friend Walter Stewart,
one of the proprietors of the estate called
Attampitiya. We were also glad to see another
old planter, one of the pioneers of Haputale,
Mr. MacPhail. The old Government rest-
house has been purchased by the proprietors
of Attampitiya and the new factory is some
distance from the tea fields down on the cart
road below the bridge, Attampitiya is nearly
400 acres of tea and is well roaded and drained.
Over the gap there is a very good view of
Narangalla and other Badulla estates,

The drive from Attampitiya was very enjoy=
able and we found old

BADULLA TOWN

very much improved with handsome build-
ings, shaded by beautiful trees including
the Fla aboyant. The Government officers
have planted a large number of shade trees
along the cart roads and they are doing well,

Dr. Johnson very truly remarked ‘that
Regions Mountainous and wild form a great
portion of the earths’ suriace and that he
who has not seen them has missed seeing
much of the nature.” So it is with the
mouptains of Uva, thousands of acres exist
which have never been cultivated and are coin-
paratively uninhabited; and yet the climate
is delightful, what can be the drawback?
Ts it the wind during the monsoon or is in
the want of water? ;

The Ceylon Government could store the
water and make this beautiful country in-
habitable in the same way they have restored
old tanks in parts of Ceylon where the cli-
mate is not so bracing and where the
scenery 18 not so grand and picturesque in

arts of the lowcountry.

Nhe tea estates are few and far between
and we passed underneath cne with its
factory looking like a *‘mansion in the sky”
somewhere in the neighbourhood of Dick<
yella,

AGRICULTURIST. (Jan, 1, 1902

BADULLA TOWN,

with its new public buildings, pretty gardens
and well kept lawns under grateful shades,
looks better than ever and we enjoyed our
breakfast at the resthouse after a pleasant
drive from Attampitiya. Passing a very large
factory near the town and over the bridge in
the evening, we reached Telbedde the old
property of George Wharton Brown, our
little experimental garden adjoining we
called Rore’s Drift in honour of Bromhead
and Chard, is extended to sixty-four acres of
tea and amalgamated with Telbedde. Another
piece of land we cleared for tea in the
seventies, called Carolina, has also been in-
cluded and a large factory down in the
hollow. Telbedde is over 450 acres of tea
and the coffee all disappeared, some of the
stumps still being used for firewood. Next
morning we passed through Stisted estate,
opened in the seventies by our friend L
d’Kspagonag, first in eeffee, then in cinchona,
then Liberian and other products, but now
enlarged to a fine tea estate. Then we call at
Mahapahagalla another old coffee property
converted into a valuable tea estate of 250
acres. Stisted with 295 acresand Mahapahagalla
with 252 acres under tea, make 547 acres of tea
fields to travel through from ‘Telbedde to
Debedde Gap under the picturesque range
of hills cal.ed *t Yerli Mallie” or seven hills
opened by good old Geordie Morrice and
profusely planted with fruit trees which I
fear have disappeared for tiniber and tea
bushes. Ury is now all tea and there is a
factory near the cart-road.

Anotner of my experimental gardens named
Cyprus in honvur of Lord Beaconsfield is
located at the 8th-mile post to the left. We
remember taking Geordie Morrice to see
Cyprus and when he saw what a pretty place
it was, he said ‘‘ you are a baadly used mon’
and we returned to Ury and that was the
last we saw of good old Geordie who spent
over 30 years in Uva.

Mr Moorhouse, junr., of Mapahagalla walked
asfar as Ury with me and after rather a
warm walk we pulled up at Passara. Mr.
Stewart Taylor, now in charge, received me
kindly and we had a talk over old times,
There is a great change in this estate and
very fine sheets of tea on the Gonakelle Group,
847 acres, with fine new factory fitted up with

the best machinery, large withering house &c. |

In going for a walk round the lower tea
fields we came to the boundary and saw
another little garden called the Khyber Pass,
a piece of land on the gap we bought at a
Government sale; on looking for it, found
a group of Afghans armed with sabres so we
called it the Khyber Pass and planted it
with cinchona succirubra. How many natives
we have cured of fever with the crop it is
difficult to estimate.

We had the pleasure of meeting Mr Mathew,
the Assistant on Gonakelle (a son of the late
Archdeacon Mathew who contracted a fever
in the Northern Provinces and died very
suddenly.) Mr. Mathew is very much like

his father ; weremember him very well in

Colombo,

Jan. 1, 1902.]

PASSARA

has now developed into a very important
district containing over 5,000 acres of
tea. The new bungalow near the factory on
the Gonakelle Group is very substantial and a
pretty piece of lawn. well kept, improves the
frontage surrounded with dense shade trees.

The Lunugala and Badulla coach passes just
underneath and blow their horns, announcing
the arrival of the daily mail. ‘‘ Things are
looking up” as poor old Hebenton used often
to remark in the old coffee days in Uva.
After enjoying the kind hospitality of Mr. W
S Taylor, we pass on to see some old friends,
the Cottons, of Dammeria. This is another
valuable property with great improvements
made during the past twenty years—with 659
acres under cultivation, really a compact and
pretty estate with tea looking very promising.
A handsome new bungalow commands a
comprehensive view of Peacock Rock or
Monaragala. It appears that all the estates
on this extraordinary formation are on the
side facing Dammeria and the other side is
sheer precipice. We met Mr. S Sparkes at
Gonakelle and he was good enough to invite
the writer to see some of the estates on
Monaragiala, so we must make up our minds
for another long and warm journey on re-
turning to Passara. Mr. J B Cotton was kind
enough to drive me part of the road to Lu-
nugala, putting me down at Galboda. one of
the properties incorporated in the Passara
Group—inciuding Galboda, Medumpitiya,
Hanipha, and Polgahalande, comprising 500
acres of tea. Being alone on the Lunugala road
I was unable to glean the amount of inform-
ation regarding the new estates above and
below the cart-road required to do justice to
the great improvements made since I was
last passing this way.

There are many pretty fields of tea and
new bungalows and factories smoothing the
monotony of this once rather tedious and
steamy
JOURNEY BETWEEN BADULLA AND LUNUGALA.
One feels more inclined to be poetical when
comfortable and riding is better than walking
in a five-rupee pair of ammunitions.

Ramasamy does not grumble and_ he,

oor fellow, carries all the kit on his head

are-footed, so why should your correspond-

ent complain of a few nails sticking up in
his boots and a_ blister occasionally, how
nice it is to have a bath and a change
after a troublesome journey ; yet after all
said and done, there is no disputing the
fact that riding is far and away better than
walking especially in the tropics.

Well—‘‘ there is no rest. for the wicked”
and we go on like the Wandering Jew of E.S,
(the name of the French Author is H. 8.)

We pass through Hopton estate and
between two small bungalows and sight oid
Clifton, the former some 400 acres of tea and
Clifton, with Kehelwatte, about 340 acres,
We remember John Darley on Clifton in
the ‘“‘seventies” and afterwards Carey. Coffee
has given place to tea and is doing well.

When our old friend, G. H. Hall, opened
Shawlands, he little thought it would some

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 459

day be converted into such a large tea
estate, now nearly 4500 acres, with new
bungalow and factory—the tea coming right
down from a respectable elevation to the
cart road. Poor old Hall: he died in the
Straits Settlements somewhere, I believe in
Perak—another good planter gone.

G. H. Hall was a regular correspondent of
the Observer and often wrote some very
smart things. He was a wellread man and
very good company, and we passed many plea-
sant evenings at Shawlands.

We were very sorry on arrival at the
Park to find our friend, Fred. Hall, away
from home, especially as we had walked ten
miles in a very hot sun and we felt very
tired indeed. However, we rested our weary
bones that night. Next morning at 6 o’clock
we made the ascent to Madulsima.

The view of the lowcountry from Madul-
sima is very grand with occasional glimpses
of the silvery sea,and ‘*‘ Westminster Abbey ”
and ‘Friar’s Hood,” two well-known land
marks on navigators’ charts of the Eastern
Province of Ceylon. From Mr. G B Cotton’s
bungalow we could see distinctly the little
Basses’ light with its minute ant fifteen-
second flashes or rather two fifteen-second
fluhes at intervals of about one minute,
We will bring this letter to a conclusion now
that we have arrived at Verela Patna.

There are only two old_ planters we re-
member up in Madulsima. In about six years
the district has completely changed and a new
generation has sprung up who knows not
Joseph. We can look downon the Logaloya
Valley, where we put in six years in the
“seventies” before going into Government ser-
vice at Perak in the Malay Stazes.

Poor old Garrioch, Donald Reid, Sandy
Brown, Ned Linton, Isham, Karslake, Dolly
Osborne, Beneson, Richard Mant, Dick Ster-
ling, and many others have been gathered
to their fathers. Still the old district is
flourishing, and risen out of its own ashes,

The new bungalow at Verela Patna is
nicely situated commanding a very exten-
sive view of the surrounding estates, in-
cluding the Gonakelle Group—Part of Ury
and the new tea fields of Mr. J Peris.

To the right, Sarnia and Dotlands, Ledger-
watte and Keena Kelle Group and Gampaha
the back ground.

There will be many changes in and about
Badulla within six months or so. Planters
at home on leave will return to their change
and their Locum Tenens will have to find
new billets. Ceylon seems very full of Superin-
dendents and Assistants just now and re-
auction of expenditure is the order ot the
day. South Africa after the War, may offer
anew field for young men, and Canada can
rovide for those who can find alittle capital.
I'he Canadian Government give 160 acres of
land in the Far West.

We regret to hear of Mr. Marshall’s sudden
death from lightning in Dolosbage.

The greatest improvements in the district of
Madulsima is the substantial cart road with its
new bridges and railed-in cu.verts passing
through all the best tea estates, i

460 THE TROPICAL

Starting from Passara through over five hundred
acres of tea on El Teb Group, and through over
eight hundred acres of the Mahadova Group, in-
eluling auny well-known oll coffee estates
converted into tea plantations, entering the centre
of Gilloola and winding round Doomoo into
But wvitte. formiig a horse-shoe 1ouid the centre
at F r-st-Hill and descending throuezh Wevebedde
to Danedin and Cocagalia Group. ‘The Madul-
sima-Passara cart-road is eighteen miles in
lenth and enables the visitor to the distiict to
get a more comprehensive view of each estate
without the fatigue of climbing up sborc cuts as
in the old days of coffe: planting.

We arrived in this district at a good time when
the planters could meet and play at tennis on the
Galloola Court, the wnnal holilay of Ramasami’s

‘* TREVALI,’”
taking place on Stuuud.y ast aud accordingly
give the planters a litsle tims to themselves,
Teevali festival, however, seemed to me rather
a quieter one than those we knew ia the days
of coffee. Ramasami did not seem so cheerful
as usual and we were able to sleep through the
nights which we expected. to bedisturbed by
the beating of tom-toms. We heard no singing
and saw no dancing. The old stick-dance
seems to have gone out of fashion. Ramasami
seems somewhat depressed and no doubt indirectly
feels the general depression caused by the low
prices of tea during the past year or two. We
ean remember when our old friend from the
M labar Coast of India sang his cheerful song when
pulping his master’s coffee and a hundred bnshels
ot good cherry coffee puiped into fifty bu-hels of
Nol Parchment coffee was worth as much as
four thousand pounds of green tea leaf made
into one thousand pounds of ‘‘maide tea.’ The
coffee planter could call his soul his own ino
THOSE GOD OLD DAYS OF COFFEE.

but now he trembles when looking over
the price-lists and tea sales and is often
disgusted to find that alchough he has been
plucking fine and reduced his crop of leaf
considerably, his prices are no higher and some-
times his tea fetches less per pound than his
neighbour who has not taken the same precaution
of plucking fine.

If he gets better prices, his crop will turn out
short of the original estimate ; soit is as broad as
it is long, whereas ia the palmy days of old king
coffee, crops would sometimes be purchised at
one pound sterling per bushel before the crop
was hurvested. With regard to general cultiva-
tion, estates in Ceylon seem to be comparatively
clean; it isan exception to rule to iad a weedy
estat«. Tea, undoubtedly, covers the ground
better than coffee and the Shade trees dropping
their leaves. particularly the grevillea, keep the
ground thatched and prevent weeds growing
amongst the tea bushes. _

Then, again, the estates are older and cannot
grow the luxuriant weeds we had to hack dowu
and bury and burn in the days of coffee. The
.old coff+e planters made the roads and drains
and put up the store-, buagalows, lines. ete.
Many old coffee stores have been coiverted’ into
tea fictories—in some cases into Crystal Palaces—
light being a great factor in the manufaciure
of tea. The machinery for ihe tea factory is
more costly than the eoffee-curing machinery of
oid and many turbines are now used. There
is a turbine at Galloola estate I saw working
yesterday. Galloola looks better now under tea

AGRICULTURIST. (JAN; 4, 1902.

than when I saw it last under coffee, Jt is now
a valuable property, although [ believe in
1869 the coffee leaf disease first made it
appearance in a field just in front of th
bungalow. I remember Marshall Ward, th
Cryptogamist fiom Kew, coming to see
THE HOME OF HEMILEIA VASTATRIX

and conid suggest no remedy for combating
the disease except burying the weeds and
leaves of the coffee and keeping the ground swept
clean of ail pruuings and rubbish. Bo h Galloola
and Verelapatana are planted with high jat Assam
Hybrid tea and both estates are very promising
for both quantity and quality. Galloola estate
has four hundred aeres of good tea well shaded
by grevilleas and other u-eful timber trees. Mr.

Nuttall has returned to his charge and is a very
popular man in the district, as also Mr. Mason
of Verelapatana, who is living in a fine new
bungalow commanding a grand view. Tne uew
V P bungalow, is above the old V P bun-
galow where the great Garioch once presided
in Madulsima.

Sir Hercules and Lady Robinson once paid
him a visit at

UVAKELLIE

and planted two grevilleas in front of the
bungalow. There was an odd plant sent to
Verelapatana and it is now growing on the
site of the old bungalow, more thau three feet
in circumference. The grevillea was then almost a
new introduction from Australia and was naturally
thought a great deal of in those days. Now
you find the grevillea all over Ceylon, grown
for fuel more than for its grateful shade and
fat leaves manuring the grounds. I am a great
believer in the grevillea and notice it does not
prevent tea from srowing underneath it as some
trees do, for instance the Casuarina or She-Oak
of Australia and Noka Noke of the Sonih Sea
Islauds. fhe five hundred acres of Verelapatana
are in fine order and there is a steam engine
driving the best tea machinery. Patent fans are
to be added immediately, to facilitate withering,
the roofs being of ce ling-cloth.

A large withering-house iias been erected above
the factory and four thousand pounds of green
leaf can be converted into one thousand pounds
of ‘‘made tea Without overcrowding.”

_The moonsoon is now on and over two inches of
rain per day have been registered on soime days
during November both on Verelapatana, Galloola
and Battawatte estates, there is a good flush on
the trees or tea bushes just now.

DOONHINDA
117 acres of tea, is included in the Doomoo
Estates Company or worked with them by
the same Superintendents. All the old coffee
estates down in the Logaloya Valley, Guelten-
gawa, Deyanawa:te and Allagallawatte are out
of cultivation, though the two latter named
places have been purchased and may be brought
under cultivation again some day. The land
is suited for tea, though the climate is unhealthy
for coolies. Battawatte and Forest Hill of the

Estates Company of Uva, Ltd., 750 acres with

592 enltivate!, of which 587 are usder tea, with
a new factory and withering house at the foot
of the estate below the ceart-road, are still
flourishing under the supervision of Mr. A. V.
Ryall. [ accompanied that gentleman through
Forest Hill this morning and saw the site of the
old bungalow and the gap leading over to
Uyakellie—another large Estate in the district

Jan. 2, 1902. THE

of Madulsima and a place we knew well in the

‘days of Daddy Hamilton, the then Superintendent.

We well remember.
DADDY HAMILTON, iF i

the keen sportsman, keeping up with his dog
round some of the steep parts of Forest Hill
and on one oceasion the writer got stuck on a
slab-rock very sippery, unable to move up or
down, and Hamilton came to the rescue Just as
it was getting dark, and we were glad to take
his hand and be puton an old path. The last
time we met was in Montserrat, on the
Montserrat Lime Juice Company’s estate, where
Daddy was Manager and we went out to
him to doctor the lime tre:s. Since then I
believe Montserrat has been devasted by
hurricanes. The inhabitants of Montserrat are
Irish Niggers, they are very black, but talk
with an Iri-h accent and rejoice in the names
of Bourke, O’Bryan, O’Winnagin, Irish, &ce.
Some of them are well off, owning large sugar
plantations. The Island is small, between St.
Kitts Nevis (where Nelson married the widow)
and Antigus, the seat of Government for the
Leeward Islands. | went therein an open boat
sailing past Guadeloupe, Martinique and Dominica
from Trinidad. Perhaps Daddy Hamilton, once
a great favourite in the district of Madulsima,
will return to Ceylon and cultivate tea instead
of lime juice. He was one of the Superintendents
of the late R. B. Downall, who liked him none
the less for being a good sportsman. I must bring
this letter to a close and visit Cocagalla, Roeberry
and Uva, a description of which will be given in my
next. It israther a rough journey and the weather
is bad «stter mid-day ; itisraining hard now.

Leaving my hospitable host, Mr. Ryall of
Battawatte, a little above his tea factory, thereby
saving a tremendous long trudge round the cart
road through Forest Hill and a Jong swoop in
the direction of Wevebedde or Tavellumplussie,
down to Dunedin, we simply joined the zig-zag
approaching the factory from the bridle path,
To our minds this seemed to be the ugliest
piece of the Madulsima cart-road, vet the object
is obvious, being to pull up at the Cocagalla tea
factory on the old and compact little es ate
known to coffee planting days as ‘* Dunedin,” now
expunged from your Directory and amalgamated
with the Coecagalla Group, formerly named the
¢* Madulsima Coffee and Cinchona Company, Ltd.”

We lave a faint recollection that Cocagalla
once belonged to Lord Lawrence, the Viceroy
of India, before the Company was formed.
We remember George Osborne as Superintend-
ent of Cocagalla twenty years ago and the pride
he took in his crack cinchona fields. There are
still signs of them remaining on steep slopes
now out of cultivation, suckers of cinchona
succirnbra and hardy hybrids, growing from the
twenty-year-old stumps amongst the mana-grass
and chena growth above and below the roads,

Queen tea is now supreme and little Dunedin
possesses a hundred acres of a very fine jat and
very healthy in appearance, some leaves as large
as a man’s hand and of good colour as well
as strongly embossed. It is a very stiff pull up
from the Cocagalla Tea Factory at Dunedin to
the Cocagalla bungalow. There are some Jacob’s
ladders in the form of stone steps, but we pre-
ferred the bridle-path though exposed to the heat
of a very hot sun, Of course, the tea is well

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 461

shaded by grevilleas and other timber trees and
is naturally more pleasant walking than the
zig-zag paths on the exposed patana or mana-
grass fields. As we neared the bungalow, there
is another high class or good jat field
of Assam-Hybrd tea looking remarkably healthy
and promising good flushes since the North-East
monsoon broke on the Uva ranges with thunder-
storms and refreshing showers of rain generally
falli:g in the afternoon and evening not much
interfering with estate work. My old friend
Mason gave me a letter of introduction (which
I asked for) to Mr Williams ; the letter to Mr
John Williams ,introdueed me to Mr Williams,
jar,, Now on
COCAGALLA

and I was made very comfortable for the
rest of the day. It ig the same old
bungalow, on an excellent site, command-
ing a grand view of the estates around and
the bright green patanas. The green tea leat is
shot down to the Factory by wire-shoots five in
number, branching off from different st ations ; the
bulk of the leaf travels by two very) ong shoots
with patent rollers. It is very int€resting to
watch the bags swinging through the air at the
rate of a mile a minute and-coming down with
a bump into each station and finally into the
grand depot or factory, withering house, built
tor its daily reception, where it is immediately
spread out thin on the tats, a pound of green-
leaf covering about six square feet of jute-
hessian.

I did not enter: the factory in the absence of
some one to take me round. The fact of the matter
is tea factories are all very much alike and I don’t
see why I should give the manufacturers of
rolling machines, siroccos, steam engines sifting
machines, &e., &c, a free advertisement every time.

I well remember taking a lot of trouble to adver-
tise the tea roller when first invented in 1876 in
Assam and received some very fine photographs ot
a new roller from the inventor, in Assam (then
onavisit). I went so far as to send them to the
Secretary of the Planters’ Associaticn of Ceylon
and they were duly acknowledged by a special
vote of thanks to your correspondent on his return
to Ceylon, but within a few weeks from this time
the inventor turned up to make a tour round the
tea districts and to book orders. I met him ina
bungalow somewhere, I forget where, and claimed
his acquaintance, but he pretended to torget me,
saying ‘‘I only saw you for five minutes.”

The energetic superintendents of Cocagalla
Group are making plenty of tea. The acreage of
Cocagalla is one thousand one hundred and four
with over six hundred acres of tea in bearing :
added to thisis Hewa Eliya and Elemane with
another four hundred acres of tea, making a large
charge of one thousand acres of tea in cultivation.
We spent a very pleasant evening with Mr W A
Williams and discussed many subjects of mutual
interest. Next morning we rose early and with
our mountain staff climbed to the top of Coca-
galla estate and passing over the gap descended
into Hewa Eliya.

With the exception of Hewa Eliya and
Elemane estates, now under tea cultivation, all the
old coffee properties between Cocvagalla and Roe-
berry are out of cultivation, We remember many
of them including Mousa and Kosgahadova,
Quedgeley, Rathkele, and others, including some

462
two thousand acresof land under coffeeand cinchona,
Good old Roeberry has held its own chrough all
these ups and downs of this far-off district known
as Hewa Eliya. Roeberry estate, once the pro-
perty of poor old Richard Mant, who toiled all
his life in Ceylon and tried his best to make
his fortrine out of coffee aud ecinchona, sink in
the attempt like hundreds more of good men and
true. Had Mant lived aud developed this estate
into its present valuable condition as a tea property
of six hunired and fifty acres, he would have
been a rich man; but ‘‘Man proposes and God
disposes.” It is a mystery how some men lead
isolated lives and work so hard in tropical cii-
mates too, without winning the prize of inde-
pendence in their old age. Weall think we shall
make our fortunes before we turn gray, but some-
how some of us miss the mark. Jt is all very
fine to say the “rolling stone gathers no moss ;”
but hew often do we find the moss at a discount ?

ROEBERRY ESTATE

is a beautiful place, shaped like a horse shoe, with
lovely green patanas tapering down on both sides ;
and fcom the new bingalow, located on a lawn-like
flat, there iss view of Namunukula range, Coca-
galla, Doomoo, Galoola, Ury, Gonakelle, and
other well-known Madulsima and Passara estates.
Mr. John Williams is to be congratulated on his
comfortable bungalow and its park-like surround-
ings, tennis court, kitchen garden, poultry house
and stable, grazing ground for eattle, &c. A few
Australian or Euglish sheep with a few ponies
would add to the homestead-appearance of this
healthy corner of the Uva Province. Many
of the Madulsima and Hewa Eliya bungalows,
though ocenpied by bachelors, would do credit to
married men, well-furnished drawingsrooms, dining-
rooms and bath rooms close to the bedrooms. Weare
‘more civilised now on estates than in days gone by
and, with the daily Observer, are kept well-posted
up inthe doings of the world, Mr Vanghan came
over to Roeberry from Uva estate on the next
range aud we played tennis. Mr. Vaughan kindly
invited me to visit him at Uva aud we did so,
Mr. John Williams accompanied me tothe top of
Roeberry, where Mr. Vaughan met us to ‘point
out one of the most beautiful views in Ceylon.
The elevation was nearly 5,000 feet looking out
on to the lowcountry Bintenne, the Rock of
Bibile, Moneragala, Westminster Abbey, Friar’s
Hood, Horaborawewa lake further eastward,
with the Logaloya Valley below us and a
grand view of fHaputale, Maturata, Hewa-
heta, the Knuckles-and the Mahaweliganga
flowing past us in the distance absorbing the
Logaloya and Badulla-oya and on through the
loweountry to Trincomalie where the
river empties into the sea. The view yesterday
was magnificent, and we were indebted to Mr
Vaughan for the trouble he took in meeting us
and pointing out the different places of interest in
go large and comprehensive a view of mountains
and plains. The tea factory for final packing
and despatch is called Arawa at the foot of Uva
estate. From Arawa Factory the old Badulla road
passes Meyahazalla village on to Taldena
village, then on to Badulla town. This
old Badulla road leads to Alutuuwara, to the east
of Horaborawewa lake, There is a ‘‘Digoha’’ there
and many Sinhalese visit Alutnuwara by this road.
Uva estate is divided into three sections and
being very steep requires a strong young planter
like Mr Vaughan tomanage it. The leaf is shot
down by wire shoots strongly shored up by heavy
weighte and made fast by concrete. Timber is

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Jan. 1, 1902,

lowered from the top; the factory by the bun-
galow is built of stone and the tea despatched by
wire shoot to Arawa Factory. [There is an engine
giving power enough for two rollers and o-her
machinery. Everything is in apple-pie order and
the tea of good sample in the cup, nice and
creamy aud golden colour—the best tea in the
cup L tasted in the district. The jab is a good
working Assim-Hybrid and the roads and drains
are in good order throughout the estate. Kalu-
gala is the chief point of the range.
Out of 1,276 acres of land there are 47] acres
of tea. There is a very large quantity of valn-
able timber grown on Uva and much ecinchona
scattered about in ravines and wind belts. We
remember visiting Uva when John Stuart was in
charge and James Reid (brother of the late
Donald Reid of Galloola) was assistant on one of
the divisions. The present Superintendent, Mr.
Vaughan, is a C MI, and just about to attend
drill at Nuwara Eliy:. Wespent a very pleasant
evening together on Monday last, 18th November,
returning via another route to KRoeberry estate
in rather heavy rain; on arrival at the bungalow
a plunge bath prevented catching cold.

The leaf of Rveberry is shot down to the
factory located between JLunugala and Bibile,
the two villages and the factory forming a
triangle. Karaghawella is the name of the village,
eigiit miles from Bibile and Lunugala. The tea

is then carted to Batticaloa and shipped to
Colombo.

There are a few acres of cardamoms on
Roeberry. HENRY COTTAM,

(To be continued.)
—_——_—--—-4>- - ——

INDIA RUBBER IN NATAL.

IfS CULTLVATION AND PRODUCTION.

{By Anthony Wilkinson in the Natal Agricultural
Journal. |

Some years ago I tried an experiment of plant-
ing an acre of ** Manihot Glaziovii,” or the Ceara
rubber tree of Sonth America. Mr Medley Wood,
curator of the Durban Botanic Gardens, was kind
enough to furnish me with roots and cuttings of
Ceara trees from trees he had growing in the Gar-
dens, and wisheu me to try an experiment ona
larger scale. I planted an acre of Manihot with
coffee plants between. The rubber trees grew
well aud seeded abundantly, and at four years
old, when the trees got a good size, four to five
inches in diameter, on scoring tne bark to extract
the rubber, althougi the rubber was of good quality
and very elastic, the collecting or getting it was
slow and costly. Accordingly, I came to the con-
clusion that the experiment wonld not pay, uniess
the trees could be tapped, and the juice collected
in quantity, as is done in Sonth America, and
furtier, that Natal was not sufficiently tropical to
make a good flow of sap. Coming to those con-
clusions, I cut the trees down, but still the trees
come up again from the seeds every year, and
grow luxuriantly five or six feet high in the first
year, showing the climate to be suitable to their
growth. Among my coffee I have a self-sown
Ceara only three years old, and over 20ft. high. The
red sandy soil of the coast such asthat of the Berea,
Durban, would be the most suitable. The seeds
left to nature do not come up for a year
or two. By some, filing is recommended, but this
is a tedious process; tapping them with a small
hammer until they crack serves as weil, and jis
much quieker. he plan adopted to collect the

|
j
|
|

JAN. 1, 1902.]

rubber, with the Ceara rubber trees, is to strip off
the thin outer bark, which is like brown paper,
and expose the green bark. This inner bark is thea
scored across with a knife at an angle, and the
milky juice or sap then exudes and dries on in an
hour or two, and ein be peeled off and wound up
in balls, bat the process is so slow with the coolie
women employed at 61a day, that I found it
would cost about 53 per lb. for the labour of collect-
ing, and the product would be worth only about
2s per lb. Now it strikes me very foccibly that
if a cheaper way of extracting the rubber were
adopted it would pay well. The rubber is there
of good quality, but the question is how to get
it out. My idea is this: To plant the trees in
rows, 12 or more feet apart, like large hedges, and
at two or three years old, when large enough, in
the spring or early summer, when the sap was
rising, to slash off the small branches and leaves,
and erush them in a small steam sugar-mill, and
let the juice rua into a tank of water. The resi-
due of branches and lewves would thea be put into
a hydraulic press, with steam outside, and pressed
as long as the sap would flow. The rubber juice
would coagulate in the water, and could be raked
out and squeezed by hand into balls and dried. By
this method the trees woald be pollared and
dwarfed, and could be trimmed and eut once or
‘twice a year, as found advisable. It would be
necessary to keep the land well ploughed and
searified between the rows, for all woul depend
on the cultivation received. The rows, if in hilly
land, would require to be run on the level, so as
to cultivate cheaply with horses or mules. There
are several other plants which would give good
rubber if treated in this manner and well culti-
vated. The Beaumantia, a white floweriny creeper
of the order ‘* Apocynacew, ” the Borneo rubber
creeper, grows well here in Natal, and [ have no
doubt many native plants would be found to pro-
duce good rubber. [f this plan of extracting rub-
bec from the plant were found to answer, it would
revolutionise the rubber trade in a few years, and
rabber could be grown to any extent, like sugar.
Moreover the supply of rubber, owing to the des-
truction of the trees, is decreasing, whilst the
demand for the article, which is now being applied
to so many different purposes, is steadily increas-
ing, and therefore there is no fear of the market
being over-stocked. India rubber being so valu-
able an article, worth £20) to £300 a ton, there is
a large margin for profit. For an energetic
young man wanting something to do and to try a
new industry, I would recommend it, but remem-
ber the old American sage’s saying: ‘‘ Be sure
you are right ; then go ahead. » Tteel pretty sure
there is money in it.—Natal Mercury, Oct. 29
———————_—_—_——_~_$------—-——
NATIVE NOTIONS ABOUT TEA AND
COFEEE,

‘Vea planters in India, uuless they can discover new
markets for their produce, are in a parlous way. Now,
if it were coffee, Eadians would take to it—as they
have largely taken to it wherever possible—like a
duckling takes to water. Coffee is a seed and the poor
cooly can anderstand it convaining some nutrim :nt:
But tea—Buh! It is only a leaf, and the golden
liquor obtained from it is neither sweet nor intoxicat-
ing. Probably the way the dorasmar driok it may
make it good, but where is a poor cooly to get milk?
And sugar? That is seen, and tasted, only during
festivals and wheu it is offered to some great man as
apeace offering. ‘Then, it is so expensive! [lea may
be bought for a few pies, or ananna in the bazaar, ib is
grue, but then ithas 9 taste, m9 axgmey and ong migh?

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

463

as well infuse blotting paper. ‘The servants of large
institutions and households gather up all the used tea
leaves, dry them and then sell them to bizaar men
and with the proceeds buy coffee of some kind, which
they can make drinkable at least. Tea is not in it.
If tea is to be made popular it must be tolerably good
made up into small packets of au ounce or two, and
sold cheap. Goffee is looked upon as a food by natives.
A pound of coffe, at say six annas, with half a pound
of coriander and half a pound of rice, all boiled, mukes
two pounds of powder, which willlast a man, taking a
drink twice a day, 15 to 20 days. A pound of bad tea
can be got for six or eight annas, but it cannot be
adniterated and is not half so tasty as coffze; and
infinitely less nourishing. In Northern India coffee is
not so easily obtained and tea is much more appreciated
by the people, who are accustomed to drink hot
drinks during intensely cold months. In regard to
the tea habit, it may be interesting to speak of
another community, the poorer members of which
always drink coffee in preference to tea, I refer
to the Hurasian and poor whites of this Presidency.
Coffze is the staple drink, and is preferred—by the
women and children at all events. The Colombo
arrack which counts many victims ia Madras is often
given up for coffee. Coffee is a stimu'ant. Coffee
is a drink on which one can stay. Some people
make a compromise and use coffee in the morn-
ings and tea in tho afternoon. All this is to show
that tea has much headway to make if it is to oust
the favoured berry of Mocha, or to take the place
oon or arrack.

t{ is my conviction that among the people
South {[ndia_ tea will never become a Boe dts
beverage. My reasons for this are that, in the first
place, the labouring classes in the Districts are
too poor; in the next they are too conservative,
There is one section of the South Indian population
that may yield good results—the Mahomedans. The
richer Mahomeians are all tea drinkers, and thas
being so, the poorer members muy follow suit, But
it is not goolto despair. Very much depends on the
way itis pushed, Coff2e shops are common in towns,
andif tev is sedulously advertised, who knows but
that it will suacceed?—Madras Mul, Nov. 18.

——_— ee See

VANILLA CULTIVATION,

In our issue of the 9th May 1901, we published
a special article regarding an experiment in-
augurated this year in the gardens of the Agri-
Horticultural Society of India, Caleutta, with a
view to demonstrate the practicability of growing
the Vanilla planifolia on a commercial basis in
India. his week we paid avisit to the gardens
and were much pleased to note that the experi.
ment has so far proved a complete success. The
custings put down in April last have all struck
and the plants have climbed up thestakes and
have takena firm hold of them. They have been
trained along the horizontal stakes, and are
looking healthy and vigorous. One plant has
flowered. In March next most of the plants are
expected toset flowers and fruits. We congratu-
late the Society on having established the fact
that Vanilla cultivation canbe carried on in India
with profit if planted on the lines of this experi-
ment. Anacre put down with Vanilla would prove
a valuable addition to any tea estate in Assam
Cachar,Sylhet or Dooars, provided the manager knw
how to fertilise the flowers to enable them to set
fruit, The process is a very simple one, and can
be easily learnt in a few minutes. It should be
remembered that the Vanilla planifolia loves
shade and moisture. These two conditions are
es:ential to successful cultivation. Both era
ayaa orale on almost every tea estate in

¢ north-east province,—Jneian Gardening o
Planting, Nov. ay oa

THE TROPICAL
TEA FERMENTS.

The hunt for the tea ferment seems to go on
apace. Some thee years ago the theory of tobacco
gaining its fl.vour from the fermen: caused by
bacteria, wis wilely circulated, and the idea was
entertained by some that it might be the same with
tea. The American Government took up the
subject and employed Mr. C Loew, a botanical
specialist, to conduct a series of investigations
which he embodied in three Bulletins of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture. He was unable to
find any bacteria, and gave a long explanation as
to why they could uot be the cause, explaining
how, under the conditions of manufacture, they
were unlikely to live and multiply ; but he isolated
from the Tobacco leaf first an enzyme, then a
perenzyme, and lastly a catalase, all belonging to
the class of oxidising ferments. Soon afier the
publication of his first paper an enzyme, showing
the same reactions as his, was demonstrated in the
tea leaf. Now after the publication of his third
Bulletin on Tobacco last year, he has left America
aud taken up a professorship at Tokyo, Japan, with
the result that the Japs are likely to forestall
us in the scientific manufacture of tea; as,
in a Bulletin of the Agricultural College of
Tokyo, recently published, Mr, Aso, evidently in-
spired by Mr Loew, has been investigating the
diffe'ence in colour between green and black tea,
and finds that the fiuished black tea contains
much less tannin than the green. He also shows
that the original tea leaf contained an oxidizing
enzyme that is destroyed by heating at about 77° C.
Also that during the fermentation of the teafin
manufacture of black tea, the enzyme oxidises
the tannin, giving rise to a brown product, This
is going rather furthee than anything that has
been previously published in India, but we are
‘glad to know that our investigators are not far
behind, it they are not actually to the front, for
one of them professes to have discovered an
enzyme extraneous to the tea plant, which, like
that found intea, has the power of rendering the
tannins and otber cell contents soluble, and can
be used to increase the power of the original
article. He is evidently pretty confilent of the
results, ashe has taken ont a patent to protect
his discovery, 1s w> announced in a recent article,
—Indian Gardening and Flanting, Nov. 21.

—————— ——
THE NEW DIRECTOR OF THE COLOMBO

MUSEUM.

Dr. Arthur Willey, of Cambridge, has, I hear,
been appointed Director of the Museum at
Colombo, Ceylon, which will be vacant eaily in
the spring of next year. The appointment is
under the Colonial Office, and is considered oue
of the best posts of the kind in the service, 1
Willey is an accomplished naturalist. Zovologists
will readily recall the excellent scientific work
he did during the Cambridge zoological expedition
to the South Seas in the years 1894-7. The main
object of his journey was the investigation of the
lite history of the pearly nautilus, and his re-
searches added very considerably to our knowledge
of that little known genus, Latterly Dr. Willey
hell an appointment as lecturer in biology at
Guy’s Hospital, which he resigued on being ap-
pointed toa po-t in British Guiana, and he was
abouts to proceed to Souih America when he heard
of ligadyancement to Ceylon,—Local ‘ Times,”

for,

464

Dr..

AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, 1902.

PLANTING . NOTES.

A Five-Porntep Tea LEar.—A remark-
able tea leaf has been brought under our notice
by the courtesy of a Colombo gentleman.
The leaf, which was brought in in a basket
of leaf in the Agras, is extraordinarily mal-
formed and consists of tive distinctly formed
leaves all joined together on one stem. One
wonders how such a freak occurred and one
also wonders how it came to be in a basket
of tea! Alas!—has sume one returned to
eplucking ?

GREEN TEA BuLkine at CALCUTTA.—The
idea of a centralj green tea factory for
Colombo was first advocated locally in ta
letter from America to a local firm which we
published some months ago. Indian Garden-
ny and Planting understnds from the I I. A.
Committee minutes that there is on the
tapis a project for establishing a sort of
central Hong in Calcutta for equalising,
sorting and bulking green teas from various
sources and placing them on the American
miiket on the Chinese and Japanese system.
It would be of great advantage to establish
such a central factory in Calcutta, where
half cured teas could be worked up into
finished homogeneous breaks. The teas in
bulk here, says our contemporary, could. in
the final stages, be turned out far better
under the eye of a practised expert for
whom we would not have far to seek, and
the result would be more satisfactory than
that produced by many different planters
making small breaks in the districts. The
proposal has everything to recommend it
and it is hoped to see some enterprising
syndicate take it up.

TEA CoMPANIES.—We publish in our daily
reports concerning three Ceylon Tea Com-
panies. Mr. J Holmes who presided at the
sixth annual meeting of the Central Tea Co,
explained the falling off in crop that there,
had been in comparison with the previous

season in consequence of the unfavourable
weather, and the lower average price
obtained, Money has been very wisely
expended we think, in making necessary
alterations to factories and machinery and
in providing improved, and, in the end,
Cheaper, means of transport on Kahagalla,
The condition of the estates, we are glad to
observe, is satisfactory, and there is a
gratifying improvement in prices. A very
hopeful account is given of cardamom culti-
vation, The question of over-production is
dealt with in a practical manner, the practice
of manufacturing quantity at the expense of
quality being condemned. It is also pointed
out how we are benetiting India in exchange,
and how the extra duty affects the cost of
production. The Caledonian and Hornsey es-
tates have also suffered from Over-production
and low prices, but a hopeful view is taken
of the prospects as will be seen from the
directors’ reports, The directors of both
Oompanies have expressed the opinion that
the outl@mk for Ceylon tea is more promising
than it has been for sometime past,

Jan, 1, 1902.2

THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION
AND GREEN TEA.

The Baraoora Company are in possession of the
latest appliances for producing teas of the true un-
fermented or Ceylon type having intended for the
Deane and Rie Green Tea-making mahcine ad-
vertised in our columns, some time ago. ‘* Facing”
is an optional process, and we may trust the able
managers of the Company not to adopt any course
that will injure the teas produced. They are more-
over in possession of Mr: DrummondD eane’s system
of glazing or glossing teas, which adds much to
their appearance and which may very properly take
the place of “ facing,’ without the introduction of
any of the foreign ingredients which have earned
faced teas a bad name. It is possible of course that
some of teas offered for inspection by the Company
may be made on a different system, but from the
fact of their possessing the steamer we infer that
part atleast will be of the successfal steam-made
unfermented Japanese type, and these are certain to
pass muster. Since the acceptance of the offer by
the Indian Tea Association is contingent on the teas
being ‘suitable’ we may be equally certain that
whichever type of tea is found most suitable will be
selected for the bulk of the Company’s production,
and the object of the Committee will be achieved.
Tf ‘faced * teas of China type are taken and wanted
let them be made by all means but we very much doubt
whether they will pass muster with the American
authorities. A sample of North-Western faced
Indian tea, which we recently submitted to Messrs
Moran and Co., was at once rejected with the verdict
‘6 would not be admitted into America.”

This important offer from Sylhet will be followed
with interest. The disappointment of the Committee
that more offers thau these three have not been
made hardly seem to us to be warranted. The
amount of tea for which the grant is made is not
very large and the three tenderers, all of whom
possess Deane and Rae steamers to our know-
ledge could very easily produce all that is required
each recouping themselves tenfold out of the bonus
for the purchase money of the machines, Even on
this scale, though, there is room for more enterprise
and we are aware of many centres where the manu-
facture of unfermented green teas are being taken up
onasmall scale with a view to ultimately installing
machinery, if successful in experiments, Indeed we
have ourselves furthered these attempts by bringing
intending green tea makers into communication with
the inventor of the process, We expect to see the
Movement grow.

Another point of interest in the matter of green tea
is that the local I.T,A. Committee announce that they
intend to approach one or two of the larger agency
honses with a request that they should take up the
question of manufacture and bulking. If this refers
to a project for establishing a sort of central Hong
in Calcutta for equalising, sorting and bulking green
teas from various sources and placing them on the
American market on the Chinese and Japanese system,
we are of opinion that no better scheme could be
formulated. Indeed it is possible with advantage to
go even further. Green tea differs from black in that,
the manufacture may be stopped half way and the
half cured leaf transported ,without risk of spoiling to
great distances to be finished off at a central factory.
It would be of great advantage to est»blish such a
central factory in Calcutta, where half cured teas
could be worked up into finished homogeneous breaks,
The teas in bulk here could, in the final stages be
turned out far better under the eye of a practised
expert for whom we would not have far to seek, and
the result would be more satisfactory than that pro-
duced by many different: planters making small breaks
in the districts, It is not likely that many will take
up the manufacture in any but a small way at present
and to produce the best tea itis necessary that it
should be handled in quantities and on system, To

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

465

steam and half fire is easy and could be carried ont
without trouble everywhere. The finishing processes
could be better managed ata central factory which
could be placed at any distance preferably at a centre
such as Calcutta, The proposal has everything to
recommend it and we trust to see some enterprising
syndicate take it up.—Indian Gardening and Planting,
ov.21. ©

———

THE NEW TEA DISCOVERY :

MR. C. R. NEWTON ON ITS SIGNI-

FICANCE.

We have pleasure in directing the special
attention of the Ceylon planting community
to the interesting letter Mr, Newton is good
enough to send us on his discovery of a
tea ‘**enzyme” whichis more or less essential
to the process of fermenting tea. Mr. Bam-
ber’s opinion on the discovery, has created con-
siderable interest throughout all planting
circles in India; and Ceylon planters may
rest assured that all the latest and most
informing details, both in subject-matter
and in criticism, will appear in _ this
journal from time to time. Since we gave
Mr. Bamber’s views, nothing so much to the
point has appeared in the local press as the
letter to which we now turn our attention.

At the outset, we are glad to note that Mr,
Newton entertains, as was only natural, the
highest regard for Mr. Bamber’s knowledge
of and attainments, through original inves-
tigation, in the chemistry of tea manufactured,
On the heels of this we are surprised to
read that he has had ‘‘little experience
with plant enzymes” or he ‘ would not
say they increase in quantity after pluck-
ing.” Mr. Bamber’s reputation is not likely
to be shaken by such a statement, and we
invite him to offer a reply on the subject ;
but meanwhile, referring to our article of
the 13th ult., we cannot see that the matter
clause. even, is at all well founded. What
Mr. Bamber did say was that if the
soluble ferment, the enzyme, in tea has any
effect on the flavour at all, its activity was
not apparent so much during growth as
during the withering process. It was nota
case of actual quantity of enzyme increased,
but of a greater effect of the same quantity
of enzyme in the tea leaf after plucking—-
when the withering stage was reached. Apart
from this Mr. Newton brings out the full
importance of the isolation of the enzyme
in tea, if only this ‘*soluble oxidising
ferment” (as Mr. Bamber calls the subs-
tance he was able to separate from the
tea leaf) can be produced apart from the
tea leaf, and applied to it—to increase its
flavour and develop its general excellence,
aroma, and strength. Mr. Newton hopes
that such a contingency will not come
to pass because he fears a general level-
ling up of all kinds! But “ much water

will flow under the _ bridges” before
that day arrives, or at least before
the process of fermentation with external

aid becomes sufficiently cheap to make the
betterment of the tea involved decidedly
profitable to the producer. Many will
now look forward to the results of the
experiments which continue uninterrupted

466 THE TROPICAL

in Mr. Bamber’s laboratory, with increased
interest. Mr. Newton is unfortunately
hampered from further progress in his re-
searches, as far as manufacture is concerned,
by the cessation of the Indian tea season ;
but we hope that those he will make in
the laboratory may meet with success
and further interesting results. Of these
we shall be glad to learn from time to
time, so as to keep the Ceylon planters
constantly informed of the latest strides
achieved by scientific work in the study
of tea.

A GREEN TEA FACTORY FOR

COLOMBO,
THE FIRST OF ITS KIND NEARLY
COMPLETED.
BEING CONSTRUCTED BY MESSRS. FINLAY,

MUIR AND Co. ;
Only afew months ago, as we had occasion
to state this week, the idea of a central
Green Tea Factory for Colombo was first
mooted in these columns through an
American letter. Definite particulars, how-
ever, of such a _ factory being started,
have since been wanting and it was not
known by whom the first enterprise of the
kind would be promulgated, nor where the
factory might be erected. Rumours had
been abroad that one would shortly be com-
menced, but the task of tracing them had so
far baffled us, until this morning a repre-
i "ver attracted by the
e of the Observer was attracted by t
eae columns and walls, and the massive
iron beams, of a building in course of erection
in the yard behind the stores of Messrs. Finlay,
Muir & Co, in Vauxhall Street. Enquiry
elicited from an intelligent workman, busy
engaged on the structure, that the building
was intended for a Factory for the manu-
facture of Green Tea;that in the course of a
few «weeks it was expected to be completed ;
and that on its completion the production of
“ opeens ”’ would be immediately commenced.
The structure, the better part of which
is now erected, is an extensive and
commodious one. From end _ to _ end
it measures 200 feet by 40 feet, while in
addition along half the length of the building
(100 feet) on the side facing the stores,
a verandah 25 feet wide will be erected.
The Factory is, we further understand, to
be appointed with the most modern and ap.
roved machinery of British manufacture,
Sane of which has already arrived and is
lying by ready for erection. The building,
it is expected, will be completed, and work
commenced before the end of the present
ear. The system of manufacture will, we
een be the same as that followed in Japan.
The leaf will be partially treated on the
upcountry estates of Messrs. Finlay, Muir
Be Company, to allow of its being conveyed
b train to Colombo, and then finished in
ee Colombo Vactory ready for despatch to
the markets awaiting it,

AGRICULTURIST. (Jan. 1, 1902.

AMERICAN SCIENTISTS IN SUMATRA,

Dr. H M Hiller and Mr. A G Harrison,
the American scientists who have been ex-
ploring and investigating zoological and
ethnological matters in Sumatra, returned
to Singapore yesterday after a most suc-
cessful stay of over three months in the
Dutch possessions. They have brought back
a large collection of ‘Valuable specimens
which will mostly be presented to different
scientific institutions in the United States,
Dr. Hiller and Mr. Harrison leave for
America via Japan by the German mail
steamer “ Koenig Albert” on Friday (22nd
inst.)—Straits Times, Nov, 19.

SS
RAILWAY CUNSTRUCTION IN
NYASSALAND: THE NEW [LINE

A contract for the construction of a railway
between Chiromo and Blantyre, with provisions
for an extension to Lake Nyassa, has just been
concluded between the Imperial Government anda
company registered under the title of the Shire
Highlands Railway Nyassaland (Limited). During
the past five years proposals tor such a line of
railway have been repeatedly laid before the home
Government. The carriage of goods through the
Protectorate is, at present, conducted altogether
by native porterage—a slow, costly, and ineffective
process. Under the agreement now entered into
between the Imperial Government and the Shire
Highlands Company, the railway is to be con-
structed on the 3ft Gin gauge with a single line
and is tolie wholly within the Protectorate, This
line of railway between Chiromo and Blantyre
will connect the centres of the coffee industry
with thesea by way of the Shire and Zam besi
rivers and will otherwise benefit the chief industries
of the country by releasing for labour in the
plantations the natives who have hitherto been
engaged in transport work ; and when the Lake
Nyassa extension is built a valuable trade route
of some 1,200 miles in length will have been
established through the heart of the lake country.
—Globe, Nov. 8.

——
““COOPER, COOPER & CO.”

Cooper, Cooper & Co. (1901), Ld, (71,774).—Regis.
tered Noy. 2, with capital £70,000, in £1 shares (20,000
pref), to acquire the business referred to in agree-
ments (1) with the Le Vallon Synd. Ld, and (2)
with J C Goode, and to carry on the business ot
merchants, traders and dealers in tea, coffee,
cocoa and all kinds of produce, wholesale aud
retail grocers and provision merchants, restaurant
keepers, refreshment eontractors, licensed victual-
lesr and buyers and sellers of and dealers in
merchandise, goods and property of any des-
cription. The subs. are; Shares :
Pref Ord.

F Kempson, Ccow Les, Soringfsld Ri,

Leics .. a Dis -- 1,000 2506
JC Goode, 29, Mincing La, EB. C., mcht.. 5,000
N F Nalder, 94, St George’s Sq, S. W.,

meht ae a ae 258
L # Thornton, 8 Montagu Sq, S. W,,

gent .. 55 ce O45 250
JU Wells ‘“Tattershall,”’ New Bannet,

Herts, gent me 50 os 250
E J Davis, Granville, House, Granville

Place, W., barrister 80 Lis 100
H G Hemmerde, 18, Cyril Msions, Bat-

tersea Pk, secy ., Ae 39 10

Jan. 1, 1902.]

Minimum cash subscription 200 shares. Theno. of
directors is not to be less than 3 nor more than 6;
the first are J F Kempson, J C Goode and N F
Nalder ; qualificacion £250; remuneration £100
each per annum. Registered by Hollams, Sons,
Coward and Hawksley, 30, Mincing Lane, E. C.—
Investors’ Guardian, Nov. 9.

rose

THE NEW GREEN THA FACTORY.

Since publishing our article announcing the
erection of a greer tea factory in Colombo,
which by the way was by a couple of days
the first public intimation made of this new
and important departure, information has
been supplied to us to the effect that the
mansufacture of tea in the new factory will
be superintended by a Chinese expert who
has had extensive experience in his own
country andin Japan. This gentleman, who
wasin Colombo about nine months ago
when the matter first began to be contem-
plated by Messrs. Finlay Muir & Company,
giving his advice, is now daily expected to
arrive and will personally superintend the
arrangements and fitting up of the machinery
With the new factory in full working order,.
Canada and the States need have
that Ceylon greens will not be turned out
in a manner suitable to the most fastidious
‘taste, accustomed only to Far Eastern
manufacture. They are convinced of this
and once the local enterprise is proved
successful we foresee prosperity for the Green
Tea industry in our midst, and increased
progress for blacks in the world’s markets
owing to the relief effected in the supplies.

Ca NS

“THE THA SOILS OF ASSAM.’

We have to thank the Secretary of the [n-
dian Tea Association for a copy of a pamphlet
containing a most interesting paper on ‘The
Tea Soils of Assam and Tea Manuring” by Mr.
Harold H. Mann, B.Sc., Scientific Officer to the
Association. The pamphlet is illustrated and
from it we quote the following :—

SUMMARY.

Summarising therefore itmay be said that—(1)
The older parts of the Assam gardens are gradually
deteriorating in yield and it may bealsoin quality.
(2) It is unsound to try and make up for this loss in
yield by putting out new clearances. (3) This
deterioration can be largely stopped by the judi-
cious use of manures, principally obtained locally.
4) No new clearances should be put out unless the
old area ig producing its maximum, oritis intended
to abandon an area equivalent to the new clearance.
(5) A system should be laid down for the future
pruning and treatment of every plot on a garden,
only to be departed from for very trenchant
reasons.

a ey

PRODUCE AND PLANTING,

The following remarks about packet tea and the
Merchandise Marks Act appear in the annual report
of Mr George F Allwood; inspector of weights and
measures to the Wolverhampton Corporation: ‘‘ Local
conditions have operated this year, to necessitate the
institution of legal proceedings in regard to packages
of tea sold and exposed for sale upon which the
qroight wen marked. A commen custom now ig

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ,

no fear

the destruction of tea

467

vogue is for large firms of tea-dealers to import cona
signtments of tea in bulk, and cause it to be wrapped

-in packages of various weights from 1 oz to 1 Ib.

These packages are then despatched for sale by the
numerous small shopkeepers, who retail as received.
Several quantities of these weight-marked packages
have from time to time been tested in the shops, and
the results go to show in some instances a large pro-
portion of the packets were deficient in net weight,
t is considered desirable, wherever blame appears
attachable, to proceed against the wholesale
dealer, Great difficulties, however, are found to
Operate against this being done with the prospect of
a successful termination. Under this ACh it. ta,
defendant can prove to the satisfaction of the court
that he has taken reasonable precautions to ensure
fall weight, he is exonerated from liability. The
two cases dismissed were in this manner adjudicated
upon, although the retail shopkeeper was shown to
be in possession for sale (in one case) of no fewer
than thirty-four packets short weight, out of a total
of forty-two tested. The cases against the shop-
keepers were then withdrawn, although it is only a
fair requirement that these traders should take the
precaution of ascertaining how far such weight-
marked packages are safe for sale before offering
them to the public. How important a matter the
subject dealt with in the above paragraph is will
be fully realised when I mention it was stated in
evidence that one of the firms concerned disposed of
no less than 20,000 marked packets per week—and
this by no means a leading firm in the tea trade!”

Commenting on last week’s tea market, the “ Pro-
duce Markets Review” says :—‘ The market for
Indian teas has been less active, and a considerable
quantity of the larger supply was withdrawn from the
public sales, as the prevailing fog made it difficult
to value the teas, Prices for the common grades are
easier, more tea beingobtainable at 54d and under
With acontinuance of lower values the demand will
probably materially increase, as several of the
larger buyers of these descriptions hold only moderate
stocks, The medium and finer qualities have shared
in the decline which will probably prove, but
temporary under more favourable conditions
for dealing with the teas, The stock is about
8,000,000lb larger than last year, which ig
mainly accounted for by the quicker transit severa
of the districts being able to forward their teas two
or three weeks earlier than in former seasons
Although the market for Ceylon teas has been only
poorly supplied, a flat tone was displayed at the sales
on Tuesday, and a lower tendency generally was
manifest, This was most apparent in whole leaf des-
criptions from about 73d downwards, and these in
some cases showed a fall of #d to 4d per lb, There
was, however, very little sold under 6d, this being
peacrieally the lowest quotation,”—H. and C, Mail,
ov. 15,

nr i
THE ACETYLENE LAMP TO KILL

TEA BLIGHT,

MORE ABOUT THRE APPARATUS,
CONSTRUCTED FOR THE GOVERNMENT

ENTOMOLOGIST.

We had the pleasure recently of jh.
specting the simple apparatus which Mr. E
B. Creasy has constructed for Mr. E.E.Green,
Government Entomologist, with a view to
bli ht c ins

ests. To begin with the Sonotatine Boa

er itself this, we saw, is a light tin vessel
containing two chambers, in the inner one
of which gas is generated through the contact
of water with calcium carbide. ‘The water
remains in the outer chamber, but is so
connected with the inner fone—up_ which
passes a series of spiral trays bearing

468

*the chemical required—that the pro-
duction of gas is continuously going on. A
tube on one side connects with a safety
valve through which the gas, if over-pro-
duced, is allowed to escape. The chamber
containing the gas in the centre of the
generator rises automatically with the gas
produced. On the other side from the safety
valve, is a tube connecting with the inner
chamber, through which the gas is borne off
for consumption.

The whole generater weighs a very few
pounds and can be conveyed about the
estate by any ordinary cooly, ‘The destruc-
tive apparatus itself consists of a tin basin
soldered on to the end of an alavanga, a
burner passing up through the basin-centre,
attached to the end of a tube—which for a few
inches passesdown along thealavangaand then
connects with a rubber tube leading from
the generator. The basin contains water
and a little kerosine oil on the top. When
the burner is lit, aflame of about 50-candle
power is produced, and though we were not
able to see the apparatus working last night,
a wet evening having been threatened, we
were told by Mr. Creasy that flies and
insects of various sorts have already proved
their affection for the powerful light emitted
by the acetylene flame, and fallen in quanities
into the kerosine oil in the basin round it.
This successful result is most noticeable on
the darkest nights. The apparatus is ex-
tremely simple and for planters who find
their bungalows dull of an evening, few more
interesting excursions could be made than
with cooly, generator, basin, and acetylene
flame—to collect and kill their vile enemies,
tea blight and insect pests.

> —

CEYLON TEA AT ODESSA.

Mr, Consul-General C. S. Smith, in his
report, states that the tea trade during the
past year was very bad in South Russia on
account of the universal scarcity of money
and the bad harvest. ‘* Ceylon and Indian
teas are far stronger than Chinese tea, so
that if consumers took to their use only
half the quantity would be required. Though
the consumer may not be aware of it, Indian
and Ceylon teas are already largely used for
mixing with China teas. It is likely that
Indian and Ceylon teas will gradually make
their way in the Russian market, but at
present, as they are only required for mixing,
only particular kinds find a market. Planters
who wish to send tea to Russia would do
well to employ a regular exporting house
for the purpose, and no doubt would recog-
nise that uniformity of quality is much to
be desired.” —L. & C. Hepress, Nov. 15.

—_<>—_—_-
GAME PRESERVATION IN INDIA.
PROPOSED LEGISLATION.
Caleutta, Dec. 4,—The Government of India

has under consideration the question of taking
steps to prevent the wanton destruction of game
in India, and a Bill for their protection, on the
lines enunciated by Sir Allan Arthur in his speech
in the course of the Budget Debate last yeer

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. 1, 1902.

will, in all probability, be brought forward during
the ensuing session of the ‘Legislative Counci
in Caleutta.—Madras Mail.

——— — —o—___—_————_-
MR, CHAMBERLAIN ON COOLIE
LABOUR.

ADVICE TO WEST INDIAN PLANTERS.

The West India Committee has received the
following letter from the Colonial Office :—

“T am directed by Mr. Secretary Chamberlain to
acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 28th
ultimo, on the subject of the payment by the
planters of Trinidad of such portion of the cost of
the repatriation of coolies is not payable by
the immigrants themselves, I am to point ont
that such payments from tbe planters will only be
demanded in respect of coolies introduced in the
season 1902-3 and following seasons, and not from
1898, as stated in your letter. With regard to your
suggestion that the right of the coolie to an
assisted return passage should lapse if not exercised
within two years of the completion of his period
of industrial residence. I am to observe that such
a limitation of the immigrants’ rights could not be
introduced without the consent of the Indian
Goverment. Mr. Chamberlain proposes shortly to
approach the Indian Government on the subject .
in connection with a similar proposal emanating
from the Government of Jamaica, but in the
meantime he would be glad if the West India
Committee would consider whether the effect of
the change you propose might not be that nearly
all the soolies would elect to return on the com-
pletion of ten years’ residence, instead of as at
present remaining, some for many years, and some
for ever; so that the result would be to substitute
for a prospective and contingent liability an imme-
diate charge of almost equal amount.—I am, &c.,
—Daily Chronicle, Nov, 12. ‘* BERTRAM Cox.”

a

“THE TEA SOILS FOR ASSAM.”
We have carefully perused the excellent little
work on ‘* The Tea Soils of Assam ” by Mr. H.
H. Mann, B.8.c., received lately from the
Secretary, Indian Tea Association, but do
not propose to enter into an extended review
of it—a task which only an expert in the
subject would be capable of usefully perform
ing. Mr. Mann, in his introduction, wisely
points out that though the essential im-
portance of suitable soil for tea is pretty
generally known, he has noticed (in Assam,
in three years) numbers of pieces of tea put
out without reference to the character of
the subsoil, afterwards proved unsuitable
He is of opinion that Assam gardens do
deteriorate, with age, and therefore require
culture. He was surprised to note the care-

‘lessness with which cattle manure (avail-

able at 1,000 lb. per annum _ per head
ef stock) is preserved for use. Mr. Mann
deprecates the Assam system of constant
extensions and abandonments, and maintains
that extensions are inexcusable unless the
tea already in existence is producing its
maximum of best quality tea. Mr. Mann’s
usefully summary regarding Assam we
quoted when acknowledging his book; he
points out the high importance of_the in-
dependent results arrived at by Mr. Bamber,
regarding tea soil and the relation of soil
to quality, but regards them altogether as
forming ‘‘a most inadequate commencement
to the study of the most difficult parts of the
tea culture.” The first, third and fourth chap:

Jan. 1, 1902.) |THE TROPICAL

ters of the work under notice deal with :—(1)
Assam soils, (3) Manures available, (4) Notes
on the tea soil of each Assam District-
These are mainly special to the great Indian
tea region. But the second, which takes up
6‘ Chemical Characteristics,” contains much
that is of universal interest. This we have
carefully extracted and quote in our daily and
T.A, The point, we notice, most emphasized is
that it is not alone what chemicals a soil
contains. but how they occur there, that
determines their effect on and usefulness for
tea; sandy soil contains chemicals in the
free state, but in clay, combined, and there-
fore not so readily nourishing the tea bush,
We commend the additions Mr. Mann has
made to the study of tea soils to the attention
of all interested.

(ie ee
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TEA
SOILS.
(From “ The Tea Soils of Assam” by Mr, H:

H. Mann, B. Sc.)

Both Mr. Bamber’s and my own results are how-
ever almost entirely derived from analysis of soils
cbtained from various tea gardens of Ceylon and
Assam, and it remains to consider how far such ana:
lyses can be of value in the decision of such points
as the suitability of landfor planting, or the manuring
requisite for such land, In considering Assam soils
one is met at the outset by a difficulty, judged by
all standards of English agriculture. Many of the
best tea-soils, as shown by the percentage figures,
seem much poorer than would be expected of virgin
and good tea yielding land, and poorer even than
ovher soil which is really much inferior for tea
production. It would seem, at first sight, that analysis
is of no value here, and that the poorer soils chemi-
oally are the better ones actually and agriculturally
But if these analyses be considered in another way
the apparent contradiction disappears. There is in
every soil a very large amount of sand which acts
asa support to the plant, but in every other respect
merely asa diluent of the valuable soil constituents.
[t would, therefore, seem that in order to ascertain
the real actual richness of the soil for plant pro-
duction, one’s figures should be calculated not on
the soil as » whole, but on that part which is not
sand, What previously seemed to be the worst soil
by far, now proves richer in every important ingre-
dient (save the Potash). This is so universal in Assam
soils, that one may lay down as a general rule that
the power of land to produce luxuriant tea must in
the future be determined not by the percentage of
valuable matterin the soil asa whole, but rathet in
the soil less the sand, which latter acts in lat
measure as @ diluent of the other materials. But in
this argument we have lost sight of one importat
matter. While the amount expressed in percentag®?
of the soilasa whole may not represent the pow®t
of giving luxuriance to the plants, it undoubtedl¥
shows the extent of the soil resources, z.c., th®
ultimate amount of plant food contained in th®
soil, Such a conclusion would be justified i
the soils were of the same depth, and if the roots
penetrated as easily inoneas in the other. And in
practice the conclusion is shown to be just by the
rapid exhaustion of sands overlying clay, which at
first give exceedingly luxuriant and fine tea, but
which become exhausted more rapidly than any other
type of land in Assam. Though, calculated in the
non-sandy part of the soil, they were very rich to
start with, yet the total amount of plant food was
small, and was rapidly exhausted, while the roots
were unable to seek fresh supplies further afield
because of the underlying clay. In the example I have

taken, however, it is otherwise, The soil No, 1 has at

AGRICULTURIST. 469
least twenty feet depth of soil in whi

[ i hich to ra
without meeting clay or water, and hence peed aees
luxuriant tea at the beginning, and in addition last
ape nate time, iis

Ve have therefore to consider in a soil analysis:

1, The concentration of the soil Heacuitane an
the amount of the valuable matters in the part of the
soil other than sand. This determines the luxuriance
of the plants and probably the valne of the tea,

2. The absolute amount of the ingredients of value
as represented by the percentages in the soil as a
erent determines the permanence of the
F ithout manuring, but if te i
Pe eu g, but only if taken in con-

8. The available depth of the soil hi

hich ma

counterbalance the apparent absolute eines .
ey 5 7 ert

of the land if this depth is sufficiently eat Ne

METHODS OF TAKING SAMPLES

ii Ye HOR ANALYSIS. Fertig ae

sending a soil for analysis, therefore, i

to satisfy consideration No. 3 the PHaeeeraen ae aie
subsoil should always be stated, and in addition the
depth of the subsoil water, as these may have a ‘bar
mount influence in determining the meaning of the
analysis, The actual sample sent should always be
taken in the following manner, Dig a hole in the plot
of which an analysis is desired, fifteen inches alee
leaving a blockin the centre of the hole 6 inches
square. This block is therefore 6” by 6” by 15" in
size. Have a box made of these inside measurements
and invert it over the block of soil, and then remove
the whole,—box, soil, and all,—by putting a spade
underneath the block. Then fasten a cover on th
box and send to the analyst, marking the end of the
box which contains what was originally the surface
soil, The analyst has thus a block showing ‘the
layers of soil as they occurred in sitw down ‘to 15
inches deep, and valuable results may often be drawn
from mere observation of them, which would Boone
tirely missed if merely ashovelful of soil down to th
same depth were sent for examination. i

IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS SOIL CONSTI-
TUENTS.

Although the constituents always present in soil are
many in number, yet those which have any interest
from an agricultural point of view are comparatively
few. Some seem to bave no necessary functions in
regard to plant life. Such are the silica, the alumina
and the soda. Others are, one may say, always pre-
sent in far greater amount than the plant requires
Such are the oxide of iron, the magnesia, and ths
Sulphuric acid, but with these constituents it may be
that they have to be present in some particular form
to be useful to the plant, and thus they may be an
essential element in the fertility of a soil. And third
there are those ingredients required by every plant
and upon whose absolute and relative quantity de-
pends Bree ae foul of the land. Such are
the organic matter, the lime, the phosphoric aci
potash, and the nitrogen, ; 2 Hawa i

ORGANIC MATTER AND N
These two constituents of the Dilbeon
connected. In fact the total useful cree aera
soil is or has been contained in the organic in the
I say ‘has been” because at the time the iad plank
utilises it, it usually has been converted into ea plant
by the microbes of the soil. For many veueattice
been supposed that this conversion into ee Pare
always took place before absorption of cara ace
the plant, and it is only recent investineta by
which seem to have shown that the nitr go 7,0n8
the organic matter itself without previous Sha ny
may form the food of plants. The Ppa)
tion of the nitrates actually present shar are
generally, however, gives little inpspmmetts soil
to the resources of the soil in food supply Bids ae
nitrogen in this form in sosolublea condition that ine
first rain storm may wash the whole into the avai :
The permanent supply of soil nitrogen is that mat
tained in the ‘organig matter” or “ humus,” and
: a

470 THE TROPIGAL AGRICULTURIST.

the amount of organic matter and the nitrogen form
the first and most important measure of the fertility
of a soil for tea, of the likelihood of its being of
permanent value, and also of the probability of its
giving high quality tea. Unluckily the amount of
organic matter is one of the most difficult things
to measure, and the figure in the analyses called
by that name is only valuable when a similar class
of soils are compared, These constituents are how-
ever so essential and important that, unless they
ave present in large enough quantity, the other in-
gredients of the soil are all but useless. :

“LAW OF THE MINIMUM,’

But organic matter and nitrogen are not the only
constituents required in the soil for the production of
healthy and luxuriant bushes and of high quality tea.
For both these results they occupy essentially the
most important position, but withovt other ingredients
they would be utterly useless. There is a law in
agriculture known as the ‘law of the minimam,
which states that if the minimum required by a plant
of any constituent be not obtainable, all others are
there in vain and the plant cannot be grown. Inas-
much as the tea plant requires Phosphoric Acid,
Potash, Oxide of Iron, and Lime at least, and prob-
ably Magnesia as well, it is absolutely necessary that
these should be present in sufficient quantity and in a
sufficiently available form for the plant to grow well.
J say ‘ina sufficiently available form because they
may and often are present, bat in such a condition
that the plant cannot use them. Thus, for instance,
the quantity of potash in a clay soil is invariably
several times greater than in sandy land, and yet the
latter may be actually richer agriculturally in this
constituent at any particular moment than the former,
simply because in the former case it is so combined
in the clay as to be in large measure useless for the
plant: again, Phosphoric Acid is always less useful in
the presence of large quantities of Oxide of Iron and
Alumina than in their absence, &e.

RELATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID TO

QUALITY.

does Phosphoric Acid play such a prepon-
saat part in fie production of high quality teas ?
No albumens, 00 cells, and hence no tissue can be
formed in its absence. Now as those parts of the
lant used in tea manufacture are those in which the
roduction of new cells is extremely vigorous and
energetic, so is this constituent of more importance
for the perfect production of the crop than with ordi-
nary agricultural products. There is another reason
Iso. It has recently been shown that the acidity
of slant juices depends on the amount of Phosphoric
Kei in the soil. Now the younger leaves and hence
those which make the best tea are more acid than the
older ones, and so one 1s; I think, entitled to assume
that a certain proportion of acidity is necessary in
the leaf for making the best tea, and this is rendered
more certain by the presence of much Phosphoric

Acid in the soil. POTASH.

‘tuent next of importance to the tea plant
ee ea the Potash. Its function in. the
lant is most important, and there is little doubt
hat it plays & fundamental part’ in the production
Me tannin (the essential sement in the pungency of
(ee) as well as in the formation of albumens and
the ‘production of new cells and new growth.

BALANCE AMONG SOIL CONSTITUENTS.

i what seems of greater importance for the
eae orth of high quality tea than the presence
jn large quantity of any particular constituent, is
ae the constituents of the soil should be well
palanced—that is, that it should contain enough
organic matter and nitrogen to satisfy the utmost

ae of the plant (say not less than 0'8 per cent,
ag itrogen calculated on the soil lesa the sand), and
A bs a sufficient quantity of other constituents to
prevent the plant having any trouble in obtaining

jae, Tt there is a large quantity of readily available

[Jan. 1, 1902.

nitrogen—with the necessary organic matter—
and not snfficient readily available Phosphoric
Acid, ete., there will probably result a rank

growth giving sappy wood, and leaf without the
special qualities of high class tea. If, on the other
hand, the nitrogen is too small in amount and the
other constituents in excess, a high quality tea will
be produced,—but only little of it. And further if
both nitrogen and phosphoric acid are low, then
neither luxuriance nor quality are obtained, and the
garden is worn out—becomes the prey to blight after
blight—fills with vacancies and probably ultimately
disapears or is abandoned.

OUR BELGIAN SCIENTIFIC

M Lippens, our Belgian scientific visitor, is
immensely charmed with his visit to Ceylon
and looks forward to revisiting it at a later
date. Meanwhile he proceeds to India and
Burmah, studying tropical products as he goes,
and afterwards to Java, Sumatra, &c. be-
fore returning to Belgium and thence to the
Congo—to introduce new products. M Lippens,
we may add, is correspondent to that famous
continental paper which has made so many
startling but often correct announcements during
the war, JL’ Indépendance Belge, which, unlike
the Petit Blew—a purely popular paper—is the
medium for communications from all classes of
mpartial and cosmopolitan critics of national and
international events.

VISITOR.

SIR HARRY JOHNSTON

“UGANDA.”

BEFORE THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

The opening meeting of the new session of the
Geographical Society was held last night in the
theatre, Burlington-gardens. The president, Sir
Clements Markham, was in the chair, and there
was a very large audience.

ON

Sir Harry JOHNSTON delivered a lecture
on ‘‘ Uganda Protectorate, Ruwenzori, and
the Semliki Forest.” The lecturer took the

Uganda Protectorate province by province, and
gave original information about each province in
turn.

THE PROYINCES

are six in number—Eastern, Rudolf, Central,
Nile, Kingdom of Uganda, and Western.
He said that the traveller from Mom-
basa, before reaching the frontier of Uganda,
passed through the country of Kikuyu, which was
well forested and thickly clothed with vegetation.
As he descended into the Rift valley the
Kikuyu vegetation decreased in luxuriance. In
the vicinsiy of Lake Naivasha there was a short
sweet grass, which was probably kept low by the
browsing of innumerable antelupes and the herds
of Masai cattle. The Masai of the Naivasha,
district belonged to the essentially cattle-keeping
sami-nomad division of that race. Quite recenty,
for political reasons, it had been thought advisable
tomake the Masai dwelling within the eastern
provinceof the Uganda Protectorate independent
of any political connexion with those of the ad-
joining East Africa Protectorate or of German
Kast Africa. Unfortunately at the present
moment the Masai race was on the road towards
extinction, either by dying out or by fusion with
other tribes. The last year or so, however, there
had been amarked increase in prosperity among the
Masai of Naivasha, and he was therefore in hopeg

Jax. 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

that in this region they might increase and mul-
tiply and preserve their purity of race. From the
north-eastern buttresses of Mount Elgon, and the
headwaters of the Weiwei river on the north, te
the frontier of German East Africa on the south—
a distance of about 240 miles—extended at alti-
tude ranging between 5,000ft. and 10,000ft. one of
the most beautiful and hea}thful districts to be
found anywhere in the Dark Continent. This
lofty region he would style the Nandi plateau, as
it was mainly inhabited, so far as it had any
human inhabitants at present races of the Nandi
stock, The scenery on the Nandi plateau reminded
the homesick official and traveller over and over
again of England, of Wales, of Scotland, This
beautiful land had not init a single ugly or un-
friendly spot, and as it was almost entirely with-
out native inhabitants it seemed to be awaiting
the advent of another race which should make it
a wonderland of wealth and comfort, a little
England, half a Scotland, or a large Wales lying
exactly under the equator at an average altitude
of 4,000ft. above the Victoria Nyanza, of whose
silvery gulfs and ghostly mountain coastline
strange glimpses at a distance of 90 miles might be
caught occasionally from some breezy height or
through the interstices of woods which them-
Selves might be in Surrey. He travelled com-
pletely round Mount Elgon. On its southern as
on its northern side the awful mountain cliffs
which marked one of the lower terraces of this
tremendous crater were honeycombed with deep
recesses or caverns.
IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF JOSEPH THOMSON.

These were the well-known caves of Elgon, the
eaves which were first discovered by Joseph
Thomson. He visited several caverns, but among
others the one which was the first cave reachedand
discovered by Joseph Thomson, whose visit the
natives still remembered vividly. This cave was
marked by a splendid waterfall. It was the
descent of the Sasuru river, and he would pro-
pose to name the waterfall the Thomson Falls.
It was hardly necessary to add that Joseph
Thomson left behind him there, as wherever else
he passed in Central Africa, the most pleasing
memories. Hate had ordained that he should often
travel in Thomson’s footsteps, and he had always
noted that where Thomson had been the first
white pioneer his admirable treatment of the
natives had ensured a kindly welcome to those
who followed. The native inhabitants of West
Elgon were of the greatest interest. They were
of rather a mixed stock, but all were of very
low and ape-like appearance. The greatest in-
terest they possessed lay in the fact that they spoke
a Bantu language whien, of all those discovered,
possibly came nearest to the original form of the
Bantu*mother tongue.

THE FIVE-HORNED GIRAFFE,

From the Sabei country he was obliged to travel
for 16 days to the ravinestation without a road,
simply guiding his caravan by the mepand eye.
From the north-east of Elgon to within sight of the
ravine station they passed through a land whose
only human inhabitants were a few wandering
and fugitive Andorobo—a land simply swarming
with big game. They saw large herds of eles
phants first, then many rhinoceroses, then literally
countless hartebeestes, water-buck, reed-buck,
Cobus antelopes, bastard hartebeetes, and oribi.
Herds of zebras would follow the caravan, snort-
ing and kicking up their heels. There were lions

AGRICULTURIST. 471

leopards, warthogs, jackals and many ostriches.
Last of all, in the middle ofthe Gwas ’Ngishu
plateau, where forests of acacia still lingered,
they came upon giraffe, upon that five-borned
givafie which appeared to be a new species of
that remarkable animal and apparently the com-
mon form of giraffe between Elgon on the west
and Lake Baringo on the east. Seen from a
distance, these giraffe appeared, when adult, to be
black and white, black with white bellies and limbs.
Here and there mousters stood on the tops of
Jarge anthills or small hillocks, sentries posted to
warn the feeding herds of the approach of the
giraffe’s only enemies, man and the lion. Yet
so little had man harassed these creatures during
recent years, since the plateau was divested of
its human inhabitants, the Gwas ’Ngishu Masia,
by civil wars, that these sentinels seemed to

have taken little or no notice of their cara-
van. With the aid of Mr Doggett, he secured four

specimens—two males and two fémales—for the
British Museum.
THE GONGO FOREST.

After describing Bvsoga, the Baganda people,
and the southern part of Unyoro, the lecturer
said that he crossed the Semliki River opposite
Fort Mbeni and travelled for three days in the
dense Congo forest. He could tully endorse all
that Stanley had said about the awesome nature
of those appalling woods. He could only say thab
the whole of his expedition, as well as himself,
longed to be out of them, although they were
in search of the now well-known Okapi, and of
other wonders, some of which were tound and
some of which still remained undiscovered, He
employed his time in this forest by visiting the
Pygmies at home and seeing their little settle-
ments of tiny huts constructed of withies and leaves.
He also encountered there those Strange progna-
thous ape-lixe people who seemed to be a race of
pariahs dwelling on the fringe of other tribes. He
also ascertained that the real gorilla comes pretty
near to the Semliki in its distribution. He had
reason to believe that other remarkable diseoy eries
of hitherto unknown mammals would be made
besides that of the Okapi. As it was, in that
forest they obtained skinsof several other beasts
new to science, He was accorded the ‘kindest
hospitality by the Belgian officials, and given
every possible facility for visiting that portion of
the Congo Free State. He found the natives
everywhere on friendly terms with the Belgian
authorities, and the excellent roads and well-built
stations, together with abundant supplies of the
comforts and necessaries of existence from Ante
werp meichants, introduced a strange element
of civilization into those otherwise trackless wilds
Sir Henry Stanley would indeed be amazed at ihe
change which had taken place in parts of the
Lokest mien seme 12 years ago were to him and hig
expedition more remote from civilizati é
None ization than the

THE DISTRICT OF ANKOLE.

The south-western part of the 1:
tectorate consisted of ine district Py Sene eth
portion of that noble country rose to hei hts f
8,0UCit. and 9,000ft., and here ieappeaked the
aipine vegetation of Ruwenzori, Elgon, and the
Nandi plateau. Among these mountains were
scaivered almost innumerable crater-lakes which
provided jandscapes of exquisite beauty, The
nearly all contained tish. The scenery. vou
these crater-lakes was so extravagantly beautiful

472 THE TROPICAL

that he felt.that, coupled with the fact that they
were in a country possessing a very healthy
climate and few inhabitants, they might some
time become the seatsof small European settle-
meats, ‘The northern part of Ankole was somewhat
drier and less equatorial in climate. It had a
more parched appearance, at any rate during the
dry season, and it fell in altitude, Here and there
was a certain amount of big game, including
buffalo, rhinoceroses, and eland? The people of
Ankole, as was well known, consisted of a race
of sturdy negroes—the Ba iro—and an aristocracy
of Ba-hima, who were, as Speke, their original
discoverer, guessed at once, obviously descended
from a Gala, Somali, or other Hamitie stock. As
regarded features and complexion, one often saw
men and women among the Ba-hima who were
more like Egyptians than was the case with the
Galas and the Somalis. But, strange to say, the
hair of the head was much more woolly and negro-
like than was the case with Galas and Somalis.
He had seen some men and women so light in
complexion that he actually thought they were
some of Emin Pasha’s refugee Egyptians, until it
was proved to him that they had been born and
bred in Ankole. These people, no doubt, were
the origin of many of the legends of a white race
dwelling in Equatorial Africa. Among other
points they were rewarkable for their domestic
cattle, which had more or less straight backs, were
ef large size, and had enormous horns, On the
whole, the breed agreed remarkably closely with
the long-horned cattle depicted in the Egyptian
frescoes, and he believed that this race was the
stock from which the long-horned South African
eattle were derived

THE RUWENZORI
‘The lecturer concluded with an account
ef his exploration of the MRuwenzri_ range
of snow mountains, He said that Ruwen-
zori was still the mosbp mysterious and
least knewn mountain in Africa, and it was
cervainly, of all African mountains of his acquaint-
ance, that which was the most constantly cloud-
covered. He was personally eonvinced that the
highest point of Ruwenzori was not under 20,000ft.
in altitude, and that it would, therefore, be found
to attain the greatest altitude on the continent of
Africa. When, after the most arduous climb he
had ever experienced, hereached his highest point
on the flanks of the snow range—14,800ft.—the
mountain above himseemed a thing he had only
begun to climb, and towered, so far as he could
estimate, another 6,000ft. into the dark blue
heavens. Permanent snow, however, lay as low
as13,000ft. To effect a complete and successful
ascent of the highest points of Ruwenzori required
as elaboratea preparation as the exploration of
the Andes or the Himalayas. An enormous deal
remained to be done in the exploration of this, the
most important range of Africa.

Sir Harry Johnston illustrated his lecture with a
large number of beautiful lantern-slides made trom
photographs taken by himself, and created con-
siderable amusement by reproducing by means of
the phonograph specimens of native singing. At
the conclusion of the lecture,

Sir H M Stanley, MrJES Moore and Dr,
Bowdler Sharpe addressed the meeting, which
was brought to a conclusion by a vote of thanks
to Sir H Johnston, proposed by the President,
and heartily carried,—London Zimes, Nov. 12.

MOUNTAINS.

AGRICULTURIST. (Jan. 1, 1202.

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

“Mr William Mackenzie, Ceylon tea co issi
was in Toronto a tew days "tat week,” says the
Canadian Grocer of November 8. “After calling on
the wholesale trade he was much impressed with the
progress that was being made with Ceylon greens,

fe cai : :
ytd pe making equally good progress in the

In its comments on Jast week's

duce Markets Iteview says: “ There ie eae eee
in the demand for Indian teas, and prices on the
whole have shown a somewhat firmer tendency. A
considerable quantity was again withdrawn from
the public sales, as holders evidently were not dis-
posed to accept the lower prices established last week
A large quantity of the withdrawals has, however,
since been sold, and, in moat cases, at an advance
on the bids made at the auctions, the market closing
with a stronger tendency. The lower qualities.
although much dearer than in the early part of the
year, are about equal in value to those of the
past few seacons, and there appears to be
every prospect that present prices will be well
Maintained. A shortage in the Season’s pro-
duction is practically certain, the deficienc
being generally placed at 10,000,0001b, but as them
was a large surplus stock on the arrival of the new
crop, there is apparently no reason for any material
vise In prices. ‘he offerings of Ceylon teas have
been somewhat heavier, but a better tone prevailed
generally, and, with good competition, the fall of last
week was fully recovered.—H and C Hail, Nov 22,

a eee
SSS

“SO LONG” TO OOLONG:

Mr A R Robertson, writing in the first humber
of the * Tea and Coffee Journal,” published in
nex zork, describes the progress made since 1893
ees e of Indian and Ceylon Tea in the United
_ ‘* Formerly,” he says, “it was exception
into a grocery store and be able ee
tea; now every store keeps it. The jobber until
a year or two past was satisfied to carry a tew
chests for mixing, but now it is necessary for his
business to have a fair selection of grades and
quantities to supply demand ; in conjunction with
bulk teas, many wholesale grocers and jobbers
have their own lead package tea in pounds and
halves, which meet steadily with increasing sales
Why is all this? Because’ the teas have virtues
and values. There is something satisfying in a
well brewed cup of Ceylon tea and it is making
tea drinkers, although only one half the quan-
tity of leaves is required, in comparison with
Oolong and other China teas, Thus it is cheaper
to consumers, and although the total consumption
of tea does not increase greatly estimating by
number of pounds imported, it goes sO much
further that it demonstrates clearly that more tea
is being consumed.”— eq,

———
———
£5,000 REWARD,

FOR DESTROYING THE PRICKLY PEAR,

seb Brisbane, Nov 27,

€ Sovernment today decided to offer a rew.
of £5,000 for the discovery of a method of a
cating the prickly pear, subject to certain condi-
ora te os which is that the cost Shall not ex
ceed a fixed maximum sum per = ide
Observer. Da a i

Jan. 1, 1902]

ESSENTIAL OILS FROM CEYLON.
IN THE GERMAN MARKET.

(From the Semi-Annwal Report of Schimmel and
Oo., (Fritzsche Brothers,) Miltitz near
Leipzig, Uctober 1901.)

Since the publication of our last report, importané
changes in the economic condition of Germany have
been developing, changes which are casting their
shadows ahead, and are making their influence fell
on the general state of affairs. In the front rank
appear the new Customs Tariff and the Commercial
Treaties with other countries. With regard to our
own line, after exertions extending over several
decades, the general desire to exempt the various
seeds, suchas anise, coriander, fennel and caraway,
which are used in the manufacture, has at last been
taken into consideration. It is proposed to admit
these seeds in future free of duty for the distillation
of essential oi], subject to an official permit and
control. But in order to render this concession of
real value to our industry, it is necessary that the
residues of the distillation should be left to the
manufacturer and not (as is the case with spices) that
they should be required to be destroyed. These resi-
dues namely are dried, and forma valuable food for
cattle. Suecessful competition with abroad is only
possible if, in addition to the duty saved, these
residues can be turned to account, On the other hand,
it cannot be denied that the essential oil may only
vartly be abstracted from these seeds, and that the
latter may be subsequently dried, with the view of
using them dishonestly for mixing with normal
qualities of seed.

For this reason it is necessary to grind or crush
these seeds before the distillation ; they should, more-
over, be completely exhausted in the distillation
process, so that it may be possible to exempt them
from duty when worked up into food for cattle. We
have no doubt that the proposals made by us, which
meet both cases, willbe accepted, and that this con-
tentious point may thereby be settled once for all.
But, as nothing has been inserted in the draft Tariff
without a quid pro quo, the import duty on the seeds
mentioned above— in so far as those seeds are not
used for the preparation of essential oils —has been
raised from 3 marks to 4 marks per 100 kilos, and that
on essential oils from 20 marks to 30 marks per 100
kilos. The last-named increase is not only injurious
to the German middleman, but has also the effect of
raising the price ofa large number of foreign essential
oils which are indispensable for the home manufacture
of perfumes and soaps.

CamrHor O1t.—An important change in this Japa-
nese product is highly probable in the near future.
The Japanese Government, encouraged by the results
of the camphor monopoly, has yiven notice of its
intention to stop the sale of camphor oil altogether,
and to undertake itself the working up of the oil into
its different constituents. It will soon be known whe-
ther the Japanese Government actually realizes the
hoped-for profit, or whether it has not largely over-
estimated the consumption of safrol. In our opinion
the working up of camphor oil, as an independent
industry, can never be made to pay. In the two
by-products ‘‘Desinsectol ” and ‘‘Insectol” it may
be possible to recognise two old friends, viz., light
and heavy camphor oil. As, however, neither is
soluble in water, the information given above as to
the dilution of the former with water needs scarcely
be taken seriously.

CarpAMom Oiu.—The Ceylon cardamom oil men-
tioned in our price-lists is no longer made by us
from the fruits of Hlatteria Cardamomum var. 3, but is
now distilled from the seeds of another species from
which the pericarp has been removed. As the seed ig
shipped from Ceylon under the name of ‘ cardamom
seeds,’ the Gesignation ‘Ceylon cardamom 0i]’ ig quite
justified for this oil, It differs, however, from the oil

previously supplied by us according to various deter.
60 Bia

THE TROPICAL AGRICWLTURIST,

473

Minations our present Ceylon cardamom oi] has ap-
proximately the following constants : Specific gravity
at 15°, 0,9336 ; optical rotation +249 j5’ : saponification
number 109. The oil makes a clear solution with three
parts by volume of 70 per cent alcohol.

OinnAmon O1L, Cuyton.—Since the date of our last
report the price of fine cinnamon chips has undergone
afurther important reduction, and along with it also
the quotation of the distillate, which we were the first
to produce, now some 27 years ago. At that time the
price of cinnamon chips was about 176 marks per 100
kilos ; now it is about 55 marks; the imported oil cost
then about 22¢ marks, whilst its present quotation ig
about 70 marks per kilo.

CrrroneLia Oin.—Contrary to al! calculations the
value of this leading article has gone back still further
in the course of the last six months. It has now
reached a level which would have been considered
scarcely possible. This points to a considerable over-
production of this oil also, an over-production which it
is impossible to stem by ordinary means, and it will
therefore be necessary to wait until this unhealthy
state corrects itself. [t will be remembered that
already several years ago, when the price was 1/- per
lb., the Ceylon papers described the distillation as
wholly unremunerative, and shortly before the pobli-
cation of our April report we were informed from
Galle, that in many districts in Ceylou the citronella
cultivation had been entirely given up. If, in spite
of this, the prices have declined aboné 20 per
cent, this fact throws a very peculiar light on those
statements.

The shipments from Colombo and Galle ware as

follows :— lb.

From 1st January to lst July i901 ... 634,608

do do 1900 .. 605,644

do do 1899 .. 657,080

do do 1898 .. 616,784

The first-named amount is made up as follows :—
b.

United Kingdom Cot 374,607
America .... coc 138,749
Australia .. see 2,304
Germany ... 56 110.373
Brance) 3)... at 2,399
india Bi Bs 174.
China and Singapore 30 1,582
Austria 4... 606 4,490

Total .. -634,608 lb.

_A considerable increase is shown in the sale of the
fine Java citronella oil, the quality of which has so
far remained the same, and which has @ constantly
increasing number of friends. Several large const-
mers who used to employ exclusively Ceylon oil have
gone over to the product from Java, and appear to find
it worth while. For the better qnality soaps only
Java oil should be used; and the proportion be reduced
by one half as compared with Ceylon oil.

Sanpatwoop Orn (Hast InprAN)—Tho use of this
oil, both in medicine and in perfumery, makes such
rapid progress, that we found it necessary to make
special arrangements in our new Works for the
manufacture on a large scale, which arrangements
have answered exceedingly well. The distillation
process has not only been considerably shortened
but has also been so much improved from a technical
point of view, that the product may now be said to
have reached tho highest pitch of perfection. The
rumours about the monopoly, which were circulated
in London early in the year and caused a great
sensation, have not been contirmed, “but on. the
contrary, have been officially contradicted, -
GrRANTOL FROM CITRONELLA O1n.—(German Pasent
No,'76,435.) Since the completion of our new factorie M
the manufacture of this paoduct has now ente, A
upon another stage, and we hove in a short Ares
to be. at last able to keep it in stock. In view me
the difficulties met with in the supply of palmarosa
gil, geraniol will be called upon to play a more im.

AT4.
portant part than hitherto, and we hope that the
possibility of obtaining it now in sufficient quantities
will stimulate new trials. Pure geraniol, such as
supplied by us, is a magnificent body with an intense
and pure rose odonr.

Sarrou.— When reporting on camphor oil we already
Mentioved the changes which are imminent in the
production of safrol. The Japanese Government is no
longer willing to Jes us make the ‘‘large profits”
which are said to have been made here, and it has
erected at Kobe a safrol factory, which has been
placed under the management of a Japanese chemist,
Or Shimoyama, who has made his studies in Germany.
Tt is stated that in this factory in future the so-called
brown camphor oil(in which we discovered safrol in
1885) will be worked up into safrol, and wlaced direct
upon the market, This industry has already been
carried on in Japan for several years by Americans,
butdoes not seem to have prospered ; as a matte of
fact it has been limited to the production of an inferior
product for the American market. The Japarese
Government has now the intention of placing pure
safrol on the market, and of monopolising the article,
‘The future will show whether this project can be
carried through.

“VANILLIN.—Hnormous competition has brought the
“price of this product to a level which nobody would
have considered possible. For the price of one kilo
of the finest vanilla, one can now obtain the same
quantity of the 60 times stronger vanillin —a fact
which calls for admiration. In this connection the
question yises involuntarily, what the present value
of vanilla would be without the competition of
vanillin? Whether it is to the interest of the con-
sumer to take the price as the only criterion, is a
question which for this preparation we would de-
eidedly answer in the negative, and we would point
to the many possibilities of adulteration which have
already made themselves felt im previous years.
Benzoic acid and acetanilide have been special
favourites for this purpose. (See our Reports of
October 1894, p. 79 and October 1898, p. 64.)

—_o>—

CANADIAN TEA TROUBLES,

The following appears in the * New York
Tea, Coffee, and Sugar Journal,’ which quotes
the ‘* Montreal Herald” as its authority :

Tt will cost more to satisfy Canada’s thirst during
the next twelve months than it did during the year
just past. bis increase in expenditure for beverages
‘vill not be due to the fact that more alcoholic stuff is
to be consumed—some people say that is never done to
the limit—but because the price of tea has advanced
and is still going up. The tea men all say when
asked as to the condition of the tea market, ‘ Prices
are firm.’ This means ters have advanced from a
cent and a half to two and a half cents a pound.
An increase this look like a very gmallaffair, bus most
men would find it very embarrassing to settle the in-
crease for the whole of Ganada. last year the
Dominion brewed twenty million pounds of tea,
here will be as much consumed this year. Now
an increase of two cents a pound in the price amounts
to four hundred thousand dollars on ® year’s supply.
General shortage in tea crops of _Tndia, Ceylon,
Japan, and reductions in the production in Uhina are
the causes of the scarcity of tea, which will be
more severely felt in London than elsewhere, as
Juondon is the greatest of tea towns. Haif the crop
of the world finds its way into the capital of Mngland
in the course of the year, and from theye is distributed
all over the world. In Japan this year shortage of a
million pounds in the crop is anticipated. Prices have
already advanced there, India and Ceylon are suffer-
ing from ovex-produbtion. The plantations of these
two countries were extended so xapidly during the
last few years that they produced more tea than the
world wanted. With cheap labour and favourable
climate and soil, the planters were able to put a fing

eee wt eet

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jan. 1, 1902.

quality of green tea on the. market so cheaply that
China could not compete, and Chinese growers were
driven from the market. This is shown by the export
figures of Foo Chon, the port from which all the China
greens come from. Last year 5,000,000 were sent from
this port. So far thisyear, and the exporting season
is almost over, 92,00) pounds only have been shipped.
The Japanese teas are of higher quality, and were not
affected to the same extent by the Indian and Ceylon
invasion. ‘he planters of these two countries, in
spite of a splendid crop and the driving of China from
the market, did net make money. So this year, be-
fore the planting period, they combined to curtail 'pro-
duction. The area devoted to tea cultivation was
materially reduced, Then the unexpected happened.
This year’s crop has been largely a failure. Vhe re-
duced area given up to tea did not produce more than
half a cup. Now the world’s tea supply is away below
what itshould be. Montreal is the great tea town of
Canada and conditions all over the country can be

judged pretty well by those here. Last year
tea was very cheap, aud everyone loaded up
at the beginning of the season with enough to
last a year, This year. with prices up, the

trade will probably buy in smaller quantities

watch for a break in the market. The quality re
sold is likely to be inferior, Canadians have fallen
into the habit of buying teas at a special price. There
are 25c teas, 30c, 4Uc and 50c, which are favourites
with housekeepers, and they will not change their
prices to accommodate any fluctuation in price in Japan.
The wholesaler and the retailer are not going
to sacrifice their profits, so a poorer quality of tea
will be put 2p in the 25c,30c, 40c and 50c packages
ue year And everyone will be hanpy.—H d C Wail,

ov. 22.

eee SS
INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION'S MEMO-
RIAL AGAINST THE CEYLON DUTY;

(No, 1246-0.—F rom the Secretary, Indian T -
ciation, to the Secretary to the Gacbrnene Sinden
Finance and Commerce Department.)

Royal Exchange Building, Calcutta, 23rd Noy. 1901

Siz,—l am directed by the General Committee of
the Indian Tea Association to invite the attention of the
Government of India to certain matters relating to the
duty levied upon teas imported into the island of
Mateee me

2. In the first place Lam to state th t -
cerning the duty. The most ee at tee Pat
itis a protective daty ; foritis levied ata rate of4 as
per pound on all imported teas of whatever origin.
The consumption of tea in Ceylon is said to be com-
paratively speaking insignificant. It is wunlikel
therefore that the duty was imposed for the er
of conserving the \ccal market for the Ceylon plauter,
But in Colombo the blending of teas for exportation,
forms a considerable trade; and it was no doubt with
the view of preventing the admixture of low grade
China growths with the produce of the island that
prohibitive taxation was determined uyon. It is, the
General Committee think, only natural and right ‘that
Ceylonshould havetaken stringent measures in orderto
preserve the good reputation of itsteas. But the dut
has also the effect of practically excluding from the
Colombo market all Indian teas which might otherwise
be sold at the public auctions there. This exclusion
does not closely concern the industry in Northern
India ; but itis of very great consequence to those
Gardens which are situated in the Madras Presidenc
The cultivation and manufacture of tea in Dravane
core and the neighbouring districts are assuming large
proportions. The extensions of the planted area
during recent years have been considerable ; and
the annual production now amounts to about five
and a half, or six millions of pounds. But the ~
planters labour under one great disadvantage: they
are ef present without an accessible market for
their teas, Calcutta is too remote, and neither Bom-

JAN. 1, 1909.] THE® TROPICAL

bay nor Madras, nor any of the smaller ports on the
south coast are, or are likely to become, centres
of the tea trade. The only market within easy
reach of the grower in Sonthern India *s Colombo;
and that market he is practically debarred irom
using by reason of the protective duty.

The hardships which this barrier entails have been
forcibly represented to the General Committee by tha
United Planters’ Association, and the other kindred
Associations, of Southern India. It has been pointed
out in thes3 representations that under existing con-
ditions Indian teas cannot be sold in Colombo on an
equality with Ceylon teas. The reason for this is
that, being dutiable, they are stored in the Bonded
Warehouse, from which they cannot ‘be removed ex-
cept on payment ofthe duty (which is equal to about
70 per cent of their average vilue) or on their being
shipped. This precludes their being used by dealers
for blending purposes, and consequently has a dis-
tinctly adverse influence upon prices. The Ceylon
planters are—as has been already conceded—doubtless
right in taxing foreign teas, because they object to
their own being mixed with inferior growths. But
this objection does not apply to teas produced in
Southern India, because these are equal in quality to
ordinary Ceylonteas. For the protection of the latter,
therefore, it is not really necessary to tax the former;
andthe Southern Indian Associations are very strongly
of opinion that their produce should be admitted free
into Ceylon.

4, As has been already stated the duty does not to
the same extent affect the Northern Indian industry,
which this Association more especially represents.
Butin one respect it indirectly exercises a prejudicial
influence upon the distribution of teas produced in
the northern districts. This is particularly so in the
case of teas destined for the Black Sea ports, where a
great prospective market is believed to exist. There
is no direct steamer service between Calcutta and
Russian ports, and consequently transhipment at Col-
ombo or elsewhere is unavoidable. Moreover the:

@ Russian Government gives certain advantages in

inland transit to goods landed from the steamers of
the Russian Volunteer Fleet trading between China
and the Black Sea. And in order to put Indian tea on
equal terms with that from China and Ceylon, it is
therefore necessary that these steamers should be
carriers, It is almost needless to say that Colombo
in view of its geographical position in relation to
Calcutta is the natural point for transhipments
But the charges which are levied there are so heavy—
because the tea has either to be stored ia the Bonded
Warehouse or to be cleared by payment of the duty
—that it is less expensive to tranship at Singapore,
notwithstanding the greater distance. If Colombo
were a free port such a detour would be unnecessary
and much valuable time would be saved. In this
respect therefore the existence of the duty is a distincs
disadvantage to teas shipped feom Calcutta.

5. It is the opinion of the General Committee—
after having given the whole question their most
attentive consideration—that the facts disclosed in
the preceding paragraphs justify an application
being piade to Ceylon for the abolition of the duty,
so far as Indian teas are concerned. They have con-
sequently instructed me to enquire if the Government
of India would be disposed to assist the Indian
industry by preferring such a request to the Ceylon
Government, or if. need be to the Secretary of State
for the Colonies. In making this enquiry the
Committee have not omitted to take into
account the possibility that the Colonial autho-
rities if they consent’ to admit Indian
teas free, may be willing to do se only on the
condition that the 5 per cent. duty now levied in
India is likewise remitted in the case of Ceylon téas.
So far as Indian growers are concerned the Committee
are unacquainted with any reason why such a dewand,
if made, should not be complied with. And seeing
that the revenue derived from this source cannot
be large, they presume that the Government of

AGRICULTURIST. 475

India would raise no serious objection; for any
readjustment of taxation which might be required
would apparently be trifling and easily arranged,
The proposal which the Committee venture to advance
is; theretore, of a two-fold nature. Firstly, that
an attempt should be made to induce the Ceylon
Government to exempt Indian tea from the
payment of duty; and secondly that, if necessary,
Ceylou tea skould be likewise. exempt from the
payment of duty in India. In the case of non-Bri-
tish teas the Committee consider that the- ex-
isting duties should be maintained.

6, It has been suggested that if the Ceylon Govy-
ernment definitely decline to make the concession
asked for the Government of India should seriously
consider the advisability of enhancing the Indian
duty to a protective rate, That the present position
as between India and Ceylon is unfair to the former
is evident, For while Indian tea~as has been shown
—is practically excluded from Colombo, Ceylon tea is
being sent to India in increasing * quantities. The
rate of duty is so low as to present no real obstacle
to its importation, either for consumption in India
or for re-exportation to Central Asia, The Indian
tea industry have determined, as you are doubtless
aware, to make a strong effort to extend the con-
sumption of Indian tea in both the markets indicated
especially that of India itself. And it does not seem
fair that Ceylon should enjoy the benefit of dévelop-
‘ments effected at the cost of India, while itself re-
taining a practical embargo on Indian tea. State-
ments have also been made to the effect that the
quality of a large portion of the tea now being im-
ported from Ceylon isso inferior as to necessitate a
protective rate of duty. Upon this point the Committee
are at present unable to express an opinion; but
they are distinctly opposed to the continuance of the
inequality as between the two tariffs. The removal
of this inequality would, they think, be best effected
by abolishiug both the duties in question. But if
the Ceylon Government are not agreeable to this be-
ing done, then the enhancement of the Indian tax
would appear to be the only alternative.

7. In conclusion the General Committee respect-
fully venture to ask that this letter may be submit-
ted to His Excellency the Viceroy for such orders as
His Excellency may see fit to pass,

[have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient
Servant, W. Parsons, Secretary.

as
BRITISH NEW GUINEA UP-TO-DATE,

The report from British New Guinea for
the year ended June 30th last shows that
during the past ten years the revenue has
more than quadrupled, while the expenditure
has increased by about 59 per cent. In the
last five years the trade has almost trebled.
The rubber industry is at present languish-
ing, probably because the accessible country
near the coast is worked out. But there is
an enormous area of good rubber country
waiting to be worked in a scientific and
rational way ; ‘‘ until and unless it is treated
so, it had better be left alone, and it is
infinitely preferable to see a

eae Director-General of Statistics to have been as fol-
ows:—

Ib. Ib.
1896-97 748,197 | 1899-1900 570,161
1897-98 1,059,716 1900-1901 1,496,700
1898-99 1,108,686

476

of the colony are, as usual, very interesting.
It is noted that considerable progress has
been made in the spread of the authority ofthe
Government everywhere. The year, however,
has been unfortunate, as whooping-cough,
which was introduced by two white children
from Cooktown, has ravaged the country,
with dire consequences to native life. The
malady first spread rapidly along the coasts,
and then into the interior. ‘‘ But the mis-
chief does not end there, for as each village
is attacked, and as no death can, in the
belief of the native, be the result of any
natural cause, but must have been com-
passed by some unknown enemy, who can
only be discovered _ by witchcraft, the
sorcerer is at once consulted, and some un-
fortunate villager of some other tribe is de-
signated as culprit, and a midnight massacre
of innocent people is the result.” A curious
circumstance which is noticed is that a wide
gulf generally exists between prisoners and
free men inthe native mind. Free natives
will not work or camp with prisoners. Yet
no stigma rests on the prisoner who has
served out his sentence and is released. He
is regarded as haying purged his offence
against the law. In civilized societies the
stigma always remains, and * this is the
real difference between the degree of inten-
sity in the punishment of) civilized and
uncivilized men.”—London Times, Nov. 22.
= SS
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF
THE COCONUT PALM

forms the subject of an interesting paper
by Mr. O EF Cook in a recent issue of the
the United States National Herbarium. It
is contended that this most useful tree must
have originated on the Pacific Coast of South
America and spread from thence to Polynesia
and Asia. It ispointed out that all the other
species of cocos are natives of South America,
The coconut palm was found upon the Pacific
coast by early Spanish explorers. Mr. Cook
also claims an American origin for the
banana and yam.—Nature, Nov. 28.

THE

THE NEW THA FERMENT,

(pecially communicated.)

-The original discovery of the oxidising plant
enzymes is principally centered round the in-
vestigations of G. Bertrand who investigated
the peculiar properties of Japanese Laquer
and proved that their hardening property
was caused by the action of an oxydase
which he named laccase acting on the pecu-
liar juice, of the plant “Rhus vermicifera.
The juice which is of the consistency of
thick pale cream, remains unchanged when
stoved in well stoppered bottles, but almost
immediately commences to turn brown
and haiden when exposed to the air. Here
was a © ear case of oxidization and it was
proved that the juice had not the power of
hardening in the absence of its enzyme, only
vesino! 8 soluble grease being obtained under
such cir umstances, 3

‘he alove discovery gave an impetus to
the engiiry into many domestic problems,
amongst others as to why an apple turns
brown when the rind is cut or broken and

jt is exposed to the atmosphere, L, Lindet

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(JAN. 1, 1902,

in 1893 explained this discoloration as result-
ing from an enzyme to which was subse-
quently given the name of malase. The rapid
discoloration of the cut slices of beet in
the sugar works even when they had not
been in contact with iron or steel was traced
to an enzyme which was named tyrosinase.
C. Loew in America, when investigating the
cause of the flavouring of tobacco for the
U.S. Government, after deciding that if was
not caused by bacteria, described first an
enzyme, then a per-enzyme, and lastly a
catalase as present in the leaves, all of which
had the power of oxidising some constitu-
ents of the leaf, and it was entirely to their
action that he attributed the different flavours
of the tobacco. One named olease is also
present in the olive which is the principal
agent of its decomposition before being put
in the press, it also passes into the oil ex-
pressed at a temperature below 70°C. and
continues to carry oxygen thereto forming
oleic acid, acetic acid, sabacic acid, &c. Mus-
tard oil, as such, is not present in the seed,
but is a product of an enzyme myvosin acting
on a glucoside sinigrin, or potassium myro-
nate, which is also present in the seed. In
the presence of water the myrosin decom-
poses the potassium hydrate, splitting it into
potassium hydrogen sulphate, sugar and
allylthiocarbined (mustard oil). Flax castor
oil and many other plants contain in the
seed an enzyme called lepose. Care must be
taken in experimenting with these enzymes
as they are not all harmless compounds, In the
Rosaceae is found an enzyme, emulsion, often
associated with a glucoside amydalin, which
it decomposes into benzaldehyde (oil of
bitter alinonds), sugar and the very poison-
ous prussic acid. The above are some of
the well-known enzymes from the action of
which, by analogy, we can to some extent
trace that of the one found in tea. In
almost all these cases oxygen is carried by
the enzyme to the tannin and thus dark
coloured oxy-compounds are produced which
are precipitated in the cell walls as a fast
permanent dye. While the cell remains intact
the oxygen cannot obtain access to the
enzyme or to the tannin, but as soonas the
cell walls ave raptured oxygen gains access
and the action commences at once.

A number of people have discovered differ-
ent enzymes and have assigned to them
different powers; but the broad fact remains
that the majority of them have the power
of oxidising lacoll, other palyotomic phenols,
as also their acid derivates gallic—acid and
tannin,—as well as the polyphenols contained
in the group OH or NHg, either in the ortho
or in the pari position. The known enzymes
all appear to belong to the proteid class of
organic substances and a small quantity of
each is enabled to transform a large bulk
of the object on which it acts without in-
creasing or very much diminishing in bulk.
They are generally destroyed at a temper-
ature of about 70°C., are very much more
active in the dark, and are gradually des-
troyed by bright light. Now

TO TURN MORE DIRECTLY TO TMA,
an enzyme is present in the leaf, also a

per-enzyme and a catalase, — the former
of which we may not. inaptly call

‘organs an enzyme.

JAN. 1, 1902.4

thease. This enzyme, when isolated, has
most if not all the above chemical reac-
tions, beside probably a few others which
up to the present time I have not fully
investigated. Its function in the living
plant is probably in conjunction with some
plant acid to act on the tannin, which in
this case is a glucoside, converting it into
aldenydes and phenols which are absorbed
in the nutriment of the plant. Isolated it
converts tannic acid into glucose and during
the fermentation or rather oxidation of the
leaf it is the principal factor, as when ex-
tracted the leaf does not colour; its quantity
seems to vary, the better the tea the more
enzyme. The enzyme is probably in the sap
of the tea plant and notin the cells in con-
tact with the tannin, as, if small pieces of
leaf and young stems be soaked for some
days in an alcoholic solution of acetate of
copper, then thin micrometer sections cut
from them, after some of the copper is pre-
cipitated in the cells by the action of the
tannin, and then the sections treated for one
or two seconds with a weak solution of
acetate of ircn, and put under the micros-
cope, it will be seen that almost every cell
contains tannin; if now some Tine. Guiac.
and He O2 be gently run in under the cover
glass, the outside cells first turn a brilliant
blue, and small globules of blue also occur
in other parts of the leaf, leading to the fibro-
vascular bundles. The latter part of the ex-
perin.ent is a very delicate one and the in-
vestigator must expect many failures, the
whole section generally turning an intense
blue obscuring every thing. If now we take
sections of the root we bave the enzyme in
very much larger quantities than in the young
shoots, and this is the first time that it has
been noted in this position. It is also present
in the seed, and seems to exert an oxidising
influence on the tea oil when expressed cold,
as under certain conditions [ have detected
a decided aroma, but up to the present I have
not been able to spare sufficient time to
investigate it. I have found that a large
number of plants of the most diverse orders,
in fact the majority that I have experimented
with, contain in some one or other of their
If it eannot be found
elsewhere it is generally present in the roots,
and it is from this source that I propose
to procure suitable ones to aid and intensify
the action of the enzyme already existing
in the tea leaf, and for this I have applied
for a patent in India and Ceylon. In some
teas the enzyme is often deficient in quantity
for the full oxidising effect to take place in
the leaf; a proper enzyme added to the tea
during the process of manufacture consider-
ably improves the quality, and in all cases
in which I have been able to try it there is
an improvement in the tea.

This is, I believe, the first time that it has
been proposed to make any practical use of
an extracted enzyme, hence a considerable
amount of experimentis required. The subject
isa vast one if successful ; 10 will have greater
effect on the tobacco manutacture than on
that of tea. In the tanning industry it shows
how a large quantity of tannin can be lost
through improper harvesting. Oak-bark, [ have

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 4a

found, contains a considerable quantity of
enzyme, also canaigre and the other docks
which is capable of rapidly converting tannin
into glucose: hence probably some ot the
failures to transport canaigre roots from
India to Kurope.

C. R. Newton,

Kurseonge, 24th Nov. 1901.
$$.
TEA’ IN BRAZIL.
a BUT NO LABOUR TO PRODUCE TT.

We learn that a tea plantation of considerable
extension exists near Ouro Preto which mioht
easily, it is claimed, produce 2,000 kilos of differens
qualities of tea if skilled labour could be obtained,
—Brazilian Review, Oct, 29.

TEA SPECIMENS. WANTED AT
30U RDEAUX.

_ AT A COLONIAL MUSEUM,

We are requested by onr Paris correspondent
to state to our readers that M, Pittard
“* professenr adjount A la Faculté des Sciences de
Bourdeaux, at present in charee of the Maseum
of the useful vegetable products of the colonies
would be greatly obliged for specimens of shoots
of the tea plant with leaves, twigs With and
without seed and flowers complete. sent as h tn.
nical specimens “without value.” We e:2 ene
that many planters wiil be elad to advance
cause of science by comjp!s with this
The specimens should simply pressed bevw:
sheets of blotting paper and packed between vard-
board covers.—Jndian Gardening and Play ing
Dee. 5. 1

F.R.M.S,

CALCUTTA OPINION ON THE GREEN
TEA FACTORY IN COLOMBo.

THE METHOD APPROVED,

The news of Messrs. Finlay, Muir and Co’s
Green Tea Factory in Colombo, as announced in
the Ceylon Observer, found its way to Caleutta
quickly enough by telegraph, and’ Indian Gar-
dening and Planting (Dee. oth) has the followin
reference to it ;— 2

We note from a telegram to a dai ; :
that Messrs. Finlay Muir and Co., Be ce accumerany
a Green Tea Factory at Colombo, adjoining th
Stores, which 1s now rapidly approaching com fleti .
The size is 200 feet by 40. The leaf partial! Meanie
upcountry will be finished off here. This is tie cane i
which we urged on the attention of Indian tea ae
in our leader of 21st November ultimo, If one Si
teas are to have a good chance in Amaevicns thie
method of working including all that is best fin tHe
Japanese system is most desirable, There ig abe
solutely no bar to it as the leaf after the first rough
treatment will keep in prime condition for a lon
time, and if contributions from various gardens ae
finished cff in bulk we shall be able to offer thee
large homogeaeous breaks which American bu tad
prefer. Green manufacture on the factory would-be
so simplified by tne scheme that any manager ee
proper appliances to havd could work off sur; lus is f
at a time when free flushing had glutted the f ton
and here the advantage of a reduced amount Briten
to go through the e:aborate processes of black ee
manufacture would in nine cases out of ten result ine
better tea being turned out.jat an enhanced rice
which, together with the revenue derived fron ihe
green, show an actual profit on the whole transaction
We have indeed in green tea manufacture a means
of obviating the losses sustained in excessive quan-
tities of black tea, and looked at from thig point of

478

view the movement is most desirable. Those who
look upon green tea manufacture entirely by itself
and gauge its returns without reference to its reaction
on black, miss the crucial argument in its favour,
We are not ina position at present to prom'se large
profits on gree! per se, but the profit exists when
the effect of a wwilhdrawal of leaf from black tea
manufscture and tlhe convenience of reducing large
rushes of leaf is considered.
—_——______<______—

PROGRESS IN UGANDA.

In October, 1900, and May of the present year
(says the ‘Agricultural Journal”) samples of
India-rabber were obtained from the Mapnta
district of Zaluland. The rubber was drawn
from the Ibungn tree, a tree which grows all

through the district, The samples were for-
warded to the scientific and technical depart-
ment of the Imperial Institute for analysis

and report. Professor Wyndham RK Dunstan,
the director of the department, in the course
of his reports, states that the samples were sub-
jected to critical tests and are genuine .rubber,
but of varying quality. The samples were sub-
mitted to commercial experts in rubber for the
purpose of determining their value The best
was valued at 3s. 2d. per Ib., and the worst at
ls. lld. Whilst freely giving testimony to the
good quality of the rubber, the reports draw
attention to the large quantity of extraneost
matter in the samples—bits of woods, &ec.—whieh
necessarily alfected the commercial value of the
yubber.—Nata!? Mercury, Nov. 25- : 2

According to a letter wltich has just reached
London, the material progress which is being
made in far-off Uganda is extremely rapil. The
Protectorate is now included in the postal union,
and eart roads are being constructed to the
Nile as Ripon Falls, and also to Lake Albert.
The latter will, i: is understood, be replaced at
no distant date by a light railway, ‘Two steam-
ers, very much larger than the Willian: Mae-
kinnon, are to be run on the Victoria Nyanza,
and asmaller oneis to be placed on Lake Albert.
Brick buildings for mative chiefs and British
officials are everywhere springing into existence,
new plants are being introduced, and the rubber
industry is being varefully fostered,

TEA PROSPECTS BAD.

An expert has reported unfavorably upon the
prospects of tea growing In the Protectorate, but
coffee appears bo be more promising. Experi-
ments in the cultivation of cocoa, oranges, pine-
apples, aud other fraits are being made. -Changes
in the habits and customs of the Baganda are
also taking place as a result of vheir association
with Europeans; many of them now sit at table,
and even recognise the use of knives and forks,
whilst oneof the leading chiefs has gone to the
unheard-of length of permitting his wife to eat at
table with him and to walk arm-in-arm with him

down the public streets.—Morning Leader,
Nov. 22.
a
MR. STANLEY GARDINER’S EXPHDI-
TION TO THE MALDIVES.

NARRALIVE AND ROUTE OF
EXPEDITION.

[BY THE LEADER, MR GARDINER. ]

At the end of March, 1899, T left England tor Ceylon

j1 the company of Mr LA Borradaile, On arrival

at Colomb» we found that the Board of Trade

g, & Ceylon had jut left for Minikoi owing to a wreck

THE

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(JAN. 1, 1902,

on that atoll, This necessitated a delay of seven
weeks, before we could hope to sail thither, a de-
tention futher increased to eight weeks owing to
stress of weather, Mr Borradaile accordingly pro-
ceeded to the Jaffna Peninsula, where he spent a
month in familiarising himself with the life and
conditions on coral reefs. I meantime prepared our
gtores, and made arrangements for the Maldive cruise,
subsequently visiting the raised limestone hills and
area of the north of Ceylon.* After returning to
Oolombo I traversed the entire coast between Negombo
and Dondara Head, a distance of about 120 miles.
Mr Borradaile joined me, and then settled down
for ‘a fortnight at Weligama—the DGeligam of Prof.
Haeckel—where there is a deep bay with reefs of
small size across its entrance. The rich variety of
animal life on the reefs both here and off the Jaffaa
coust as compared to the reefs of the Maldives and
Minikoi is a most noticeable feature.

After a tedions week’s detention in Colomba, we
finally left Ceylon for Minikoi on June 17th, ex-
periencing a very beavy north-west gale the whole
way ; in spite of this the sea one night was white
with phosphorescence, a very unusual phenomenon in
these waters. We located ourselves, and bailt a
bungalow at a distance of abont ene-third of a mile
from the south-west end of Minikoi island, under
the shadow of the lighthouse, the boat belonging to
which was throngh the kindness of Capt Channer,
KN, freely placed at our disposal. The island here
is about 470 yards across between tide marks, and a
broad ride has been cut, givivg the only open space
of any sizein the island. The vegetation is extremly
dense, and forms a low jungle of Pandaus, Hibiseus,
Hernandea, Ricinus, coconut and other trees, with
Pemphis acidula, Seaevola hkoeniyii and Tournefortea
argentea on the shores. At the south-west end of
the island is a shrine, the grave of a holy, Moslem
sheik, connected by a good, shaded path with the
village in the centre of the island. A small settle-
ment formerly existed round the shrine, but it has
lovg been abandoned, and the jungle nearit is now
far thicker and less trodden than elsewhere, The
land has the same charazter up to the village, but
further north it is much more open, and can indeed
be traversed almost anywhere.+ Our situation then
was not uanaturally the best possible for the land
fauna, on which the lighthouse lamp too had doubtless
no inconsiderable infiuence. The open ride formed
both by night and day our best collecting ground
sugaring never meeting with any measure of success
elsewhere.

“ Vide Report Brit. Ass. pp. 460—2, 1900.

+ Owing to an old arrangement the produce half
the island is deemed to belong to the Bebe of
Cannenore. An arbitrary line of division exists near
the village with gates and guards, who rigorously
exact three-fifths of the cocsanuts gathered south of
the fence. In this portion no timber of large size
or old growth exists, the whole surface at one time
having been cleared and planted. Subsequently on
the hold of the Bebe becoming weakened or relaxed
vegetation was allowed again to assume its sway,
resultiug in the presens dense, jungly growth. On
the management of the Bebe’s dominions being un-
dertaken by the British Government, the old line
of division as found was retained permanently with
much injustice to the inhabitants, as it had been
formely periodically open to revision. Since that
time the north half of the island has been very
rapidly washing away, while the south half hes if
anything, been increasing somewhat in breadth, The
north half cannot now annually support one-third of
the present population, while the south has become
a dense jungle, rapidly going to waste. It produces
annuelly under the present system only a few hundred
rupees’ worth of coconuts, which the Goverument
migot well commute for a fixed annual charge.

|
|

TaN. 1, 1902.]

For the marine observations and collecting, we had
within a stone’s throw of the house on the seaward
face of the island a broad reed-fiat, on which the
sea continually breaks. Towards the north this
gradually nsrrows, but westward broadens, and con-
tinues round the atoll. A broad boulder zone, which
can be waded conveniently up to half-tide, extends
the main (Minikoi) island inside the reef-flat to
Wiringili and thence to Ragandi and round the atoll.
These islets are merely rocky patches, the former
with a few coconut trees, under the shade of which
strangers are buried. Yowards the lagoon there is
a great sand-fiat, exposed at spring tides from 100
to 200 yards from the beach. The situation was
also chosen, as during the summer months the
south-west monsoon blows, the effect of which 1
wish particularly to study. Unfortunately the mon-
soon of 1899 was very abnormal, the prevailing winds
coming from west to west-north-west until the second
week in August, when the proper monsoon commenced,
bringing heavy rain in its train. The latter made
work extremely difficult and unpleasant ; the bottom
couid nowhere be seen on account of the surface
disturbance; bottom living animals contracied, or
retired into the sand or other shelters; the surface
fauna sank to considerable depths. .

The disadvantages of the position lay in the con-
siderable distanze of the house from the village and
from the north passage into the lagoon, through
which alone access tothe open sea could be obtained
in this monsoon. Natives had to be hired from the
village for each several job, and it wastoo far for
the children or fishermen to bring any. strange animals
they might find. The wind being dead in our teeth,
and the numerous shoals making short tacks necessary,
it was difficult to visit the northerly reefs of the
atoll, and on no occasion was I enahled to approach
them from seaward within about 200 yards.

During the month July and August a heavy easterly
swell came up with large rollers, three times dying
down and again regaining force. This swell was very
abnormal at the time of year, and apparently was
due to some cause completely outside the ordinary
winds and currents. On enguiry I ascertained that
it was also observed on the east coasts of Ceylon
and India and on the large Ocean Liners proceeding
from Ceylon to Albany. Subsequently I found that
it had been felt throughout the whole of the Maldives;
in Suvadiya and Addu it did considerable damage,
sweeping over islets and land, which had never been
affected before. The origin of the swell can only, I
consider, have been due to submarine volcanic dis-
turbances probably towards the Hast-Indian region.

During the first five weeks of our stay at Minikoi,
while [I was engaged in a survey of the land and
shores, Mr Borradaile cccupied himself mainly
with a thorough study of the land Crustacea.{ An

-jncautious exposure of the reef, while collecting,

then laid up with sunstroke, so that I had no option
but to send him to Ceylon, whence he was ordered
to return as soon as possible to England. For the

-yemaining eight weeks I was absolutely alone, being

deprived by illness even of my Singhalse servants.

I returned to Ceylon inthe middle of September,
Mr Forster Cooper shortly afterwards joining me
from England. After some unavoidable delay we

left Colombo on Oct. 18th for Male, the capital of

the Maldives and residence of the Sultan. Owing
to succession of accidents we did not arrive until
Oct. 23rd, when we at once landed our stores, trans-
ferring sufficient for a three months’ cruise to our
schooner. Ihe latter was lent to us by His High-
ness the Sultan; she was a vessel of about 16 tons,
built in the island, of coconut wood, moderately
seaworthy, but not laying within six points of the
wind. The Sultan also appointed Hassan Divi Velana-
manikofanu, his third vizier, toaccompany us, and
gave orders that every facility should be granted
to us. After presenting our offerings to the Sultan

{ Vide Mr Borradaile’s account in the same part
gi this publication,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST. 479

4
and his viziers, we sailed from Male for Goifurfe-
hendu (Horsburgh) atoll.

We at once had a house built on Goidu island
from which as centre we visited all the other land
of the atoll and the greater part of the reef. A
stay of altogether eleven days was made, and every-
thing was unpacked and properly stowed on the
schooner; the dredges and instruments were over-
hauled, and indeed all preparations were completed
for the work in Mahlos and other atolls. The reef-
animals were collected and preserved, being sent by
native boat to Male to await our arrival. On leaving
Minikoi I brought with me two boys, whom I had
taught to collect in that atoll; these I largely em.
ployed in Goidu and subsequently in other islands in
collecting the land fauna and flora,

The remainder of October, 1899, was spent in &
Mahlosmadula. This group of reefs really eonuices
three atolls, a smail central one separated frorn
larger on each side by narrow chaunels of over 100
fathoms in depth. The three lie on a shallow bank
which tapers to the north but has a broad base to
the south-east. The plateau is studded all over with
reefs, the outside ones forming a chain round the
perimeters of the three parts. The reefs along the
west side of the bank are for most part ring-shaped
small atolls (atollons or favo) with deeper water
(the lagoon or velu) inthe centre. On the east and
south sides, however, are isolated islands with fringing
reefs mostly from the boundaries. The genera} depth
of the tells is about 27 fathoms, most of the channels
‘between the numerous encircling reefs havin
20 fathoms. P we

The weather duriag our stay in S Mahlos wag
extremely calm, our vessel indeed being towed h
boats from island to island. This was singularly ba
fortunate, as usually strong winds may be depended
vpon in November. We had hoped to systematically
dredge a large number of the deep channels between
the reefs, that edge the atoll, As their general
depth is about 25 fathoms, this was found to be im-
practicable, rowing boats not having sufficient weight
to carry even the smallest dredges along a rough
bottom at this depth, Accordingly would be confined
ourselyes to a traverse of the whole south of the
atoll. Our first anchorage was off Turadu, an island
situated on the rim of a somewhat ill-defined fayo
at the south-west corner of the bank. We visited
every part of its reef and collected a few animals
The lagoon (velw) of the faro was dredged, vielding
Asymmetron and Ptyckodera from 20 fathoms The
island itself proved most interesting. Its rocky bar-
rier of beach-sandstone had in 1896 been overlapped
by the waves of a cyclone. These attacked the sand
behind, eating deeply into the island, with the result
that the beach-rock has been left in lines many yards
from the shore. The natives have now erected break.
waters round a great part of the island—and also a
new mosque—but in spite of these no trace of it is
likely to be Jeft in 20 or 30 years’ time, unless some
considerable change in the currents or reefs alters ita
condtereRe é

rom Turadu we visited all the reefs t abar
the_most easterly point of the whole Seay Eaene
at Hitada, Heddufuri, Mahrus and Duravantu AG
Cumfinadu we found some large rocks, standing up in
the lagoon well inside the boulder zone ; Bonellia was
living on the reef-flat, and Ptychodera was the most
abundant form of life on the shores of the island

We finally left for N. Mahlos on Nov. 29th but
meeting with strong currents to the west-south-west
we only fetched Kuderah-Heelu in the central atoll
that evening. However we reached Fainu in N. Mahlos
on the following day, aud remained there at anchor
three days, which were devoted to dredging and an
examination of the islands of Fainu, Kenurus and
Ingurahdu, and Berriam-furi faro. We then separated
from Mr. Forster Cooper dredging with the schooner
along the east side, and examining its islands and
reefs. ‘I meantime embarked ‘in a small open boats for
the western side, where the lagoon of the atcll is filled
up With a perfect maze of small reefs and shoals,

480

I first visited five of the lagoon islands, and ther,
w strong north-east breeze setting in, worked up
along the edge of the atoli, sailing from down
to dusk, apd anchoring at night to leeward of
the nearest reef. I examined all the reefs and
islands, and sounded the velu (lagoons) of all the faro
(atollons) along the western rim, rejoining the schoo-
ner on Dec, ll at tue uorth of the atoll, Unhappily
a series of collections, mide by myself and my boys,
to illustrate the populating of sand-banks _by both
animals and plants, was rained by my capsizing our
fishing boat near Cunderude, D
On Dec. 12th. after tuking in wood and water, we
sailed for Miladumadala, a similar bank to M thlos-
madulu but with relatively far fewer reefs and @ less
determinate rim. We anchored the same nignt at
Gutherdu, and at daybreak made sail tow urds the east
side of the atoll, Owing to a strong soubh-westerly
set of the current we took two daysin reaching Dorexdu
in the middle of the bank, a distance of seven miles.
’ Thisisthe island of a round f210, one mils in diameter 2
its lagoon has 19 fathoms of water, a depth which
makes the faro peculiar amony all its fellows in the
Maldives. We landed the same night for fiewood and
water, bat, none ot the latter being obtainable, were
compelled to sailat dawn. Astrong north-east gale com-
ing out, we stood up at the atoll and watered at Rym-
aggu, anchoring that night at Farnardn, a large island
on the east edge of theatoll, Whe islands of this rim
of Miladumadulu tend to be closely fringed by the reef
on all sides, and to have a iuli (shallow lake, French
barachois) in the centre, surrounded by mangroves,
through which the sea has in some found access,
While Mr. Forster Cooper dreaged with the schooner
down to Kendikoln, I visited ten of these islands in a
fishing boat; two were very small, three had definite
kuli or else mngrove swamps (Hkasdu, a large lake
swarming with a species of Leander), and four were
crescentic in shape, their kuli now open to the sea.
Kendikelu is one cf the largest islands in the
Maldives, being two-and-a-half miles long by
two-thirds of a mile in breadth. ‘There are four
kuli down the centre surrounded by mangroves,
which abound in rails; on their surfaces we saw
a few duck, while their waters, which are quite fresh,
four to five feet deep, teem with small fish. However,
as Ramazan, the Mehommedan fast month, was ap-
roaching, we had to hurry on, and only stayed two
nights, We accordingly, on December 19th, dredged
down to Landa, obtaining a large variety of sponges
‘and Polyzoa with a quantity of red Polytrema and
some nullipores, in addition to corals, of which the
black Dendrophyllia ramea was very abundant in 12 to
90 fathoms off the reefs: We visited and dredged Ma
and Eddu faro with three to four fathoms of water in
their velu, obtaining a few Cephalochorda, and ex-
amined some of the central islands of ithe atoll. At
Manadu we caught a single specimen of Yyphlos, which
js evidently very rare in the archipelago, since it has
i ame. ‘
ae amatall was reached on December 23rd; it
differs fro the preceding in being a true atoll, having
a well-defined, encircling reef, especially to the east,
and an open lagoon with but few shoals. We first
moved down the east side examining the reefs but
then dredged across to Innawari. The natives although
not actively hostile, were very unfriendly, so that
on Christmas morning we sailed down to Naifaro. The
ry rains now commenced and continued inter-
mittently with heavy squalls from the north-east for
a, month, makiog navigation among reefs difficult.
he schooner too was decidedly unpleasant as the
whole of our cabin accommodation had to be utilised
for storing our books, instruments and various col-
lections. We remained at Waifaro four days restowing
and repairing our vessel, as she had been somewhat
gtrained in the recent heavy weather. The time was
occupied in a survey of the neighbouring islands and
reefs, and in throughly dredging some of the passages
i ll.
Vie ae of all the islands at the north end of
Faditioly 1 found ubundantly strewn with the shells

winve

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Jan, 1, 1902.

of Spirula, Enqniring of the natives as to its “ fish,”
I was surprised to receive an accurate description of
it. It app2ared that the animals were extremely
abundantin January of 1897 in the channel towards
Miladumadulu., ‘They flouton the surface, and mag
be picked up with the boat-bailer. They are never
seen inside the atoll, but periodically occur in the
north-east monsoon in the open sea. None were seen
in 1898.” I offered a reward of 50 rupees for the first
specimen, but, although, eight or nine boats went
ont daily du-ing my stay, I did not secure’ one.
That the people of Najfaro and Innawari really
know the animal is undoubted. Yet thisis peculiar,
to I did not find on close enquiry that it was known
as the natives of any other pait of the whole archi-
palago, though its shell ocours sparingly everywhere,
The native name for the shell is markanu taludandt,
the heron’s key.

Leaviuz Naifaro weagain dredged accross the atoll
on a more southerly course, subsequently cruising
along the eastern side, dredging and examining the
islands and reefs, On Jan. 2nd, 1900, we set sail for
Mule atoil, anchoring off Helengeli the same afternoon.
This atoll is intermediate in its characters between
Mahlos and Faditfolu; except at the south end it has
practically no islands in the lagoon. There are
evidently great changes in its topography since the
original survey, two islands of tlie eastern edge at
least resting on their own reefs, having disappeared.
There seemed to be stiil greater alterations in respect
to the shoals in the lagoon, but in our somewhat
dependent position any real survey was impossible
owing to constant interference from Male. We,
however, saw some of the western reefs on our
way to Goifurfehendu, and on our return jour-
ney to Male, which we reached on J, oth,
1900, we dredged down as close as possible to
the eastern reefs. Further Mr Forster Cooper
in the middle of February made a most successful
dredging cruise of eight days in the atoll, taking 54
hauls, to ascertain the character of the bottom in
every position, and I at the same time visited
most of the ielands and reefs within five miles
of Male.

Ramazan had now commenced, and dependent a3
we were entirely on Mohammedan boys, it would
have been useless to continue our cruise. Our vessel
too wasin want of a thorough overhaul, the rigging
being very bad. After a couple of days in Male,
we had house erected on Hulule, the island of a
neighbouring faro, and at once transferred to it suffi-
cient stores for a stay of four or five weeks’
duration. ,

Hulule island is about 14 miles long by 800 yards
broad ; it is about 2 miles distant from Male. The
greater part of its surface is covered with coconut
trees, but a large patch along the western side has
been allowed to revert to jungle. The principal
trees are the banyan, candle-nut and Calophyllum,
the branches of which abound in frugivorous bats,
On account ef the island's proximity to Male,
where all foreign vessels for the group have to enter,
many plants have been introduced. For few of the
fruits thrive, but half-a-dozen brilliant flowers relieve
the everlasting green. Sweet-smelling plants, jes-
samine, frangspanni, roses and various herbs, make
the proximity of the mosque and village pleasantly
fragrant. The western shores are fringed with
Pemphis acidula, the white, perfumed flowers of
which prove agreat attraction to insects. As some
of our boys delighted in this work, the land fauna
and flora was exhaustively collected. As compared
with Minikoi, we found the insect and spider
faunas to be decidedly poor except in but-
terflies, although it may be deemed to be
throughly representative of any rich island
in the centre of the Maldives. A certain number of
insects must have been introduced with the plants,but
the successful acclimatisation of any considerable
number of the latter only dates back to the eruption
of Krakatao in 1883. Before this time pamice (feng-
da-ga, the water-swimming stone) was not knowa in

Jan. 1, 1902.]

the group. Lts fertilising properties have now been
discovered, and in many islands baskets of it are
collected and strewn over the garden land. The
capture of two specimens of snakes on pandanus trees
at Uvlule was of interest.

The whole faro is 4} miles long by 14 broad; its
lagoonlet or velu, in the centre hasa depth of 6 to7
fathoms. The reef everywhere is awash at low tide,
and, though differing greatly inits characters, quite
well defined on the side towards the lagoon of the
large atoll. Besides numerous rocks there are two
islands respectively at the north and south ends,
Farukolufuri and Hulule. Daring our stay every part
of the faro was surveyed, and the fauna carefully
collected forcomparison with that of Minikoi atoll.
Asynmetron was very abundant in certain places in
and around the velu, and at least three species of
Enteropneusts of two or three genera were found, each
in its own characteristic environment. Two speci-
mens of a remarkable Zhalassema, 2 feet long when
alive, were secured from the boulder zone, besides a
number of specimens of similar species. The sand
was remarkably rich in Actinians of any species, all
of which withdrew into the shelter of the sand at
every rain-squall, Mollusca were not numerous, but
Cryptoplax, Chiton, and each of the three families of
the Zygobranchiata were represented; autotomy of
the foot seems to be a widespread phenomenon as
several forms with the foot thus cut off were ob-
tained

We returned to Male in the middle of Feb-
ruary. Mr. Forster Cooper at once sailed for
his dredging cruise in the atoll, while I re-
mained to carry on a series of observations
on the currents in the channelson each side of the
island. During my whole stay I dispensed medical
aid freely tothe people. At this time there was in one
district of Male an epidemic of Malaria, with which
I was naturally much brought into contact. Mr
Forster Cooper returned to find that Ihad caught
the infection. I saw, however, our collections to date
properly packed for England, and the schooner
victualled and equipped. As complications set in and
I was getting worse instead of better, Mr Forster
Cooper on February 28th took advantage of the
chance visit of a British India Steamship Oo,’s
steamer to place me in charge of Capt. Pigott,
R.N.R.*. for Colombo. He himself determined
to carry out his part of the projected work, and
gpilvd from Male on March ard for the southern
atolls .

I cannot speak too highly of the pluck, deter-
mination and resource, shown by Mr Forster Cooper
who had had no previous experience of the topics.
He worked his native crew ina manner, which [ have
never seen excelled even in the Pacific, aud took
o less than 83 dredgings in five different atolls,
owever, I append Mr Forster Cooper’s report,
hich may be allowed to speak for itself,

“On March 3rd, accompanied by Mahommed
Didi as interpreter and representative of the Sultan,
I crossed over to S. Male, in which three days
were spent. Gurahdu island and reef were visited,
but neither land nor reef in the atoll appeared to
exhibit any novel features, The group consisting of
a series of almost isolated reefs, I dredged prin-
cipally in the outer passages and in the centre to
ascertain the differences in the bottom-fauna.
The hauls in the centre was very unproductive,
but in the channels a large quantity of
the same sessile forms, as in the northern atolls,
was brought up. Just inside the northern
passage a coral, Gonioporo stokest, was obtained; it
forms round heads on thick stalks, covered b any
epitheca, which is completely buried in the sandor mud.

“On March 6th we sailed on to Felidu atoll, where
we visited Alimata and Tinadu islands alone, at
- night anchoring generally to the nearest reef. Wo

~* J cannot sufficiently express my indebtedness to
this Soha for all ie kindness to me,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

481

remained eight days, but only took 18 hauls of the
dredges owing to head winds, strong current across
the atoll and dead calms. Indeed throughout the
whole cruise the unfavourable winds and the poor
sailing qualities of the schooner prevented us from
surveying as mach of the atolls and from taking as
many dredgings, asI would have liked. We attempted
for three successive days to get up the almost com-
pletely enclosed eastern horn of the atoll, but were
unable to tack up more than half-way. The lagoon
in it is open with few reefs or shoals, and hasa general
depth of 40 fathoms; its bottom is hard, covered with
sand, and absolutely unproductive tothe dredge. In

the rest of the atoll weed and broken shells
were found towards the centre of the lagoon
and rubble in the, channels. Diaserus is very

common almost everywhere and itsskeletou forms one
of the chief constituents of the rubble.

“We fetched Mulaku atoll on March 14th, and
remained six days, taking 17 dredgings. The atoll is
remarkable for the boad, almost continuous reef ;
along its eastern side. There area number of very
narrow, shallow passages to the north, but from
Maduveri to Curaille a distance of 30 miles, the reef
is continuous safe for a single passage opposite
Mulaku island. All the islands lie on the seaward
side of this reef; extending down its centre is a series
of long, linear velu (small lagoons), which off Rai-
mandu is double, two series lying parallel to one
another and the edges of the reef. In dredging I ran
two lines across the lagoon and then moved down along
the eastern side. Among other forms we collected a
large number of soft-bodied echinoids, a few black
crinoids and some holothuriaus, with which were
associated a number of Polychaeta, crabs, caribs and
molluscs. All were of the same ground shades as their
various Echinodermata, whose colour was, as it were,
photographed upon them,

“ Kolumadulu atoll was entered on March 21st, but
no work could be done from the schooner owing to
the calm weather until the 26th inst. I meantime
took the small boat out, and made various scattered
dredgings in the north-east corner ot the atoll with
but indifferent success, while I sent the collecting
boys to Kolufuri to obtain the land fauna and flora,
I did not personally visit any of the islands in this
atoll nor Haldumati, which we next dredged, as they
all appeared to me to present the same features asin
the northein groups. 1 was also anxious, as these
two atolls are almost completely encircled by reefs,
to ascertain precisely the characters of the bottom in
every part. I sailed finally rightacross the centre of
Kolumadulu lagoon, taking 16 dredgings down to 45.
fathoms and incidentally running the vessel ashore
on asmall reef, off which we warped her without any
great difficulty, The centre was found to be covered
with fine mud, on which a few Crustacea, molluscs
and flat-fish of small size alone appeared to exist.
We obtained also a larval form of Averasfer out of a
holothurian from 25 fathoms.

“Tn Haddamati atoll I took 16 dredgings in the
centre and eastern part of the lagoon, where the
bottom was mostly covered with fine mud. They
were very unproductive owing doubtless to the all
but continuous reef of the eastern side. Relatively
little work could be accomplished, as the schooner
wasin a horribly dirty state with bilge, etc.; she
also had been somewhat strined on the reef, and her
bottom was thickly covered with barnacles and weed

“To summarise, the cruise yielded between March
3rd and April 8th 88 dredgings in every part of the
lagoons of five different atolis. The hauls must have
averaged at least one mile each, and hence 88 miles
of the bottom was covered. The latter was found to
be of an almost uniform dead-level between the reefs
and shoals. which arising precipitously, uniformly
reach to within a few feet of the surface, It was to
most remarkable that we did not meet with a single

489 THE

\

knoll of any sort julting up to indeterminate depths.*”

After paying a second visit to the Jaffna district.
IT returned to the Maldives, having secured Sheikh
Jeevunjee Noorbhai’s steamer Lleafaee, Capt. Molony,
for a short cruise. [took on board at Male Moham-
med Didi, Chief Vizier and uncle to the Sultav, Mafe-
kilgefanu, the religious head of the community, and
Hassan Didi, third vizier, with their suites as wellas
a Said, descendant of the Prophet, who had a family
in Addu. After discharging some of our Male cargo
we steamed south down the deep central basin of the
group, coasting S. Male and Kolumaduluatolls, We
steamed into Haddumati atoll on April 8th, and re-
lieved Mr. Forster Cooper, who joined us. After trans-
ferring the collections, instruments and nets, we sent
the schooner back under the native mate to Male, and
at once sailedon to Suvadiva atoll, which we entered
by the north-east passage on the morning of the 9th.
This atoll lies between tke equator and lat. 1ON.; it
is separated from the central group by the “ Oue
and a half Degree Channel,” 55 miles in breadth,
It has a well-defined rimwith passages at intervals,
aud is about 34 miles long bya little less in breadth ;
its lagoon has a maximum depth of 50 fathoms. As
Addu atoll was to be our turning point, we now spent
only two days in Suvadiva, dredging and sounding
along the east side of the lagoon. We anchored
with banked fires for two nights at Nilandu and
Gadéu, and I further, leaving the dredging to my
eompanion; visited Wiligili and Kondai.

Addu is a small atoll, 10 miles long by 6 broad,
lying about lat. 0°40/S. Its reef is perfect except
for two small passages to the north and two larger
ones to the south. The lagoon has a maximum depth
of 36 fathoms; it is fairly open in the centre, but
against the encircling reefs has a perfect maze of
coral heads, arising from 7 to 10 fathoms. It is notice-
able that the greater part of the circumference of
the atoll is surrounded by land. The “ Equatorial
Channel,” 48 miles across, separates Addu and Suva-
diva. Inits centre is the island of Fua Mulaku, said
to have a deep kuli (lake) in its midst ; itis two miles
long by one broad, and has a firinging reef only.
On our passage to Addu, and subsequently on our
return journey, we tried to visit it, but the heavy
sea made both anchoring and landing quite impossible.
We romained at Addu until April 15, examining the
reefs and islands, in both of which there have been
great changes since Moresby’s survey. We also
checked the soundings on the chart, and took 14
hauls of the dredge in the lagoon and on the outer
sopes. In one of the latter from 40 fathoms we
obtained a large quantity of Heliovora coerulea with
almost colourless corallum, he vegetation of
the islands was far more luxuriant than any we saw
in other parts of the Maldives, but the land fauna,
was very scanty as compared with Hulule. The animal
life of the encircling reefs seemed to be both poorer
and less varied than to the north ;: the growth ot fixed
forms of life in the lagoon was, however. decidedly
lavish. f

Revisiting Suvadiva on our return journey, we
dredged and sounded within the lagoon along the south
and west sides, anchoring for three nights at Gaddu,
Nadalle and Havara-Tinadu, beyond which I did not
land anywhere. On April 19th we entered Koluma-
dulu, having in the morning coasted along the east
of Haddumati. We dredged the passage, as we entered
and dropped anchor at Buruni, at once going on
hore.

i On April 20 we ran a line of sounding across toS.
Nilandu, an atoll somewhat similar to Male. We
twice traversed the lagoon, anchoring that night at
Rimbudu. Six dredgings were taken in 19 to 35
fathoms ; they proved to be in their result the richest
series that were obtained in the whole archipelago,

CRT or aT aE ae ae RL Ey SLE EU UT TDL CAE SoA
* \v is scarcely necessary to point to the great im-

portance of this fact, as bearing on the question of the

formation of the atolls and reefs of the Maldives,

TROPICAL AGRICULTURISY.

[Jan. 1, 1902.

although I do not think we found any forms of which
we had not previously preserved specimens-

On April 21 we sounded the channel across to N.
Nilandu atoll, which we crossed. We then ran a
live of soundings to Wattaru atoll across the central
basin, which has very generally been supposed to
owe its origin to the lagoon of a much larger atoll,
now completely lost. We further sounded the channet
between Mulaka and Wattaru atolls, anchoring for
the night off Rakidu in Felidu atoll. On April 22nd
we sounded the channel between Felidu and Wattaru
atolls, and then ran a second line across to the
western chain, about 15 miles north of the first.
We sounded the channel between N. Nilandu and
Ari atolls, continuing northwards sounding at inter-
vals to Mahiaddu in the latter atoll, where we
dropped anchor. On April 23rd we made a straight
course for Male, putting down onr third line of
soundings across the central basin. We ran our line out
along the channel between N. aud S. Male atolls,
obtaining finally a depth of 1005 fathoms, two miles
S. W. 3 W. of the S. Point of the reef of Hulule
faro, That night we anchored off Male and, after
taking our collections on board, bade good-bye to the
Maldives on April 25, 1900.

The collections may be allowed to speak for
themselves in the subsequent parts of this publica-
tion, A word is necessary as to the dredgings, of
which 273 were recorded in the maldives. They were
inte ded to ascertain the character of the bottom
Within the atolls as well as its fauna in every
position, in which the physical conditions might
vary. Naturally a considerable number were under
these circumstances absolutely barren, but all served
their purpose. Seven dredges were used, hoth
rectangular and triangular, of Naples or Plymouth
models, as wellas au otter and three beam trawls of 3,
43 and6 feet. The latter were made to my own design,
and adaptation of Prof. Agassiz’ model ; they were
always thrown overboard, when we Were at anchor,
about one fathom of rope being allowed beyond the
depth, if the bottom was fairly level. For sounding
from the schooner and small boats, besides regular
lead lines, we used loosely spun cod-fishing title, as re-
commended by Mr, J ¥ Buchanan. Oa the steamer we
had an old Lucas deep-sea machine, which was lent
us by the Admiralty, Mr. lucas kindly providing
about 3,000 fathoms of wire. Of leads we employed
the Telegraphic Construction and Maintenance Oom-
pany’s snapper, and valved leads of the Admiralty
pattern. Other apparatus and instruments will be
referred to where necessary in the account of the work
of the expedition. J. STanueEy GARDINER*.

[Note. The collections of pla ts have been pre-
sented to the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya,
Ceylon. A full report on them willbe shortly pub-
lished in the ‘Journal of the Gardens” by Mr. J
C Willis, the Director.—J. S. G.]

eee

PEARLING IN TORRES STRAITS.
IBA Te lag, LL

The average person in the Southern States seems
to comprehend very little abont that portion of the
Commonwealth known as Thursday Island, and to
know next to nothing about the industry which gives
employment to fully 3,000 coloured men and 300 or
so of whites who make their home there.

Feople in Sydney have asked me, ‘‘ How many
pearls does a diver bring up in a day?” They
imagine that the bottom of the ocean is strewn with
pearls, and are quite surprised when told that pearls
are only ‘‘ perks,” and that the pearl-fisher is quite
content to gather up his tons of shel! and chance
to luck to once in a while get a pearl.

* This account has been checked by Mr. L A
Borradaile and Mr Forster Cooper,

JAN. 1, 1962.]

I was on Thursday Island last year (1900), aud
accepted the position of a clerk on one of the pearling
schooners. I deemed it would be a splendid opportu-
nity for studying the trade, and also would extend
my knowledge of anthropology.

The fleet that I wss to join was stationed about
50 miles out, and there happened to be a 15-ton
lugger taking stores out to the schooner on which I
was to work. I went on board, and in about two
days’ time we reached the schooner, and as soon as I
set foot on board the captain said, ‘‘ Pick upa knife,
and my son will show yon the way to open the shell
to look for pearls.” Sol went and sat by a big heap
of shell, and was soon busily engaged probing the
knife in and looking under the shellfish for them.

Tnere were coloured men all round me seated néar
little tubs, scrubbing the barnacles off the shell, and
washing away any superfluous shellfish that adhered
to the mother-o’-pearl.

The number of these tubs was about four or five,
and seated round each one were four or five men
scrubbing away and keeping their eyes on the skipper.
who was here, there, and everywhere, and growling
all the time. He seemed to confer mostly with
his bos’un, a big Arab, who stood about 6 feet 4 in.
jin his stockings, or more correctly, the bare soles
of his feet.

We were then, three whitemen, amongst, perhaps,
one of the most motley mixtures ever seen, There
were Japanese, Javanese, Filipinos, Arabs, Cingalese,
Southsea islanders, Murray isianders, boys from Rotu-
mah and New Guinea. We even had two HEsquimaux.
They were a trifle out of their latitude, were they
not ?

The tower of Babel seemed to be inthe course of
construction by the multitudinous varity of tongues
that were spoken.

Tt was just on 12 o’clock, and the cook pat his
head out of the galley, and sang out “ Chow, chow,”
and the island boys, accompanied by all the rest,
rushed towards a dish of steaming hot beef. and
commenced to fill their plates up with beef and rice,
and to dip their pints into a big bucket of the most
horrible ration tea that one covld imagine. This
then seemed to be their bill of fare—salt horse, rice
aud tea. The knife was the only requisite to assist
iy the repast, for instead of using forks most of
haem shovelled the rice into their mouths with their
bh nds. The top of the hatches served as a table.

Now some of these poor fellows could hardly eat
the beef, as most of if was bad, and as there was
nothing else on this sumptuous board they had to go
to the ship’s clerk (myself) and get tins of fish and
jam, which were debited to their accounts at about
twice the price that the same goods would have cost
on Thursday Island. In fact, Ihave seen a sheep
sold to one of these boys for £3, and a sucking-pig
brought owt about Christmas time was sold for two
guineas. As most of the crew on these schooners
get only 30s a month, and they are literally starved
into slop-chesting about a shilling’s worth of goods
everyday, they very often leave when their time is
up, say after two years of service, without any money
to draw at all, and are very often in debt a pound or
two to the master of the vessel.

In the afternoon the ship set sail, and the crew,
including myself, left our shell clipping and cleaning
and engaged ourselves in sailing her. The captain
came ont with his telescope, and locking all xound
the horizon at last spotted a lugger that bad been
absent for abouta week, and wishivg to collect her
shell accordingly set sail after her, On the way
towards this boat we must have passed about 20 or 30
other luggers, some of them belonging to our fleet,
and others working on their own account. One of
these boats, a lugger belonging to our fleet, hailed us,
and we inffed up to see what she wanted. The diver
on the Ingger, a Jap, called out, “ Me got sick man ;
you take him back along a schooner.” Our captain
yeplied. “‘ You make the animal work; he’s only
shamming.’’ The Jap retorted, ‘‘ No fear, him been

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

483

sick two tree day.” ‘ All right, send him
to the schooner.” So the sick man, who was
evidently suffering from a bad attack of sea

sickness—he was vomiting terribly—was conveyed in
the lugger’s dingy to the schooner. When the dingy
came alongside the captain caugnt him by the seruff
of the neck and hanled him over the ships’s side. He
called out to the bos’un, ‘‘ Come here, bos’un, and
make this man well;” and the Arab commenced
throwing a bucket over the drawing water, and whilst
the captain held the poor shrieking wretch he poured
bucket after bucket of water over him, and when he
had drawn about 20 buckets the next partof the cure
started, which consisted in kicking this Manila. man
round the deck three or fonr times, the captain swear-
ing of the bos’un for not kicking him hard enough.

It was a pretty sight to see all the luggers at work"
We passed hundreds of them, and divers were seen
in allsorts of dress and undress. The divers work as
scientifica!ly as possible, and some of them handle
boats with a command that is simply astonish-
ing. The boats are placed bows to the wind,
so that they will not drift too much; although, of
course, the boat is continually drifting, and the akaase
walks many miles on the ocean floor in his search for
shell. Probably, in very much worked ground, he
may walla mile without getting a single shell. A
diver told me that in one part where he was working
the muddy bottom below was just like a ploughed
field, the boot-marks of previous shell-seekers giving
it that appearance. The diveralso walks against the
tide, otherwise the mud stirred up would make it
impossible for him to see shell. Perhaps he sees a
school of whitefish. As these fish are the heralds of
sharks, he gives the signal to be pulled up, or ashe
would probably tell you, ‘I see shark, I fright, I
give single to be pull up. Now I have not, among
all the coloured men J have met on Thursday Island
heard one who could pronounce the word signal pro.
perly—they say ‘single’ to a man,

One of the most amusing things to be seen down
below, a diver will tell you, is the ‘monkey fish.’
These fish have enormous eyes, and in many respecys
resemble monkeys. They make hideous faces at the
diver, and are very hard to catch, diving in among
the weeds and mud when he tries to get hold of them,

Divers work on contract, getting from £15 to £25
per ton for their shell. It takes them, however, a
long while now to get a ton, as the grounds are 80
constantly worked. There was a time when a diver need
only work for a month or two and he would bring back
to the island enough pearlshell to keep him in food
and champagne for the rest of the year. Those
were the days when whisky was not sold by the
bottle, but‘if aman wanted any he would have to buy
the case full. Now it is merely 2 miserable existence
and a man may perhaps clear one hundved pounds
in the whole year, but then look at the wear and tear
on his constitution to do so! MHe rises at 5 in the
morning, has a hasty cup of coffee, puts on his diving
dress, and takes his first plunge, remaining under the
water until breakfast time; after breakfast he is down
again, walking miles on the bottom of the ocean un-
til mid-day; after about an hour’s rest he is at it
again, and works untilas late as the lizht permits.

Fancy working 12 hours a day at such an unhealthy

- employment, and for the remuneration of about £2 a

week and rations of the vilest kind! There is not a
white diver now in all the fleets, They have cleared
out long ago, as they were convinced there was nota
living in it.

Of course in the deeper water, say, for instance 30
fathoms, a man cannot possibly stay under all day
the maximum time being about five minutes, as the
pressure of the water is so great that he cannot re-
main under any longer. Some of the divers through
greed often lose their lives. The tender—the man
who looks after the life-line—sends down the signal
that the five minutes is up, but perhaps the diver
just at the moment he gets the signal to ascend espies
a nice patch of shell and tries to get it into his bag,

484 THE TROPICAL
One, two, three minutes pass, then he frantically
pulls at the life-line as a signal to be drawn up; but
too late! They pull him up, and what was but a
few minutes before a healthy, living man is an inert
paralysed mass. Lhe Japanese seem to be the most
reckless in this respect; probably it is on account
of their greed and eagerness to make money quickly
but more than likely it is because, being fatalists,
they regard death as a mere nothing, and as s90n
ag one man is brought up dead in the dress another
is eager and willing to put it on, and take his chance
as a diver. They tell you that ‘There are plenty
more Japanese in Japan,’ and if one dies it does not
matter so very much. : :

About a month after I had been on board, in which
time I had acquired a fair knowledge cf Malayo, and
a smattering of Spanish—picked up from the Filipi-
nos—and was well on the way to becoming a fair
seaman, a lugger came out from Thursday Island with
the captain’s wife on board. She, I learned, often
used to make these trips, spending sometimes three
or four weeks on board, and could steer and give
orders for the sailing of the vessel after the manner
of the skipper himself; but one day her nautical
knowledge received a great shock, It was beauti-
fully calm, and she was whistling, as is the wont of
sailors, for the wind to spring up. She was gazing
over the starboard side, when suddenly she espied a
a great green turtle floating along asieep on top of
the water.

‘Oh, Captain,’ she called out to her husband, who
was in the cuddy, ‘throw a tow-line over; there is
such a big turtle out there.’ ;

‘Get some salt,’ said the captain to a nigger who
was standing by, ‘and jump over and put some
on that turtle’s tails.’

Two of the coloured men jumped over and
eaught the turtle, but did not need any salt. The

augh, however, was very much against the skipper’s
wife when in due course the yarn yot round Thurs-
day Island that she had tried to catch turtle with a
hook; and so I haveheard lately the mere mention
of “turtle? one her enemy for life.

We used to fare pretty well out on the water

owing principally to having a splendid cook. This
man could make fine bread, beautifully light and
well cooked. He made his own yeast out of rice and
salt water. The ‘‘ Bombay curry” that he served
up was a savoury thing, and contained besides apples
and coconuts about 20 diiferent ingredints. ‘Then
there were ‘‘ beche-de-mer” soup and all kinds of
fish as our crew were always catching hundreds of
hem.
; Ini hose tropic® waters aquatic snakes are very
numerous. They are great flubby things mostly
about 9ft or 10ft in lenght, and when they are
captured and placed on the deck of a ship they
wriggle about, bnt cannot move an inch ahead.
They appear to be adapted for water for
water only. !

I had a slight attack of fever, which I must have
contrgcted on one of the mangrove islands, at which
wewere in the habit of landing; and feeling life
getting monotonus I resolved to return to my
native State—New South Wales.

If the Alien Restriction Act does force the
majorityof the pearlers to relinquish their business,
it will be a very good thing, as these bedsare now
nearly tota lly worked out, and cessation of work for
atleast five or six years is required. By this
time the young shell will have grown a good size
and there probably will be enough of it to finduce
while men to dive for shell once more.—Sydney Matt,
Nov. 23.

—_—_—_3—_-—

NATAL RUBBER,

(To the Editor “Natal Mercwry.”)
Sir,—Respecting the paragraph from the Agrt-
cultural Journal, regarding Professor Dunstan

AGRICULTURIST. (Jan. 1, 1909.

experiments with rubber grown in Zululand, I
think the professor must be sadly mistaken re-
garding its value. At the present time Para
rubber is selling at 43 and 4s ld. perlb. Itisa
well known fact that Para rabber is worth twice
as much perlbas any Afziean rubber. In 1895
and 1896 I had Natal rubber offered me repeatedly
at ls 8d perlb, but [ always thought it too dear
at the price. I remember Para rubber going up
to 43 9d per 1b just before the Baring Bank
failure ; and at that time there was some splendid
Madagascar rubberon the market, for which they
were asking 3s per lb, but it would not sell at
the figure, although itis the cleanest and strongest
rubber next to Para. Lhave bouzht flake rubber
as low as 6d per lb. I do not know any African
rubber which does not lose from 25 to 30 per cent
in washing and masticating. I have known
Mozambique rubber to lose 60 per cent in washing
and masticating, and all African rubbers lose from
25 to 60 per cent. I was never asked above 23
per lb, either in London or Liverpool, for Congo
Ball, and itis one of the cleanest and strongest
African rubbers known. Let him (the Professor)
send a sample to Moseley’s, of Manchester, or
Maclellan’s, of Glasgow, or W Warner, Tottenham,
and they will give its proper market value.
Rubber-growing ought to pay in Natal, if kepé
clean, and not too much sand is put in.—L am, &e.,
JAMES GREGSON.
P.S.—I simply write so that people may not
be disappointed if they invest their money in
collecting rubber, and then get half the price they
expected, African rubbersrun from Is to 2s per
]b, both in London ana Liverpool, according to
quality.—Natal Mercury, Nov. 28.

——_—__—_ ————__—__

PLANTING NOTES.

ASSAM TEA RETAILED IN CALCUTTA.—It is a
healthy sign of the times to find energetic tea
planters turning their attention to the retail sale
of their product. The latest recruit in this line
is Mr DH P Madden Manager of the Singlijan
Tea Hstate, Lahoal, Assam, who has opened a
depot at Calcutta for the retail sale of Assam tea.
—Indian Gardening and Planting, Vee. 5.

ANTI-MoOsQUITO WORK AND THE HEALTHINESS
OF SIERRA LEONE.—The Governor of Sierra Leone
Sir Charles King Harman has stated in a letter
which he has written to Major Ross of the Liver-
pool School of Tropical Medicine that out of four
hundred public servants, only three were on the
sick list towards the end of October, and those
were not suffering from malarial disease. The
Nursing Home was empty. His Excellency added
that he had inspected the work which was _ being
done by the Liverpool expedition under Dr Taylor
in draining and clearing up the town, and was
surprised at the improvement Dr Taylor had
effected. The population are much interested in
this anti-mosquito work, and have the intelligence
to understand the good that is being done for them
by the united forces of the Liverpool School and
of the Government of Sierra Leone. The figures
quoted suggest that thesick ratein Sierra Leone
has fallen below l per cent. This, ifit last, will be
phenomenal. Even in [India the sick rate amongst
European troops is about 10 per cent, and among
native troops about 3 per cent.— Reuter, Nov 20,

JAN. 1, 1902.3

Gorrespondence.
SH
To the Editor.

“AD VALOREM” DUTY FOR

IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
MR. C. SHAND’S VIEWS AND LETTER TO

AN THA

SIR MICHAEL HICKS-BEACH.

Kensington, Nov. 15.

Dear Sir,—I enclose copy of a letter I
have written to the Chancellor of the
Exchequer. It will not please high country
planters. I have read the Ceylon Chamber
of Commerce's correspondence on the subject
of the Commonwealth's proposal to lay an
ad valorem duty on tea, It has not induced
me to change my opinions. I have always
thought that what is sauce for the goose is
sauce for the gander. If an ad valorem duty
in Australia would be a premium or
bounty on the importation of cheap China
tea, would it not be the same on cheap
Indian and Ceylon tea? The memory of the

Chamber of Commerce appears to be very
short! They seem to have forgotten the
history of the Tea Trade during the past
10 or 15 years; they also ignore circum-
-stances passing under their own noses. I
have noticed that upwards of 300,000 pounds
of Ceylon tea, have been shipped to Hankow,
in the centre of the Chinese Empire!
What that tea would cost by the time it
arrived there, you probably can calculate.
No doubt it was used to make Brick tea;
but it appears that if China wanted cheap
“tea, she has to go to Ceylon for it. Does
this show that there is in China large
stocks of cheap tea to send to Australia ?
The incident appears to me to be a hobgoblin
set up to frighten His Excellency the
Governor into action in what does not
concern him. There is no “use in hiding any
longer the fact that the interes's of high
and low country planters are not identical.
The former, who are the minority, have
ruled the roost too long. They only pay
25 per cent of the Cess, the lowcountry
planters paying 75 per cent. No wonder
they propose to) double the Cess, to fritter
it away. in unpracticable schemes. They
will doubtless console themselves, when
they read my letter, with the reflection, that
the Chancellor of Exchequer is not likely
to pay any attention, to the representation
of a single private individual.—yours truly,

C. SHAND.
I see- by today’s newspapers that the Com-

-monwealth bas decided to impose a fixed
duty of 3d per pound. ! wonder if the

Chamber of Commerce would have protested,
if tea had been admitted free. Logically
they should have done so—a high rateable
duty is experienced of high priced tea. Thus

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

chases.

485

6d per pound is equal to 100 per cent on
common tea selling on an average at 6d,
whilst on 10-penny teait is only «bout 60 per
cent, thus the consumers of cheap tea
are unfairly taxed.--C.S,
52, Longridge Road, November, 1901,

Srr,—As the period is approaching when the
programme of the National Ways and Means will
be under your consideration, I have again the
honour of soliciting your attention to the question
of the Import Duty on Tea, which falls so inequit-
ably on the cheap descriptions, which are chiefly
consumed by the bread-winning classes, In the
event of the War in South Africa being prolonged,
and the exigencies of the Publie Service precluding
the possibility of your reducing the Duty, however
desirous you may be of doing so, I venture to sug-
gest that the injustice of its incidence would be
redressed by your substituting an equivalent ad
valorem duty in the place of the present rateable
one, As the principle of ad valorem duties is, as
I think you will admit, the basis of all equitable
taxation, whenever it can be applied, and is the
one adopted in nearly every civilised country
when it is desired to make those articles ot im-
govted and exported merchandise, which vary
preatly in quality and value, contribute to Reé-
venue. There is, I think, nothing unreasonable in
my suggestion, especially as there would be neither
difficulty nor trouble in assessing the value and
levying the duty. You are aware that practically
all the Tea imported into the United Kingdom is

Sold by the Importers (chiefly by auction in

bond, and that the duty is naid by the buyers
when they wish to take delivery of their pur-

In their entries at the the Custom House
the buyers would assess the value at the prices
they paid for the Tea, and calculate the duty
to which it was liable. The Custom House clerks
would check the valuation by simply inspecting
the duty-payers’ ‘‘bought-notes” or contracts,
Thus little more trouble is involved in levying an
ad valorem duty than in collecting the rateable
one. Linvite you kindly to compare ths facility
aud simplicity of this method with the trouble en-
taile! in levying the duty on Sugar, Tobacco,
Spirits, and other dutiable goods. The adoption
of the suggestion will be doubtlessly opposed by
all those who believe that expedieney and not
justice is the predominant principle that directs
your actions.—I have the honour to be, sir, your

obedient servant,
C. SHAND.

The Right Hon. the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer.

eR
COCONUT PALM WITH 27 BRANCHES.

Hanwella, 15th Noy,

Dear Sir,—With reference to your para re ‘“ coconut
trees with branches” in your paper of the 8th
instant, I have much pleasure to inform you that {
have seen a palm with several branches on it
I counted up twenty-seven branches but there
were some more—some of them had nuts, like the
parent palm, which looked very vigorous an
having a nursery of palms on its crow
The branches were flimsy anda great many
away. The palm!l am alluding to was at N
garden near the lake,

d sound,
n asit were,
had withered
1 egombo, ina
IT happened to pass by it in
1870, in a boat, when my attention was drawn to
it by the boatmen. I am not aware whether the
palm is still alive or not.—I am, yours faithfuliy,

AN EYE WITNESs,

486 THE TROPICAL

JAPAN TEA: RECORD LOW EXPORT.

Kandy, Nov. 27.
Str,—I herein enclose extract from the New
York Jowrnal of Commerce for the information
of those interested.—Yours, ete., A PHILIP,
Secretary, Thirty Committee,

( Enclosure.)

Mail advices received from Smith, Baker & Co.,
dated Yokohama, October 3rd, say: Since about the
middle of August the current prices of tea in Japan
have been below the cosé of production, and but little
tea has been picked meantime. ‘The available stock
has dwindled to 2 small supply, and will soov be worth
more for home consumption than for export. With this
issue we are approaching the close of the buying season
more near enough to predict with a fair measure of
occuracy what the total export of Japan teas will be as
corapared with last year, and we believe the shortage
will approximate one and three-fourths millions pounds,
in other words, that the total export will not exceed
thirty-six million pounds, So small an export has not
been recorded in fifteen years. The reason of this is
becoming more apparent and clear with each season’s
declining export. The cost of production in Japan
has steadily increasei from year to year for the last
decade, and the value of tea in America and Canada
at points of distribution has not advanced in like ratio.
Consequently the tea industry in Japan does not pay
is weil as in former years, nor a3 well as other
industries to which labour and land in Japan can be
pplied. Yokohama—Arrivals, 190,634; settlements,
185.054; stock, 5,580. Hiogo—Arrivals, 90,823; settle-
ments, 89,303; stock, 1,520. Arrivals at both ports,
281,457 piculs, against 298,312 do. same time last year,
nd 330,153 piculs in 1899. Settlements at both sports
274,857 piculs, against 294,507 do. same time last year
nd 321,716 do. in 1899,

ON THE USE OF ACETYLENE GAS
LAMPS IN TRAPPING INSECT
PESTS.

Peradeniya, Dec. 2.

DEAR StR,—Some interesting experiments
in trapping insects by means of Acetylene
gas lamps have recently been conducted by
Messrs. G Gastine and WV Vermorel, in
France. They have published the results
of their work ina small pamphlet, of which
the following is a resumé :—

For several years the vineyards in the Beaujolais
have been infested by a destructive Pyralid moth.
Many vine-growers had tried without success to
check the pest. The authors of the paper at-
tempted its destruction on the vineyard of Liergues,
in July last, by means of illuminated traps. The
Jamps used were served with Acetylene Gas: the
burner, with a naked flame, being fixed in the
centre of a metal basin with a diameter of about
18 inches. This was partly filled with water covered
with a film of petroleum: the burner projecting a
few inches above the level of the water. The
small generator was charged with 150 grammes
(about 4% 0z.) of Calcium Carbide, which quantity
kept the light in action for six or seven hours:
the flame being of a litile over one ‘“ carcel.’*
The generator supported the basin and was fixed
on a post at a convenient height. The lamps
were lighted between 8-3) and 9 p.m., and burned
ill day break, During the dusk it was found that
ew moths were captured, The big catches com-
menced after dark, when clouds of the moths ?were
fctedattra by the brilliant light. Some were singed
by the flame itself, but the greater number preci-

* * Carcel’’ is the French unit of artificial illumi-
nation, and is equal to the light emitted by a
standard lamp with a flame 40 mm. high and
burning 42 grammes of colza, oil an hour,

AGRICULTURIST. [JAN. 1, 1902,

pitated themselves directly into the basins.
the insects are very num-:rous,
tion of oil should be used to
ture. The trials commenced on
13th—14th July, with two lamps. One basin was
accidentally overturned: the other captured 4,650
of the moths, besides an assortment of other in-
sects. Wu another night as many as twenty lamps
were employed, a total of 64,090 moths. being
accounted for, giving an average of 3,200 for each

When
a greater propor-
ensure their cap-
the night of

lamp. The biggest catch in «a single bisin was
5,000. From the 13th to 3ist July, 17,000 of the
moths had been destroyed in this manner. The

average proporiion of the sexes
females and 38 per cent males.”

It is evident that such wholesale destruc-
tion of the moths must have a marked
effect in checking the pest. This method
of catching noxious insects deserves a
thorough trial in Ceylon. It would he parti
cularly applicable in such cases as ‘‘ Tort
rix”1, ‘‘Nettle-Grubs” 2, Red-slug’’3, and other

was 42 per cent

pests due to the, caterpillars of moths.
Whether it would be~- equaily effective
against helopeltis, ‘‘ Shot-hole Borer,’ and
other miscellaneous pests, can only be
proved by separate experiment in each
case. I have tried small oil lamps, with
out result upon either helopeltis or shot

hole borer. But insects that take no notice
of a small light, may be readily attracted
by a more powerful one. A special appa-
ratus, with which I hope to conduct ex-
periments against our various winged insect
pests, is now being constructed for me.

E. ERNEST GREEN,

Govt. ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE NEW PROCESS FOR FERMENTING
THA.
FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE
ISOLATED ENZYME,
FROM THE DISCOVERER, MR. NEWTON.
Kurseong, Nov. 22,

Sir,—It was with great pleasure that I
read Mr. Bamber’s criticism on my _ pro-
posed new process of fermenting tea. I
have always looked up to him as the greatest
authority on the chemistry of tea manu-

‘facture, and his difficulty in finding and

isolating the teaenzyme in Ceylon goes far
to ccrroborate my contention, tuat the better
the quality of the tea the more enzyme it
contains, as in the best class Darjeeling teas
it is easily demonstrable and there is no
difficulty about isolating it.

Mr. Bamber has evidently had very little
experience with plant enzymes or he would
not say they increase in quantity after
plucking, it being one of their peculiarities
that they neither increase nor diminish in
quantity, when separated from their original
source, although they have the power of
oxidising quantities of the product to which
they are adapted.

In the Chemistry and Agriculture of Tea
by Mr. Bamber, he says that the essential
oil is considerably increased in quantity

1. Capua cofearia, Nietner.

2. Thosea cana, Wik.: 1. recta, Hmpsn.: Natada
nararia Moore, &.

3. Heterusia cirngala, Moore,

Jan. 1, 1902. ]

during the process of manufacture. This
hardly agrees with his present statement,
but this is immaterial, my contention being
that during the process of oxidation certain
ethereal flavouring substances are formed
which give flavour and aroma to the tea,
and that by the addition of a proper enzyme

more of the cell contents are rendered
soluble, thereby increasing flavour and
strength. Undoubtedly if a large excess of

enzyme is added, or it is allowed to act for
too long a time, there will be a loss of
delicate flavour through the over-oxidation

and rendering insoluble these delicate
flavouring materials, the, same as there
would be by over-fermentation, but. the

one can be guarded against as easily as the
other.

By the addition of the enzyme to most
teas, the infusion is considerably improve
in body and colour, by the larger quantity
of the cell contents vendered soluble, and
it remains to be seen whether with all teas
an improvement in the flavour takes place,
I sincerely hope that for the sake of the
tea industry it does not, as that would mean
a levelling-up of all qualities.

T have known of the oxidising enzyme in the
tea tor a considerable time, but have always
hitherto thought it inadvisable to try to
introduce chemistry into tea manufacture,
in case we might reduce the industry to a
level with that of Indigo. But now that the
Japanese and the Ceylon and Indian Tea
Planters’ Associations have taken the matter
up, it behoves all of us to do our best.

Unfortunately our tea season up here is
over for this year, so I am precluded from
continuing my experiments in manutacture
and am reduced to those of the laboratory.

The enzyme can be demonstrated in the
tea leaf by crushing a leaf, and then adding
a few drops of tincture Guiac, when a blue
colour will appear. It may be necessary in
some cases to add a few drops of Peroxide
of Hydrogen, to intensify the re-action or,
in extreme cases, when there is deficigncy
of enzyme and an excess of tanning, to dis-
solve out some of the latter first with alco-
hol. If the chemically pure article is re-
quired it can be dissolved out of the tea
with water, the tannin absorbed with ge-
latin, and the enzyme precipitated by add-
ing five volumes of aleohol. -Yours faith-
fully, C. R. NEWTON.

ES

PLANTING. NOTES.

igi up to-pate: UseruL INFORMATION
FOR PLANTERS.—Apropos a correspondent’s
request for further information with regard
to Fiji, we have pleasure in publishing a few
para-graphs from ‘the Statesman’s Year
Book” for 1901, which may be of interest to
him and other readers :—

For the purposes of native government the
colony is divided into 17 provinces, in U1 of which
a superior native chief exercises, under the title of

2oko Tui of his province, a form of rule which re-
cognises to alarge degree the customs and the
system of administration by which the people
governed themselves prior to the establishment
amongst them of a European form of government.
Tn six of the provinces there are European officers

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

487

as commissioners. About 175 native chiefs of in-
ferior degree are employed by the Crown in subor-
dinate administrative capacities, and receive
salaries from the Government. There are also 35
native stipeadiary magistrates associated with 10
Kuropean magistrates in the administration of
justice. A Huropean commissioner resides in
Rotumah,

With regard to religion we learn on the
same authority, that the number of persons
attending worship in the native churches
of the Wesleyan Mission in 1899 was 94,052
and attending the churches of the Roman
Cxtholic Mission, 9,195. Two public schools
receive state aid to the extent of about
£75) a year, one in Suva and one in Levuka.
During 1899 the Wesleyan Mission had 1,499
schools with 26,464 scholars, while the Roman
Catholic Mission had 146 schools with 1,832
scholars. The revenue and expenditure (ex-
clusive of that on account of Polynesian and

Indian immigration) for the four years
providing to 1900 have been as follows :—
Year. Revenue. Expendi
1896 £73,869 £13,090
1897 74,492 73,232
1898 94,165 87,594
1899 98,621 ie 95,568

Production and industry are described as
follows :— ‘

There are five sugar mills in the Colony, with an
aggregate nominal daily output of 204 tons of dried
sugar, one tea factory, with an aggregate nominal
daily output of 400 pounds of dried tea, 16 boat-
building yards, two soap works, two saw mills, In
1899 there was under cultivation by Kuropean
settlers :—Bananas, 2,228 acres; coconuts, 20,891
acres ; maize, 518 acres ; sngar-cane, 23,160. acres ;
yams, &e., 177 acres; tobacco, 34 acres; peanuts,
230 acres: tea, 210 acres; rice, 714 acres ; pine-
apples, 157 acres, There were in the colony at
the end of 1899, 2,083 horses; 16,940 cattle ; 995
oneee H ane % 146 Angora goats. ‘

n 18 the value of the total rei
trade for the year was £744,900, es
£263,044 was imports and £481,856 exports

Lhe principal exports in 1899 were—sugar, 28 403
tons, valued at 340,603/.; copra, 7,617 tons
valued at 77,330/.; green fruit (consisting chiefly
of bananas), 30,6072. ; Colonial distilled spirit,
132,440 gallons, valued at 16,3432. ; pea-nuts 29)
tons, valued at 3,182/.; pearl-shells, 39 tons
valued at 3,092. ; béche-de-mer, 37 tons, valued ab
2, 3440. 5 maize, 13,660 bushels, valued at 1,3662
vanille 9 ewt., valued at 10500, j ue

uring the year 1899 the total nur

chant vessels entered atthe ports Rouen
arriving in the colony was 96 steamers of. lS 237
tons, and 34 sailing vessels of 13,462 tons, Of these
vessels 115 were British, two American, eight Nor-
mesiat two German, one Danish and two Tongan

ota 9 g i 5447
To onnage entered and cleared in 1899, 235,447
In 1899 there passed through th ice i
local correspondence 267,910 hee ee
papers, and 30,570 book-packets; and in forei
correspondence 153,536 letters, 145,637 Saneral
23,009 book-packets, and 1,278 parcels. A Mone :
Order system has been established with the United
Been Sones and the Australian Colonies

n overland telephone trom 90 miles,
has been gouseineted! Meese aoe

Moneys, weights, and meas
! ; ! ures are the same
in the United Kingdom, aaah’

488 THE TROPICAL

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

Referring to Kenghung tea, the British Consu
at Chiengmai, Siam, says :—‘‘Theimport of this
tea to Chiengmai and Moulmein is a novel one.
The Yunnanese purchase the tea chiefly in cir-
cular bricks for convenience of pack transport in
the town of Kenghung which is the centre of a large
tea-growing district, This tea brought south is
of an inferior kind, being the older shoots of the
‘mieng, or tea plant. it is steamed like
rice in copper pots, with a cloth over the
mouth of the pot and when _ sufficiently
steamed is turned out and squeezed in the
cloth till fairly dry, when it is ready for sale.
The weight of one of these pudding-like bricks
has been found to be 1 lb, 12 oz. The pricein
the Kenghung market is from 6d to 10d per
choi (3 1-3 |b); in Chiengmai, from 14 rupees
(ls 8d) to 14 rupees (2s); and in Moulmein, from
% rupees (2s 8d) to three rupees (4s). The tea
is rather strong to European palates, but is ap-
preciated by Burmese and Shans, who steep it in
water before using. The best class of Kenhung
tea does not come south, but is transported ia
cubes to the Yangtze, where it finds a better
market. The medium class is taken by Talifu
muleteers to Mandalay tor Burmese consumption.
This same ‘ mieng’ grows wild on all the hills
sound Chiengmai, and there is a large loca!
consumption of the leaf, not as a beverage, but
is a quid for chewing and eating.”

The Mexicans grow coffee, but they do not

Yink much of it, and as for tea, the rural Mexican
8Carcely knows what it is. They have their own
€rmented drinks, and very deadly they are.
There are three beverages which in Mexico super-
sede wine in the taste of the common people, and
convert thousands of fine men and women into
wrecks. These are pulque, mescal, and agurdt-
ente. Pulque is the favourite drink of the res-
pectable class who are not satisfied with ordinary
wine. It is regarded as an exquisite luxury.
The Mexican writers generally glorify this con-
coction. It is peculiar to the country, being the
product of a magnificent plant of the aloe tribe,
the Agave Mexicana, which is amazing in its
sugary richness. A far more deadly drink is the
famous mescal, another fermented extract of the
amaryllide or aloe tribe of plants, For tke rural
Mexican this mescal is the most precious of all
potations. It is distilled from a very different
species of the aloe—very different from the ordi-
nary pulque-producing agave. The mescal plant
is a kind of century flowering giant cactus ; that is
to say, it shoots out a magnificent spike of bloom
only after an interval of many years.x—H ¢ C Mail
Noy. 29.

ee, ey
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO.

The report of the Colonial Secretary of
Trinidad for last year shows considerable
prosperity in the colony, in spite of the ex-
port of sugar being the smallest for 20
years past. ‘The revenue was greater than
in any of the previous five years, and was
much in excess of the expenditure. The pub-

|

AGRICULTURIST. (JAN, 1, 1902

lic debt at the end of the year was £918,472,
or less than 18 months’ revenue, and more
than three quarters of itrepresented directly
remunerative public works, especially the
railway. Large harbour improvements are
in contemplation, and a complete system of
roads, connecting the settled districts and
opening new country, is about to be carried
out. Lhe margin of taxable capacity is
large, for the taxation is light and is mostly
indirect. The imports amounted to 24
millions sterling, and the exports to a little
more, Cocoa, sugar and asphalt are the
staple exports. Of thecountries sending im-
ports Great Britain sent about a third last
year, Venezuela and the United States about
x fourth each. The transit trade, which
forms about a quarter to the total trade
of the colony is almost wholly with Vene-
zuela, Hven the heavy additional duty of
30 per cent on imports from Trinidad, im-
posed about ten years ago by Venezuela, has
not killed this trade, thanks to the natural
advantages of the position of Trinidad. The
island, too, is favourably situated for com-
manding the trade of the rich Orinoco
valley, which is now being in some measure
developed from Trinidad. Cocoa is now
the staple product of the colony ; the area
under its cultivation is nearly twice that
under sugar, and _ is extending daily. Cocoa,
however, is not, like sugar, a manufacture,
and a given quantity of it represents far less
expenditure on wages than is the case with
sugar; but it maintains a large number of
peasant proprietors. As to the sugar in-
dustry, the old system of a boiling house
attached to each plantation has passed away;
the planter is now primarily a manufac-
turer, and cane farmers have come into
existence who do nothing but grow the cane
and then sell it to the mills. The farmers
are in Many cases peasants with only a
few acres cultivated by themselves and their
families. The population is about 272,000,
the East Indians numbering about 78,000.
** Throughout the bulk of the population
the proportion of African and SHuro-
pean blood in each individual is un-
ascertainakle. The oldest Crevle families
of European extraction are of French
or Spanish origin, and a Corsican ele-
ment has contributed many Italian names.
A French patois is the common language
in the north of Trinidad, and in certain
places Spanish is generally spoken. In Port-
of-Spain there are always Venezuelan, Spani-
ards, and many Portuguese shopkeepers. In
the country the shops are frequently kept
by Chinese.” The report states that life is
easy in the colony, the demand for labour
is in excess of the supply, and so wages
are high; the Creole labourer values leisure
above all things, and so Hast Indian labour-
ers are imported. These almost invariably
remain at the end oftheir term, and swell
be ranks of free labourers and peasant
proprietors, though they are entitled to be
restored to their own country if they so
desire. The Indians are always thrifty, and
there is no intermarriage between them and
the negroes.—London Times, Nov, 26,

‘

~ been several months in the Island.

JAN. 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

NOTES FROM THE NORTH.

HARVEST AND OLD COFFEE DAYS IN

CEYLON.
TEA AND WEEDS VS. CLEAN TEA AND BLIGHT.
Aberdeenshire, Nov. 25.

T see you are off to the land of the wild
Hindu, and am sure you'll enjoy it. I always
think Hindustan and its people are so high caste
compared with any other nation: There is some™
thing swagger about those high caste Rajahs that
we can’t come up toinour sober Britain. Tll be
looking forward to your notes on your travels.
We have had a very goodharvesting, although, of
ecurse, farmers are never pleased. I am, however,
struggling along, glad to have good health, and
always working beneath my estimates, That is
the only plan to keep on the safe side, Grain
is going up very much in price, which we rejoice
in, but beef and mutton are drooping, the people
are eating too much foreign stuff. Live stock
killed at the port of landing must be poor
eating, as they have been sea-sick and the meat
soft, In an interesting article in the Observer
yinder the heading of ‘‘ Planting in Java,” the
writer deprecates an ultra-cleanliness from weeds
as being conducive to an increase of diseases in
tea, and that ‘grey blight’ first made its appear-
ance, in Java, on an estate, kept extra clean by
a Ceylon planter, I quite agree with him, and
have always maintained that hand weeding was
the worst thing that could be done, as it caked
the surface, and kept the air from getting at
the roots. Of course it is very pretty to see a
clean estate, but one, not quite so clean, with the
weeds dug in with forks, is much more profitable.
I also observe that Mr Heury Cottam, ir his
* Uva Revisited,’ in reference to the coffee which
he was still flourishing, says that it evidently
likes to grow native fashion, and that cultivation
and artificial manures helped to kill it. This is
also quite true: the coffee estates which were
most highly cultivated, and got the greatest
quantity of artificial manures applied to them,
are now the most dead of any in the Island,—
Queen Anne is much more lively than they.
This same penchant for artificials has ruined many
a farmer in this country, beside leaving the farm,
which he had on lease, as barren as the desert
of Sahara.

In J LS.’s notes of his planting career, he
refers to the Directory of 1864-65, and does so
in a somewhat disparaging way, because it ap-
peared without his name init, although he had
I also have
the same complaint to find with the 1864-65 Vol.
for I had been several months in K D & Co’s,
office in Kandy before it came out, and yet my
name was conspicuous by its absence. [remem-
ber visiting Gona-Adika, when J LSand Spencer
Shelley were sina durais to Greenwood, and we
played cricket on the barbecue, with a gang of
coolies to field forus; and, although that was 36
years ago, I have no doubt we three are still
good for a game of cricket, if wehad the leisure
and the opportunity. I dare not write more of
those old days, else Pll weary you; so with plenty

salaams and best wishes fora Merry X’mas and
a Happy New Year, COSMOPOLITE,

62

AGRICULTORIST.

489

THE LATE SIR GEORGE BANNER:

MAN, BART.
(By one who knew him )

“«Mr. Bannerman’ had been = settled
in Canada for ten years when he took a
run home to Aberdeen, where he was
born and his family had been located from
time immemorial down to modern times»
and a city his uncle, Sir Alexander Banner-
man, had represented in Parliament. In
Aberdeen he met R B Tytler who told
him that Ceylon was the place, and coffee
the means, by which to acquire a fortune.

The advice sounded good to the Canadian;
so he determined to follow it, and clear
out of Canada as soon as he could. He’
came out to the island, bringing many
letters of introduction, including more than
one to the great firm of that day as
agents for coffee estates—Keir, Dundas & Co.,
Kandy—and sought a billet. None of the
introductions provided a _ berth for him.
John Gavin, the managing partner then of
K D & Co., a rough diamond, brought
out more of the roughness of his nature
than the better side when the applicant for
a berth sought him. But this better side
was amply shown afterwards when Banner-
man, ill with fever, lay almost friendless
in Nuwara Eliya. Often in after years did
he talk of the great kindness he. there
received from the Gavins. Often also did
he ‘yarn’ about his experiences when
after first landing at Galle he proceeded to
Colombo; but any one of that date could
probably very fairly fill up the details of.
that journey themselves.

“One of the first estates he stayed on was
Charles Dixon’s

MAHABEERIATENNE IN DUMBARA.

They had travelled by the same steamer:
Here he mane acquaintance with Ceylon
parrots and pigeons, and afterwards. used
to declare they were not to be equalled in
beauty elsewhere, any more than the road
thither from Kandy was easily excelled in
beauty. He was always a keen admirer of
nature, and especially interested in birds,
which he skinned skillfully and very readily
for friends who formed collections. At
Mahabeeria was a tall old Scotchman, named
Bruce, of about 6 feet 6 or7 in height, to
whom he at once took. Bannerman was
well above 6 feet and broad in proportion ;
but he felt small beside Bruce who came
from some sugar estate in Jamaica, and
used to tell of having yellow fever there
and of his coffin being prepared by an
enterprising carpenter, and not being required
that time was kept by the tradesman
standing in his shop on end like a great
sentry-box. It was there when Bruce left
the West for the Hast Indies! Bruce got
on well with coolies though he could master
no Tamil, and only addressed them in
broadest Scotch. He was when first Banner-
man saw him stoking an engine with ebony
—no doubt small wood and worthless but

490°

one: fresh from England was accustomed to
regard all ebony with a certain amount
of respect and the proceeding rather
startled the newly arrived! He took
Bannerman to neighbouring estates and
introduced him to planting life. Amongst
other places he took him to Rajawella
(then lately recovered by the Lindsays
and Aberdeen Haddens from the Oriental
Bank, as the result of their great law-suit) ;
and showed him the fine coffee trees planted
by Colonel Lindsay between the road and the
bungalow, then over seven or eight feet high,
some nine feet apart, now represented only
by stumps in the rooms of the Ceylon Asso-
ciation in London, taken home by the late
Peter Moir. On Bannerman asking how the
fruit was gathered, Bruce said they keep
some ‘climmen boys’ (anglicé climbing boys)
to: pick. it.

“The first berth was given to Bannerman by
Dr. Kelson, to whom he was on a visit, and
who had

A WATER-WHEEL

he wished. putup. He asked his visitor if he
could erect it, and received as answer ‘Cer-
tainly.’ Kelson asked if he had ever put
oneup, and was answered ‘Never.’ ‘Then
how do you know you can put it up?
The question seems almost ridiculous to the
visitor who was. ambi-dextrous and could do
anything with either hand from fine
fretwork to buildinga house or factory: and
in rough building had had great experience
in. Canada. The answer on the other hand
seemed: mere self-confidence. At last Kelson
offered a sum down to be paid when {the
water-wheel was satisfactorily in it place.
@n this Bannerman made 50 per cent, and
never after that did he lack a;berth. He
was always fond of Kelson who gave him
@ start as planter. He afterwards was
superintendent of one of the Haddens’ estates
under James F Moir, and was the first
with him when he was poisoned. There are
still some alive who remember that tale.

‘¢ Bannerman left the island with Stewart
and McIntyre for Cochin, where he ‘suffered
severely from fever and afterwards went
to Goa, Where he cleared land for coffee and
where. he suffered more severely still from
fever. He finally left India in June, 1868,
for England, and never afterwards quitted
Britain’s shores. He married in 1869 the
eldest daughter of Mr. Richard Brooke, F.S.A.;
niece of Mr. Charles S Hadden. He was also
uncle to Mrs. John Anderson, of Gorthie,
Dikoya, and stood as great uncle to her
children, so he had many ties with Ceylon
beside those of friendships.

‘“‘He used to be interested in ‘the Ceylon
Mounted Infantry,’ for in Canada he had
raised the St} Thomas Traop of Volunteer
Cayalry when, the Crimean War had denuded
of regulars all those colonies and they found
they had to provide their own forces. The
Canadians were not slack in that respect
than any more than now. Captain Banner-
man retained the command of his. troops
until 1860. when he retired, retaining rank
and right to wear the uniform.

‘“‘He succeededto the baronetcy on the death
in 1877 of his cousin Sir Alex. Bannerman of
(Yrimonmogate, Aberdeenshire, the estate of

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Jan. 1, 1902.

Crimonmogate falling to Sir Alexander’s only
child, Ethel Mary Elizabeth, now married
to Lord Carnegie, son of the Earl of
Southesk. The baronetcy was conferred by
Charles II. upon Sir Alexander Bannerman
for ‘his constant loyalty during the rebel-
lion and of the heavy calamities he had
suffered on that account.’ The history of
the family is written in that of A berdeen
and lately Brown, the publisher there, has
been printing a good deal about the later |
members, including that inveterate joker, the
first M.P. for the town, Sir George and
Lady Bannerman settled at East Hill,
Brackley, Northamptonshire; and when
Brackley received «a new charter granting
the place a Mayor and corporation Sir
George was named in the charter as the
first mayor.

Sir George was a good shot and fisherman,
a fine man physically, a fond father, and true
friend. He will be long missed. His suc-
cessor as the eleventh baronet is his only son,
now Sir Alexander Bannerman, Bart., in the

Royal Engineers, who is serving in South
Africa. He received his orders the day
after war was declared, immediately em-

barked. and has ever since been hard worked
in almost every part of the field of operas

tions. _He was honourably mentioned by
Lord Roberts.

aera
TIGER MEASUREMENTS: MR DEANE’S

RECORD BEAST.

(To the Editor, ‘*‘ Madras Mail.” )

I had the pleasure of measuring a male tiger
shot by Mr Deane on the 23rd ultimo, which
taped 10ft. 34in. measured from tip of nose to
tip of tail, as he lay. Subsequently, on reading
‘‘Tiger Measurements” in the ‘‘ Encyclopedia of
Sport,” I see that the record authenticated
measurement is that of a tiger shot by the Maha-
rajah of Cooch Behar, measuring 10ft. 24in. It
would be interesting to know whether the tiger
shot by Mr Deane is a record one.

Peermaad, 15th Dec. DW ARTHUR.
—Madras Mail, Dee. 18.

a A

NEW RUBBER COMPANY.

Anglo-South American Rubber Synd, Ltd.
(71,918).—Registered Nov. 20, with capital £1,000
in £1 shares, to acquire lands, plantations or
estates in Bolivia, Peru, Brazil er elsewhere, and
to carry on the busiuess. of India rubber, gum,
coffee, tobacco and general planters and merchants,
explorers, etc. No initial public issue. Regis-
tered without articles of association by TT Hull &
Son, 22, Chancery Lane, W.C,—Jnvestors’ Guar-
dian, Nov. 30.

ee ee

HINTS FOR ORANGE GROWERS.

Treatment of the soil with gypsum, followed
about ten days after by very weak solutions of
iron sulphate, enables many possessors of orchards
of Portugal oranges to retard the ripening
of the fruit for some considerable time,
at vhe same time these substances tend
to fix the fruit on the tree. The blood
orange, which can be successfully cultivated in, so
few countries, in Egypt improves in every genera:

JAN. 1, 1902.) THE TROPICAL

tion upon its parent. It is grown from seed. Those
whose crops do not come up to expectations,
especially those who are experimenting with new
varieties, should recollect that orange trees require
plenty of soil, copious watering, accompanied by
perfect drainage and plenty of manure. They can
rest assured that the orange will most surely give
a full return tor all nutriment properly given to
the soil. From an average of several analyses of
orange trees the following percentages have been
obtained :—Fresh fruit contains 0.38 nitrogen,
0.40 phosphoric acid, 0.38 potash; tresh leaves
contain respectively 0,70, 0.10, and 0.38; while
fresh wood contains 0.70, 0.50, end 0.73 of
nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. In return-
ing these substances to the soil it should be noted
that the effect of nitrates is to produce excessive
growth of wood, leaves and skin; phosphates pro-
mote quantity, but poorness in the fruit ; potash
dwarfs the size of the tree, but increases juiciness,
sweetness and flavour in the fruit. Accordingly
none are in themselves sufficient fertilisers but
combined in proper proportions they complement
each other, counteract each other’s bad qualities
and produce the desired results.—Hgyptian
Gazette, Dec. 2,
en

DEVELOPMENT OF
GUIANA.

INDEPENDENT PLANTING EFFORTS VINDICATED.

With reference to a letter signed ‘ Fair Play ”
and publislied in our issue of November 15th, deal-
ing with the development of British Guiana, we
have received letters in reply from Mr. J E Tinne
and Mr. Allan Messer, trom which we give the
following extracts. Mr. Tinne writes :—‘ Dr.
Morris spent ten days in British Guiana with the
Royal West India Commission in 1897, and dur-
ing that time he, attended the inquiry and visited
my own and othet sugar estates, and delivered an
address to the Royal Agricultural and Commer:
cial Society upon the possible agricultural products
of the colony other than sugar, and after the
issue of the report of the Commissioners the retir-
ing president of the society, Professor Harrison,
subsequently replied as follows :—‘ Dr. Morris has
alluded to the great fertility of the interior of this
colony. I do net knew on what grounds he based
his supposition of this great fertility. I can find
no grounds for believing that, in a country hav-
ing the geological structure the interior of this
has, great tracts of, land of exceptional fertility
will occur, although possibly tracts of limited area
may occur in valley land and river bottoms or on
the lines of dykes of certain classes of iatrusive
rocks. I may mention that asfar as my analytical
examinations of some hundreds of the soils of the
interior and seaboard of this colony extend, no
indication of exceptional fertility in soils other
than those of our alluvial coastlands have been
obtained. All point to the wisdom of our Dutch
predecessors in ceasing their attempts to raise eco-
nomic agricuitural products on many of the soils
of the interior.’ The proprietors of sugar estates
do not deserve ‘Fair Play’s’ sneer; they have
never claimed to be held up as benefactors of the
colony because they expended money liberally from
private resources to keep their estates and labourers
in existence. They did so for self;preservation
for sugarcane is a continuous crop (unlike beet-
root), and niachinery unused even for a year in
he tropics rapidly’ deteriorates. As regards their
‘ontribution to the general revenue, I would refer

THE BRITISH

AGRICULTOURIST. 491

him to the tax ordinances, which will give him
the information he desires. I am-:totally unaware
of Mr. Lainv’s reason for voting as he did ; he
certainly does not take his instructions ‘from my
firm, nor do we fetter his judgment in any way,
and in the combined Court he represents Berbice,
and not us.” Mr. Messer writes :—‘* Sugar estates
in British Guiana do pay adirect land tax, while
in addition, as the revenue of the colonial Gov-
ernment is principally derived from Customs duties
on imports to which the estate owners are Jarga
contributors, the colony would be bankrupt :ina
day without their assistance in this respect.: It
seems to be assumed that the planters are :res-
ponsible for the failure to develop the resources
which the interior of the colony undoubtedly con-
tains. Nothing could be more unfair. The sugar
estates are all on the coast line, and their owners,
while the importation of beet sugar into the mother
country continues to be assisted by foreign boun-
ties, have all their work cut out to meet that
competition without being saddled with a respon-
sibility which does not really concern them,.”—
London Times, Nov, 29.
—________"_—_-

SNAKE HAD NO TOOTHBRUSH.
CURIOUS STORY FROM DR. CALMETTE.

Paris, Sunday, Dec. 1.—Dr. Calmette, director
ot the Pasteur Institute at Lille, who was re- ,
cently bitten by a most poisonous snake, ‘tells
the following story of the occurrence :—

“T was handliog the snake, when one of his fangs
touched the third finger of my right hand, I felt
nothing at first, but pregently found blood began ‘to
flow. lt was easy to understand,what had happened.
I ran and placed my finger under a tap. ‘Without
delay one of my assistants inoculated me under
the skin of the stomach with an _ injection of
serum, and in less than five minutes the numbness
and the pain had ceased.”

A day or two later, finding that the :wound
did not heal, a surgical operation was performed.
This had nothing to do with the snake venom,
which had been completely eliminated from the
wound. - Necrosis had set in from infection: of
the open wound, and the doctor concluded with
a laugh. ‘‘I suppose the reptile had forgotten
to wash his mouth.”—Daily Hapress,

—_ =

MR, HENRY BROWN’S' PLANTING

EXPERIMENTS IN B. C. A,,

Many readers will remember the specimens of
fibre, Gum Arabic, etc., which were exhibited at
the last Agri-Horticultural Show by Mr. H:Brown,
Mlanje. These were given by Mr. Brown to Mr.
Cox, the President, and he sent ‘them home to
Messrs. H J Gardiner & Co., with a request:that
they would procure a report and valuation, Mr.
Cox has now sent this repert for publication, along
with the specimens of the fibres-which may be
seen at this office. A sample of India rubber
made from the Ceara tree and exhibited by the
African Lakes Corporation, Limited, was ‘also
sent home at the same time and is included in
Messrs- Lewis and Peat’s report, which is dated
June 1901, and is as follows :—

We have carefully examined the samples. ‘contained
in the box ex Illovo and beg to report upon same as
follows.

Aloe:—Good length and strength, rather brown—
(should be got white if .possible)—value about
£25 to £27 per ton; perhaps more, readily sales

able,

492 THE TROPICAL,

Plantain:—Fair length and strength, value about £20
per ton, readily saleable,

Pine Apple:—Nice length and strength. Saleable
in small lots. Value £15 to £17 per ton, if whiter
possibly £20 per ton.

Sanseviera Cylindrica :—Of good strength and fair
length; rather poor colour, about £10 to £20
per ton.

anseviera Guincensis:—Same character as above
but not so good—value about £15 per ton.

China Grass:—Very poor quality and probably
next to no value.

Rope:—Would not sell in this market,

India Rubber :—Fine nead clean ball, worth about
8s per lb ard readily saleable,

Gum Arabic :—(labelled Animi): Of no value and
insoluble.

Anatto Seeds:—Of no commercial value being very
dullin colour. If bright good colour 13d to 2d per lb.
might be obtained.

"Turmeric :—Of no value in its present condition ;
it must be dried before shipment.

“This report is distinetly encouraging, especially
as regards the Fibres. The Aloe, for example,
grows well all over the Shire Highlands and if a
machine exists for successfully treating it in large
quantities ipshould pay at the prices mentioned
in the report. It would require to be planted on
a large scale however, treated by machinery,
packed in a press and sent down river at a low
freight in addition toa low freight from Chinde
to London. £25 a ton isa little less than three
pence per lb, so that it will be clearly seen that
after the expenses of growing, preparing, and
packing are calculated, the freight would have
to be a very low one to allow of any profit at
all. It is calculated that at present freight
rates it takes about £12 per ton to sell a ton of
coffee of which freights are roughly £7-10 and were
the fibre to cost the same amount it -means that
only about fifty per centof the value in London
would be available to pay cultivation, manufac-
ture, interest, etc., and profit. On the other
hand were the freights reduced by 25 per cent
perhaps that very 25 per cent reduction would be
the profit and would therefore decide the ques-
tion as to whether the industry could be taken
up or not.

The only other item in the list which is of
special interest is the Rubber specimen. We have,
however, no information as to the age of the
trees when tapped, the method of tapping, and
the effect on the trees after being tapped, and
mosb important of all the amount of rubber
yielded per tree. Ifthe A LC can furnish these
particulars it might be possible to come to some
definite judgment on the worth of the Ceara as
a rubber yielding tree.—Central African Times,
Nov. 2.

we
INTRODUCTION OF COCOA INTO
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA.

In my circulars on this subject, it was stated
that the importation of cocoa seed was likely
to be unsuccessful, the supposition being
based on previous importations having failed.
Fortunately, however, through the kindness of
Sir W. Thisilton-Dyer, Director of the Royal
Gardens, Kew, I am now able to state that
cocoa plants may besuccesstully transported from
England to British Central Africa, A consign-
ment of 210 plants in two Wardian cases were
despatched from Kew on the 14th June and arrived
at Zomba on the 4th September having thus been
82 days in the cases. Although on arrival th

AGRICULTURIST, [JAN. 1, 1909,

lower leaves of the plants were withered and had
fallen off, the plants looked in excellent condi-
tion, and just as if they had lett the hothouse
only a few days previously. Each plant was in
its place aud only three were dead. After the
covers of the cases had been opened for several
days to admit air, and al!ow syringing with water,
the plants were taken out, and the roots of
each were covered with sphagnum (moss)
and securely tied—a few threads of any fibrous
plant being sufficient—after which all were
planted in a previously selected and prepared piece
of ground. This was well dug and watered and
was in a suitable state for their reception. It was
considered advisable to top each plant so that
strong plants with good roots will be ready to
plant out at next rains. With frequent syringing
and watering, the plants have now burst into
foliage and promise well. To those who desire to
Import cocoa plants in quantity the following
points should be observed. Seedlings shonla have
matured a season’s growth in three inch pots
befoie they leave Europe, which should be at any
time from June up to end of September, as there
will be less danger of the plants suffering from
frost at this period of the year before they
reach the tropics.. Plants leaving in June will allow
of their reaching here in time to be treated in the
nursery bed and become established before planting
out in the succeeding rains, Nursery beds—which
should not be in an exposed position—need not
be shaded, as this would cause the plants to be
weakly and ‘‘drawn.” Plante leaving Europe in
June or July will most likely have completed their
season’s growth, and be in a condition to stand
shifting out of the pots and packing in the cases,
and travel without much fear of their breaking
into active growth on the way. This is a most
important point, and one to#which much of the
success of this last consignment from Kew is due,
together with excellent packing. The bottom of
the case should be covered with two inches of
sphagnum, with just alittle soil, leaf mould and
sand preferably. On removal from the puts the
plants may then be placed closely together, one
ordinary case holding just over the hundred. A
little soil should again be placed over the roots so
as to leave no empty spaces, and over this,
‘say an inch or two of sphagnum, while
above this may be placed three or four straws
between each rcw of plants. These will keep the
sphoonum from getting ldvse, and thus retain
suflicient moisture, To securely fix the plants in
the cases for the journey, some stout pieces of
wood aninch and a half thick should be placed
between each row just over the sphagnum and
securely held down by means of two other pieces
nailed along the side.

I was lately favoured with a price list of plants
of economic products from the Colonial Horticul-
tural Society at Brussels, and amongst these I
observe that Cocoa plants may be obtained from
Brussels at £5. 10s per hundred plants, cases and
packing included. This, altogether with freight,
appears rather costly ; but when it is remembered
that the importation of seed is so unsuccessful,
this figure may be considered a fair one.

It is proposed that 10Cof theplants lately received
be distributed—at a nominal sum each to cover
freight—to plantersin B C A who are willing to
give them a fair trial —J McCLounin,

Head of Scientific Department,
—BCA Gazetic, October 31.

JAN. 1, 1902.]

ACCIDENT TO DR. CALMETTE,

SNAKE-POISON AND MALARIA,

Mr. J Claine,
goon, writes as follows
Gazette :—

Mr. Eprror,—I have the honour to forward here-
with the translated copy of a letter just received
from Dr. Calmette, Director of the Pasteur In-
stitute at Lille (France), and inventor of the
serum anti-venomous against the bite of snakes.
Although this letter is private, the directions and
advice therein contained having a general interest,
I cannot resist to communicate it to you, sure that
its publicity in your estimakle newspaper, will prove
an humanitarian boon.

The. following is Dr. Calmette’s letter :—

Dear Mr. Cuatne,—I wish to thank you immedi-
ately for the kind sympathy extended to me by
your letter of the 28th October, with reference to
the little accident of which I have been very nearly
victim. 1 have had the bone-joint of the fourth
finger traversed by the tooth of an enormous
**Cothrop.” Without the serum I certainly would
have been in the other world. But the tooth of the
animal being dirty caused a deep phlegmon of the
one, and it was found necessary to take out a piece
of it which was mortified. Now there is nothing
the matter and I have resumed my work, I have
just received from an English Doctor from Bombay
agreat quantity of dry venom of cobra. Iam de-
lighted! There are some good apostles—of whom
you. are one—who will very soon lessen the mortal-
ity by snake bites, for which the peoples of India
shall bless us. I learn with regret that you have had
to pay your tribute to malaria, Preserve yourself
from mosquitoes which transmit it. Destroy their
larves in stagnant pools of water in your neighbour-
hood. It is very easy; pour some petroleum over
these pools every eight days, and do not sleep with-
out a mosquito net. If necessary place some nailed
round a frame to the windows of all the rooms where
you are at night between sunset and sunrise. The
mosquitoes that transmit malaria (anopheles) do not
sting during the day, but solely after sunset. This
notion is for your benefit.—Believe me, etc.,

Lille, Nov. 9. Dr, CALMETTE.
—M. Mail, Dec, 24.

THE

the French Consul in Ran-
to the Rangoon

ceeeennnenet: oeeiemmenmtnememanel

NEW RUBBER. /

A new source of supply for rubber has been
found out by M Deiss, a French scientist at
Saigon. The forests inland in that quarter abound
with lianas—creepiug and twining plants which
grow to alarge size. These lianas yield rubber
out of the juice from cuttings in the bark (the
usual mode of gathering) but not in prying quan-
tities. ‘The fact that the bark, apart from the
juice, holds rubber, had long been’ known; but
nothing had been done to turn this knowledge to
profitable account. M Diess was struck by this,
and sought for means to get at the stores of rub-
ber in the bark. It is said that he has met with
success. The bark is treated chemically, and under-
goes sundry processes including treatment by
currents of hot and cold water alternately. The
result is said to be the extraction of rubber of the
best quality, which soon thickens and hardens.
Ib took repeated experiments to show the right
way to go to work. The outcome is that a syn-
dicate of capitalists in France has undertaken to
start, in Cochin China and Tonquin, works for
turning out rubber frombark, on the new sys
sem,—Malay Mail.

THE TROPICAL AGRICWLTURIST.

493

THE CALEDONIAN (CEYLON) TEA
ESTATES, LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be submitted at the Fourth Annual Ordinary
general park of shareholders to be held at the
offices of the Company, on Thursday, 28 No
1901, at 12 o’clock noon :— Hh Noepers
4s me pircctor beg to solmit the balance sheet and
rofit an oss Account for the year ended
1901, duly audited, y een
The working account, after providing for London
charges, shows a profit of “£4,191 13s, 10d., and the
Profit and Loss Account, including the balance brought
forward from the previous year, and after payment
of interest on Debentures, &c., leaves an available
balance of £2,019, lls. 6d. h
From this sum the Directors now recommend the
payment of a dividend of 6 per cent. on the prefer-
ence shares for the year to 30 June last, amounting
to £1,920; leaving to be carried forward to the next
year the balance of £99 lls. 6d.=£2,019 lis 6d.
The Directors regret that they are again unable to
declare any dividend on the ordinary shares.
The yield of tea from the Company’s estates for
the past and two previous seasons was as follows :—

1900-01. 1899-1900. 1898-99
lbs. Ibs. lbs.
Lawrenee and Venture... 399,087 402,535 378,501
Selegama ++» 167,378 111,415 94,278
Wavina 94,979 40,763 16,908
661,444 554,713 489,687
The gross average prices obtained in London
were :—
1900-01, 1899-1900. 1898-99,
Lawrence 56 684d. .. 740d. .. 897d.
Venture DUS tele Wits OO Gy) to) 8528
Selegama DATO) Holos AO DAaynea.) MOS
Wavina a 5 64 ,, 6:39 ,, (Sold in Ceylon)

70 cwt- of cocoa were secured from the Kahawatte
and Wavina estates, and sold in Ceylon,

The above figures show that the total quantity of
tea produced was 106,731 lbs. more than the previous
season’s crop, and 41,444 lbs. over the estimates,
Gwing, however, to the low prices prevailing during
the greater portion of the year, in consequence of
the continued excessive supply, the profit shows but
a small increase, although the cost of production was
considerably reduced.

The statistical position of tea generally has lately
much improved, and it is estimated that the supplies
from all sources for the current season will be much
below last year’s yield. Prices have consequently
shown @ marked improvement during the last few
weeks, and the outlook for Ceylon tea is at the
present time more promising than it has been for
are yeas ane : *

e estimates for the current season are pi
by the Manager in Ceylon as follows:— ue

Lawrence and Venture 4C0,000 lbs, Tea.

Selegama ... a0 wea 175,000 ,, na

Wavina ... ae ace 100,000 ,, a
675,000 ,, im

mend about 82 cwt. cocoa.

6 Directors have to reecrd with much regret
death, in March last, of Mr. Stanley Ross, at A
acted as general Manager in Ceylon since the fore
mation of the Company. They had in consequence
to make other arrangements for the administration
of the Company’s business, which have so far proved
quite satisfactory.

In accordance with the articles of Association, Mr,
David William Rennie retires from the Board, and
being eligible, offers himself for re-election. :

The Auditors, Messrs. Singleton, Fabin & Oo., alo
offer themselves for re-election,

494 THE TROPICAL

THE WYNAAD TEA COMPANY.

The following is from the report of the directers
to be presented at the seventh annual meeting
of shareholders, to be held at No. 7, Mincing
Lane, at the office of the company, on Monday
next :-—

The directors regret to have to report the loss
of their esteemed colleague, Mr. Donald Andrew,
who died in February, 1901. They thoroughly
appreciated his valuable services during
the shor! time he was in office. The vacancy
created on the board by his death has not yet been
filled. The past season has only partially fulfilled
the expectations of a year ago. The crops have very
nearly reached the earlier estimates of both tea
and coffee, but prices have proved extremely dis-
appointing, and account for a deficiency in the
year’s results of about £1,900. The coffee crop,
‘estimated roughly a’ 40 tons, has yielded about
36 tons, which sold for only £40 per ton against
an average of £70 per ton in the four previous
seasons. The tea crop,estimated at about 150,0001b,
has reached 146,750lb, and was sold for an
average of 53d per lb against 74d per lb the
year before. The pepper crop estimated at
18 tons, has actually turned out 20 tons, and
has realised £187 over the estimate. The net
proceeds of the three crops amount to £5,134 12s
5d, against and expenditure in India of £3,716
10s 2d. The directors have again transterred a
large proportion of the revenue from tea to capital
account, representing the 410 acres not yet in full
bearing. The result is consequently a luss of
£1,290 14s, carried to the debit of profit and loss,
whilst £1,640 Os 9d have been debited to capital
account. The tea and coffee trades have passed
through a severe crisis during the past eighteen
months, but both are now in a healthier con-
dition, and are gradually returning to a_more
normal state. The over-supply of tea,from Ceylon
and Assam is finding fresh outlets, whilst crops
are reported to be somewhat smaller, more at-
tention is being paidto the production of a better
article, and prices have recovered fully 1d_ per Ib.
from the recent lowest level. Prices of coffee have
recoveredconsiderably during thepast threemonths
and although the present Rio and Santos crops
are the largest on record, the reports about the
Brazil crops of 1902-1903 are extremely unfavour-
able, and point to a much higher level of prices
for next year. The estimates for the current
season are based upon a tea crop of 190,0001b, a
coffee crop of 20 tons, and a pepper crop of 20
tons, and with the strictest economy in working
the estates, without sacrificing efficient cultivation,
the directors hope for beticr results. In making
provision for the current yea’s up-xeep, the direc-
tors have found it necessary to issue the balance
of the debentures—viz., £2,000, and they have
shown their confidence in the undertaking by
subscribing for them in conjunction with Messrs,

BR and J Henderson.—H. and C, Mail, Nov. 29.

HORNSEY TEA ESTATES COMPANY,
LIMITED.

The Directors beg to submit to the Shareholders
the report and audited accounts for the year closing
the 30th June last.

The crop of tea has weighed out 176,885 lb, against
last year’s crop of 191,844 lb, or a decrease of
14,959 lb, of made tea.

he period under review has been the most dis-
patrous in the history of the tea trade. Largely

AGRICULTURIST. [JAN. 1, 1902.

increased crops, both from India and Ceylon, brough
prices down to a level never before known, and in
the case of many gardens below the cost of pro-
duction. Unfortunately, the Hornsey Estate has had
to suffer with all estates in accepting lower prices
for its produce; bnt owing to the excellent tea pro-
duced, the result is not so unfavourable as might
have been expected.

Turning to the future, the direetors are able
to state that prospects are more hopeful ; the severe
lesson in over-production has had a marked effect in
reducing crops, and prices are considerably higher
since July last.

The cost of production with manufacture has been
30°84 cents, against last year 29°30 cents, or, in
sterling, 5d per lb. Colombo against 43d per lb.

The London sales have totalled 27,915.lb. of tea,
selling at an average of 83 per lb. gross, and the
balance of the crop has been sold in Colombo, and
realized an average 38°68 cents per lb. The average
gale price for the whole crop has been equivalent
to a London price of 7°47 per lb. gross against last
year 7°94 per lb.

A factory has now been finished and fully equipped
with the necessary machinery, aud the Company since
July has manufactured its own leaf. The first in-
voice made at the factory is advised as selling at an
average of 49 cents.

Against the expenditure on the factory £2,000 in
Preference Shares have been issued.

The audited accounts show that after paying all
fixed charges and the Preference Dividend for the
twelve months, there is a balance of £43 15s to carry
to the debit of profit and loss account.

The Directors desire to express their thanks to
Mr W S T Saunders and to Messrs. E Beuham &
Co, the Colombo agents, for the attention giyen to
the Company's interest during the year.

In accordance with the Articles of Association Mr
Charles A Reiss retires from the board, and, being
eligible, offers himself for re-election.

The Auditors, Messrs. Singleton, Fabian & Co.,
also offer themselves for re-election.

Cuartes A. Reiss and Waiter 8, Sicmst,
Directors.
Auzm B. Tomxrns, Secretary.
51, Lime Street, E.C.
London, 6th Nov., 1901,

THE CALEDONIAN (CEYLON) TEA
ESTATES, LIMITED.

The following is from the report of the directors
to be submitted at the fourth annual ordinary general
meeting :—

The working account, after providing for London
eharges, shows a profit of £4,191 13s 1@d, and the
profit and loss account, including the balance brought
forward from the previous year, and after paymcnt
of interest on debentures, &c., leaves an available
balamce of £2,019 118 6d. From this sum the directors
now recommend the payment of a dividend of 6 per
cent on the preference shares for the year to June
30 last, amounting to £1,920; leaving to be carried
forward to next year the balance of £99 lis6d. The
directors regret that they are again unable to declare
any dividend on the ordinary shares. ‘The total
quantity of tea produced was 106,731 lb more than
the previous season’s crop, and 41,444 lb over the
estimates. Owing, however, to the low prices pre-
vailing during the greater portion of the year, in
consequence of the continued excessive supply, the
profit shows but a small increase, although the cost
of production was considerably reduced. The statistical
position of tea generally has lately much improved,
and it is estimated that the supplies from all sources
for the current season will be much below last year’s
yield. Prices have consequently shown a marked
improvement during ‘the last few weeks, and the cut-
look for Ceylon Tea is at the present time more pro-
mising than it has been for some years past. The

Jan. 1, 1902.]

i th
directors have to record with much meee inet tee
im Macch last, of Mr. Stoney ee nee ee
a eine Reanany, pbey had in consequence to
a ‘ ther arrangements for the administration 6.
me ‘company’s business, which have so i We
quite satisfactory.—Home and Colonial Mail, Nov. 22.

Titel Sse ee

NEW COMPANY : KALKUDAH COCONUT
ESTATES, LTD.

the
*. is the title of a mew Company, b
eee aici and articles of oa aa
‘ven in the Ceylon Government Gazer ©
Snepal abject for which ae conan Le aauees
is to purchase the Kalkudah coconut
Ee isiric. of Bresee Sunn ae
as from Ist cto ast. ¢
ates O Tranchell, Dune’ Z
ruriieliell, CISC aid aie aie EY
i, F e Saram ge att
aoe Fue one share ay ore aes
i b divide 256
of the Company 10 R250, Se eede
L R100 each. The quaunca
Ns the holder of shares or ie jobs
nominal amount of R500. The He ore
of the Company are Messrs. E F Tran
A © Tranchell, and Oliver Collett.

Miles rec

ei UST, LIMITED: ” A
ee rans: COMPANY.

cistered on November 16, e
Bede 8, Buc eee THCa eM
£20,000 in £1 shares, Se el ae
business of tea ane ee ae e aS Leneed
ea CH : ree chants, manutacturing chemists,
ee fal int chemicals.and chemical products au
Seance: &ec. No initial public issue. e
ae directors (to number net less than Ne not
more than seven) are to be BRPoMe ps che
subscribers. Remuneration 25) fee y
company.—Linancial News, Nov. 22.

NEW

by Walker and

ee
- BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA
PLANTING NOTES.

ood prospects for next year’s
oe ent ace era) raised considerably, by ed
Goftet e blossom showers we had are diminis ad in
pay matio to the time the rain holds off. Itis certa
exa

in. Lti oved however, that before
ae Boe ast ua will fall and put che
many oh beyond danger. It_is Cone i most
owes 24 ihe that such splendid blossom shone
eel Se followed by a spell of abnormally of
aber It is apt to make some people ea of
partes o our mind it simply emphasises t @ nee
: irrigati erhaps. }
fone See ane aa aaicel irrigation 13 non
We EY rs all the ills under the sun. Hi C)
Bete) may do harm or good. Some people) aoe
aaa ation and have met with nothing bu a
aice voters have been more successful. eto tare
antes almost expert skill in application or else tis

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

495

not only useless but worse than useless—harmfaul.
With regard to Coffee, experience so far has resulted
in a oumber of ‘‘Don’t” maxims. Don’t run on
irrigation in the hot sun but only in the very early
morning the evening or night- Don’t flood your field
or ranit on wholesale. Don't try it on very steep
land. The only successful method we know of is
to run it slowly, very slowly in small quantities
between the lines of coffee or into catch pits between
every four trees aud let it soakin. Never put it round
the tree or directly to the roots. It must soak in
gradually through the earth and in doing soit gets
heated to the required temperature. The best plan
is to catch pits filled by small rills and after allowing
the water to soak in turning it off fora time. Pro-
bably it would only require to be done once, but that
once might save a crop.

We have received from Mr. J. Dickie of Mr Shar-

“rer’s Mpenda Estate and leaf off the West African

tree and on comparing it with the plates inthe mo-

nograph on Funtumia Elastica it appears to be
identical.

It is satisfactory to know therefore that
we have specimens of this tree growing in
the country and in a few years’ time there
ought to be seed for distribution. Mr Sharrer
certainly deserves credit for his _ persistent
efforts to carry on the planting industry, and we hops
that success will attend his efforts to introduce new
plants. We hope also the Scientific Department will
make further inquiries with reference to the possibility
of getting seed of the Funtumia Elastica as it worth
a considerable amount of trouble if only it can be
established. Failing seed then a few more Wardian
cases of Plants should be imported and the different
plants set out in different districts as it is just. possible
that the trees already introduced might not come to
seed through accident or otherwise. The conditions of
such districts as Mlanje, Blantyre and Zomba vary so
widely that it is well to test new products in each
district. he, rainfall of each district and the mean
annual temperature vary considerably and a product
might be asuccess in one and not in the other. These
local variations are not sufficiently taken into ac-
count. For example tobacco grows well at Mlanje
nearly allthe year round. On the other hand in the
Blantyre and Zomba districts tobacco will not grow
well from May to October and should be planted
always in the rains if heavy crops are wanted. To-
bacco seed should be sown now and planted out in
December, January and February or March if rains
are fayourable.—Central African Times, Nov 9.

———_—.—__.

PLANTING NOTES.

PLANTING IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA.—
In this issue we give the latest planting infor-
mation from British Oentral Africa’ which
shows how the country is going ahead with
new products. In the latter we are glad to note
Mr. Henry Brown’s success, with fibres
especially ; and _ cocoa, too, it will be seen,
is making a good start. As into every other
corner of the British Empire, the volun-
teering’ spirit has reached British Central
Africa and a volunteer reserve had taken
shape, before the King’s first (regal) birth.
day, at Blantyre.

A Larger MANnGo.—During the present season
I was favoured by Adam Smith, Esq., with a
fruit from a mango tree purchased as a seedling
from the Botanic Gardens. The fruit measures
7-5 inches in length, and 45 inches wide. Its
weight was over 2lb. The flavour was excellent
and proved it to be from the ‘Gordon’ mango,

a well-known type described in a former Bulletin,
—Trinidad Bulletin for October.

496 THE TROPICAL

CINNAMON SALES IN LONDON.
ADVANCE IN PRICES.

The particulars received of the Quarterly
Sale of Cinnamon held in London
at the end of November, and _ pub-
lished by us elsewhere, confirm the
tenor of the private telegraphic intelli-
gence we published some weeks ago,
The very small proportion of which the finer
qualities of bark bore to the total offerings,
explains the notable advance of ld. to 2d:
per lb. which the leading marks obtained’
The 291 bales catalogued as ‘‘ worked,” repre”
sent the cropsof the Kadirana Estates which
have always secured top prices ; and Golua
Pokuna, as a matter of course, stands first in
the list. It is something to make the mouth
of the Tea Planter water, to read of Firsts
fetching ls: 8d. per lb., and Seconds and
Thirds realising respectively ls. 6d. and Is 5d-
while Fourths (the ‘ souchong ’ of spice) com
mand 103d. But, then, there is no Maria-
watte among Cinnamon KHstates prospering
on an outturn of 1,000 lb. a year? The average,

happily, is only about one tenth of that
formidable figure, while the cost of produc-
tion and cultivation must, we fancy, average
above one-fourth of the gross prices realised
in London. Even so, there has been over-
production, through the opening of new
land, and the conversion of paddy-fields,
through raised ridges into Cinnamon gardens,
with the result that prices receded fully 50
per cent, and even as much as 66 for the
coarser barks, during the ’seventies and
eighties. It is only during the last decade
that prices have reverted to something ap-
proaching those of thirty and forty years
ago—to gono farther back to the time when
cinnamon was a Government monopoly. The
extent to which production has grown is
evidenced by the fact that quilled bark is
exported now to the extent of 24 million
lbs. and upwards, while chips which were
formally treated as refuse, or were used only
for the distillation of oil, have run up to
nearly two million lbs. in recent years.
When we say that, in the first years of British
rule, the exports (on which the duty at one
time reached 3s. a lb.) seldom approaches
half-a-million lbs., and that as late as 1850,

the total quantity exported was only
665,000 lbs. some conception may _ be
formed of the wonderful development

of the trade during the past half-century.
Almost the sole uses to which the spice was
put then, were connected with the culi-
nary art and the preparation of incense for
Roman Catholic worship in Europe. Since
then it has been very widely used in confec-
fectionery—notably chocolate creams and
lozenges and in puddings and custards—in
specially prepared cattle ‘food (like Mr.
Thorley’s), in the sick room as an antiseptic
_ of recent discovery, though the natives from

AGRICULTURIST, [Jan, 1, 1902,

time immemorial burnt it to keep off flies
and dropped a piece into boiling milk to
keep it sweet, and in far larger quantities
than before, both medicinally and in public
worship. With all that, the supply is even
yet somewhat in excess of the demand; but,
happily, there are two important factors
which operate against a rush of over: pro-
duction. Manuring coarsens the bark and
renders it less valuable, so all the cultiva-
tion the bush gets is from the burial of
the leaves and weeds; and, secondly, the
manufacture of Cinnamon is a caste industry.
The castes which consider themselves above
the Chaliyas will not take part in the pre-
paration, and thus the outturn is to a
great extent limited by the available skilled
labour which is now secured with difficulty
under a demoralising system of advances
with much resulting chicanery.

To return to the last Quarterly Auctions
for the year, which are generally the heavi-
est, the quantity offered was more than
double that brought to the hammer in
August last, but almost the same as was of-
fered at the corresponding sale in 1900.- Of this
large quantity, the whole of the ‘‘ wovked”
spice was sold outright, realising an aver-
age advance of 13d a lb.; and of the 1,399
bales “ unmarked”—i.e. not examined and
repacked in London—1,212 bales found buyers
at a decline of about 3d, which is a very
moderate fall, considering the quantity
cleared. The prices realised for the quillings
and chips were also satisfactory; and a yet
further pleasant feature was the neglect of
the fraud known as ‘‘ wild cinnamon” which,
as often as not, means bark of jungle bark
other than Cinnamonum Zeylanicum, but
saturated in a decoction of cinnamom chips.
The statistical position of quilled bark being
good, present prices ought to be maintained
at the February sales unless there is a rush
of spice into the London Market within the
next few weeks. The following is the Report
on the sale of the well-known firm of Messrs.
Forbes, Forbes & Co., Ltd. :—

London, H.C.. 26th Nov. 1901.

Crnnamon.—The last auction for this year were
hheld yesterday with an offering of 1,690 bales plan-
tation quill, compared with 834 bales in August last
and 1,687 August period last year.

The ‘‘ unworked”’ spice comprised 1,399 bales and
“‘worked ” quill 291 bales.

With a good attendance of buyers there was im-
proved competition, the 291 bales ‘‘ worked” being
sold, firsts, seconds and thirds of the finer grades at
about 1$d average per lb advance, Fourths and
lower qualities being steady.

Of the ‘‘unworked” 1,212 bales sold, medium and
common sorts at about 4d per lb average decline.

“Worked” firsts range from 114d to 1/8 per Ib
seconds 103d at 1/6, thirds 93d to 1/5 and fourths
8d at 104d per lb.

“Unworked ’”” firsts 84d at 11d, seconds 8d at 103d,
thirds 74d at 9d and fourths 7d at 9s per |b.

Of 762 packages quillings, &c.,and chips about
200 were cleared the former at 7d at 10d and the
latter at 84d at 34d per lb.

““Witp’’ Cinnamon, 207 bales and 56 bags were
quite neglected.

Stocks of Plantation 2,29) bales against 3,032 bales

Do Chips 3,154 do 2,743 do
Do Wild 2,408 do 2,446 do
Do Bark & Chips 7,891 do 7,460 da
The next sales will be held, 24th Feb, 1902,

Jan. 1, 1902] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 497
TO THE PLANTING WORLD.

Seeds & Plants of Gommercial Products.

: Hevea Brasiliensis.—Orders being booked for the coming crop August-September delivery
1992, booking necessary before the end of April, quantities of 100,000 and over at special low rates. Plants
available all the year round, 160,000 and over at special low rates. A leading Rubber planter in Sumatra,
who purchased 50,000 seeds in 1899, and 100,00) in 1909, writes us, under date 15th November, 1930 :—‘* I
received your letter of 20th October, from which I learn that you added another case of 5,(100 seeds to replace
the loss, &c. Iam satisfied hereby, and even after this adding I am satisfied by the whole delivery of this
year.” Special offer, post free on application.

Castilloa Elastica.—True superior variety cultivated in Mexico, seeds from specially reserved
old untapped trees. Orders booked for August-September delivery 1902, immediate booking necessary ;
large quantities on special terms; Plants in Wardian cases.

A foreign firm of Planters writes under date 11th October, 1901 :—‘‘ We beg to enquire whether you
would procure us 100,009 Castilloa seeds, in which month we might expect them, and what would be the
average price.” Special offer, post free on application.

Manihot Glaziovii.—Sceds and Plants available all the year round, 100,000 and over at special
low rates. A Mexican plantec in sending an order for this seed wrote on the 22nd August, 1909 :—‘ If they
arrive fresh and germinate easily I may send you larger orders, as they are for high ground where the
Castilloa does not thrive.”

Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available in May-June; booking necessary before the end of March ;
also plants. :

Mimusops Globosa (Balata) wood of the tree is much sought for buildings, fruits sweet like a plum
and eaten, oil from seeds, said to yield as much as 45 lbs. of dry rubber per tree per annum, the milk is
drunk and when diluted with water used as cow's milk, grow from sea-level up to 2,000 feet, orders being
booked for seeds and plants, price on application.

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Cinnamon superior variety).—New crop of seedin April to June;
booking necessary before the end of February ; also plants.

Coffee Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragogopie Hybrid.—New crop March-April ;
immediate booking necessary.

A foreign Agricultural Department writes dating 9th September, 1901 :—‘‘Please accept our order
for 175 lbs. of Tea seed and for 2,000 Coffee beans. In regard to Coffee seed I would say that this will be the
first importation made by this department, and we will leave the selection of the varieties to be sent to
your judgment.”

OUR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LISTS.

The following six Descriptive Price Lists are now being forwarded with Circulars and special offer,
of Seeds and Plants of Rubber and other Economic Products :—

1. Tropical Seeds and Plants of Commercial Products, enlarged edition for 1902.

2, Seeds and Plants of Shade, Timber, Wind-Belts, Fuel, and Ornamental Trees, Trees for Roads
sides, Parks, Open Spaces, Pasture Lands, Avenues, Hedges, and for planting among crops (Tea, Coffee
Cacao, Cardamoms, &c.)

3. Seeds and Plants of Tropical Fruit Trees including Mango grafts,

4. Bulbs, Tubers and Yams.

5. Orchids—Ceylon and Indian.

6. Seeds and Plants of Palms, Calamus, Pandanus, Cycads, Tree and other Ferns, Crotons,
Roses, Dracinas, Shrubs and Creepers.

Special Arrangements made with foreign Governments, Botanical and Agricultural Depart-
ments, Planters and others for supplying seeds and plants of Commercial Products in large quantities.

“‘SoutH Arrica.”—The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says:—

“¢ An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the East. It is issued by Wit~1am Broruenrs, Tropical Seed

Merchants of Henaratgoda, Ceylon, and schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will thrive in

tropical and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do good business, for now that the

great Powers have grabbed all the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove that they were

won the grabbling. We recommend the great Powers and Concessionaries under them to go to William
rothers.”

Agents in London :—Mussrs. P. W, WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street.
Agent in Colombe, Ceylon .—K. B. CREASY, Esq.
Agent in British Central Africa :—T, H. LLOYD, Esq., Blantyre.

Telegraphic Address : J. P. WILLIAM & BROTHERS,

WI.LiiaAM, Henaratcopa, CEYLON. Tropical Seed Merchants,
Lieber’s, A.J. and A.B.C, Codes used, HENARATGODA, CEYLON,
63

498 THE

THE FOOD VALUE OF © VEGETABLES.

Tomatoes rouse torpid liver and do the work, ordin-
arily of a doctor's prescription.

Lettuce has a soothing quieting effect
nerves, and is an insomnia remedy.

Celery is an acknowledged nerve tonic, and is more
and more used in medicinal prescriptions.

Onions are also a tonic for the nerves, but people
will be forever prejudiced because of their odour.

Potatoes should be eschewed ky those who “have
a horror of getting fat,’ as that is one penalty of
eating them. sk

Parsnips, it is now contended by scientists, possess
almost the same virtues that are claimed for sar-
saparilla.

Beets are fattening, and even a moderately-learned
man will understand that it is because of the sugar
they contain.

Ordinary Lima bzaus, some one has said, are good
to allay thirst, bat the same can be said, with equal
truth, of a pitcher of water.

Asparagus is efficacious in kidney ailments to an
extent that it is not yet, perhaps, thoroughly ap-
preciated.

Cucumbers, aside from sunbeam emitting proper-
ties known to readers of facetious paragraphs, con-
tains an acid that is helpful in some vases of
dyspepsia.

Parsley will assist good digestion, like cheese and
nuts, but a quantity in excess of ordinary capacity
his to be consumed. Therein lies the joke.
Pampkins are an ingredient in a patent medicine
that is guaranteed to cure quite a variety of
ailments fleshis heir to, but the world is increasing
in inhabitants who do not believe all they hear.
—E. N Novyss, in ‘What to Hat.” in the Queensland
Ayriciltural Journal for November.

upon the

BANANA CULTIVATION
BAR.

The cost of planting will depend upon cireum-
stances. This year6,165 bananas have been planted
at Danga in a young clove plantation at
a costot R74-15:3 which isat the rate of about
17 annas per 100. Three gangs of prisoners were,
for the most part, employed at this work: one
gang of four digging up the suckers, another of four
garrying them to their destioations, and a third
gang of fourdigging the holes and planting. 367 men
planted 6,165 bananas which is atthe rate of 16°8

IN ZANZI-

per- mau per day. Prisor labour is of course cheaper

thau ordinary labour «ver, when, as in this case,
the wages of the police in charge are taken into
account. Had ordinary labour been exclusively
employed the cost would have amounted to with-
in a fraction of one pice per plant, which is at
the rate of 25 annas per 100, Thus the cost of
prison labour compares in this instance with the
cost of ordinary labour in the proportion of 2 to
3, assuming that a paid labourer would have done
no more work inaday than a prisoner; nos an
altogether fair assumption.

The above calculation refers to planting in
among young trees. Clearing and lining operations
were dispensed with as these had already been per-
formed for the young clove plants.

At Dunga suckers were obtained within halfa
mile of the spot. When plants have to be fetched
from any great distance the cost of planting will
be proportionally increased,

In two years time aclump of bananas will, if
the suckers are not pruned away, present the
appearance of a miniature forest, while the bun-
ches of fruit will be light and of little value, At

TROPICAL

AGRICULTURIST. (Jan. 1, 1969.

most half a dozen stems should be permitted to
grow in one clump, the rest stubbed out, From
time to time the earth may be hilled up round
the stems, to invigorate the growth, and the dead
leaves and stems cleared away to admit of air.

Retwrns.—The same proportion isnot maintained
in the money value returned. A plantation of 1,600
trees (clumps) planted at Dunga in 1898 to shade
cocoa and kola has yielded during the last 12
months about two annas per tree. At the rate of
193 plants per acre (15 by 15) this amounts to
about R24 per acre. The cost of gathering the
fruit and selling it in the local mirket may be
set downat, approximately, KS per acre; leaving
auet return of R16 per acre. Coconuts return
from R14 to R17 peracre. Both are subject to
theft and in neither case has the cost of cultivation
been taken into account. “Thereisthis difference,
however, between the two products ; coconut
trees will get along without cultivation, bananas
will not, The cost of cultivation in the case of
the trees referred to above, would amount to not
less than R12 per acre, which, if charged to the
bananas, would leave a margin of profit too narrow
to permit of their being cultivated. As however
they have been grown especially to shade the ex-
perimental plots of cocoa and kola the proceeds of
their produce may be counted as profit. Con-
siderable loss takes place through theft and in
order to reduce this loss as much as possible the
fruit is often cut sooner thanit otherwise would be.
But whenso cut the bunches command a lower price
in the market than if they had been allowed to re-
main till they had matured. The bunches are cut
green and buried in a holein the earth which has
been previously heated with hre- In four or five
days they will be ripe and ready for eating. Or
they may be hung upto ripen, in which case the
process will occupy ten or twelve days. The trunk
is always cut down when the fruit is cropped as it
will not bear a second time.

Bananas bear in about 12 months from planting,
amonth or two less if the suckers were large
when planted and the season favourable. They
bear ailthe year round, that is to say there are
always bunches coming in.—Shamba, Nov. 6.

INDIAN TEA TRADE.

The following letter from Mr George Seton,
of 120, Bishopsgate Street, E.C, appears in
today’s Standard in reply toa long and rather
belated article :—

‘“My attention has been ealled to an article
in the Standard on Monday last, headed ‘ The
Indian Tea Trade: A Gloomy Outlook,’ which
article (and more particularly its heading) seems
likely to cause some misapprehension—hardly

justifiable from the facts of the ease. As indi-
cated in the report on the tea trade of India,
which you quote, the Indian tea planting

industry has lately passed through something in
the nature of a erisis. Owing to the great
stimulus given to tea-planting by the fall in the
value of the rupee and other causes, very large
extensions of eultivation were made, not only prior
to but even after the closing of the Indian Mints
to the free coinage of silver, with the result
—as shown by you—that avery great fall took
place in the price of all teas. The decline reached
a climax in 1909, aud in the earlier part of the
present year, when the full stream of overprodue-
tion, both from India and Ceylon,

a surfeited market, Since then, however—thank

surged upon

JAN. 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL
partly to the self-restraint of planters, who cur-
tailed production by a finer system of plucking,
and partly to the hand of Nature (which, after
two successive years of abnormal fertility, stayed
production in a great measure) —a complete change
has supervened, and supplies for the present
season seem unlikely to do more than _ barely
meet the consumption. So far oaly the prices
of the lower grades of tea have responded ma-
terially to the improved conditions, but now
that the shortage of supply—especially from
the Indian plantations—is becoming an accom-
plished fact, it is fully expected that a higher
range of prices will prevail. I do not wish to
assert that we are yet altogether ‘out of the
wood ’; indeed, I believe that planters may, for
some time yet, have to strain every nerve to re-
duce cost of production, and utilise every device
for attaining greater efliciency in the manage-
ment of their plantations. But the outlook cannot
exactly be said to be asgloomy, as it has been
during the last three years, On the contrary, I
believe we are just beginning to see a little
daylight ahead, and that your correspondent’s
articie ought rather to have borne’ the
device ‘a gloomy past.’ Considerable efforts are
now being made to foster and extend new markets
—as is, indeed, pointed out by your correspondent
—and this with a fair measure of success ; but I
admit still greater efforts are yet wanted in this
direction. One point further only will I refer to,
which is the allegation that planters in 1900
‘ pickel the tea more closely, and so increased the
output—thus intensifying the evil. They were
only prompted to do so (unwisely, I admit) owing
to the extraordinary and unexpected rise which
took place during 1899, when, owing to the peculiar
position of the market, the veriest rubbish of tea
(ie, the coarsest grades) commanded as good a
price as those of a much higher standard, which
sta e of affairs continued up to well on in the
Spring of 1900."—H & C Mail, Dec. 13.

ee

MICA.

A meeting of the Optical Society was held on Novem-
ber 28th at the Technical Institute, Leonard Street
B.C. The President (Mr Dixey) was in the chair, and
after the routine business hasbeen disposed of ha
called on Professor Silvanus P Thompson to give a
lecture on

MICA.

The resources of the Institute enabled the lecture t
be experimentally illustrated, and it was further mad
attractive by a collection of the various kinds of mica’
lent for the occasion by Messrs. Wiggins. Professor
Thompson began by describing the uses of mica, it
being used most extensively for lamp-chimneys and
oven-windows, and for insulating-purposes, Mica is
often miscalled talc, which is a substance possessing
very different properties, The following table shows
the chief varieties of mica, and tho differences in
optical properties :—

Index of

— Sp. Gr. = Angle Refraction
Muscovite 2°7-2:9 Biaxial 6559-759 1°56-1°67
Phlogopite 2-72 Biaxial 79-189 = 1°95-1:73
Biotite 27-31 Uniaxial eee
Lepidomelane 2'9-:31 | wie i
Winnwaldite 29 . Biewal 509-679

aa : iaxial & 769-869
Lepidolite 28 | Uniaxial i 00

. of punishment which should

. position of being able to say,

AGRICULTURIST. 499

Mica isa complex silicate commonly containing alu-
Minium, sodium, potash, and magnesium. Lepidolite
contains a good deal of lithiam, easily denidnatcatea
by holding a piece in the flame, whilst lepidomelane
a black mica, contains much iron, Muscovite, th !
commonest kind, known in the middle dees J
_kind, | S ag
muscovy glass,” is found in Russia: the other kinds
coming irom the United States, India, and Australia
The colour of mica varies according to its composition,
and is also altered by ‘inclusions ” some specimens.
shown being coloured by inclusions of thin plates of
sarnet and tourmaline. Crystals of mica beloug to the
Mmonoclinie system, although they appear to be hexa-
gonal. The characteristic of mica is its cleavage into
flexible | layers, Large blocks of mica are op2qne
bat, curiously enough, are quite transparent in the
edge direction. Among the properties of mica are to be
noted asterism, or the star-shaped figures which show
on viewing some kinds of mica by transmitted light
A phenomenon of star-shaped figures (schlagfiqur) is
also produced on striking a plate of mica, the fioure
resulting varying with the kind of mica, On splittin
and bendiag some kinds of mica flashes of light are
seen, due to electrical disturbances. The optical pro-
perties of mica were shown in the tourmaline forceps
and by Means of a polarising microscope adanteatg
the optical lantern, The optic axes were by thia con-
trivance shown to vary, those in which the an le
between the axes is very small being called THiestal
The axes, as seen in the polariser, have the appear.
ance of an eye, and are called “houppes.” Professor
Thompson pointed out that even when plates of mica

ar a 7 7 7 ]
are revolved before a strong light ‘‘ houppes ” are seen,

this being a phenomenon that has not b i

i enol t een previous]
pointed cut, An artificial mica much used oe eit
a ee ee Eade from waste pieces of mica by
mixing with shellac and baking t at
pane g the plates under

Votesof thanks concluded the meeting.-Chemp
Druggist, Dec. 7. : Be vemialand

So
PRODUCE AND PLANTING,

THE DELINQUENCIES OF THE TRA GROWER

seem to supply inexhaustible material f riticis
Between those good-natured friends who bavotaaie,
upon the subject of tea planting, tea makeing, the
labour question, and all kindred matters connected
with tea garden life and work, and others who are
always ready to come down heavily upon those who
cannot command success all the year round, the tea,
industry in its adv:rsity has suffered much of late
We print in another column a communication on
the Indian tea trade which appeared in the Financial
Times on Fiiday last from a Caleutta corres on
dent of that Journal, It is not pleasant Comat
cation, and the shareholders in tea companies, for
whom we imagine it was primarily intended might
reasonably think that not only had the Indian tea
industry gone, to use the language of Mr Mantalini
to the ‘‘demniiion bow-vows,” but tbat the majorit ;
of tea growers, directors, and Managing agents oF
tea property, together with the Tea Associations
were grossly incapable people, deaf to the good ad-
vice showered on them froin all sides, and deserving
include ‘ ing
lingering, with boiling oilin jt.” Only two ceane
come out of the business triumphant, ang odnecisae
that they have done their duty, These are the far.
seeing writer in the financial paper, to whom ves
ference is made, and the correspondent himself
One, or perhaps both of them, scenting destruc.
tion coming full speed ahead upon the tea industry
five years ago, and divining that unless new markets
&c., were foand at once, the position would go
from bad to worse, are now in the Olympian’
“I tod you 0,” -

9

bs

500

Planters ignored advice and rejected prophecy.
Now, therefore, every self-respecting seer wash s
his hands on the tea industry, and says, “ It
serves yoo right.” This is perhaps a free trans-

lation of the Calcutta communication to the
Financial Times, bai it is the inference to be
drawn from it. Effasions of this kind are

wearisome, Criticism directed against the policy of
companies whose directors may have laid themselves
open to it is understandable, but a sweeping con-
demnation of growers, tea agency firms, and everyone
connected with tea, because profits have fallen away,
ia puerile. Mistakes have been made in the tea in-
dustry, and planters are quite aware of the fact.
The sum of the tea growers’ offence (brought to his
notice pretty often of late, and the blame is distributed
evenly between India and Ceylon) includes in its main
items reckless extension of cultivation, an unwise glut-
ting of the market with tea, and the pursuance of a
policy known as that of ‘‘the devil take the hindmost,”
as evidenced in the days of their prosperity by
neglect of wider outlets for the ever-increasing supply
of tea. And then worstof all, some of them yield-
ing to the wiles of the company-promoting fraternity-
were tempted into the paths which lead to over
capitalisation, to the detriment of the entire tea
industry and the eclipse of its good nime with
the investing public. And in addition, the Fates
have been unkind, and the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer has been very inconsiderate.

No sooner, therefore, did dividends diminish than
the storm of criticism broke. Thetea grower, whoin
prosperous timeshad been regarded as the pink of
commercial enterprise and the acme of astuteness
in the management of hisown affairs, was sniffed
atin oll directions.’ His enormities were catalogued,
and the past, present, and future of the tea in-
dustry were the subject of bitter comment iu the
Press, Having received this baptism of fire, the
planter, anxious toright himself and smarting under
the injustice of many of these tirades, begins to feel
that not only is the critical procesa everdone, but in
the interest of the industry itself it is time there was
a loll. He has had enough both of criticism and
good advice and has no further use for either at
present, while a rehash of the old indictment, with
the sugyestion that he goes on planting tea and com-
mitting other offences out of ‘‘ pure cussednes;,”
is irritating, But to reproach garden proprietors
with indifference to new outlets for their produce
is the last straw. If there be one subject which the
lanter has learned to accept as the fixed rule of his
ife for years past, it is that he must at all costs
find new markets for his tea. This
hae been preached to him in blue _ books,
shouted into his ear in public and in private,
wired to him, written to him, and in his fes-
tive moments it has disturbed his peace of
mind, and almost forced him to use strong language.
As a consequence, he may be said to have gone
‘‘ baldheaded ” for new markets, and that indiffer-
ence about the matter should now be urged against
him is too much. As to the question why he has
not cultivated other products, he probably has an
effective reply, although his critics endeavour to
maintain that in this respect he has not lived up to
his chances. These same critics think he might
have grown sugar or fibre products, and a dozen other
things, or searched for gold, and in fact, readily
layed the part of Jack of all trades, in addition to
Feoving tea and studying how to do this well, The
modern tea planter should, in their opinion, be a
kind of Admirable Crichton with commercial instincts
‘and a dash of the J Pierpont Morgan about him,
No doubt a great deal of the criticism of the tea

roducer is means mainly for the eye of the share-

older. But it may be doubted if shareholders in Tea,
Companies desire to hear the story of the past dished
mp again and again. Like the growers, they are
waiting and hoping for better times, and it does
@ot inspire confidence in the future to be wrong ly

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

doctrine .

[JaN. 1, 1909.

told that the majority of the men who control their
interests lack ‘‘common business capacity,” and that
the Tea Associations are no wiser. Whsther good
times come or not, all connecte? with the tea indus-
try have had an ample opportunity of testing the
uses of adversity, andit is not a fascinating method
of pointing a moral to recall warnings issued five years
agoeither at first or second-hand. Tae planter will,
we trust, be able to work out his own commercial
salvation, and whether he succeeds vr fails, neither
he nor anyone else connected with him will profit
anything by frequent croaking that ‘‘ all is lost.’
Referring to
TEA GROWING

in the United States, ‘‘Tea, Coffee and Sugar,”
of New York, says: ‘It having been shown that
tea can be grown in South Carolina, it follows
that with the same attention it may be produced
over a wide area of the United States. Already the
expecimenters, as is usaalin tae importation of new
industries or processes iato the United States, have
alopted a numbe= of improvements over the Old
World methods in the growing and handling of the
plant aud its product, and it may not be impossible
that in the future we may find ourselves selling tea
in China. But, however this may be, tea- growing
gives every promise of becoming an important in-
dustry, and its introduction is one of the many
evidences of the value to the country of an intelli-
gent and energetic administration of the Department
of Agriculture.” It would be interesting to learn
something about the new methods here referred to.
If the experimental growers of tea have improved
upon Indian and Ceylon methods we shall be
surprised.

In Hayti the
COFFEE GROWER

is not a free agent in the disposal of his produce.
According to a Vonsular report, a planter is prohibited
by law from dealing direct with the exporters, and
must, therefore, have recourse to the “ Haytian
speculator,’’ whose charges are very high, In Hayti
there is an export duty on coffee of 386 2-3dols, per
100 lb. (183 per cwt.) It is not surprising, then,
concludes the Consul, that the cultivation of cacao
tends to be subsiituted for that of coffee, althongh
the coffee plantations cover an area of 450,000
hectares (123,500 acres).

In her interesting book eutitled ‘ Mexico as I-saw
It,’ recently published, Mra Alec Tweedie mentions
that during a fatiguing journey in Mexico she was
served, after a meal, with

ORANGE TEA
(Hojas de Narango), made from the fresh young
leaves of the orange tree, infused in the same way
as ordinary tea. She refers to its invigorating and
refreshing qualities.—H. and C, Mail, Dec. 13.

THE EAST INDIA AND CEYLON
TEA CO... LIMITED
‘SHAREHOLDERS’ COMMITTEE WORK REVIEWED.

At last has the worm turned? Is the redoubt-
able, pious, artful, and wealthy Sir John Muir
really to be called to account? We almost begin
to hope, for here is a report by a committee of
shareholders in a ‘‘Finlay-Muir Cumpany,” en-
dowed with all the usual characteristics and
barnacles, actually
PBOPOSING THAT SHAREHOLDERS SHOULD MAKE

THE MANAGEMENT
into their own hands. They have excellent
grounds for this proposal in the facts that
they succeeded in unearthing, although the
overbearing or overshadowing Glasgow house

Jaw i, 1902.)

effectually barred the way to information
about the Hopewell Tea Company, through the
promotion of which this [udia and Ceylon Com-
pany has been nearly rainel. [ts own history is
bad enough. Beyinning in 1896 with a profit of
£12,657 it ended in November, 1900, with a loss of
£2 911, and between these dates profits bobbed up
and down like corks ina toy fountain. Prices for
tea and rupees had something to do with the
decline in profits, but agency and working charges
more, and, in fact, these charges have had a good
deal todo with the determination of some inde-
pendent shareholders to get at the bottom of
things. They do not seem to relish the idea of
existing merely for the glory and gains of Sir John
Muir and his doughty retainers.

This committee has found that during the exe
istence of the company the amount paid in com-
mission alone to Messrs P R Buchanan & Co., the
agents in London, and Messrs Finlay, Muir & Co.,
the agent in Calcutta and Colombo, amounted to
£11,141 or over 43 per cent on the gross proceeds
of all the tea sold, It rightly says that ‘his
percentage is excessive and out of all proportion
to the results attained. But has it really got to
the bottom of these charges with this statement?
We note, for instance, that ‘‘a new tea house”
was to be erected on the Mookham Estate, and
that a variety of materials was forwarded for
this purpose, although it was not carried out.
Some of the articles were disposed of at cost, but
‘‘the girders and pillars still remain unused on
theground.” What we should like toask is, Was

no commission received by the agents upon these
purchases, apart from that paid by the tea company?
No insinuation is made; we only ask the question
because of facts that have come to our knowledge
in other directions. Why was the tea house ordered?
The Caleutta and Colombo charges are very heavy,
says the committee, and apparently the company’s
agents have recognised this by handing back a
trifle of money, just to prevent friction, we suppose.
In illustration we are told that the customary and

PROPER CHARGES FOR SHIPPING TEA IN
COLOMBO,

including harbour dues, is ‘‘ one-half rupee cent”
per lb (does this mean per cent ?), whereas Messrs,
Finlay, Muir & Co. are in the habit of charging
‘three-quarters rupee cent” per lb exclusive of
harbour dues. When this was brought to the
notice of the great house it refunded £165 3s 4d
for 1900, being the amount of the harbour dues,
but on condition that the company paid the
visiting agents’ fees for inspecting the estates.
This is thoroughly ‘“* Muirish,” and exquisite in
its way. But the accounts for the year 1898 and
1899 showed harbour dues and cartage amounting
respectively to £315 and £347, and these sums do
not seem to have been handed back, while the
accounts for the preceding two years ‘‘cannot be
found” at all any more. The committee thinks
that Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co., should be “ ap-
“proached” by the directors, that isto say by the
nominees of the said Finiay, Muir & Co, to see
whether these moneys could not also be handed
back. It is very meex of it, in its place we should
be inclined to try the Court of Sessiun.

Oae of the most curious revelations in this
fascinating report is the story of what the
Scotch would call the

‘‘ INTROMISSIONS”” OF THE ANGLO-AMERICAN
DIRECT TEA TRADING CO., LIMITED,
another of the Finlay-Muir corporations, as

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

501

handy agent in the commission-earning line. It
seems that the Anglo-American Company is one
of the East India and Ceylon Company’s best
customers, and that the tea it buys is shipped
direct to the United States via Hong Kong. It
consequently never comes to London at all, and
is in no way subject to London charges; never-
theless, the London agents take the commission
on the sales, and have done very handsomely
by the business, This portion of the report had,
we tnink, best be given in the investigating
committee’s own words, together with the results.
It is a most interesting and curious revelation.

The prices for the tea so sent are fixed by the
London agents’ tea-man with the assistance of an
independent broker after valuing samples sent to
London, A caloulation seems to have been made on
each consignment of the amount of freight, insurance,
warehouses charges and sale expenses which would
have been incurred if the tea had been sent to London,
and the amount so ascertained has from time to
time been allowed to the Angio-American Direct Tea
Trading Company; bat Messrs. P R Buchanan & Oo,,
the London agents, have charged in their accounts
against the company full commission on the gross
amount of the tea sold before making any suoh
allowances, as if such tea had actually passed through
their hands and been sold in London,

B58 Afb (ils Sas;

d.
was allowed on

In1896 769 16 3 sales amounting to 11,559 5 9
1897) 996/326 20M it aonale 12,278 11 4
1898 1,092 18 9 a ” ’ 12,334 19 0
1899 1,085 4 6 » ” ry 15,910 17 3
19005105616 ples a yaa tet es 12,743 17 9

£4,991 2 5 £64,827 11 1
Then the

HOPEWELL TEA COMPANY COMES UNDER REVIEW.
It also is a product of the fertile commission-

distilling energy of Sir John Muir and
his associates. This company bought some of
the East India and Ceylon Company’s land,

but did not pay for it in cash. On the contrary,
the East India and Ceylon Company had to take
payment in shares, and to subscribe also for
further shares, and part of these shares carried
a liability of £67,000, of which £63,300 has been
called up, thus stripping the vendor company of
money instead of strengthening its resources.
And the Hopewell Company seems to be so com.
pletely in the hands of Finlay Muir & Co., that
no accounts at all are issued, nor have any shares
been allowed to get into independent hands, so
that the all-sucking Glasgow firm just piously
smiles at those who want to know things. All
insight into the accounts has been refused
to this committee, which declares that
its report has been ‘‘greatly delayed ”
by the difficulty in obtaining information. It
has, however, found out that a loss of nearly
£22,000 has been incurred by the Hopewell enter-
prise, although how is not revealed, and it also
seems to have unearthed the fact that a circular
letter issued by Messrs. P R Buchanan & Co.,
London agents, to the shareholders of the East
India and Ceylon Company, accompany a, pros-
pectus soliciting subscriptions for Hopewell shares,
made a statement not at the time true. The
statement was to the effect that the directors
had at that date entered into an agrement to
form to Hopewell Tea Company, a copy
of which agreement, the circular stated, could
be seen at the office of the East India and
Ceylon . Company, and the terms of which
agreement it went on to recite, There was

502
in existence at that
date, the committee declares, the said
date being July 23rd, 1897. On August 6th and
17th in thesame year, after the shares had been
allotted in the manner set forth in the circular, an
agreement was executed but apparently not con-
sidered sufficient, for on December 14th and 15th
following another agreement was entered into
which introduced modifications upon the previous
ove and imposed new terms and conditions. In
this latter document Messrs Finlay, Muir, and Co.
were appointed expressly, and without any reser-
vation, managing agents of the Hopeweil Company
and Messrs P R Buchanan and Co., the London
agents, while Messrs J Finlay and CUo., of Glasgow,
were made secretaries. No shareholders’ meeting
was called to sanction any of these agreements.
To all appearance there
NEVER HAS BEEN A REAL SHAREHOLDERS’

no signed agreement

MEETING
of the Hopewell Tea Company. It does
not seem necessary to call one. Messrs
Finlay, Muir, and Co. merely use the name

in their commission business, and the shareholders
in the victimised companies find the losses, a
most excellent arrangement for sweet Sir Jobn
while it lasts. We have read this report with
great interest, and trust it is the beginning of

many things not least of reforms in the
method of handling the affairs of the Finlay-
Muir group of companies, a method

that we have again and again done our best to
present in its true light as a scandal and a disgrace
to the business community. The morality of
Seotch merchants and bankers must have fallen
very low indeed if this sort of thing is to continue
to be looked upon withindulgent benevolence, aud
‘¢ prayerfully ” tolerated.—A notice has been
issued by the board of the East India and Ceylon
Tea Company, calling

“© AN EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING.”
at the close of the adjourned general meet-
ing, to be held on the 17th instant, at 12
noon, in River Plate House, Finsbury-
cireus. Accompanying the notice is a circular
drawn up in rebuttal of the committee's charges,
and avery lame performance it proves to be.
The gravest allegations of all those relating to
the tormation of the Hopeweil Company are
ignored, as also the story of the Anglo-American
Direct Tea commissions. Ina word, the circular
seems tu us little better than derisory, and if there
are any public-spirited men among the shareholders
they ought to do their’itmost to change the entire
management, board and all. Unfortunately, the
date of the meeting leaves them little time, and
they may count upon obstruction of the cunningest
sort when it is held. But for all that they should
be up and doing.—Jnvestor’s Review, Dee. 14.

en

TROUT AT THE DARGLE, NATAL.—Mr C W
Methven’s total bag for four days’ fishing was
41 tront, theaverage weight being 1lb. 3 oz each.
In addition to this large catch, there have been
many baskets of 20 and 30 made since the open-
ing of the season--amply justifying the belief that
a big future is in store for the Natal trout-fishing
grounds.— Natal Mercury, Dee. 9,

PRESS SE eee einen ris 2S

Tui Dear HEAR.—No. 479 of the Illustrated
World of 626, Chiswick High Road, London, W.,
Ungland contains a description of a remarkable
Cure for Deafness and Head Noiscs which may be

carried out at the patient’s home, and which is.

said to be a certain cure, This number will be
sent free to avy deaf persons sending their ad.
ress to the Editor,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

‘Jan. 1, 1902,

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.)
EXPORTS
Colombo, Dec 3lst, 1901,

C ARDAMOMS :—
All round parcel, well bleached perlb, R155
Do. dull medium do. R140
Special assortment, 0 and 1 only do. R190
Seeds do, R40

CincHonsA Bark :—
Per unit of Sulphate ef Quinine 8c—14 to 3 o/o
CINNAMON :—

Ordinary assortment per lb. 53c.,
Nos. 1 and 2 only per lb. 59c,
Nos. 3 and 4 only per lb. 48c.
Cinnamon Curps :—
Per candy of 560 Ib R7506
Cocoa :—
Finest estate red ; unpicked percwt R48-00
Medium do do do R43°00
Bright native unpicked and undried R40 00
Ordinary do de do R36°00
Coconuts—(husked).
Selected per thousand R58'00
Ordinary of R4s'00
Smalls - R39°00

Coconut CaKe—
Poonac in robins f. o. b. per ton R75:00
Do in bags None
Coconut (Desiccated).

Assorted all grades per Ib 20c
Coconut O1L—

Dealers’ Oil per cwt R20 00.—Nominal.

Coconut Oil in ordinary packages f, o. b. per
ton R437°50.—Business done February, Marck and
April R425 Nominal.

CorrEE.—
RACES Estate Parchment on the spot per bus,
one.

Plantation Ustate Coffee f.o.b. (ready) per cwt —
None.

Native Coffee, f.0.b per cwt.—None.

OITRONELLA OIL—

Ready do per lb.—46e
Copra—
Boat Copra per candy of 560 lb. R6250
Calpentyn Copra do do R62'50
Cart do do do R59:00
Hstate do do do R62°50
Croton SzeD per cwt—R15‘00
EBony—

Sound per ton at Govt. depot—R190.00 Sale of the

2nd instant.

Inferior R125°00 Sale of the 2nd instant.
FigeEs—

Coconut Bristle No.1 perewt R11°50

Do 00 5 None
Do mattress ,, 1 - 3°50
Do sD zi 2-00
Coir Yarn, Kogalla,,-1 to 8 14-75
Do Cvlombo ,, 1 te 8 11°25
Kitool all sizes 9 None
Palmyrah ‘i None
Peprer—Black per lb None
PLrmsaco—
Large lumps per ton R500
Ordinary lumps do R500
_ Chips do R350 Fine quali
tles scarce.
Dust j do R180
Do (Flying) do R100
Sapanwoop— per ton None

Satinwoop (ordinary) per cube ft. R275 le ef
the 5th instant. E Pare ee
Do do per cubic ft. None,

High Grown Medinm Low Grown

TEA— Average. Average. Ave

Broken Pekce aud Broken a cts. ecale®
Orange Pekoe per |b 6 90 of
Orange Pekoe do fis qa | @;
Pekoe ; do Ao Ag oie
Pekoe Souchong do le ee Be (
Pekoe Fanuings do a0 ee ar
Broken mixed— dust, &o 4, oy ee

JAN. 1,.1902.] _

THE TROPICAL

SHARE LIST.

ISSUED BY THE
COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’
ASSOCIATION,

CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES.

paid

Company p. sh.
Agra Ouvah Estates Co., Ltd. 500
Ceylon tea and Coconut Estates 500
Castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100

Ceylon Pr: vincial Estates Co. Ltd. 500
Glare ont Estates Co., Ltd. Lou
Clunes Tea Co., Ltd. 106
Ciyiie Estates Do., Ltd. 10C
Doomoo Tea Co., of Ceylon Ltd. 100
Draycon iistate Co., Ltda. 1

Eila Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 109
Estates Co of Uva, Ltd. 500
Gangawi. 100
Glasgow Estate Co., Ltd. 500

Great Western Tea Co., Ltd. 590
Gapugahalande Tea Estate Co. 200

High Forests Kistates Co., Ltd 600

Do part paid _ 408
Hore>kelly Estates Co Ltd § 19¢
Kalctars. Co.. htd., 500
Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 100
Kanapeiwatte itd. 100
Kei: ni .es Garden Co., Ltd. 100
Kieviers Estate Co., Ltd. 110
Kinavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100

Maha Uy: E-t-tes C.., Ltd. 500

Mocha ‘Vea Co., of Ceylov, Ltd. 500
Nabe villa B-tate Co., Lts. £00
Neb: da Tes Co, Ltd. 500

Palmerstin Tea Co., Ltd. 600
Penrh: s Estates Co , Ltd.
Pitakanda Tea Company

Pine Hill Esia e Co., Ltd. 60

Putupaul: Tea Co., Ltd. 100
Ratwatte Coca Cv., Ltd 500
Rayigaw Tea C+., Ltd. 100
Roeberry Tea Co., Ltd 100
Ruanw lla Tea Co., Ltd, 100
St, Hellier's Tea ‘o., Ltd, 500
Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 100

Do percent Prefs. 190
Tonac mie Estate Co,, Ltd, 500

Udugama Te: & Timber Co., Ltd. Sv

Uni-n Est te Co., Ltd. £00
Up er Maskeliya Estates Co.

Ltd 500
Uvakellie Tea Co., of Ce;lon,

Lti, 100
Vogin Tea Co,, Ltd., 100
Wanaraj:h Tea Co., Ltd. 500
Yataderiya Vea Cu., Ltd. 100

Buy-

ers.
875 900
fat)
=e 60
BSS
i 86
200 210
— 950
61a —
wn B50
= 450
=") 85
— 250
a 40)
SES SB
fe 120
es 66
350
24709
ww 800
~~ 500
s. 400
90
35 40
ee O50
Ore ne
gee
£00
we 8rz0
ae 70
Beri a5
426
Cone
we 52°50
* 1000
SCOTS

OnYLON CommMpROiAL ComPanigs.

Adam’s Peak Hotel Co., Ltd. 100
Bristol Hotel Cc., Ltd, 190
Do 7 per cont Debts 100

Ceylon Gen. Steam Navgtn:
Co., Ltd 100
Ceylon Superaeratign Ltd. 100
Colo: bo Apothecaries’ Co. Ltd. 10

Colompo Assembly Rooms Co.,
Ltd. 20

Do prefs. 20
Colcanbo Fort Land and Building
Cy.) Ltd. iGO
Cosombo Hotels Company 100
G@ Me Face Hotel Co., Ltd. 100
Kandy Hotels Co., Ltd. 100
Mount Lavinia Hotel Co., Ltd. 600
New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 100

Nuwara Bliya Hetels Co., Ltd. 36
Do 7 per cent prefs.
Public Hall Co., Ltd.

eel 88)
— 110
1670
Seth)
—- 137°C
15 abs
Be LS
— 2972
1124 =
276 ~=—-850
a 175
27°50 =
128 14

Sell- Tran-

ers. saction.

AGRICULTURIST.

503
LONDON COMPANIES.
paid. Buy: Sell- Tran-
Company p. sh. ers. ers. saction
Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 ts 8-9 ve
Anglo-Ceylon General Estates Co 10@ .. 55-60 ...
Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon 10 13-24
Do. 6 per cent prefs, 10 3—5.
Ceylon Proprietary Co. 1 tee g-30—
C-ylon Tea Plantacion Co., Ltd. 1) seit, LOgucodim,
Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd. 5 a 6-5} —
Do prefs 5 _- 5-6 —
Eastern Produce & Estates Co. Ltd, 5 Bye 373% oe
Edeiap lla Tea Co., Ltd. 10 6-s —
Imp ris] Tea Kstates o., Ltd. 10 4 4425.
Kelani Valley Tea As-en., Ltd. 5 oc ¢ eal Yo Ses
Kintyre Estates Co., Ltd. 10 ats GrieSisf res
Lanka Plantation Co., Ltd 10 4 3
Nahalma Estates Co.,Ltd. 1 ~ nom aN
New Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1 ae 223s te.
Nuwera fliya ‘ea Esiate Ce., Ld. 10 — 10. 93
Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd. 10 ata 604.
Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 10 h US 13a ee
Scottish Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 ~ 10-15 ;
Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 10 2—5 5
Stindard Tea Co., Ltd. 6 10—12
The Shell Transport and Trading
Company, Ltd. 1 27-31 i
Ukuwella Estates Co., Ltd. OF — par ee
Yatiyantota Geylon Tea Co., Ltd. .0 -- +
Do. pref. 6 o/o NORE 9-10
BY ORDER OF [HE COMMITTEE
Colombo, Jan. 10th, 1902,

* Latest London Prices.

ee

RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO.

(Supplied by the Surveyor-Genera!.)
iene JAv of

i9C1

1897. | 1898. |1899. |1900 31yrs. 19045
Inch | Inch | Inch.| Inch. | Inch.| Inch.| Inch
January 3°81 | 2°32 6°98 3°72 3°24 ]11°91 | 1°549
February ..| 1°68 | 1°98 2°78 0°63 | 1°89 | 3°55
March 3°66 | 4°21 0°88 370k: 4°75 | 5:12
April 10°97 | 22°81 6°66 | 15°12 |11°43 | 8°71
May 8°30 | 5°60 {17°73 | 10°63 |12°04 | 6°28
June 10°14 | 10°94 9°23 7°83 8°35 | 5°93
July 5°24 | 6°15 111 6°77 4°30 | 4°52
August ..| 9°09 | 0°97 0°62 7°35 | 3°79 | 0°46
September | 4°58 | 6°90 | 1°48 4°00 | 4°98 | 3-93
October 4-71 | 20°60 |12 99 9°47 |14°36 | 391
November../11°66 | 17°38 8°58 9°25 | 12°55 | 19°84
December..| 8°89 | 3-05 | 4°44 62 6°35 | 1°70*
Total..|82°73 }103°11 |73°48 | 83°68 |88°03 | 75°86 | 1.54

* From 1st to ¢th Jan. 1'54 inch, that is up to 9-30 a,
on the 9th Jan.—Ep C.O. : if ra

See a gS
CopRA IN FiJr.—Our Fiji correspondent states
that tenders for the Governmeut copra contract
were opened on the 30th ultimo. Lever Brothers,
Limited, Sydney, were the successful tenderers
at £10 18s 5d per ton, which is considered a very
g2tisiactory price.—Sydney Mail, Dec. 21,
Rick IN AUSTRALIA.—Rice grows to every
degree of perfection in the Port Douglas district
and we (‘‘Gazette”) allude to the desirability of
farmers including it among their products, and ag
instancing the possibilities here with that crop, we
are enabled to inform our readers that one experi-
menter in Mackay this season realised over 10 tons
of paddy from 10 acres of land selling the lot at
£7 per ton on the wharf. The crop was harvested
with the sickle, and doubtless a large quantity of
the grain was lost, as rice sheds very freely.
With up-to-date machinery in our favour, there is
a lot in rice and it should be grown more
abundantly in this district, which is equally
adapted for it as Mackay.—Sydney Mail, Nov 3060

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUGSS.
(From Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, November 27th, 1901.)

{THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Jan. 1, 1902.

] QUALITY. UOTATIONS
a QUALITY. U OTATIO N
ass ae strir ewt.| Fair fig ARO dry MBA +0 ee INDIARUB aD aie 1 i ee —
ALOES, Soccotrine, . ¢ a te ahrents RUBBER (contd.) ee
Aten eee, (EEE ENTS [ith Siteoe Remee Moe oes oe aaa
4 p «+ {02 4 Goo to fine Ball E
¥ cwt. ieeos : + |2s 6da 3s 1¢d
BEES WAX, pe 5, |Gocd to fine £6 a £7 10s Mozambique Teac a SAMs ae ay acme
7 2 1 ” - € 7
Bombay Yellows |Pt sco palish _[eo2s6da £8 is Sausage, fair to good «|zs éd.a 2s 11d
Madagascar Mosalonnd d semi refined|16 36 Liver and Livery ball ../25 a:
camifiin, Formoss ;, (rude ond semi refnediicsen ibe | Nyassaland Fair tifne ball | [iscda 29k
apan 3s | 1a ies frto five rinky & white|»s 3d a 2s €¢ |
MOMS, Malabarlb Clipped, bold, bright, fine}2s3da 2s 4d Madagascz F ey soda 2s éd
CARDA Middling, stalky & lean|is 5dais7d Besror: Nae eee plas AO eae 2s 63d
Ceylon.~ Mysore» Hate to fine plump 1s a a ‘a . INDIGO, B.I, Bena 7d a 1s 94
seeds » les 2da 2s 4 Shipping mid to gd vi : r
A As se » g gd violet|2s ed
i Tellicherry »» Ce ° 2 ot g ee Consiinsie aut eee gd. ee od ore ;
Shelly to good --|6da 2s 6d a oe a ei ee 2s 10d a 3s 1d y
eA Mongalore ” |Med brown to good bold}2s 3d a 383d Do. "4 Sorliaey ed +4 aed ia
2» Ql 1 ae )
cawtOn orb, Coleuttan, [ist 204 ohgnt — ligsacase (MA id. to good Magra les a 510d"
CHILLIES, Zanzibar Cue Pe lee Mister os cv CE, Bombay & Penang|Pale reddish to fine |¥s a 3s
CINCHONA BARK.— Ib. | Ledger Denewed a a a per lb. Ordinary to fair Is4da Isild :
Ceylon Crown, Roe % 5d a id Pickings iaBdal :
rg. Stem |33d a 53d MYRABOLANS, Dark to fine paleUG [5 ar
Red Org. Stem |33da 43d Madr ewt| pai 8 a 63
Renewed ern Tadras Fair Coast 4s 6d a 4s 9d ;
ere a Bombay ,, ubblepow 5s a 68 ;
CINNAMON, Ceylon ee Ordinary to fine quill yd a 1s 6d Bhaipres &e. e ea 4
per lb. aed i ” ae Susi. denen Bengal ,, |Calcutta 3s 6d a 5s
” »” bry a — lb. 64’8 to 57’s 9
ae ” ” Sn Bombay & Penang ,, See to 65’s is ao aa ie
b m9) », 2 60’ to 130’s ; 5
CLOVES) Penang | 10-|Dull to fine bright bold/4eda o2d)| | NUTS PARECAT ewi. Ory so eeelee ees
Amboyna —;-| Dull. to cutee Pare poe 6d : NUX VOMICA, Bombay Ordinary to middling |4s a 5s 6d
Zanzibar \ Good and Te igs oe a aa per cwt. Madras Fair to good bold fresh |7sa 10s6d
and Pemba Common du aaa a4dg Small ordinary and fair|fs a 6s 9d
ee Stems --| Fair Fi O86 OF SSUSSED ts He aes Een 58
. kK ccording ti alysi ? in
Ceylon Plantation ,, | Bold to fine bold colony 92s 6d a 120s LEMONGRASS: », | Good Aarons: aoe 5d ed ee
Middling to fine mi 80s a 100s NUTMEG ), | Dingy to white 1d a 3d
Low mid. and low grown CINNAMON | Ordinary to fair sweet |34d a 1s 6d
5 Smalls, 40s a 60s CITRON ELLE ., | Bright & good flavour gid a 10d
Native Goon! prey AN Ae ORCHELLA WEED—cwt, i
Liberian »» |Small to 3's a 408 Ceylon ., | Mid. to fine not woody.. |”
COCOA, Ceylon ’ Berd o ane bore : is St aoe Zanzibar. ,, | Picked clean flat leaf. 10s 5 ae ‘a
ediu Os a 6¢ a i
Native 5u8 6d a 628 6d |PEPPER- (Black) Ib.|_ SE I es
COLOMBO ROOT », |Middling to good 7sa 15s Alleppee & Tellicherry|Fair to bold heavy ., |5id a 63d
COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton : z nominal Singapore : | Bair aa ..|6d 3
Cochin 5, |Ordinary to fair ait £13 lus a £18 Acheen & W. C. Penang|Dull to fine sa es 53d a 64d
FIBRE, Brush _ » |Ord, to fine long eureieRt £16 a £19 PLUMBAGO, lump cewt.|Fair to fine bright bold|30sa 35s
; Cochin ,, |Ordinary to good clean £20 a £24 Middling to good smali|2:sa 32s
Stuffing,, |Common to fine . £7 a £9 chips Dull to fine bright /9s a 15s
COIR YARN, Ceylon ;, |Common to superior £15 a £30 dust Ordinary to fine bright|3s 6da 8s
Cochin ,, 50 QOe HORS nd £12 a £32 SAFFLOWER Good to fine pinky 65s a 75s
do. ;, |Roping, fair to good £10 a £14 10s Inferior to fair “140s a 60s
CROTON SEEDS, sft. cwt. Dull ie pa he is a SANDAL WOOD— g ‘
cUTCH a »» |Fair to fine er 23s a 358 Bombay, Logs ton.|Fair to fine flay £20
GING ER, Bengal, rough), Fair aac Wald a0 i Chips ., ee5 ix a * 15s acti
Calicut, Cut 44, |Good to fine bo sa 10d Madras, Logs ., |Fair to good flavour ..j/£20a £50
B&C,, |Small and medium 3sa 80s ( hips ,, |Lnferior to fine “lt4a £8
Cochin Rough ,, |Common to fine bold 45s a 528 SAPANWOOD Ceylon ,, |Fair to good “165 a £5 108
Boe Small and D’s ee 6d a 45s Manila ,, | { Bough & rooty to good| £4 10sa £5 15s
: » |Unsp 4 jam bola g
G@UM AMMUN fACUM ,, |Sm. plocky to fine clean 15s a 45s SEEDLAC ewt. |Ord. dusty to od aonb “00s a 100s
ANIMI, Zanzibar ,, |Picked fine pale in sorts|£10 7s 6d aZ£1S|SENNA, Tinnevelly 1b |Good to fine bold green|5d 4 !s 02d
Part yellow und mixed|£*a £8 Fair greenish 34d a 42a.
Bean and Pea size ditto|70sa £9 2s 6d Common dark and small in ad°
Amber and dk. red bold] £5 10s a £6 7scd|SHELLS, M. o’ PEARL
Med. & bold glassy sorts/30s_& 100s Bombay ewt. |Bold and A’s
Madagascar ,, |Fair to good palish £4a £8 D’s and B’s
oo red | £4 58 & £9 Small is £210sa£37e6d
ABABIC F.1.& Aden ,, |Ordinary to good pale/35s a Ses Mergui y [Small ‘o bold £67 by
Turkey sorts 5, | 40s a 458 Mussel +» [Small to bold "| 29 is€da 46158 —
Ghatti ,, |Pickings to fine pale .../12s 6d a 35s TAMARINDS, Calcutta...|\id.to fine bI’k not ston: $a 55s 7
Kurrachee ,, Good and fine pale ...|52s 6d a 55s per cwt. Madras |Stony and inferior PIE US
“ar Benen i pale selected 0s a ae RO NOISE -- [58 a 7s
adras , ark to fine pale ... {208 a 358 anzibar & Bombay Ib. |S
ASSAFCTIDA ” |Glean fr to gd. almonds|60s a 137s Gd q ote nee r { 16s a 28s
Ord. stony and blocky|6s a 20s TURMERIC, Bengalewt.! Fair ch
KINO =— » |Kine bright is 3da 1s 6d Madras ,, |Finger fair to fine bold Re
MiRRH, picked » |Fair to fine pale 0s a LIES Driehit :
Aden sorts ,, |Middling to good 50s a 80s Do. _,, |Bulbs 6s a 258
OLIBANUM, drop ,, |Good to fine white 353 a 55s Cochin __,, |Finger -- {148 a 188
Middling to fair 253 a 35s Bulbs --|)7s 6d a 188
piceinge oH Toya Pe pont pale ine a 238 VANILLOES— Ib. |12s 6d
P siftings ,, |Slightly foul to ine 18s a 2°3 Mauritius .. Ists Gd. erysalli :
INDIARUBBEK,Assamlb Good to fine 23 a 28 38d Bourbon «J 2nds Foxy zyeallized oe ean 93 a 229
Common to foul & mxd.|7d a 18 6d Seychelles 3rds Lean andinferior .”'|ge 2 ge”
Rangoon Fair to good clean .,.|28a 28 4d VERMILION Ib. Fine, pure, brignt pois) :
Borneo Common to fine ls a 28 3d WEES Japan, squares paces white hard on pe a3s8d

*

XXI

eye WTAE AOR

«| MONTHLY. be

COLOMBO, FEBRUARY 1st,

Usp

1902. No 8.

PLANTING IN JAVA:
SUPPLEMENTARY CULTURES IN
BY-PRODUCTS.

(Translated for the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”’* )

T is apleasure to me to follow
the honouring invitation of
the Sub-Committee of the
‘*Allganeer Syndicaat voor
Koffiecultuur en andereberg
cultures in Nederlandsch In-
die” dated 12th June a.c. in
giving a lecture on Supplemen-
tary Cultures.

The cultivation of Cacao which in the Hastern
Provinces of Java may still be considered a supple-
mentary culture is with une and cther planters in
Central Java a principal culture; I shall, therefore,
begin with cacao; if I should have the occasion
later on I shall treat successively of Liberian Coffee,
nutmeg, randoe ( 2 ) with pepper, and the
different kinds of caoutchouc, which I know. In
1878 I became administrator of the factory at
Djati Roenggo, and had for Superintendent Mr. N. de
Vicq de Cumptich. Then already he recommended
to the factory not to stop at one cultivation, but to
grow also on their lands Liberian coffee, nutmeg, cacao,
pepper and karet (?) trees. The factory did not follow
his advice; they only ordered 5,000 nutmegs from
Banda for Djati Roenggo, which I planted in 1879:
_I shall return to them later on. Djati Roenggo, he
said, with its 1,500 acres can easily bear different
cultivations, and he was right; what he would have
started nearly a quarter of a century ago, is now

done not only in Central Java but also in the Hastern .

' Provinces. I thought this introduction necessary, as

* From the ‘ Niewwe Gids” of 15th Uctober, 1901,

I wanted to give the honour to my former chief,
who again, about 1886, ordered a new kind of cacao,
not being content to stick always to the same red
Java cacao, which was cultivated here and there }
whether he discovered then already the diseases in
cacao tree and pods 1 do not know, for I did not
see him again since 1885. Mr, Van Gogh, who
was with me in 1898, had likewise small confidence
in red Java cacao; he spoke from experience of
cacao estates in Java and the rest of Nedeol, Hast
India, which he had visited, and where the trees
were suffering from the MHelopeltis pest and the
pods from a boring beetle, called Adela, I think. In
1884 I planted 12,000 cacao trees, which remained
good till 1895, and since 1888, when I became owner
of Djati Roenggo, this estate was successively planted
with red Java-cacao. From 1895 until today the two
diseases mentioned above kept on spreading.

In 1888 my brother brought me two little cacao
plants which Mr. de Vicq ordered from Oaracas,
under the name of Caracas cacao, In ‘der Tropen-
pflanzer,” No. 7, year V, you, will find mentioned a
kind of cacao growing on the western shore of Vene-
zuela and called Caracas with splendid feeding pro-
perties and very rich in fat; further, cacaos from
Guayaquil, Bahia, St. Domingo, Trinidad, Granada
and Surinam with the same proportion of Theo-
bromine. One of those little Caracas cacao plants
died from rajap (?), the other grew luxuriantly and
gave beautiful healthy pods, about the size of those
from red Java cacao; but the young pods were white
and the ripe ones orange.

In 1892 I made nurseries from the seeds and kept
this on till 1896, Then the mother tree died, but
two Gjangkokans (3) remained, which were sent at my
request through the Colonial Bank, one to Ngrangkah

and another to one of the Kawi enterprises; both
trees are still alive,

506

What the mother-tree’s name is I cannot say
with certainty ; according to Jumelle it should be
a kind of Forestero by the pinkish break of the
beans and the more flat form thereof; but, after
all, the name does not matter much; only so much
J know that by natural crossing of this new kind
with red Java cacao a hybrid has developed. ‘V'his
variety grows rapidly and gives an abundance of
big fruit. From the 6 to 7year old trees J get
On an average fully 5 catties (—about 7 lbs.) of market-
able cacao, a (production) crop which I could not
get from Javacacao. Yet, in Siloewok Sarvangan,
there are, as the owner, Mr. Ebeling informs me,
red cacao trees from 7 to 8 years old which pro-
duce up to 6 catties (—S lbs.) marketable cacao.
At Ngoepit, I am told, in a good year, an average
of 10 catties (—13} lbs.) of marketable cacao per tree
was got from red Java cacao. ‘The seed for my
own use and that of other planters whom [ supply
I take from my plantation of trees of first generation.

Prices of first-class cacao of this kind prepired

‘at Samarang are more than satisfactory ; although

. diseases,
: paloges (?) ; but, owing to their more robust growth

the nicest and biggeet pods were sold for planting;
one lot brought fl. 3°50 per picol, (1 picol about
=136 lbs.) and another lot fl.8 per picol more than
first-class red cazao. A big sample of this cacao
was taxed-in Holland, a few years ago, at 24 cents
p. 4 kilogr. (or about Rs. 0:03 per lb.) higher than
red cacao.

~When I noticed that this variety resisted better the

revailing diseases, I stopped planting 1ed cacao since
1895. Yet, if you plant the Djati Roenggo variety amoung
xed Java cacao trees which were suffering from both
then they were also attacked by the

. these trees recover sooner and therefore resist the

diseases better than red Java cacao.
In Jumelle’s ‘‘Le Cacacier”’ is stated that in all

* cacao-producing countries the ‘Criollo,” to which
- class, according to this writer, also the red Java
_cacao has to be

reckoned, is abandoned and
replaced by other kinds of stronger growth. All red
Java cacao trees- which are poorly and much
attacked by Helopeltis, are now taken out and
replaced by the Djati Roenggo. variety. This variety
grows at Djati Roenggo + 1,000 ft. aboveseajust as
well as at Terwidi + 1,500ft., at Assinan and Tlog.
# 1,700 ft, and at Lerep aboutl,g00ft. high; like-

- wise it answers very well at Siloewok Swangan,

2 75 ft. high, To my idea all kinds of soil, 1f not
too bad, will grow cacao; at Djati Roenggo on’ a
substrate of heavy clay and ‘'padas,’ at Terwidi
and Tlogo on light clay and even sand, red Java
and the Djati Roenggo variety answer very well.
Cacao withstands drought well; with an Hast
monsoon of six months’ drought, nutmeg and Liberia
coffee trees were already fading, while cacao, the
red as well as the Djati Roenggo variety wece still
fresh, and even put on flush; nor did a wet East
monsoon damege it at all. On poor and old soil,
such as at Djati Roenggo, fully 60 years old, they
grow well, of course with liberal manmipg. On
lands of the Bastern Provinces already ten to
‘twenty years under coffee, Djati Roenggo will still
grow beautifully ; but after some time you will have
to start manuring. If there is no manure to ke
had in the neighbourh)od, one has to keep
some cattle. In place of big cattle runs small
graz'ng lands on different spots should be recom-
mended, so as to (simplify) shorten the transport of
the manuwe to the trees. Grass fields should be
supplied ; kolondjono-grass, a fine fodder, grows
rapidly. The cattle should not graze later than 8
or 9 o'clock; afterwards they should be kept in the
stable, so as to ob‘ain more manure, The manure
of a herd of cattle kept in this way comes to about
10 to 124 cts. p. cubic ft., and it is good manure.

ra The grazing fields must be fenced in with barbed

wire on ‘‘randoe”’ trees which must be bigh enough
to prevent the cattle from eating the highest shoots,

Jo the beginning cacao requires good shading; it

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

object to planting ‘‘ Tjaboetans,”

- here a few specimens which accidentally grow like

(Fes. 1, 1902,

grows very well between coffee trees, and within
four years supplants both Java and Liberia coffee.
While 2-year old plants of red Java cacao have an
average height cf 4 ft., the Djati Roenggo variety
reaches fully 6 ft., and trees of 6 to 7 years old
are about 20 ft. high with branches of about 9 ft. ;
Java cacao of the same age is about .5 fi. high
with branches of 7 ft. If you do not plant the cacao in
abandoned ecffee plantations you may surround it with
three or four shoots of dadap or ‘‘ketella pohoong”
as temporary shading.

The cacao tree reaches an age of 40 to 50 years;
there are here still some specimens of red cacao
trees fully 50 years old; it is from these trees that
the seeds were obiained for the Djati Roenggo plan-
tations. As no dadap can live so long, at least
not here, I planted Castilloa trees in belween
squares of 36ft, In one plantation of Castilloa of
ten years with seven year old trees of the Djiti
Roenggo variety in between, both are in good con-
dition. On estates which are not exposed to long
drought, the cacao, sfter having once clo-ed, does
not waut shading any more, but protection from
wind should be provided; cac ois easier injured by
wind than by sun. Caesalpina dasyrhachis is alco
a good~ shade tree, which does not drop its leaves
in the East monsoon.

Nurseries are made as for coffee, bat I plant the
seeds directly one foot from one another. ‘lhe seeds
are put only so deep in the ground, that one-half
remains above ground, wi:h that end where they
were attached in the pod downwards, You may
also put them flat on the gioun?, again to the
middle in the ground, but there is this disadvan-
tage, that on heavy clay and with heavy rains the
seeds may be covered with a crust of clay which
will hinder the upright growth in budding. I begin
to lay out pits in April and May, and not later,
as I want big plan's; the soil here is easy to loosen
(‘‘pocteren,”’) If the soil cannot easily bs loosened,
one has to resort to barkets or pots of munure,in
which you may put the pits in July or August, as
I was told by planters who had no fit soil. Other
planters start later towards the West monsoon;
they put out the plants in nurseries and trans-
plant them into the lands as soon as they have
budded. Others again plant directly two or three pits
out into the gardens; the different proves which I
have taken of this way of planting have given very
poor results,

In planting cacao in ‘‘ pocterans” or baskets the
protruding taproot may safely be cut off with @
sharp knife. From my own experience I strongly
since a drought of
one or two days after putting them out will surely kill
the young plants. About proning of cacao there is
no agreement of opinion as yet; 1 am opposed to
pruning; I allow free growth. After the second year
shoots come out at the top, atleast one; this I keep,
as it makes afterwards the continuation of the sem;
after a year or so the tree gives »nother shoot at
the top which becomes stem in its turn, so i have
trees already three or four stories high.

Other plants again form low on the stem two or three
strong shoots, which I keep all; for their forma-
tion is, to my idea, a consequence of sickliness in
the mother tree; these shoots grow rapidly and the
mother tree is cut down.

Only three branches are pruned down after the first
or second picking. Other planters allow no shoots,
but keep the first three or four top branches, which
afterwards spread as with topped trees. I have

that, but the three or four top branches give too many
secondary and tertiary branches, so that their prun-
ing becomes a serious matter; and these branches,
must be pruned to render the picking easier. ~*

Picking gives here no trouble; the picking gang,
provided with small knives on bamboo sticks, cut the
ripe pods easily off, and it happens but rarely that

Fep 1, 1902. | THE TROPICAL

they pick unripe fruit. It must not bs forgotten
that cacao is a stem-flowering tree, although the
branches bear also a good deal of fruit. Red cacao
trees bear for the first time when 3 or 4. years
old.; the Djati Roenggo variety already with 2 to
3 years; some trees of this age bear already up to
80 pods Tae time of development of cacao from
flower to ripe fruit is from 6 to 7 months.

The planting distance is here 12 feet, for bed
cacao as well as for the Djati Roenggo variety ; if
the trees should begin to hinder one another, then
one tree in the cross is pruned down to that extent
that only the crown remains; the amonnt of stem-
fruit oa trees thus pruned is amazing. ‘This practice
is successfully carried out at Flogo, the only place
which I kuow, where red cacao grows splendidly
with but little damage through helopeltis; the trees
stand there, as a rule 12 by 12 feet. This pruning
should be done with the bursting of the West monsoon,

The cultivation of the soil is the same as with
coffee: round the trees must be hacked (gcpatjoold),
and besides ‘‘gebabat’? owing to the consider-
able distance of the plants. (After the trees have
once closed, they will themselves kill all weeds,
and only manuring is wanted.)

In selecting seed-pods I prefer pods with thin
shells and many large pits, Many big pods have
thick shells and few but large pits; these I rather
reject. (Teysmannia, No. 4 and 5, year 12, page 216.)

SELECIION or SEED FOR CACAO,

Mr. J. B. Carrutiers, who since some years is
busy with investigations in cacao cultivation in Ceylon
(there were formerly already some reports anent
this in Teysmannia) has made some important
experiments about the selection of cacao seed.

He examined fully 300 pods of different sizes, and

came to the result that selecting the largest and
nicest pods for seed is altogether useless, as the
good size of pods is very often due to heavy and
thick shells, and that their size is not at all pro-
portionate to the size, namber and weight of the
seeds on which all depeads. A _ better method to
improve the species is to select the trees of which
you wish t) propagate the seed. Trees which bear
abundantly, whose pods contain many and heavy
seeds and not much subjected to disease are of
course preferable.—The Tropical Agriculturist, No. 10,
1901.
The curiag is done this way: The shells are
taken off in the garden, and the seeds after being
“takkered’’ are fermented in troughs. My fermente
ing troughs are made of wood and placed in stories
one above the other. The fresh seed goes to the
first trough and rernains there, covered with sacks,
tothe next morning, when the whole contents are
emptied into ‘the second trough twenty-four hours
later this trough is emptied in the third and after
another twenty-four hours the cacao is washed and
left for twenty-four hours under water; after another
washing the cacao is dried as quickly as possible,
If the cacao should not become perfectly dry in
open air (which makes a drying shed indispensable
for large production), it becomes mildewy aud looses
considerably in value. When drying in sheds one
ha3 to take care lest the cacao which is of a nice
light brown colour, should be spread directly on
galvanized iron sheets, as its sour juice in contact
wi-h the fiuk, causes brown spots.on the pits which
is the more to be feared with the light brown Djati
Roenggo than with red Java cacao. To prevent this
trouble I have the drying floor covered with coccs-
matting.

About the diseases of cacaol have already spoken
in the beginning. The best ways of treatment are
now thoroughly investigated in by Dr, Zehntner, In
order to learn the results of his investigations
planters ought surely become members of the trial
station at Salatiga,

Every cacao planter ought, to my idea, become
a member; this would reduce to a minimum the
cost per acre,

AGRICULTURIST.

507

It was in order to avoid all kind of reclame that
I did not recommend the Djati Roenggo variety
earlier. Butas I had been requested to say something
on supplementary cultures, [ thought it of general
interest, to make known the little 1 know about it.

Mr. du Bois, jr, wishes ‘to draw attention
with afew words to the conflicting advices given
by different writers concerning the amount of shade
which cacao needs. Mr. MacGillawry, he says,
would give as little shade as possible. I should not
recommend to follow Mr. Mac Gillawry too closely:
in the Eastern Provinces, In the literature you
find, that shade, as arule, is highly recommended, '
so that we, at least, are bound to give it our full:
attention. 4

The Chairman remarks that his experience coin-‘
cides with Mr. du Bois. It was always in well-
shaded gardens that he found the freshest trees -
with the healthiest fruit. But, perhaps, the clima-*
tological conditions of Djati Roenggo are different.-

Mr. MacGillawry mentions the estates of Ngobo, *
Ngoepit and Groot Getas as instances where a good
produce of cacao is obtained with little shade.:
He has observed that heavy shade decreases the’
amount of dew; he had even to thin out shade
trees here and there. But before all wind-protection
must be provided. Referent mentions besides that,
if he had to choose between different shade trees,
he would give preference to castilloa before cisal-
pina, as the former gives some little profits. ~ 3

The Chairman remarks that in the Eastern Prose
vinces cacao seems to be more sensible for drought *
than in Central Java. Mr. MacGillawry: relates;
that with him young trees even after two months”:
drought are still full of leaves. But then he spends’
fl 16,000 (=Rps 19,200) per year on manure, and’
manuring begins wi h the planting. He uses almost:
exclusively buffalo and cattle manure. His lands
are already for 69 years under cultivation, and, at
first sight, valueless, The Chairman rem.rks on the-
probability that the trees acquire turough this-a.
greater power of resistance,

io

CINCHONA ON THE NILGIRIS, |

(ExTRAcTs FRoM ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION Report oN
THE GOVERNMENT CinCHONA Department, NILGIRIs,
roR THE YEAR 1900-1901.)

The area under cultivation on the old estates ig:
83146 acres and the area of the first two extensions
at Hooker is 160 acres. The total expenditure on the’
upkeep of these 99146 acres including the charges for’
head office was Rs. 50,547-7-3 or Rs. 50-15-8 per acre.!

The total expenditure on factory account is detailed’
as follows :— : y

RS. A, P.--
Purchase of 167,200 lb, of bark ... 53,863.12 2
Machioery and plant on ooo 29,985 2 2;

Manufacturing and distributing

charges... ran 50 dd 22,785 1 2

——_ 2

Total. .1,06,633 15 6
The balance sheet (statement 15) shows a profit
balance of Rs. 41,315-13-7 and statement 13 showg
an excess of revenue over expenditure from the com:
mencement of the plantations to date of Rs. 47,861,
and, after allowing interest on receipts as well ag
on charges, the net surplus to date is Rs. 14,43,886,

Dodabetta.—The pruning that was done in 1899-1900
proved very beneficial to the trees by admitting more
light and air, and during the past year the area
pruned was 32:90 acres. This pruning was confined
to the removal of the larger branches and extra
stems in places where the trees were crowded, and
in carrying out this work the importance of main-
taining a good crown to each tree was kept in view.
It has long been supposed that the Jeayes of the

508 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Cinchona tree constituted the laboratory in which
the alkaloids are formed and this conjecture has now
been proved to be corrected by Dr. Lotsy of Buiten-
zorg, Java. Pruning should therefore be a work
carried out with caution and discrimination. In dense
plantations the removal of some of the lower bran-
ches and extra stems is decidedly beneficial as it
tends to the more vigorous growth of the crowns
of the trees and admits more light and air to the
soil, but where the trees have ample space in which
to develop naturally it may be said that pruning
should be left as much as possible to nature, The
difficulty experienced in recent years in filling up
gaps in the plantation with seedling plants, or
rather the difficulty in establishing these supplies,
has been so great that it was decided to make a
trial with stumps of well matured plants. 36,407 of
these stumps were put out in different parts of the
estate in the gaps formed by the removal of old
trees, and it is hoped that on account of their
more vigorous root system the stumps will succeed
where seedlings failed. Allusion was made in the
last report to an experiment that had been made
with the object of ascertaining if the protection
of the stems of old trees by means of a covering
of grass increased the alkaloidal value of the bark.
Bark from a number of the covered stems and from
a similar number of trees on the same plot, which
had not been grassed, was analysed with the result
that the former yielded 6°36 per cent. sulphate of
quinine, while the latter gave 5°53 per cent, The
increased yield of sulphate of quinine was thus ‘78
per cent, Taking the yield of dry bark at 4,000 lb.
per acre which is low estimate, the increased
number of units obtained was 3,120. The present
valueof the unit is 13d. so that the gross increase
in the value of the bark which had been covered
was Rs. 341-40. The cost of the grassing per acre
Rs. 58-2-10 so that the net increase in value
nt to Rs. 283-1-2.
othe total expenditure on the estate was Rs, 13,806-2-3
or Rs. 42-12-0 per acre. The crop obtained was
68,411 lbs. and the cont of the bark was therefore 3
8 2'74 pies per pound.

SeANgecnliae eondition of the roots of some of the
old trees on the estate was observed during the
year. The roots were found to be covered with
nodules or galls. Specimens of the affected roots
were submitted to Mr. O. A. Barber, the Governmet
Botanist, who reported that they were attacked by
the root gall nematode Heterodera Radicicola. This
nematode attacks tea and coffee and a large number
of wild and cultivated plants, but its presence in
the roots of the cinchona tree has not, it is believed
been noticed before. The affected trees at Doda-
betta do not show any traces of impaired vitality,
although it is evident from the condition of the
roots that the disease is not of recent date. Pot
experiments are being made in order that the effect
of the nematode on the cinchona plant may be
better observed. Several cinchona stumps on whose
roots the galls formed by the nematode were nu-
merous were put into pots and in the same pots
healthy cinchona and tea seedlings were planted.
At the time of writting the stumps have thrown
up healthy shoots and are growing freely and the
cinchona and tea seedlings are doing well. The
roots of these seedlings will be examined from time
to time to ascertain if they have been attacked by
the nematodes from the cinchona stumps. The
disease has not been noticed. among the old trees
at Nedivattam, but the nematodes have been found
on that estate in the roots of young plants on old
land. The young plants thus affected were stunted
in growth and unhealthy in appearance, a condition
which was attributed to exhaustion of soil. It has
yet to be proved whether the unhealthy condition
of these plants was due to the attack of the
Hoeterodera Radicicola or to the exhaustion of the
goil by previous crops of cinchona.

[Fee. 1, 1909.

(5) Nedivattam.—There has been a great improve-
meut in the appearance of the trees on this estate
during the year, the result of the more liberal
system of cultivation that has been followed in
recent years, The good effect of deep digging and
the burying of weeds on 129 61 acres was well marked
and the pruning of plots 21 and 28, as well as the
removal of dead branches and twigs from the older
trees improved the appearnce of the estate. At the
commencement of the year the remaining succiruba
on plot 2 were coppiced. These trees were the oldest
of any on the Government estates, having been
planted in 1862, and it is S.tisfactory to note that
at the end of the year the young growth from the
stools was healthy and vigorous. I'he condition of
the trees on plot VII which were copiced in 1879
is very satisfactory, and other copiced plots on the
estate show very good growth. On the Nilgiris,
where the successful replanting of old land is a
matter of considerable difficulty, there can be little
doubt that the most profitable method cf working
a cinchona plantation, in order to obtain a sus.
tained yield, is to combine the system followed
in Java with that of the copice system. Olose
planting and gradual thinning out followed by
coppicing offers a better chance of success than
thinning out followed by uprootal of the trees, and
a replanting of the ground which is the course
adopted in Java. The systems of shavirg and
stripping seriously affect the gcowth and vigour of
the trees, and although renewed bark is generally
richer in quinine than natural bark the yield of
quinine per acre over a series of years is greater
in the case of thinning and coppicing than by
either the shaving or stripping system.

Daring the south-east monsoon 46,400 eucalyptus
plants were put out on plot Xl as an addition to
the fuel reserve, but the excessive rain during June,
July and August caused a number of the plants
to damp off and the planting was not a success,
The vacancies will be filled during the coming
monsoon with well-grown plants of which a con.
siderable stock is in the nurseries,

The expenditure during the year was Rs, 15,279-0-3
or Rs. 48-8-1 per acre. The crop obtained was
64,317 Ibs. at cost of 3 annas 9°61 pies per pound.

(c) Hooker.—The old estate has improved in ap-
pearance during the year, All sickly and dying
trees were coppiced, dead branches and twigs were
removed and pruning was done where it was re-
quired. The estate was sickle weeded during the
monsoon and dug over before thedry whether set
in. The new extensions now consist of 240 acres,
of which No. 1 was planted in 1898-9), No. 2 in
1999-1900 and No. 3 during the past year. Tho
growth of the plants on No.1 has been rather un-
even. Some portions of the 80 acreshave come on
very well, but the excess of moistare during June,
July and August proved fatal to a certain number
of plants. These vacancies will be filled in during
the coming monsoon with well-grown plants raised
from seed received from Java. Ont of the 50 plants
on this plot whose height measurements are taken
quarterly, three died during the year. The average
height of the 47 survivors wss7 feet 3 inches. The
tallest of these plants was 10 feet l0inches. These
plants were from 3 to 4 inches high when put out
in 1898 and the growth they have made in a little
over 25 years is very satisfactory. The No. 2 exten-
sion is more even than No.1 and promises to do
very well, The plants have made good growth and
look strong and healthy. No. 3 which was opened
during the year promises well. The plants were
small when they were put out, but owing to favour-
able weather in the dry season they have already
made good growth. The fourth extension of 80 acres
will be planted in 1901-1902.

Lhe total expenditu:e on the old estate was Rs
5,261-3-9 or Rs, 27-2-10 per acre and the crop ob-

-was R3, 165-6-4.

Fes. 1, 1902. ] THE TROPICAI

tained was 61,686 lbs., the cost of which was 1 anna
4:37 pies per pound. The low expenditure on the
Hooker estate is due to the fact that it is managed
by an overseer under the orders of the Superinuten-
dent of the Nedivattam estate. Taking the .two
estates together the expenditure amounted to R. 40-6-3
per acre and the cost of the bark from both estates
was 2 annas 7°29 pies per pound,

IV. Manure.—On the Dodabetta estate 1,875 cart-
loads of cattle and stable manure were put out on
different plots, at Nedivattam plots 9, 14 and 28
were manured with cattle manure and at Hooker
plot No. 1 was thus treated, In the last adminis-
tration report mention was made of an experiment
with a mixture of fish and chemical manures. The
mixture consisted of 1 ton fish, 2 cw. superphos-
phate, 4 cwt. of basic slag, 4 cwt. of potash and
1 ewt. of sulphate of iron. This quantity wes evenly
distributed over one acre and lightly forkedin. The
cost of the manure includiug the cost of application
The stems of the trees were covered
with grass at a cost of Rs. 58-2-10, so that the total
cost of the experiment was Rs. 243-9-2. The bark of
the trees thus treated yielded 6°91 per cent. sulphate of
quinine, wkile the bark from unmanured and un-
grassed trees on the same plot gave 5:11 per cent.
There was thus an increase of 1°30 per cent. © Sul-
phate of quinine. Of this increase ‘78 per cent,
may be attributed to the covering with grass, so

_ that the net gain from the manuring was 1°02 per

cent. Taking the yield of the acre at 4,000 lbs. there
was an increased yield of 4,080 units due to the
manure which at the present rate of the unit (1{d.)
represents Rs. 446-4 0. The cost of the manuring
was Rs. 185-6-4 and the net gain was consequently
Rs, 260-13-8. It was shown in paragraph 3 that the
net increase in value of bark from covering the
stems with grass amounted to Rs. 283-1-2 per acre,

- so that the total gain per acre by the combination

of manuring and grassing was Rs, 543-14-10 per
acre. With a unit of 4d. the experiment would
have shown a slight loss, but with a unit of jd.
the net gain would be Rs. 95-14-10,

V. Nurserirs,—At Dodabetta the nurseries did
well. There has been no mortality among the seed-
lings, the seed germinated freely and the young
plants are thriving well. At Nedivattam and Hooker
the nurseries are well stocked with healthy seedlings.
Ten lb. of eucalyptus seed and 1 lb. of grevillea
seed were put down in the nurseries in order that
there may be an ample snpply of plants for the
fuel reserves. The Java Ledger grafts referred t9
in last year’s report are doing well in a sheltered
position on No. 2 extension at Hooker. No attempts
at grafting were made during the year and it
is doubtful if the succirubra seedlings will be large
enough to graft upon in 1901-1902, ‘here is a good
stock of these seedlings in the Nedivattam nurseries
and as soon as they are sufficiently well grown
experiments in grafting will be made, 48% Ibs.
of seed were sold during the year at the rate of
Rs. 4 per pound. The amount of officinalis seed
sold was only 8i1bs; the largest demand was for
hybrid seed of which 224 lbs. were sold and the re-
maining 173 lbs, was succirubra seed.

VI. Crop.—The total quantity of bark harvested
during the year was 194,414 lbs. or 54,135 Ibs. in
excess of the previous year’s crop. ‘The actual
cost of harvesting and drying this crop was Rs.
2,678-1-0 as shown in statement 3 or 264 pies per
pound, The crop included a large quantity of bark
from prunings, On Dodabetta the result of pruning
3290 acres was a yield of 36,933 lbs. of bark or
1,122 lbs. per acre. The bark from branches of
officinalis trees does not contain more than about
2 per cent. of sulphate of quinine; but although
this is a very small yield it can easily be shown
that in the Government estates with a quinine
factory at hand it is profitable to harvest such bark
when the market value of the unit is high. With
branch or other bark costing only 2°64 pies per lb.

AGRICULTURIST, 509

to barvest and analysing 2 per cent of sulphate of
quinine the cost of each unit is 1°32 pies. Bark
analysing 1 per cent. would cost 2°64 pies per unit.
The present price of the unit in the London market ig
1jd or 21 pies. When pruning is being done the
quetion arises whether or not to harvest the branch
bark, and in this connection it has to be borne in
mind that althoagh the cost of the unit of quinine
in such bark may be very low the cost of manutacture
per unit or per lb. of quinine is, roughly speaking,
four times as high in the case of 1 per cent. bark
as in the treatment of 4 per cent. bark. The follow-
ing statement shows that when the price of the unit
in the london market is 14d or higher it is profit.
able to harvest even 1 per cent. bark when it can
be delivered at the factory at the low rate of 2°64
pies per unit: —

~ ~ ~
a a a
dies ed td
aoe 0.4
a 8 Q #
sea 63 a2
ss 5 2 =e oa
[On 08 a
we oa o8
iis iat ngs
Se She es
jo) Fy i
R3. A. P. RS, A. P, RS. A. P
100 lbs. bark cost... ... I 6 0. 43° 120.37 8:0
Manufacture of 100 Ibs.
barkicostsis. os. «» LOV0) 0! 10° O70) 10-00

Total cost... 116 0 53120 478 0
Cost of 1 1b. sulphate of ==
quinine TLIC Ue 135710) Aer: 0.

The year’s crop of 194,414 lbs. consisted of 144,106
Ibs. crown and hybrid barks and 50,308 lbs. red
bark:, The total cost of the crop was Rs. 48,147
which was the whole expenditure on old piantations
and head office and the cost of each pound of bark
was therefore 3 annas 11°54 pies. The amount of
bark purchased during the year was one 167,200 lbs,
which cost Rs. 53,863-12-2 or 5 annas 185 pies per
pound, Statement 7 shows that at the com-
mence nent of the year the stock of bark was 305,822
Ibs., while at the end of the year the stock was
350,404 lbs.

VIII. Facrory.—The total quantity of bark worked
up in the factory during the year was 316,469 lbs.
consisting of 292,069 Ibs. crown and hybrid barks
and 24,400 Ibs red birks. The alkaloids extracted
from these barks were 7,6484 lbs of sulphate of
quinine and 2,972 lbs. of febrifuge or a total of
10 620g lbs. The output was 4182% lbs. less than
in the previous year, the reduciion. in the quinine
output being 2,539 lbs. and that of febrifug 1,643 lbs,
The consequence of this reducei output has been
an increase in the cost of the products obtained during
the year.

At the close of the year 1859-1900 there remained
a balance of 14,4002 15s. of quinine and 13,213 lbs.
of febrifuge in store. The issue of quinine and
febrifuge during 1899-1900 were 7,3784 Ibs. and 2,6764
lbs. respectively, so that with a normal demand
there was in store about two years’ supply of quinine
and five years’ supply of febrifuge. In these cir-
cnumstanses the opportunity was considered favourable
for taking the prelimiaary steps towards a radical
change in the working in the factory. No fusel oil
was purchased during the year, and the sum provided
for its purchase was utilised iu procuring an entirely
new and up-to-date quinine manufacturing plant. The,
reserved stock of fuse! oil was used for manufacture
and although it was fouud that there was not a
sufficient stock of this oil to manufacture 10,000 Ib,
of quinine, it was considered better that the large
stock of quining should be drawn upon than that
an extra supply of oil should be procured. The
oil to be used in the new factory is shale which

510 THE TROPICAL

is very much cheapear than fusel oil, but the machi-
nery in the old factory is not adapted for shale co
that when the stock of fusel oil ran out the manu-
facture of quinine had to be suspended. The in-
troduction of the new machinery, which is now in
course of erection, was not practicable without some
interference with the woik in the old factory but
it is confidently expected that the saving effected
by the introduction of new and improved machinery
will amply compensate for the extra cost of the
quinine and febrifuge made during the past year.
The quantity of bark purchased during the year
from private growers was 167,200 lb. and the price
paid was Rs. 53,863-12-2 or As. 5-1:85 per lb. The
outtern of sulphate of quinine from this bark which
was of poorer quality than that purchased in 1899-
1900 was 278 per cent. so that the price paid for
each unit was As. 1-10°24. The average price of
the unit in the London market during the year
was 2d. In 1899-1900 the average cost of each pound
of bark purehased was As, 5-2'13 and the cost per
unit of sulphate of quinine was As. 1-6:16. The
‘estate crown and hybrid barks (including the bark
from Bikkatti) which were worked up amounted to
124,869 lb. These barks yielded 2°39 per cent sul-
phate of quinine, the average cost of the bark was
As. 5-457 per lb. and the cost of each unit of sul-
phate of quinine was As. 2-3. The poor quality of
the bark is explained by the fact that th greater
portion it was fiom sickly and dying hybrid trees
copiced at Hooker and Nedivattam prior to 1899-1900.
The high cost per pound of bark is owing to the
small crops taken in 1897-98 and 1898-99 and this
high price taken together with a low quinine yield
aaised the cost of the unit per pound of bark and
the cost of the quinine. At the time when bark
was to be purchased at 3d. per unit it was con-
sidered advisable to husband the resources of the
estates by taking small crops. The consequence
was naturally a bigh price per pound for the Lark
harvested in those years. If this high priced bark
had been worked up at the time when cheap bark
was being purchased the average cost per pound
and per unit of all bark worked up would have
been low, but as it has been manufactured when
bark was purchased at a comparatively high figure,
the result is an increased cost per pound of quinine.
It is purposed to so regulate the cost of the estate
crops in future with reference to the price paid for
purchased bark that there may be no great fluctua-
tions in the cost price of the quinine from
year to year. When the maiket price of bark is
high the plantations should be made to yield a
laige crop a low cost and this Jow-price bark should
be worked ap with the higher priced purchased bark.
When bark can be bought cheaply, a smaller crop
of more expensive baik can be taken from the planta-
tions and worked up with the cheaper purchased bark.
During the past year the cost of the quinine in the
crown and hybrid baiks used in the factory was Rs.
12-86 per pound before manufacture,
ee

BANANAS UNDER IRRIGATION.

SrructuUrE—The banana is a herbaceous plant,
that is, the stem is composed of green, fleshy matter,
as opposed to the woody substance of a tree. The
true stem is vuderground, as in the great family of
lilies, to which the tanana is closely allied. What
we call for convenience sake the stem is composed
of the bases of the leaf stalks,

Tur Tree (ur Over.—When a banana tree is
cut over, we can clearly see the method of its for-
mation. Taking from the centie and working out,
we find leaves tightly rolled up, or in the case of
more mature trees the continuation of the flower
‘stalk: then whatappear to be cellz, but are really
intercellular spaces, enclosed by walls made up of
cells proper. ‘hese epaces increases in size as we
approach the outer part of the tree.

‘AGRICULTURIST. |Fep. 1, 1902.

_ LeAvEes.—The leaves are long sometimes as lorg as
fifteen feet, with a distinct cnannel down the miadle.
They come out of the stem rolled up as we have seen,
unfold, and in the case of the earlier leaves, finally
break down and dry up; their bases going to make up
the stems. In the earlier stages of its growth, the
tree sheds off the outer coverings formed by the
bases of its earlier leaves, as it increases in girth.

THe Wuowzr,—The flower comes ont from the
Stem, from what is generally called the heart, in
4ppearance just like a cob of corn. It is enclosed
In au envelope or spathe, which envelopes the whole
blossom. lmmediately prior to the appearance of
the flower, indeed almost immediately simult neously
with it, we see a short Jeaf, from one to four feet
long, which seems designed to haug over the bunch
and protect it frcm the direct rays of the tun.

tur Hanps.—The first spathe fallen, we see a
bract concealing at its base the object cf most
Interest to the planter, the first haud, This con-

sists of the female flowers, as do its successors in
varying numbers according to the size cf the bunch
to be, Bvract after bract drops off disclosing haud
after hand, this process continuing till the bunch
is ripe. Vaking a nine-hand bunch as anexample
We find, the first nine-hands composed as has been
stated, then two or three hands of hermaphrodite
flowers; and then a succession of pollen-bearing
flowers. These may easily be reccgnised by notivg
the difference in length between the ovaries, or
apparently solid green parts at the base of the
flowers.

FERTILIZATION.—This arrangement of the flower

seems to make cross fertilization certain ; as, when
the pollen-bearing flowers are exposed nearly all the
upper flowers are past the stage when they can be
fertilized.
Fruit.—Any description of the fruit weuld be un- -
necessary, except to state that many fingers con-
tain undeveloped seeds. In some cases, these seeds
are no doubt fully developed, and experiments are
being made as to the possibility of raising different
varieties from seed, witha view to improving the
productiveness and general utility of the banana.
One point of interest in connection with the fruit is
that at first they stand out at right angles to the
stem and afterwards turn up. ’

Roots.—LDhe root is fleshy, containing little fibre.
Hence we see the importance of a free open soil.
it branches little. The branches are covered with
fine, hair-like rootlets, which are the feeders.
Cutting the ends of the roots tends to increase
brenching, and to increase the number of hair-like
roots, and therefore the feeding powersof the root
system. The underground stem or bulb is a white
mass, composed of fibre. From this are given off
the suckers by which the plant is propagated. In
their earlier stage, these suckers feed on the parent,
at the same time putting out roots for themselves ;
and when the parent is cut down feed on the
reserve laid up for them in the bulb. Such then
is a general description of the plant. The Botana-
cal Department have 21 varieties of the banana
growing at Hope Gardens. That cultivated in
Jamaica is the Martinque variety.

Som.—In his ‘‘ Text \Book of Tropical Agriculture,”
Dr. Nicholls gives the composition of the best soil
for bananas as follows :—

Clay are 50 40 Per Cent.
Lime aD . 3 6
Humus a0 50 5 Bs
Sand oe see 52 %

Ic0
This he classifies as a rich Joam with jJime. The
banana will, however, grow cn very pcor soils, pro-
ducing inferior bunches; some containing cnly
three fingers. The soil described above would be
free and warm, two qualities indispensable for the

time of my visit

~ page of trade.

~ tor; but where hand cultivation

‘large tree to make room

Fes. 1, 1902.)

best growth of the plant. Good drainage is a necessity.
Wherever stagnaut water is present, the leaves take on
a reddish-yeilow app2arance the bunches are inferior,
ripening before they fill out properly; and the whole
structure of the plant is weakened.

Cuimatr.—The banana requires a good supply of
moisture and a good deal of heat for its proper
crowth. Well sheltered valleys are very suitable.
While it thrives best under such conditions, it will
also grow at a considerable height above the sea,
though in such caces taking longer to bear.

SantA MArtrHaA.—I had an opportunity some three
years ago of seeing what may be called a banana
planter’s Paradise. This was at Santa Martha,
Republic of Columbia, Imagine a stretch of level
land, afree soi!, rich in vegetable matter accumn-
lated through centuries of luxuriant growth, an in-
tense heat, frequent showers of rain, and a wind-
break in the shape of a mountain range running
up toa snow-capped peak i7,000 odd feet high—-
this isa place notto grow bananas, but for bananas
to grow themselves! Acres upon acres with not a
broken leaf what a contrast to this wind-swept
irrigation district of St. Catherine? Immense trees
with huge bunches met the eye on every side.
Ove part in particular struck me very much. For
about three months in the year, irrigation is some-
times needed. This is necessary tobe kept in mind
in order to understand what follows, The main
plantations are situated at Rio Frio, where. at the
about 800 acres were in cultivation.

A few miles further inland, a piece of Jand Wis
thought suitable for cultivation without irrigation ;
and about 250 acres were planted out. I sawsome
mahogany logs taken from this land. They averaged
four feet in diameter, by about 16 feet Iong. One
crop was taken off, and then a long spell of dry
weather set in, with the result that the cultivation
went to pieges and was abandoned. Some two
years after, seasonable rains having fallen in the
meantime, the land was inspected. When I visited
the place, a gang of labourers were busy bushing
out the tangle of weeds that bad sprung up, and
thinning out the tremendous growth of banana
suckers. Huge bushes hung all around, and every-
thing promised for as heavy a spring crop as one
could desire—and this without care of any kind. A
vlanter there told me that two-thirds of the bunches
were cutin the spring months, as a result of the
natural growth of the bananas. I should think it
possible to biing in 90 per cent. of the crop in there
months Lest anyone should feel inclined to pack cff
bag and baggage to Columbia, I might mention that
on the other side of this very bright picture there is
the spectre of revolution, with its consequent stop-
Thank goodness we have peace and
quietness here, if we have notsuchrich land, _

Ciearinc LAnp.—On the system of cultivation to
be followed depends the method of clearing the
land. Everything is cut down, as shade is detrimental
to the banana, causing an undue growth of stem and
leaves anda poor bunch. The wood and brushwood
are burned or carried off. This leaves the stumps,
which will hinder the use of the plough and cultiva-
is to be followed,
the stumps ‘are rather an advantage as_ their gradual
decay keeps up the supply of humus in the soil,
and assists drainage, ;

Srumpinc.— Where the plough and cultivator are
to be used, it is really better and cheaper to stump
the land from the commencement, This sounds
rather formidable, but it is after all easier than
digging the stumps after the lapse of a few years,
the weight of the tree helping to uproot itself. A
relative of mine who settled some fifty years ago in
New Zealand described to me how he uprooted a
in his garden. Choosing
the side of the tree which appeared tu be the

“heaviest, he cut off the larger roots on that side,

thus removing the support. Tracking out the larger
roots on the other side, which now had the strain
pu them, he began cutting [through them, Very

THE TROPICAL -AGRICULTURIST. 51)

soon the strain proved too much; there was a rend-
ing of roots, a trermendous crash, and there lay
the tree with its roots in air, leaving behind it a
hole large enough to contain a cart and horse, ata
small expenditure of time and labour, considering
the size of the tree,

Costa Rica.~A Costa Rican planter told me that
he merely cut down the forest and burned off the
lighter wood, leaving the rest to rot. This plan,
however, could only be followed where the natural
conditions favour the quick rotting of the wood,
It is to he preferred where practicable, as it adds a
very large amount of humus to the soil, which
would be lost where buining is rescrted to.

PLANTING - Cleaning up being finished; the land is
lined for planting. Where irrigation is used, it is
usual to follow the lay of the land for convenience
in invigating. Various distances apart are used, 7-6 x
7-6.3x 8,6x 10, 7-6 x 15; 12, x12, 14x 14,15 x 15,16
x 16, 24x 12 being the favourites. Various opinions are
held as to the most economical distance at which
bananas should be planted. I think the planter should
be guided by circumstances. Where amethod sucha
76x 15 is adopted, I woul€ recommend that ths
wider distance should run north and south, soas te
admit the sun. My own experience shows that io
establishing bananas in hot land, close plantinn
is the best meihod, say 8x8. Once the baranag
are established, every other row can be taken outs
leaving them 8 x 16.

Hc1ks.—1 have fcund it advisable, when the land,
has not been ploughed, to dig fairly large holes, say
18” x 18” x 12”, so as to give the suckers a gcod start.

SELECTION OF Suckers.—The selection of suckers
is a most important point, and one which will repay
closer investigation than it has hitherto received, as
on this depends the vigour of the young suckers
and in a measure the streng h of the stool or root,
Selection of seed, cutting, stock, and bud will
always repay the careful cultivator, Small bulbs
contain little nourishment for the growth of the
young suckers; very large bulbs throw up too many
young suckers ; which are apt to be weak. I have
found true eye suckers from six to eight months
old to give the best results, as they generally
possess very vigorous eyes and contain a large
amount of nourishment, possibly that which would
go to make the final bulk of the tree, and part of
the material from which the bunch is formed.
Where the centre sucker is allowed to grow, fair
bunches may be looked for, which is not the case
where indifferent suckers are planted. ‘hen again,
a quicker return will be got, entailing a lessened
cost of upkeep in cultivating, weeding and watering.

SpLir Suckmrs.—Personally, I “have never tried
planting split suckers, but do not consider this a
good method. I have seen half an acre planted
this way, the results not being satisfactory.

PosirioN or Suckers.—The snckers are generally
placed upright in the hole. Some lay them in
slanting, even right on the side. This, too is a
method hardly to be recommended as the natural
growth of a sucker is to turn up, and not to grow
straight up from the eye. Then when the eye
sucker has exhausted the nourishment in the bulb,
the latter, or the greater part. of it, rots off, leaving
a hole. This makes the stool liable to damage from
wind, as it weakens the hold on the ground. The
earth is raked into the hole, and preferably over the
sucker, so as to protect it trom the drying influence
ofthe sun, and consequent ‘loss of moisture. The
soil should be moist when planting is being done.
If, however, dry weather prevails, and the suckers
are found to be slow in making their appearance,
irrigation may be started, care being taken not to
put n too much water, which is apt to rot the bulbs,

TRENCHING.—Trenching should immediately follow,
or even precede planting,so that the young suckers
may not suffer any check to their growth from want
of water. The; method of laying out a field for
irrigation is very simple. A main trench is dug
from the point of intake, and led along the highest

512

part of the Jand; sub-mains branch along the minor
ridges, giving off smaller mains and twigs where
necessary. Care should be taken to run the twigs,
so that the water may thoroughly wet the soil
without saturating it unduly; and also that the
water should not run so quickly as to scour the
land. Forcing the water along the twigs should be
avoided, asit leadsto ponding, which is detrimental
to the plants anda waste of water; besides settling
the soil and making eration faulty. Various
methods of overcoming minor difficulties will suggest
themselves by practice.
Santa MartHa.—In Santa Marthaa different plan
is adopted. The land is divided into squares by
means of banks, the squares being larger or smaller
as the Jandis flat or slopes sharply. The upper
squares are filled with water, which is then allowed
to run into the next set, and so on to the lower
part of the field. This is really flooding the land,
and is apt to cause water-logging. This system is
called ‘‘ catch-work” irrigation. The object of irri-
gating is to put sufficient water on to the land to
‘supply the plant with water and to render the
lant food in the soil soluble and so available to
the plants. Any water put on in excess of the
necessary quantity is, I take it, wasted, is apt to
wash out, through drainage, part of the plant food
from the soil, and to deteriorate the carrying
qualities of the fruit. (It is therefore important
that » method should be followed which will
enable the planter to wet theland without bringing
it to the saturation point, and to ensure that,
the water being put on, it is not evaporated too
quickly by the action of the sun and wind. This
brings us to the important question of cultivation.
ACcUMULATION oF ALKaAies.—Before dealing with
this, it may be well to point out that with inten-
sive cultivation there is some danger of the rising
water in the soilleaving behind it on the surface
an excess of salts which will prove injurious to
vegetation. In the more extreme cases, such lands
ave known as ‘alkali lands.” For full information
on the subject, I would refer you tothe “ Bulletin
for March 190l. The remedy for such a condition
is good drainage, and an occassional excess of
moisture, such as we get during the May and
October seasons, Danger from this source is hardly
to be apprehended in this district, however, though
in one case it actuaily occurred to my knowledge.
This was ona piece ofland recently taken up, which
from its location was naturally adapted to the ac-
cumulation of alkalies. A cure was affected by dig-
ging a deep drain at the lower end of the field,
thorough ploughing, and a free use of irrigation water.
The water inthe drain ran brakish for atime. In
such a case itis of course highly necesrary to stop
the application of excess water as soon as the accu.
mulated saltshave been washedaway. Continuation
of the process beyond this point would result in
washing away much valuable plant food. | :
QuLTIVATION.—The object of cultivating the soil
are to destroy weeds, to loosen the soil to admit air
and moisture, to keep the soilat a fairly even tem-
perature, to admit the free passage of roots, to assist
drainage andthe escape of surplus water, and to
assist the retention of moisture in dry situations,
Weepinc.—The prevention of the growth of weeds
is an important point, as every weed, however,
small, is busily engaged in pumping up water from
the soil, and robbing the cultivased plants of «the
moisture and mineral substances which are absolutely
necessary for their growth. Where cultivators are
not in use, the hoe isthe most useful implement for
the purpose; but the use of cultivators will be
found cheaper and better, besides giving better
results as regards yield and quality of fruit.—The
Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society,
(T'o be concluded. )
ee

JMPORTATION OF INDIAN ORANGES.

} The late Minister for Agriculture, Mr. C. Sommers,
" paving submitted to the Department of Agriculture

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Fer. 1, 1902.

the following paragraph relating to the famous
Sylhet orange of India, the matter wes referred to
Mr. Despeissis, the viticultural and horticultural ex-
pert of the department, whose report also follows: —

Our orange-growers should endeavour to obtain
seeds of the famed Sylhet orange, Dr. Bonayia, in
the Gardeners’ Chronicle, says that this fine variety
is grown solely from seed in Eastern Bengal, and is
sent in large numbers to Calcutta. The tree is au
upright grower, the fruit is of the loose-skinned
kind and of fine quality. At Shalla, amongst the
hills, there was an orange-garden of about 1,000
acres, aud one might walk for a good hour or two,
always under the shade of orange trees, without
reaching the limits of cultivation. Ripe oranges of
this variety were sent from Lucknow to England,
and although the fruits decayed on the way, the
seeds remained fresh ; they were sown, and a number
of plants were the result. The seedlings fruit in
five or six years, As the Sylhet orange is to be
had in many parts of India, there should be no diffi-
culty in obtaining seeds, and there seems no reason
why this variety should not do well in Australia.

Oranges grown from seeds, seldom reproduce with-
out alterating the characteristics of the parent plant,
the flowers being often cross-fertilised by bees and
other insects. The ‘‘ Sylhet” of Calcutta is, however,
one of the varieties which show fairly constant re-
sults when raised from seeds. The Director of the
Botanical Garden at Calcutta, would, I dare say,
undertake to forward to this Department a few cases
of Indian oranges, and also a Wardian case with
plants raised from layers from trees noted for the
excellence of their fruit, or raised by budding on
seedling trees. There are several varieties of Indian
oranges I would like to see introduced, and a case
each of the tollowing varieties could be shipped to

Western Australia. The fruit should be carefully
picked and clipped at the stalk and not pulled ;
it should be well co’cured, but not fully ripe. and
should be free from punctuzes canted by thoins or,
by scaleinsects. The cases should be firmly packed
and each fruit wrapped up in tissue paper three or
four days after picking, so-as torid the rind of avy
surplus moisture, and thus minimise the chances of
bruising. These oranges would be about 18 days in
transit,and should land in good order at Fremantle,

Ql.) The “Sylhet” of Calcutta, derives its name
from the station of that name in the Khosia Hills
of Eastern Bengal, where it is said to be generally
propagated from seeds. The ‘Syihet’”’ is a tall
upright tree and belongs to the “Suntolah ’’ group
of loose-skinned oranges; as does also,

(2.) The ‘‘Nagpore” of Bombay, whichis much
like the “Sylhet;’’ the tree of this variety how-
ever, is of a spreading habit. Both are excellent
varieties for exportation.

(3.) The “Santo!ah,”’ a very small but extremely
sweet orange, which grows wild in the hot, humid
part of india, between the Himalayas and the
Ganges. Naturally, it requires very little attention.
It is sweet almost before it is quite yellow.

(4) The ‘‘Keonla” greatly recommended on account
of its lateness. Long after the oranges have been ga-
thered the * Keonla’’ hangs on the tree, when it turns
a beautiful dark red colour and only then becomes sweet.

(5.) The * Mussembi” brought from Poona and
sold in Bombay. It is said it can be left to hang
on the tree for a whole year without hardly deteri-
orating. The fruit is orange yellow, and shows
longitudinal furrows from stalk to eye.

The Minister having approved of the expert’s
recommendation, the Secretary of the Department
of Agriculture has communicated with the Director
of the Botanical Garden, Calcutta, to procure both
fruit and plants of the varieties enumerated in the
above report, and ship them to Perth.

On arrival of the fruit they will be submitted to lead-
ing growers and dealers, and thus an opportunity will be
efforded of comparing some of the most famous oranges
from oriental stock with the varieties from Portuguese
origin mostly cultivated in Australia.—Jouwrnal of the
Department of Agriculture of Western Australia,

Fup, 1, 1902.!

THE EFFECT OF FORESTS ON THE CIR-
CULATION OF WATER AT THE SUR-
FACE OF CONTINENTS.*

The whole of this subject is exceedingly compli-
cated, because it depends largely on a number o
elements liable to vary widely within narrow limits
of time and place. It is thus difficult toframe any
rule of general application, and for the present the
enquiry must be limited to defined localities in the
hope that a large number of observations continued
for a long series of years, and the progressive im-
provement of scientific methods, may eventually
permit of their being combined into one harmonious
whole.

The subject, ‘‘ circulation of water at the surface
of the soil,’ must be understood to include move-
ments in the atmosphere, as wellas in the soil and
on its surface. The water in the soil may be more
or less stagnant ifthe subsoil strata are level and
impermeable.

It may now be considered w fact that large
forests in the plains do indeed act like hill ranges
as regards the precipitation of moisture,

Numerous experimeuts carried out by the Ecole
Forestiere of Nancy in the Foret de Haye, by M.
Fautrat in the forest of Halatte, by M. de Pous
in the forest of Troucais, also in Germany, Austria,
Russia, and even in India, show clearly tha
more water falls on forests thanon the open lands
adjoining. The difference is not very great, but
may be 12 to 20 per cent.

The additional height due to the trees seldom
exceeds 130 feet, and is often only half as much.
The effect is nevertheless noticeable. Throughout
the year, but especially during the moisture seasons,
the forests evolve a considerable amount of humidity
into the atmosphere, and so render valuable assis-
tance to the surrounding crops. If this were
visible as fog, it would be seen that apart from
wind, each forest gives rise to a moist and cool
layer extending, as shown by ballooning experience
as high as 4,500 feet. Resinous species liberate
more water than broad-leaved ones. The tree
crowns prevent a portion of the rain from reaching
the ground at all. This quantity instead of being
carried away by the streams, is re-evaporated and
passed on further in the atmosphere, and so does
double duty. Sooner or later this mass of moist
air meets a current ata different temperature, and
the result may be that the same water falls a
second time as rain in a different place. Hence
a country possessing a fair share of forests can
pursue agriculture under much more favourable
conditions, and a country without forests, like the
Deccan, Central Asia, and parts of America, is in
a fair way to become a desert, Consequently the
creation of forests in the plains is hardly less a
measure of expediency than inthe mountains, and the
expediency is greater when the plains have naturally a
lighé rainfall. Engineers, even of erninence, especially
if interested in irrigation, will dispute this, but
they do not know everything any more than
foresters do, and the foresters’ side is the side of
safety. The question divides itself into two parts,
plains forests and hill forests, In the former the
benefits desired are largely atmospheric, in the
latter they are rather in the direction of protecting
the soil itself and of regulating the flow,

I,—Puains Forests.
What becomes of the atmospheric precipitations ?—
(a) part is retained and evaporated from the
trees, &c.,
(b) part is evaporated on or in the soil,
(c) part flows ‘away along the surface and
streams,

* Derived principally from an article by M, H, ©

Henry in the R:que des Haus et Forets.
65

THE TROPIVAL AGRICULTURIST.

513
(d) part soaks into the soil up to saturation
~> point,
(e) part is absorbed by plants for their growth
and transpiration,
(f) the remainder sinks to lower levels, where
it either forms subterranean reservoirs or
percolates till if again comes to the

surface as springs.
Calling R the total rainfall—
R = at+bt+c+d+e+f.

On a level plain there is no surface flow, and the
equation becomes—

f=R—(atb+d+e,)

In the simplest case, that of a perfectly bare
plain, a,c. e becomes zero, and the equation is

f—R—(b+d.)

Of ail these factors the only one that can be
measured with any-thing like accuracy, is the portion
a evaporated off the trees. Hven this factor, accor-
ding to the Mariabrunn observations, is liable to
very considerable errors of determination, since no
two rain-gauges will give the same readings even
under the same tree. It is necessary to employ a
large number of rain-gauges, including some embrace
ing the trunks of the trees, Even employing 20
rain-gauges, totalling 10 square feet of opening, the
probable error is at least 1 per cent. of the fall.
The measurements should be made either (1) for-
each individual shower, (2) fora long series ; (3) by
grouping the showers according to their intensities,

lt has been foandin Europe that a broad-leaved
forest prevents 1 to 3 tenths, and a conifer forest as
much as 5-terths, of the total precipitation from
reaching the ground at all. But these figures hold
good only for those localities where they were
obtained. In countries where the rainfall is heavy
and continuous, the forest soilin any case will be
about as thoroughly watered asa bare soil.

All the other fractions, b, c,d, e,f, composing the
total fall, are still very undetermined in forests and
other lands alike, and they vary so much with
every possible local difference that they are hardly
likely ever to be capable of satisfactory measure-
ment.

Reasoning from the known facts that, in spite of
obstruction by the crowns, the forest soilis as well
watered asthe soil outside, and that the evaporation
in a forest is much lessas proved by the greater
moisture of the surface soil; it was supposed that
forests contributed more than anything else to the

maintenance of subterranean supplies (level plains
are still referred to). The results obtained in
Russia, therefore, came asa great surprise. Sound-

ings taken during the growing season (lst June to
lst September) inside and outside the forest of
Chipoff (Government of Woronej) showed that the
water level below the forest was some 32 feet lower
than outside. In the Black forest (Government of
Kherson) the level was some 12 to 16 feet. lower.
Presumably these figures are extremes for the
following reasons—(1l) the measurements were taken
at the season when transpiration is greatest, (2)
they were made in localities where the rainfall was
only 12 inches in the year, where there was as @
probable natural consequence of the dryness an
almost complete lack of natural forest, and where
consequently the forest would have to pump all it
could in order to maintain itself. An increase of
forest area would probably reduce the necessity for
so much pumping by the roots, The experiment
was repeated by M. Ototzky much farther north,
under the 59th degree of latitude, in the Govern-
ment of St. Petersburg, where the climate is
cooler and moisture and the rainfall averages 20 to
30 inches. The subterranean water is plentifal, yet
again, the forest lowered the level, but this time
only by 20 to 46 inches. In order to check the
Russian results, an experiment has been started by

14

the French forest officers in the forest of Mondon,
near Luneville. Itis a level forest of about 5,000 acres
situate on a low plateau formed of alluvial sand
gravel and pebbles. Eleven sound-holes were bored,
in 1899, six in the forest and five outside. The
water level was found to be lower in the forest by
6 to 64 inches during the season of active growth.
This result confirms the Russian observations. and
accords with the known facts concerning the action
of forests in drying up swamps and stagnant sub-
soil waters,

Nevertheless it would be a great error to jump
to the conclusion that plains forests always and in
all countries lower the level of subsoil waters. It
has in fact been shown by Mr. Ribbentrop that
near Trichinopoly wells, 6 to 10 feet deep inside the
forest, held water throughout the dry season, whilst
the river beds and wells, 15 feet deep outside, were
dried up. Each locality must be studied under its
own conditions. In a general way it may be said
that plains forests render service of various kinds :—

(1) They dry up swamps and malarious places,
as, for instance, the Landes, the Sologne, the Pon-
tine marshes, and many others.

(2). They suck up from great depths water which
is- otherwise not utilisable, and cause it to again
circulate in the atmosphere where it forms fresh
rain.

(3) They do not injure the springs, since there
are none in level plains where man is obliged to
have recourse to irrigation. They may lower the
subsoil water level to a degree which is seldom
serious if the rainfall is enough to be of any prac-
tical use to the crops.

(4) They cool and moisten the air and render
showers more frequent during the growing season.

Mountain Forests.

A rainfall chart bears a great general resemblance
to a contour or relief map, the more the hills, the
more the rain. In reality the rainfall is more com-
plicated. All mountain chains show rain maxima,
and these maxima are very generally proportionate
to the elevation. There is more rain at 6,000 feet
than at 4,000, more at 4,000 than at 2,000, and so
on. Even small elevations suffice to attract an
appreciable maximum. Wooded mountains are still
more effective, especially in the summer months.
Mountain forests are mostly coniferous, and conifers
exercise an influence even more powerful than that
of broad-leaved forests. A forest is always con-
vered by a great layer of moisture which is there
none the less, though it is not visible as mist,
Whence comes all this vapour? Is it due to eva-
poration from the leaves, or is it produced by some
action of the millions of points of the pine needles?
Science cannot tell, but the effect is certainly not
due to transpiration alone. Transpiration is indeed
leas active in conifers than in broad-leaved species,
and it would consequently be expected that the
former would give rise to a smaller layer of invi-
sible mist than the latter, but the contrary is the
ease. The cause must therefore be sought in the
soil or in some other unknown factor. One cause
may be the soil, but another is surely to be found
in the greater portion of the rainfall that is inter-
cepted by conifer crowns. It was shown in France
that in 1876 the conifer forests intercepted and
restored to the atmosphere over 100,000 cubic feet
more water per acre than the broad-leaved forests.
Other years have given even greater differences,
and there are no means of making exact measure-
ments, but there is no doubt that wooded moun-
teins attract more rain than bare ones.

In all Europe, Spain is the country that gets
least rain- otwithatanding the great mountain
chaina running up to 10,500 feet in Grenada, Mur-
cia, &c., the rainfall of July and August is not
half an inch. If these mountains were wooded in-
stead of being absolutely bare, the South-east of
Spain would not syffer so much from drought, and

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(FEB. 1, 19@2.

thé country would not have had to deplore the
disastrous floods produced in Murcia by the Segura.
Spain is at last awake to the fact.,and has under-
taken a series of reboisement works, an account of
which was read at the international Congress of
Sylviculture of 1900 in Paris by M. Ricardio Co-
dorniz, Chief Engineer thereof. There is plenty
of moisture in the sea breezes, but nothing to
condense it on to the hot mountains. In the moun-
tains the rainfall is divisible into the same kinds
of fractions as in the plaing, with this difference,
that the proportion of surface flow, being zero in
the plain, becomes considerable on the mountain,
The quantities a, b, d, ¢, may first be examined.
The quantity a has not been directly determined,
and the plains results cannot be quite applicable
on account of the preponderance of snow, and the
great differences of intensity and distribution. The
evaporation from the soil surface 6 must be less
than in the plains, because the temperature becomes
lower as the altitude increases. For the same reason
the water fixed in or evaporated by the plants, e¢.
is also less, as may be verified by the proportion
of ashes, The growing season is shorter and heat
less great, Consequently the transpiration is less
and the quantity of organic matter formed annually
per acre is smaller. At Aschaffenburg (400 feet) a
thousand beech leaves will cover abont 35 square
feet, while at 4,000 ft., near the upper limit of the
species, She same number of leaves will only cover
about 9 square feet. The percentage of ashes and
the total weight are also less, being 4‘03 per cent.
for beech and 3°53 per cent- for spruce, against
9°91 and 1019 respectively. Even the grass at
high levels contains one-half less ash than in the
valleys.—Indian Forester.

(To be concluded.
i

THE FERMENT OF THE TEA LEAF, AND
ITS RELATION TO QUALITY IN THA.
(Continued from page 452)
EXTRACTION OF THE FERMENT,

Their discovery in the present instance was doubt-
less much delayed by the presence of the large
amount of tannin in the tea leaf, which makes it
difficult, if not impossible, to extract the ferment
unless special meaus are used to previously removes
this tannin. My final method was as follows;—A
known quantity of leaf (10 grams of fresh or 66
grams of withered) was ground up to a pulp, and
then hide powder (5 grams) was added and the
mixture thoroughly ground together. This hide pow-
der has tne faculty of removing the tannin from
the liquid in which it is present. When a known
qnantity of water was added, therefore, the tannin
having been removed from solution by the hide
powder, the enzyme was allowed |o exude into the
liquid. After standing for two our the whole mass
was pressed through cloth, and al the extractable
part, at any rate, of the ferment’ was obtained in
the liquid thus squeezed out. On the addition of
alcohol the enzyme was deposited as a slimy mass,
which on being again dissolved in water and filtered,
gave a clear liquid containing the terment required,
If it was wished to determine its quantity use wag
made of the fact that on addition of ‘‘ guaiacum
resin tincture” a blue colour was produced, and by
measuring the intensity of this blue colour the re-
lative quantity in two similarly prepared solutions
could be ascertained. Further it was found that all
the enzyme thus extracted was by no means equally
active, and that it could be divided into two parts
one of which gave the blue oxidation product with
‘‘enaiacam resin’? alone, and the other only in
resence of a small amount of hydrogen proxide
o this report I have called the former of thes
‘active enzyme,” and the whole present, includin

~

Fes i, 1902.)

the latter, ‘total enzyme,” though probably a part
of this does not exist ready formed in the leaf,
and may hence be known as “zymogen” or “ pro-
enzyme.”

OXIDISING ACTION OF THE FERMENT.

After isolating these substances the first question
would naturally be as to what effect they have
when added to fermenting tea leaf. The experiment
was therefore made, and it was found that the leaf
coloured more quickly in their presence and at -the
same time the colouring proceeded normally. The
same happened if tea juice instead of tea leaf was
taken. It may therefore be taken that the ferment
which I have isolated does play a part in the fer-
mentation of the tea. This was confirmed by its
action on several other easily oxidisable substances.
Pyrogallic Acid, for instance, coloured (7. ¢., oxidised)
with great rapidity in its presence. Hydroquinone
did the same. So that we have here an oxidising
enzyme or oxidase, present in the tea leaf, capable
of causing increased rapidity of fermentation in the
tea, and capable of oxidising various easily oxidi-
sable substances like Pyrogallic Acid and Hydro-
quinone.

EFFECT OF HEAT, &C,, ON THE FERMENT.

The next point appeared to be to ascertain the
effect of heat upon this oxidase, especialiy as this
has an important bearing on the temperature ne-
cessary to stop the fermentation at the commence-
ment of firing. It was found that a temperature of
160-165°F'. had no appreciable effect in three minutes,
that at 176°F. the oxidase was partly destroyed on
the same time, but it was not till over 180°F,
was reached that the ferment was completely de-
stroyed in this period. On the other hand its acti-
vity is considerably modified at a much lower tem-
perature. I could not ascertain the precise point at
which it ceased to be effective, but while very active
at 13C°F., it was much more feeble at 143°F., and
doubtless at a very short distance above this it
ceased altogether to exercise its functions. It is
therefore absolutely necessary that the whole of the
tea in the drying machine (and not merely the
machine, thermometer, which is a very different thing
be raised considerably above i50°F. immediately on
putting in the firing machine, and to ensure the
destruction of the ferment at least 180°F. should
be reached. This is of course what is attained in
the best practice, but the reason and necessary for
it become obvious when considered in the light of
the above observations.

The effect of various chemicals on the oxidase was
next considered. It acts best in slightly acid solu-
tion, but if this acidity be increased especially with
mineral acids, beyond a small amount, all action
ceases and the enzyme may be destroyed. °4 per
cent. of Sulphuric Acid in a liquid was sufficient to
absolutely destroy the ferment at once. -04 per cent
apparently hindred all oxidising action. To organic
acids such as those which occur in tea juice it was
much less sensitive, and 3 per cent. of Acetic Acid
were required to destroy it in 2 hours, Alkalies
were less effective, but here 3 per cent, of Ammo-
nia or Caustic Potash were sufficient to practically
destroy the active part of the enzyme after four
and a half hours. The result in manufacture of
these observations I have not as yet been able to
ascertain. Whether it may be wise or practicable
to make up the leaf to a certain definite acidity,
being the point at which the ferment was most
active, before fermentation, one cannot at present
say. It is well known that Hydrochloric Acid added
to the roll softens and weakens the liquor,* but in
this case the acid itself is objectionable, and we
have no record of the amount added, This is a
matter for experiment,

"Seo Tea Notes, A. F, Dowling, 1988.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

515

DISTRIBUTION OF FERMENT IN THE FLUSHING SHOOT.

If the various leaves on a flushing shoot be taken,
the amount of enzyme is by no means the same in
every part. The fresh leaf, for instance, contains
about an equal amount in the unopened tip leaf
and in the stalk, but below the tip the percentage
decreases in every leaf, Taking the leaf as plucked,
for instance, on a China-hybrid bush in September,
the following table gives the relative amount present
in each leaf separately, calculated both on the fresh
leaf and on the dry matter in the leaves (taking
that in the tip leaf as unity) :—

Active Enzyme. Total Enzyme.

i pe ney

BO oh faves is

rn) _ re] —_

BiecBs 8 ob! 8

g |

S)) alee fo) o
Unopened tip leaf.. 1:00 100 1:00 1:00
First openleaf .. 64 °65 "64 “61
Second open leaf ... ‘48 "48 = (80?) ~— (80 ?)
Stalk ... ese era 13, 1:64 95 1:39

These figures apparently seem to indicate that
where the largest quantity of enzyme is present; the
best tea is made, and yet not wholly so, because
the stalk, which is objectionable in the tea, contains
as much as any part. The reason of this is seen
however if the relative amount of acidity, of tannin,
and of phosphoric acids in the same samples of these
leaves are taken, These give the following figures :—

Acidity. Tannin, Phosphor

Acid,

29008 Sd 3

a ~_ Lom a

a a a 4

ee are oe se

a Pe tae te a

Tip unopened .. 1°00 1:00 1:00 1°00 100 1°00

leaf
First open leaf... ‘94 ‘94 1:03 1,03 °88 . °88
Second open leaf.. °94 °94 ‘91 91 °95 °75
Stalk oo «=8°47 70 59 86 55°79

It therefore appears that, where a large amount
of enzyme is combined with tho greatest acidity,
and with the greatest amount of tannin, there the
tea produced is the best. Such is only a prelimi-
nary conclusion, and it must strictly be considered
applicable to similar conditions. Itis, however, one
to which the next set of experiments gives support,

RELATION OF FERMENT TO QUALITY,

Several gardens were taken in the Darjeeling
District. A produces average or rather better
than average Darjecling tea; B has for many
years produced absolutely the best tea in India ;
C is during the present season giving the
highest priced product in the district. Condi-
tions being therefore as near as possible equal, the
quality, if the above condition be true, should
vary according to the amount of enzyme present,
provided the same amount of stalk, or approzi-
mately so, be present in the samples. Comparing,
first, garden B with garden A. B No, 2 is froma
young Assam or high hybrid extension giving very
fine tea; B No. 2 is from a low level Assam ex«
tension giving the worst tea on the garden, but yet
an above-average quality; B No. 3 is from China
tea giving an excellently flavoured product. Deter«
mining the enzyme present in each of these samples
in September 1900, and comparing the amount with
that in A (China hybrid plant), we have, teking
A as unity,

Active Enzyme. Total Hnzyme.

A .- toe 1:00 1:00
B No. 1 “0 1°88 1°30
B No. 2 oe abil) 1°32
B No. 8 tee 1°83 1:32

In this case the active enzyme seems therefore to
be a fair measure of the quality-producing char-
acter of the leaf. The tame result is shown on
garden OC, as follows:—

Active Enzyme, Total Enzyme.

A 00 oot 1:00 100
C No.1 aD 217 2°18
C No. 2 eee 1:44 1:68

Here C No. 1 represents the very highest quality
Assam bushes, and C No. 2, similarly, the best
China plants in the garden. In C No, 1, probably
a little larger amount of stalk occurred, but A and
C No. 2 are absolutely comparable, and here it
will again be seen that flavour in the tea follows
the enzyme in the leaf. Hence one may, I think,
conclude that, other things being equal, the flavour
in the product is materially. connected with the
quantity of oxidase in the leaf from which is
made. This conclusion, as stated above, will have
to be supported by many more experiments before
one can consider it satisfactorily established, but
in. the meantime there is strong and consistent
evidence of its substantial accuracy. i

How then can this oxidase be increased in the
leaf? In a table on-page 8, it was shown that,
taking the various leaves on the same stalk, the
amount of phosphoric acid varied very closely with
the amount of oxidase. In addition to this I have,
in a previous report,* brought forward very strong
evidence that the ‘‘quality’’ of tea is materially
influenced, at any rate in Assam, by the amount of
phosphoric acid, and especially of available phos-
phoric acid, in the soil. Now not only is phosphoric
acid present in greater quantity in the leays on the
same stalk which give the most enzyme and pro-
duce the best tea, but also there appears to be
most of this constituent in the soil of those gardens
giving leaf containing the most oxidase, and making
the best tea. The following figures for the soil of
the gardens A and C, where the leaf mentioned
above was obtained, show this very clearly.

A C

Percentage of Phosphoric Acid'in Soil ‘061 "124

The conclusion drawn in my previous report above
mentioned, that in order to obtain high quality tea,
there must in any case be a large quantity of
phosphoric acid present in the soil, is he :
firmed, and this phosphoric acid becomes, in addi-
tion, apparently connected with the quantiy of
enzyme in the tea leaf.

INCREASE OF FERMENT DURING WITHERING,

One method by which the amount of oxidase
present in the leaf may be, and is normally, increased,
must not go by unnoticed. . Withering has usually
peen considered to mean partial drying of the leaf
at a low temperature so as to make it fit for roll-
ing-and no more. My experiments show, however,
that 4t has a fair more important function, which
may explain to a certain extent the failure of ar-
tificial methods by artificial heat to give a wither
of the best kind. Ouring this process, infact, the
amount of active ferment materially increases, in
some cases by as much as 80 per cent. of its ori-

inal amount, Taking the leaf from gardens A and
§ above, the following increase took place
during withering, due allowance having been made
for the loss in water during the process, and taking
tlle amount in the fresh
nnity.

ea Se ae
* fea Soils of Assam and Tea Manuring-Novem.
per 1001, f

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

here con-:

leaf from Garden A as.

(Fae. 1, 1902.

Activr Enzyme, Toray Enzyme.

In fresh In withered In fresh In withered
leaf. leaf. leaf. leaf.
A 1-00 1°81 1°00 169
B No,1 1°88 2°48 1:30 1-87
BINo: 2 V9 188 132 1:87
BOND. BB 219 1°32 219
The increase in active ferment hence varies

from 20 per cent. to 80 per cent. of the amount
originally present, and this accounts very well for
the fact that leaf rolled fresh without withering
will never colour like properly withered leaf.

CONCLUSIONS,

What practical conclusions can therefore be drawn
from the investigations which haye just been de-
scribed? Willit be possible to prepare this enzyme,
and at a time when the quality of the tea is inevi-
tably low to add it to the fermentiag leafin order
to improve the flavour ? This may be so, but is, to
say the least of it, very doubtful. It must always
be remembered in discussing the value of the presence
of any ferment whatever, that it is not only the ferment
which is of importance, but also the substances to
be fermented. And in all vegetable products the
growth of the material to be changed is-coincident
with that of the enzyme which is to change it.
This is, for instance, the case in leaves or in seeds
containing starch. So soon as starch appears, there
also appears the diastase which is to- transform it
into sugar. Thisis the same with other ferments and
fermentable substances. It would therefore not seem
likely at first sight that by merely adding the ferment
alone from outside any great improvement would be
effected. But, so far, we are in ignorance what
the substance is by which flavour is produced, The
property may reside in the tannic acid, but this
there is every reason to doubt, though of course
to that constituert we do owe undoubtedly the
purgency of the tea. It may be due to some changes
in the resins, in the pectins, or in other products
of the leaf of more or less obscure character.
What these are and how they are changed will
form the next step in this investigation.

For the present it has been established—

(1). That the fermentation of tea is independent of
living organisms, and is caused by an unorganised fer-
ment or oxidase which can be extracted from fresh or
withered leaf,

(2), “hat the quantity of this oxidase is greatest in
the tip leaf of the shoot, and becomes less and less in

“the leaves as one descends from the growing poiat. It

occurs in two forms, one more active than the other.

(3). That the oxidase acts best in a slightly acid
juice, but excess of acid destroys its power, as well as
any free alkali in the liquid ia which it works.

(4). That it is materially increased daring wither-
ing, and hence this process has a very important
function in tea manufacture, independent of its
necessity in making the leaf fit to roll.

(5). That, given leaf of the same character, the
quality of the tea produced varies with the amount
of oxidase, the larger the amount ci oxiase the
better being usually the quality of the tea

(6), That the amount of oxidase in the leaf is,
in some way not yet known, dependent on the amount
of phosphoric acid in the soil.

The work here detailed was done principally
on the Moondakotee Tea Estate, Darjeeling, and
to the manager, the agents, and the owners of
that garden, I must here tender my heartiest
thanks for help in every direction. To the
Reporter on Economic Products to the Govern:
ment of India, my thanks are also due for the
use of his Caleutta laboratory in connection with
this work,

Eup. 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

CACAO CANKER IN CHYLON.
(Continued from page 444,)
Spore DisTRIBUTION,

The spreading of the spores over an estate is a
most interesting, and the most impotant, question
in relation to the canker, and has received a great
deal of thought and attention from me, as it is by
means of the spores that all the increase of the
disease comes about. Though I have seen cases
of infection from pod to stem and vice versa by
actual contact, these cases are so rare that we
can neglect them and consider that the spores
are responsible for all the extension of the disease.

The methods of infection of different trees are
very various, but we can distinctly point to three
or four chief means of attack which have been
constantly observed. In the first place, the wind
has no doubt the largest share in spreading the
spores, especially over large distances, and it is the
wind which enables the disease to spread from
estate to estate. Instances of this may _ be
mentioned. In one case an estate was chiefly
and first attacked at the point nearest to a native
garden which had been entirely killed out by canker,
and the trees allowed to remain after they were
dead, a prevalent wind blowing from this direction.
Cases similar to this are numerous. On the other
hand, the disease is often absent from sheltered
hollows, even thongh there were present all the
conditions which favour it, because the wind passed
right over and uot through the cacao.

The next and nearly as important an agent is
water—both rain and river, Rain washing down
the trees and dripping off the pods on to other
pods or parts of branches and stems carries witb
it the spores from infected places, and leaving
them causes fresh spots. I have seen a tree covered
with a mass of small fresh dieeased places, all in-
dependent of each other, below an old patch of
cauker which was covered with spores. There have
been many and clear proofs of rivers spreading the
disease. insome cases, I fear, by the dead timber
being thrown into the stream and conveying its
deadly cargo to other places lower down; and also
a number of instances of cases of flood washing the
spores over a flat area of cacao and infecting the
trees. A very clear case of this was found in one
young clearing, where practically every tree was
cankered just above the surface of the ground,
where a few inches of water had stood for a short
time during a flood,

But, in addition to both wind and water, ants and
other small animals are the means of spreading
the disease to an extent that I think is hardly re~
cognized, Any one who has watched the ceaseless
activity of ants in running over stem, branch, and
pods of cacao tree cannot fail to see how they
must be the means ofcarrying from one place to
another the spores when they pass over them. [
have examined the legs and bodies of some ants
which had been travelling over a tree having spores
on its bark, but without discovering these spores
on them. But, considering the extremely small size

of the spores, this does not materially weaken the ~

contention, and, indeed, I should have been sur-
prised if in any of the few cases I examined I
had discovered any spores. The fact that the ants
frequent the pods, where they feed on the secretion
from the backs of the white Coccide that live on
the juices of the pod, alone makes it probable that
in the case of the pods the ants are responsible
for a good deal of damage in carrying infection,
How much part the pods take in spreading the

_ canker in comparison to the stem and branches it

is very hard to determine, but the rapidity with
which the fungus grows in tke pods, produces its
spores, and spreads to other pods and to the bark
leads to the supposition that in many cases the

majority gi the damage is due to the disease in

AGRICU LTURIST. 517

the pods. It is unfortunate that in most estates
the time when the largest number of pods are on
the trees is the wet season, which is most favour-
able to the fungus, and a suggestion may be offered
in this connection, It is well known to cacao
planters that the amount of fruit produced by each
tree at the different crop times Varies, that one
tree produces a bigger spring crop and not g0 big
an autumn one as another; this is an individual
characteristic, which is in many cases quite pro-
nounced, If such characteristics are carefully selected
In propagating (as has been done to produce the
early and late varieties of cereals and many other
cultivated plants), a plantation may be formed
which will, in normal seasons, habitually produce
its largest yield of fruit in the spring, when the
dangers of attacks of fungi are much less, and when
the planter has the advantages of sun in ripening
his pods and curing his seeds. By continually
using seed which has been produced in the spring,
no doubt this would be gradu:lly done; but it
would be more effectually and quickiy brought about if
the planter would observe for a year or two those
individual trees which bear their fruit more in the
spring, and by using the seed from them get in
time a spring crop variety. The attention of planters
might also with reason be drawn to the practice of
gratting, which Mr. Hart of Trinidad has shown to
be practicable in cacao, and which would, without
doubt, lead to most interesting results.

TREATMENT OF CANKERED TREES; CUTTING
out CANKER,

Before proceeding to discuss methods of preven-
tion and cure—which are in this paper the most
Important matters to be dealt with und laid down
—lt Is necessary to understand under what condi-
tions fungi of the nature of this canker fungus grow
and spread. ‘

The fungus grows in the stem, branches, and fruit
of living cacao trees, and cannot grow for any length
of time on dead portions or on the leaves or roots
of the tree.

For the growth of a spore of a fungus certain con-
ditions are necessary: heat, moisture, and air, In
Ceylon there is always enough heat, at any rate in
the cacao-growing areas; air is present, but moisture
enough is not always found. In dry weather there is
not enough moisture, unless under a heavy shade,
for spores to grow, consequently they dry up and in
® Majority of cases perish. In wet weather and
under heavy shade spores alighting on cacao stem,
branch, or pod will grow and produce an infected
patch. The fungus growing in the bark takes some
months before it produces its spores and can atfect
other trees on the pods; these are formed in two
or three days. We therefore haye to direct our
efforts for prevention and cure to removing diseased
tissue before the spores are produced on it, and
to reducing as far as possible the conditions under
which the spores of fungi can germinate on the surface
of the bark,

In my last report published in the end of 1898,
nearly three years ago, certain rules wore laid down
for prevention and cure. These have been carefully
and continuously carried out on one or two estates,
partially on a good many others, very spasmodically
and half-heartedly on others, and in a large number—
in unfortunately the largest number—of Cases, ese
pecially those estates in native hands, no means
whatever have been adopted to stop the canker or
prevent it producing spores to the danger of all other
Cacao,

If this Circular has no other effect than to ins
duce cacag growers, as a whole, to take concerted
measures against the spread of the disease, it will
have fulfilled a useful purpose. Some three yeara
have therefore passed—a sufficient time to judge of
the benefit of the measures adopted.

The first rule laid down for treatment of the can.
ker in stem and branch was ‘the whole of the

518 THE TROPICAL

2

diseased tissue and a wide margin should be entirely
excised.”” This has been carried out on many
thousands of trees. I have personally visited more
than forty estates where disease is prevalent, and
on many of which trees have been so treated, and
from observations jotted down in my field note-books
{ estimate that in practically all cases where it
was carried out carefully the disease has been entirely
eradicated at that spot. In a proportion of the cases
the treatment led to the death of the tree, as the
canker had grown for so long in the bark and
permeated so large an area that cutting it out left
no connection at all between the roots and the
leaves of the tree, which is essential to life.

The cost of this treatment has naturally varied
on different estates according to the amount of the
work and the skill with which it has been done
by the coolies, also naturally accoding to the amount
of canker existing in each estate treated. The maximum
amount spent in this work on a peviously badly
cankered estate has been less than Rs. 15 per acre
in a year, and in the majority of cases a much
smaller sum than that, Such work, the only in-
surance possible agaianst damage in an estate at
present free from canker, should cost under Rs, 3
per acre in the year. H

In considering this matter of curative means two
things must be remembered : First, that the presence
of mycelium does not always show itself by a dis-
colouration, The brownish and claret colours are
only produced when there is an immense amount
‘of the mycelium of the fungus in the tissue. In
the early stages of a-diseased patch the chance in
colour of the tissue is almost imperceptible, avd the
absence of discolouration must not be taken as
meaning absence of the fungus mycelium, Second,
the mycelium may be present in such qaantity as
to cause a patch of distinct discolouration, but the
tissue surrounding this patch also contains my-
celium, though in less quantity. If, however, this
is left behind, the patch will spread again. It is
thus essential to cut a wide margin round the dis-
coloured spot of at least 2 inches. I have observed
many patches cut out partially, z.e., all the claret
colour taken away, which a few weeks later showed
signs of living and spreading mycelium at the
sides, Isven when the patch has been vigorously
and carefully treated the tree should be some weeks
later again examined to see that the fungus has been
entirely removed. 3 :

A second element of danger which requires care
is the habit of the fungus—previously mentioned—
of penetrating to the old wood of the tree growing
up behind the bark, running longitudinally along

the tree, and cropping out at another place above ©

or below the initial patch. This has been on one
estate most carefully searched for and eradicated
in a way that reflects great credit on the aptness
of the cooly to carry out skilled work when taught
well how to do it. The mycelium can be detected
in the wood behind a patch of canker as a black
line about the thickness of a piece of thread, which
runs sometimes for more than a foot up or down the:
m.

eTbree years’ trial of cutting out cankered patches
in cacao trees in Ceylon has, 1 think, proved to all
observers that this method of dealing with the
disease is at once practicable and efficient. When
one comes to examine carefully cases of cankered.
patches said to be cut out and still spreading, the:
explanation, as a rule, is that the fungus mycelium.
was pot entirely removed, or that a fresh inocula-
tion by new spore has begun the canker at the same:
place or near it.

TREATMENT of CANKERED TREES: SHAVING.

The cutting out the cankered tissue entirely was,,
however, too drastic and too expensive a cure for
some planters, as in some badly diseased estates it.
would have killed a large proportion of trees, and
in my reporta of 1898 I recommended as an alter-
gative method, though not promising such good

AGRICULTURIST. (Fes. 1, 1902.

results, the shaving of the affected parts and allow-
ing the shade to be light enough-for the sun to
dry up these shaved parts. This has proved suc-
cessfuJ, but ag was expected not so entirely successful
as the more thorough cutting out. In cases of
estates where shade was light and the sun got free
access this light shaving has freed the trees from
disease in more than 50 per cent. of the cases
treated.

The explanation of the success of this method of
shaving in eradicating canker is that the mycelium
of the fungus is cut, broken, or bruised at countless
places by the shaving knife (or what is still better
for quickness and clean work, the spoke-shave), and
with the drying effect of the sun on the tissues it
cannot recover itself, and dies. Though many of
the cells of the bark are killed, a portion of them
are active below the surface, and the tree does not
suffer very seriously from the operation.

If this treatment is carried out under Geuse shade
or in damp weather, the effects are seldom good,
and in the majority of cases the fungus is not
eradicated. Some interesting experiments have been
brought to my notice of an artificial heat being
applied to the shaved surfaces, charcoal braziers
being held within a few inches of the newly-shaved
surface, and the results of this were almost as
marked as direct sun light.

1 tried this process on a small scale on four
trees, and in the parts shaved and scorched (one of
which was 13 inches by 10 and nearly encircling
the tree) the mycelium was killed, and the bark
tissues were not entirely killed, so that in a short
time the trees recovered entirely from the disease.

Though this ‘‘hot potting’’ is almost equal in
its results to the effect of the sun, it is not go
good, because it is too local; and unless very care-
fully carried out there is too much scorching, and
the tissues are damaged to a great extent. The ex-
periment is, however, interesting, as showing the
modus operand: of the cure after shaying. The
moisture is dried up, and the mycelium of the fun-
gus cannot get sufficient supplies of nourishment
to counteract the great damage done, while the
plant tissues below, which are unhurt, drawing
their supplies eventually from the root, gradually
recover.

TREATMENT FOR Pop DISEASE.

The eradication of the canker in the bark is of
‘vital importance, but of no less importance is the
removal ofdiseased pods. As was stated previously
the fungus spreads and produces its spores ten
times more rapidly in the soft tissue of the pod
than in the bark, so that prompt measures must
be taken if the spreading of the canker fungus
by meazs of the podsis to be prevented. All diseased
‘pods, however slightly affected, should be at once
removed and the husks burnt, or if that is
impossible during wet weather, buried withlime,
By this means a very great, if not the greatest,
source of infection is destroyed, and no loss accrues
to the estate, as the value of the pods (even though
unripe) with a small patch of disease is greater
than a few days later, when they are entirely
diseased and the seeds also blackened. The unripe
and partially diseased seeds produce ‘‘black cacao”
but the pods which are left till the disease has
spread entirely over them are often unfit eyen for
““black cacao.”

The simplest method of carrying out this import-
ant work is to have all diseased pods, however
little affected, collected when the ripe pods are being —
plucked, and to send round at periods between the —
plucking times, and have any which have since
acquired the disease taken away. In this way no
pod could remain on the tree diseased for more than
four or five days, This could be done ata very little
cost.

All these preventive and curative means, cutting
out, shaving, and destroying diseased pods, should
fe done during the dry weather as far as possible,

Fes. 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

though they should not be entirely stopped when
the rainy seasons are on. In dry weather the
disease on the bark is comparatively easy to detect,
while when the stems and branches are wet the
slightly darker appearance on the outside of! the
bark is masked; and further, the sun and dry air
being most important agents in the destruction of
the fungus, any work done while the air 1s highly
charged with moisture is less likely to be effective.
OTHER ReEMEDI£s,

Various other remedial and preventive means have
been tried by myseif and others, which should be
mentioned here. The desire of the planter is gener-
ally for an application eithec to the tree or to the
soil which shall cure or drive away the evil he
‘fears, This is natural, and the wish is shared by cul-
tivators in all partsof the world. The object of cure
however is, in the first place, to be as far as pos-
sible absolutely effective; and in the second place,
practicable in regard to its cost and probability of
carrying it out faithfully. In dealing with cures and
preventions in Ceylon for cacao canker we must
attempt to get some method which, while effective,
is simple, and requires a minimum of skill and
apparatus,

The vaule of Copper Sulphate either by itself or
mixed with lime as in the Bordeaux mixture has
long been recognized by all who are interested in
sanitary work for plants. This substance is the
best deterrent of the growth of spores, and if a
covering could be continuously kept on the surface
of stems, branches, and pods, no new patches would
occur, But in the dry weather (when the blue
stone if applied will stay on) is a time when spores
can seldom germinate, as there is little or no mois-
ture which is necessary for them. If the applica-
tion is made in rainy weather it is washed off by
the next shower, and it would be impossible to
keep the tree covered with it. For these reasons,
while blue stone is an excellent preventative, the
benefits gained in the case of cacao canker would
not be commensurate with the cost of application.

Another favourite remedy is the application of tar,
either to the outside of the tree before cutting and
shaving or to the cut surfaces, This a most treacher-
ous method, as it deludes the planter into a false
security. The fungus not being entirely removed,
the mycelinam grows vigorously underneath (in some
cases I have seen spores produced and breaking
through the tar), so that it prevents second exami-
nation to see if the fungus has been exterminated.
It is often therefore a coverer of bad work. In some
cases cow dung has been applied to the cut sur-
faces. ‘This also is harmful, as it keeps the part
damp, harbours spores, and conceals the place, when
it should be again examined.

Many cultivators favour the application of lime
—thrown on dry—to the trees and on the ground
beneath them, The drawbacks to the application
of blue stone apply also to lime as regards the part
of the plant above ground, In regard to its effects
on the soil, while in some land it has beneficial
manurial qualities, its effect as a fungicide is Jimited.
Spores do not grow on dead leaves or on the ground.
1 have tried to cultivate them on both, but though
if kept moist they germinated, they did not persist.
It is therefore almost superfluous to take any measures
against spores lodged on the ground or on dead
leaves and other débris. We have seen that the
fungus does not affect the roots, and the effect of
lime in the soil does not help the tree in its battle
with the canker fungus or make it any less liable
-to attack,

PREDISPOSITION OF TREES TO DIsEAsE.

The question of liability of cacao trees to infec-
tion by the canker fungus has caused @ good deal
of misunderstanding with regard to the question of
the disease. :

In the case of the cacao canker, I stated in my
second report of 1898, and it seems well to repeat
it, that “No special predisposition of the tree is

AGRICULTURIST,

519

necessary for the attack of the fungus.” There is
a belief, which is very general both in Ceylon and
other lands, that all diseases of plants can be pre-
vented by keeping the plants in a high state of
health and vigour. This is true of many diseases,
and the opposite is also true in some cases that
excessive quantities of nutrition taken up by the
root predisposes to certain diseases. Every specific
disease, i.e., disease in which an animal, fungus,
or bacterium is the prime factor, must be considered
by itself, and no general law as to lack of health
redisposing to disease is accepted by plant patho-
ogists,

In the case of cacao canker, my observations over-
thousands of acres of cacao in all parts of Ceylon,
from Rambukkana to Moneragalla, at all elevations
and aspects and on all soils, show that cacao in
all conditions of vigour contracts the canker, provided
the spores are there and conditions present to allow
them to germinate, There are many instances of
‘‘shuck” cacao adjacent to more vigorous trees with
the disease equally prevalent on both, and there
are cases of the best cacao suffering while some
adjacent poorer trees for some reason have escaped,

Mr. Marshall Ward, now Professor of Botany at
Cambridge, found this equal liability to be the case
in the coffee leaf disease, and it has probably since
come under the observation of many readers of
this Circular that this leaf fangus attacks equally
both healthy and ‘‘shuck” coffee. In his report on
the leaf disease (1882,) Professor Ward says: ‘‘No
special predisposition on the part of the coffee is
required for its infection, and no other conditions
are necessary to the spore than moisture aud the
presence of air, &c., as with any germinating seed.”

In order to further test the truth of my obser-
vations in regard to this question of predisposition,
I sprayed four trees of old red cacao which were
showing all signs of abundant health, and four
others shuck and ragged. Only seven out of the
eight acquired the disease, and one‘of the healthy
ones was not affected, ,for ‘the reason, I believe,
that it was more exposed to air and sunshine and
the spores were dried up.

It is important to grasp this fact of the vigour of
the cacao tree being no safegurard against the can-
ker, as, if the planter does not realize it, he may
be neglecting to take any precautions or keep any
look out for the enemy which does not spare the
best trees.

The question of predisposition of unhealthy trees
leads us to the consideration of the possibility of
obtaining a variety of cacao which would be immune
or less liable to canker than those now grown,
When canker first appeared it was held by some
that the Forestero variety was to a great extent
immune. It is a hardier breed than the old red,
and stands wind, drought, and all other inimical
conditions better than the red variety, but it has
not been attacked markedly less than the red by
the canker, and experiments of inoculation show that
it is equally liable.

Whether a variety will be found that will be
‘‘ disease resisting’? or not cannot be said, but it is
a search well worth the while of the cacao planter,
and in prosecuting it some facts should be remem-
bered. The pod disease is a most important factor
in the spread of canker, and when pods are pro-
duced in the rainy season, they are more liable to
acquire canker. A variety, therefore, which produces
and ripens its fruit during the dry months will
have a certain protection from disease owing to its
time for bearing fruit ‘‘dodging’”’ the dangerous
season. The typical Morastero green pods have a
thicker epidermis, and this gives a partial protection
against canker spores.

In selecting seed for breeding a variety of cacao
which will be “‘ disease resisting,’ the characters to use
are thick skinned pod, smooth surface of periderm,
1,¢., outside of bark, production of fruit at dry seasons,

520

hardiness to live in the opeu exposed to sun and
dry air, where the fungus gets less chance of ger-
minating. ‘he whole question of selection in cacao
growing is one of great interest and promise, noth-
ing having been done seriously to breed improved
forms, and it is probable that our cacao tree is little,
if any, improvement on the native cacao of the
Amazon Valley. I purpose to discuss this question,
when some experiments I am making have progressed
a little further, in a future Circular.

SuMMARY.

The position of cacao in Ceylon to-day is kopeful,
and yet not without cause for some anxiety. The
canker is much decreased in quantity since 1898,
owing to means having been taken meanwhile to
combat it, and the fact that no season specially
favourable to the fungus has occurred. But it has
been growing in many places, chiefly native holdings,
and these diseased places are a menace to the rest
of the cacao in the Island, It behoves all owners
ox managers of cacao property to satisfy themselves,
as practical men, by reading this Circular, by personal
observations of estates where any treatment has been
carried out, and by information from all whose ex-
perience and knowledge entitles them to be heard,
whether this disease can be lessened by any practic-
able methods. If they are satisfied as to this point,
it is their duty to see that the cacao places which
they control shall be treated, and that pressure is
brought to bear on all cacao growers to take similar
steps.

If a general crusade were carried out in every
cacao district in Ceylon for a few years, the can-
ker would be reduced to a minimum, and the cost
of guarding against and removing it would in turn
be decreased,

I have not been able to get a pronouncement by
cacao growers as to their views on the effect of
the curative and preventive means used, though
some questions bearing on the subject have been
sent out by the Cacao Sub-Committee of the Planters
Association, and the answers given will no doubt
show the opinions of practical men. The following
are the rules for treatment of cacao in relation to
canker which were previously published in my reports,

and having seen them carried ont with a large .

measure of success, it is well to again lay them
down :—

Prevention.—Regulate the shade so that the sun
and air can reach all parts of the cacao trees, and
keep the cacao from being so closeas by its own leaves
to densely shade the ground.

Prevent dampness by surface draining, especially in
low hollows.

Allow suckers to grow on all trees that show any
sign of disease.

Burn all dead cacao trees and branches.

Burn all discoloured pod husks from whatever
cause they are discoloured. (If this is not possible
bury with lime.) :

Bury all pods under at least two inches of soil with a
sprinkling of lime.

Cure.—Cut out all diseased patches on bark or
branches, removing also a wide margin—not less
than two inches—of appparently healthy bark, aud
burn all the pieces removed.

If this method ie too expensive or too drastic, —

shave lightly over the diseased areas’ and around
them, and burn the shavings. This latter treatment
is not so effective as cutting out. Such work should
be done vigorously in the dry weather, when the
results are vastly better.

Keep a gang of expert coolies continually on the
louk out for new canker patches, and have these
parts removed before they spread far or produce their
spores,

: Notice any dead cacno trees or branches on neigh-

ouring small holdings, and endeavour to get these

moyed and burnt,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Fre. 1, 1902.

These sanitary measures should be carried ont
on all estates, even where the canker is very rare,
and the personal oversight of the superintendent
seems to be the only way to prevent smal) patches
of disease being missed in going round. It is much
better to take a longer time in going round the estate
and have the work thoroughly done than to cover large
areas and overlook some canker, 1

The number of trees a cooly can examine and
cut in a day depends, of course, on the amount of
disease, but it is preferable to spend a day in finish-
ing fifty trees than to run over an acre, and on
the next round it will be found that much less
work has to be done. On several estates, where
the gang consisted of from fifty to a hundred coolies
the number is now reduced to ten to twenty. It
must be remembered that the time when the spores
grow is during wet weather, and not until some
weeks later can the place be detected and cut ont.
The mistake is common of talking of an “outbreak”
of disease, wben the evil has arisen, 7.e., the spores
grown, sometime before. The smallness of the
acreage of cacao in CeyJon, the chances of success
owing to the nature of the disease, and the amount
of the profiit on healthy cacao in good bearing
make this disease one which should be reduced or
even expelled with exceptional ease. Half measures
and these adopted only on a portion of estates,
are sure to be disappointing.
ane - may, nope bak ieis Circular will induce

y, if not all, to take their part i
against the cacao canker. ma es as

J. B. CARRUTHERS,
Government Mycologist and
Assistant Director, Royal Botanic Gardens.
Peradeniya, September 19, 1901.

ee
CURIOUS BEHAVIOUR OF A FLIGHT
OF WAGTAILS.

I send you an extract from a letter received by
me the other day from a planter friend at Balur,
Mysore, which I think will be of interest to some of
your readers.

The wagtails, which is a migratory bird, as every
body knows, comes down south with, or just before,
snipe, and a flight of them must have been passing
over Balur when the rain stopped them,

A very funny thing occurred here the other
night. I was reading in the sitting-room at about
9 p.m., and it was raining heavily outside, when a
water wagtail flew into the room, and after a
little while I found there were four of them. I
did not take much notice of them until one flew
on to the lamp and put it out, and then I thought
it was high time to go to bed. So I went into
my bed-room, and to my surprise found it was full
of these birds. They had come in evidently to
take shelter from the rain, They seemed quite
tame, and several of them sat on my shoulder
and on my hands. However, I did not want them
flying about my room all night, so I caught them
one by one and set them free in the drawing-room.
In the morning two were found dead, evidently killed
by the dogs, but the rest had all gone!’'

C. Vv. RYAN.

Ootacamund, 12th October, 1901.

—Indian Forester.
———_>__—_

“ LOBELIAS”—are common enough in and
around Nuwara Hliya: can anything be
done to utilise them in view of this report
in Chemist and Druggist of Jan. 4th:—

LoBeLia.—Herb is very scarce in New York, 5d
per lb, ¢.i.f,, being quoted,

Fes. 1, 1902-] THE TROPICAL

THE TEA ESTATE WITH THE
PREMIER YIELD.

MARIAWATTE’S CROP FOR 1901.

We are obliged to the Superintendent,
Mr, D. M. Salmond, for the figures show-
ing the yield of Mariawatte, the premier-
yielding tea estate of the island. In the
van of all output-restricting properties,
—largely perhaps from necessity, as well
zs to some extent from set purpose—
Mariawatte shows a decrease of 265 1b. per
acre for 901 on 1900, and of 16 1b. on 1899,
though 1,0921b. average is above those of
1899 and 1898 :—

MARIAWATTE ESTATE.

YIELD OF OLD TEA 101A. 1R. OP.

Made Tea Yield per acre
Year. lb. lb.
1884 oa 109,230 ats 1,078
1885 wg 117,842 Ph 1,163
1886 Be 105,925 si 1,046
1887 ns 115,996 ens 1,145
1888 6 105,410 an 1,050
1889 : 113,834 Et 1,124
1890 Se 140,344 of 1,384
189! ste 120,366 nee 1,188
1892 6 119,909 ad 11,84
1893 ot 115,440 An 1,140
1894 ie 110,448 or 1,090
1895 on 118,560 ate 1,170
1896 Oc 113,360 ou 1,119
1897 Jc 105,729 6 1,044
1898 ofr 108,423 .. 1,073
1899 An 111,987 se 1,108
1900 ae 137,066 a 1,357
1901 cos 110,302 1,092
YIELD FOR THE 458A. 1R. 17P. RAINFALL.
WHOLE ESTATE. Ib.

1892 sea 643 95°74
1893 ole 817 86°22
1894 aes 750 72:00
1895 gaat 886 10028
1896 As 896 115°41
1897 5s 926 111°25
1898 KS 738 79°90
1899 eas 749 106'81
1900 ate 996 114°63
1901 <3 792 84°38

We congratulate the management on the
result achieved, satisfactory from the general
point of view of tea production every where,
and also from the particular standpoint of the
estate, where a shortage of rainfall of over
20 inches (17 per cent) has been experienced
during the past year.
~— i

TEA IN TASMANIA,

The growing of tea for home consumption
is, we learn from a Launceston paper, at-
tracting attention in Tasmania. The writer
on the subject while fully admitting, ‘the
hopelessness of producing tea in quantities
for competition with China, Japan, India or
other places where there is a superabundance
of cheap labour, suggests that the plant
should be put down as hedges, the cipping
of which in the spring, ‘about August and
September, would furnish leaf enough to
meet household requirements, and. perhaps
also the wants of the non-agricultural popu-
lation of the smaller townships,—Madras
Maul, Jan. 1.

66

of compassion from
‘planter, whose very vitals are being eaten ous

AGRICULTURIST, 521

UP-TO-DATE NOTES EROM SUMATRA.

TYPICAL OF SUMATRA’S EAST COAST,
Dee. 10, 1901.

RACIAL.—The cosmopolitan nature of the
population has often been pointed out. Within
a two-mile radius of where I am writing are re-
presentatives of the following Zuropean nations: —

British, Swiss, Danish, French, Duteb and
German; Asiatics:—Malay, Javanese, Battak,
Chinese, Tamil, Bengalee, Sikh ; ard sub-divisions
of Javanese race, each having a different
language, Sundanese, Barneanese, Madurese.

There is a story of a mixed gathering of Euro-
peans, where the Tower of Babel was so nearly
approached, that recourse was had to Malay as
alingua Franca. Of course, all were united on
one point, and that was abuse of England. One,
more travelled than the rest, was describing a
visit he had paid to what he called ‘ Kampong
London.’ Kampong is the Malay word for village !
There is one eminent personage that foreigners
are never tired of discussing, especially delight-
ing to picture him in an everlasting maelstrom
of finanzial worries. After a very free criticism,
so the story goes, one gentleman of liberal
tendencies closed the discussion with *‘ Ya! itu
P— of W— tidah dapat chukup _ blandja !
‘Yes: that P— of W— does not get enough
allowance !

Post Orrice.—An Englishman, stamping his
letters at the P O window with stamps he had
just bought, muttered to himself : ‘ These d—d
stumps won't stick.’ The clerk, a Dutchman
of course, at once politely replied : ‘We have
a yum-bottle here, Sir!

RaiLways. —There is a narrow-gauge railway

connecting Lower Langket with the Deli
Spoor-eneg Moratschappij which serves the
more central pirt of Deli. Two friends of

mine recently missed the ‘Sural-spoor’ (uarrow-
gauge) at the terminus. So, bag in hand, they
started to run after it, and caught it up at
the next station! I wonder it a Bank Manager
and a well-known planter will ever emulate this
feat on the Kelani Valley line? The following
is a good story of the ‘ DeliSpoor’ broad-gauge.
The Stationmaster, as usual, saw the train off
the platform as it went out. At the next station
the passengers were astonished to see the same
official on the platform as the train glided in,
‘Hullo! what are you doing here?’ ‘I am in tem-
porary charge here.’ ‘ But we left you behind at
the last station ! How on earth did you get here?’
‘Oh! after you left, I went to the buffet, took a
whisky and soda, and came along on my bicycle.’

POVERTY AMONG TOBACCO-PLANTERs !—Some
time ago [sent you an account of a stupendous
commission said to have been earned by a Head
Manager. But there is another side. A most
heart i:ending story was told me the other day
about. a Head Manager of an apparently success-
ful Tobacco Company who could not afford to
buy a new hat. The reason why? His com-
mission this year is only 30,000 guilders.
Can’t you feel pity for a man reduced to such
extremities? He cannot.afford himse!f a new hat
because his commission is only £2,500! Poor
miserable devil! This sort of thing draws a tear
his neighbcur, the coffee-

by caterpillars, Ww. T. M’K,

522 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

TEA IN THE CAUCASUS.

Our Consul at Batoum, Mr. Stevens, in his
last report, has something to say about tea
eultivation in the Caucasus, which bears out the
views formed by practical people of this budding
industry, about which there has been so much
optimistic talk. He points out that possibly the
climate of Batoum and its environs is all that can
be desired for the growth of tea, but there are
other local conditions which stand in the way,
and accordingly the area under the plant is not
increasing as might be anticipated in the case of a
promising industry. The two chief tea-growers
are the Imperial Domains and Messrs Popoff,
and both have added to the area of their gardens,
but hardly any other growers of importance exist
in the neighbourhood of Batum. The landholders
are reluctant to put their land under tea because
the results hitherto obtained are so uncer-
tian that they prefer to await further ex-
perience. ‘hus, during the present year, the
total crop, which was the largest ever
obtained in the Caucasus, was only 13% tons,
although ten years have elapsed since the first
experiments were made, and neither money nor
pains have been spared by the two pioneer growers
to produce tea that will be commercially success-
ful: In the estates of the Imperial Domains the
crop was gathered this year from 102 acres, the
quality being chiefly that of the Kangra Valley and
the system of harvesting being that prevailing
io Ceylon. Messrs. Popofi’s gardens extend to
312 acres, and the leaf produced is stronger than
Chinese, and is gathered on the Chinese system.
But, as has been said, the whole industry has
not yet emerged from the experimental stage.
Last season 117,000 1b. of silkworm eggs were
imported from the Caucasus through Batum, about
a sixth of which went to Persia and Central Asia ;
but the Russian papers are clamouring against this
trade on the ground that it injures the silkworm
rearers of the Caucasus, and makes the industry
dependent on foreigners. The silk, except what
is used locally, goes for the most part to France.
But the industry is not of great commercial im-
portance, nor is cattle-rearing, which is carried on
mostly to supply local needs.—A. and C. Mail,
Dec, 20,

A. LONDON OPINION ON THE

INCREASED TEA CESS.
THE CHANGE NOT APPROVED.

We learn that the following reply has been
forwarded to the Secretary of the Ceylon
Association in London in answer to his letter
sent with that of Mr. Rosling’s asking for
sae relative to the increase of the Vea

ess :—

17th Dec., 1901.

The Secretary, Ceylon Association in Lon-
don, 62, Gracechurch Street, E.C.

DEAR Sir,—We are in receipt of your
circular of 13th inst., relative to the Ceylon
Tea Cess, and we have tosay in reply that
we are not prepared to agree to the pro-
posed increase, but on the other hand, are
willing to join in any movement to abolish
the existing Cess,

(FEB. 1, 1902.

We consider that no adequate result has;
from the beginning, come from the work
and expenditure of the Commissioners in
America and in Europe, and that the ex-
isting channels of distribution in the tea trade
are amply sufficient to dispose of all the pro-
duction. The appointment of Commissioners
who are inexperienced in the regular _busi-
ness of tea distribution, merely gives offence
to regular traders, and the unfairness with
which grants are made tends to retard,
rather than to advance, the efforts to extend
the use of Ceylon tea.

We think that, in all probability, the con-
sumption of black teas of Ceylon production
would have been as large in the United States
and Canada today, had your Commissioner
never been sent there. In any case, we do
do not attribute to his efforts the develop-
ment in demand. The constant lowermg in
prices of Ceylon tea has displaced China tea
in most of the markets of the world, until
there is comparatively little trade left in black
China teas to be displaced.

We point out to you, as significant proof
of our argument that Special Commissioners
do little good, the fact, that for very many
years no special efforts have been made by
Ceylon producers in Australia, and none at
all, until recently, in Russia, and yet those
two countries show very large increases in
the volume of consumption, the reason being
that the extreme lowness of price for Ceylon
tea has rendered it impossible that China
tea could be shipped in competition. Pro-
gress of the same character has been obser-
vable in Great Britain. The place where the
greatest effort has been made, has shown the
least return, viz: the American Continent,
the reason being that there was a compara-
tively limited black tea market to be changed
from China to Indian or Ceylon teas.

The business of tea distribution through-
out the world is one that is carried on under
very keen competition, and tea merchants
are su thoroughly alive to their own inter-
ests that they have been most willing,
wherever possible, to substitute a better
for an inferior tea, and consequently
black China tea has given way before Indian
and Ceylon, the process of substitution hay-
ing been greatly accelerated of recent years
by the fall in the value of the latter.

Some credit is due to your American Com-
missioner for the suggestion that part of the
Ceylon growth should be made into green
tea, and if your Assuciation were to direct
their efforts to the production of green teas
of such a character and at such prices that
they would compete with Japan green tea,
some good might result.

We have just had furnished to us, througha
private channel, the official figures of the
Canadian Government for the last completed

‘trade year of tea importation, which go to

bear out the opinions we have expressed.
They are as follows :—

Black Teas, Green Teas
China 3.629,286 Ibs. 862,379 lbs,
Japan ... | 831,807 ,, 6,619,296 .,.
Ceylon...’ 6,250,963 .,, 335,815 _,,
Indian 3,996,544 ,, 81,578 ,,

ee

FEB i, 1902.]

Tt will be shown that there is ample room
for displacement of green tea in consum ftion.

It would lessen the objections to the Cess,
were all distributions from it made to the pro-
ducers or shippers in Ceylon on 2 publicly an-
nounced basis, and not to the ultimate dis-
tributors in secrecy, at the discretion of one
individual.-—Weare, dearsir, yours faithfully,

McMEEKIN & CO.
eS ee

CEYLON TEA ON THE EUROPEAN
CONTINENT.

On the rule of audi alteram partem it is
well to see what a gentleman of Mr,
Marcel’s continental experience and interest
in Ceylon has to say on Mr. Renton’s
work in trying to extend the demand for
our tea. And in the letter which we print
elsewhere today, Mr. Marcel makes not a
few observations which are both pointed
and pungent, and which may be useful in
reference to the future guidance and action
of the ‘‘ Ceylon Tea Commissioner.” But
we are certainly not prepared te go with
our correspondent in his general condem-
nition of the Continental Tea Campaign.
No doubt France is one of the most diffi-
cult of European countries in which to
gain much support for our tea; but there
should be far less difficulty in Germany
and still less in Russia, where tea is already
so well-known and popular. By-the-way,
cannot Mr. Marcel show us how the fact
that Russia—the special ally of France—is
a great consumer of tea, could be utilised
to win over the French people to this
average. If he would dose, Ceylon planters
would, indeed, reckon our correspondent
among their benefactors. But in the letter
before us, there is too much of criticism
and censure, and too little of alternative
suggestion. If Mr. Renton is going the
wrong way to work, in his ‘‘degustation”
system, what would our correspondent
propose as a substitute? No doubt, if
the notables—and especially the ladies
—in each’ town could be _— gathered
together to a “‘five-o’clock tea,” and a
suitable discourse on the virtues of Ceylon
tea, the immediate result should be more
satisfactory. But we must not despise the
masses—the hoi polloi—nor the benefit of
inculcating a taste for Ceylon tea by a free
distribution in the cup; for in our experience
from successive visits to Vichy and other
parts of France, “tea i was regarded as a
medicine and until within a few years back
we were generally referred to the pharmacist
when wejwanted to purchase any of the
fragrant leaf. That being the case, if Mr.
Renton can only help to get the French
people, even of the lower classes, to see from
their own experience, that Ceylon tea is
really a pleasant and refreshing beverage,
the money voted should be well spent. But
if Mr. Marcel will only suggest a more ex-
cellent way of going to work, we can pro-
mise the fullest consideration. As to the
Continental Campaign generally, there ought
certainly to be no slackening in the support
of Mr. Renton, so long as his engagement

lasts. ,
be necessary to reconsider the whole posi:

THE TROPICAL. AGRICULTURIST.

When that comes to an end, it may .

523

tion of the necessity for a Cess and its ex-
penditure in the light of what mercantile
firms in the tea trade, experts with Con-
tinental and American experience, have to
tell us, and we certainly count Mr. Marcel
among the number. For ourselves, we should
be inclined to close the American campaign
—it has lasted a good many years—saye, so
far, as the payment of a bonus on * green
teas” at this end is concerned, and_ to
continue the Continental Campaign for some
years longer, with such modifications in the
working as experts may recommend,

a ee
INDIAN TEA AND OTHER TRADE

WITH KASHGAR.

Mr. George Macartney, Special Assistant
for Chinese Affairs at Kashgar, gives a
rather gloomy account ot the trade between
India and Chinese Turkestan. One of the
causes of the depression is an enhanced
duty on charas,and some difficulty is caused
by the exchange question in converting
tengas into rupees and vice versa. With a
view to improving the trade Mr Macartney
suggests a system of bounties on Indian ex-
ports, the deyelopment of the tea trade and
the mule traffic and the importation of
Kashmir opium. With regard to the tea
trade no care is shown by the British traders
in considering the requirements of the
market, for which Kangra Valley tea in
its present form is unsuited. A tea similar
in taste and shape to the brick tea from
China is required, but care will have to be
shown in avoiding collision with the Chinese
traders from Hunan. The mule traffic from -
Turkestan to India is also of special im.
portance as the Commissariat and Ordnance
Departments have great need of a regular
supply of these animals. Mr Macartney says
that a fair number could be obtained annually
at Yarkand if it became known in the out-
lying districts that we would purchase them,
—London Times, Dec. 18.

De

MANGABA;: OR MANGABEIRA RUBBER, -

On the Para side of the Tocantins and Araguaya
rivers, between the Itacayuna and the Tapirepe,
there is in the campos (land covered with lower
vegetation) a shrub, the ‘* magabeira,” which pives
a milk more or less similar to that of the Pararubber
tree, but which does not coagulate so easily and nob
at. all through the smoking process, The manga-
beira is never to be found in the forest ; it is only
in the campos, where the vegetation is not high,
It is about 7 or 8 inches in diameter; the average
height is 16 feet ; it is not very resistant and
perishes quickly when overworked. It gives
quite enough milk, yet as the stuff has at present
no great commercial value, this advantage dis-
appears. Among the Rio do Somno, which is one ef
the places of production, 33 pounds are sold at less
than 20 milreis [equal $4.40, gold, with exchange
at 11d. per milreis] and in the: town of Para itself
the value is seldom double. As the milk is
abundant, the productionis equally so. A man
gets easily 11 pounds per day, but as the price ig
low, this industry is not so advantageous for the
working man.. Something like 5 milreis. per day is
not very much in such a place where a man has to

524 THE TROPICAL

provide his own food. Yet in spite of that, in
spite of the great distance to the nearest market
towns, and in spite of the uncertainty of the sale,
there are already some working people coming
from thestate of Maranhao and from Bahia. ‘The
total production is less than 22,009 pounds (in
weight). EUGENE ACKERMANN, Engineer.
Para Brazil, Oct. 23, 1901.
—India Rubber World, Dee. lst.

ee

ZULULAND MICA: COMPANY FORMED.

A company has been formed in Durban with a
capital of £10,000, for the purpose of purchasing
and working mica mines in Zululand. Saniples of the
mica have been sent to England, and replies have
been received that the sample is worth £56) per ton.
The whole of the capital has been tubscribed
locally. The directors proceed to Zaluland this
week to inspect. the property.—Natal Mercury,
Dec. 10.

;}THE PRODUCTS OF STRAITS
SETTLEMENT AND MALAY
PENINSULA.

Mr. H N Ridley, Director of the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore, delivered a lecture at the
Imperial Institute on Monday entitled ‘* The Eco-
nomic Resources of the Straits ~ettlements and the
Malay Peninsula.” He remarked that the forests,
which orginally covered the whole peninsula,
contain ‘many valuable products, such as timbers,
wood-oil, benzoin, gutta-percha and rattans. Owing
to the felling of trees by the Malays, gutta-
ercha, so indispensable for electric work, has
een nearly exterminated. Fortunately, however,
the product can now be extracted from the Jeaves
and twigs without injury to the trees, which
are being planted by the Government. A _ very
large area of the Iederated States is under coffee,
but on account of the present glut of the market
and the consequent low prices, most of the planters
are adding Para-rubber to their estates—a tree
which thrives marvellously well and produces. a
very satisfactory amount of rubber of the first
quality. India-rubber from the Ficus elastica
also promises well, but although ic is_ being
planted, its product is less highly valued. Ac-
counts were given of the cultivation and prepara-
tion. of sago—one acre of the sago palm gives-as
much nourishment as 163 acres of wheat—tapioca,
gambir, mangrove-cutch, pepper, nutmegs, cloves,
indigo and pineapples. The greater part of the
preserved pines of commerce come from Singapore,
where the price of the fruit varies from a farthing
to a penny each, and the lecturer remembere¢
a time when they had been as cheap as sixteen a
penny. The mineral resources of the colony include
gold and tin, the latter being found in great abun-
dance.— Nature, Dec. 19.

———E SSS

‘PARA RUBBER” IN THE STRAITS
SETTLEMENT.

[Lo the Editor of the India Rubber World.]

A few weeks ago I posted you a copy of the annual re-
pott of the botanic gardens in this colony, containing,
among other rubber notes, the result obtained by tap-
ping a single Para rubber tree (Hevea Brasiliensis)
growingin the Wateifall botanic garden, Penang. The
result of four tappings within two years, as shown in
that report, is 124 pounds of dry, marketable rubber.
Within the past month the same tree has been again
tapped, and yielded yyer 2 pounds more, so that this

AGRICULTURIST. [Fex. 1, 1909.

@ne tree hag given 144 pounds, without being exces-
sively tapped. How long it will continue to yield at
this rate is a matter of conjecture, but so far as
can at present be seen there has been no apparent
injury tothe tree. I amsending you by post a sample
of the rubber and shall esteem it a favor if you will
kindly submit it to some expert engaged in the mana-
facture of rubber goods for an opinion as to its quality
and value.

In a few years’ time this will be a large article
ef export from this region, and also what is
known here as “ gutta rambong”’ (Ficus elastica).
Many large plantations here aud in the ad-
joining Federated Malay States were commenced
about four years ago and tapping on a large scale is
anticipated by the time the trees are eight years old.
New plantations are being formed as fast as seeds are
obtainable, but the supply is not equal to the demand.
The tree from which the rubber L am sending yon
was taken is sixteen years old but in good soil
such as most of the plantersare using the trees will
be quite as large in eight orten years, Oursis grow-
ing on a dry gravelly bank conditions quite the op-
posite or those under which it naturally grows so far
as one can judge from thereports of those who have
seen it growing in Brazil. Here it will grow any-
where, though of course not equally well in all places
and there is no doubt thst in the future this country
will have to b3 reckoned with as regards rubber, As
a field for investment in this partionlar cultivation
it would b2 hard to beat. und is abundant and cheap
and roads, railways and rivers afford easy access to
all purts of the Malay peninsula. C, Curtis, F.L.8

Superintendent of Forests Section Botanic Gardens.

Penang Straits Settlements, September 24, 190L.

ComMENT By THE Epiror—The tree from which
was obtained the sample of rubber referred to above
was Stated in the annual report of the botanic gardens
for 1900 tobe 55 fest higo, with a circumference at 3
feet from tha groand of 66iuches. The record of
yield of this tree as statedin the annual reports is as
follows, the tree having been tapped for 14 alternate
days in each of the seasons mentioned ;

Lbs. Oz
November-December, 1898 45 3 0
April-May. 1899 ee eae 2 8
November-December, 1899 noe 3 4.
October-November 1990 ie 3, 1
August-September 1901 xe ays 0
Total .. 14. 8

From the same reportsitis to be inferred that the
rubber produced has been smoked with coconut husk
after first having been allowed to coagulate and then
rolled into thin sheets. Where the rabber milk has
happened to contain rain water, alum or spirits of wine
has been used t0 hasten coagulation. The method of
coagulating rubber on the Amazon is bz submitting
the fresh latexjto the hot smoke of palm nuts quite a
different method from that employed by our Penang
correspondent. The Penang rubber has been examined
quite carefully, and is worth about 60 centa a

- pound, with fine Para at 80 cents a pound. In

fact it does not resemble fine Para very strengly,
but is much more like Pernambuco. The rubber is
much softer than fine Para, or even than coarse
Para, and has nowhere near as strong fibre. In
fact, it is quite short. It could not be used, for ex-
ample, in thread, elastic bands, or any fine pure
gum goods.

Another thing about it is that it softens with age,
whereas the Para rubbers grow hard and oxidize,

' We think the reasons for these differences are two:

one being found in the manner of coagulation, which

does not seem equal to the smoking process; and
the other being due to the undoubted change wrought ~

upon the tree by a different climate from that in

which the tree naturally flourishes. It is to be tn: ”
|" eretood, of course, that the rubber is valuable, an -

Ino solution it loses its tenacity very ©
quickly, so thatit would not do for high grade cements, .

——-

Fes. 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL
will find a ready market at » good price, but it is
not the equal of either fiue or coarse Para. We
think this 1s another proof thatrubber wiil be cul-
tivated most successfully in the regions whers it
grows wild.

KAMERUN (GERMAN WEST AFRICA).

The Moliwe Pflanzungs Gesellschaft, of Hambirg,
(Jexmany, at the end of their second business year.
of July 1st 1900 —June 30, 1901), reported that 42 acres
of theiz estate at Moliwe in this colony had been
planted in rubber, 32} acres being devoted to Kickwia
elastica, the tree which yields the Lagos rabber. ‘ne
number of trees was 3,969 which gave 309 to the
hectare, or 121 tothe acre. Dr. Paul Preuss, director
of the botanical gardens at Victoria (Kamerun), writ-
ing to the editor of Der Tropenpfanzer, makes au un-
favavorable report on the growth of these plants,
while the Castilloa elastica has done well. The late
Herr Stammler, head planter of the Moliwe company,
reported favorably onthe Castilloa elastica, and the
comp:ny, on the advice of Dr. Otto Warburg, of Ber-
lin, and with the aidof Herr Th, F Koschny, of San
Carlos Costa Rica, obtained from the latter country this
year 400,000 seeds of the Custilloa. Although the
larger part of these seeds, by reason of the long voy-
age, were found tobespoiled on reaching Hamourg,
it was hoped that at least 100,000 Custiloa plaints
could be grown for Kamerun from the lot, The
Moliwe company are experimenting with ‘various other
rubber species. =Of the rubber under cultivation in
the’ gardens at Victoria, Director Preuss reports that
the seedlings of Nickaia elastiva, from seeds planted
in November, 1898, had, in two years and a half,
reached a height of 3 meters, and were flowering. Be-
sides, the bark was found tocontain latex, The Iicus
Vogelit, another African tree under cultivation, yields
rubber liberally and of good quality. Sapium utile and
Hevea Brasiliensis (Para rubber) are each represented
in the gardens by a few guod specimens, the young
trees of the latter species having begun to bear seeds,
—India Rubber World, Dec. 1.

————_—_2

PLANTING.

ILLUSTRATED LHCTURES AT

IMPERIAL INSTITUTE.
(From @ correspondent.)

‘In case you have not received particulars
of the last two lectures at the Imperial [n-
stitute, I am sending you a _ few notes
herewith :—

‘Ou December 2nd a lecture entitled
PLANTERS AND PLANTING IN TROPICAL
GREATER BRTAiN
was given by Mr R Hedger Wallace,
Sir tdward Noel Walker being in the
chair. The gist of the lecture, which could
not be said to have done justice to the subject,
was (1) the definition of a Planter, and (2) the
necessary qualifications of a Planter. The
duties of a planter, said the lecturer, vary
in different colonies, as, for example, in
Tropical Africa he has to teach the natives
how to work, whilst in India he has only
to see that the work is done by them in
aceordance with certain methods. The best
planters were obtained from the middle classes,
and men who have not had a sound education
were generally failures as planters. Young
men intending to try planting, in India es-
pecially, should have a good training in
agriculture and book-keeping, and also have
a knowledge of engineering and. domestic
medicines.
a. sociable character in order to meet certain

THE

‘AGRICUL TURIST.

He should also be naturally of

525

social aemands on his time. The first (and
best) of the lantern slides shown was a group
of coconut palms on the sea-coast in Ceylon,
yet Ceylon was not referred to in the
lecture; but, perhaps, India was meant to
include the little island.

Last Monday evening,{the 16th instant, Mr-
Ridley, Director of Botanic Gardens, Singa.
pore, gave an interesting lecture on
‘* THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES OF THE STRAITS

SETTLEMENTS AND MALAY PENINSULA,”
the chair being taken by Sir Cecil Clementi
Smith, formerly Governor of the Straits
Settlernents,

Being favoured with a precis of the lecture
[ send it to you, adding slightly to it:

Probably, said Mr, Ridley, no portion of
the Empire was so little known to the English
public as that of the Straits Settlements and
the attached Federated States. It was, how-
ever, one of the most thriving of the smaller
colonies, and possessed, in Singapore, the
most important portin Eastern Asia. Its
heavy rainfall, of over 100 inches annually,
was evenly distributed throughout the year;
so, unlike other tropical regions, there were
no seasons. The trees, which were ever-
green and forthe most part bore flowers
and fruits irregularly all the year round,
grew with great rapidity ; consequently it
had been found more suitable to cultivate
plants whose produce was derived from the
vegetative porlion rather than from the
fructificative. The climate though hot was
neither unpleasant nor unhealthy, and
cases of sun-stroke were almost unknown,
coolie labour on the estates was sup-
plied) by Javanese and ‘Tamils; the
Chinese, though very industrious and invalu-
able when working for themselves in agri-
culture, commerce, or mining, had not been
found amenable to Huropean’ methods and
discipline. The forests, which originally
covered the whole peninsula, contained many
valuable products, such as timbers, wood-oil,
benzoin, guttapercha, and rattans. Owing
to the felling of the trees by the Malays, in
order to extract it, guttapercha, so indispens-
able for electric work, had been nearly exter:
minated Fortunately, however, the product
could now be extracted from the leaves and
twigs without injury to the trees, which were
now being planted by the Government. A
very large area ot the Federated States was
under coffee, but on account of the present
glut of the market and the consequent low
prices, most of the planters were adding
para-rubber to their estates—a tree which
throve marvellously well and produced a
very satisfactory amount of rubber of the
first quality. In the Straits this tree grows
to a height of 30 feet in five years, giving
a yield of rubber at this age; even a _ tree
three years old has givena yield of 3 lb. of
marketable rubber. This [ am afraid puts
Ceylon entirely in the shade, unless new
data are forthcoming. India-rubber from the
ficus elastica also promised well, but,
although it was being planted, its » product
was less highly valued. The coconuts grown
in the colony were in large demand, both
for copra and as food. The adage that the

coconut palm would only grow within sight
of the sea was more or less true, as the
palm would only grow for about 2) miles
inland in the Straits. This is, however, quite
disproved in Ceylon. Accounts were griven
of the cultivatiou and preparation of sago—
one acre of the sago palm gave as much
nourishment as 163 acres of wheat, (one palna
stem giving 600 to 700 lb, of sago) tapioca
gambir, mangrove-cutch, pepper, nutmegs,
cloves, indigo and pineapples. The greater
part of the preserved pines of commerce
came from Singapore where the price of the
fruit was said to vary from a farthing to
a penny each, and the lecturer remembered,
a time when they had been as cheap as
sixteen a penny. The mineral resources of
the colony included gold and tin, the latter
being found in great abundance. It was
chiefly alluvial, and the mines, which were
shallow, were worked by the Chinese who
employed very simple appliances. The coun-
try was as yet hardly properly explored,
and Mr. Ridley was of opinion that immense
fields for development yet remained open;
that both agriculture and mining were still
in their infancy; and that thriving as the
colony now was, it had before it a future of
greater and long continued prosperity.

——_——__—_.
PROPOSED PURCHASE OF TEA
HSTATES.

BY THE WHOLESALE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY.

Tea garden proprietors may be interested to
learn that at the quarterly meeting of the Co-
operative Wholesale Society, held in Manchester
on Saturday afternoon, representing 300 sharehold-
ing societies, an agenda to the report included
a requess from the committee for authority to
purchase tea estates when a suitable opportunity
occurs. For some time past this question has
been under consideration and afew years ago a
deputation was sent out to make full inquiries
into the feasibility of the society working such
estates. Since then there has been a continual
expansion in the tea trade of the society, and the
committee are of opinion that the time is now ripe
to make an initial move in the direction of co.
operators becoming their own tea growers. After
some discussion, the request was unanimously
acceded to. So that ‘‘ when a suitable .oppor-
tunity occurs ” the society will possess its own tea
gardens.—H. and C, Mail, Dee. 27.

—__—__@—___
vg TROUT AT OOTACAMUND,

Major Bagnall concludes his last Report on
trout thus :—

‘«JT have fished, I think everywhere where a trons
would lie but have nothing to repors. All this
evidence goes to prove that trout have not bred
on these hills”’ Yet an experienced angler tells
me that he hasmore than once seen trot rise in
the ‘St. Lawrence” lake, and on one occasion,
not long ago, found one dead on the banks of the
lake which scaled between 5 and 6 pounds. The
attempt made by the District Forest Officer to
drag the lake, in the opinion of this sportsman,
proved 2 failure for the reason that this officer
used a, net quite uasuited for a water of the depth
gf the St Lawrence Lake, and suggests the using

Ee

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[FeB. 1, 1902.

of a net 100 feet by 3) feet, which he thinks, can
be easily made up of discarded tennis nets. Carp
and tench are affording reaily grand spurt, especially
the former at Sindy Dulla, where the golden fish
ef quite the size of the Madras pomtret can be
plentifully had. These fish must have escaped
from the Ootacamund lake when that body of
water was lowered, and in fact almost drained,
while the reclamation of the upper lake was in
course of progress, and appear to have become very
plentiful within the last two years.—Asian (Oota
eamund Cor.)

eS ee

COCONUT PLANTING NOTES,
PROVINCE.
THE WEATHER.

Marawila, Jan. Sth.

The New Year dawned auspiciously for us with
seasonable, 7.¢. wet weather. We have not had
much rain so far, only slow, persistent drizzles,
but the indications of rain and the non disappear-
ance of the rains of the N.-E. monsoon, are much
to be thankful for. Most of the rain that fell
during the last three months was from the S.-W.
{ts was only in December that we had a little rain
from the N.-K,

N-W.

COCONUT PLANTING.

The last crop of. the year has been aw bit better
than the previous one, but this has not been of
much help to the desiccating mills in this district
for it pays sellers better, is seems, to convert nuts
into copra, than to sell to the mills. This is the
first time, I believe, in the history of the mills in
this district, that they had not sufficient nuts to
Keep them constantly going. A reeord price for
coconuts in the heap—R50 12 per 1,000—was lately
announced from the Negombo distriet. With
what truth I cannot say, bus it was stated that the
rice paid was due to rivalry betweea bidders,
In this- district the nuts of an estate were
pat up to auction and fetched R50°50 per thousand
for makisg copra. Considering that the cost of
transport of nuts is R2 per thousand more from
this .district than from Negombo, the price re-
alised must be considered eminently satisfactory
by the lucky, youthful proprietors.

PLANTING NOTES.

Poisons IN INDIA AND CEYLON.—In’ the
course of an exhaustive review of the
Pharmacy and the Drug-trade in 1901 the
Chemist and Druggest says:—‘‘India and
Ceylon are practically without pharmaceutical
organisation, although their trade interests,
so far as medicine purchasing power is
concerned, are great. The sale of poisons
has been centralled in Ceylon during the
year by a new Ordinance, which, however,
does not call for special fitness in the sellers,
Several suggestions have been made for
better controlling the sale of poisons in
India. The subject deserves the serious
attention of the Governments, but is attended
with greater difficulties than can be imagined
by people at home.” ;

FEB. 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

TEA SALES.
PUBLIC SALES OF TEA IN COLOMBO.

POR NG THE YEAR 1901.

Exchange.
Demand
Offered Sold Avg. Avg. Drafts
1901. 1990. 1901
Ib. lb. c. ¢C. 3. de
Jan, 4 1,391,965 1,153,308 27 — 143-32
» 9 553,904 431,976 31 35 141-16
» 16 1,273,906 940,636 29 36 143-32
6 23 1,118,132 802,961 27 34 141-32
pe 154,944.45) 1674,802) 11-27) 34) A
Feb. 6 742,780 420,277 30 35 14
» 18 929,688 687,341 29 34 14
os 20-. 994,218 .. 764,870: 2935-14
» 27 764,678 631,670 30 34 1315-16
Mar. 6 909,695 702,382 34 32 1315-16
3) 13 875,618 695,405 35 34 1315-16
» 20 1,174,658 951,106 36 35 1315-16
3 87 -1/048.156 797,598 87-85: 8: 15-16
April 5 1,252,155 350,467 39 36 © ©61315-16
»” oe —_— ass =. —
Pe diel (497,019 1.057,595 1/35 V1 145 1/8d5-16
~ 4 .17241071 815,052 33 35 13151-6
May 1. 1,112,955 727,960 31 36 14—
pee 960,695 642,959 32 36 1315-32
> 1D 1,143,261 679,827; 30 35, .,13)15-82
3 92 —-'1.,181,672. 781,925. 29 31 1315-16
» 29 1,117,818 840,768 27 31 1315-16
Jone 5 1,102,082 965,105 31 30 1315-16
» 12 7121,802 - 995,806 32 32 131516
» 19 1'995,998 976,389 32 32 1315-16
» 26 4182,810 934,671 31 30 1315-16
July. 3 178,429 918,636 29 31 1316-16
» 10 Vgg7'aga 703,892 32 34-1 3 15-16
op cl, 231,803 1,054,552 30 33 1316.16
», 24 1,040,760 945,463 «32. 3601.3 15-16
* 82 ligot.932 685,264 32 37 1315-16
Aug. a4 907,145 763,015 33 35 1315-16
” 9) ae seer je —
at an o 14
” 80 35
” 98 1,549.177 He ag ota
Se,pt. 4 897,728 Ge7’951 37 36 1 4
pee Sere "609,029. 35437 A
ane 60) 798485 36 46 14
» 2% 1,089,937 43066 «38 40 14
Oc,t. 2 1,097,090 gog'es5 37 360 «1 4
yy 959,213 gig449 88 371 4
16 888,722 ay 14
” 778,145 36 37
» 23 1,023,926 go3'950 «37 85s A
3 80 > 1,113,015 oiacca a7 88.1 4
Nov. 6 996,820 739’314 38. 33 «1 41-82
pe 906,480 00,396 37 34 141-32
fp. eae 771,709 gis’o49 «37 31 =oL A
» 2% 1,017,906 643'350 36 29 «14
Dec, 4 892,626 795’333 36 290=S dL 4
11 974,680 555075 34 28 | -:1: 3 31-39
1s —_:920,371 4 ogo’761 33 28 «|S 1 8 31-32
1,617,326 , ¥ 1 3,31-82
Total oe en erp
for=1901 51,044,000 39,154,923 33,343 1/4
Do, 1900 47,681,826 38,442,926 —— 1/4 116

SwrET SMELLING PLANTS,—such as woodruffe—
were recommended for medical purposes by
Linzus, in his Philosoplia Botanica, where it

is stated that such plants not only drive away
moths and other destructive vermin, but also,
“« when chewed, preserve people from infectious
disorders.” In recent years Dr. Klein, the well-
known bacteriologist, has pointed out that some
plants, owing to their strong odours, have a
certain amount of antiseptic power. The experi-
ments of Omeltschenko have confirmed the view
that the vapours of essential oils exercise &
bactericidal action. The bacillus of typhus hag
been killed iu forty-five minutes by air con-
taining the vapour from Zoil of cinnamon or oil

AGRICULTURIST. 527

ou

PUBLIC SALES OF TEA IN LONDON. .

DURING THE YEAR 1901.

ao o Gow, Wilscs,
Packages Packages © 3 and Stanton’a
Offered. Sold. 39 Average.
fae] a even re Ne
1901 1901. 1900
Jan. 3 22,000 20,000 7 7k E3
a 10 29,000 27,000 6% 6% 8
; 17 30,000 28,000 6% 63 (e3
B 24 28,000 26,000 7% - 7 ves
is 31 40,000 87,000 6} 68 7h
Feb. 7 98,000 93,000 6 6: | 744
3 14 32,000 21,000 6 6 12
% 21 21,000 20,000 2 63 7
53 98 30,090 28,000 x 68 72
Mar. 7 35,000 33,000 Bs ie 72
B 14 29,000 27,000 ey ekOd 73
i 91 26,000 24,000 2 68 1k
Ms 28 25,000 24,000 7 7h is
Apr. 4 == — — == pate
” 11 ea ar. [Be Sis fas
Ber cots 32,000 30,000 73 TH 7%
i 25 33.000 28,000 7 6% 78
May 2 26,000 20,000 68 . 62 17%
if 9 20,000. 17,000 .. 64 . 64... 8%
a 16 20,000 18,000 6§ 6% 7k
= 23 25,000 22,000 68 68 7
” ) 75, xo <a eee Fas
June. 6 28,000 26,000 6% 6% 63
£ 13 32,000 32,000 64 64 63
Fe 20 30,000 28,000 62 63 63
RII AOT 25,000 24,000 6% 64 63
July. 4 33,000 19,000 — 64 62
11 16,000 15,000 63 64 64
eels 32,000 23,000 «64 ~— G4 7
es 25 32,000. 24,000 63 - 62 7
Aug 1 30,000 22,000 6% 6% 7%
Bee 31,000 28,000 6g 68 7
Bhs DO 28,000 26,000 62 68 6L
<p 374.99 26,000. 25,000 62 6% 64
Sept. 5 25,000. 23,000 7 64 62
ieee a0} 93,000. 22,000 7% 74 62
ea) 21,000 20,000 7% 73% 64
een 26 20,000. 19,000 7% 7% 7°
Ost 58 19,000 18000: 8 48 gt
Bases 10 21,000 19,000 72 72 8
te aly 16,000 14,000 72 73 (ES
Sr a) 20,000 18,000 8 8 8
fe eB 17,000 15,000 8 8% 83
Noi 27 13,000 10,000... 7% 7% gt
14 19,000 18,000 72- 7 75.
SOL 20000 17,000 72 78 73
Ag Sans 17000 15,000 7% 73 72
Dec. 6 30 000 26,000 ies 74 73
ieee 22,000 19,000 7% 73 ia
HERBIG 20,000 19,000 7% 7 7%
Total _ —-—> ss —— = Ss
for—1901 1,197,000 1,057,000 7 7 74

Do, 1900 1,295,600 1,179,000 7k
[The figures for local sales are compiled fr
weekly circular of Messrs. Forbes BF Walken cine

those for Lendon sales arefrom e telegr i
Ses grams received

of valerian, Similarly, the bacillus of tuber-
- culosis was destroyed in twenty-three hours by
oil of cinnamon, and in twelve hours by oil of
lavender or oil of eucalyptus. Essential oils
have been classified: by Omeltschenko, accordin
to their bactericidal power, as _ follows shone
namon, fennel, lavender, cloves, thyme, mint
anise, eucalyptus, turpentine, lemon, and rose the
last two being very weak, as compared with the
others. The work done in this direction requires
confirmation, but the results so far obtained go
far to prove that there was somethiog in the
notions which prevailed long ago with regard to
the preventive and remedial powers of odorous

plants and their products.—Journal of the Jamaica
Agricultural Society.

528

PLANTING NOTES.

RUBBER PRODUCTION OF THK CONGO RIviR
Country.—The output of India-rubber this
year from the Congo Free State alone (says
the India Rubber World) ein hardly fail to
reach {12,000,000 pounds, besides which
portions of French Congo and other regions
adjacent tv the Congo river help to swell
the rubber shipments by that great water-
way. It is one of the wonders of the crude
rubber trade, how rapidly it has been
developed in this particular state, and how
well the production has been maintained.
The explorer Stanley proved to be right
when eleven years ago, on emerging from
a journey across central Africa, he de-
scribed the Congo forests as a ‘reser-
voir of rubber.” Already some rubber had
been marketed from the Congo Free State;
some of it, indeed, had appeared the year
before—in 1889—at Antwerp, thus affording
a beginning to what has become one of the
world's great rubber markets. But the world
had yet to learn how vast were the rubber
resources of “‘ the dark continent.” While
other sources of African rubber supplies ~as
Sierra Leone, Gold Coast Colony, Lagos,
Angola, Mozambique, and Madagascar—have
had their ‘‘boom” followed by a decline in
production, rubber from the Congo continues
to come, in an ever-swelling volume. The
following table denotes the total quantity of
the rubber arrivals at Antwerp, in each year,
and also (in parenthesis) the amount of rubber
other than Congo sorts during the past six
years :-—

Years. Ponnds. Years, Pounds.
1889 10.340 1896 (20,900) 2,454,925
1890 66,000 1897 (266,844) 3,694,139
1891 46,200 1898 (616,629) 4,432,100
1892 138,523 1899... (903,025) 7,486,336
1893 367,831 1900... (1,751,270) 12,535,677
1894 ... 600,076 1901... (Partly estimated)

1895... 1,168,363 (1,020,956) 13,096,409

{Arrivals for 1901 reported only to October 31.]}

WASTE PRroObDUcTS.—Perhaps among the
most remarkable discoveries of the past
half-century, has been the _ utilisation of
substances which had been thrown away
as useless in times past. The uses of saw
dust and waste wood have been wonderful.
Here is something worth noting :—

“The Swedish journal ‘Jernkorst’ describes
a process for converting waste wood at saw mills
into dry saw-dust, which is carbonised, the liquid
by-preduct disvilled, and the charcoal made into
briquettes. «It is profitable, 9,000 tons of waste
wood yielding 6,000 tons of briquettés at £363 a
ton, beside fuel to drive the plant, acetate of lime,
methyl! spirit, and acetone.”

PLANTING IN SUMATRA.— We commend the
‘Planting Notes from. Sumatra” appearing
in another column to the perusal of our
readers.
Ceylon Plarter, and a true Highlander
endowed with all the broad humour charac-
teristic of his race the article makes
diverting and lightsome reading. It is indeed
cheering to see our old friend writing in
such a buoyant spirit notwithstanding the in-
conveniences and discomforts of theix rail-
way system, é&c. in Sumatra. Although we
in Ceylon are ahead of them in so far that

_ we are unable to outstrip the Government

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Coming from the pen of an old ©

(Fer. 1, 1902.

trains cn bicycle and are independent of the
gum bottle at the P.O., yet in the quality
of their head gear they seem to be far in
front of us. When *‘ W.T.M’K.” tells us of a
tobacco planter indulging in that operation
which has rendered the name of Oliver Twist
immortal, “hollering for more,” owing to his
unability to afford a new hat as his com-
mission for the year has fallen so low as
£2,500, one wonders what kind of hats they
wear in that country—probably gold frames,
studded with jewels. If perchance any
billetless Ceylon P.D. should wander towards
this Eldorado it might interest our readers
were he to let thei know this through our
columns.

‘ON Some New Spectres or HUCALYPTUS,”
by R. T. Baker, F.L s., Curator, Technological
Museum, Sydney.—There seems no end to
the species of Eucalyptus. Mr. Baker de-
scribes some ten new species and gives a
maUDER of plates. Perhaps the most use:
ul is :—

Kucalyptus Woollsiana, sp.now., ‘‘ Mallee Box.”
—A large tree up to 80 feet high, and more than 3
in diameter.. Bark persistent half-way or more
than half-way up the trank ; smooth, chiefly of a
rich brownjcolour, Timber.—Hard, close-vrained,
interlocked, heavy, durable timber, of a brownish
colour. Useful for bridge-decking, posts, railway
sleepers, and general building purposes. It is in
grew request at the Cobar mines for shoring the
roofs.

‘“ ANNALS OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS
PERADENIYA.’—We have to acknowledge re.
ceipt of No. 2 of this publicaton, edited by
Mr. J C Willis, M.a., F.L.s., containing inter
alia papers on: ‘‘Fungus Cultures jin the
Tropics” by Mr. C Holtermann; “ Flora of
Minikoi” by Mr. J C Willis; “The Botany
of the Maldive Islands” by Messrs, J C

. Willis and J G Gardiner; ‘Observations on

Dracena reflexa” by Mr. Herbert Wright :
reviews, notes and supplement. In Carl
Holtermann’s paper on fungus cultures it
is pointed out how it is possible with
two solutions to undertake in the tro-
pics many interesting developmental investi-
gations ;and Mr. Willis in his note on the
“Flora of Minikoi” referring to Dr. Prain’s
statement that the plants hitherto known to
grow wild or to be cultivated on the island
number 113, says:—“ During the south west
monsoon of 1899 the island was visited by
J Stanley Gardiner, in the course of his
work on coral islands. <A collection of fifty-
three plants was made by him, and has
since been worked out in the herbarium at
Peradeniya by Mr. W de Alwis and myself ;

for determination of two or three doubtful

specimens I am indebted to Dr. Prain. Sixteen
new plants are thus added to the list, raisin

the total to 129 and there are also five others
with doubtful names, but certainly other
species, The total is therefore 134.” Mention
is also made of the visit to Male in October
1901 of Mr. F Lewis of the Forest Depart-
ment who “ made a large collection there
and on two neighbouring islands, for which
five further species, including the Baobab
have been added to thelist. It is improbable
that further survey of the islands would add
many more species.” The volume altogether
iS a most interesting one. St 5

Fre. 1, 1902.}

OUR EXPORT, IMPORT AND SHIPPING
TRADE FOR 1901.

I.—EXPORTS.

In our review of the Export Trade of
Ceylon for the year 1900, comparison with
the preceding year was found unfavourable ;
but exports for 1901 compare favourably
with previous vears, so far at least as volume
is concerned. Hxcepting coffee and cinnamon
‘chips all our more important products show
an increased export. For some exports
prices ruled high, especially the products of
the coconut palm, which as the year closed,
advanced in value above all former records.
Overtrading in one or two articles, which was
afeature of 1900 and the earlier part of 1901,
has practically ceased, and it is anticipated
that business in the current year will be
generally of a stable nature.

Exchange fluctuated somewhat during the
year as the following rates prove :—

6 months credits, highest 1/4 9/16 lowest 1/4}
8 do do 1/43/8 do 1/47/32

Again between credits and documents on
payment bills the wargin fluctuated only
from 1/32 to 1/16.. Money was not dear during
the year and became very cheap towards
the close.

Last year will be memorable for the passing
of an ordinance making sovereigns legal
tender for R15. Already a quantity of gold
has been imported from Australia and de-
posited in the Treasury, releasing silver for
local circulation. ;

CaRDAMOMS.-—More land came into bearing
during the year, and the cro ex-

orted is ahead of 1900 by 22,249 lb. The
ndian demand was good, showing an_ in-
erease of 26,407 lb. The better parcels went
to London where the market has been a
fairly good one for well-known marks. Ex-
ports aggregated :—

1899 30 499,959 Ib.
1900 ove 537,455 Ib.
1901 ove 559,704 Ib.

Over one-fifth of the entire crop appear
to have been shipped in December, owners
would appear to have been holding for better
rates.

CInNAMON.—Returns show the largest ex-
port of Quills yet recorded, notwithstanding
which prices fluctuated very little, and remain
at a high average. 54 cts. per lb. would
appear to be the average price realised for
usual assortment quills in Colombo, which
must mean a good return to the grower.

Germany is now the chief buyer both of
Quills and Chips, the United Kingdom only
_taking second place, while Spain and America
took Jarge supplies compared with previous
years. The continued increase in direct busi-
ness with foreign countries is a marked
favourable feature in. connection with cin-
namon, and planters may reasonably look
for present values being maintained. The
exports of chips was smaller, but prices were
Boog, averaging from R70 to R72°50 per
candy.

Most of the cinnamon shown as_exported
to America goes eastward to San Francisco,
which is now becoming the port of distri-

67

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. «529

3

bution for Mexico
Central America,
South America.

and other countries of
and. the west coast of
Exports to America were :—

bales.
Exports 1900 . 259,425 Quills,
do 1901 358,300 do
Total exports were :—

lb. lb.
1899 Quills 2,515,031 Ohips 1,829,127
1900 45 2,678,111, 1,863,406
190ta5 = 2756,270 ,, 1,516,083

Exports of wild cinnamon have practically
ceased. Someold stock in London was reported
as soldat 4d per lb. during the past year.

CrincHon«A.—Market has been better of late,
and returns show a small increase in ship-
ments.

Cocoa,—Crops gathered during the year were
large—the largest on record—and there were
shipped 49,459 cwt. against 33,476 cwt. in 1900,
Quality on the average has not been good,
and prices ruled low both locally and in
London. Well-known marks, which as the
year opened were selling at R55 to R57:30
per cwt., were at the close to be got for
R45 to R47-50 per cwt. Out of the total
export of 49,459 cwt. there were shipped to
the United Kingdom, mostly for spot sale
42,344 cwt. More direct business with foreign
countries is very necessary, and our American
and Continental Commissioners ought to be
addressed on the point by the Planters’

Association, Total exports were :—
1899 £ 42,745 owt.
1900 an A SB. ATS,
1901 we 49,459

ds

Coconut PAtmM PRODUCTS show a large
increase in shipments compared with 1900.
Crops were generally reported as small,
owing to unfavorable * weather during the
preceding 12 months, which if generally
correct, would, in view of the exports
detailed later on, go to prove that a consider-
able acreage must have come into bearing
during the year. Short supplies of copra
from the Philippines, the Straits and other
main sources of supply for the-copra oil mills
of the Continent, brought about a rapid
advance in Europe for copra and oil, as
the year closed, which was followed here by
arise in yalue above any previous records,
In reviewing trade for 1900 we predicted a
continued good demand for these products,
and although present extreme prices cannot
be expected to last very long, everything
points toa steady demand at high rates during
the year just entered upon.

A., Coconut O1L fiuctuated in price during
the first half of the year, and then advanced
rapidly, more especially as the year closed,
The following prices ruling during the year
are of interest :—

1901. per_ton,
On 1st Jan. Coconut oil was worth R325
1st April do 335
Ist June do 322°50
ist October do 375

31st December do 445 to R437°50
The latter transactions marking the record
prices paid in Colombo, The danger of a
continuance of present values for any time,

530 THE TROPICAL

would be the natural tendency for consumers
to adopt other greases as substitutes.
Exported in 1899 aie 400,979 ewts.
do 1900 oo 443,959 do
do 1901 aes 453,531 do
The United Kingdom took over 50 per cent
of exports, India coming second, whilst the
America otftake shrunk to 1,360 tons. The
year 1892 still remains the record year for
quantity exported, viz. :—550,977 cwts.
B. Copra.—The rise in value during the year
was remarkable :—

On let Jan. Calpentyn was worth R45'50 io R46

1st April do 48 to 48°50

Ist June do 49 to 50

Ist October do 55°50 to | 56
3lst December do 62. to 62°75

with every prospect ot high rates being paid
for afew months of this year. The cause of
the advance has already been explained under
the general heading of coconut palm products.
Germany was by far the largest buyer, France,
Belgium and Russia following; India took
only 1,487cwts. Owners of coconut property
have every reason to be satisfid with the
year’s working, in view of the increase in
acreage which came into bearing.

C., Poonac.—A. rise in export of poonac
naturally follows an increased export of
coconut oil, 10,218 tons being shipped last
year, compared with 9,299 tons in 1900, Prices
ranged from R70 to K80 per ton _in robbins.
Offtake is practically confined to Belgium and
Germany.

D. DEsIccATED Coconut show
creased export last year.

E. Ccconuts show a trifling decrease com-
pared with 1900.

F. Coir RoprE, YARN AND FIBRE.—Rope
and fibre show an increase, but yarn shows a
slight decline.

CoFFEE.—This continues to shrink in
volume. Ceylon’s small export still commands
fair prices, when the enormous stocks from
other countries (especially Brazil), and the low
prices they command, are taken into con-
sideration.

ESSENTIAL OILs.— Both citronella and cin-
namon oil show an increased export over the
preceding year.

PLUMBAGO.—The decline in values which
was a feature of 1900 continued during the
past year, but towards the close there was. if
anything, asteadier feeling, It is understood
that most of the dearly House stocks have
now been liquidated, and that the shipping
of unsold lots for spot sale has been much
curtailed. Nothing forms a stronger lever
in reducing values than the shipping of plum.
hago for spot sale either in London, New
York or the Continent. London was the
largest buyer, New York, Hamburg and
Antwerp following. Shipments were—

In 1898 473,075 cwts. | In 1900 383,350: cwts.
In 1899 .. 616,385 do In 1901 .. 453,267 do

Prices obtained for most qualities must still
show a good return to pit owners, as the

an) In-

AGRICULTURIST. [Frp. 1, 1902,

following comparative figures for one recog-
nised standard of lump will show.

In 1895 -- value R300
1896 or do R325
1897 ee do R400
1898 ons do R600
1899 asp do R750
1900 4 do R900
1901 do R375

Up to 30th November last deliveries in
London (largest buyer) exceeded imports,
and when we remember that prior to 1895
fine, bright Inmp was considered dear at
anything over R275, surely the position of
this industry would still appear to be a good
one. A careful study of pricesand shipments
for the past 10 or 15 years, should convince
most readers that those who talk of present
prices not paying miners, and of the great
depression in the industry, cannot surely lay
claim to an old acquaintance with the mineral
either as miners or as dealers.

TrEA.—This staple is so constantly before
our readers by correspondence, by Associa-
tion meeting minutes, by leaders, &c., that
most are no doubt “fed up” with it. All
we will, therefore, say here is that if planters
do not go back to coarse plucking and give
‘‘real supervision ” over the factory, there
is hope tor the future.

The following Chamber of
returns are interesting :—

MONTHLY SHIPMENTS OF BLACK TEA FOR

1901, 1900 AND 1899.
U. K. Russia. “ontinent.
From Jan. to Nov. 1901 93,261,472 8,779,508 1,350,467
Do 1900 102,518,275 8.238,290 1,283 810

Commerce

Do 1899 92,871,282 3,395,260 805,809
7 Aus- America. All other
tralia. ports.
From Jan. to Nov. 1901 19,647,645 3,390,801 3,882,397
Do 1960 16,611,204 3,707,474 2.416.800
Do 1899 14,560,468 3 021,312 2,276,105
Totals.
1901 -» 130,312,290
1900 -» 134,775,853
1899 116,930,236
U. K. Russia. Continent.
Dec. 1901 ... 12,235,867 $30,226 139,520
Do 1906 .. 11,241,918 617,702 73,367
Do 1899 .. 11,076,842 554.478 80,391
Australia. America. All other
ports,
Dec. 1901 990,563 313,534 366,244
Do 1900 ... 995,708 273,206 453,885
Do 1899 ,. 1,046,365 58,690 147.154
Totals.
1901 . 14,875,954
1900 - 13,655,786
1899 .-» 12,963,920
MONTHLY SHIPMENTS OF GREEN TEA FOR 1901.
U. K. Russia. Conti-
x nent.
From Jan, to Noy, 1901 .. 222,006 37,337 6,825

Australia. America, Aj] other

ports.
From Jento Nov. 1901.. 2,976 726010 928,609
Total,
1,083,763
U.K. Russia. Continent.
Dec, 1901 LO DOD. — —
Autstralia. America, All other
ports.
Dee, 1901 Bone) 11,786 i
Total. :
27,014

Fes 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

IIl.—IMPORTS.

EXCHANGE fluctuations during the year
show demand remittance ranging from 1/4 %
down to 1/3 29/82. 30 d/s paper London on
Colombo on the other hand was steady,
highest rate being 1/3 13/16 and lowest 1/3 3.
Money was easy, compared with preceding
years, and more especially so for the last six
months. Money at short call would only
command 3 per cent. as the year closed.

Vhe past year was one of concern to im-
porters, more especially from April to Sep-
tember when the suspension of a number of
traders in the Pettah gave cause for some
alarm. Overtrading on the part of many
dealers in 1900 was the cause of the deadlock ;
but most of the stocks held against dis-
honored bills are understood to be liquidated
by now, andit is hoped business during the
current year will be better. Itisthought that
the experience of the past year of several ex-
porters and Commission Agents in Europe
trading direct with the Pettah will curtail
business of this kind in future. Dutring the
past year the Chetties owing to some dispute
with the brokers of importing houses, refused
to buy goods unless sellers accepted demand
notes in payment of goods, in place of in notes
at a fixed usance as had formerly been the
custom of the trade. A compromise was
arrived at, and those firms which prefer notes
at a fixed usance obtain them readily enough
from the Chetties. An Importers’ Association
was formed during the year with the object
of furthering their interests. Some appear to
be of opinion that a special Sub-Committee of
the Chamber of Commerce on Imports would
be sufficient to protect their interests. The
greater the number of Associations or bodies
the mercantile community is divided into, the
less influence each can bring to bear on mer-
cantile affairs.

CuTron Goops—From the Customs Re-
turns—which are now issued monthly to
subscribers—we find that for the 11 months
ending 30th November last, only 11,961 pack-
ages of cotton goods were imported against
19,542 during the corresponding period of
the preceding year, or a shrinkage of 38 per
cent.

Locally the offtake has been comparatively

small. The following are details of impor-
tations of cotton goods for the past 11 months
of the last 3 years :—

1899. 1900. 1901,

Grey Cottons soe 2.628 5,198 3,956
White do 2,259 4,135) 2,304
Printed do so Lgli42 835 1,844
Dyed do oD 91 1,720 2,418
Colored Woven do 572 7,441 1,661
Sundry Cottons ... 112 81 82
Yarn Plain wae 1 30 48
Do Dyed 171 102 148
15,976 19,542 11,961

Cotton as the year opened was worth 5
12/32 (Mid Uplands) and fell during the year
to 44, butrose again to 4 9/16 before the year
closed. ;

Prints.—A considerable clearance of prints
at reduced rates was reported at the close

of the year.

WOOLEN Goobds.—The importation of
woolen goods was overdone during the latter

AGRICULTURIST. 531

part of 1900 and early last year, but the com-
sumption of flannel and cloth of woolen and
cotton mixture is increasing among Burghers
and Natives, and if future importations are
kept moderate. present stocks should be re-
realised readily, although prices shewed an
easier tendency during the latter half of the
year. Importations for 1901 show a consider-
able increase over 1900.

Topacco.—The consumption of tobacco has
been heavy. For eleven months last year
11,124 lb. were entered for home consumption
against 6,519 lb. during the corresponding
period of the previous year. The large force
of troops and prisoners in Ceylon is no doubt
responsible for the increase. The consump-
tion of cigars also shows an increase.

MAuLtr LIQUOR AND SPIRITS.—Here we have
a large increase in quantities bonded and
entered for home consumption. The figures
from Ist January to 30th November are :—

Entered for Home

Bonded. consumption.
1900 14,637 ‘pkgs. 12,978 pkg.
1901 18,176 ,, 15,258 ,,

Increase 8,539 ,, Increase 2,275 ,,

The increase is chiefly on malt liquor in
bulk for the use of European troops, and in
cased gin and whisky.

WInEs.—KHspecially French wines in cases
show a considerable increase.

MatcHES.—The prices of these remained
fairly steady all the year, but for a short
period they could be purchased for consider-
ably under the laiddowncost. According to the
Customs returns the importations show a
large falling-off compared with 1900. In the
12 months of 1900, 287,484 gross were imported,
of which 287,484 were entered for home con-
sumption, whilst the first 11 months of 1901
show importations amounting to 72,983 gross
only, of which 72,833 were entered tor home
consumption. The falling-off in importations
may be attributed to large stocks having
been carried over from 1900.

CEMENT.— Here again the quantity imported
in 1900 greatly exceeded that of 1901. In the
12 months of 1900, 114,820 cwt were imported
against 82,882 cwt for the first 11 months of
1901. Prices were very firm, the greater part
of the year, but towards the close they were
from 7 to 10 per cent easier.

METALS: Tea LEAD. —Importers of this pos:
sibly suffered some loss during the year, owing
to the great drop which occured in values.
Locally at the beginning of the year 4-oz.
lead fetched R390 per ton, while at the close
of the year it could be purchased for R290
per ton.

Bar IRon.—Prices here were lower at the
close of the year than they were at the begin-
ning by some 15 per cent, whilst the reduction
in price which has taken place since January
1909 is about 50 per cent. Although values
are so much lower, the quantity imported
in 1901 is not half that of 1900. In 1900 no
less than 2,806 tons were imported, against
863 tons for the first 11 months of 1901. The
reduction in price is more marked in Belgium
than in Scotch or English brands.

ANGLE AND SWEDISH [RON.—Swedish iron
dropped some 24 per gent in value during

532

the year. Against 1,007 tons imported in
1900, 270 tons only were imported in the 11
months ending 30th November, 1901.
HARDWARE.—Under this heading the Cus-
toms returns give the value of imports in
1900 as R1,727,225, whilst the value for 11
months of 1901 is R888,920. This falling-off
is no doubt due to over-trading in 1900.
Rice.—The quantity imported during the
year is somewhat under figures for 1900, but
the shrinkage is trifling. Prices fluctuated
very little during the year.
Coats.—Imports of coal up to 30th Novem-
ber of last year aggregate 598,721 tons against
590,099 tons for the whole of the preceding,
year, showing an increase of 8,622 tons for
11 months of last year over the whole im-
port of 1900. Indian coal did not make such
a great stride last year compared with 190
as the latter year did compared with pre«
ceding years; still the import of Indian coa
keeps increasing in volume.
Prices were comparatively cheap, and during
the year just entered upon, steamship owners
are reckoning on a ‘small coal bill.”

SHIPPING.
EXPORTS IN RELATION TO FREIGHT
AND TONNAGE 1888-19(1.

The following figures—compiled from the
Ceylon Chamber of Commerce annual re-
turns of exports and shipping—give the quan-
tities of cargo exported fro Ceylon, and the
number of vessels by which this cargo was
taken. In this instance the Chamber’s
figures are reduced to ‘Shipping Tons”
according to the Ceylon tonnage scale.

Readers must bear in mind that cargo
brought for transhipment in bond at Ceylon
ports is not included in our returns :—

CEYLON

No. Vessels Cargo taken Average taken
In Year. cleared with in Shipping per vessel.
cargo. tons. tens.
1885 a6 578 120,481 210
1590 06 698 156,159 223
1891 ote 872 174,316 200
‘1892s 871 200,986 230
18938 ve 848 197,823 233
1894 eke) 808 200,489 248
1895 o 784 213,843 272
1896 ae 830 216,844 261
1897 oo 756 245,830 325
1898 ale 173 297,211 384
1899 ata 856 293,507 343
1900 OO 826 316,004 382
1901 ois 984 309,716 314

These figures show a nett decrease last
year of 6,288 shipping tons, compared with
the year immediately preceding, but they
are well ahead of all other former years.
The following are the more noticeable fluc-
tuations last year compared with 1900 :—

Shipping

tons,
Tea shows a decrease of 2,138
Cinnamon Ohips do do 560
Coir Yarn do do 1,935
Palmyra Fibre do do 928
Copra do an increase of 38,870
Desiccated Coconnts do anincrease of 4650
Plumbago do an increase of 3,495

As coir yarn when in ballots only pays
half freight, the falling-off in this is not
gf so much importance to shipping,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

‘Fee. 1, 1902.

Grouping together the products of the
coconut palm—coconut oil, copra, pouonac,
coconuts, desiccated coconut, coir rope. yarn
and fibre—we find last year shows 128,243
shipping tons, and the following figures for
previous years in connection may interest

readers :—
COCONUT PAIM PRODUCTS EXPORTED.
Shipping Shipping
tons. tous.

1888 61,375 1896 80,570 -
1891 69,879 1897 100,614
1892 94,550 1598 139,334
1893 79,935 1899 119,154
1894 85,711 1900 .. 135,137
1895, 84,567 1901 . 128,243

Of the total exports last year,

Tea gives 474 per cent of shipping tons ;

Products of the coconnt palm 414 per cent
shipping tons ;

Plumbago 7 per cent of shipping tons ;

Other products 4 per cent of shpping
tons.

These figures show how dependent is
tonnage calling at Ceylon on the tea and
coconut industries.

The number of vessels which cleared with
cargo last year was 984 compared with 826
in the preceding year. Tonnage was in
ample supply all the year round with the
exception of an occasional tightness for
Australian ports. As the carrying capacity
of most steamers calling—especially those
of the regular lines—is yearly increasing,
exporters have good grounds for relying on
ample tonnage being in supply during the
current year.

Freights ruled on the average low all the
year round, if we except those to Aus-
tralian ports—as the following table will
show:—

Rough Cargo. Tea.
Max. rate. Min. rate. Max. rate. Min, rate

London 20s. 10s, 25s. 20s,
Antwerp 20 10 25 20
Hamburg 2 10 25 20
Marseilles 20 10 25 20
Genoa 20 12/6 25 20
Trieste 25 20 25 20
New York 32/6 27/6 35 32/6

The exorbitant rates of freight ruling
last year from Colembo to Australasia are
still in force, notwithstanding the frequency
with which these are commented upon in
the press. How to get a reduction, to put
the Ceylon tea exporter ona level with the
exporter of China tea to Australasia, is a
question which should receive the early and
earnest consideration of the Planters’ Asso-
ciation and the Cnamber of Commerce. The
following are fluctuations in rate of freight on
tea to London during the last decade :—

Max. Min. Max. Min.
1892 85 15 1897 38 10
1893 30 12°6 1898 40 20
1894 35 20 1899 30 25
1895 30 17°6 1900 30 25
1896 26 7°6 1901 25 20

Among the more important articles (pro-
duce and manufactures of the island) not so
far enumerated in the Chamber of Commerce
returns of exports, we notice :—

Unmanufactursd tobacco, 2,780,164 Ibs, for eleven
months of 1201, ;

Fes. 1, 1902.]

Arecanuts, 92,538 cwts. for eleven months of 1901.

These two important exports are chiefly
shipped to Southern India, and _ provide
tonnage for native craft. «

Exports by native craft are not included in
these returns-

eS ee
THE COCONUT PALM INDUSTRY
IN CEYLON:

DISTRIBUTION OF OUR COCONUT
PRODUCTS,

Our annual review of the distribution of
the various products of the coconut palm, as
shown in our Export Tables, should be of
increasing interest, as the Coconut industry
advances. So far, its progressive develop-
ment has been nearly continuous, and has
received no check, such as has been ex-
perienced in connection with most of our
exports—such as _ coffee, tea, cinnamon,
and even with so useful a mineral as
plumbago, of which Ceylon holds practi-
cally the monopoly. Not that Coconut pro.
prietors have always escaped hard times, or
that they have been exempt from the inci-
dents which attach to fluctuations in the
market for Oil and other manufactures from
the nut. The history of some, or perhaps
most, of the plantations in the North and
East of the Island tells a different tale; but
notwithstanding these occasional set-backs,
the extension of cultivation has steadily ad-
vanced—has, so. far as we can ascertain,
never been arrested even for a vear,—-and
has made notable progress during the Ad-
ministration of Sir West Ridgeway, especi-
ally in the new Southern Batticaloa district
and in Chilaw and Puttalam_ divisions.
Apart from European enterprise, a great
reason for steady, continuous progress
is that the industry is so largely in the
hands of natives, that the palm is both food
and shelter to them, and that, even if the
European investor should be dissatisfied with
the results—and many plantations in the
Jaffna and eastern districts were planted
but afterwards sold by Europeans—the native
is content to go on planting and extending
heedless of the time he has to wait for re-
turns (in some districts as much as_ twenty
years!), and of the smallness of those re-
turns as viewed from the EHuropean stand-
point. Timeis of no consideration to him;
to luxuries he is indifferent; his wants are
small; and the habits of the tree correspond
with his own characteristics. It needs little
attention and less cultivation.—though res-
ponding handsomely to both,—and if he fail
to pluck the fruits off it, his children will do
so, and to them it will be a source of sus-
tenance, if not of income, for scores of years;
and that is all he cares for. It is this
characteristic of the coconut industry—that
it isan investment and not a speculation—
which has ensured its steady growth; and
though the growth and development of trade
and commerce has once more brought the
European capitalist into close relations with
the industry—apart from the milling section
of it, in which he has always held the lead
eto the native the extension of Coconut

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

533

planting remains what it always was, a safe
investment of capital yielding perennial,
even if slow and scanty, returns. During
last year, however, the returns were far
from meagre, chiefly owing to the brisk de-
mand for Copra; and that is one of the
reasons why special interest attaches to the
figures we are now reviewing in pursuance
of our annual programme.

The exports of Oil last year were about
10,000 cwts. in excess of those for 1900
when we sent away 443,959 cwts. and were
the largest on record, if we except
1892 when the quantity ran up to 550,797
ewt. We are unable to say off-hand what
the circumstances were which led to an out-
turn of Oil ten years ago which has seldom
been since approached within 100,000 cwt. ;
but it is of importance to remember that
the exportation of Copra at that time was
only about one-third of the tigures reached
during the last four years, and that the trade
in Desiccated nut was then in its infancy.
The mother country continues to be our
largest customer for Oil, having taken 236,514
cwt. or somewhat more than a half of our
total exports; but the proportion shipped
to the United Kingdom was larger in 1900,
notwithstanding a smaller local out-turn. It
is satisfactory to find that the falling off in
the exports to the mother-country though
it is neither very heavy nor indicative of
a shifting of the trade into other channels,
was more than covered by the increase in
the quantity of Oil which her great Indian
Possessions took over no less than 141,139
cwt.— quite a record quantity—found its way
to our big neighbour; and it is undoubtedly
matter for congratulation that we have a
customer close at hand to take over one of
our chief products at the exceptionally high
prices which ruled last year. Thus, consider-
ably more than three fourths of our total
out-turn of Oil was taken by the United
Kingdom and India! The former, no doubt,
took it chiefly for distribution; but were
India’s requirements only or mainly, for local
consumption? Some curiosity on this point
might well be felt when we see that America
has had only 27,205 cwt. direct from here,
while on one occasion at least she had
nearly four times that quantity! The sus-
picion that part at least of our shipments
to India found its way to other countries,
as Cochin Oil which, somehow, commands
higher prices than Ceylon Oil, is not un-
reasonable. Our other big customers for
10,000 cwt. and upwards, were Germany,
Italy and Austria.

As with Oil, so with Copra, the figures for
1901 were the largest on record, save for one
year; and the year of largest exports in
regard to Copra was 1898, when the pheno-
minal quantity of 506,277 cwt., or 60,000 cwt.
more than for the previous seven years com-
bined, was sent away. Germany was our
largest customer for Copra last year,
having taken 153,385 cwt. out of 439,865-—or
considerably more than one-third the total
exports--and has thus displaced Russia which
had hitherto held the lead; but probably the
Copra finds its way yet to Russia from Ger-
man ports. Both France and Belgium, with

534

98,944 and 68,859 cwt. respectively, stand ahead
last year of Russia which has 66,246 to its
credit. The United Kingdom comes sixth
on the list, with only 19,816 cwt.—evidence,
we fancy, that the local Copra trade is
passing out of British into Continental bands.
In Desiccated Coconut the mother-country
easily leads the way with over ten million
lb. to her credit out of fourteen millions
exported ; and she is followed by Germany
with 14 million, America and Australia
coming next with nearly a million, and
three-quarter million lb. respectively. Bel-
gium took one-half of the 204,256 cwt. of
Poonac we exported, and Germany 93,577
ewt. leaving only 8,462 cwt. for the rest of
the world, of which the United Kingdom
had 7,960. In Coconuts again the mother-
country led, having absorbed 114 millions
out of less than 15 millions sent away, fol-
lowed by Africa with over 14 million. Ger-
“many was bad a third with 845,000, followed
by India with 741,000 nuts. The distribution
‘of our Coir exports calls for no special com-
ment; but we must express satisfaction at
the growth of the Fibre industry -the
quantity sent away last year being 122,826
cewt. the largest on record, or 7,800 cwt. in
excess of the exceptionally heavy shipments
of 1900.
oe

INTERESTING REPORT
PROFESSOR HERDMAN.

We have to acknowledge, with thanks, a copy
of the fifteenth annual Report of the Liverpool
Marine Biology Committee and their Biological
station at Port Erin, Isle of Man. The report
is prepared by Mr, W A Herdman, D.SC., F.B.S.,
F.L.C., F.R.S.E,, Who will shortly be in Ceylon
to repoit on our oyster beds. Profusely illus-
trated it deals with a variety of subjects and is
in many respects fascinatingly interesting. At the
outset the writer says :—

The most important event that falls to be recorded
this year is the arrangement concluded with the
Government of the Isle of Man, as a result of which
we shall in future occupy increased Laboratory ac-
commodation and be responsible conjointly with a
committee of the Tynwald Court for the conduct of
a large Aquarium and Fish Hatchery.

Proceeding he says that:

During the past year the usual work, both educa-
tional and in research, has been carried on steadily.
A party of students and investigators occupied the
Laboratory in the Haster vacation, and several col-
lecting excursions were arranged for their benefit.

Dealing with Fishery work the report states
that:

Although a certain amount of work, both directly
and indirectly bearing upon local fisheries, has gone
on in the past at Port Hrin, itis evident that much
more will have to be done in the future. In the past
we have had, for example, the experimental hatching
of various flat fish and Garnards and the experimental
apd observational work on Oysters and disease, but
in future fish hatching and lobster rearing will be
undertaken on a large scale in the new hatchery, and
various fisheries problems will be investigated in the
adjoining Aquarium and Laboratory.

The report, as we have indicated, is interesting
and the ‘‘ wonders of the deep” unfolded even
in the illustrations are very marvellous. We feel
sure from the evidences betrayed in this report
that if anything can be done to revive our dors

AN BY

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Fex. 1, 1902.

mant pearl industry Professor Herdman is the man
most likely to devise the means whereby that
eud can be attained.

‘ SEES
THE INTRODUCTION OF STEAM MOTOR
“ LORRIES.”

A LONG-FELT WANT IN CEYLON
SUPPLIED.

_ An undoubted drawback in many parts of our
island has been the want of proper passenger and
transport facilities. Some districts, it is true,
have had fairly good coach services established ;
other districts are very inadequately and irre-
gularly supplied by the primitive as well as
slow process of bullock carts, while other dis-
tricts leave each individual to provide his own
means of transport. The want has latterly be-
come more acutely felt, and all who have the
interest of progress at heart will, we feel sure,
hail with pleasure the announcement that steps
are being taken and that ere many days have
passed the public will be invited te take shares
in a Company to be known as ‘The Ceylon
Rapid Transit Company Limited,” and the object
of which will be to import into Ceylon Steam
‘Motor Lorries”” and to institute services ot
such between certain specified districts. Messrs
Boustead Bros are interesting themselves in the
venture, and in conversation with Mr Money of
that firm, a representative of the Observer
learned the following particulars :—Darine the
last four or five years, said Mr Money, the question
of mechanical transport on roads both for
passengers and goods has been making tre-
mendous strides all over the world and of
course

TO BE

MOTOR CARS

have been introduced and come into
general use. The attention of manuiacturers
aud others has been turned to the transport by
waggons and carts, aud as far as efficiency and
promptitude are concerned they seem to be agreed
thatitis not equal to whatis possible by mechanical
means. The type of vehicle which has been found
most successful tor heavy transport is a vehicle
propelled by means of steam and practically all
the makers of these lorries for heavy transport
have adopted steam as the most suitable means
of propulsion. We know more of steam machinery
than we do of the newer types of engines such
as explosive engines, for instance. In Lancashire
and in the North of England generally these
lorries have been in constant use for the last
four years and they have proved a very great
boon on account of their large carrying capacity
and the much higher rate of speed they are
capable of compared with the ordinary torry.
There are in Ceylon a good many places where
obviously it would be a very great advantage
if one could effect transport more expeditiously
than is done at present. There are districts where
transports are carried on with very great diffi-
culty by means of carts and it occurred to Mr
Beamish, Engineer-Planter, in the Pussellawa
district, who is the gentleman with whom the
idea originated, to form this Transit-Company. Mr
Beamish, who has taken an interest inthe subject of
road conveyance of this kind, was much interested
in England in these lorries and it occurred to him
that the time was ripe for introducing some such
thing into Ceylon, Accordingly he ordered six lorries

Fas. 1, 1902. ] THE TROPICAL.

when in Englane with a view to starting this
Rapid Transit Company in which he himself is to
take a Jarge interest financially. It is proposed to
commence operations on the

GALLE-MORAWAKKORALE

road. This road has been chosen to start with
because, for one reason, it is a road on which
there is a large amount of estate business which
is directly available and has already been
promised at certain definite ascertained rates.
Ayain the corditions for working there appear
to be favourable because there is no other means
of transport except by carts which is most un-
satisfactory and very, very slow when going the
long distance of 53 miles. It has, therefore, seen
considered a good road to work as a commence-
ment. The aim of the Company is by no means
to confine itself to six lorries or to any one parti-
cular road or district. Having once madea start
it is proposed gradually to extend our field - of
Operations ; to import more lorries and put them
to work in every district wherever favourable
opportunities are offered or seen to exist. Of
course they will serve a useful purpose in many
ways; for instance they will obviously serve as
feeders to Railways and be of great importance
in that way.

The prospectus of the new Company will be
issued early next week and we hope that the
eapital will be wholly and rapidly subscribed. We
congratulate ail concerned on their enterprise,
and, wishing them all success, hope that what
proves a benefit to the districts in which the
service will %e instituted, may also prove of bene-
tit to the energetic promoters.

—_—--_>____———-
RECORD PRICES FOR COCONUTS.

From a well-known coconut planter, we
have received the following interesting in-
formation :—

‘“* Referring to the Observer of the 14th inst.,
the coconut crop gathered on this estate
during November-December last was sold,
on the 6th instant, for R52’62} per mille,
the September-October gathering having
realised R50.124 just two months before. On
both occasions the buyers were Desiccators.
Such prices, or anything approaching them,
cannot be found in the records of the estate
during the past 45 years: hence they were
spoken of as ‘record’ prices. The next
highest. record was R47‘873 in March 1896.

‘The prices got for last year’s crops (there
has not been a better year in this respect)
ranged from R40 to R52°624, an average for
the six pickings being R44°35 and I doubt
whether any other estate in the Negombo
or Chilaw districts has beaten, or even
equalled, this.

‘“*Nuts of an estate in the Chilaw district,
located close to Messrs. Vavasseur & Co.’s
Desiccating Mills, are said to have fetched
K53 early in January and a small parcel—
probably not more than 30,000 to 40,000 nuts—
of a Negombea estate, R54. It would be
interesting to know the average prices on
these places for the year. The demand for
nuts has been great during the whole. of
the past 12 months and the supply has not
been equal to it. The greatly-increased
demand abroad for copra and poonac (the
latter is now selling at B120 to R125 per
ton) and the expansion of the trade in

5 °

AGRICULTURIST 535

desiccated nuts are, I believe, the chief factors
in the present high price of coconuts. The
failure of last year’s crop in Singapore is
said also to have influenced the market.

‘In September 1894 I sent, in response to
your request, a table of the ‘ Value of Coco-
nuts’ from the year 1865 up to that date
(published in the Observer and reproduced
in Tropical Aariculturist for October 1894),
ond I nojv enclose figures from 1894 to
1901 °:—

VALUE OF COCONUTS IN NEGOMBO

DISTRICT.

Range of prices, per Average value per

Years. thousand per 12 thousand for 12

montbs. months.
1894 R37 25 to R41-75 R39-25
1895, R36:25 to R4625 R39°88
1896 R36'50 to R47874 R39°44
1897 R30°125 to R33'624 R32°35
1298 R31:00 to R36-00 R83 "92
1899 R33°25 to R37:25 R35:00
1900 R32°50 to R3y12 R34°96
1901 R40:00 to Rd52-624 R44:38

SE
BORNEO PLANTING PROGRESS.

In North Borneo it is satisfactory to report pro-
gress and to tell of an increase in the Chinese
population—a fact that in those latitudes makes for
headway in the opening up of a country. The
railway from Jesselton and Beaufort is within measure
able distance of completion, and some progress made-
with the Beaufort-Tenom section, the opening of
which, it is hoped, will lead to tobacco estates being
started in that district. Tobacco still remains the
leading staple. Rubber and gambier are receiving
much attention, while excellent lighting oil bas been
struck at great depths. The Jabour problem has
been helped by the arrival of Chinese coolies from
Fcochow, and of Hakkas from Hong Kong, and it
is satisfactory to think that there is one _ part of
the world that will not “be ruined by Chinese
cheap labour.” Indeed, that is its most urgent
requirement. :

In Sarawak there has been a great increase in com-
mercial prosperity. The pepper crop, which is now
finished, shows a large increase, and prices having
been good, the planters have made money; and again
a considerable number of new gardens have been
opened. There has been some extension of gambier
planting, but it is doubtful whether this is profitable
on such prices as ruled during the first nine-months
of the year, We do not think the sago indusrty
has been so profitable as before. There has been
an increased business in, timber for China, and a
fair increase in the output of gold, to extract which
further works are in prospect.—L. and CO. Express;
Jan, 3.

2

GERMAN COLONIAL ENTERPRISE.

Amongst the first fruits of the German Empire
was the scheme of colonisation which the late
Prince Bismarck founded, and which Kaiser
Wilhelm has assiduously nourished.. Up to the
present it has been a costly business to the
German people, like everything else at the
beginning, but he would be a_ bold man
who would say that the policy is not good
business. Germans are as fond of emigrating as
anybody ; why should they not have colonies of
theis own to live in? They area pushing people
in the way of business, and emulate the Britisher
in regard to foreign trade, but have the advantage
of starting where we leave off. In the matter of
colonisation it may be possible to get a point from
the working of their Colonial Department, espe-

536

cially that which is ealled Kolonial-Wirt=chaft-
liches Komitee—that is, the commercial _and
scientific bureau which was founded in 1896. From
the last report of this bureau for 1900-1901, we
gather the following scientific particulars to show
what the colonies are :— é :

GerMaN Bast Arnica, with 6,000,000 inhabitants,
exported 3,900,000m. worth of goods in 1899, and
imported to the value of 10,800,000m, being & de-
crease in exports of 400,000m, and in imports of
1,000,000m. .
"Tye Camaroons, population 3,500,000, exported in
1898, 4,690,000m. worth of commodities, and imported
9,300,000m worth. The figures for 1899 are not yet
available. ‘ ,

Toeo, population 2,500,000, in 1899 had imports
valued at 2,600,000m, and the exports were 3,300,000.
In this, a3 in the case of the Camaroons, there
was an increase over the preceding year. é

German Sourn-Wnst Arrica, 250,000 inhabitants,
imported in 1899 to the value of 9,000,000m, an 1in-
crease of thirty per cent over the preceding year
and the exports were valued at 1,250,000m. z

Tue SouTH SEA CononrEs, (Samoa, &c.) 500,C00 in-
habitants, and the exports and imports were about
equal—namely, 2,700,000m of exports, and 2,800,000m
of imports.

Kiaw Cxovu (China) has a population of 48,000, and
for its size is the best possession, as the exports
were valued at 4,000,000m, and the imports at
6,500,000m. i

Thus the total population of the colonies
12,000,000 andthe entire trade for the last year
amounted to 60,000,000m. (£3,00,000.).—_Ch emist
and Druggist, Dee, 27-

ee

DRUG TRADE REPORT.
Lonpon, Jan. 2.

Cixcnona.—The shipments from Java dariug De-
cember amounted to 1,278,000 Amst. lb. against
1,091,000 Amst. li. last year, 626,000 Amst. Ib. in 1899.
The total for the twelve months is 12,606,000 Amst:
lb, against 10,741,000 in 1900, and 11,399,000
in 1899. Dhe exports from Antofagasta (Chili)
during 1900, amounted to 1,240 cwt.

Kota.—The following figures relate to the ship-
ments from the Gold Coast :—

1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896.

Packages... 1,907 2.671 3,092 4,278 4,156

Value £.. 43,182 57020 35,789 37,869 33,278

Jurmoncracs Om.—The lowest spot price is 74d
for ordinary Cochin, and 6d to 644d, c. i. f, nominally,
For Java oil 83d is asked on the spot.

Quininz,—There has been no business of import-
ance this week, but the market has remained firm
with small sales on the spot at Is 1§d per oz.
March delivery is quoted 1s 14d,— Chenust and Drug-
gist, Jan. 4.

——— je __——_-

PROF, W. A. HERDMAN, F.R.S.
Says Natwre :—Sailed for Ceylon on Dec.

2th, 1901, to undertake for the Govern-
ment an investigation of the pearl oyster
fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. He _ is

accompanied by a first rate assistant, and
in Ceylon the Inspector of the fisheries and
his staff will co-operate and provide boats
and divers. A suitable steamer for dredging
and trawling will be placed at Prof. Herd-
man’s disposal by the Governthent of Ceylon
and the necessary gear and apparatus for
collecting and observational work, and for
biological experiments have been sent out

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Fes. 1, 1962.

in adyance- We understand that Prof.
Herdman has arranged to take samples of
the plankton throughout the voyage to
Ceylon, and to launch current-floats at
particular parts of the course.

—_—_—___—

PLANTING NOTES.

Ricw CULTURE—is regarded as no longer an
experiment in Southwest Louisiana and South-east
Texas. Although allzrecords for drought and heat
in those sections have been broken this season,
more than an average crop of rice fas been saved
by the irrigation systems. The average yield an
acre has been increased, the average quality has
heen greatly improved, and new varieties have
peen developed.—American Grocer.

RicE IN BuRMA.—Though we do not obtain
our rice mainly, or even regularly, from
Burma, occasional attempts, more or less
successful, have been made to lessen our
dependence on India, and on the Chetties
who practically monopolise the trade there.
It is of interest, therefore, to see what an
immense, and yet increasing, area is under
rice cultivation in Burma, An Indian con-
temporary writes :—

The area reported to be under rice cultivation
in the fourteen principal rice-growing districts of
Burma is 6,461,649 acres, an increase of 152,616
acres, or 2:42 per cent over the area actually
cultivated last year. The crop is reported to be
in good coudition in all districts. Heavy rain
in the Araken division caused vnly slight damage.
The outturn is expected to he slightly above
normal, and the surplus available for export is
estimated to be 2,200,000 tons of cargo rice equi-
valent to 37,288,135 cwt. of cleaned rice. A small
part of this surplus will probably be used in
Upper Burma.

CATTLE DISEASE IN INDIA.-—We cannot be
too strict in our precautions against the
introduction of disease from India. When
vigilance has been relaxed, we have had out-
breaks of small-pox and cholera in our
midst—as is the case now in Jafina; to which
Dr. Rockwood has wisely drawn attention;

but it is only very recently that steps have

been taken locally to guard against the intro-
duction of cattle disease from India. The
following shows considerable divergence of
opinion between authorities across the water,
but it is well to on the side of caution in
such matters :—

From Veterinary Lieut.-Holmes’s Report will
be noticed that cattle disease preveils in nearly
every district of the Madras Presidency in a
virulentform. Rinderpest in Ganjan and anthrax
in Godaveri are perennial, and carry off tkou-
sands of beasts every year. The Madras Board
of Revenue, in a resolution upon Mr. Holmes’s
figures, says: ‘‘ Whilst admitting that the cattle
mortality statistics show thas most lamented
Josses occur from disease in this Presidency, the
Board. does not consider that it has been demon-
strated that these losses are preventible by any
method at present practicable, nor do the figures
lend any countenance to the view that cattle
disease was virulent during the period under
notice,”

e

. Fee, 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 537.
TO THE PLANTING WORLD.

P 4 A §

Saeds& ants oi Gommercial Products.

Hevea Brasiliensis.—Orders being booked for the coming crop August-September delivery
1902, booking necessary before the end of April, quantities of 100,000 and over at special low rates. Plants
available all the year round, 160,000 and over at special low rates. A leading Rubber planter in Sumatra,
who purchased 50,000 seeds in 1899, and 100,000 in 1909, writes us, under date 15th November, 1900 :—‘‘I
received your letter of 20th October, from which I learn that you added another case of 5,000 seeds to replace
the loss, &c. Iam satisfied hereby, and even after this adding I am satisfied by the whole delivery of this
year.” Special offer, post free on application.

Castilloa Elastica.—True superior variety cultivated in Mexico, seeds from specially reserved
old untapped trees. Orders booked for August-September delivery 1902, immediate booking necessary ;
large quantities on special terms; Plants in Wardian cases.

A foreign firm of Planters writes under date 11th October, 1901 :—‘* We beg to enquire whether you
would procure us 100,000 Castilloa seeds, in which month we might expect them, and what would be the
average price.” Special offer, post free on application.

Manihot Glaziovii.—Sceds and Plants available all the year round, 100,000 and over at special
low rates. A Mexican planter in sending an order for this seed wrote on the 22nd August, 1900 :—‘‘ If they
arrive fresh and germinate easily I may send you larger orders, as they are for high ground where the
Castilloa does not thrive.”

Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available in May-June; booking necessary before the end of March $
also plants.

Mimusops Globosa (Balata) wood of the tree is much sought for buildings, fruits sweet like a plum
and eaten, oil from seeds, said to yield as much as 45 lbs. of dry rubber per tree per annum, the milk is
drunk and when diluted with water used as cow's milk, grow from sea-level up to 2,000 feet, orders being
booked for seeds and plants, price on application.

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Cinnamon superior variety).—New crop of seedin April to June;
booking necessary before the end of February ; also plants.

Coffee Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragogopie Hybrid.—New crop March-Aprit;
immediate booking necessary. :

A foreign Agricultural Department writes dating 9th September, 1901 :—‘‘Please accept our order
for 175 lbs. of Tea seed and for 2,000 Coffee beans. In regard to Coffee seed I would say that this will be the

first importation made by this department, and we will leave the selection of the varieties to be sent to
your judgment.”

>

OUR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LISTS. rs

The following six Descriptive Price Lists are now being forwarded with Circulars and special offer
of Seeds and Plants of Rubber and other Economic Products :—

1. ‘Tropical Seeds and Plants of Commercial Products, enlarged edition for 1902. i

2. Seeds and Plants of Shade, Timber, Wind-Belts, Fuel, and Ornamental Trees, Trees for Roads-
sides, Parks, Open Spaces, Pasture Lands, Avenues, Hedges, and for planting among crops (Tea, Coffee
Cacao, Cardamoms, &c.)

3. Seeds and Plants of Tropical Fruit Trees including Mango grafts,

4. Bulbs, Tubers and Yams.

5. Orchids—Ceylon and Indian.

6. Seeds and Plants of Palms, Calamus, Pandanus, Cycads, Tree and other Ferns, Crotons,
Roses, Dracinas, Shrubs and Creepers.

Special Arrangements made with foreign Governments, Botanical and Agricultural Depart-
ments, Planters and others for supplying seeds and plants of Commercial Products in large quantities.

“ Sotrn Arrica.”—The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says:—
‘¢ An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the Hast. It is issued by Wint1AM BroruErs, Tropical Seed
Merchants of Henaratgoda, Ceylon, and schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will thrive in
tropical and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do good business, for now that the
great Powers have grabbed all the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove that they were

worth the grabbling. We recommend the great Powers and Concessionaries under them to go to William
Brothers.” ;

Agents in London :—Mussrs. P. W, WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street.
Agent in Colombo, Ceylon :-—K. B, CREASY, Esq.
Agent in British Central Africa :-—T, H. LLOYD, Hsq., Blantyre.

Telegraphic Address : J, P. WILLIAM & BROTHERS,

WitiiaM, HENARATGODA, CEYLON. Tropical Seed Merchants,
Liber’s, A.L, and A.B.C, Codes used, HENARATGQDA, CEYLON.
ye) i

triad

538.

PROFESSOR HERDMAN, F-.R.S.

We give a hearty welcome to Ceylon to
this distinguished scientist and his Assistant,
Mr. James Hornell, and express the hope that
their connection with the island may prove
a pleasant, satisfactory and, indeed, emin-
ently successful one. At the same time we
most fully recognise the great difficulties
and uncertainty which must attend the
very important investigation and ‘ culture”
experiments entrusted to Professor Herdman
in connection with our Pearl Oyster Jfishery.
All that science and experience can do, will,
we may be sure, be done under his direc-
tion,and then as to results we must all
hope for the best; while Mr. Herdman and
his Assistant may tell us :—

‘Tis not in mortals to command success ;
But we'll do more, Sempronius, we'll deserve it.

ees

W. D. CAROLIS’ GREAT CEYLON
LEATHER TRADE.

AN ENTERPRISING AND SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS.

Slowly, but undoubtedly and surely, do the
‘native capitalists of Ceylon seem to be acquiring
the taste for commercial enterprise and that their
efforts do not run in one groove is well-known ; but
many perhaps are not aware that Ceylon amongst
its various enterprises, carries on a comparatively
large trade in hides and leather with other
-countries—a_ trade which has been almost
entirely developed and maintained by «one
fim’ of Sinhalese merchants, the well-known
W OD Carolis, Hearing that after the recent
Paris Exposition, trade between Ceylon and
other countries had increased in various articles,
not to mention tea, arepresentative of this journal
called at the leading ‘‘leather” house in Ceylon
on Friday and was shown round the premises.
To begin with, it should be mentioned that the
firm of W D Carolis, has, by reason of its very
extensive business, been carrying on trade in
Kandy and Galle with head offices at No 18,
Kayman’s Gate, Pettah.

A FULLY STOCKED WAREHOUSE.

At the Kayman’s Gate warehouse one was
surprised tosee the amount and variety of leather
and other articles stocked for sale and export

urposes, Here was to be found the well-known,

ut expensive ‘‘Russian calf” exported together
with high quality leathers from England and
Austria in order to supply the varied demands
“of its customers. A large amount of English
black kid leather was carefully stocked in cases
together with fine-coloured leather called skivers
for book-binding purposes. Fine Russian leathers
with black and white English kid for boots and
shoes hardly surpassed the excellent show made
by the eountry manufacture of these leathers
in Mr Carolis’ own tannery. The black and
brown country-calf seemed of excellent quality
and in great demand locally as well as abroad.
Special mention should, however, be made of the
variety of fancy leathers procurable here. For
instance, our representative was shown a crocodile
skin cured and tanned in the firm’s own tannery.
It presented quite leathery properties,
all the seales being softened so as to make
the skin very pliable. These skins are said
to be used for hand-bags, belts and even

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Fus. 1, 1902.

boots and shoes. Then there were cheetah skins
and goat hides with bristles cured to a nicety
and adapted for rugs and door mats. English
buck-skin is exceedingly well imitated in a clever
preparation of country elk hide cured and refined
to such anextent that, to the uninitiated, it would
appear to be the same as the imported article.
This elk-hide is to be get in light brown and
white colours and is largely used for boots and

shoes. The skin of a large seuly field
lizard of Ceylon shown here is_ said
to have taxen over a couple of months

in the tanning. Then there was a stock of stout
hides for machine belting, harness and such pur-
poses. In order to make the establishment com-
plete there was also a large stock of shoemakers’
tools of various kinds and qualities, boot trees of
all sizes and English make, and boot dressing. The
varied nature of the orders received made it
necessary long ago to establish

A HARDWARE DEPOT,
in No. 16, Sea Street where a large amount of
carriage building vehaisees are available as well
as other building articles, A special feature of
of this depot is the large and varied stock of
paints available. Enamel paints and the dry
article areimported regularly from England direct
from the great worksof Aspinall’s and other houses,
some of the paints being consigned soleiy to
Mr W.D Carolis. Amongst the articles
sold hereisalso a large stock of estate tools and
hardware such as enamelled household vessels, and
here are also carriage varnishes of different
qualities, brass cabinet furniture in a large variety,
different cloths for upholstering purposes, oil cloths,
brushes, mixed paints and even carriage shafts,
not to speak of the many housebuilding requisites
such as nails and screws, locks, window glasses, &e,

A BOOT EMPORIUM.

If the large shoe depot at No. 110,
Main Street, Pettah, known as the
Oriental Boot Emporium and_ belonging to
Mr. W D Carolis, were established tor the
sole purpose of advertising its leathers by manu-
facture, then its purpose happeus to have been
easily gained for not only does the clever staff
of Indian workmen here turn out some excellently
made ‘‘ feet clothing” for exhibition, but a brisk
and profitable business is also done by them.

THE LEATHER MANUFACTORIES,

The increasing demands of the trade only re-
cently made it necessary for the firm to purchase
a second tannery in order toretain its custom-
ers and over R20,000 is said to have been spent
in purchasing a large tannery in Kandy, a place
not unknown to leather merchants. But by far
the most important portion of the business
of this enterprising firm is carried on at
Bambalabitiya where is

THE LARGEST LEATHER MANUFACTORY IN

THE ISLAND
This eStablishment is situated in fifteen
acres of ground and the numerous

buildings and pits where the important process ~
of tanning is carried on cover over seven acres,
There are about four large buildings in which
are numerous cemented pits where the raw hide
are put together with what is known as rewa-bark
or cassia auriculata for the purpose of colourin

and softening. About 100 hides are: tanne

in each pit, the process lasting from three
weeks to two months, It was ascertained that

+i

Fes, 1, 1902.]

monthly about 30,000 cow hides,
falo hides and 2,000 sheep

tanned here. The large _ outside
soon clear the warehouses. For instance, this
morning our representative observed over -5U0
buffalo skins fully tanned and prepared being des-
patched to Messrs Clark Young & Co., for export.
There was also observed in process of tanning the
skin of a large boa-constrictor or rather python,
certainly measuring over 12 feet. Also there were
about 30 cheetah skins excellently cured and well

10,000 buf-
skins were
demands

adapted for rugs. Altogether W D_ Carolis’
business established in 1879 and which has
obtained seven Ceylon medals for its manu-

factures, not to mention a silver medal and bronze
medal at the recent Paris Exhibition, is one of
the most important houses, of the leather trade in
the East.

SEES Enea? ane

ABOUT JAVA COFFEE,

Mr. B F Sherburne writing in a recent issue of

the Hureka Standard says :—
- The first cargo of Java coffee has yet to be
brought to the United States, but every grocery
store in the country is selling what they believe to
be the real article, sometimes mixed with imaginary
Mocha. 1 was in the East India trade six years,
sailing from Boston with a miscellaneous cargo to
Batavia, Singapore and Penang. Part of the cargo
I sold in Batavia, such as was in demand there,
buying such produce as was required by our home
market, going thence to Singapore and Penang for the
same purpose, finishing our home cargo at the last-
named port. While in Batavia I purchased, among
other things, a few thousand Java bags, or pockets,
that would contain half a picul (about sixty-six
pounds) of coffee; when in Singapore I would purchase
a hundred tons or so of coffee, raised in Macassar, Rhio,
and other islands (very good coffee too), employ coolies
to pick it over, discarding all dirt and imperfect berries,
I would then fill the Java bags and take it to Boston,
where it wassold as ‘‘Java’’ coffee, and no one could
tell the difference as there was no Java coffee to com-
pare it with. The coffee raised in Sumatra is
probably as good as that raised in Java, which
is all shipped to Europe. But the Sumatra coffee is
shipped to all countries, being bought at auction
from the Dutch Government at their annual sales.
The Dutchrule their subjects with an iron band in
India. In Sumatra, where the bulk of their coffee
is raised for foreign shipment, the plantations are
leased to the natives and an inspector visits them
all and compels them to raise a certain amount
of coffee on pain of having their plantations taken
away from them, ‘his crop the government agrees
to pay a certain price for, to be delivered at the
port of Padang, where agents of purchasers assemble
to buy from the government at auction, and the dif-
ference between the price, or what it is sold for,
and what the government gives the natives, is their
profit. No purchaser can buy more than a certain
amount at that time, all being served alike. From
Padang the coffee is shipped to this country and
Europe. It is nearly as good coffee as that grown in
Java, andissold as such in the United States.

<< O
JAVA CINCHONA.

_ From the report for 1900 on the Government cin-
chona plantations at Java to hand, we learn that at
the end of the year the number of plants standing in
the ground was 2,930,000, compared with 2,567,000
at the termination of 1899..The increase was—iet
attributable tothe area under cultivation b¢ging ex-
tended, but to the filling up of the spaces in the ex-
isting plantations, and, but for the unfavourable

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

53o

weather prevailing throughout the 12 months, it
would have been greater. In the nurseries the plants
totalled 1,731,000 or 24,000 more than at the end of
the previous year. he total area cultivated by the
Government was 1,179 hectares (hectare—2'47 acres),
consisting of: Cinchona ledgeriana, 744 hectares ;
hybrid species, 155 hectares; and ecinchona succirubra,
280 hectares, The total crop for the year was 1,123,530
half kilos of bark, of which 756,907 half-kilos were
shipped to Holland, 2,404 half-kilos were taken by.
the-medical profession, and 364,219 half-kilos were
handed to the Bandong Quinine Factory, With the
exception of 2,336 kilos, of sulphate quinine delivered
to the Government Army Medical Stores at
Batavia, the production of the factory will
be sold by auction during the current year at the
latter city. The crop the previcus year amounted
to 798,991 lb., so that the increase was 324,539 1b, for
1900. The total expenditure for the whole year was
123,826 florins (forin 1s 8d). The net profit on the
sales of the produce of 1899 at the different auctions
in Amsterdam in 1900 was 305,568 florins, During
the year experiments were made with_ so-called
‘© boengkil,”’ the residue obtained in making oil from
the Ricinus spectabilis ; the beneficial influence upon
the verdure and growth of the plants was very marked,
and to a less degree upon the quantity of the alkaloid,
in which a slight increase is noticed after the first
year. In consequence of the greatly enhanced demand
for this manure; its price has gone up 300 per cent,
so that the directors of the Government cinchona
plantations are planting the Ricinus spectabilis on
considerable tracts of land, so as to be able to them-
selves prepare the “‘boengkil.”’ The oil they will obtain
can be utilised by the State railways. Other experi-
ments were alyo made with chemical manures manu-
factured at Rotterdam.

It will be remembered the first quinine factory
in Java was established in the year 1899. The first
of the public auctions took place on February 28th,‘
when the average price realised was 23°24 florins
per kilo—the price in London is given in the report
as ls 4d per oz. or 2822 florins per kilo. In the
subsequent monthly sales the price fluctuated some-
what, but in December it sunk to 19-07fl., when the
London price was 1s 13d per oz. or 24°25fl. per kilo,
The total amount of quinine that changed hands was
29,506 kilos,, and the average price realised for the
whole year was 22.50f. per kilo. At first, as might
be expected. the quantities obtained and the colour
of the alkaloid were not all that could be desired,
but, thanks to the zeal of the manager, Dr. Van
Linge, the establishment is now not only obtain-
ing an excellent yield, but is manufacturing a
product that is able, says the report, to compete with
the cld marks. The report states that if the planters
content themselves with a moderate crop, and limit
the shipments to Europe, the produce of Java, which
contains the highest percentage of quinine, will
improve in price. At the various salesduring the year
the total amount of sulphate of quinine sold at Batavia
was 29,505°80 kilos. The total shipments of bark from
the whole of Java in 1900 were about 600,000lbs less
than in 1899, and the average percentage of alkaloid
was also slightly lower, being 5°26 per cent., com-
pared with 5°38 per cent. At the 10 public auctions in
Amsterdam last year, 5,262,142 kilos. of bark equal
to 298,140 kilos. of quinine were cffered ; for the pre-
ceding year the figures are 5,583,393 kilos of bark
equal to 271,259 kilos of alkaloid, The production
of the whole world is stated to have been, in 1900,
8,367 metric tons, compared with 8,218 tons in 1899,
The consumption of quinine for the whole world is
estimated at 390 metric tons.

Weascertain from the report that the Government
of British India has made arrangements for selling
small packets of quinine—25 centigrams in weight—
at the various post offices throughout the country,
w th the view of counteracting the ravages of fevers
amongst the native population, This is an example

510

which the report hopes the authorities in the Dutch
Kast Indies will follow, and it will probably lead to
a forther increase in the total consumption,—British
and Colonial Druggist, Jan. 3,

THE TROPICAL

PRCMISCUOUS PICK-ME-UPING.

Why a newspaper which is supposed to treat every-
thing on multwm in parvo principles should, within a
few weeks, devote three columns of space to matters
pbarmaceutical is difficult to say. First of all the

ublic were ‘ Daily Mailed’ with nearly two feet
ength of printers’ ink anent the Privy Council and
the sale of poisons, Then someone signing himself
Chas T King followed with a long account relating
to the modern herbalist, and now a Mr Sidney
Thompson contributes a column under the attractive
heading of ‘ Pick-Me-Ups.’ ‘Tf,’ he says, ‘the
ranks of our English novelists and piaywrights
contained a single realist of close observation and
genuine strength, he would do his country a great
service by showing in play or novel, how English
men and women are ruining their health and dis-
counting that of the generations to come by their
reckless persistence with which they indulge inall sorts
of promiscuous drugs and pick-me-ups.’ He goes on
to relate a conversation he had with an anonymous
friend whose habit was to go to ‘his chemist’ every
morning for his pick-me-up because ‘one feels
beastly limp you know and this chap understands my
constitution so well.’ Further enquiry from other
friends, supplemented by information from a doctor
or two, confirmed the writer in the belief that there
was a growth in the alarming habit of self-drugging.
One chemist professed to be able to ‘tell you tales
that would make your hair stand on end,’ and goes on
to say that ‘A man was in here an hour ago, whose
name you know who comes in every fortnight or so
and buys abottle of cocaine solution as big as this’
—he touched a huge cut-glass decanter of perfume.

He has his doctor’s prescription all right, so we
can do nothing. Another comes in at all sorts of
times, and asks leave to come behind the counter for a
moment to inject cocaine into his leg.’ People, the
chemist is alleged to have said, ‘does themselves
according to one or two obvious symptoms, and off
they rush for a bottle of tabloids.’ (What chemist
would use the word ‘ tabloid’ in this general manner ?)
‘Some of the tabloids are realiy dangerous when
taken indiscriminately. These things, for instance,
that contain strychnine and iron and quinine—I
always make purchasers sign the poison book for
them, but plenty of chemists are not so scrupulous.
People buy and take them by the dozen, with the
result that their systems get full of strychnine, the
arterial pressure is increased, with a probable re-
sultant danger of aneurism, and they keep themselves
in a constant state of mental excitement and irri-
tation.’

Again we have a reference to tabloids later on in
connection with an interview (also anonymous) with a
doctor. The same doctor spoke bitterly of the evils of
the tabloid drugs. ‘A bad business for the doctors,’
he said, frankly ; ‘ but it’s 2 thousand times worse for
the public.’ Asked how it was that people can
procure poisonous drugs as alleged so easily he
mentioned as a possible explanation, that it was once
suggested by an ex-President of the Pharmaceutical
Society, that if a customer wrote down what he
wanted on a piece of paper and appended cryptic
initials, a chemist wovld be justified in regarding
the document as a prescription. The writer proceeds
to speak of the use of opium, methylated spirit, Indian
hemp, quinine, bromides, and winds up by asserting
that we are fast developing into a nation of drug-
tkers.

And the public swallow this spicy conglome-
ration of anonymous ccnyersations! Aye, the
more readily, and someone professing to be a chemist

AGRICULTURIST. (Fee. 1, 1902.

—obyious of the advertising advantages of using
his own name and address—writes to the paper
referred to that ‘Ican say the extent of drug-taking
today is simply appalling.’—British and Colonial
Druggist, Jan. 3. P:

—_—— -———_

THE SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO
THE MALDIVES.
PROFESSOR DR, AGASSIZ RELATES SOME OF
THE RESULTS.

Professor Dr. Agassiz and party, who in Decem-
ber last left Colombo by the B Iss. ‘* Amra.”
for the purpose of exploring the Maldives, which
formed the only group of Atolls, which this dis-
tinguished scientist had not hitherto seen, returned
to Colombo late on 22nd January. It will be re-
membered that when Professor Agassiz arrived in
Colombo, we were able through his courtesy, to
give an account of his intentions in going to the
Maldives. We have now pleasure in recording the
work accomplished by the learned Professor as told
by him: to our representative :—‘We were gone for
little over a month,” said the Professor, ‘and during
thattime my son and Mr. Woodworth took about
300 photographs, principally of coral reef subjects,
Favoured with excellent weather—being only one
day prevented from proceeding with our ex plora-
Seats were able to return to Colombo
sooner than we expected. The princi ing
we did was to ; EEMGGED AMEE

SOUND THE CHANNELS
hetween the lagoons and to develope the platean
on which the Atolls of the Maldives have been
formed. We found as the usnal thing that the princi-
pal atolls were separated by comparatively shallow
water in the central part cf the group, while to-
wards thesouth, between Hadumati and Suvadiva
and Addu, the depths were very much greater—
nearer a thousand fathoms. We also ran a line to
the Westward of Ari Atoll into fifteen hundred
fathoms and one to the South-ward of South Male
into twelve hundred fathoms, showing that the
PLATEAU OF THE MALDIVES IS MUCH STEEPER
on the West than on the East face. And again
we also ran soundings between the Northern
Maldives and Colombo and developed the tact

_that the Maldives are separated from the Indian

continental slope by a deep bank of the ocean of
more than fifteen hundred fathoms in depth. The
aggregations of islands which had been ealled
atolls or. the Maldives are not atolls as such, with
the exception of the Southern islands like Suvadiva
Addu, and Hadumati and some of the isolated
islands like Goidu and Kardiva, as well as the
Southernmost atolls of the Maldives. These are

ATOLLS IN THE STRICT SENSE OF THE WorRD

and what has been called Ari Atoll, North Male
and other Atolls of the Central part of the Mal-
dives ave only apparently Atolls as the lané which
binds them consists of a series of small Atolls
which are just as much Atolls asthe larger ones
mentioned above. This is specially wel] developed
in the northernmost farts, that is Miladumadu and
Tiladumati, which, in fact, are nothing but a
great plateau without definite outlines, on which
Atolls exist, separated by spaces of 10 to 15
miles, just as they would be on any other
plateau, while on the contrary, on the cen-
tral parb of the Maldives they are often

;

Fes. 1, 1902.]

close together aud separated by gaps of not
more than three-quarters of a mile to a_ mile.
This makes the

TOLLS OF THE MALDIVES SUCH AN INTEREST-

ING SUBJECT

for those interested in coral reets, for we found
there the most simple and primitive conditions for
the formation of Atolls which are found any-
where except in some parts of the Yucatan plateau
in the West Indies, There are two or three
small Atolls similar to those of the Maldives but
no where do we find such an immense number
of diminutive Atolls in all stages of growth, from
a mere bank rising to a few feet above the plateau,
to banks within five or six fathoms from the
surface, or to banks which have just reached the
surface and on which sandbanks or islets are be-
ginning to form, so that it is comparatively
simple to trace the whole development~of these
Atolls from the time they are bank until they
form the Atoll as we understand it. One of th

GREAT REASONS OF OUR SUCCESS

in examining the Maldives has been that the Charts
published more than 70 years ago are as accurate to
day as they were then, and we were able to
navigate through the intricacies of all the islands
with the greatest confidence. The only changes
we noticed were changes such as the washing
away.of banks or the formacion of banks since
the charts were published ; but these are changes
without any special importance and it is

CERTAINLY ONE OF THE MOST CREDITABLE PIECES
OF SURVEY

with which Iam acquainted, as the survey must
have been carried out under more difficult con-
ditions than those under which a similar survey
would be made at the present day. The con-
ditions which exist to modify the atolls are very
slight. The North Fast and South-West mons
soons donot biow with anything like the violence
with which the “trades” blow. in the Pacific
where we found on the banks of the atolls an
enormous swell, pounding everything to pieces and
throwing up large blocks of Coral on the reef
plateaux. Inthe Maldives the sea which is the
resulp of the monsoons is: comparatively of little
strength compared to that of the Pacific swell.
The :

MALDIVES ARE BY FAR THE MOST INTERESTING

GROUP OF CORAL REEFS

which Ihave visited as in less than fifty miles of
any partof the Maldivesone can see more atolls
than there are in the rest of the world.”

Professor Dr. Agassiz, who was accompanied

by his son, Dr. Woodworth and Mr. Biglow, as’

assistants, received the greatest courtesy and kind-
ness ab the hands of the Sultan who provided him
with a circular letter to the Chiefs requesting that
they should give all assistance possible to the
party. His Majesty also presented the Professor
with an interesting collection of Maldivian curios
before they left Male. Of Captain Pigott, who
commanded the, ‘* Amra,’’. Professor Dr. Agassiz
speaks in the highest terms for the valuable assis-
tance rendered by him.

The party, after a week’s rest in Colombo, re-
turned to America,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

541

SHIKAR AND TRAVEL.
“ A NIGHT’S WATCH.

I could not persuade the Pakrind tiger to kill
any of my ‘ties up,’ though six appetizing baits had
been for some days fastened in the most likely places
it might be expected to pass by. But its beat was
a large one, which contained much undisturbed
jungle, where apparently asit had not killed villave
cattle for some weeks,it was able to obtain as much
food as it needed. There was no water inside the
jungle, but roughly speaking, at the four corners
of the area which was 14 miles jlong by 10 miles
wide, water was to befound, At three of the corners
there were small nearly dried-up village tanks, and
at the fourth which was in the hills was a water-
bole fed by a small spring (one of those over which
a native shikart loves to sit and shoot unsuspecting
does and fawns as they come to drink on a moonlight
night). My only chance of a shot at the tiger
seemed to be to sit over this hole ; it was a very
remote chance certainly, but there were signs that
the tiger had been in the neighbourhood some days
before. and as I had to leave on the following
day, I felt that 1 could not go away without having
tried every means to bring it to bag. In the pre-
vious year 1 had tried for it, but had not been able
to obtain a shot, thoughit had deigned to kill one
of my baits. A month or two before I tried, it
had been fired at, and I think slightly wounded
by an officer of a native regiment who had left
the wing he was accompanying on their march on
relief along the trunk road some 10 miles away to
try for the Pakrind tiger. Baits, beasts and bullets
were therefore not new things to it when I arrived
upon the scene, and it was clever enough to steer
clear of all three.

The water-hole was, as I have said, in the
hills. All around the jungle had been burnt and
there was little covert between it and the thick
grass and tree jungle in which the tiger usually
lived, but it was approached by numerous gorges
and ravines and was just the place to which game

_might be expected to come at night.

About 3 o’clock Ileft my camp having sent men
on before me with a native charpoy which they were
to fasten up over the water in the most convenient
tree, and about 6 o’clock I reached the place. The
water was not very abundant, and what there was,
was very black and muddy, and looked most un-
inviting ; but I suppose it contained some saline
properties which are always such an attraction to
game. Some twenty yards away from the main
water-hole there was alittle in a hole in the bed
of a ravine; this: was much _ cleaner-looking, but
it did not seem to be resorted to by game so much
as the mudhole around which were innumerable
tracks varying in size from those of the little four”
horned antelope to the large but old imprint of a
big bull-buffalo, and some rather more recent marks
of bison, There were no quite recent tiger tracks,
but bear and leopard had visited the water on the
previous night, and I hoped that even if the tiger
disappointed me I might get a shot at one of the
two latter animals. My machan, which was placed
on a tree between the two water-holes, needed some
additional screening before I considered it quite
hidden, and it was nearly dark before I was settled
in it. The moon which didnot top the hills behind
me until between 8 and 9 o'clock, was just past
the full, but though the afternoon and evening
had been cloudless, the night was not to be so,
It might certainly have been a much darker night
than it was, but every now and then a thick black
cloud obscured the moon, and the water fifteen yards
away, was not visible. I do not know who my
first visitors were, About half an hour before the
moon rose I heard some animals at the water lap-
ping. They seemed smallish and may have been
wild dogs, bnt they made no sounds save the laps

542 THE TROPICAL

ping, and next morning I could find no tracks to
help me to identify them. As soon as fhe moon
rose, and I could see a little, I had dinner, and
as 1 finished I heard thesounds of a leopard about
half a mile off in the valley below. A four-hurned
antelope that h:d been for some time near the
water, but apparently rather nervous about drinking
at last plucked up courage and weded through the
mud to drink, and when the scunds of the Jeopard
were repeated nearer and nearer, it gave its little
barking calland scampered off. The leopard evidently
did not want to drink, for though I heard it for
nearly an hour, now a little nearer, and again a
little further off, it never came within a quarter
of a mile of me. The next sounds I heard were
most weird. An appalling din arose about fifty yards
behind me, as ifa number of wild cats were fight-
ing, but they never approached the water; at least
I never ssw them do co, andtheir identity remains
a mystery. I must have dosed off for a few minutes
for 1 suddenly became aware that there were some
big animals walking about nearly underneath me,
‘and cracking the dead burnt branches es they
moved. They were evidently buffalo or bison, but
which, I could not determine at first ; however,
the moon for a minute showed out clearly, and I
saw that one drinking at the water was a bison.
There were six of them, and they must have stayed
at least twenty minutes within thirty yards of me;
but it was not light enough for me to make ont
if there was a really good head among them, but
they all looked enormous inthe dim light, and it
was a strange sensation to be so near to a herd
of bison for so long a time without their being
aware of my presence; had it been lighter, all
their movements would have been visible, and the
sight would have been still more enjoyable. Be-
fore the sound of the bisons’ tread had died away,
as they went down the valley, two bears came
down from the hill behind me to the water. Of
course they squabbled before they reached the
water, and it was the sound of their quarrel that
put me on the qui vive. ‘

Apparently one of the pair had been worsted, for
only one came to the water in the ravine to my
left. I could easily make ont a large black mass
as the bear walked down the ravine side, and aiming
at the front part of it I fired, my bullet fortunately
penetrated the lungs and broke up these, To make
certain I fired a second shot which broke the spine,
and the poor bear's scbs ceased. Perhaps1 ought
not to have fired at the bear, but two-thirds of the
night had passed and no tiger had appeared, so I
took what the gods sent me, There was one more
visitor to the water before the night was over
and this was a sambhur stag. I could hear its
antlers strike against the low branches of the trees
as it came up and could just see its antlers as it
drank, but the moon was much obscured, and I but
hazily saw what with better luck would have been
a magnificent sight. Then the east began to light
up as the sun rose behind the hills, and I climbed
down from my machan and inspected the bear, which
proved to be a young male nearly 5 feet long.

And so the Pakrind tiger still remains to be shot.
—Indian Forester. Lone Tom.

——_—__———_———____—_

DISTILLATION OF RUHSA GRASS
OIL, CENTRAL PROVINCES.

The grass, Andropogon schenanthus, or Rusha
grass, commonly known as “Tikhari,” is a
native of Central Provinces. It grows wild in
swamps with erect culms, and attains a height
of three to six feet. The leaves are long, smooth
and tapering, and have a strong aromatic smell

AGRICULTURIST. (Fee. 1, 1902.

and pungent taste. The root, locally known as
‘*Mirchia Gant,” is perennial, with long wiry
fibres.

The oil obtained from this plant has become
an important article of commerce. It is now
chiefly distilled in many parts of Centra) Pro:
vinces, especially in Betul, Nimar and Hoesgan-
bad districts, by private persons, and taken to
Ellichpur town, which is the chief market of
export. Its current price is from R2 to R4 a
pound according toits purity. The grassis very
abundant, and the distilling of the oil requires
oply a moderate skill and very smal) initial capital.
About 50,000 (fifty thousand) pounds are ex-
ported annually fiom Bombay to Arabia, and
European Tuikey, Jedda and ports along the
Red Sea. Its European name is Palma Kosa
oil or Geranium oil.

The oil is chiefly used as an adulterant for attar
of roses. In some places the roses are sprinkled
with it and the attar is distilled. . Itis a proved
fact, that ‘‘Rusha” grass oi) does not solidify
by cold, and this is the chief adulterant which
stops the crystalizing habit of rose oil when
exposed to low temperature and prevents its
congealing.

Rusha grass oil should be first refined before
it is ready for admixture with attar of roses,
It is also necessary that it should lose its pene-
trating aromatic smell and acquire the colour of
the attar of roses. In order to effect this change
it is shaken wich water, then acidulated with
the juice of lemon, ard finally exposed to the
sun andair. The oil thus refined hasa very slight
difference from attar of roses, and can serve as
an admixture which is very difficult to detect.
It is very difficult in these days to procure pure
Rusha grass oil, as the oil of commerce is more or
Jess adulterated by the local distillers them-
selves. The chief substances to adulterate this
are turpentine and the oils of ground nut, linseed-
rape, &c., &c. By such adulteration the oil tem‘
porarily become turbid, but after a time it set-
tles again and becomes clear. Pure oil should
be of a pale sherry colour.

The oil, whichis considered to Le cooling and
astringent, is used as a liniment in rheumatism,
headache and skin diseases and has the pro-
perty of curing baldness. It is a powerful stimu-
Jant when applied externally, but it is never
taken internally, except in very minute doses
for bilious affections. The grass, as far as I know,
is not used as a fodder for cattle.

The grass generally flowers in October
and November, and is then fit for cutting. It is
tied into small bundles not exceeding twelve
inches in circumference, and packed tight, hori-
zontally, in a large metal cauldron, which is fitted
on a rough masonry furnace, and then a small
quantity of water is added. When fulla roughly
scooped-out wooded lid is pnt and _ sealed
with a plaster of ground pulse, or the lid is more
firmly fixed by means of metal clamps. Through
a hole in the lid one end of a hollow bamboo is
inserted and the other erd passed into a small
metal vessel, which is securely fixed under water
in the bed of the river. This smaller vessel serves
as a condenser, and the bamboo tube in it is kept
in position by pieces of cotton cloth well wrapped
round the tube and serving as a stopper for the
condenser. The furnace is then heated and the
vapour passing through the hollow bamboo tube
is deposited as oil in the condenser. The oil thus

f

Fes, 1, 1902]

obtained contains a large proportion of water ; five
hundred pounds of grass yields two pounds of
pure oil when the stillis carefully worked, but if
the grass nm the cauldron is aliowed to burn, it
communicates a dark colour to the oil.

With better apparatus, and a more scientific
method of distilling, there is much room for im-
provement and every possibility of success. It
might be worth while, for experiment, to reserve
for departmental working a certain area and to
carefully supervise the re<ults.

A. D. BHOET, Forest Ranger.
Hoshangabad, Sept. 13, 1901.
—Indian Forester.

Ce ee
ANDAMANS,

The work of the Forest Department in the
Andamans is shortly described in the following
extract from the Government of India Resolu-
tion :—

‘* Forest operations in the Andaman Islands
are mainly confined to the extraction of produce,
and are limited in extent by the amount of convict
labour that can be placed at the disposal of the
Department. A large proportion of the available
labour is employed in meeting the requirements
of the settlement in timber, fuel and gurjan oil,
which are considerable, so that only a compara-
tively small quantity of timber can be extracted
for export. A trade has been established in Lon-
don for Andaman padauk, but the demand is
greater than the present supply, and it is be-
lieved that koko (Albizzia Lebbek) and other
Andaman timbers would find a ready sale if
they could be placed on the market in sufficient
quantities. It is therefore important that ad-
vantage should be taken of labour-saving appli-
ances whenever practicable, and experiments in
this direction should be persevered with.”

The labour-saving appliances alluded to are a
tram line which was extended 150 yards during
ing the year, a timber sledge road, the outlay on
which is said to have been out of all proportion
to its usefulness, and a wire ropeway which was
not a success. Nevertheless the experience gained
will prove useful, and as the steep hillsides of the
Andaman valleys are said to be well adapted to
a system of wire ropeways, this form of extrac-
tion is to be persevered in. There were no
breaches of Forest Rules, and fire protection
measures are unnecessary owing to the heavy
rainfall andabsence of herbaceous growth. Natural
reproduction was unfavourable owing to short
rainfall ; and an area of 5 acres, which was
sown with padauk and ironwood, was for the
me as reason practically a failure; on the other
hand, twenty-nine acres of maritime swamp were
successfully re-stocked with mangrove seedlings.
The Department supplied the Settlement with
25,484 tons of firewood and 5,773 lb of gurjan
(Dipterocarpus) oil, the latter presumably for
lighting. In Burma its use for this purpose
almost entirely ceased many years 2g0 owing to
the cheapness of kerosine oil. The quantity of
timber extracted was5,808 tons, of which 2,446 tons
were padauk. The average rate per ton realised
for padauk squares in Caleutta was R195 or
nearly double the price obtained in the previous
year. In the London market this timber real-
“ised 686d a cubic foot, koko (Albizzia Lebbek)
and black chuglam (Zerminalia bralata), 4s 6d
gach, and taungpeingye (Artocarpus ¢haplacha 2)

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

543

4s. There appears to be ademand for all these
species, which the Department is not at present
prepared to meet owing to the labour difficulty.
‘“Specimens of choice padauk taken from the
junction of bole and main branch and from
stumps, including crown of root, were sent to
the Paris Exhibition. The branch and root pieces
were cut into veneer on arrival at destination,
and the latter were much admired, being valued
at. 91 to 2s per square foot, 1-16th of an inch
thick.” Provably many other Indian species
could be profitably disposed of if worked up in
this way. The revenue for the year was
R2,91,115 and the surplus R1,49,309,—the highest
but one on record.—Indian Forester.

GERMAN SUGAR INDUSTRY.

Kvidence continues to be forthcoming
that the German sugar industry is confronted
by a serious crisis, America has for the
moment disappeared from the market as a
buyer, and this has broken prices again.
It seems evident, too, that the year’s pro-
duction on the Continent will be considerably
greater than the estimate. Market experts
calculate that there will be a surplus stock
at the end of the sugar year amounting to
2,665,000 tons against 975,000 tons for the
last season. Under the circumstances, it is
already claimed that the reduction of 10
per cent in the acreage next year, as pro-
posed by German producers, will prove in-
adequate ; and that a 20 per cent reduction
will be necessary. The German Sugar Syn-
dicate is taking steps to promote consump-
tion. At a meeting of the Syndicate the
other day it was decided to give premiums
to dealers showing the largest sales; and it
was also voted to make special prices to choco-
late manufacturers who would bind them-
selves to use only syndicate sugar.—Madras
Mail, Jan. 22.

———

BAD ADVICE TO THE CHANCELLOR
OF THE EXCHEQUER.

WHY SHOULD TEA AND SUGAR BE TAXED.

(From the Speaker, Jan. 4th.)

When ** R G” comes to advise the Chancellor
of the Exchequer as to what should be the new
taxes, he flounders, as he did last year, into the
marsh of protection. The military occupation of
South Africa is undoubtedly, he says, a new
burden, and the whole army must therefore be
increased in number and efficiency. Consequently
‘*expenditure must be permanently increased,”
and ‘‘no reduction of the so-called war taxation
is to be contemplated.” ‘RK G” next proceeds
to declare, without adducing any proof, that “ an
increase of direct taxes is out of the question,
because direct taxes are necessary as a reserve
for emergencies, unless the rate is very low.?

This is great nonsense, considering that the
income-tax is not yet as high as in 1856,
when the war expenditure, and _ therefore
the emergency, was only about one-third

what it now is, and “R, G.” makes absurdity
doubly absurd when he tells us that ‘‘the
knotty question will perhaps be whether some
new taxes of this kind (¢.e., taxes on food) should
not be imposed in order to diminish the excessive

544 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

weight of the income-tax.” We wonder if it has
ever occurred to “‘R. G.” to look into the scale
of the license duties or to examine proposals for
the taxation of ground values? If his outlook
were not so restricted, and if his mind were not
possessed by a desire to raise artificially the price
of the necessaries of life, he would hardly have
committed himself to the statement that ‘‘ob-
viously to bring in money the Chancellor of the
Exchequer islimited to taxes of the nature of the
sugar duty, which he imposed last year.” ‘'R,
G.” obviously thinks that women and children
should pay for war; it is a chivalrous doctrine,
worthy of the City and of Printing House-square.
We cannot for the life of us imagine why tea
should be taxed up to double its natural market
price when the State, through its magistrates, is
giving away valuable monopolies in the shape of
licences every year to the tune of many millions
of money; but “it is safer,” writes our City
Pundit, ‘* to trust tosuch things as tea and sugar
or a moderate corn duty, such as we retained in
our financedown to1870. There is ample room in
this direction for duties that will bring in many
millions and leave the country no more burdened
than it was thirty years ago, when the taxes were
nevertheless light.” If the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer should attempt such a policy as this, we
may look forward to a period of profound indus-
trial and political discontent. When the depres-
sion comes (and ‘*‘R.G.” expects it ‘‘during the
next few months”) the crisisof the unemployed
will be loud enough and the position of employers
will be painful enough; but if the situation is
aggravated by the substitution of dear bread for
cheap bread, with dearer tea, dearer sugar, and
dearer meat, then the Government, which -en-
tered with so light a heart upon such a war,
will find that it has brought the country tothe
verge of a revolution. The towns of England and
Scotland are just beginning to awake from a
hideous dream, Their poor went mad and drunk
with their rich in 1899 and 1900. But in every
class in every town there was a handful of men
who kept their heads, who foresaw the misery
which the war must bring, not only to South
Africa, but to our own doors. These handfuls
have been growing into multitudes, and they will
become irresistible when once it is made clear
by events that the British poor are to be pinched
and starved in order that Park-lane may reduce
wages in Johannesburg.

eee oo eee

THE LARGEST SUGAR PLANT IN THE
WORLD.

Mr. R B Hawley of Louisiana, an ex-Congressman,
and sugar planter in the Southern States, has be-
come interested in a large enterprise in Cuba, A
private syndicate of which he is the head has secured
64,000 acres of the finest land in Cuba which they
intend to plant in sugar canes for export to the
States. hice has caused something of a sensation
in planting circles, aud the opinion has been ex.
pressed that the competition which will result wil
seriously affect the Louisiana sugar industry. Ac-
cording to the “ Picayune ’’ Mr. Hawley has shipped
to Cuba the largest sugar manufacturing plant that
has been made in America, or, for that part, in the
world. The name of the company is the Chapparra
Sugar Company, its domicile New York, and the
plantation is situated at Puerto Padre, Cuba, extend
ing over many miles of territory and embracing 100
Aquare miles of the finest sugar lands on the island,

(Fes, 1, 1902.

The crushing pies was built by the Whitney Iro®
Works, New Orleans, and consists of six Corliss en-
gines, of 150, 250 and 30 horse power, two of each size.
Two sets of nine-roller mills, with Marshall crushers
in each, the rollers seven feet by thirty-four inches,
fitted with hollow steel shafts, built at Bethlehem, Pa.
This is only the crushing plant, and that alone was
built here at a cost of something more than $150,000.
The boilers were produced in New York. They are
of 6,0)0 horse power, of the Babcock & Wilcox type,
40-tube boilers. The refinery plant was bought in
Philadelphia, with the exception of one machine,
which was proprietary, and had to be produced in
Hurope. The refinery plant consists of three 13-foot
vacuum pans, two sets of triple effects, of the Lilly
type, twenty-four crystallizers in motion, and twenty-
four water-driven centrifugals. The capacity of the
mills and refinery is 3,000 tons per day, and it is pro-
posed to increase the plant at the earliest moment,
as it will not be sufficient for the needs of the com-
pany another year. Tne Company has several locomo-
tives, and a complete transportation plant on the
island already, which will be extended as the land
is gradually brought into cultivation, The Deming
system of clarification is to be used in the refinery,
and the inventor of the system is now building the
plant for the Company at the Payne-Joubert works
in New Orleans, ‘his is the Jargest single consign-
ment of machinery that has ever gone ont of the city,
and it is to be followed by more from the same source
for the same Company. Altogether it will constitute
the largest sugar cane crashing plant on a single
plantation in the world.—New Orleans Picayune.

TO
PLANTING NOTES.

TEKA.—With regard to tea-growing in the
United States, the Glasgow Herald says:—‘‘Tt

will beinteresting to see the practical result of °

the successful experiments reported in the oficial
statement from Washington. It is, of course,
likely enough that, in’ the vast variety of its
soil and climate, the United States has good op-
portunities for the culture of the teaplant; but
soil and climate are not the only important factors
in the case. One most vital consideration is the
cost of labour, and in regard to this, it is hard to
see how America can compare with China, India
Ceylon, or even Natal.—Indian Witness, Jan. 16

COFFEE.—One-half the world’s production of
coffee berries is brought to the United States.
Americans are the greatest coffee drinkers on
the face of the globe now, and every year the
consumption of coffee is increasing here. Last
year it was more than 80,000,000 pounds for the
whole country or more than ten and a half pounds
a head of the population. Germany and France
together only consume half as much coffee,
Germany, less than six and a quarter pounds per
head, and France only four and a half pounds
per capita. The United Kingdom used little more
than half a pound of the berries per head of the
population, but over there they made up for it
by drinking more tea than any other nation.
More than a million dollars is sent out of the
United States every week in payment for coffee,
South and Central American countries, which
supply us with more than 6,000,000 pounds of
coffee a year, get most of the money. Porto
Rico, Java and the Philippines get almost all
the Rest, but a little goest to Hawaii. Last year
the total value of the coffee imported into the
United States was about $60,000,000, and that,
was less than for several years, because the
import price of coffee has fallen about one-half.—
Bradstcet’s, e ’

Fes. 1, 1902.]

SIR HENRY GILBERT,

In our last issue we briefly announced the death
of Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert, the able and devoted
coadjutor of the late Sir J B Lawes, Bart., the
eminent authority on scientific agriculture and chemis-
try. Sir Henry passed. away at his residence at
Hardpenden, at ten minutes past twelve o’clock on
Monday morning, the 23rd inst., in the presence of
his family. d

Sir Henry, who had long. been ailing, was first
taken seriously ill ia August last at Strathpeffer,
Scotland where he had gone for his summer’s
holiday, being attacked by acute hemorrhage, fol-
lowed by nervous exhaustion and neuralgia of the
stomach. :

- Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert was born at Hall,
August 1,°1817, and was therefore in his_eighty-
fifth year, being three years the junior of Sir John
Lawes. His father was the Rev. Joseph Gibert,,
the author of several theological works. His mother
Ann Taylor, of Ongar, who survived until 1866,
was well known as an authoress %of poems, writing
originally with her sister under the names of Ann
and Jane Taylor,

After his school education, and the loss of several
years by a gun-shot accident, which much impaired
his health and deprived him of the sight of one
eye, Dr. Gilbert commenced his college courses at
the University of Glasgow, where he had as contem-
poraries Sir Joseph Hooker and Dr. T Thomson
the Indian botanist...Here, as elsewhere, he paid
special attention to chemistry, devoting some time
to analytical chemistry in the laboratory of the late
Professor IT) Thomson. He next studied at Univer-
sity College, London, attending the classes of Pro-
fessor Graham and others, and working in the
laboratory of the late Dr. Anthony Todd Thomson.
A short time was afterwards spent in the labora-
tory of Professor von Liebig at Giessen, where he
took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Return-
ing to University College, Lendon, Dr. Gilbert was
class and laboratory. assistant to Professor A T
Thomson in the winter and summer sessions of
1840 41, and attended other courses at the College
at the same time. On leaving college, he devoted
himself for a time to the chemistry of calico-
printing, dyeing, +, in the neighbourhood © of
Manchester. } j :

In June, 1843, Dr. Gilbert became associated with
Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Lawes in the Rotihamsted
investigations, and from that time until his death
chas been engaged ag director of the Rothamsted
field and laboratory experiments, which consisted of
a systematic series of researches in agricultural
chemistry and physiology of animals and plants. In
the early part of his career at Rothamsted he was
engaged in the manufacture of calomel in an old
‘barn which served asa laboratory. . At that time
Mr. Lawes scught his services as chemist in some
commercial undertakings, but Dr. Gilbert preferred

to remain at Rothamsted, and commenced that
‘brilliant series of researches which conferred so
much honour on the two investigators. These re-

-searches began as ‘‘flower-pot experiments,’ but
were gradually extended till they became field ex-
periments on a scale hitherto unattempted.

The Rothamsted experiments may, indeed, be
pronounced unique, and are certainly without
parallel, cither as to extent, character, or scientific
and practical usefulness. It is not asserting too
-mauch to say that these researches have done more
fo advance agricultural and horticultural science,
“and haye been and will be of greater service to
“agriculture than can ever be fully realised. Other
‘countries can boast of very numerous agricultural
‘stations supported by Government, whilst we have
“very few ; but the Rothamsted experiments carried
/out by private individuals’ surpass all that has been
done in any other country with or without Governe
ment aid,

§2

ry

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST

‘Agricultural Science, July 29, 1893,”

BAB.

Sir Henry was elected a member of the Chemical
Society in 1841, the year of its formation, and was
President of the Society in 1882-83, He was elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1860, and im 1867
the Council of the Society awarded to him, in con-
junction with Sir John B. Lawes, one of the Royal
medals. He received the honorary degree of M.A«
at Oxford in 1844, that of LL.D. at Glasgow in 1883;
and at Edinburgh in 1890, as also that of Sc.D: at
Cambridge in 1894. He was Sibthorpian Professor
of Rural Economy in the University of Oxford for
six years, from 1884 to 1890.

In May, 1893, the President and Council of the
Society of Arts awarded the Albert Gold Medal to
Sir John Lawes. and to Sir Henry Gilbert for their
joint services to scientific agriculture, and notably
for the researches which, throughout a period of
fifty years, had been carried on by them at the
experimental farm at Rothamsted; and the medals
were presented to them at Marlborough House. by
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales (now King Edward VII.),
President of the Society, in. the presence of many
members of the Council. Like his collaborator, Sir
John Lawes, he was an honorary or correspondin
member of numerous home and foreign agricultural
and scientific societies. On August llth, 1893, that
is, about a fortnight after the jubilee celebration
at Rothamsted, Dr. Gilbert received the honour of
knighthood.

The Jubilee of the-Rothamsted Experimental Sta-
tion in 1893 was made the occasion of a ceremonial
which was of an unique and interesting character. At
a meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng-
land, presided over by H RH the Prince of Wales,
it was resolved that, to mark the completion of half
a century of continuous research in the Rothamsted
station, some public recognition should be made jof
the invaluable services rendered to agriculture by Sir
John Lawes and Dr. Gilbert. It was decided that
the testimonial should. take the form of (1) a granite
memorial with a suitable inscription to be erected in
the front of the laboratory at Harpenden ; (2) illumi-
nated addresses of congratulation ; (3) a portrait of
Sir John Lawes painted by Mr Hubert Herkomer, RA,
and a massive silver salver to Dr Gilbert, bearing the
following inscription: ‘* Presented by the subscribers
to the Rotkamsted Jubilee Fund to Dr Joseph Henry

Gilbert, F RS, in commemoration of the completion

of fifty years of unremitting labour in the cause of
The various pre-
sentations were made, and the commemorative granite
boulder was formally dedicated at a meeting: of the
subscribers held at Harpenden on Saturday, July 29,
1893. The Right Hon. Herbert Gardner, M.P., Presi-
dent of the: Board of Agriculture, presided, and there
was a large attendance of leading agriculturists, scien-
tists, and others. ° ;

The Lawes Agricultural Trust, established by, the
muuificence of Sir John Lawes, provides that someone
shall periodically visit the United States of America
and give a series of lectures upon the results of the
Rothamsted investigations. At the request of the
committee of management, Sir J Henry Gilbert un-
dertook thia duty in 1893, and thus for the third time
he visited the world beyond the Atlantic, his former
visits having taken place in 1882 and 1884.

The results of the Rothamsted researches are em-
bodied in print in many forms in the records of the
Royal Agricultural Society, the British Association,
the Chemical Society, the Royal Society, the Horti-
cultural Society, the Society of Arts Journal,
and the- Dublin Royal Society, In articles in
technical newspapers, and in numerous reports,
pamphlets, and letters to the general press,
too long for enumeration here, which, as
regards the agricultural: history, progress, and liter-
ature of the past sixty years are, we may con:

‘fidently say; tobe reckoned among the most re:

markable achievements of the century,
He was twice married, first. in 1850 to Miss Laurie,

' daughter of Dr, Laurie, who died in 1853 ; and aftere

wards in 1855, to Miss Smith, the present Lady
Gilbert ; he leaveg ng issue,

546

It is satisfactory to know that the researches at
Rothamsted will be carried on in the future under
the direction of the Lawes Trustees.

The funeral of the late Sir Henry Gilbert
took place at Harpenden on Friday, December 27th,
and was attended by the members of the Lawes
Agricultural Trust Committee, and representatives
of many of the scientific societies of the country.
—Gardeners’ Chronicle.

pe

COCONUT PLANTING IN THE NORTH-
WESTERN PROVINCE.
NEWS NOTES.

A Marawila correspondent writes :—The
weather seems to have set fair. Save for a drizzly
day on the 18th, we have had no rain since the 7th
Jan. The mornings are very dewy and cold,
with the temperature down to 74 deg. The after-
noons are very hot with the temperature at 88 deg.
The variation is not violent, yeb fever, coughs and
colds and dysentery are prevalent,

‘> A little heat seems to have been evolved from
the chronicling of record prices for nuts. By the
time my communication appeared, the price I
recorded had already been topped in several
laces. For the pr2sent, Kimbulapitiya heads the
ist... Since I took to planting in the low country,
I had always heard dealers describe those as the
best. nuts in the Negombo. district. Since then,
systematic cultivation may have raised the
‘quality of the nuts of other estates up to that
standard, or even beyond it.

- The present crops are better than the last crops
ot the last year, but they will not be available for
some little timelonger. Prices of nuts and copra
are keeping up. The mills have been compelled
to: raise their prices gradually in order to attract
grist to them.

There has been no confirmation to the rumour
set afloat by a contemporary of yours, as to an
early commencement. being made with the
Colombo-Puttalam railway. You must agitate for
it, Sir, in and out of season. It is a crying want,
with the advancement of the districts through
which it will have to pass. Itis a railway that
will have to be opened in sections, and will pay
from the ‘start. As far as Chilaw, the route is
thickly populated, and an over-flowing passenger
traffic is assured. It is an ideal route for motor
ears, and one would have thought it-would have
been the first to have been occupied by the Rapid
Transit Company, as a precursor to the Railway.
If the Government. offer this Company liberal
‘terms to occupy this route, valuable and reliable
‘statistics will be available from its annual report
of the passenger traffic a railway will attract at
“the start. At the start only—for passenger, like
other traffic developes with the passage of time.

a ed

FRUIT-GROWING IN CEYLON :
MR. JOHN COTTON’S ORCHARD AT
NUWARA ELIYA.

Visitors to Nuwara Eliya can do no better
than spend idle moments by visiting the Orchard
at Lake View where Mr Cotton with genial cour-
tesy is only too pleased to show anybody round

“THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Fes. i, 1903.

the sphere of his labors, where with much pride
he now directs attention to an eating pear
(Lecount) which after seven years’ coaxing has
just now one single fruit of a fairly decent size
or. one of its branches. With a recent importa-
tion of cherry plants from Australia, Mr Cotton
has been very successful. One of the plants had
been barely down six months when it flowered
and came to fruit in splendid health, Mr
Cotton watched its growth very attentively
and was in hopes of picking a ripe cherry
for the first time out in Ceylon, when some
ruthless hand plucked the first before it had
even a chance of petting thoroughly matured,
Several apple trees which have been experimented
on, and transplanted about the orchard in differ-
ent soil and shade, bave now got planted out to
all appearances in their right places and are
flushing beautifully and should get te fruit soon
(as the plants aie very much healthier than the
plant so much fussed about at Frederics Ruhe
here and expeeted to bear this year). The Red-
heart Plum crop this year has not come on so
well as it did last year when every tree in the
orchard. was laden with the fruit. But
this deficit by way of income will be put
ona par by the exceptionally large crop of the
cooking pears on all the trees inthe orchard.

A NEw METHOD OF PRUNING has evidently been
tried by Mr. Cotton. The writer’s attention was
drawn to one particular tree which has several
hundred fruits on it. The treeitself, Mr. Cotton
is of opinion, is at least twenty-five years old and
is really worth a peep at, just now. In a shady
corner of the orchard, Mr, Cotton has an artificial
dam where a constant water supply is let in and
out of it. Here some trout are being very care-
ful'y matured with a view of getting the trout
to spawn. Should the effort succeed Mr. Cotton
will commence operation on a larger scale, and
who knows that it will not in this direction, too,
develop so, as to induce the Fishing Club to
seriously make a similar attempt.

CLuB Root.—The cabbage diseaseis being fought
against by Mr. Cotton with every possible experi-
ment. Small success has crowned much untold
labour. But the demon disease has not yet been
laid low. That great success attend the new
effort Mr. Cotton is about to make in this con-
nection is the hearty wish of all vegetable growers
in Nuwara Eliya.—Cor,

DR. PATRICK MANSON ON MOSQUITOES
AND MALARIA.

Dr Patrick Manson’s. lecture ab the London
Institution last night on the ‘Conveyance of
Malaria by Mosquitoes ” contained some interest-
ing points and suggestions. It was now definitely
known he said that malaria was none other than
a parasite which lived in the red blood corpuscles
of the human body and was carried about from
victim to victim by mosquitoes. The success of
the campaign against the evil would depend upon
the intelligent co-operation of those whom it was
intended to benefit. The necessities of the mos-
quitoes constituted the sanitarian’s opportunities,
Mosquitoes must lay thei eggs in water, and in
that element the larvee could alone exist. The
obvious course therefore was to render the water
unsuitable whick would be the radical method

=a

Fes. 1, 1902.)

of exterminating mosquitoes and consequently the
diseases they carry. Already Dr Manson con-
tinued the practical application of such measures
had borne good fruit, Since the English occupied
Havana in 1762 that city had never been tree in
October from yellow fever and malaria. In October
1900 there were twenty-five deaths from malaria
and seventy-four from yellow fever, but in October
of this year thanks to protective measures, there
were only nineteen deaths from malaria and none
rom yellow fever.—Daily Chronicle, Dec. 13.

ee
PRODUCE AND PLANTING,

Sir Robert Giffen is an able man and a clever
manipulator of figures. In some letters just con-
tributed to the Zimes om the financial outlook he
makes some suggestions, one of which will certainly
not delight tea planters, He begins by telling us
that we should complacently make up our minds
that the national expenditure must in future always
amount to £160,000,000, But Sir Robert sees that
this extravagance would not be tolerated if it were
borne by direct imposts, so he urges the Chancellor
of the Exchequer to ease direct and increase indirect
taxation in a way suggestive of the devil take the
-hindmost. He would reduce the income-tax to 10d,
and later on to 6d, and would make up the £20,000,000
lost to the Exchequer on account of this remission by
imposing a tax of one shilling on the quarter of grain,
threepence additional on the pound of tea, a half-
penny additional on sugar, one shilling per load of
timber, one penny per gallon of petroleum, and an
extra three shillings per barrel of beer. In this way
the Chancellors of the future could revel in expense,
inter alia, of the British-grown tea industry.

The Times commenting on Sir Robert Giffen’s
suggestions seems to approve them, for it says
‘6 There can be little doubt that the tea would bear
a charge of 2d or 3d perlb more, and sugar an extra
half penny per lb.” This looks anything but cheer-
ful for the prospect of any reduction of the duty on
tea. The Daily Telegraph, on the other hand, says:
‘Two years ago, it may be in recollection, the duty on
this product was raised from 4d to 6d per lb, and the
result, put briefly, has been to cast the main burden
of the increase upon the shoulders of the growers,
whilst the public, for their part, have been paying
for an inferior quality the price formerly asked for a

better class of tea. On this subject the views of a
prominent teabroker may be quoted. ‘It has been
ound,’ he stated, ‘that the producer has paid-
the bulk of the additional duty—in fact, from
60 to 75 per cent in all. ‘The public has
shown itself averse to paying more for its tea
than it did formerly, with the consequence
that consumers have been content, for the most part,
with an inferior variety, which brought about the
inevitable result that smaller ccops of the finer
ualities have been grown. In short, people now
avai tea at 1s 6d the lb. that formerly cost not more
than 1s 4d.’ The average price (wholesale), this
authority added, is 73d to 8d per lb., which means

that if the additional duty of 3d were imposed, tea,

which is at present taxed to the extent of 80 per cent
of its value, would be mulcted to the amount of 100
per cent over and above its market price.”

A return ordered to be prepared last autumn by
the House of Commons of the various duties levied
upon iviports by the colonies and other posses-
sions of the .United Kingdom has just been
issued by the Statistical Department of the Board
of Trade, This return presents a remarkably
diversified tariff such as is calculated to drive a
customs reformer wild. The publication of the volume
was not delayed long enongh to permit of the
inclusion of the new Australian Federal tariff. In
the case of :

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

547

TEA

the import duties are sufficiently perplexing in their
variety. Thus in Canada tea is admitted free.
In India there is a five per cent ad val duty;
in Ceylon twenty-five cents per pound is charged;
in New Zealand two-pence per pound; in South
Airica six penee; while in the ‘West. Indies
the duty ranges from eight pence to one shilling,

or five per cent ad val. In British Guiana
it is three pence per pound; in Mauritius
it is eigthteen cents; in Fiji six pence; in

New Guinea 2d per lb; while it is free in Hongkong,
the Straits Settlement, and Malta. Under the new
Commonwealth Tariff, not included in the return, the

import duty on tea is 2d or 8d perlb and 20 per cent
ad val

The Americans are proud of their

HOME-GROWN: TEA,

and we have referred to the subjeet of their aspira-
tions with regard to it frequently of late, because
some rather wild rumours on the subject of its im-
portance have been current. Dr, Charles U Shepard,
one of the pioneers of the enterprise, is rightly
accorded due praise for the part he has played during
the last ten years in carrying on tea planting opera-
tions under difficulties. That there are unusual diffi-
culties may be gathered from some particulars given
ina recent number of the New York journal, Tea,
Coffee, and Sugar, which says, referring to the gardens
which Dr, Shepard controls :—‘‘ These tea gardens. in
February 1899, endured conditions seldom experienced
in the South, when the mercury fell to two degrees
below zero, ‘The gardens had no protection from the
weather, and it was feared they were ruined, but they
have now entirely recovered. After the freeze the
bushes were pruned liberally. Of course, this temporarily
affected their productiveness.” But the main point
of interest to Indian and Ceylon growers is the pro-
spect offered of tea growing becoming, in the United
States, an important industry. On this point our New
York contemporary is interesting, but not alarming,
We do not think Indian and Ceylon tea planters
need feel any anxiety at present on the score that
this American home-grown tea will interfere with
the development of trade in British-grown teas in
the United States.

A writer in the “ Grocers’ Review” says, in com-
menting on the

TEA TRADE:

“There is one point in which the trade seems to be
undergoing a change, and in my opinion a change
for the better. The grocer is willing to sell tea much
smaller in leaf than formerly, As long as it is not
‘dirty,’ that is, laden with powdery dust, he
seldom complains, however smallin reason it is made,
This is all to his advantage, as it enables the blender
to use tea which would not otherwise assimilate in leaf,
and allows # good proportion of thick, rich, broken
tea, and manipulation by machinery leaves all the blend
a uniform size. It is to be hoped that the day is
not far distant when ‘tip' and ‘style’ may be lesa
valued by the average grocer than at present, as there
is not one householder in a thousand who regards
these properties, if only the tea in the cup is pleasing
to the palate. In maintaining the trade in a healthy
condition it is the cup that will tell.”

In their monthly tea market report, just issaed,
Messrs Harrisons and Crosfield, of London, review
the course of the

TEA TRADE

during the past year. The most noticeable feature,
they say, is the restored feeling of hopefulness con-
sequent on the re-adjustment of the balance between
demand and supply. In 1900 there was a surplus of
104 million pounds, which, coming on the top of 3

millions surplus in 1899, depressed the market an

caused the tea-producing industry to become unprofite
able. Prices fell to an abnormally low point until
March last, when it became known that some restriction

B48 THE TROPICAL

ef production was in contemplation by the planters,
coupled with a general endeavour to effect improve-
ment in the quality. A more confident feeling then
showed itself in the market, which has since
steadily atrengthened, the most marked rise being im
the quotation for low-grade teas, which are now 1}d
per pound higher than they were a year ago. The
reduction in the quantities produced this season both
in India and Ceylon has been almost entirely in the
lower grades of tea, whilst the supply of medium
grades in all growths has been very abundant, so
that while there has been an important advance
throughout the year in common kinds, medium des-
criptions have been in large supply, and consequently
have sold at rates showing an excellent value to
buyers,
Of the Toronto

TEA MARKET

the Canadian Grocer” says: ‘The Indian tea season
is ever, and the shortage is confirmed at a high point.
The situation lecally continues to improve. As far
as we can learn, there is nothing in Indian and
Ceylon low grade teas under 12c. that can be con-
sidered merchantable, The local market is still below
the parity of the London market, It is said the teas
arriving are not costing less than about 134¢ to 140.”
—H.& C Mail, Jan, 16.

In the last British Consular Report on the trade
of Trans-Caucasus, the following occurs :—

The two principal growers of tea in the Trans-Cau-
‘cagus—namely, the Imperial Domains and Messrs.
Popoff, have, Iam informed, added to the area under
tea within the limits of their estates, but besides these
two plantations hardly any other tea gardens of im-
portance exist in the neighbourhood of Batoum, and,
in my opinion, the reluctance with which holders of
land have recourse to tea-growing, clearly demon-
strates that the tea produced inthis district is either
“not of the quality required to create a demand in the
“Russian market, or that the industry is still only in
‘the experimental stage and the results hitherto ob-
tained so uncertain that owners of small estates and
“the peasant classes prefer to wait and learn by the
“experience of others before embarking, with any of
“their spare cash, in an undertaking remunerative
_ qualities of which have not yet made themselves
apparent.
The tea crop of the year 1901, although the
largest ever obtained in the Caucasus, only amounted
“'to 13% tons, obtained after a period of over 10 years
~ has elapsed since the first experiments in tea: growing

- were made in the district. It is clear that tea-planting ~
* in the Caucasus may at some remote period become ©

sufficiently advantageous to warrant its being gener-
* ally adopted.

Messrs. Popoff’s estates are situated at three different
one at Chackva, the:

* points near Batoum—namely
* Second at Salibauri and the third at Kaprshun. The
grea under cultivation on three estates is 3125 acres,
** of which 81 acres have been under teafor a period of
over three years. The yield in 1900 was, I believe, nil,
and in 1901, as far as I can ascertain, under 9,000
“English Ib. The crops on these estates, lam informed,
‘are gathered on the Chinese system. The tea pro-
duced is stronger than the Chinese tea, none of it
wasted.
’ RAMIE. -
A most important branch of agriculture for the
Trans-Caucasus would bethe cultivation of the ramie
lant which according to experiments made by the
mperial Domains authorities on their lands at
Chackva, grows very successful on plots carefully
selected for the purpose in view of the fact that the
goil should not be of a marshy character and that it
should be nourishing and porous. Besides the Imperial
Domains several individuals have also started the
cultivation of the ‘ Chinese nettle,’ and have inva-
riably obtained good results. Unfortunately manualk-
--Ypbour is very expensive in this country, and this being
the case itis quite out of the question to have re

-AGRICULTURIST..

(Fe. 1, 1902. °

course to stripping the fibre off the stalk by hand as
is done in China, where labour is excessively cheap.—
London and Chine Express, Jan, 10.

$$$ —

PROFESSOR HERDMAN.
HIS INTERESTING WORK ON THE WAY OUT.

Professor Herdman, the distinguished Liverpool
naturalist who came out to Ceylon to undertake
for the Government an investigation of the pearl
oyster fisheries, writes to a friend who has sent
the letter to the Liverpool Daily Post :—

SS. ‘‘ Derbyshire,” Gulfcf Lyons, Jan. 1, 1902.

My dear Thompsou,—I think I promised to send you
an occasional note in case you and others of our Liver-
pool naturalists are interested to know how the
scientific work goes on, There is little to tell as yet,
but Mr Hornell and I have sent ont 200 numbered
drift bottles containing postcards, and we have taken
daily gatherings of plankton from the sea.

You remember that one of onr fishery questions is
whether the young fishes of the Lancashire coast come
from spawn produced north of Holyhead, between
Anglesey and the Isle of Man, or south of that in
Cardigan Bay—in other words, can floating fish spawn
get round Holyhead into our district? We left the
Mersey about midnight on Thursday, 26th, and at
1-30 a.m,, when we were clear of the banks, I started
throwing over the “ drifters’ in batches of ten every
half-hour till we got to the middle of Cardigan Bay
next forenoon. About 100 went over between the
North-West Lightship and the South Stack, and
another 100 south of Anglesey. The captain gave me
the positions on the chart andI have sent the lists
back to Mr Johnstone, so he will beable to make
out the drift journeys when the postcards from
the bottles are found, filled ir, and retorned to
college.

They have kindly handed a bathroom completely
over to me forthe plankton work. I keep the key,

_ and the sea-water tap runs night and day through my

silk nets, The amount of plankton daily has been
small as yet, but it is winter, and we had a gale in the
Bay of Biscay, and the weather has been continuously

_ chilly ; so perhaps we have got asmuch as was to be

expected, Assoon aswe got clear of the English
Channel a few Atlantic organisms made their appear-
ance, such as diphyes, pteropod shells, acauthometra,
and other radiolaria. ‘These continued down the coast
of Portugal. When we got through the Straits of
Gibraltar there was a complete change. All the larger
animals disappeared, and their place was taken by
minute diatoms (lbiddulphia and others) in such pro-
fusion as to block up the meshes of the fine silk.
That continued for twenty-four hours, but we now
seem to be getting through that area into, hope, a
more varied fauna. As you know, when the diatoms
are abundant we generally catch very little else. I get
the microscope out every morning after breakfast im
the smoke-room, where there is very good light, and
examine the night’s catch. It is most interesting—
quite apart from any use we make of them afterwards
—to have these samplesof the living organisms to
examine every day from the seas through which we are
passing.— Yours very truly, . A. HerpMAN,

PROFESSOR. HERDMAN’S VOYAGE OUT.

Professor Herdman says that during the voyage
out to Ceylon much valuable scientific work was
accomplished on, board, and both he and,his assist-
ant had their hands full. ail the way from
Liverpool. In the Irish Sea experiments were
made with the object of determining currents -
which carry the eggs of spawn.. This was in con-
nection. with home fisheries, and altogether about
200 floating bottles were. thrown overboard with
instructions for their return to Professor Herdman
by whoever should pick them up. All the way

Fes, 1, 1902.]

out interesting tests were made with plankton,
this being the scientificname for the myriads of
microscopic floating life on the sea. This word is
one which we owe to German analysis. By

means of exceedingly fine silk nets—nets finer

than those used by millers for precipitating the
finest four—the samples of sea water drawn each
morning were made to give up their stock of
floating life, and this was submitted to the closest
scrutiny under the microscope. The Professor said
that to the scientific mind the changes in the
insect life as different seas were passed was re-
markable, and from the scientific point of view
the results of the experiments in’ the Red Sea
eclipsed in interest the plankton elsewhere, accord-
ing to our contemporary.

Dr Lyster Jamieson, M D, BSc, London, whom
Professor Herdman first expected to bring ont as
his assistant, was in Ceylon before and wrote a
paper on Pearl Oysters.

————

TEA IN PERSIA.
In commenting on Mr, Foley’s report on the

prospects of Indo-Persian trade via Nushki and
‘Seiztan, the Pioneer said a short time ago that

the only question seemed to be as to whether the
opportunity for exploiting a new market was
likely to be seized. A correspondent now writes

«to that paper and says that the actual state of

the tea demand in Eastern Persia was over-
estimated by Mr. Foley in his earlier letters
that this has now been proved beyond a doubt,
and that those who followed the advice of the
advocates of sending caravans of tea to the Per-

-sians in preference to inducing the Persians to

come to Quetta are likely to pay dearly for their
venture, The writer then explains that the first

large caravan sent from India was one consisting

of 60,000 1b of Dehra Dun tea in charge of Mr.
Ouseley, who reached Meshed some time ago.
Messrs. Clementson and Marsh took charge of the
next caravan, said to contain 40,0L0 lb of tea

Mr. Palmer-at the beginning of November. It is

__ probable that. by means of camel caravans 200,000

Ib of tea ‘have recently beer sent to Persia vy
the new. route on the strength of Mr. Foley’s
early reports.

market would be found to be overstocked, and

that if was unlikely that .emunerative prices

weuld be obtainable there. He weat so far as to
recommend the agentto send his caravan on to
Moscow. ‘This certainly shows things in a different
light, and nullifies the comment of cur con-
temporary, that owing to lack of energy on the
part of the Indian Tea Association it was only

_ too probable that the existing trade in a favourite

tea from Java, which finds its way to Meshed
by caravan from Bundar Abbas will continue to
expand.—M. Mail.

—___@———_—————_

COLOMBO. AND TEA.

In his speech to the Central Travaneore Plant-

ers’ Association, the Hon’ble; Mr. G L Acworth
lays great stress on the Calcutta market

‘ The: writer of the above letter -
-eontinues that on. his return. from Persia, Mr.
. Foley, in an interview with an agent in charge ~
of one of the. above caravans, said he held out no ‘
hope ofselling any tea at all between Quetta and =
-Meshed, that. probably at the latter place the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 549

as a source of relief in these congested
times. He sincerely trusts that Calcutta. will
not starve their local market, and is con-
fident that a good deal may be done in opening
fereign markets by judiciously feeding that of
Calcutta, and he eonsidered that even more pro-
gress abroad might have been made had agents in
the North fed their market more liberally. The
Colombo market he regretted was still practically
elosed to Indian Planters, and he hoped that the
time was not far distant, when ‘‘ we end Ceylon
shall interchange our products freely." —M. Mail.

ae

THE GREY PARTRIDGE OF CEYLON
AND INDIA FOR NEW ZEALAND.

We had a visitor in Ceylon from New
Zealand last month—Mr, Maddox of Welling-
ton—who is interested in Acclimatisatioa
and _is anxious to see the grey partridge
of Ceylon and India tried in his adopted
land. The chief reason is that the English

artridge, which has been introduced, gets

illed out by hawks and that it is thought
the grey partridges like the Francolins,
would be better able to protect themselves.
From the ‘Manual of the Game Birds of
India” we quote as follows :— ,
THE GREY PARTRIDGES,

The Grey Partridges are probably very closely
allied to the Francolins, and as previously remarked
Mr. Ogilvie Grant places them all. in one genus,
It seems to me, however, that the Indian Grey
Partridges possess certain characteristics of colora-
tion which render it desirable that they should be
kept separate from. the Francolins.

In the Grey Partridges the sexes are alike in
coloration, but the males are much larger than the
females, The tail is short and rounded and com-
posed of fourteen feathers. The male has one or
sometimes two spurs on each leg; the female

: : : rarely one.
mostly from Southern India, This was followed - a,

- by one from the Kangra Valley planters consist-
- ing of 30,000 1b under Mr, Greensill; and lastly
another from Dehra Dun left Quetta in charge of -

These ePartridges may be recognised by the first

_ ten quills of the wing being plain or unmarked,

except that in one species the outer web of some of
the inner quills, say the seventh to the tenth, has
some small and insignificant mottlings at the base;
by the tail being more or less rufous or chestnut ;
and by the upper plumage being cross- barred.

THE GREY PARTRIDGE.
Ortygornis pondicerianus, (GMELIN).
Lower plumage cross-barred.
Sexes alike.

Vernacular Names :—Tutur, Ramtitur, Gora-
titur, Safed-titur, Hind., general; Khyr,
Bengali; Gowjul-kuki, Canarese ; Kondari,
Tamil ; Kuwwnzu, Telugu.

The range of the Grey Partridge extends over
the whole of [ndia asfar east as the longitude of
Caleutta; and it isalso found in Ceylon. It does
not, however, appear to be common north of the
Ganges and Gogia rivers. This Partridge does not
ascend the Himalayas toabove a level of 1,500 feet,
but occurs sparingly in the Nilgiris up to an
altitude of 5,000 feet. —

According to Messrs. Hume and Marshall, the
Grey Partridge does not oceurin the South Konkan
nor on the Malabar Coast, and it is absent from
the forest regions of the Central Provinces and
their Feudatory States, and of the Tributary
Mahals.

550 THE TROPICAL

Westwardsiof India, this bird extends ‘as far as
Persia. :

Dr. Jerdon has the following note on the habits
of the Grey Partridge :—

“Tt frequents alike bush-jungle and cultivated
lands, being oftenfound in gardens and compounds,
and very generally near villages, concealing itself
in hedgerows and thickets, It associates in coveys
of varied numbers, from five to fifteen, is often
very difficult to flush, running for a great distance
and with amazing speed, and takingerefuge in thick
bushes and hedges, whence it is driven with
difficulty. When flushed it rises with a loud whirr,
flies very strongly, but does not takelong flights.
It frequently perches on low trees and shrubs and
on the ‘branches of thick Huphorbia hedges. Its
call is a peculiar loud shrill cry, and has, not
jnaptly, been compared to the word Pateela-
pateela-puteela quickly repeated, but. preceded
by a single note uttered two or three times, each
time with a higher intonation, till it gets, as it
‘were, the keynote of its call.”

The Grey Partridge appears to nest twice in the
year, once from February to June, and again from
September to November. The eggs are usually
Jaid in a shallow depression, well concealed under
a bush, orina large tuft of high grass, and more
or less neatly and thickly lined with grass, The
eggs vary innumber from six to nine, and are
spotless, pale buff. They are oval, a gocd deal
pointed towards one end, and glossy, They vary
in length from 1-2 to 1:42 in length and from 95 to
1:12 in breadth.

ln this bird the forehead is chestnut and th
crown umber-brown with darker shaft-streaks. A
band over the eye and the cheeks is pale rufous.
The chin and throat are buff surrounded by an
interrupted black band or series of spots. The
sides of the neck are delicately barred with black
and white. The whole upper plumage, the visible
parts of the closed wings, the tail-coverts and the
middle tail-feathers are nmber-brown, dashed with
chestnut, especially on the back and wings, and
everywhere barred with pale buff. The first ten
quills of the wing are brown with a little grey
mottling towards the base of the outer webs. The
tail-feathers, except the middle pair are chestnut
becoming black towards the extremity and tipped
with buff. The whole lower plumage from the
throat downwards is pale buff shaded with rufous
closely and delicately but irregularly barred with
black.

The male is larger than the female. Length of
the former about 13 ; wing nearly 6 ; tail about 34 ;
length of the latter nearly 12; wing about 53;
tail about 3} ; legs bright red ; irides dark brown ;
bill blackish. Weight up to 12 0z.

Mr. Maddox was on his way to Europe ;
and left on the 3lst January by the
P & Oss. ‘“‘Rome,” so that he had time
to make enquiries as to the best mode of
procuring and forwarding to New Zealand,
some pairs of our grey partridge, as an
experiment. Weshould be glad to hear from
any one able to aid in this interesting attempt
at acclimatising.

SOO UB Ee Nee

SIR ANDREW CLARKE ON TRINCO-
MALEE AND COALING PORTS.
I may introduce here what I wrote in 1883

about providing adequate defence for Trincomalee, -

“ Having already stated the extreme importance
that 1 attach to the retention of Trincomalee as a

AGRICULYURIST, (Fee, 1, 1902.

station for refitting and coaling H.M.’s ships, and
asa base and rendezvous for our fleet, it appears
desirable that I should very briefly indicate the
nature of the defences which in my opinion are
necessary to deny the harbour to an enemy's
warships and to secure the naval establishment
and auchorage from anything but distant bom-
bardment. The entrance to this magnificent har-
bour is so narrow, the naval establishment so well
protected by the natural features of the country,and
so useful a nucleus of works of defence is already
provided, that, fortunately, a comparatively small
expenditure only is requisite to attain the above-
mentioned objects. . . . . Under all the
circumstances of the case it would, I think, be a
sufficient measure of defence if the emplacements
which were hastily and temporarily constructed
in 1878-9 were carefully revised and adapted for
the reception of 9-inch or 10 inch M.L. guns. The
cost of these measures would be about £25,000, for
the works and £20,000 for the armament.”

Naval authorities had not then grasped the im-
portance of coaling stations. On their safety the
power of the Navy depends, and to protect them
is a cheap mode of adding to the naval streng'h of
the Empire. Their provision in sufficient num-
bers and at well-chosen spots on the great ocean
routes to India, Australia, and China is the first
essential need for the maintenance of our naval
position in the East. There is no necessity to
establish too many coaling stations ; indeed to do
so would be to introduce an element of weakness
into our position by offering the enemy more
objective points of attack than it would suit our
arrangements to adequately defend. 1 would
specify the following as meeting all possible re-
quirements of the present and the immediate
future :—Aden, Bombay, Trincomalee, False Point,
Port Blair, Singapore, Thursday Island, Hong-
Kong, and Port Hamilton.

A second line of coaling stations between the
Cape and India on the one side and Australia on
the other will ultimately become necessary, but
probably the Seychellee in one direction and the
Cocos in the other will suffice for all our require-
ments, especially after South Africa has been pro-
vided with several harbours of refuge.

Of these, Aden, Bombay, Trincomalee, Singa-
pore, and Hong Kong are either completely or
nearly equipped to meet all requirements as
coaling stations and naval harbours. False Point
for the Hooghli could easily be converted intog
harbour of refuge by clearing out the river mud
from the Mahanadi, A coal depot at Port Blair in
the Andamans would be -very useful, as supple-
menting Trincomalee, and as providing a set-off
against any possible Dutch-German development
in Achin. Thursday Island in Torres Straits has
been looked after by Australia, and will become
more and more the -first care of her naval direc-
tors. Port Hamilton, once ours, and which gave
England practically the command of the seas of
China and Japan, has now unfortunately been lost
to us. [But should be occupied immediately Russia
takes any portion of Corea. ]

Where the coaling station is used exclusively
for providing coal and supplies to our ships, there
the charge and responsibility should be entirely
Imperial. But when the coaling station is attached
to a colony that would itself be the immediate
object and:reward for temporary, if not permanent,
occupation by an enemy, there the charge and res-
ponsibility should largely, if not wholly, devolve
on the colony itself, The case of Trincomalee

Fes. 1, 1902.) THE TROPICAL

comes under the former category, that of Thurs-
day Island under the latter, while Singapore may
be cited as an instance where the Imperial and
colonial interests are about equal. However these
stations may be protected, and from whatever
source, Imperial or colonial or joint, the neces-
sary funds may come, we have to recollect before
everything that coal—ubiquitous coal—is as the
breath of life to our naval power and. activity.

MALARIAL INSECT TRACKED.
A DISCOVERY OF VAST IMPORTANCE TO COLONI-

SATION.

It is now stated, on the authority of Sir
Alfred Jones, who is so well known for other
public services that many people may forget that
he is chairman of the Liverpool School of Tropical
Medicine, that a new cause of malarial fever
has been discovered. It is well known that Major
Ronald Ross has attributed a good deal of the
malaria which is the curse of the West Coast
of Africa—and many other coasts—to the bite of
malarial mosquitoes. And now Major Koss is
abie to announce that Dr. Dutton, who is one of
his assistants, has made the important discovery
that there is yet another parasite which brings
fever to the unhappy white man on the West
Coast. It is said to be like the insect which
causes ‘‘fly disease” among horses. in South
Africa, and, if so, the discovery will be of twofold
importance. On the news being submitted toa
medical expert on tropical disease, a somewhat
chilling reception was given to it. This gentle-
man said that it might be. true, but that .he
preferred to wait before expressing an opinion.

ut of one thing he was quite certain—if the
cause of malarial fever in man or of fly disease
in cattle had been found, then it was one of the
most beneficent of the discoveries of the age.
The reason why the discovery would be of such
importance is that it would make possible the
colonisation of vast regions of the British Empire
pel are now the white man’s grave—Daily Mail,

an. 10.

———— —— LYSO
RUBBER SUPPLIES IN 1901.
(Messrs. Figgis gG Co.'s Annual Review,—)

London, January 3rd, 1902.

‘We have to report fewer fluctuations in prices
during 1901 than previous years, but at the close all
rubber is cheaper than a year ago. Fine Para 3d.,
negrohead barely 4d, but Cametas 2d. Peruvian ball
and slab about 1d per lb.

The supply of all medium rubber has fallen off con-
siderably and nearly the wholeof the old stock has been
‘disposed of at very low prices; resulting in great
losses to holders as has been the case with many fresh
imports, Our stocks of these kinds are now greatly
reduced and we look for an improvement in values
shortly and should encourage imports.

The year has shown a continued increase of demand
for the finer rubbers at relatively high prices, and the
European consumption of fine Para considerably

- exceeds any previous year. English manufacturers
have been very busy. Continental fairly so. American
were less occupied till the last three months. On the
whole the year has heen a very active one,

AGRICULTURIST, 551

The Continental stocks are very much reduced, but
America holds fair stocks of Para :— ‘

Visible supply now of Para and Peruvian 4,618 tons
against 4,100 tons last year (including America 2,005
tons against 1,200 tons).

There is a further increase from Brazil—about 3,200
tons from the Amazons (including Peruvian via Iquitos
and Manaos, 4,000 tons against 3,100 tons). The
Peruvian fine has been betteras a whole, but should
be cut and selected before shipment. The ball has
been fair and som@ nice hard clean brown lots realised
very high prices ; weaks labby and dirty sells cheaply.
The slab was good, Of Bolivian we received less, but
probably as much was produced und quality was satis-
factory. Of Molendo increased supplies during the
latter months of the year ; quality good. From Vene-
zuela via Orinoco the supply wasless and rather poor
quality. Ceara more but only good clean wanted,
Manicoba—Fair supply of improved quality. Per-
nambuco and Assare was in fair supply and realised
much lower prices. The Mangabeira supply declined
enormously ; very good clean sold well, common at
a great decline. Mattogrosso has rather in-
creased ; some parcels were rather dirty and badly
prepared,

From Central America the supply has been con:
siderably declined, and again owing to war only smail
lots from Colombia ; these Ecuador, Tumaco, Guaya-
quill sell readily and scrap only 1d lower. than a year
ago: inferiorand mixed much cheaper. Some from
the Cauca, Magdalena sold fairly, also Nicaragua and
Gautemala,

Of Honduras Mexico and Panama very small lots.

African shows a serious falling off probably 1,500
tons—Angola 250 less ; say Benguela 1,250 tons ogainst
1,550 tons in 1900. Loanda 730 tons against 678 tons
(besides 200 tons Thimbles). Quality has been hardly
so good. The Congo has slightly increased but the
quality has seriously declined; about 5,300 tons
against 5,000 tons in 1900. The average price shows a
very considerable decline because so much was poor
quality. Quite an extraordinary decline in supply of
Gold Coast, Accra, Lagos, etc., and only moderate from
Cameroons, Sierra Leone, Gaboon, etc., and small of
Senegal. Prices .of nice hard only about 2d
lower, but soft common and Lagos fully 4d decline for
the year.—India Rubber Trades’ Journal.

cue

CEYLON RUBBER,

Messrs. S Figgis & Co. have the following
in their latest Report:—‘‘ Ot. Ceylon . small
lots sold at high _ prices. We again urge
planters to give attention to this valuable
product, Ceylon is much liked and _ sells
readily. We obtained 3s 93d recently for fine
and 2s 44d for negrohead grown from Para seed.”

oe SS

THE SucaR Crop or HAWAIl FOR 1901—hes
exceeded the most liberal estimates, having been
360,000 tons. Fine harvesting weather and an in-
creased supply of water for irrigation from artesian
sources, have heen the chief factors in producing this
result. Under like conditions, the next crop will
be fully as large. The largest. production of re«
fined sugar in the United States for any single
year was that of 1899, which was 1,773,870 tons.
The production of 1900 was 1,566,038 tons. It
is estimated by those in the trade best qualified to
judge that the American Sugar Refining Company
produced about eighty per cent of the output
in each of those years.-Hawatian Planters’
Monthly, Dee. 15,

552

PLANTING IN KALUTARA DISTRICT.
(From the Annual Report of the Kalutara P.A.)
: Crop ESTIMATE.

i deb a 3
male eae pa
rm) eH Si Re yes
Hs 2S is 2 e
3B ea Q 6
1902 16,843 15,541 6,970,763 546,000 7,516,763
1901

16,711 15,501 6,775,000 225,000 7,000,000
Increase 132 40 195,763 321,000
The actual crop for 1900

was 7,088,610; for 1901 6,655,025
The estimated crop for 1900

was 7,037,700 ; for 1901 7,000,000

616,726

Inorease 50,910 decrease 344,975

The total crop tor 1901 was less than that for
1900 by 433,585 lb. This district, like all other
tea districts, has been seriously affected by the
‘low prices its teas were fetching during the greater
part of the year. By finer plucking, however,
and making a better class of tea, the prices have
raised, though the amount of tea made is con-
siderably reduced, and now the teas from many
estates in the district command as good prices
as those from some up-country estates. It is
hoped that Planters will not be tempted by
the higher prices paid for low-grade teas to
go in again for coarse plucking, a proceeding
which must result in bringing about a similar
depression in tea interests. to that which
ruled a few months ago, with probably more
serious consequences.

PARA RUBBER.

In this, the parent district in the Island, as far
as this species of the rubber-producing tree is con-
cerned, considerable’ attention has been bestowed
on its cultivation during the last few years. Though
there is no large acreage, probably not more than
150 acres in the whole District, planted with rabber
only, en most estates more or less has been planted
along the ravines and other suitable places through
the tea, and there are now many thousands of trees

of various ages, amounting in the aggregate toa
very considerable acreage.

TAPPING.—Previous to last year tapping was
practically in the experimental stage, but in 1901
quite an appreciable quantity, close on 34 tons, of
rubber has been shipped to London and found a
ready market at from 3d—5d per lb. more than
any other rubber on the market at the same time.
One lot of half a ton, which was sold early in the
year, realized 4s 12d per lb. and the buyer ex-
pressed his readiness to take 20 tons at the same
price.

SEED.—The foreign demand for seed, which was:
very considerable not very long ago, is practically
over, but a very brisk demard has sprung up quite
recently in the Island, and most of the estates
which supply seed have their visible supply of both
‘weed and plants fully booked already for the
coming season.

ExporT.—The increase in production for the
next few years will be slow, as but few estates had
much rubber planted prior to 1897. In 1906 the
output of the district should be at least 50 tons,
worth over £15,000. A very appreaciable addition
to the revenue of the district,

“THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Fee. 1, 1902,

PLANTING IN RANGALA DISTRICT.

TrA.—The tea industry has passed through the
moss trying period in the whole history of this
product, and with the closing months of the year
prospects have brightened considerably. The un-
favourable weather for growth and the producers’
endeavours to curtail production by a system of finer
plucking have had the desired effect of reducing the
output from both India and Ceylon and as the world’s
consumption continues to expand the position may be
considered stronger than at the commencement of
the past year. It is to be hoped that the producer
may not be tempted by a temporary enhancement of
price to flood the markets with inferior teas. Your
Committee are pleased to observe no indication of
such a course in this district, the official estimate of
crops for 1902 being slightly lower than the revised
estimate of 1901.

CarpAmoms,—The area in cultivation has not been
extended to any extent, and crop was on the whole
about the same as for the previous year.

TreLecRraPH.—It is with pleasure we can record the
construdtion of the Telegraph to Teldeniya, which will
be at the service of the public in January.—Rangala
P.A. Report.

PLANTING NOTES.

TEA grows wild on all the bil!s round Chiengmai’
and there is a large local consumption of the leaf
not as 9 beverage but as a quid for chewiug and
eating. The leaf is picked in April, August, ana
November. After being picked it is at once steamed,
and if it is to be kept for any length of time, either
packed in bamboos or wrapped in a special kind of
leaf and buried to exclude the air. Before using, a
few grains of salt are wrapped inside the leaf, and the
quid is complete.—Indian Planter’s Gazeite.

ACCLIMATISATION IN NEw ZEALAND.—Mr.
Maddox, who left for England by the P.&O. ss.
** Rome” on the 3lst ult. and returns to Wel-
lington via Ameriea, has not been successful
while here in seeing one of our grey partridges
save inthe Museum. Heis afraid now, from
what he hears of its running rather than
flushing propensity, that it will not suit for
the sportsmen of New Zealand. The two
great successes so far have been in the intro-
duction of red deer and of trout. New
Zealand is going to draw anglers from all
parts: of the world to its trout fishing.
Ordinary trout up to 27l1b.. and ‘ rainbow
trout ”—the best in the world for fly-fishing
—of 7 lb. are available in streams and lakes
amidst some of the finest scenery in the world.

LAstT YEAR'S PATENTS.—The number of patents
applied for inthis country during 1901 was 26,766,
including applications from abroad. This num-
ber compares as follows with previous years :—

1891 22,878 1896 ... 30,193
1892 24,179 1897 ... 30,952
1893 25,107 1898... . 27,650
1894 ... 25,386 | 1899 25,800
1895... 25,062 1900. ..... 23,922

The actual patents granted are usually about balf
the number applied for, owing to applicants aban-
doning their applications at the end of the term of
provisional protection. An increase in the patents
connected with improvements in electric traction
is beginning to be noticeable, and this un-
doubtedly is the most interesting feature of the
applications made last year.—B. & C. Druggist,
Jan. 10, €

bi

Fes, i, 1902.)

Goyyespnodence.

To the Editor.
CEYLON TEA ON THE CONTINENT
AND MR. RENTON’S VOTE FOR 1902,

FRENCH CUSTOMS DUTIES ON TEA.

Havre, Dec. 20th, 1901.

DEAR Sir,—I hope there is yet time to pro-
test against any increase in the vote to Mr
Renton for 1902. He tells us that his expen-
diture for 1901 will be £6,500. If yon deduct
from that his salary, £1,000, and another £500
tor the bonus on importations of tea into France,
there still remains the important sum of £3,060
to be accounted for, Is nobody going to
ask how this money has been spent? The
great feature of his campaign this year,
I speak, of conrse, of France alone, has been
the travelling show throagh the towns of Northern
France for the purpose of distributing tea in the
cup, gratis, ‘“degustation”—as it is called. I
know he has spoken of other projects; he has
told us of tea being now sold in the -absinthe
bars of Paris. I don’t know what he means by
“Absinthe Bars.” I hav2 lived a good many
years in France and never heard of such places.
Anyhow I hope he has not devoted any large
portion of the £5,000 to subsidising such establish-
ments, if they do exist, for it would be a
ereal waste of money, It may be, from a
humanitarian point of view, a very laudable
thing to try and convert the drinkers of this
murderous and deleterious decoction to the use
of tea as a substitute, but it is not business,
and you will never found the prosperity of your
tea trade in France upon snch a basis. No,
the great triumph of Mr Renton in France
this year has been the ** degustation.’
Show. {t is the teather in his cap—the great
hit of the season. He dwells complacently on
the iminense success that has attended it every-
where. ‘She populations flock to it in crowds
and it is evident he intends, in process of time,
if he only gets money enough, to make tea
drinkers~ of them all. J hope, therefore, your
readers will bear with me for a few moments
while I diseuss this degustation business. The
show is reai'y only one man going about from
town to town and making arrangements with a
grocer or two in each place to allow the de-
monstration and distribution of tea in his shep.
I have seen something of it as it passed through
Havre. A rough crowd gatkered in front of the
shop where the degustation took place, interrupting
the traffic on the footpath. The crowd was what you
might suppose, acrowa of riff-raft, mostly of odori-
ferous and verminiferous riff-raff. Here is Mr
Renton’s own description of such a gathering; ‘‘ In
one place the people collected in a perfect throng,
each bringing some sort of household vessel, from
a bed-room ewer down to an empty case, in which
to carry away the tea they expected to be pre-
sented with.’ Does Mr Renton really suppose
that because these people have got acup of tea
for nothing they are going to become regular
consumers of Ceylon tea? You might as well
think that they would in future drink nothing
but Chateau Lafitte because some silly wine
merchant gave them a glass of that exquisite
ya

i)

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 553

The clientele that you have to get at
are the people who go in for five o’clock
tea, the ladies of the upper classes. Now
I ask any reasonable man, are ladies likely
to be attracted by a squalid exhibition
of this kind? Does Mr, Renton want us to
believe that a lady could be induced to join in
this mob of rag-tag-and-bobtail and drink from a
half rinsed cup that had previously been in the
hands, and approached the lips, of a dozen of the
great unwashed? Psha! The whole grotesque
masquerade is absurd and the money expended
upon it, is money thrown away, Mr. Renton
himself admits that the depots where these degus-
tations have taken place do not sell much tea,
““may not sell” ishis way of puttingit, but that
apparently is only a secondary consideration for
him. So long as ‘the demonstration goes on right
merrily’ he is perfectly satisfied and he is cock-
sure of knocking China tea out of France. We
shall see. I observe that the gentleman who
organised this show for Mr Renton has written to
protest against the reduction of the grant and to
say thathe expects to receive another £500 or
£600 for next year. Itis a good thing to be in
the graces of the Commissioner. How long is this
to continue? Mr Renton seems to plead for five
years. I hope you will bring your powerful influ-
ence to bear to put a stop to such reckless extra-
vagance.

On the question of the future customs duties on
teain France, Mr Renton appears to be very much
atsea. In his letter of 23rd October to Mr Ros-
ling, he says :—

“Tmuch regret that there seems every possi-
bility of the law which comes into force on ths
24th February doubling the duty of tea being
allowed to take affect ; if it does, the result will
be a disastrous blow to our campaign in France,
The Central American States have been able
to arrange treaties by which their products will
have the benefit of the most favoured nation
clause, and, therefore, a large quantity of coffee
will continue to come in at the minimum tariff,
T cannot understand why the benefits of the most
favoured nation clause which England possesses
should not be extended to the English Colonies,
but our Ambassador here says he can offer the
French authorities no quid pro quo to induce
them to extend the benefits of the clause to the
British Colonies. Last year he pooh-poohed the
idea of a new law coming into force, this year he
rubs his hands and says he can do nothing. I
shall make a final desperate appeal, through the
Colonial Office, when I go to London, but the
outlook is distinctly bad.”

That is to say that he gives up Sir Edmund
Monson as hopeless and that he is going to stir
them up at the Colonial Office in the hope, I
suppose, that Mr Chamberlain, with the tact and
amenity which characterise his references to
foreign nations, will find therein an opportunity
of telling the French to mend their manners, or
rather—on this occasion—to mend their customs,

I may here remark, parenthetically, that Mr
Renton never saw the Ambassador, so that when
he tells us of what His Excellency said and of
what he did in the way of pooh-poohing and rube
bing his hands, he is only drawing upon his
imagination.

In another Jetter, dated Calais, 27th October,
which appeared in the Observer, Mr Renton. re-

commends Ceylon people to threaten to put a pros

—

554

hibitive duty on French champagne. I say
nothing of the total absence of discretion and

good taste in speaking in such terms of
our respected Ambassador, nor of threatening

reprisals to a friendly nation. This is all part
and parcel of the new diplomacy. I will only
remark that a few days after these pessimistic
views were expressed I was able to inform you,
upon the best anthority, that the French Govern-
ment were about to give us entire satisfaction
and that a bill was in preparation for continuing
the duty as at present existing.
I wonder if the incongruity of the situation ever
strikes the Ceylon Public. Here we have a gentle-
man drawing « large salary, accredited to all the
important British Embassies abroad, whe calls him-
self the Ceylon Commissioner in Europe, a title to
which he has no right whatever, who ought to
know everything and who knows nothing; who
tells us it is-as good as settled that the tea
duty is going to be doubled in France on 24th
February next,and that it is all up with our
trade, and it is left to me, a private individual
who does. not even enjoy the barren satisfaction
of receiving a courteous acknowledgment from
the “ Thirty Committee ” or anybody else, for the
service he rendered in exposing the favouritism
and extravagance of the management in Paris
_last year, it is left to me, I say, to inform the
public that these doleful forebodings are ground-
Jess, ond that no alteration is going to be made
in the duty on Tea in France next year.—
Yours faithfully, J. J MARCEL,

CEYLON GREEN TEAS

Toronto, Dec. 38.

Drar Strs,—We read Mr. Rosling’s letter
to the Ceylon Association in London with
‘very much interest, especially the figures
showing the rapid increase in the production
of Ceylon green ter. We, the ‘‘Salada” Tea
Co., have been enthusiastic about these teas.
They were first introduced to our notice by
Mr. Mackenzie in 1898, in which year, we
notice by Mr. Rosling’s figures that there
were 13,302 lb. shipped, all of which came to
ourselves. In 1899, 86,3271b. were shipped,
practically all of this, over eighty thousand
pounds came, also to us. Unfortunately our
sales are not keeping up in proportion to the
output of green tea, but they are enormously
increasing and we are as enthusiastic today
about these teas as we were some years ago,
and we will always look with pride to the
fact that we were the first to recognise their
merits and to put them before the public.

Wishing you the compliments of the season,
—we are, yours truly,

P. C. LARKIN & CO.

SALT IN AGRICULTURE.

DEAR Sir,—I remember readirg in the
Observer, and atterwards in that invaluable
compilation the Tropical Agriculturist, which
I have been filing from No. I, that the
husk of the Coconut is rich in Salt and
Potash. It was, of course, after burning the
husk that the constituents were registered
by Mr, Cochran, Can you or any of our

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

IN CANADA.

(Fee. 1, 1902.

great Manure Merchants or their Analyst§
tell me, whether the Salt and Potash are
latent in the husk and so may be evolved by
decay, or whether the agency of fire is neces-
sary to secure these important soil consti-
tuents? I have seen great heaps of coir
dust, obtained from the husk, lying idle,
and have been told they have no manurial
value. If mere burial of the coir dust will
not secure salt and potash from it, why is
it not burnt, if the ashes have a high
manurial value?—Yours truly,
IGNORAMUS.

[We shall deal with this subject later on.

—ED. 7.4,|

RUBBER IN SABARAGAMUWA,

Sir,— With reference to this Government
advertisement, it would be interesting to
ascertain who the lessee is and what he
paid, it being a public property ?

MERCHANT.

Tenders will be received up to noon of Decem-
ber 31, 1901, by the Government Agent, Province
of Sabaragamuwa, at his office at Ratnaputa, for
the right to lease for the period of twelve months,
rénewable at the end of each year for a further
period of twelve months, if conditions stated
below are observed, of the Government rubber
plantation, situated at Edangoda, near the 12th
milepost on the cart road from Ratnapura to
Nambapana, in the valley of the Kalu-ganga,
The plantation is 27 acres in extent planted with
Havea rubber, aged from 9 to 11 years, and con-
taining 2,800 trees. The lessee will be bound to
keep the said plantation free from jungle growth
or encroachment, The lessee will be entitled to
collect latex or seed. but in doing so should any
rubber tree be killed, he will be liable to a fine of
R10 for each rubber tree so killed or damaged
beyond recovery, That no rubber tree shall be
felled or uprooted without the special consent of
the Assistant Conservator of Forests, who shall
at all times be at liberty to inspect the said
plantation.

[A question should be put in the Legis-
lative Council.—Eb. 7.4.]

PLANTING IN ZANZIBAR.

Friends’ Industrial Mission, Pemba, Zanzibar,
1st January, 1902.

DEAR Sirs,—I am greatly interested in The
Trepical Agriculturist, and find it very useful.
But the seasons inCeylen are evidently quite
different from here in the Southern hemisphere.
Ginger and other thingsare, in ‘‘ All about spices”
and other papers, recomended tobe planted in March
and Apri]. Ihave tried it and it doesnot do at
all. [have now planted Ginger, Arrowroot, &c.,
in October and November, and find that a much
better time.

1 am sending you some Meteorological Observa-
tions which I have taken here, thinking they may
be ofinterest, as no one else has taken a continuous
record in this island.

The clove crop both in Zanzibar and Pemba has
been small this year, but I am glad to say that on
this plantation we have had the best crop on record
as far as I am able to discover. After about five
years’ experience I can say that free paid labour

Fes. 1, 1902.)

answers infinitely better than slave labour or any
kind of forced er contract labour. We have now
about 200 free labourers on the plantation. Since
obtaining their freedom they have greatly in-
creased both in bodily and mental power. They
have not become idle, insolent or thievish since
becoming free as was so confidently predicted,

As faras Ican see, the system of contracting
with freed slaves to work three days per week
forthe Arab or other planter in lieu of rent of
such land as he likes to cultivate onthe other
four days is a failure.

We have recently planted out 300 rubber trees
(Hevea brasiliensis) which are doing remarkably
well. Over J,CO) young coconut palms have been
planted out, but the white-ants destroyed large
numbers of them. Can you recommend any thing

to prevent the ravages of this pest ?— Yours faith-
fully, THEODORE BURTT*.

Just as I finished writing, a neighbouring
missionary planter called ; he tells me he recently
planted over 50 coconut palms and the white-ants
have destroyed 40 of them already. T. B.

* PLANTING IN ZANZIBAR.—The letter of
Mr. Theodore Burtt is full of charm to
all interested in Industrial Missions and
who desire to know how their neigh-
bours in other lands’ are _ progress-
ing. The labour question is present
in Zanzibar, but appears to have been suc-
cessfully solved by Mr. Burtt who advocates
“free paid” labour. Special interest will
be attached to this efforts (albeiton a small
scale) in this quarter to cultivate rubber
trees and coconut palms. The former ap-
pears to do well, but the latter have suc-
cumbed to the destructive incursions of
white ants. Mr. Burtt wants a preventative
against these ravages: has he referred to
our ‘Coconut Planters’ Manual” where
several remedies or rather preventatives are
given: here is one of the simplest :—

Forest or old chenas are not generally infested
with while ants, but land that has been for
any considerable time either completely or
partially open is full of them; they are not
partial to dry coconut husks, but they attack
with great avidity such as are attached to young
plants, and have .been buriec from six to nine
months in the soil. Whena young plant is trans-
planted, it requires a greater or less time, accord-
ing to the weather, to throw out fresh roots into
the surrounding soil, and is in the meantime
supported an nourished by the husk. If, however,
those insects takeafancy to it, they devour the
husk in a few hours, and the plant inevitably
perishes. The best way to deal wiih such land is
to put down plants already two or three ye:rs old,
bat if it be necessary toplant seedlings, to dis-
solve eight quarts of saltina tub of water, thicken
with fresh cow-dung, cover the husks with a
coating of the mixture and let it dry before
planting.

A perusal of the meteorological observations
shews an ample and fairly well distributed
rainfall. We are gratified at Mr. Burtt’s
appreciation of our Tropical Agricultwrist
and glad to know he finds it useful,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

558

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKEN AT
BANANI, ISLAND OF PEMBA, EAST AFRICA,

3 2 a

3 3 3

a. Gla 4 ra Talon a

101 $R gs Se Sa ee S

aa #3 dm de FA G
January .. 84°56 73°80 90:0 70°0 13 4:00
February 82°50 71°90 85°0 68°0 13. 12:09
March ..85°80 74-23 905 72°5 12 6°54
April -- 81°90 70°62 87:0 70°0 23 20°79
May . 80 22 70°05 84:0 68:0 25 27°40
June - 78°90 58°10 83:0 66°0 16 3°23
July +0 18°46 67°10 80°0 66:0 14 3°06
August ...79°16 67°26 82:0 6€°0 11 ‘93
Sept. ..80°53 67:38 830 650 5 ‘90
October 8318 69°50 86:0 67:0 8 2°73
Nov. «82°93 71:48 87-0 70:0 13 7°50
Dec, . 83°50 73°00 = 870 71°0 13 3°61
Year ..81°80 70°37 90'5 65-0 166 92°78

i Highest temperature in the sun 172°,

Years. Inches
1899 ...83:03 7002 92:0 65:0 149 1(6+24
1900 ..8305 71:03 95°0 66°0 16) 90°35
1901 81-08 70°37 90°5 65:0 166 92:78

THEODORE BuRTT,

TEA PLANTERS BEWARE!
A LESSON FROM WINEGROWERS,
London, Jan. 5,

DEAR Sir,—The present position of “Tea”
is not very dissimilar to that which obtained
in the early months of 1899 and which
tempted so many estates to go in for “‘quan-
tity.” It is sincerely to be hoped that the
mistakes of the past three years will not be
repeated. To judge by enclosed cutting from
last night’s Globe, tea growers have not
been the only ones to tall into the fatal
error of thinking that the market for com-
mon stuff cannot be over-loaded.—Yours
truly, TEA MERCHANT.

The extract is as foilows:—

TH FRENCH WINF CRISIS.

The crisis in the French vineyards of the south
is acknowledged to be really serious, and the cause
of it is generally considered to be over- production,
But there is another thing to be taken into ae-
count, and thatis the abandonment of other crops
for wine growing. Of late years immense energy
has been shown among the wine growers of Southern
France, and new and improved methods of culture
have been introduced. But not content with fore-
ing the products of their vineyards, the proprietors
have, in too many instances, taken land which
was formerly used for cereals or pasture and have
turned it into vineyards. Old fashioned growers
wained the innovators that they were going toe
fast, and that more than sutticient wine would be
produced without planting any more vineyards,
but their protests were not listened to. The result
has been an enormous production of inferior wine,
many of the brands having nothing wine-like
about them except their colour. At first the whole-
sale wine merchants bought largely, but as soon
as they found that they were buying stuff which
would become undrinkable when the hot weather
began, they only offered absurdly low prices, and
merely bought enough to fill their orders. To
compensate for the poor prices the wine growers
produced still more wine, and so the vicious circle

556 THE TROPICAL

continues. Only those who were satisfied with
roducing a small quantity of good quality have
ept up their prices.

IMPORTANT FIGURES IN THA.
London, 10th Jan., 1902.

DwAR Sir,—The Board of Trade Returns
for the United Kingdom during 1901, are
eommented on in most of the brokers’ cir-
culars which will reach you by this London
mail of 10th January :—

Tea imports 1899 289 millions.

1900 300 do increase 11 mill,
1901 297 do decrease 3 do
on 1900 nett and increase 8 millionsin 2 years.

Home 1899 242% millions.
Consumption 1900 249% do increase 7 mill.
1901 2552 do do 6 do
or 13 mill, in 2 years,
Exports 1899 32 millions.
1900 43 do
1901 43% do
Stocks in 1899 113 millions.
bonded Warehouses 1900 119 do
1901 116 do
Imports: China 1399 85 millions.
900 21 do decrease 14mill.
901 20 do do 15 do
in 2 years,
Imports: Indian 1899 143 millions.
1900 155 do increase 12 mill.
1901 161 do do 6 do
or 18 mill. in 2 years,
Imports: Ceylon 1899 101 millions.
1900 114 do increase 13 mill.
1901 105 do decrease 9 do

nett increase 4 mill. in 2 years.

Home 1899 16 millions.
Consumption of 1900 13 do decrease 3 mill.
China 1901 10 do do 3 do

or 6 will, in 2 years.

Home 1899 134° millions.
Consumption 1900 138 do increase 4 mill.
of India 1901 148 do do 10 do

' or 14 mill. in 2 years.

Home 1899 85 millions,
Consumption 1900 92 do increase 7 mill.
of Ceylon 1901 91 do decrease 1 do

nett increase 6 mill. in 2 years,
Re-exports: China 1899 11 millions.
1900 18 do increase 7 mill,
1901 11 do decrease7 do
or nett nothing.
Re-exports: Indian 1839 8 millions.
1900 10 do increase 2 mill.
1901 13 do do 3 do
or 5 mill. in 2 years.
Re-exports : Ceylon 1899 12 millions.
19970 14 do increase2Z mill.
1901 18 do do 4 do
or 6 in 2 years.
The Customs Duties yielded to the Chaneellor of
the Exchequer:—

1899 06 Sterling £4 millions.
19007) 2 do 254 do.
1901 00 do £65 do,
There is much that might be remarked

on the above figures. The increase of

India’s tea from 143 millions to161 millions
in two years might be commented on in
a cynical spirit in connection with their
proposed restriction of output.— Yours truly,

MERCHANT,

AGRICULTURIST. [Fep. 1, 1902.

CEYLON TEA SALES IN LONDON.

13 Rood Lane, London, E.C., Jan. 10.

DeAR Srr,—Regarding the cutting whieh
you enclose from one of your contemporaries,
we think the correspondent ‘‘ Puzzled ” would
perhaps have shown more courtesy if he had
written direct to us instead of writing to
one ofthe newspapers. However, we cannot,
of course, control the actions of your contem-
poraries’ correspondents.

The headings given to the grades of tea
he mentioned, viz: —‘‘Pekoe Souchong— rather
bold leaf, indifferent liquor. Pekoe—some-
what bold leaf, indifferent liquor” are
meant to imply that they are the lowest
classes of the respective grades which Ceylon
isin the habit of sending, and it does not
always happen that these are represented in
each week’s sale, ard indeed, prices of such
teas would not be published in our circular
unless they were sold on garden account,
as in that circular we do not give the® prices
of Colombo bought teas As a matter of
fact, the week after the one in which your
correspondent writes, there vere several
parcels of Pekoe Souchcng sold at and under
the price we quoted, and hadthey happened
to have been catalogued in the week in ques-
tion we have no doubt that the price would
have been correspondingly low, and had there
also been pekoes of a similar character,
these would also doubtless have sold under
our quotation ; had we then given the guo-
tation as anything higher, any one wishing
to criticise, without going fuliv into the
case, might have written that our quotations
were too high instead of toolow. You will
thus see the difficulty of pleasing every-
body in these matters, and we can only
do our best to hit the happy medium which
is certainly notalways an easy thing to do.—
We are, dear sirs, yours faithfully,

GOW, WILSON AND STANTON,

OFFICIAL RUBBER-PLANIING IN
BURMa: ANOTHER PROTEST.

Selangor, Federated Malay States, Jan. 13.
DEAR Sir,—I send you herewith a printed
copy of a Memorial which the United Plant-
ers’ Association of the EF. M. States have sent
to the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain in
support of a Memorial which has already
been sent to him by the’ Ceylon Planters’
Association, and trust that it will be of in-
terest to you.—I am, dear sir. yours faith-
fully, EK. B. SKINNER. ;
Hon. Sec., U PA, F MS.
[We quote from the Memorial as follows :—
That your Memorialists desire to bring under
your consideration the intention of the Government
of India to plant up 10,000 acres in the Mergni
Division of Burmah with the Para Rubber tree
(Hevea Braziliensis). That, whilst it is stated by
the Revenue Secretary to the Government of Burmah
that this pxoposed scheme on the part of the Govern-
ment of India isin the nature of an “ experimental
measure,” your Memorialists desire to point out that
the acreage referred to is at least equal to, if not
in excess ef, the whole ares planted by private en-
terprise in the Federated Malay States, and the
Straits Settlements.
That for the last five years the cultivation of
Para Rubber hag been progressing steadily in this
country, and promises in the near future to be the

Fre. 1, 1902.’ THE TROPICAL

“main agricultural staple, Owing to the continued
depression of the coffee market, the Liberian Coffee
Estates of this Peninsula have been almost without
exception planted up with Para Rubber, in the same
way that Cinchona and Tea were planted, with such
successful results to that Colony, on the Coffee
Estates in Ceylon; at the same time, a considerable
area of virgin forest has also been brought under
cultivation with this product in the Federated Malay
States,

That in the Botanical Gardens of Ceylon and
the Malay Peninsula, Para Rubber trees, of a
sufficiently mature age, exist in sufficient num-
bers to render it apparently unnecessary for
the institution of an experimental garden of any-
thing like the dimensions as that which forms the
subject of this memorial, That your Memorialists
directly contribute to the revenue of the Federated
Malay States, by paying an ad valorem export duty
of 23 per cent. on all agricultural products, in addi-
tion to payment of rents and premiums for land;
that further, in certain cases, special arrangements
have been made with the Government whereby it
is incumbent upon land owners to plant up the
whole of their concessions with rubber within a
period of ten years. That your Memorialists sub-
mit that the production of so large an amount of
Para Rubber by the Government of India must re-
sult in serious competition with private growers,
who have, under already existing circumstances, to
contend against an enormous supply from the indi-
genous rubbers of other countries

—Kp. T.A.]

TEA MACHINERY PATENTS: “WANTED
TO KNOW.”

S1r,—How long have Mr, Jackson’s patents
yet to run? Is not the time limit 14 years
unless it be proved that the patentee has
not received adequate remuneration, which
-could hardly be said in the case of Mr.
Jackson's Rollers? Korinstance, at present a
Rapid Roller cost £160 f.o:b. Contrast the
metal and work in a roller with an elabo-
rate machine such as an oil engine of, say,
10 horse-power, at about the same price.
Surely, the time limit must be near at hand,
for Downdraft Siroccos, Rapid» Rollers,
Venetian and Britannia dryers? If memory
serves me right, I possessed a Down-draft
Sirocco in 1888 and also a Rapid Roller!

PRO BONO PUBLICO.

[We met « gentleman the.other day who
said he put in Abbotsford (old) Factory, the
first of Jackson’s Dryers introduced into
Ceylon?—What strikes us about our corre-
spondent’s query is that Jackson’s is not
the only Tea Roller; are any others much
cheaper ?—Hp. 7.A.]

+ “THE INDIAN AND EASTERN
ENGINEER.’
Calcutta, Jan. 16.

DEAR SiR,—We are sending you herewith
a copy of our January special issue which
deals particularly with the Jamalpur Loco-
motive works of the East Indian Railway.—

Yours truly,
THER EDITOR.

[We have received the periodical referred
to above and have been particularly struck
with the enterprise displayed by the pub-
lishers in the production of the magazine.
Printed on fine art paper, it is profusely
illustrated, many of the pictures being full-

“on

‘Bay are large oval ones, and

AGRICULTURIST., 557
page engravings excellently brought out.
The special centribution of the month's issue
deals with the Jamalpur Locomotive works
of the Kast Indian Railway. The article is
well written, and the many illustrations give
one an ample idea of the magnitude of the
workshops of this Eastern Railway. Of very
special interest is a half-page illustration
showing a substantial number of men—
“Jamalpur’s Representatives in South Africa’
—who formed a maxim gun detachment
with ‘* Lumsden’s Horse” in the earlier stages
of the Yransvaal war. The advertisements
too, we notice, are displayed in a perfectly
artistic and up-to-date manner. We conora-
tulate the publishers on thus keeping abreast
of the times.—Ep. 7A.) 3

TEA MACHINERY AND PATENTS.

Jan, 22.
DEAR St —I_ see by your foot note to my
letter published in your issue of-16th Janu-
ary that you think that IT am invidious in
singling out Mr. Jackson and Messrs.
Davidson s patents. Thisis not so; all Il wish
to do. is to ascertain if these or other tea
machinery patents have lapsed. If so, the
same machine could be turned out by local
firms at probably a saving of nearly* 50 per
cent and yet give a handsome profit to
the manufacturer and place the machines
within the means of many a planter who
like myself, is sore-pressed for capital and the
necessary machinery to cope with increased
crops but starvation prices. It is commonly
reported that Mr. Jackson’s royalty is nearer
£100 than £50 on each full-sized Rapid
Roller.—Yours faithfully, dear sir, 4

PRO BONO PUBLICO.
|We have heard a rumour that both
Messrs. Jackson and Brown’s patents have
had a period added to them, to make up

for the time spent in litigation.—Ep. T.A.|

PEARL OYSTERS OFF CROW ISLAND.
TRINCOMALER.
Harbour Road, Trincomalee, Jan 26th.

DEAR Sir,—I send you part of a 3
and the smallest pearl: ont of two. toned
in one of them. These oysters, of various
sizes, have lately dvifted in abundance

the shores. of “Crow Island”
opposite the late ‘Crawford Cutch Com-
pany Mills.” [ believe them to be from some
disturbed beds driven by the tide during
the recent heavy rains and the overflowing
of the Mahaweliganga, or from some
of the numerous bays outside and within
the harbour. The pearl oysters at Kinniyai
lossy thr :
out the outside when polished. like the See
ternal layers, but these are quite unlike them
Professor Herdman might do well to ex.
periment On our coast.—Yours faithfully

J. B. COLOMB. ’

[It is certainly Professor Herdman’s in-
tention to visit Trincomalee and that very
soon too, We shall have pleasure in sending
him the shell forwarded by our correspondent
—a small thin one—doubtless of Plucona

placenta ?—and the pearl, a littl é _
i. Ted] p a little beauty.

BBR THE TROPICAL

STENNING, INSKIPP & CO’S INDIAN &
CEYLON TEA MARKET REVIEW
FOR 1901,

CEYLON.

The market opened with a stock of nearly
7,000,0°0 lb. in excess of the previous year
and prices consequently ruled low ; Pekoe
Souchongs were in full supply at 33d per lb,
eompared with 64d per Ib. in January,
1900, and by the middle of February had fur-
ther declined, sales being made at 3d per lb—
the lowest price on record. By June, common
grades began to advance, Pekoe Souchongs making
32d to 4d per lb. During August and Sept.
seven sales were he!d by private auction, con-
taining 24,743 packages; after this they were
discontinued. All good liquoring teas were in
demand throughout the year, and the market
closed with a firm tone, fair Pekoe Souchongs
sélling at 52d to 61 perlb. Taking it all round,
quality showed improvement and the absence of
coarse tea was noticeable. Some of the gardens
in the higher districts sent invoices with good
flavour, and these were well competed for both by
home buyers and exporters.

FOREIGN TRADE.—It is satisfactory to note that
the exportfrom this country to the Continent is
steadily increasing, notwithstanding the larger
direct shipments from Colombo,

INDIAN.
Lane, Jan. 1902.

THe MARKET opened in January with nearly
70,000,000 lbs. stock, a large proportion of which
was common and undesirable. Pekoe Souchongs
sold down to 32d per lb., or about on a level with
the closing prices of 1900. Fine and finest were
in small supply and were readily taken at fair
prices. During the early part of February cem-
mon grades still further gave way, while all good
teas were sought after at full value. The heavy
duty payments made about this time much
occupied buyers and withdrawals from sales were
numerous. As the month advanced, the market
steadied and all good liquoring teas were in demand
at improved quotations, A few fine Darjeelings
aold well; on the other hand, very low averages
were made tor poor quality Sylhets, Cachars and
Dooars. During March and April all good liquor-
ing teas met a quick demand at satisfactory rates,
but a large proportion of the offerings was of
extremely poor quality, and prices fell to the
lowest. on record. When it became known on the
18th April that no alteration would be made in
the Duty, the market became quiet and remained
so till the season closed. The new season began
on the Ist June with an excess stock of 12,680,000
1b., the figures being 38,890,000 Ib,, compared
with 26,210,000 Ib., in 1900. This heavy supply,
coupled with the fact that a very large amount
of tea cleared in anticipation of the Budget had
not passed into consumption, told against the
early arrivals of the new crop, the opening prices
for which were very moderate. By July all good
liqnoring teas met aready sale, especially Assams,
and some satisfactory averages were made; old
season’s common grades also slightly improved in
yalue. During September a, trial was made of

AGRICULTURIST. [Fee. 1, 1902.

selling by private anction, but after six sales
had been held, at which 41,812 packages
were offered, the experiment was discontinued.
Common grades began to harden, while on the otlier
hand, all good medium tea declined, the quantity
of such being rather in excess of the demand. In
October buying became more general and some
slight improvement in value was noticeable for
medium grades about 64dto 7d. In November it
was decided to regulate the weekly supply at
auction ; during this month and December quota-
tious remained steady, the large falling-off inthe
exports from India and the consequent reduction
in stock having brought abouta firmer tendency
on the part of Importers. The year closed with a
better tone for all grades, ordinary Pekoe
Souchong being worth 5g per lb, against 37d ab
the opening sales of 1901, about 41 perlb of this
difference being attributable to improvement in
quality.

With a few exceptions icis to be feared that at
the best only moderate dividends can be looked
for as the result of the season’s working, the
general average price being not much in advance
of that of the previous year; while owing to climatic
conditions and greater care in the plucking, the
yield of leaf has fallen decidedly short. Looking
to the future it is to be hoped there will be no
reverting to course plucking consequent on the
improved prices compared with last year. now
ruling for the lower classes, It must be borne in
mind that the increase from the additional area
which will be coming into bearing will undoubtedly
again lead to overstocked markets and unre-
munerative prices if this policy be resorted to,
Growers both in India ana Ceylon, now that the
have secured so much of the world’s demand,
shou'd use every endeavour to retain their cus-
tomers by maintaining a satisfactory standard of
quality for their produce. The stock at the close
of the year was rather in excess of that in 1900,
but this is accounted for by the increased
facilities for despatch from some of the districts.
A veryencouraging feature is the expansion in
the deliveries which during the twelve months
amounted to almost 13,000,000 Ibs, of which
home consumption accounts fur 10,000,000 lbs and
this in spite of the increase in duty.

The NEW REGULATIONS regarding the
weighing of tea are now in force, viz. :—

1. If the package weighs the even pound, it is
to be entered as such,

2, If it weighs the even half pound or over, it is
to be entered as the next pound above.

8. If it weighs below the half pound, it is to be
entered as the pound below:

Loss IN WEIGHT.—As this occasionally gives
rise to much dissatisfaction we offer the fol-
lowing suggestions: that the gross weight of the
package should be a fewounces, say four or
five, above an even number of pounds, and that
the empty package, complete with leal, nails,
bands, &c., be to a like extent below an even
number of pounds. In weighing here the gross
weight is reduced to the even number of pounds,
whilst the tare is imcreased to an even number of
pounds

With regard to Garden Bulked Teas, it is
imperatively necessary to put an equal quantity
into each package of the break, and this quan-

Fes. 1, 1902.]

tity should be four or five ounces over the desired
weight of contents, viz., if the packages_ are
invoiced to contain 100 lb. tea each, not Jess
than 100 lb. 4 oz. snould be weighed in; test
packages, weighing herea fraction under 100 Ib.,
are reckoned as 99 Ibonly, or a loss of 1 bon
each chest of the break.

Careful observance of the foregoing precautions
will prevent loss and disappointment.

Drarr of1lb. per package on all packages
grossing 29 ib. and upwards is allowed to the
buyer.

WEIGHT OF PACKAGES —When a gross weight
of 129 lb is exceeded, there is an additional
charge of 4d per package up to.159 lb. The
following sale of charges fully explains this and
deserves attention :—

Dock and Warehouse management rates, on
packages of which the average gross of each break
is as under, are :—

Ib, lb. lb. lb.
160 to 199 130t0 159 90to0129 80to 89
2s 2d 1s 10d Is 6d Is 4d
lb. lb. Ib. 1b.

60 to 79 45 to 59 35 to 44 17 to 34

1s 2d lld 10d 6a
The above charges do not include Rent or
Bulking (where necessary).

Marks ON CHEST.—Nothing is wanted or is of
any service here beyond (Ist.), Garden Mark ;
(2nd.), Description of Tea ; (3rd.)), Garden Num-
bers. Gross, tare and net, are not of the least use,
and should be discontinued.

—————E

MATALE PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION.

Tra.—Referring to the figures collected at the
beginning of last year we have the following totals :—

Acreage in tea 20,313 acres; acceagein bearing
18,152 acres; estimated crop, 7,882,000 Ib.,
In collecting figures for 1902, the Honorary Secretary
got out a new form, collecting details of the three prin
cipal products of the district, and these were very well
responved to, both by membersof the Association and
non-members, to whom thanks are due. The writer
had toestimate crops, and returns, for only about
five estates out of about eighty odd to which circulars
were sent. The difference in acreage and estimates
for 1901 between the figures now compiled and those
of the beginning of the year is due to the fact that
a few estates have since been excladed as not ac-
tually within the district. We now have :—Total
acreage in Tea 19,566 acres ; Total acreage in bearing
17,345 acres; Reported abandoned, 1901, 407 acres;
Opened in 1901, 71 acres; Original estimate 1901
7,561,500 lb. Tea; Crop secured 7,252,140 lb. Tea;
Estimates for 1902, 7,613,215 lb, tea. Above figures
were collected from 79 estates. Thecrop secured in
190l works out at 418 lb, made tea per acre, and
it must be admitted that the crop realised eomes
exceedingly near the amount estimated, which would
seem to show that there was not much alteration in
the plucking throughout the district as a whole,
though the Elkaduwa district estates are reported to
have gone in for somewhat finer plucking during
the year. The estimated yield for 1902 shows an
increase, but this may easily be due to aon increase
in the bearing acreage, as the figures show about 2,000
acres, roughly still to come into bearing. A fair
amount of manuring seems to be going on throughout
the district, but probably more with a view to keep up

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

559

yield rather than increase it. This particularly applies
to estates in the bottom of the valley opened in
ehena land. On the whole the district is holding its
own in yield, whilst during the last six months
very fair prices have been realised, and the outlook
for 1902 is fairly good. Still we must not forget
that we have gone through a severe crisis, and there
may yet be another and a worse one in store for
which it behoves us to be prepared.

Cacao. —The exports during the past year have been
the largest on record, an increase to which this dis-
trict ha3 contributed its portion. As little new land
is coming into bearing it may be assumed that this
means an improvement in the agricultural position of
the product, and that Canker and other pests are
being successfully combatted. Speaking generally,
the cacao estates in this district are in a flourishing
condition, and there ig every prospect of a continuance
of good crops. Spraying of the pods and trees has
been carried out on a few estates with beneficial re-
sults. The statistical position of cacao generally is
sound, consumption is increasing, and the stocks are
lower than they have been for some years, but the
market for Ceylon has been disorganised, and cacao
is hard of sale. This is probably to be accounted for
by the mixed character of the cacao now exported.
Lots of pure red cacao without a mixture of dark
beans are now very rare, and will become rarer still
as Forestero takes the place of the red. Lots of une
mixed red cacao will always command exceptional
prices, but the future of the enterprise depends on
Forestero, and planters must in future be content with
such prices as good. West Indian commands, with
which growth Ceylon will probably in future sell,
Theft of cacao has occupied much attention during
the last year, and the Association has succeeded in
establishing the fact thatas regards this evil the district
is in an exceptionally bad condition. Acting on our
advice the Government Agent and his Assistant
have lately interested themselves in the suppression
of this crime through the village headmen and police.
The result has been fairly satisfactory, and theft
has decreased, owing partly no doubt, to the im:
proved supervision of the headmen, and their being
compelled to interest themselves in the suppression of
theft in their districts. The year, however, has been
an unfavourable one for judging of the effect of the
efforts of the officials mentioned, as cacao has been
hard of sale, and the thieving industry has therefore
naturally languished. We, however, give every credit
that maybe claimed for the improved state of things,
We presume the Government Agent and his Assistant
have done their best, and we are therefore nowina
position to point out where the law fails, Ae it stands
at present, to secure a conviction, eye-witnesses of
the actual theft are necessary. This means that a.
man may be seen leaving an estate with a bag of stolen
cacao in his possession, but unless he has been seen
actually picking the pods he goes free. A store may
be broken into and the cacao stolen may be found in
a receiver's boutique a quarter-of-a-mile off an hour
afterwards, but unless an eye-witness can be produced
to the theft, and tothe delivery of the cacao to the
receiver, no prosecution can be carried out with a hope

_of success; the cacao is lost to its local owner, and the

receiver can sell it openly, Under such circumstances
the wonder is not so much that theft exists, as that we
succeed in keepingit at allinhand. Special outbreaks
of crime are met by special legislation all the world
over, and in the coffee days in Ceylon, Government
did not shrink from such a course. The position of
things pow as regards cacao is very similar, and in our
opinion special legislation is urgently required.

Rurat PoiicE were condemned as useless by this
Association last year. This year another trial has been
given to them close to the town of Matale where they
receive very close personal supervision from the Assist-
ant Government Agent and the headmen are compelled.
to work with them. Under these circumstances the
police are a success ; but this fact in no way affects the
utility of puch 9 force in outlying parts of the dintzicg

Sy ever

560 THE TROPICAL

where such provision is an impossibility, We fur-
ther wish to point out that rural police are an expevse
to Government and to the planters, and that we
believe that by special legislation crime could be sup-
pressed without any expense to either. Per figures
collected—Acreage tinder cacao in Matale districts
9,627 acres; acreage in bearing, 7,922 acres; zrop
secured in 1901, 14,026 cwt; crop estimated for 1902,
15,506 cwt.; acreage opened in 1901, 194 acres. Above
figures include 400 acres estimated native gardens.
Yield per acre 123 cwt. Figures collected from 652
estates.

CarpAMoms.—The total area in Ceylon under this
product cannot be under 7,060 acres of which fully
one-sixth is in the Matale district. During the early
part of the year crops are so very short that it was
generally supposed the total export would be under
that of last year, but the shipments in December,
about 120,000 lb. being far in excess of any previous
months’ shipment, ran up the figures to 559,704 lb, or
32,249 lb. in excess of the previous year. With favour-
able weather during the present year the crop will
in all probability beclose on 600,0001b. As this spice
is but little known in the continental and European
markets, every opportunity sbould be seized by
growers for sending samples to exhibitions of Colonial
products. Per figures collected:—Acreage under car-
damoms, Matale district, 1,515 acres, acreage in
bearing, 1,013 acres ; crop in 1901, 77,408 lb.; estimated
crop in 1902, 96,100 lb. ; acreage opened in 1901, 141
acres, Yield per acre 76 lb. Figures collected from
2 estates, ~

Russer.—In writing of rubber in Ceylon we
include the three varieties, Ceara, Para, and
Castilloa. As regards the first, ‘‘ the old Ceara ”’ as
it is generally called) there islittle to be said. Ceara
rubber grows like a weed almost anywhere in Matale
and 3eems to thrive where little else can get enough
out of the soil to even exist. Unfortunately the
market value of the rubber collected from this tree is so
low that it is scarcely worth tapping. From the small
amount of tapping which has been done it is very
evident that a tree growing ou the banks of a river
gives Rubber in much larger quantities and much
more freely than another tree of the same age and
size planted back from the river banks.

CastruLtoa Rusprr.—This tree appears to grow well
here in fairly good soiland does not seem to depend
.s0 much on the rainfall as the Para tree. We have
trees on this estate said to be about 12 years old and
these were tapped by Mr, Gordon Reeves about two
years ago and he has supplied the following figares :—
Tapping for 6 months, from October to March ‘incla-
_ Sive,6 trees gave 11 lb. to 121b. of Rubber, nearly
2lb per tree. Mr. Reeves thinks that with more care-
ful tapping and curing the yield might be brought
up to nearly 24]b. per tree, though he doubts if the
trees would give more than that amount if tapped
twice during the year. The latex from these trees
runs much more freely than that of the Para trees,
hence the cost of production should be much less.
The trees here began to bear seed at 8 to 9 years old,
-. but. seed has been picked from a tree only about 9 ft.
high and not more than 4 years old ; there were only
about 4 cones containing 8 or 9 seed each, but this
, does not make the fact of so young a tree bearing
seed at all, any the less remarkable. Mr Willis of Pera-
deniya, states that Castilloa trees do not bear seed in
any quantity unless planted in a grove of eight or ten
trees together and my own experiences bears. this out.
This seemed to point to the trees being
female,sbut on writing Mr Willis, he says that male and
female flowers both grow on the same tree and must
be pollinated. This is now done by insects and a
large percentage of the flowers always fall off. Enquiries
are to be made as to whether it cannot be done by
hand, and if this is possible a very large crop of teed
could be obtained. Thereisa clearing of 42 acres of

Castilloa Rubber planted 156 by 15 ft. between cacao ‘

Tings on Ambanganga estate in Matale North where

- 75 per cent of its value.

ale and .

AGRICULTURIST. (Fes. 1, 1902.

both rubber and cacao are doing exceedingly well;
the soil is good though inclined to be “irony,” but the
rainfall is very low. In planting Castilloa, basket
plantsshould beused and the basket put low in the
hole, so that the earth level may come 2 or eyen 25
inches up the stem of the plant. The reason for this
is that though the plant is an exceptionally hardy
one, if onc gets;dry weather after planting, itis apt to
die down to the earth level, and then if planted asI
suggest the stem below the earth level will send up
new shoots.

Castilloa is probably
District.

the Rubber Matale

(Signed) H Storey,
Hon Secretary.

for

The report was adopted.

———_>-—_____-

PLANTING NOTES.

Tae BANANA seem much tothe front atthe

resent day, and comes in fer a good deal of
audation; the banana plant, says M de Lovedo
in El de Progress Mexico, will feed 150 men
from the product of one hectare of land so planted,
while the same area in wheat would only supply
food for six individuals, for the same space aud
under similar conditions of cultivation, its pro-
duce is 40 times that of potatoes aud 100 times
that of wheat. The fruit of the banana contains
72 percent of water, 2°14 per cent of nitrogenous
matter, and 22 per cent ot saccharine substances,
the latter piving it its great nutritive quality.—
Hawauan Planters’ Monthly.

THE PROTEST against the increased Tea
Duty from the Secretaries of the India and
Ceylon Tea Associations appears in the
London Tumes of January llth, received by
the French mail, and is as follows :—

THE TAX ON TEA.
TO THE EDIYOR OF THE “ TIMES.”

Sir,—In yonr leading article of this morning on
Sir Robert Giffen’s financial programme you say
that ‘there can be little doubt that tea would bear
a charge of 2d or 3d per pound more.”

We wish to state that the whole subject of the
tea duty and its incidence was fully dealt with last
year in a memorial from our association to the
chancellor of the Exchequer.

‘The Chancellor, in his Budget speech on April
15 last, said :—

' “TJ turn totea- Tea has already been taxed up to
It is produced mainly in India
and Ceylon, and it is a product in which our fellow-
subjects at home and abroad are deeply interested, and
the trade in which, I think, largely owing to over-
production, is not in a very satisfactory condition. I
do not think we ouzht to increase the duty on tea.”

Again, on June 18, in a speech on the Finance
Bill, he said :—

“Tfit should ever be his happy let to be ableto
reduce taxation, he should be disposed to reduce the
duty on tea rather than on beer or spirits.”

Your present proposal to increase the duty by 25

‘to 40 per cent on the value has hardly, we think,

received due consideration. :
We are, Sir, your obedient servants,
ERNEST TYE, Secretary, Indian Tea Association,
WM. MARTIN LEAKE, Secretary, Ceylon
Assocation in London,

14, St Mary Axe, E,C,, Jan, 10,

£

Fes. 1, 1902 ] [THE TROPICAL

IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL-
TURE FOR THE WEST INDIES :
HINTS FOR SCHOOL GARDENS.

This is the second Primer issued by the-

Government Department ; the first was drawn
up by Mr Watts and called ‘‘Nature Teaching.”

The present pamphlet is intended for the use
of the Village School Teacher, and from it he
can set his pupils to work in the garden
allotted to the school, or if space is too
limited, he is to start the children, using
flower-pots and old packing cases or portions
of kerosine tins, for ‘‘ box and pot cultiva-
tion.” Full directions follow as to prepara-
tion of soil, the sowing of seed, and care
of seedlings. The next chapter is on the
garden—the laying out, preparation of thesoil,
seed-beds, raising seedlings, thinning and
transplanting, care of plants and propaga-
tion by layering. Chapter III. is devoted
to the subject of manuring—compost heaps
and manuring experiments, buf in no case
to theories. It is all for the practical work
of a garden and any school teacher with
this guide in hand could give a valuable
series of lessons to school children in their
allotted gardening hours, thus implanting a
-taste for making vegetable or fruit gardens
around their own homes. Every direction
is delightfully clear and complete. Mr. W. G.
Freeman, Mr Morris’s Technical Assistant, is
the writer of the pamphlet.

fathead

INDIAN THA CROP :—1902,

THE NEED OF CAREFUL “ PLUCKING.’,
(Circular.)

To all Members of the Association.

Dear Sirs,—I am directed by my Committee to
send you a copy of the following resolution which
was passed unanimously at a meeting held this day :—

‘cThat this Committee, viewing with grave concern
the disastrous results that would follow a large crop
of tea in 1902, would strongly urge upon producers
the necessity of restricting outturn as much as possible
by a system of more careful plucking or otherwise, and
to avoid more especially the production of coarse tea
which did somuch harm to the industry in season 1900,”

The above resolution having been unanimously
accepted by my Committee, 1 am desired to give you
their reasons for the conclusions arrived at, which
are shortly as follows :—

In their opinion the experience of the past two
seasons has conclusively proved—

(a) That the coarse plucking resorted to in 1901
resulting in a plethora of common undesirable tea
being forced on an already over-supplied market, led
to a lower level of prices than has hitherto been
known. Pekoe souchongs were sold as low as 33d,
a price which must have been well under the cost of
production.

(b) That, per contra, the more careful plucking
resorted to in 1901, combined with climatic influences,
restricted the output to such moderate limits that the
market immediately responded, thus showing that the
price of tea is controlled by supply. which control is
entirely in the hands of the growers themselves,

Messrs. Thomas Cumberlege & Moss, in their Cir-
cular of the 3rd inst., make the following statement :—

“¢ Of the 187,000,000lb. and 145,000,000lb. respectively
produced in India and Ceylon during season 1900-1901,
the last 12,000,000 lb. from the former country and
the last 8,000,000 lb. from the latter were at a moderate
estimate the actual cause of an aggregate loss to
Importers of over £1,000,000 sterling; this, on the

7 :

AGRICULTURIST. 561

face of if, is an absurd situation, andit is not to be
doubted that by individual or collective action some
means will be found to prevent its recurrence.”

It is, therefore, abundantly clear that it would be a
disastrous policy to revert to the system of coarse
plucking resorted to in 1900, It would mean that the
end of 1902 would see the industry again in a posi-
tion of great depression equal to, or worse than that
at the end of 1900.

The position of Indian tea has not, for some years,
been as strong as it is now, and this is owing to the
certainty of a shortage as compared with the 1900 crop
of from 10 to 12 million pounds. The shortages from
Ceylon, China and Japan, also of considerable extent,
further tend to strengthen the Indian position, and
it is with the object of warning those who are directly
connected with the industry that my Committee
think it desirable that every member should care-
fully consider the position in framing his estimates
for the coming season. One Indian Company whose
estimates for the coming season were placed at
5,000,000 lbs has cut them down to 4,400,000 lb. and_ if
thie policy is adopted by all producers the result will
be a far-reaching benefit to all concerned.

With a falling-off of at least 10 million lb in supplies
of Indian tea during thecoming season, with home
deliveries here increasing in the same proportion
as they have done during the past twelve months, and
with the naturalincrease of demand from abroad, it
is obvious that Importers have now an opportunity
such as they may not have again for years of putting
phe ildastey once more on a sound and _ profitable

asis.

An appeal to the same effect as the above is being
issued by the Committee of the Ceylon Association to
all Ceylon tea growers. Seeing how loyally these
responded ‘to a similar appeal in the past season,
and seeing the direct and tangible benefit that both
Ceylon and India derived therefrom it is confidently
anticipated that the Growers in both countries will
again loyally respond and so remove the reproach
that tea planters are incapable of concerted action for
the common weal.—Yours faithfully, Hrnest Tvs,

Secretary.
14, St. Mary Axe, B.C., 7th January, 1902.

—————_————

WHEN COFFEE IS GOOD,

There are various ways of making coffee, and
many places for the consumption of,if. Few, it
will be admitted can really make good coffee, but
very often coffee but indifferently made may taste
like nectar. Take for example the time when
one is almost completely overcome with. thirst,
or when one is particularly hungry, Then coffee
is at its best. The following “poem” is from
Planting Opinion :—

The man wot keeps a early coffee-stall
And sells good stuff, and always is perlite,

Is wot I call the neighbour of us all,
And well I know the truth of wot I write.

You ’aven’t got no baccy, and the dawn,
Though late is ’ardly showing up at all.

W’y all your bloomin’ pleasures would be gawn
Tf ’twasn’t for the early coffee stall.

And’im wot keeps it—wot a lot ’eknows
From them es do not get it second ’and!

Wot nice illumination, ’ints ’e throws

On little things you could not understand |

A egg, a cup of coffee, and a slice,

Achat which i’m w’en things is goin’ slow;
My brother, take and ’ark to my advice—

These are as good as aught that you may know.
I talkimpartial, as a family man,

That do not walk nocturnal now at all;
Find mea chap more useful if you can

Than ’im as keeps aearly coffee-stall.

562 THE TROPICAL

THE FUTURE OF THE PLANTING

INDUSTRY IN INDIA:

POSSIBILITIES OF SUGAR,
SPEECH BY MR. COX.

A dinner was given lately at the Station
Club, Muzaffarpur, by the Planters’ Association,
Over sixty were present. Sir William Hudson
proposed the toast of the King. Mr Macnaghten
gave that of Sir John Woodburn, who, he said, as
Lieut.-Governor had shown an active interest and
a keen insight into the requirements of the Plant-
ers excelled by none of his predecessors. His
Honour, in replying, referred to the support always
given to Government by the Planters which was
not forgotten now that an opportunity offered for
reciprocating their past services. Their position
was serious. It was essential to relax no effort
to place the industry in a sounder position. He
appealed to the young men especially to take a
keener interest in experimental work. While he
was pleased to note the gallantry and buoyancy
they displayed, joined with a spirit of indomitable
‘courage, it was necessary to exercise prudence
and circumspection if success were to be achieved.

Sir William Hudson proposed the health of the
guests coupling with the toast the name of Mr
GC S Cox, who responded as follows :—

Your Honour, Mr. Chairman and Gentle-
men,--While there are several present here {who
probably could more fitly be put in a position in
which I find myself, Iam not sorry to have the
opportunity, which is being given me, to refer toa
matter about which something has already been
said tonight.

THE ATTRACTION OF CAPITAL.

This question of the sugar industry in Behar
was first brought to our notice by Sir William
Hudson and his brother, mainly no doubt because
it was known that we had for sometime previously
been interesting ourselves in the matter of the
Currency Policy of the Government of India, and
on thataccount might reasonably be expected to
be prepared to enquire into any promising indus-
trial development. It was thought by many that
when India went ona gold basis, that fact in
itself would be sufficient to attract capital to the
country, but we found in practice that while stabil-
ity of exchange is essential on many grounds,
that alone is not suflicient to attract icapital for
investment here. { may remind you of the cases,
for instance, of the Argentine and the Brazils,
which continue to attract capital in spite of a
fluctuating exchange. The real reason for this is
that big profits have been made in the London
market in connection with these countries, while
no one of this generation has made profit in the
London market over India. The great enterprises
in India, railway, &c., have been controlled by
Government, which does not allow large profits.
Possibly money has been made locally in the
manufacture of tea and jute, but these have had
no effect on, nor have they tempted London, This
is shown by the fact that there is no Indian
market on the Stock Exchange in London as
anyone may at once discover who has a suggestion
about India business to make to a London stock-
broking firm, and we had realised, before I met
Sir William Hudson, that it was absolutely
essential that something should be found and
actively followed up, which appeared to afford a
reasonable chance of making a practical demon-

AGRICULTURIST. [Fes. 1, 1902,

stration to English finaucial circles of the oppor-
tunity vouched for by the Currency Committee in
July, 1899, before [India had any chance of attract-
ing English capital,

The Committee reported among other things that
‘‘ the natural resources of India are beyond ques-
tion, as also is the need for their development. In
order to develop and reap the benefit of her
resources, India requires, and must long continue
to require, foreign capital. We desire to re-
cord our opinion that the effective establishment
of a gold standard is of paramount impartance to
the material interest of India. Not only will
stability of exchange with the great commercial
countries of the world tend to promote her
existing trade, but also there is every reason to
anticipate that with the growth ofconfidence in
a stable exchange, capital will be encouraged to
flow freely,into Indiafor the further development
of her great internal resources,”

In another clause speaking in January, 1899,
Lord Elgin said :—‘' India has most of the ad-
vantages} which are calculated to imspire the
capitalist with confidence.” But these mere ex-
pressions of opinion, however influential, don’t
attract capital.

THE INTERESTS OF THE PLANTER.

Without knowing anything practically abont
sugar, I at once grasped the possibility of such
an industry in India, if the figures and facts
supplied to me, on investigation, proved to be
reasonably correct. I was favourably placed for
checking the figures given me about Queensland
and other countries—I came to the conclusion that
there was a reasonable probability that Sir Wil-
liam Hudson had not over-stated his case, and
we sent out an expert to report on the correct-
ness of the local conditions, as they had been
represented.

At this stage in our progress we were not a
little encouraged by His Honour’s Government
appointing a Commission to investigate the whole
subject, in the interests of the Behar planting
community. While we had made considerable
progress previous to this announcement, the form
in which the instructions to the Commission were
given by the Bengal Gcvernment, emphasised the
interests of the plantersin the matter, and having
a predisposition, in regard toour whole scheme for
the promotion of the industrial development of
India, to act on the line of the Jeast resistance with
the said Government, and the Government of India
we, from the start had it very much in our minds,
that the interests of planters in the matter should
receive every consideration. The more I have
looked into it and become acquainted with the
local conditions, the more I have been convinced
that everything in the direction of promoting that
planters’ interests has been equally the promotion
of our own.

Sir William Hudson at an early stage of our
intercourse made this poirt strongly to me, and
it is dueto this gentleman and to his brother that,
I should staté; not only in regard to this point
but of all other facts and figures put before me,
over two years ago, that they have been borne out
by our recent experience and experiments. Lhave
myself felt the greatest interest in this aspect
of the case, for asa planter in Ceylon I had ex
perience of the coffee crisis in 1880-82, a crisis in
many respects very similar to that now being
experienced here, and I trust that planters will
benefit from that experience.

Fer. 1, 1902.1

SUGAR AND INDIGO.

The coffee planter of 1880 was proud of his coffee
and looked down upontea. The indigo planter
of today is in an equally natural manner attached
to his old love, and prefers that it should not
be displaced even to his own profit and it is
possible even, like the Ceylon planter, he goes
the length of looking down upon sugar. My im-
pression is that the most effective way to fight
the indigo battle to the issue is for the indigo
planter to find something, such as I hope this
sugar will prove, which will relieve any anxiety
he may feel, and which at the same time will
- enable him to look upon his indigo cultivation
as to some extent a by-product, You will then
very soon find out how long the Badische Com-
pany can fight on those terms, and if he can
“see” you, you will use the least expensive
manure for sugar and thank heaven that he did not
only see you, but break you betore you could afford
to let him. : :

We have gone into this business on a some-
what extensive scale for an experiment, in fact,
what we have done already can only be regarded
as the very strongest expression of our own con-
fidence in the scheme. While the extent of the
experiment has actually caused us no iuconsider=
able amount of anxiety, I consider we are re-
paid by the knowledge of the fact that there
would have been serious danger, hadit been on
any smaller scale of its not meeting the require=
ment of the case. I have spoken of an experiment
in sungar—I should rather have spoken of experl-
ments, for we are growing and manufacturing
sugar at five different places, and there has been
at more than one of these places almost enough
to have given a serious set back to the whole idea,
had any individual case stood by itself for the
whole experiment.

SATISFACTORY EXPERIMENTS.

At one place we have demonstrated to the
planter that machinery cannot be rus with an
insufficient bead of steam. At another, that cane
planted in the native fashion, and by a mere
seratching of the ground, and not afterwards
properly cultivated, will entirely fail to stand
such a season as the one which we are now
experiencing. At another, we have demonstrated
that only the best varieties of cane, even with
cultivation of an approved character, will carry
the plant through abnormal weather conditions,
as at present obtaining. But at still an-
other place, we have shown that where seed
of native thin cane has been carefully selected,
and where cultivation has been carried on in
the modern way, in spite of abnormal weather
conditions, we have got a result, I think, which
would not be considered unsatisfactory in most
countries in the world—for a start. I say fora
start, because years of the highest expert attention
have been devoted to the scientific cxltivation
of cane, to attain the highest possible of today.

But there is yet another and highly important
point which we have made good. Whereas we
have shown that, given fairly selected seed and
proper cultivation, in an abnorinal season, not
unsatisfactory results can be got, we have shown
at two distinct centres that seed of improved
varieties, imported into the district, gives results
of which any sugar-growing country in the world
would be proud, and this in the face of the most
unsatisfactory weather conditions for sugar tha

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

563

have been experienced in this province of Behar
for the last 25 years. I cannot but feel a certain
satisfaction that we should have got so far as this
within less than a year of the issuing of the Gov-
ernment report, which report confirmed in almost
every particular the report of our own expert,

I had almost omitted to remark upon the engie
neering difficulties which have been overcome, I ve-
lieve that no 2,000 tons of machinery have been or-
dered, transferred many thousand miles by sea, and
come so far by rail, and been erected in anything
like the time, and the engineers who pioneered this
business are deserving of all praise, as anyone
will no doubt agree who seesthe progress of our
principal works. at Ottur. We have had many
critics who have said that sugar was tried before.
Mr O’Conor’s very able report entirely answers this
objection in the most conclusive manner.

A WORD OF CAUTION.

With my experience of today, I can find half
a dozen other reasons why sugar faiied before.
Just one word of caution, and take it from me
that sugar manufacturing is a chemical science.
Reports have been current that our machinery is
not producing a hard solid sugar as‘made by the
native manufacturers, This solid, so-called, sugar,
contains all the extraneous matter and dirt ori-
ginally in the juice, and this coagulating hurries
the solidification. We take all this dirt out before
boiling—we can give a solid result thereafter, if
we wished to—but the result is to caramelise or
turn a large quantity of the cane sugar, and this
is absolutely lost. I can only trust that what I
have said justifies the claim which I have made
upon your attention, and for the very hearty way
in which the toast of your guests was responded
to; it only remains to meto thank you on their
behaJf .—Pioneer, Jan, 25.

ee ee

CENTRAL TRAVANCORE PLANTERS’
ASSOCIATION.
THE TEA DUTY PROTEST,

An extraordinary General Meeting of this
Association was held at the Glenmary Bungalow
on Saturday to protest against the suggestion ef
increasing the tea duty :—

Present.—Messrs F M Parker (Chairman),
Hon’ble Mr. GL Acworth (by proxy), Messrs H
M Knight, F Bisset, Buxton Laurie,G A Rutter,
E Latter (by proxy), Mrs Munro (by proxy),
Messrs HG Blandford (by proxy), R SImray (by
proxy) and D McArthur (Honorary Secretary.)

The Chairman in opening the meeting read a
telegram from the Hon’ble Mr G L Acworth regretting
his absence and then addressed the meeting as
follows :—‘‘ Gentlemen, I have called this General
Meeting of our Association for the purpose of asking
you to protest against the suggestion of Sir Rebert
Giffen embodied in a letter to the Times and which,
according to the telegrams, has been endorsed
by that Journal, to increase the duty on tea by
another two pence or three pence per lb. I can
hardly take this suggestion seriously or think that
it will have any chance of being accepted by Govern-
ment. It is fully aware of the depressed condition of
the industry aud it knows that we are already saddled
with a very heavy duty, out of all proportion to the
value of the article on which it is levied. We cannot
forget the Chancellor of the Exchequer’s last Budget
speech so fall of sympathy, almost of hope that this year
he would propose a reduction and not an increase of duty
It is only natural that prior to the Budget all sorts of

564

schemes should be suggested to suit diverse interests
but as this one hits us very hard I ask you to protest
against its adoption to the utmost of your ability.
Gentlemen, we are all loyal sons of the Empire, we
are allready to pay our share of the expenses of
the war, but 1 ask you, are we not already
doing so almost to breaking point? An increase of
duty, and the subsequent check to production, wonld,
be.a burden too grievous to be borne, and our industry
would be crippled to the point of extinction. In
these days of Imperial Federation it is surprising,
that British tea grown in British possessions with
British capital by patriotic Britons, suould be swooped
down upon to provide an increased Revenue when
almost every article of gn production is admitted
duty free. This may b- souad political economy in
theory, but in practice 1 would like to see free trade in
British produce throughout the Lvritish Empire and a
duty imposed on all foreign articles and on every
letter of the words * Made in Germany.” Gentlemen,
I beg to move the following Resolution:— . .
“That this Association emphatically protest as a
matter of vital interest against the suggestion to in-
‘crease the British import duty on tea.”’ ;

Mr H M Knight,in seconding the resolation, pointed
outthat the present duty of 6d perlb, was equivalent
to 100 per centon the value of Indan teas sold in
1900-01land that theindustry cannot bear any increased
burden. Many gardens did not sell their teas in these
two years at aprice that recouped them from the
cost of production, in fact made a considerable loss,
and in consequence some concerns had closed their
doors, and if the proposed tax is alopted many more
must follow their example in 5. India. Qarried
em con,

Nhe Meeting then ended.—Madras Mail, Jan. 31.
_—_— ih
THE ROSE FOR MERRY ENGLAND.

Our American cousins are now much exercised in
their minds as to what flower they shall adopt as a
national badge. The discussions have been long and
varied. Hiven now, no conclu ion has been @e-
finitely arrived at. The sime question has
turned up here in connection with the Coronation
ceremonial next June. We should not have thought

that there was room for any dispute on the subject. -

The rose has been for centuries so entwined with
our history that we should have supposed no other
flower could have been budded on a British stock,
The rose is said to have been the badge of Edward I,
in the thirteenth century; in 1897 John of Gaunt
bequeathed to the altar in St Paul’s his coverlet of
cloth of gold sprinkled with golden Roses. We had
thought it possible that on one or more of the
numerous shields onthe tombs of the Black Prince
and of Henry IV. inthe Cathedral at Canterbury, a
conventional representation of the Rose might have
been found, Through the courtesy of the Dean, we
are enabled to say that this conjecture is erroneous,
and that neither on the tomb of the Black Prince,
nor on his bauberk still preserved in the Cathedral,
is there any representation of a Rose. Its connection
with the houses of{ Lancaster and of York is, of
course, known to all of us, and was forcibly recalled
to mind last summer when a Rose show was held in
the historic Temple Gardens. In Tudor times the
Rose was constantly used asan architectural adorn-
ment, and may still be seen at Westminster, and many
a similar fane. ; ;

(‘com this point of view itis interesting to quote
what Evelyn, writing in 1679, says: *‘ For even the very
Damask Rose itself, as my Lord Bacon tells us,
Cent. 2, Exp. 659, is little more than an hundred
years oldin England,” Compare this with what is
said by Parkinson, writing in 1629. Parkinson men-
tions thirty sorts in his garden, everyone notably
differing from the other.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|Fep. 1, 1902,

But when the Rose was adopted as a national em-
blem, Canada, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand
had not been discovered ; and—except in Canada—
there is not a native Rose in either colony; nor is
there any part of South Africa, the West Indies,
Mauritius, or Ceylon. Half the British Empire then
has no Rose unless by introduction.

When we get a federated Greater Britain, it is
clear we shall have some difficuly in fixing upon a
flower that is common to all the component elements,
This being the case, it will be best to disregard
points of geographical distribation as pedantic in the
circumstances, andto fall back on the old heraldic,
conventional Rose as the floral badge for the whole
empire,

The Hon. Mrs. Boyle, in her charming Ros Rosarum
—Dew of the Ever-living Rose, cites from an old ballad
some lines; which are so appropriate to the occasion,
that no apology need be offered for quoting them.
Alluding to the White Rose of York and the Red Rose
of Lancaster, the ballad proceeds :—

“ These roses sprang and budded fair,

And carried such a grace,

That Kings of England in their arms
Afford them worthy place.

And flourish may these Roses long,
That all the world may tell

How owners of these princely flow’rs
In virtues did excel.

To glorify these roses more,
King Henry and his Queen

First placed their pictures in wrought gold
Most gorgeous to be seen.

The King’s own guard now wear the same
Upon their back and breast,

Where loye and loyalty remain,
And evermore shall rest.

The red rose on the back is plac’d
Thereon a crown of gold;

The White Rose on the breast is brave
And costly to behold;

Bedeck’d most rich with silver studs
On coat of scarlet red;

A blushing hue which England’s fame

Now many a year hath bred.”

The warders of the Tower still wear tunics em
broidered in the manner here described.

But in spite of the claims of long descent on the
part of the Rose, a claim is set up in some quarters
for the Iris, which some say is the Fleur-de-Lys,
Unfortunately for this contention, it is not yet settled
whether the device is really intended to represent an
Iris, a Lily, or a spear-head !

Again, Fleur de Louis is considered to have been
the original name, and this has been converted into
Fleur de Luce, Fleur de Lys, and Fleur de Lis.
Prior, in his Popular Names of British Plants, men-
tions the legend that a shield charged with these
flowers was brought to Clovis from heaven while
engaged in battle against the Saracens. They were
assumed by louis VII. in 1137 as his device, and
later on they were bestowed on Joan of Are,

No doubt several of our monarchs did quarter of
the Fleur-de-Lys on their coats of arms as a testi-
mony of their rights in France, rights now happily
long become obsolete, and consequently also the
claim to quarter the Fleur-de-Lys.

Another claimant put forward for heraldic recog-
nition is the Nily-of-the-Valley, a native plant of
unsurpassed elegance and delicious fragrance, but
having no claim whatever to be accepted as a national
emblem. Much historical interest attaches to the
rose and to the Fleur-de-Lys, but the Lily-of-the-
Valley _is totally devoid of any such relation. What
the “ Lily-of-the- Valleys ” of the Canticles may have
been we do not know, but we may be pretty sure
it was not what we call the Lily-of the-Valley, which
is not a native of Palestine,

Fes. 1, 1902.)

The Christmas Rose puts forth no claim to historical
significance, but its lovely flowers, expanding at this
season, are so beautiful, that they confer a right to
the popular name Rose, althongh botanically they
have nothing tc do with the genuine rose.

Whatever flowers be adopted for merely decorative
purposes at the Coronation, we plead that as a matter
of ceremonial usage, no other than the Rose of
England be adopted.—Gardeners’ Chronicle, Jan. 4.

>
THE HUMUS OF SOILS.

A garden soil must contain in addition to the
necessary mineral constituents of plants a suitable
supply of available nitrogen or the plants cannot
make the necessary growth requisite for full develop-
ment of flowers and fruit. It has been foun? by
analysis that one part of nitrogen in a scil will cor-
respond to about 10 or 12 parts of humns.
“Any increase or decrease of the nitrogen in

soils is followed by a corresponding increase
or decrease of humus. The loss of humus
and organic matter from a soil not only re-

duces the stock of nitrogen but also reduces the amount
of available mineral-fcod as well. The decaying
animal and vegetable matters present in all good soils
produce acids which act upon the inert and inactive

lant-food elements and render them available. The

umates or organic products which are formed by the
union of the organic acid products derived from the
decay of the humus combined with the mineral matter
of a soil form valuable plant food.

Experiments have shown that humate of lime is
capable of being assimilated and utilised by plants,
Potash, phosphoric acid andall of the mineral elements
of plant-food when combined with humus and nitrogen
constitute valuable forms of food for all kinds of
garden crops,

The high fertility of old kitchen garden soils is due
to the large store of humus. The loss of humus
changes the physical properties of a soil, both as. to
colour, weight per cubic foot, and retention of soil-
water. Aloss of humus and vegetable-matter causes
a lightness in soil-colour, an increase in density and
compactness with a less capability to retain moisture,
A dark-coloured soil becomes hotter in tbe sun’s rays
than a light coloured one; but at night ail soils will
cool to the same point.

Humus conserves the moisture of a soil, while a
rotation of crops, the use of stable manure and the
digging in of vegetable refuse conserves the humus.
If the soil contains too much humus the vegatative
system of plants becomes overfed by an excessive
quantity of nitrogen luxurianee of foliage and atem-
growth is encouraged, while flowers and fruit develop-
ment are retarded. In general it may be said that an
abundant supply of potash and phosphoric acid, espe-
cially the latter tends to increase fruitfulness, hardiness
and firmness of leaves and stems ; while an abundance
of nitrogen and humus has a tendency to produce just
the reverse conditions. While the plant cannot be at
its best without a suitable supply of nitrogen and
humus, plants which are grown chiefly for their fruits
may easily ke injured by an amount only slightly ex-
ceeding a sufficiency.

It has been found that the store of plant-food in a
soil is of little value unless the physical conditions
and the available moisture which it contains are also
considered, This brings into prominence the question
of proper tillage. No matter how fully the soil may
be supplied with plant food if it dees not furnish a
comfortable home for the plant or if for considerable
periods there is not enough moisture present to convey
the plant-food to the roots, little benefit may be
expected from tke real or potential nourishment
existingin the ground, Plants growing in a garden
suffer oftener from a lack of moisture than they do
from ack of soluble food. J. J. Wincrs, Haz:-
penden, n Gardeners’ Chronicle, Jan, 11,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

565

CINCHONA PLANTING IN BENGAL.

The Government made a profit of nearly R10,000
from its cinchona plantations in Bengal last year,
a faet which reflects the greatest credit on those
concerned with the working of the plantations.
There was a very cousiderable increase in the
demand tor quinine at the Post offices —Madras
Mail, Feb. 3

aes 8 Se
INDIAN PATENTS.

Applications in respect of the uudermentioned
inventions have been filed, under the provisions
of the Inventions and Designs Act of 1888, in
the office of the Secretary appointed under that
Act :—

Johu Gilruth Gilruth, Engineer, Chetla, Alipore.
A continuous action paddy (or other grain) combined
boiler and dryer (or ‘‘ conditioner.’’)

Hevry Johnston, Engineer and Shipwright Sur
veyor, of the Port Office, Rangoon, Burma. A com--
bined windlass and steering gear.

———_.>——_—_.
PLANTING NOTES.

A “SIGHT FOR SAIR E’EN”’ has been provided
for passers-by in the dreary month of January
by the wall of a house close to the gates of-
Gunnersbury Park. This is entirely covered with
Cratzegus pyracantha, upon which is. still left an
ample crop of scarlet berries, Amone the com-
paratively compact branches of this creeper Jas-
minum nudifloruam is running rampant, and the
clear yellow of its fully-expanded flowers forms a
charming contrast to the bright berries and green
Yeaves of the Cratze us. lt was not our fortune
to see this beautiful sight ona fine day, but when
the sun is shining the effect must be truly gor-
geous.—Gardeners’ Chronicle, Jan. 18,

Russer in West Inpies.—Mr. James Pinnock, the
well-known African merchant and traveller, of Liver-
pool, who is a5 present making a journey round the
world, writes to a f iond from Port of Spain, Trinidad,
Of the rubber industry on ihe West Coast of Africa.
Mr. Pinnock has had great experience, and he thinks
that the cultivation in Dominica of this article is, or
should be, one of the most important items in the
future prosperity of the island. He mentions that be
during the time he carried on business, imported large
quantities of rubber from the most primeval forests
in West Africa, produced and treated by entirely
unsophisticated natives in the great African forests,
The soil of a very large portion of this most fertile
country, Mr. Pinnock says, together with .its tropical
climate and surroundings of water, appears to be most
admirably adapted for the cultivation of the rubber.
In his remarks on this subject, Mr. Pinnock asks :—
“ffthe untrained and uncivilised natives (of what,
until lately, has been known as ‘ Savage Africa’) can
produce rubber in such huge quantities, why not their
more advanced brethren in the West Indies do the
same?” In Liverpool, says a daily contemporary,
Mr. Pinnock’s suggestion with regard to the growing

-and cultivation of rubber in the West Indies is regarded

as avery valuable one. Oue well-known gentleman,
who thoroughly understands the importance of the
matter, expressed the opinion that if rubber can be
produced in the West Indies, it will bring back the
islands to their former prosperous condition, Mr.
Pinnock was a good authority on sach a question,
avd had great practical experience in West Africa,
where he resided for many years.—Jndia-rubber and
Gutta-percha Trades’ Journal, Jan. 6.

566 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. — [Fep. 1, 1902.

Tonacombe ee Co CD ee an te oon 5
Timber Co., : cc oo

Upper Maskeliya Estates Co, 50436 & Div. 485 x DIY. MENTS TO UNITED KINGDOM

SHARE LIST. LONDON COMPANIES.
paid. Buy- Sell. Tran-
Company p. sh. ers. €8. saction.
Alliance T'ea Co., of Ceylon, Ltt. 10 ss 8-9 —
Anglo-Ceylon General Estates Co 100 oe 55-60 —
{ISSUED BY THE Associated Estates Co.,of Ceylon 10 .. 13-23 —-
Do. 6 per cent prefs, 10 ne 3-5 —
HARE BROKERS’ eels Crane Co. 1 . q =
) ~ eylon Tea Plantacion Co., Ltd. 1) .. 237-24 —
COLOMBO S8 Pinibals Valley Co., Ltd. but Ss 3-54 -
. o-prefs 5 _— 5-6 —
ASSOCIATION, Eastern Produce & EstatesCo. Ltd, 6 3; 33-38 —
Fderapats Tea Co., Ltd. 10 a 6-8 —
mp rial Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 10 4 44 —
CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES. Kelani Valley Tea Assen., Ltd. BASE, 3- rg _—
: Kintyre Estates Co., Ltd. 16 ai 68 —
paid Buy- Sell- Tran- Lanka Plantations Co,, Ltd te eee ae
Ra Her tide Co.,Ltd. 1 oar nom ae:
.sh. ers. ers. saction New Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1 “6 =
Company U Rasa ale sande eo Cc., Ld. 10 _ . 10 —
at 900 Uuva offee Co., Ltd. 1 ae, 6—7 —
Agra Ouvab cc Aa es oun = pi, = Bagalla Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 10 : 1V<13 =
Ceylon Petar es Go., Ltd. 100 eet Scottish Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 5 “ifr ibee
Caer provincial Estates Co. Ltd.500 — = “ Spring Valley. Tea Co., phe 10 re: ae ae
Ci a Estates Co., Ltd. 00 — — a andard Tea Cc., Ltd. ; Co os eh A eee
aremont ae ea ie 100 — 60 = The Shell Transport and Trading a
chee sea ea ta, LOCK tee es a Compan, Ltd. ot we) BES BH se
yde see e+ of Ceylon Ltd. 100 6 — = uwella Estates Co., Ltd. 2 - par oe
Doomoo pee Sone ee TOO nee st Yatiyantota Geylon Tea Co., Ltd. 10 — 5s
Drayran poaraee Gaetan Lita 100) -= = 80 = Do. pref. 6 o/o lu 910 —
E la pase eS te 500 210 — as mine a ORDER OF [HK COMMITTEE
Gangawatte Tea Co., Ltd. OG ier hehe heal vil Latest Landon pees 7? :
Glnoe atate Coe Lt ; 600 pI, 1000 — zatest London Prices, a
Great Western Tea Co. Ltd. pay 610 mE} a ; ~ = —--—--— q
Hapucahalande Tea Kstate Co. 200 — = " RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO. F
High Forests estates Co., Ltd an 7 Aen ny 4
; paid = ;
ee aie tastates Go ta i x 85 bi = (Supplied by the Surveyor—General.) ;
Handyan Gitte Cor Ltd 100. — 45 . 45 1897. | 1898. )1899. 1900 |" Ofliec1 | 1982 j
i E he | :
Kananediwatte Ltd. LOO nasa ae a aa se ae
Kelani ‘ea Garden Co., Ltd. na celeag oF Inch | Inch | Inch. Inch. | Inch.| Inch | Inch 7
Kirklees Estate Co., Ltd. co ee Fr a January ..| 3°81 | 2°32 | 6°98 | 3°72] 3°24 | 11°91 | 1°95 q
Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100 February ..| 1°68 | 1°98 | 2°78 | 0°63) 1°89 | 3°55 o* 1
Maha Uva Estates Co., Ltd. 500 — 8500 + March — ..| 3°66 | 4°21 | 0°88 | 3°71| 4°76 | 5712 ,
eee re Cor otiCeylonsds 1 B00 ct f0D April 10°97 |22°81 | 6-66 | 1512|11-43 | s-71 -
Nahavilla Estate Co., Ltd. 500 250 300 — May -.| 8:80 | 5°60 [17°73 | 10°63]12°04 | 6-28 7
Neboda Tea Co., Ltd. SS roger June --|10°14 | 10°94 | 9-23 | 7°83] 8:35 | 5:93 .
Eee 4 5 : ior| ge og
Pahommee rece i AS a, Sa |e | Bal oe)
Penrhos Estates Co , Ltd. ait is weus pel) ot é 0°46 7.
Pitrkanda Tea Company 500 pra ied September ..| 4°58 | 6:96 | 1°48 | 4-00) 4°93 | 3-93
Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60 35 October _...| 4°71 | 20°60 12°99 9°47|14°36 | 39
Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. SEN aPSCOM Cy Sot Novemberr..|11°66 | 17°38 | 858 | 9°25) 12°55 | 19-84
Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd a : fi December ..| 8°89 | 3-05 | 4°44 | 5°2 | 6°35 | 1°76*
‘gam Tea Co., Ltd. ee eh Fe eS eS Se a
lie Tea Co.) via i 18 70 i NEG Total..|82°73 | 103-11 |73°48 | $3°68|88°3 | 75°86 | 1.95
Ruanwella Tea Co., Ltd, 00 me
Sere. an aueds ic S10) ip aaa ura San wits
Tal gaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 100 wwe ae 70 ie * From 1st to 4th Feb. 0 inch, that is up te 9-30 a.m.
Do 7 percent Prefs. 100 60 oF on the 5th Feb.—Ep. C.0.

Ltd.
Uvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon,

Lta ane ork 675 AND ESTIMATE.
‘Tea, Co,, Ltd., 1 ms =
Wehtarajah Tea Co, Ltd, 500s 08092000 ere Estimate for Dec. 1901—10,000,000 Ib.
Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. 100 Ao = Total Stipes De 12 oA ooeee lb-
D 1900—11,24
Onyiton OowmnxoraL ComPanixs. Do Do Do ete He

dam's Peak Hotel Co., Ltd 100 20h [Hermarte for Jan. 1902—9} to 10 million Ib.]
ry m’s Bry ° vee

Bristol Hotel Co., Ltd 100 — 4105 oto

he a iE gel me eT

or cant Debts 100 107 — =_ Estimate for Jan. 1902—93 to 10 mill, lb,
Ceylon Com, ‘Steam Navetn i Total Shipments Do 1902—9,250,000 Ib,
an Ltd Ei 00) iiss eR CA: Do Do Do 1901—12,617,540 Ib. ¢
Ceylon Superaeration Ltd. ei ns 1373 eee aikye Do Do Do 1900—10,477,132 Ib.
Colombo Apothecaries’ Co. Ltd. ; [Estimate for Feb, 1902—8 to 84 million Ib,] :

4 Co.,
Cole? Assembly Rooms Crs in fi

OE PST

Pe cS 5 Na A a

Do prefs. se ua robe, MEAT AER Ie Tur DEAF HEAR.—No. 479 of the Illustrat
CoA. Se a iti 0 = 8 World of 626, Chiswick High Road, London, sia
nojombo Hotels Company 100 tee 296 ae England contains a description of a remarkable
Galle Face Hotel Co., Ltd. ep BO Te haa Cnre for Deafness and Head Noises which may be
Kandy Hotels Co., Ltd. a. 500 — 300 230 carried out at the patient’s home, and which is
Mount Lavinia Hotel Co., Ltd. 600 165 160 said to be qa certain cure, This numb ill b
New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. mG 80 an : : a whe i Oe ee
Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. sent free t6 any deaf persons sending their ad-

Ald, H
public Hall Conte Lie 12h suid ress to the Editor,

Fes, i, 1902.] THE TROPICAL
COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished bu the Chamber of Commerc.)

EXPORTS
Colombo, Feb 3rd, 1902,
CARDAMOMS :—
All round parcel, well bleached per lb R150
Do. dull medium do. R1°30
Special assortment, 0 and 1 only do. R180
Seeds do. R135

Crncnona Bark :— ps
Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine 8c—14 to 3 o/o

CINNAMON :—
Ordinary assortment per lb, 53c.
Nos. 1 and 2 only per lb. 58c,
Nos. 3 and 4 only per lb. 47c.

CinnAMoNn CHIPs :—
Per candy of 560 lb R75:00

Gocoa :—
Finest estate red ; unpicked per cwt R40:00
Medium do do do R35°00
Bright native unpicked and andried R32°50

Ordinary do do do R30°00
Goconuts—(husked).

Selected per thousand R59:00

Ordinary 1 R50:00

Smalls a R41°50

Coconut CakE—
Poonac in robins f. o. b. per ton R75‘00
Do in bags None
Ceconut (Desiccated).
Assorted all grades per lb 22¢
Goconut O1L—
Dealers’ Oil per ewt R20:00. Business May delivery,
Oeconut Oil in ordinary packages f. ©. b. per
ten R435°00. Business May delivery.
CorrEE.—
eeleieon Estate Parchment on the spot per bus,
one.
Plantation Estate Coffee f.o.b- (ready) per cwt —
None.
Native Coffee, f.o.b per cwt.—None.
OITRONELLA OIL—
Ready do
Corra—
Boat Oopra per candy of 560 Ib. R64'75

per lb,—48c

Calpentyn Copra do do R64:75
Cart do do do R63:00
Kstate do do do R64'75
Croron SEER per cwt—R15:00
Ezony—

Sonnd per ton at Govt. depot—R190°00. Sale of the
Qnd ultimo.
Inferior R125°00 Sale of the 2nd ultimo.
FIBRES—
Coconut Bristle No 1 percwt R11°50
Do 2 None

9

Do mattress ,, 1 3°50

Do Ae 2:00

Coir Yarn, Kogalla,, 1 to 14:75

Do Colombo ,, 1 to 11°25

Kitool all sizes None

Palmyrah None

PreprER—Black per lb g§None
PitmMBAGo— +

Large lumps per ton R500)

Ordinary lumps do R550 |

Chips do R350 }Fine qualities

Dust do R210 | - scarce.

Do (Flying) do 8120) More enquiry.
SaPANwoop— per ton None.

SaTinwoop (ordinary) per cubic ft. None.
Do do per cubic ft. None.
High Grown Medium Low Grown

_TEa— Average. Average. Average.

Broken Pekoe and Broken cts cts ots
“Orange Pekoe per lb 52 40 35
Orange Pekoe do 41 38 34
Pekoe do 37 35 30
Pekoe Souchong do 34 30 28
Pekoe Fannings do 31 28 23
Broken mizxed—dust, &o 24 23 22

AGRICULTURIST.,
CEYLON EXPORT AND
.
FOR SEASONS 1901 AND 1902
x . Qa OFM =k nas ry
pee esa Sees ee 3
(se BT aa et air mA Na tomer ®
|? R :
ao oO = bares So
a % oe S S
% ov . : . om fF © & 8 =
& SE Di RP AO ¥ ORS: aS a? SP elt or efi a) xe Oo)
a ie | |
2 =a
1o a
5 Seb [eayintes x = 3 Bilas
a or 2 “Aree r3 7 SON nt ve rtel [ea
Se | S10 Oe Boo B i a
as)
I
a eee sos
= o -—
2 Sos = = =)
SyelieSo 12 = = | g
Sofo|o nn A = fe 3
sO Mace inet orc ings y =
8 | S 1 O50
bot)
3S ? =omo! s
gj 2 esse 1
ro) BE Su aes =e rc
S ° Seb ak sie Besos mer-tulsji isha eiiisiers iis 4.0 re
a |
;jo o> Lo
poe |S Boe 5 & FA
geeja * & --) a
oF Ke a =
Aas : O38
oS .
3 |
oS 3
son (ip ea ED TCT LON ED eae rer
©
feel essa = 3
Q a a Ss
op Bay tea coe pe el ‘8
Ae
CNS i > = ae
-fan [Ses = |S Fa
mior Sa tel meee tone a RS = a
B :
o]sé ic 1 &
r=)
3 |
AND = TS n Dd
' z po)
$ Saas aS 5
} ae 133 s | ey
1.) Be | ° Siieliestne | io
oO wooc o
Dog or ee Sa nes a ta! soot bsal
i] ao AS a ace ; ses pau
o/a2 R ss
g|° t
ost
: vr o oe © °
a un Ne eos S oS S S
Blo, @ FS 8 R oO a on
O)ea2 Soe cade: acai ra oo
[a= | SiR : 5 hy
a eS oO P
5 (eetals oes g
) meals ea) % eS] e
a Gl Saikano bial lef aey ene . : &
& f= | Si tbeae shine : Ses eo
1e)
Gy bt fey sh r=] Oo
STi. oA ay 3S ry 3 aes
3 | E oo: j ot Oyo. & 8
o) c
eae + 1D o 1 ©
3 Oa wastulcGdetetmenicmen con: ak ps A 6
3 FR Ae gabyamen os med sists Od
ah a
eoiue '
BY o |
5 >
ee ee |
SN ee tai C0 S310 0 Cab) Cole a Eres ore Sere
gle
= a
° a5 OH geste ty GRR ta ee beso — be r
S) BS SVS paSUeSje ons hus Bion ELIA i cs
1 as
] i)
SaaS e\aecer bas cab aieiedeay ¢ = 3
ga= COE OS a aiedeag SiMReCNA Siete im *eolauay Stmehic oils iuralenat nN
i SS S888 S28R88.299, 8
Beda is aM DBODOBGBS MOANHEAM Ar ww
2 Q ond =-Oo% ” n 1.
ase 2 t ane Es}
* = a
GS om TSA AAOS 0 = 70 eis
6 RS2S38 ASSBZSAGAZARES 8
a | 3 BOD WABDO>K*ODDRAMESD 6S
nee a FOS N OFMOOCHOoON fF
an is) mash = al WANN HK S
a) n =) re ~) =
-_ o y ioe)
ay !
SOM LOR Oona UESWSIRAGaSR Lees rors)
SUR SAnSWispioul siutehis : Sihottents
eo 8 Fb @ we
min
nm S
cs cia
=| ary
a a2 8 Saul sae
| ih} as O-n roar]
a messes s oP S.2 as} 3s
g Beaks pgscasSesages | eS
=) Hess soass less sksaeca|o
= a SSapag 4.2.5 1S
5 <HeORRMnNnaad<d40nAas |S"
SHaininisnanstalsraiahans caval es [oie
PR

568

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Fes. 1, 1902.

MARKET RATHS FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUGTS.
(trom Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, December 23rd, 1901 )

7

ALOES, Soccotrine. cwt.
Zanzibar & Hepatic ,,
ARROWKCOT (Natal) Ib.

Zanzibar & | White ,,
Bombay Yellow,,
CAMPHOR, Fermosa
Japan ne
CARDAMOMS, Malaberl

4+ EES’ WAX, cwt.
Madagascar a
”

Mysore

”

Ceylon.
Tellicherry ,,

”

Long ”

PA Mangalore ,,

CAsyTor OIL, Calcutta ,,

CHIULIES, Zanzi ewl.

CINCHONA BARK.— lb.
Ceylon

”

CINNAMON, Ceylon Ists
per lb 2nds
3rds
4ths
Chips
CLOVES, Penang Ib.

Amboyna

Zanzibar
and Pemba

Stems

COFFEE

Ceylon Plantation ,,

Native
Liberian
COCOA, Ceylon

COLOMBO ROOT ”

QUALITY.

Fair to fine dry
Common to good
Tair to fine

Go dt fine

Far ”

bark to wz od palish
Crude and semi_ refined
Fair aviraze quality
Clip; ed, bold, br ght, five
Middling, stalky & lea:
Fair to fine plump
Seeds

Good to fine
Brownish :
Shelly to good ote
bold

Med brown to good

Ists and 2nds

Dull to tine bright .

Ledgeriana Ong. Stem

Crown, Renewed
Org. Stem

Red Org. Stem
Renewed
Roct

Ordinary to fine quill

” ”
q0
»”»

”
”

Dull to fine bright bold

-|Dull to tine

Good and fine bright
Common dull to fair

| Fair

Bold to fine bold colory
Middling to fine mid
Low mid. and low grown

.

Smalls
Good ordinary.
Small to bold

Bold to fine bold
Medium and fair
Native

Middling to good

COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton
Cochin ,,

E, Brush
eae Cochin ,,

Stuffing ,,

COIR YARN, Ceylon ,,
Cochin ,,

0. 55
CROTON SEEDS, sift. ewt.
cCUTCH ” oo
& INGER, Bengal, rough,,
Calicut, out As

9?

Cochin Rough ,,

Japan a
3UM AMMONIACUM,,
ANIMI, Zanzibar ,,

Madagascar

ARABIC F.1. & Aden
Turkey sorts

Ghatti

Kurrachee

”
”
”
”

_ Madras
ASSAFCGTIDA

”
”

KINO
MARR, picked
Aden sorts

OLIBANUM, drop
pickings ,,

”
”

”

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to fine long s
Ordinary to good
Common to fine
Common to superior

» ,, very fine
Roping, fair to good

traight
clean

siftings ,,
INDIAR ') Bil, Assamlb

Rangoon
Borneo

QUOTATIONS

448 a+0s

-|208 a 608

asd a 63d

£6 a £7 10s
£6226 12s 6d
£6a£5 lis
165s a &5s
libs al1&s
's9d a2s 2d

Is 5dals7a

Is 4da4s

2s a 2s 2d

-|us 6d a 38

Is 6da ?s
Gda 2s Cd
2s 3d a 383d

-|34d a 33d
.. 1378 64 a 4°s

3da 53d

5d a 7d

33d a fsa
Beda 4nd
3d a 53d
34d a 4d
93d a Is 6d
ssda 1s 5d
esd a 1s 4d
8d a 11d
23a a 10d
45d a 93d
fda 6d

43d a 43d
dida 42d

18d

92s 6d a 12/s
80sal10's

40s a 60s
40S a 55s

3(s a 40s

67s 6d a 90s
60s a 6€s

52s 6d a 62s 6d
7sa 15s
nominal

£13 18 a £18
£16 a. £19
£20 a £24

£7 a £9

£15 a £30
£12 a £32
£10 a £14 10s

. QUALITY. QUOTATION,
INDIARUBBER (contd.) es
Java, Sirg. & Penang lb.|Foul togood clean . |8d a 2s 3d
Gco% to fiue Ball »» |28 6da 3s 1d
ae Ordinary to fair Fall .../1s10da 2s 6d
Mozambique » ,|Low sandy Boll 1s 3da 1s 7d
Sausage, fair to gocd ..|2s 6d a 2s 11d
Liver and Livery Fall ..|95 a +s

Fair to fine ball -- [282 Fi
Fr to fiie }inky & white]2s a6 Sa a
Fair to g od black 28 a 2s 64d
Niggers, low to fine ../7dals 9d
Beles 5

Shipping mid to gd violet }35
Consuming mid, to gd./3s eae ba
Ordinary to mid. 2s 10d a 3s Id
Mid. to good Kurpah |25 a 25 6d

Nyassaland

M: dagasear
INDIGO, K.I,

pS

Low to ordinary dz Cc
wae Mid. to good Madra a an oa f
I E, Bombay & Penang|Pale reddish to fine jx a 3s
per Ib. Pppinany to fair Is 4d a Is lid
: ickings :
MYRABOLANS, |Bark'to fine pate UG |osaés
Madr } cwtlFair C sd
ras ir Coast 4s 6d a 48 9d
Bombay , |Zubblepore 5s a 68
Bhimlies 4s 3da7s
Rhajpore, &c. 4s a 5s fd
Caleutta 3s 6d a 5s

Bengal ,,
Ib

64’s to 57’s
110’s to 65’s
160’s to 130’s

NUTMEGS— h
Bombay & Penang ,,

NUTS, AREGA ewt,|Ordinary to fair fresh 5
on = . , 3
NUX VOMICA, Bombay \Ordinary to middling is a be 6d
per ewt. Madras fate good bold fresh |7sa 10s6d
Small ordinary and fair|& 5
ott ae ANISEED i us merchatitable " 5 saccade
SLL i ecording to analysis |2s 9d 5
LEMONGRASS ,, | Good flavour & colour 5d a Bia %
UE: ,, | Dingy to white lid a 3d
a MON ,, | Ordinary to fair sweet aid a 1s 6d
RONELLE ,, | Bright & good flavour |9#d a 10d
paeBELLe WEED—cewt
eylon ., | Mid. to fine not woody.. |10s a 12
Zanzibar. Picked clean fiat leaf. 1¢s a Us Pa

PEPPER - (Black) lb.
Alleppee & Tellicherry

pe reebore. ie
cheen 7. C. Penan
PLUMBAGO, lump ite

Fair to bold heay
ae oo

ull to fine ie ..,o2d a 64d
Fair to fine bright bold|20sa ath
Middling to good smalj|2(sa 32s

‘chips Ben tofine bright _,/98 a 15s
us rdinary to fi i 3s
SAFFLOWER Good to fine pinky ene Been 73

Inferior to fair

Dull to fair 15s a 20s SANDAL
: ; Bs woop—
Loe to fine dry 338 a 358 Bombay, LORS ton.|Fair to fine flavour £20 a £50
. ips 5, 255 aan 5 g

Sinall ioe eee asia 30 ~ Madras, Logs ., |Fair to good flavour 29a £00
Common to fine bold 45 52: ; Chips «5; | Inferior to/fine eee
OT eal TBS ae eal Ae SAPANWOOD Ceylon ,, |Fair to good £5 a£5 10s
Tpaplit ie OS Manila ,, | { Rough & rooty to good|£4 10sa £5 15s
Sree fone clean|15s a 45s SEEDLAC Siam ewt. |Ord. dusty pig smooths: 105
Picked fine pale in sorts|/£10 7s 6da ‘ i wee ; © gd. soluble| “7S 2 110s
Part yellow and mixed}£7 a £8 ae Do NRA y imnevellva tb ie to fine bold green|24.2 1s 04
Bean and Pea size ditto]70sa £9 2s 6d Canteen ad a 42d
Amber and, dk. red bold £5 10s a £6 7s6d|SHELLS, M. o’ PEARL on a ee ed

ed, & bold glassy sorts|80s a 100s :
Fair to good palish ...|£4a 8 OSE = Gils) AS Oe Ne :

om e . J£4 58 a £9 Small £2108 a £378 6d

Ordinary to good pale pes a eS Merent a Small to bold £6 7s eda £6 15

bout usse 5, |SMa; at 8
Bicenes Aone: rs tes ea B Bee TAMARINDS, Calcutta... Mid to fine DIE not stony ek
Reddish to pale selected 30s a 40s TORTOISESH Rn Stony and inferior 4s 6d a 6s

ark to fine pale ..|20s a 35s ; aaa
ean fr. to gd. almonds/60s a 1378 6d danaiban GB ome yay: Smal p. beld dark { 16s °
Ord. stony, and blocky bs a 25s TURMERIC, Bengalewt,|Fair € part heavy z a 208
Fair to fine pale 90s a 1lés Madras ,, |Finger fair to fine bold pee
Middling to good 50S a 80s Do bright lés a 24s
Good to fine white 358 a 558 Cochin eae ga Belek
Middling to fair 253 a 35s se » [Ringer - 7s 6d a 18s
Low to good pale 185 a 238 VANILLOES— we +» {128 6d
Slightly foul to fine 183 a 228 Mauriti 5!
Good to fine Dep te Ists/ Gd. crysalliz i
Gohoer fo toute aaa ne Be Bourbon ait 2nds' Foxy af readin ie gin 58 &233 Gd.
Fair to good clean - ...]23.a 28 4d VERMILION Oo eas and inferior hs 25 6s

> fine A .|Fine, o = i |

Common to fin 1s a 28 8d WAX, Japan, squares owt! Good iS nba c. see A 3a

a= i

AGRICGGLTGRA

CL MAGAZINE,

COLONIBO.

Monthly to

Added as a Supplement

The following pages include the
February :—

the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for

Vol. XIII]

FEBRUARY, 1902.

[No, 8.

A VISIT FROM AN AMERICAN
AGRICULTURIST.

=9R. David G. Fairchild, Agricultural
| Explorer Department of Agricul-
ture, United States of America,
left Ceylon on the 16th January
after spending some time in the
island. Mr. Fairchild has pre-
Ceylon no less than three times.

viously visited :
The object of his present visit is to enquire
into the cultivation of the Mangosteen with
a view to introducing this much esteemed fruit
into. Porto Rico, where local conditions are
‘considered favourable to its growth, so as to
ultimately supply the American markets with
the produce. Our late visitor thinks the possi-
bilities of the mangosteen, as a table fruit in
the West practically unlimited, and believes thal
fabulons prices will be paid by the moneyed
men of the West for fine specimens of fruit
sold in baskets of half-a-dozen or so. Mr. Fair-
child paid visits to the plantations of the late Sir
Henry Dias at Haluloya and Mr. H. W. Wright
at Mirigama, to see the exact environments of
the trees, and held conferences with the latter
gentleman and Mr. H. L. Daniel of Lenawatte
estate, Padukke, (who are credited with knowing
more about mangosteen cultivation than any
one else in the island). Regarding the habits
of the tree, the method of propagating it, and
all details connected with its cultivation, a
good deal of valuable information was gleaned .
from these two sources; and a number of photo-
graphs taken on Mr. Wright's estate and coloured
drawings of the fruit by a local artist will be

reproduced in illustrating the brochure which
Mr. Fairchild intends to publish when he has
completed his investigations.

Though chiefly concerned with the Mangose
teen, our visitor was nevertheless interested
in some of the other products of cultivation in
the island. Among these the mango received
his close attention, and from the grounds of the
School of Agriculture, Colombo, where the various
species of mango are well represented, Mr,
Fairchild took ten cuttings each of the
“Rnpee,” “Jaffna” and what was given
the distinguishing name of the “Thurston”
mango—a variety which is not kuown to be
found growing elsewhere, and was planted
in the grounds some 30 or 40 years ago by a
Mr. Thurston who presided over the institution
then known as the Industrial School. From the
buds found on these cuttings Mr. Fairchild expects
to be able to reproduce the abovementioned
varieties of the mango on American stocks:
For those who may desire to preserve cuttings
for budding purposes, Mr. Fairchild has kindly
drawn up the following directions :—Have made a
cylindrical tin case, 10 in. long, 2 in. in
diameter, with a well-fitting cap 2 in. long,
in which to send the cuttings through the post.
This case should be fitted in a cloth sack before
despatching. Cut scions about 10 in. long,
making sure they have good buds on them.
Dip the cut ends in collodion or melted bee’,
wax, wrap each scions in a strip of light tin
foil, and wrap these again in oiled paper. Do
not pack more than four or five in each case
with slightly moistened saw dust. Be careful
to put the address on a tag,

570 Supplement to the “

Mr. Fairchild is also interested in finding
drought-resisting wheat and other plaats, with
which object he is visiting the arid region around
the Persian Gulf where such wheat is reported
to be growing. In Ceylon what took his fancy in
this connection was Hleusine coracana, ordinarilY
known as kurakkan, the common milletof th®
“dry or -chena cultivation” of the
Unfortunately the search for kurakkan fields an@
seeds was thought of after our visitor had returned
to Colombo, a day or two before his departure,
but we were able to discover a low-country
chena for Mr. Fairchild through the help of
Mr. H. D. Lewis, Sub-Inspector of Schools, who

island:

Succeeded in procuring a quantity of seed for
transmission to America.
Mr. Fairchild was struck with the. absence
of any attempt on the part of the Government
._or of orgainsed agricultural bodies, to facilitate
the propagation of cultivated crops, whereby
only the best varieties could be selected fot
growing. In the case of dicolytedonous plants
the perpetuation of the best varieties, when
discovered, was ensured by the practice of budding
_ and grafting, which are considered the only reliable
means of making plants ‘‘ breed true,” and
must not be neglected if ,the best results in pro-
duce are to be secured. He instanced in proof
_of the value of the methods of propagation the
dissemination of the seedless variety of orange
_ known as the Washington Navel. The advantage
__of budding and grafting, as regards early maturity
is well-known, but it was further pointed out
that by these methods it was possible to ensure
that the produce of the several trees
plantation
quantity and quality, and, in the case of season
crops, that such produce should be borne all at the
same time so as to be handled and marketed at
once, as has been done in almond cultivation in
America. In this connettion Mr. Fairchild was
surprised to observe how many kinds of coconuts
were found growing side by side in one plantation,
and he counted no less than fourteen different

varieties on a single estate. The only way to
secure one perfect type of nut, as regards size,
shape, weight, development of kernel, &c, is by
selection of seed. As in the case of the pedigree
whet, selection of seed in the monocotyledon does
wht budding or grafting does for the dicotyledon,
Mere selection of seed from a {ree bering good
iYuit crops does not suffice, for the simple reason
bat the fertilization of the flowers ave not under
control. A good tree, therefore, while it may
produce good fruit need not necessarily reproduce

in a

should be practically the same in .

Tropical Agriculturist.”’ [Fep. 1, 1902.

a good tree through its fruit, There is thus no
alternative but to control fertilization if the fruit of
a tree is required to “breed true.” Without doing so *
the orange from a good tree may quite possibly
reproduce a sour orange tree or even a Variety of
lemon,lime or pumelo, while underthe same circum-
stances a coconut from a selected tree may re-
produce a variety different from itself. This
remark is of course not intended to discredit selec-
tion of fruit without control of pollination. Such
selection undoubtedly helps to secure a uniformity
of good varieties in a plantation, but only
partially so, What then is to be done to complete
the means for the endin view? Only this, that the
inflorescence of the coconut palm should be pro-
tected before it is, so to speak, ripe for fertiliza-
tion, by gauze veiling or other means which will
prevent cross fertilization taking place. Here we
come upon the principle which underlies the
practice of breeding among animals, and the
principle stands in the case of vegetable reproduc-
tion as well. Who among our planters of the
present day will be prepared to practice this
complete means of selection, even with the tempt-
ing prospect of having all’ his trees uniform in
developement and productiveness, and the nuts of
standard size, shape and quality? Phe thing,”
says Mr, Fairchild “has been done over und’ over
againin the West, and will come to be done in
Ceylon as regards coconuts before many years
are past.” We can only say that we hope 30.

Some of our readers will now guess what
Mr. Fairchild’s explanation is regarding the differ-
ence inthe developement and productiveness of
trees often growing side by side on the same land
and even raised from the samejat of seed nuts.
Making all allowance for differences in environ-
ment and treatment, it lies he says in “the one
word heredity. ‘The moral therefore obviously. is,
practice selection by controlling fertilization if
you would kaye uniform excellence.

With the School Gardens scheme Mr. Fairchild
was in the greatest sympathy, and it was only
want of time that prevented him paying a visit to-
one of these gardens which he was yery anxious
to see. He thought there was much to be done
by introducing budding and grafting among the
people through the agency of village schools, and
was kind enough to give us a note of introduction
to Mr. L. H. Bailey, Professor of Horticulture in
the Agricultural Department of the United States,
through whose help we hope to be supplied with all
requirements for carrying on and teaching these
methods of propagation, of which Mr. Fairchild
gave practical demonstrations at the School of
Agricalture.

On his recommendation we are endeavouring to
procure buds of what he considers the best varieties
of plantain, viz., ‘‘Pisung Radja,” “Pisung Radja
Sere” and “ Pisung Mas” from Java, as well as sets
of the following yams from Jamaica: ** Horu,”
“ Chinese” and “ Yampie,” the last of which he
speaks of as the ‘‘ best in the world.” ee

Altogether the visit of Mr. Fairchild was as
full of interest to us as it was to him, and we
shall look forward with pleasure to his next visit
which will not unlikely be about the middle of
the year, =.

Fes. 1, 1902.]

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF

AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH
OF DECEMBER, 1901.

1 Sunday Nii 17 Tuesday . 05
2. Monday Nil 18 Wednesday... °90
3 Tuesday Nil 19° Thursday 08
4 Wednesday 16 20. Friday Nil
5 Thursday Nil 21 Saturday Nil

. 6 Eriday Nil 22 Sunday "62
7 Saturday Nil 235° Monday Nil

. 8 Sunday Nil. 24 -Tuesday |... . Nil
9 Monday . Nil 25 Wednesday... ‘Nil
10 Tuesday .. Nil 26 Thursday Nil
11 Wednesday Nil 27. Friday Nil
12 Thursday ... “07 28. Saturday Nil
13. Friday .. Nil 29 Sunday eo Nil
14 Saturday Nil; 80. Monday... — *08
‘15° Sunday ~ Nil 31 Tuesday Nil
16 Monday Nil .1- Wednesday... Nil
Total... 1:91

Mean... °06

Greatest amount of rainfall registered in 24
hours on the 18th Dec., 1901, ‘90 inches.
Recorded by C, DRIEBERG.

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH

OF JANUARY, 1902
_1 Wednesday :. Nil 17. Friday Nil
2 Thursday Nil 18 Saturday .... Nil
3. Friday .. 102 19 Sunday... 0:48
4 Saturday ... °03 20 Monday ... Nil
5 Sunday -s Nil 21 Tuesday... Nil
6 . Monday. oe» Nil 22. Wednesday... Nil
7 Tuesday ..- °O7 23. Thursday ... Nil
. 8 Wednesday .... Nil 24 Friday Nil
‘9 Thursday. .... Nil .25 Saturday... Nil
10 Friday -. Nil 26 Sunday wwe Nil
11 Saturday ...-Nil- 27 Monday Nil
12 Sunday ... Nil 28 Tuesdey Nil
13 Monday ees Nil 29 Wednesday... Nil
14 Tuesday .. Nil 380 Thursday ... Nil
15 Wednesday Nil 81. Friday .... Nil
16 Thursday ..,. Nil
Total... 1°55
Mean... ‘05

Greatest amount of rainfall registered i in 24
hours of the 3rd Jan., 1902, 1°02 inches,
Recorded by C. DRIEBERG.
* ete
OCCASIONAL NOTES.

Erratum.—Iin our December issue, page 55,
line Ist, coloum line 19, from the bottom for
“ part ”’ read ‘‘ per cent,”

Mr. George Weerakoon, Mudaliyar of Wela-
boda Pattu, Matarsa, contributes the following
interesting note on the subject of Kitil Lands
which was the subject of an article by Mr.
Frank Modder, of Kurunegala, in the Agricul-
tural Magazine, Vol. X1., No, 12 :—

Mr. Modder’s: letter 7e Kiiil is interesting, see
p. 103 of your journal for June, 1900,

Supplement to the ‘Tropical Agriculturist.”

a71

Vapid—that is having the strength or. essence
evaporated—would be the meaning of the word.
Kiiil land is to be found nearly in-every tract
of paddy-fields, but not in extensive plots.
Every goiya knows what it is. The soil may
be well tilled and evea maxured, but the water
left stagnant any length of time assumes a
vermillion ‘hue, and any stray seed germinating
becomes a stunted plant and gives no yield. An
absence of salt is one of the causes attributed. It
is within my observation that a small paddy-field
at’ Dandeniya was proverbially barren and was
hardly cultivated in a decade. Four years back
a citronella still was opened ‘in proximity .to
this field. Of course the refuse, and chiefly the
ash, found its way to the field. Kitil has com-
pletely gone, and this field is now regularly cul-
tivated: returning 10-fold, which is equal . to
any fertile field here. Another paddy land at
Kekanadure-turned fertile by. the same agency—
is in the mouth of every body in the village.
You will wonder how the ash of an arrack
distillery differs from that of a citronella dis-
tillery ? Well, in the latter the used-up. grass
is dried and used again forfuel. It is largely
employed in manuring paddy-fields and sells 25
cts. a cart load.

The following table shows the record of the
Rainfall taken at the School of Agriculture
during the past year:—

Total, Mean.

January G00 7°48 24
February Be 2°64 94
March F 8:94 28
April Hox 8:91 .29
May ose 34 23
June 506 6:79 21
July 208 6°45 *20
August ste 1:27 04
September ... 3'61 10
October 6 6°29 °20
November ... 21°26 “70
December ... 1-91 08

Total .. 82°89 28

A gentleman from Ceylon who is making a
tour of the Australian Colonies, sends us ‘the
following chatty account of his impressions :—
During the last fortnight I have had some
experiences of real bush life. I left Sydney
on the Saturday before Christmas, and by a coast-
ing steamer I reached Melbourne on the following
Monday night; then after 175 miles of a train
journey I arrived atmy destination on Christmas
Eve, After duly celebrating the great day with
friends’ whom I had come to know, I began a
round of visits to what are called“ Station Farms,”
One holding I visited was 20,000 acres in extent,
only 100 acres of which are put under wheat
per annum, the balance being left for. sheep
and a few horses. The large acreage is..not
surprising, considering that every head of sheep
needs an acre and a half in this part of
the country—often more. The scarcity of the
water and the bush fires which take «place

-

572

occasionally render farming a precarious in-
dustry at the best, As for the climate, it is
like Colombo without the humidity. The Mer-
cury stood at 95° at 9 o'clock in the morning,
and it was just nice and pleasant; at | p.m.
it rose to 107°, The orchard where I was visiting
was laden with fruit; and the verandah of the
house covered up to the eaves with grape vines,
and there were thousands of clusters of huge
bunches on them. I have been driving in a
‘‘sulkey” to see sheep stations at the rate of
12 miles an hour. It is pretty hot outside,
the thermometer in the sun registering 126°.
Driving some 15 miles out and back again I
did not meet a single passenger on. the road
nor even a house by the roadside. The ground
being all open country, one could see round
for miles and miles. The Galle Face on a
pretty large scale with a gum tree here and
there at the rate of say 5 trees to the acre
will give you some idea of the country through
which I drove, The green was all parched up
and the wheat fields after the harvest had a
stubble as dry as the grass. Such is Australia
in the North at this time of the year. The yield
of wheat is 4 or 5 bags to the acre, and
a bag is 4 bushels which, selling at 2/6 tod/-
makes the return about 30/- per acre for all
the. trouble and anxiety incidental to wheat
cultivation. After my visit to North Victoria
I went on to Gipsland in the South, travelling
first by rail and then by boat along the river.
In the wider parts of the water the banks are
beautifully wooded on both sides, diversified by
fen and moor. Flights of ducks and teal disturbed
in their haunts among the rushes gave evidence
of the country being a paradise for the sports-
map, But this was nothing to the surprise I
had later on. As we entered a lagoon I noticed
half-a-dozen large-sized birds paddling away
to avoid our boat. These turned out to be
cygnets, and you might have killed a couple with
a large pole. They are not protected by law
and: may be shot here, but ducks are better
eating. Further on the water was dotted over
with black swans in such numbers that when
they flew they reminded me of the flying foxes
swarming in the Peradeniya Gardens. They
remain unmolested here. At one of the halting
stations a sportsman joined -us with a bag
of blue-winged duck that was astonishing; the
slaughter must have been wholesale, like that
in an English or Scotch preserve. On my
arrival at Cunningham I went out to sea with
the fishers, who getting into a lagoon drag
their nets in the early morning. In a couple
of hours they had fish enough to fill 20
boxes or more, They are put in ice and
sentonto Melbourne. When too plentiful they are
carefully transferred to large net bags all the
while kept under water, and brought into
kraale, which are called ‘‘ paddocks” at Cunning-
ham, and set free. There they are put by for
stormy days, for when the fishermen cannot put
out to sea, they net their humebred stock for the
market. There is much to be done in this business
by a man who could invest in a fishing smack with
an engine so as to be independent of the winds,

Supplement to, the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

(Fes. 1, 1902.

The forests about here are not unlike Ceylon
forests, but to clear with white labour would
cost £20 an acre. Land is locked up here, but a
man who can get togethera selection of 1,000
acres at a penny per acre per annam, to be
paid for in 20 years, could leave a fortune for
posterity, though hecould only ekeont a living
for himself and family while he lived.

A correspondent of the Indian Agriculturist,
writing about the wood of Anthocephalus Cadam-
ba, says:—“Itis sold in Calcutta in pieces, 6 ft.
long, 9 in. broad, and one inch thick at the rate
of Rs, 8 or 10 per hundred, mango wood of the
same dimensions selling for Rs. 30 per hundred.
As it is cheaper than mango wood it may be of
great economic value as amaterial for packing.”
He speaks of it asa wood which grows rapidly
with little care and exertion, which can be planted
on roadsides &c. for shade, and utilized for packing
purposes without resorting to the destruction of
fruit-yielding trees such asthe mango. The Sin-
halese name of this tree is Embul-bakmi (Tamil,
Vellaidampa,) and it is found growing in the
low-country up to an elevation of 2,000 feet,
occurring in Karunegala, Pussellawa, and Alagalla,
and other places. Dr. Watt refers to its fast
growth, mentioning that during the first two or
three years the rate is about 10 feet per year,
the girth increasing at the rate of oneinch ina
month. After 10 or 12 years, however, the
growth becomes very slow. The wood is des-
cribed: as white with a yellowish tinge, soft and
even-grained; weight about 40 lbs. per cubic
foot. . It is used in India for building, and in Assam
and Cachar for tea boxes. Cunningham mentions
that it is employed for beams and raftera on
account of its cheapness and lightness, and that it
is suitable for joiners work, though rather brittle-
Tf less heavy he thinks it would be much valued,
for gun-stocks.

Among the economic plants being grown in the
Colombo Stock Garden are the fol lowing intro-
duced from India:—Trigonella corniculata, a
variety of Fenugreek, the seeds of which are
used as a condiment and also medicinally; Rumex
‘vesicartws, sorrel or bladderdock, used as a vege-
table both raw and cooked; Peecedanum graveolens
(Anethum sowa) or dill, of which the fruit and
leaves are used as a flavouring agent in cookery
and the seeds considered of considerable medicinal
value; Chenopodium album or white goosefoot,
eaten as a pot-herb and green vegetable. Of
the last Prof. Church says: ‘ The leaves are rich
in mineral matters, particularly potash salts;
they likewise contain a considerable amount of
albuminoids and of other compounds of nitrogen.”
The seecs are said to be superior to buckwheat.

——@—_—_ — :

SUCCESSFUL USE OF TOWN DRAINING AS
MANURE,

The satisfactory disposal of town drainage is
always a vexed question, and any information’ on
this subject is. to be welcomed. Mr. W.. H
Moreland, 0,8., Director of the Department of Land

Fes, 1, 1902.J

Reeords, and Agriculture, North-Western Province
and Oudh contributes a most valuable note on the
possibility of utilising what is always an objection-
able byproduct, and shows how it can be made
to take the place of expensive fertilising agents
in the raising of successive crops of useful produce.
The experiment with town drainage as a manure
was undertaken at Meerut, where there appear
to have been special facilities for the successful
carrying out of the trial. Given the same
facilities elsewhere, there is no reason why other
Municipal bodies should not suite all prejudice
against the use of town sewage for agricultural
purposes, and follow the example of Meerut. We
now give the text of Mr. Moreland’s note on the
subject :—

The following particulars regarding the utiliza-
tion for agricultural purposes of the town drainage
of the Meerut Municipality are published in the
hope that they may be of interest to the members
of other Municipalities, and also to landowners
who own towns or bazaars provided with a system
of street drainage.

In Meerut the street drains discharge into open
main drains which flow for some distance through
agricultural land on theit way to the water-courses
which ultimately receive the drainage. The con-
tents of these drains consist mainly of street-
rubbish, sullage-water and the like, diluted by the
water with which the drains are flushed. Night-
soil is carted away and trenched, but much urine
also finds its way into thedrains. The drainage is
a thick sluggish liquid, of a dark colour and
offensive smell, and containing large quantities of
impurities both suspended and dissolved.

Until about 1895 no use was made of. this
drainage as there appears to have been an im-
pression that it was unsuitable for application to
land. Inthat year the Collector, acting on the
advice of the Agricultural Chemist to the Govern-
ment of India, started some experiments at the
Demonstration Farm to test the value of the
drainage when applied in the liquid form to
various common crops. The results were start-
lingly successful, and the cultivators in the
neighbourhood of the Farm were quick to see the
advantages of this new method of manuring.
Within two years of the beginning of the experi-
mente, cultivators were found willing to pay a fee
of two rupees for each lift set up to raise the
drainage from the channels to their fields; the
number of lifts in use has latterly been about 45,
bringing into the Municipality about 2,701 per
annum, the whole of which is clear profit; and the
annual charge per lift. has recently been raised
from Rs. 6 to Rs. 12 without, it is understood,
restricting the application of the drainage. Of
course it would be preferable to charge according
to the area irrigated, and in Meerut most of the
advantages derived from the drainage have been
intercepted by the landowners.

The water is raised from the drains by lifts of
the type ordinarily used with wells, and is applied
to the land exactly like irrigation-water, The
ordinary method of cropping land treated with
thie drainage water is to take three crops in the
year, maize, potatos and. tobacco being grown

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.»

578

successively without any manure other than that
supplied by the drainage, which serves also for
irrigation. It would scarcely be possible to devise
a more exhausting rotation, but the manurial con-
stituents of the drainage enable it to be maintained
without loss of fertility. The Superintendent of
the Cawnpore Farm, who has close practical
knowledge of high farming, writes: ‘The con-
dition of the potato and tobacco crops which I saw
on good many fields was all that could be desired,
and was simply excellent ; no potato crop was seen
which could have been put at less than seven or
eight tons of tubers per acre. ‘The oral reports of
the cultivators about the maize were equally
favourable. The gross money value @f the three
crops taken together may be put at not less than
Rs. 400 and as much as Rs. 500 or even more,
per acre per annum.”

Enquiries show that formerly this land received
heavy dressings of poudrette, costing about Rs. 50
to Rs, 100 a year; the replacement, of this manure
by drainage water, costing twelve rupees for as
many acres as can be watered by one lift is an
obvious saving to the cultivator, and the land-
owner has not been slow in claiming a share of the
advantage. The rents of the land treated in thie
way have risen all round and in some cases have
doubled; they now range from Rs. 50 to Res. 100
per acre.

The facts enumerated above show better than
any results of analysis or artificial experiment the
value as manure of this material whieh previoualy
ran to waste; on sanitary grounde, too, it seems
preferable that the drainage water should be run
on to a large area of absorbent land, rather than
that it should stagnate in the drains. From this
point of view the best results will be obtained if
the land to be irrigated is a light, rather sandy
loam, and this is just the sort of a land where such
an application should be moat profitable to the
agriculturists.

The following hints may be of service where it i$
desired to imitatethe success attained in Meerut.—

The first-step should usually be to take a smill
area of land near the drains and raise fodder
crops on it: these are remarkably successful in
Meerut, and the produce can generally be fed to the
conservancy cattle. When cultivators see the
crops so raised they will probably want to try the
drainage, and it will be wise to let them have the
use of it free of charge for at any rate one seagon,
When they have become accustomed to it a charge
can be introduced. The exact nature of the
charge must depend on the arrangements which
can be made by the Municipality.’ The system in
Meerut is particularly simple, but as has been
shown most of the benefit goes to the landowner:
an acreage tate is fairer to all parties if the area
irrigated can be easily ascertained: while the mos¢
profitable system of all would be to hold the
irrigable land directly and let it out by auction to
cultivators.

In conclusion it may be noted that in some cases
it is possible the use of drainage water may lead to
a slight decrease in the demand for poudrette:
but the manure supply is nowhere excessive, and

574

there will usually be ample scope for usirg all the
available poudrette on land which lies out of reach

of the draine.
RES ih es dl

MEMS ABOUT MILK.

' There is probably no substance of which so
innny analyses have ‘been made as milk, and
consequently its composition and variations of
composition are pretty well known.

The following table, based on the authority
of Keith and Richmond, gives tue average com-
position of pure new milk: Fat 4:0, proteids
3°6, sugar 4°5, ash O°7, total non-fatty solids
8°8, water 872. ;

The fat in milk is ofcourse what confers on it its
riches. The sugaris a special variety to which
the name of lactose has been given. Ie differs
from cane sugar in that it is far less sheet,
and hence it is not so powerful a flavouring
agent as the latter. The proteid matter, like
the white of egg, has no very pronounced taste,
but yet it confers on mill a fullness and round-
ness of flavour, which a simple solution of
lactose in water would not possess. New milk
thus gives richness through its fat, sweetness
through its sugar, and what may be called
mellownoess through its proteids. Separated milk is
practically new milk less its fat.

The composition of new milk has been indi-
cated in the analysis already quoted, but these
figurea must not be received as by any means the
lowest obtainable from undoubtedly pure sam-
ples. Fcr the purposes of the Food and Druga
Adulteration Act, the limits in England have
recently been adopted of 3 per cent fat and 8°5
per cent solids not fat, In the case of a milk
falling below these limits, the onus of proof of
its purity lies with the vendor. But a direct
estimate of value is of more importance than
knowing whether or nota particular sample of
milk passes the limits of the public analyst.
Thus milks containing respectively 3 and 4 per
cent of fat, would so far as the fat ig concerned,
be passed as free from adulteration; but it is
obvious that the former sample has three-fourths
the value of the latter. For some years this
subject. of the valuation of milk has engaged
the attention of Mr. William Jago ¥.C,S., F.1.C.,
who suggests, and has for some considerable
‘time employed, a standard of valuation worked
out on the following lines :—From an examination
of a considerable number of commercial milks
ap average conventional standard of quality was
first, determined, the aim being not to go so
Jow as the Government limit for adulteration,
but to take figures which a buyer might reason-
ably demand to be reached in milks supplied
to him, These were ultimately taken as being
for new milk, Total. solids 18:5, fat 3'5, non-
fatty solids 9:0. |

Where both new and separated milk are market-
able products it would be possible to value the
constituents, thus: Taking the market value of
new milk at 10d. per gallon, and separated milk
at 24d. per gallon, and the difference between
the quality of the two as being an excess of
$2 per cent fat in new milk, then the excess of

"Supplement vw the Tropical Agriculturist.”

Fex. 1, 1909.

fat must be given a value of 73d., and in the
s_me proportion 8'5 per cent fat would be
worth 82d. From this the value of the convential
standard samples ean be expressed in terms of their
constituents, this is,in new milk 35 per cent
fat—=8-2d., 9 per cent non-fats—=1'8d. or 10d. the
gallon,

If the value of the standard be ealled 100,
then the value of any sample can from the
analysis be expressed in terms of percentages
of the standard. For instance, the 85 of
fat would be represented by the standard percen-
tage 82 (i.¢., of the total of valuable constituents)
and 9:0 non-fatty solids by» the standard per-
centage 18, This will enable two tables to be
drawn up for comparative valuation of fat aud
non-fatty solids in terms of the standards.

We give below the standard figures and those
in three other cases for the purposes of com-
parison :—

‘a A6y vgs y
Description. as g2g° Bos
S% eES 323
‘ j as >s fp
1. Mr. Jago’s conventive standard :
Fat Bee 3°5 82°00
Solids not fat 9-0 18-00
125 10000 100d
2. Present Government limit :
Fat aE 3:0 70°29
Solids not fat - 85 17-00
11°5 87°29 87d
8. Very rich milk watered :
Fat Sa 4°3 100°72
Solids not fat 81 16°20
12.4 116-92 11:72
4, Uusweetened milk diluted to “soneniadomed
three times its volume:
Fat aes 3°5 82:00
Solids not fat 82 16:40
17-98-4098

Looking at No. 3, it will be seen that the
milk though of the highest value in terms of
the standard, shows nevertheless evidence of
having been watered, and would probably be
made the subject of a prosecution if analysed
for the purpose of the Food and Drugs Act.
The public analyst being concerned simply with
adulteration, while the commercial user is more
vitally interested in the question of actual
value.

In ascertaining the value of condensed milks
itis usual to dilute them to three times their
original volume. Then such a milk as No. 4
is, as nearly as possible, of the same degree
of ‘eoncentration as the standard milk. :

[We are indebted for the information in
the above to Mr. William Jago’s lectures on
the Chemistry of Confectioner’s Materials and Pro-
cesses, delivered before the Society of “Arts last
November.— Ep. A.M,|

—.

Fes, 1, 1902.]

DISTOMATOSIS.

Veterinary Capt. H. Pease, Principal of the
Veterinary College, Lahore, draws attention to the
occurrence of this diseise among cattle and buf-
faloes in India, in a note contributed to The Agri-
cultural Ledger. The writer's investigations into
the disease were undertaken as the result of
serious mortality occurring in the vicinity of the
Collair lake in the Madras Presidency. Since that
outbreak the disease was observed to be more or
less prevalent wherever lowlying swamps were
found to occur, particularly in such country as_ is
subject to periodic inundations,

Some years ago the dry cattle and growing
animals belonging to the Government Dairy herd
were removed to the premises known (by name
only) as the Model Farm at Kanatte, with the
result that. many of the stock were attucked by
and succumbed to an affection which there seems
to be little doubt, from the description of the
disease given in Capt. Pease’s note, was Dis-
tomatosis. As a result the use of the premises
referred to as pasture land for the Government
Dairy herd had to be abandoned. The Model
Farm is just such an area as is described above,
where Distoma would find a congenial habitat.

We give below the more useful portion of Dr
Pease’s note for the benefit of our readers :-—

Most marked Symptoms.—The most marked
symptoms of this disease are gradual emaciation,
unhealthy appearance of the skin, watery condi-
tion of the mucous membranes, «nd what is more
especially noticed by the people, the appearance
of cedemata on the dewlap, and sometimes also
in the sub-maxillary space and under the abdo-
men, The skin becomes dry and the animal
hidebound. Digestion is deranged, rumination
and the action of the bowels irregular, the animal
sometimes being constipated and at others suf-
fering from diarrhoea. These symptoms gradually
increase in intensity, and diarrhoea becoming
marked death supervenes from ‘exhaustion at
between two and four months after the first
symptoms have been noticed.

Post-mortem appearances.—The following post-
mortem appearances may be observed in the buffalo
and ox, Body extremely emaciated, the skin
hidebound and dry; dropsical effusions into the
subcutaneous tissues, the fat replaced by a gela-
tinous-looking material. All the tissues are pale
and flabby. Liver greatly enlarged, all ducts and
gall bladder filled with large flukes, Over 100
have been removed from the gall bladder. The
bile black in cclour, duct dilated.

The Parasite.—-The parasite causing the disease
is Fasciola hepatica angusta. Considerable in-
terest attaches to: the parasite which’causes this
disease. Its occurrence has not previously been
recorded in this country. It has, however, been
described by Raillet in 1895 from specimens taken
trom Cattle slaughtered at St. Louis, Senegal.
Blanchard thinks it identical with Fusctola gugan-
tea of the giraffe. Laoss has deseribed under
the name of Fasciola Egyptiaca, a parasite
occurring in Bos taurus and Bos bubalus in Wgypt
which Blanchard considers identical with the
fluke we are at present dealing with. The pecu-

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

575

liar features of this fluke are its great length
as compared with its breadth: it isa long and
narrow and flat fluke. Raillet’s specimens mea-
sured from 26 to 38 milimetres in length and
were from 6 to 8 milimetres brond, or roughly
from one to one and a half inches long anda
quarter of an inch broad. All the specimens
Ihave are well over an inch long and ith broad
The parasites when freshly taken are of a flesh
colour and semi-transparent. They present all
the characters ot Fasciola. The intestines are
branched and ramified. The body tapers in front
so as to form a cephalic prolongation at the
end of which the mouth is situated. The aceta-
bulum opens very close to this on the ventral
surface, ; it is of fair size and salient, with a
triangular orifice the base’ anterior: the body
then rapidly gains its greatest breadth which
gradually tapers towards the tail narrowing the
inferior extremity being rounded. The integu-
ment is covered with small spines, especially
on the ventral surface and in front. The genital
pore is-situated a little in front of the acetabulum
it often shows the ejaculatory canal evaginated
in the form of a penis. The eggs which may
easily be obtained by opening the uterus in front
of the ventral opening are ovoid and relatively
long. The shell is very thin, and one may cften
observe a small opercule, and at the other a slicht
more or less irregular elevation. The size of
the eggs seems to vary from 148 to 150 pH. in
length and 82 to 87 w. in breadth. Altogether
there is not much difficulty in distinguishing this

worm owing to its great length and narrow
breadth.

—_@

HOW TO PREPARE SEED BEDS.

I wish to say in the beginuing that improved
methods do not imply more labour, but they do
imply more painstaking. It means the taking
advantage of favourable conditions and creating
conditions that are needed, and more than that
it means the getting of exact results, leaving
nothing to chance. {t is not necessary to give
the many reasons suggested to show that plant
beds well burned give the best results, except to
say that it destroys the vegetable and insect
life, and permits the plant to ecenpy the entire
soil undisturbed. Select for your seed bed fresh
land if possible on a hill slope where it will not be
shaded, and near water not subject to overflow
as the land will be moist and need no watering.
Black soil is to be preferred as it absorbs a greater
degree of heat. Clear the ground of undergrowth
and stone, and then put on a layer of brush and
leaves to the thiekness of 2 or 8 feet, and then on
the top put wood and logs, covering it well over
so that when it is burned it will leave a heavy
bed of coals. .

Tke ground should be burned until it is a red
or brick dust colour, in order to destroy all seeds
and insect life, and so as to completely pulverize
the soil. Do not burn when the ground is wet.
When it is cool rake off all unburned wood but
allow tiie ashes to remain on’ the bed, and then
spade it up to the depth of 6 inches, being careful
to reverse the soil, It should be then well

576

chopped with a hoe (or mammoty) and raked
until the ground is thoroughly pulverized and the
ashes well mixed w!th the soil, all sticks, roote
and stones being removed.

Do not make the beds too narrow or they will
get too dry ; 6 feet is a very good width, but they
may be as long as desired. It is better to have
the plants too thin than too thick, as crowded
plants grow weak and spindly, having no strength
to overcome changed conditions, and when trans-
planted many of them die. They do not start to
grow readily and are more subject to the ravages
of cut-worms and other pests, causing many
missing plants, making your garden very irregular
in growth, and entailing much extra work in the
end. But if your seeds are thinly sown the
plants grow stocky, with good roots, and are
strong and healthy growers, requiring less mois-
ture when transplanted. They grow up readily,
soon getting out of the way of pests, and you
have a more uniform field.

If you desire to test the vitality of your seed
before sowing, take a few in your fingers and
sprinkle them on a hot stove; if they are good
they will pop and crackle, but if not they will
burn and crumble away. When sowing small
seeds, mix them with cornmeal or slacked
lime, as this will show on the bed, and you can
see what you are doing. Lime is preferred, as it
is a good fertiliser, After sowing do not rake, but
tramp or pat in the seed with the back of a spade.

Do not sow all your seed at once, but at
intervale of two weeks, that you may have plants
of the proper size for transplanting when wanted ;
gow more than you are likely to need, that you

_may be able to select the strongest and best
plants. In order to keep your plants free from
disease and insects, and to get the very best
results, it is necessary to canvas your beds, Take
boards end set them on edge all around the bed,
driving stakes on either side to keep them in
place, and thus form a box around it, closing the
joints with earth so as to make them insect-proof.
The boards should come 5 or 6 iuches above the
top of the bed. Drive a row of nails on the
outside of the box, 10 or 12 inches apart, all
around, leaving I inch projecting; have a sheet
made of the thinnest cheese cloth, the size of the
bed, with holes around the edges to correspond
with the nails driven into the box; stretch this
sheet over the bed, slippingithe holes in the edges
over the nails. If the bed is large, lay small
poles across the box frame at short distances, to
keep the covering from sagging. Be sure to get
the very thinnest cloth, that light and air may
penetrate. :

This covering wsually stays on all the time
until the bed is abandoned; but watch your
plants, and, if they do not appear strong and
healthy, you can remove the covering for a time.
Make o ditch around the bed to carry off the
water during rainy weather. If it is necessary at

any time to water the plants, it should be done.

about sundown, the covering laid off, and, as
goon as the watering is finished, replaced.

It is best to draw the water for this purpose in
the forenoon, and let it stand in the sun and get
warm, ae cold water chills both the plants and

Supplement to the ‘Tropical Agriculturist.”

~

(Fee. 1, 1909

the soil. It will be found that a canvas-covered
bed retains the moisture better than any other, and
also induces a more uniform temperature.

[The above directions are by Mr, R. S. Nevill
from the Queensland Agricaltural Journal of
March, 1898, referred to in our i-sue for December
last.—Ep. A. M.]

een
PLANT LIFE.

[A SERIES OF SIMPLE LECTURES INTENDED
FOR A CLASS OF JUNIOR STUDENTS. |

LECTURE Iv.

AslI have already said it is with the soil that
we generally connect plante, and indeed it is from
the soil that the important part of the food ,of
plants is drawn, This ia done through the roots.
I must here impress upon you an important fact,
namely, that the food of plants which is drawn
from the soil is taken wp only in a liquid form.
Now it is not to be supposed that all the necessary
food is already iu that form; some of it may be
and some not. As you may be aware some sub-
stances are soluble in water, but some require
the. aid of other substances called solvents to
dissolve them. Now the water in the soil in-
variably contains carbonic acid gas dissolved in
it, the gas being produced by the decomposition
of organic matter in the soil and brought into it
in other ways. But the important point for you
to remember ig that water containing carbonic
acid has a greater dissolving power than pure
water. We may therefore expect to find a certain
proportion of plant food already in a state of
solution in the water in the soil and ready to be
taken up by the roots. But there is also a good
deal of the food of plants that requires to be
dissolved out of the solid particles which
compose soil, and this dissolving action is carried
on by what is known as the acid sap present in
the roots. By the aid of this acid sap which
contains more powerful solvents than carbonic
acid, plants are able to attack and dissolve the
solid food particles present in the soil and utilize
them for their nutrition. The process by which
these liquids enter the roots of plants may be
spoken of as absorption.

You must not suppose that everytLing in the
soil is plant food, no more than every form of
vegetation is food for animals. The necessary
elements of plant food are distributed throughout
the bulk of the soil and form by no means a
large proportion of it, We speak of soils being
fertile or unfertile according to the proportion
of ‘these necessary ingredients of plant food
present in the soil. The soil we may look upon
asthe ‘‘ element” in which the plant exists and
flourishes, the greater bulk of it being required
for fixing the plant in position so that its roots
may travel through it in search of those ingredients
which constitute the food of the plant In
addition to the solid matter of the soil, moisture
or water must be present so that these necessary
fuod ingredients may be dissolved in if and be
absorbed into the plant in the form of solutions.
These solutions are weak, that isto say there is
comparatively a small quantity of food taken up

Fup. 1, 1902.]

with a large proportion of water. It will there-
fore strike you that there would be an excess of
water taken into the plant which will have to be
drained off, or removed, after it has performed
the function of conveying food from the soil into
the plant. And this is so, fcr the excess of water
over and above what is required by the plant passes
out of the plant through the stomata as water
vapour. This process is called transpiration.

A plant in a healthy state has its cells full
of moisture, this condition -keeping the plant
“turgid,” while a plant which lacks moisture,
owing to transpiration going on more rapidly
than absorption (as ig the case in very dry hot
weather) is said to become “ flaccid.” Hence it
is that we see the foliage of plants and trees
drooping and- having a withered appearance
during dry seasons but freshening up again after
a fall of rain. or the same reason herbaceous
garden plants which are shallow rooted and
cannot secure the necessary supply of water from
the soil require to be watered in dry weather, to
prevent them withering off.

oo

OBITUARY.

Sir Henry Gitpert, F.R.S.—Sir H. Gilbert,
the distinguished agricultural chemist and life-
long colleague of the late Sir John Bennet Lawes
in the Rothamsted agricultural experiments, died
on Monday, December 23rd, at his residence at Har-
penden, St. Albans, Joseph Henry Gilbert, son of
the Rev. Joseph Gilbert, and his wife Ann Taylor,
of Ongar, was born at Hull in 1817. He studied
in the laboratory of Professor Thomas Thomson
at Glasgow University, and then~ proceeded to
University College, London, where he attended
the lectures of Professor Thomas Graham, and
worked in the laboratory of Dr. Antony Todd
Thomson, where J. B. Lawes, three years’ Gilbert’s
senior, was also a pupil. He next went to the
University of Giessen to study chemistry under
Liebig, and there he took the degree of Ph, D.
In 1843, Gilbert, at the age of twenty-six, became
associated with Lawes, and assumed control of
the chemical laboratory at the Rothamsted experi-
mental station, Harpenden. The collaboration of
these two pioneers in the field of scientific agri-
cultural research lasted for fifty-seven years, and
was only terminated by the death of Sir John
Lawes on August 31st, 1900.

Sir Henry Gilbert was elected a member of the
Society of Arts in 1855; and in 1893 the Albert
gold medal was awarded to Sir John Lawes, and
a like medal to Dr. Gilbert, ‘‘for their joint
services to scientific agriculture, and notably for
the researches which, throughout a period of fifty
years, have been carried on by them at the
Experimental Farm, Rothamsted.” These medals
were presented to the two recipients on February
23rd, 1894, by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales
(President of the Society) at Marlborough House. In
1893 Dr. Gilbert received the honour of kinghood.

FOOD GRAINS AND FODDERS.

The Agricultural Ledger, No, 10 of 1901 consists
of a report by Dr. Leather, Assistant Agricultural

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

577

Chemist to the -Government of India on the
chemical composition of Indian Food Grains and
Fodders. Among the food grains treated of are
some of those cultivated in this Island, and it will
therefore be of interest to our readers to know
something about the chemical composition and
food value of these products. We are a little dis-
appointed to find that though wheat and barley
are included in the report, paddy or rice are
omitted. We have little doubt, however, that
the missing crop will find a place in the second
edition which it is intended to publish shortly.

The following introductory remarks by Dr.
Leather are important toa correct understanding
of the results of analyses that follow :—

An accurate knowledge of the chemical compo-
sition of the Food crops of any country is of im-
portance. In the case of India, the information
of this nature, which has been available in the
past, is very limited. On the other hand the nnm-
ber of crops of different natural orders is larger
than in most countries, and that of varieties of
the same crop is correspondingly greater, Conse-
quently, the chemical analysis cf only a few
specimens of each of these varieties would entail
a work of very considerable magnitude. Such,
for the present, is not being attempted. If, how-
ever, the chief characteristics of the composition
of the principal crops is determined, a want which
is experienced by those who are studying Indian
agriculture will bein part supplied.

Regarding the methods of analysis a few words
may be usefully added. These aré not quite uni-
formly the same in all countries, and consequently
the published analyses cf food stuffs are not
always comparable in details. The following
notes are therefore made.

Moisture.—This has been determined in all cases
by drying in an air-oven at about 100° c,

The oid has been extracted from the aw-dry
sample with rectified, but not desiccated, ether.

The ether extract has usually only been deter-
mined in the grain, in which case it may be
assumed to be almost entirely oil.

In the green fodders and straw or bhusa of
crops, the matter soluble in ether includes largely
other substances than oil, such as was, chlorophgl
or even alkaloids in some cases. It has, therefore,

been generally omitted from the analysis of these
materials,

Albuminotds.—In some of the older samples,
the proportion of albuminoid nitrogen was not
separately determined, and for these the amount
of total nitrogen has been multiplied by the usual
factor 6°25 and the product entered as Albuminoids,
All such have been marked with an*. In
most of the samples the albuminoid nitrogen
was separated by Retthousen’s method (precipi-
tation with Capric hydrate). Ina few other cases
Church’s method was employed. As will be seen,
nearly the whole of the nitrogen in grain exists a3
albuminoids; it is only in fodders that any very
marked divergence exists between the amount of
total and albuminofd nitrogen,

Soluble Carbohydrates.—This term is applied in
England to those component parts of food stuffs
which are not separately determined.

578

In cereals and pulses it includes principally
starch, but in other cases, such as some of
the oil seeds, there is but little starch ; its place
being. taken by such substances as pectin or
mucilage.

Woody Fibre.—This includes principally cellu-
lose, but any lignin which is present in the grain
or fodder is included.

Soluble Mineral Matter.—Most of the samples
were very clean and free from earthy admixture.
But since some extraneous earth was usually
present and difficult to remove thoroughly, the

Supplement to the ‘' Tropical Agriculturist.”

(Fez. 1, 1902.

soluble part of the ‘‘ash ” or mineral matter has
been stated separately, and the other insoluble
portion, which consists principally of the silica
natural to the grain or fodder has been entered in
the next column, Usually grain contains very
little silica, and if any earthy matter was adhering
to the sample, its presence is at once indicated.
But the straws and grasses contain high propor-
tions of silica as an integral part of their normal
composition. Earth or dust also usually adheres
to these fodders, which is only partially removed
on the threshing floor. Information regarding the
composition of the ash will be su pplied later.

4\13,| 2/82]. s
om wn “= @ J o—_ ©
g See ge Jae | ee (ea ee
Propvcr. Source. 5 I 4 198 a 08 | % & | 3 & = 30
2 fe) FSI az = se | ta oe =Ba
i Bott 2 Salliois ae Mee Bee =
a Se aalmsia lacey {asa a <
Arachis hypogoea—ground nut = 4:70 | 49°25 |29°U9*! 13°21 | 1:65} 2:15 05| 465) —
Cocos nucifera—Coconut cake
or poonac eee Poona 7°72 | 16°53 | 13°62 | 44°57 | 12°45 | 4°65) +46] 3°31] 217
Hleusine zoracana—Kurakkan
grains ie Do 9°38 | 1°38 | 5:37] 78:46] 2°47| 2:47) *47| +95 "86
Panicum miliare—Menéri :
grain Do 795 | 4:11) 6°81] 67°26] 7:63] 2°16} 4:08} 1:18] 1-09
Panicum miliaceum— Varagu
grain ; Do 8:57 ‘09 | 9°38 | 64:21 | 6°30} 2°50] 3-95] 1:52] 1-50
Paspalum scrobiculatum—
Amugrain | a0 Do 8°01 | 3°36) 5°81] 70:06] 847} 1°34] 2°95] 1:00) +93
Pennisetum typhordeum—
Kumbu grain (average of 5
analyses) do Do 8°51 | 5:41] 9:19 | 74:01 ‘77 | 1:74 *33| 1:56) 1°45
Phaseolus mungo—Mun seeds Do 9°48 | 1°83 | 23:56 | 56°39} 4:42) 4:02 30 | 4:03] 3°77
Phaseolus radiatus—Ulundu} f Dot 11:87 ‘70 | 16°08 | 54:35 | 3°39) 2°45) 1.16] 2-90) 2-57
seeds \ Do 8:14 ‘99 | 18°50 | 59°11 | 4°33]. 4°51) 4:42] 3:24) 92-96
Setaria italica—Tanahal seeds Do 7:95 | 4:54 | 10°37 | 69°19] 5:22} 1:44] 1:49] 1:68) 1-66
Arachis hypogoea—Ground-
nut kernels... —_ 4-70 | 49°25 | 29-09%] 13°21] 1°65) 2°15] -05| 465) —
Cajanus indicus—Dhall seeds
(average otf 2analysis) ... Poona 8:21 | 1°48 | 19:08 | 61:°53| 5:72| 3°70] :25] 3:40) 3:05
Cicerarietinum—Kadala seeds
(average of 4 analysis) Do 9:45 | 4°49 |.18:12 | 57°86] 7:05) 2°84] 7:17| 3:03] 2:96
Sorghum vulgare—Karal irin- | Various
gu seeds (aver. of 9 analysis) Source 10°76 |; 4°18 | 9:55 | 72°27) 1°31] 1:76) +26] 1°61) 1:51
Panicum maximum—Guinea
grass (average of 2 analysis
of green fodder) Poona 67°47 94 |. 2°25 | 16°53] 7:26] 2°23) 3°31 ‘47 | +36
Sesamum indicum—Gingelly Various
seed (average of G6analysis)... Source - 4°69 | 48°25 | 20°98 | 14°38 | 4:45] 5:56 99 | 3°42] 3-01
Dolichos biflorus—Kollu seeds Poona 7:45 “89 | 20:06 | 60°62] 4°57] 4:34] 2°07| 3-74] 3:21

} Mr, §. H. Collin’s Analysis.

an tiChb
We

«| MONTHLY. pe

XXI.

LECTURE UPON CEYLON TEA.

“FROM THE TEA SEED TO THE TEA CUP.”
By ALFRED Ames, LATE PLANTER oF CEYLON,
Written for Switzerland.

Tllustrated by Lantern Views.

N the year 1800 the United King.
dom consumed 1} lb. of tea
per heal of population, In
1900 5: Ib. of tea per head of
population was consumed.

In 1800 the consumption was

RUBS eODOnOL AU oie er als}

1850... 0+ 00+» «51,000,000 Ibe

jy 1900. ..1...-+00+0e303,867,149 Ib.

Up to the year 1862 nearly all the tea consumed
came from China, The year 1879 registered the high-
water mark of China teas, since which time the im-
portation has gradually decreased, the teas from India
and Ceylon having almost entirely overthrown the
monopoly of that country.

Every day the two islands consume 600,00C lb. of
tea which approximately represents 4,000,000 gallons
or 120,000,000 cups of tea, or about 3 cups to each
person. Indeed the United Kingdom consumes nearly
ag much tea annually as the whole Continent of Eu.
rope, North and South America, Africa and Aus:
tralia. The British ration has every right, I think
you will admit, to consider itself a connoisseur upon
the subject of tea: It not only grows the best teas
but drinks the greatest quantity of it. No better
guarantee of quality could be given by any manu-
facturer than the fact that he is the best customer for
his own goods.

To commence from the beginning, from the tea
seed, arriving eventually at the tea-cup, will necessi-
tate a description of the yarious processes employed

a9

COLOMBO, MARCH 1st,

1902. No 9.

to produce good tea to drink, and also gives one an
Opportunity to describe the country in which the best
tea ismade. I daresay yon have allheard how tea
became to be the chief product of the sweet-scented
Island of Ceylon. Coffee had for many years been
the principal export, the others being cinnamon and
other spices, coconut oil, etc, the minerals being
represented by precious stones such as sapphires,
cat’s-eyes, moonstones, and last but not least the
very useful and humble plumbago of which there are
many mines in many parts of the country. In the
middle of the seventies a disease was discovered
upon the coftee tree of a most virulent description,
which gradually attained suchascendency, as in a
few years to completely change the whole aspect
of the coffee districts.

Where fields had yielded 10 or even 15 cwt an
acre, only a few dried sticks were left to mark the

place of former prosperity. This disease was called
“Hemeleia vastatrix,” and was really a consump-
tion of the lungs of the leaves which after being
attacked fell to the ground in decayed heaps, and the
fruit without nourishment from the atmosphere
failed to mature and ripen, Although as I say the
process was gradual, the result to proprietors of Es-
tates was appalling and sudden. It behoved all Ceylon
planters and those interested to use their best en-
deavours to find a substitute that would enable them
to maintain the prestige of the island. For thig
purpose everything was done that human ingenuity
could devise. Tropical Agriculturist books were
earnestly investigated. Kew Garden’s experts were
appealed to, and every conceivable plant likely to
produce a paying crop was experimented with; but
as a satisfactory substitute for coffee, they all more
or less failed; representing a good illustration of the
well-known fable of the fox who beasted of his nine
tricks, whilst the success of the tea industry might
be compared with the one trick possessed by the
historical cat; the sequel proving that the latter was
worth all the other nine put together.

Liberian coffee, cacoa, cinchona, cardamoms, pep-
per, vanilla, cinnamon, coconut, eto., have by careful
cultivation given a good profit to proprietors, although

580

yome of these labor under the disadvantage of supply
exceeding demand, the market becoming easily over-
stocked. ‘

Cocoa, Liberian coffee, and cinchona will only
pay to grow under certain conditions of climate and
soil, and therefore could not be considered a satis-
fuctory substitute for the defunct coffee tree. The
great substitute however was discovered. Difficulties
were overcome, dead coffee trees were sawn down
or the roots grubbed up to make room for the new
seedlings. ;

Thousands of acres of jungle useless for growing
the old product were promptly felled and planted
up with the new. No land seemed to be too high
or too low to accommodate the tea plant, no soil
too rich or too poor to produce a luxuriant crop of
tea. From the year 1882 the whole aspect of the
island was changed. Huge tracts of land were opened
up and factories built. :

In the early days of tea planting the manufac-
ture was entirely carried out by hand. In course of
time howover this was discovered to be inadequate,
and machinery of all sorts and sizes was resorted
to. The nett result has been that Caylon hand in
hand with India has practical'y rushed China tea out
of British consumption. >

The three great growing centres of tea are China,
India and Ceylon. British subjects should without
doubt deal in preference with the two latter vather
_ than with the former, if alone on patriotic grounds ;
and thay have loyally done so, but the principal
cause of China’s defeat upon British territory has
resulted from an economical motive. it was discovered
that the British-grown teas go very much farther
than China. That is to say, two szoonfuls of India
or Ceylon tea provide as many cups of teas as thice
spoonfuls of China.

The London Custom Report says :—

«“Fyom the information which has been afforded us
on the subject, we believe that we make a moderate
estimate in assuming that Indian tea goes half as
far again as China tea, so far as depth of colour
and fullness (not delicacy of flavour) are concerned.
Thus 1 lb. of Chinese tea produces 5 gallons of
tea of a certain depth of colour andfullness of fla-
vour. 1lb. of Indian tea will produce 74 gallons
of a similar beverage. ” ; j

This report clearly proves that there is a direct
saving in the use of British-grown teas. Surely a
Baving of 4 or 33% should appeal to the econo-
mical Swiss housewife. i

“ Demand controls supply, and it will only be when
the small purveyor finds that his customers will no
longer drink the China rabbish they have hitherto
tolerated, that the great change will take place, ex-
actly in the same way as it did many years ago in
England. :

In point of fact the reform will take place when
the Swiss tea dealer comes to have more faith in
English houses than he has in those belonging to
Hamburg Jews. : ae

Another great argument in favour of British-grown
teas is the extreme cleanliness observed in their
mannfacture. Any stranger may see the whole pro-
cess from the beginning to the end, the plucking of
the leaf, the weighing of the came at the store, the
withering at the factory, the rolling, the fermen-
tation, the roasting and sifting of the manufactured
leaf, the packing in lead lined cases, and- if he so
chooses he can see the cases placed in the bullock
cwtsand despatched, marked and hoopironed, to tke
nearest railway station. A visit to a tea factory
unmistakably proves that every process through which
the tea passes is a cleanly one. It is not too much
to say that after the green leaf has been once
plucked by the coolies the tea 1s never allowed to
be handled, Here is a quotation from Mr. Cave’s
book on Ceylon: ‘Everything it will be observed
ig done to avoid handling the tea indeed from the
bush to the tea table, such methods of pure clean-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|Marcw 1, 1902,

liness are observed as scarcely any other food
manufacture can claim, and especially do these
methods of Ceylon tea manufactures stand in contrast
to those of China, where the primitive operations
employed are such that the stomach would rebel
azainst a detailed description 1 am convinced that
if the public generally did but realize this difference
between Ceylon tea and that of some other countries
the demand for the C2ylon article would increase
quite beyond the capacity ofthe country to produce
ix.” What Mr. Cave says is quite true, ‘lhe most
perfectly clean machinery and -storage of all des-
eriptions is employed, and it is qnitea pleasure ard
One not easily forgotten to see the whole process in
Operation. The Chinese on the other hand are very
Jealous of strangers visiting their gardens. They do
not employ machinery but use only their hands and
feet for the manufacture of tea. ‘‘Ah Sin” has no
occasion to pay labour to assist him, his wife and
olive branches being sufiicient for the very small
acreage for which he is responsible. After his tea
has passed through an exceedingly unpleasant pro-
cess, which consists of rolling, breaking, and
squeezing the leaves until the juice exudes through
the fingers, perhaps not oyerclean when he com-
mences, but perfectly so by the time he has
finished ; it is then fermented and we hear is put
into a copper pan and afterwards ro°s‘ed upon pri-
mitive trays over a slow charcoal fire. When the
process is in all its branches--we do not know or
want to know—only a suggestion occurs to one that
the earthy flavour so very apparent in China teas,
is not alone attributable to the con‘tituents of the
leaf, The middleman in the tea giowing centres of
China is a very important person, he buys the leaf
manufactured from the peasant grower, and after
sorting and sifting it in to large breaks, packs it
into the cabalistic cases so familiar to everybody.
The tea is then carted to the great centres where
it is bought for English or Russian houses a d
shipped to over-sea ports or despatched by caravan
routes to Russia.

In looking at the tea growing centre of Ceylon
upon the map, and considering the magaitude of the
industry, we are surprised to see what a small area
it occupies in relation to the rest of the island,
which is about the size of Ireland. Ceylon from
both in historical and agricultural point of view is
one of the most interesting spots upon the face of the
globe. The population is composed of Euiopeans,
Sinhalese, Jaffna Tamils, Moors, Parsees, Portu-
guese, Afghan and Malays with a sprinkling of
people from many other countries. The Sinhaleze
and Jaffna Tamils are the natives proper of the
country, The latter occupy the extreme north of

“the island where they were driven by the victorious

Sinhalese after one of the many dynastic wars
between the two races. ;
The Sinhalese peasants object to work as a
coolie, being perfecily able to support himself and
family upon his patch of rice and garden, to watch
him ploughing in with his two buffaloes, who drag a
sharp stake through the mud of the paddy-fields;
forces the mind back a couple of thousand years,
there is little doubt the passage of time has suggested
no improvements in field culture to this veritable
child of Nature. Lately the wealthy Sinhalese
have taken up tea cultivation with the result that
the labor c’ass is gradually taking to the work and
it is calculated represents about 7% of the wage-
earning popalation. The scenery of the island is
magnificent and reminds one very much of Switzer-
land ; there are several mountains ,but not nearly of
the same altitude a: the high ones of ‘this country.
“Pidnrutalagalla”’ isa little over 8,000 ft. whilst the
celebrated ‘‘ Adam’s Peak” is only about 7,000 feet.
This mountain is by 800,000,000 of people considered
one of the most scared spots in ‘the World, it is
to the Buddhist what Mecca is to the Mahommedan,
and thousands of the faithful annually visit it on

Marci 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

pilgrimage. Curiously enough the Mahommedans
and Hindus equally hold the mountain in venera-
tion’; the former think the well known foot-print
upon the summit is that of our common parent
from which superstition the Peak derives its name.
The Hindus credit their god Siva with the impress,
whilst the Buddhists, of course, reverence the foot-
print as that of their holy Gautama.

The great working or cooly race is that of the
Tamil, from the coast of Malabar ; their lot in their
own country in the time of famine is so hard that
they are glad to emigrate anywhere fer.a certainty
of shelter, a plentitude of rice with regulary paid
weges,

The constantly recurring loss of the rice crops,
due to the paucity of rain, has caused much dis-
tress and loss of life through starvation. By giving
regular work and wages, our tea gardens have saved
the lives of thousands of our fellow-creatures, surely
an additional reason to look kindly upon an indus-
try which has prevented so much suffering, The
Tamil cooly is a patient, hard-working representative
of humanity, he will work under a tropical sun for
10 hours at a stretch for 53d. his wife for do-
ing the same being quite content with the equivalent
of 4d. ia English money, his children find employ-
ment as pickers. Although of course he cannot make
any considerable amount of savings he will sometimes
return to his coast and buy a cow which to him
spells affluence, or he will start himself as kyngani
or small headman, by degrees collecting a labor
force to manage which insures him a competency,
and what is still more to be desired enables him to
superintend the work without working himself, which
consists in standing upon a rock and dividing his
time between chewing ‘‘ betel” and shouting at the
eoolies. Kanganies who are not paid wages are paid
each day so much for each cooly in their gang who
come3 to work. The system adopted by recruiting
labor is called ‘‘ Coast Advances.” A sum of mouey
is advanced by the Superintendent to his kangany
who straightway returns to his village on the coast
of India, and there in his turn advances so much
to each cooly who is willing to return with him to
the estate and work in his gang, thus a cheap
labor force is constantly replenished, and it is no
doubt greatly owing to this fact that the success of
the tea industry isdue. Cheap labor and cheap trans-
port are both obtainable in Ceylon, without which,
however suitable climate, rainfall or soil, no tea garden
could by any possibility be made to pay, either in
Ceylon, India or elsev here.

' It is generally supposed that Ceylon with its won-
derful soil and climate produces a golden harvest of
all kinds of fruit without the necessity of cultiva-
tion. This is not so. Only a fewfruits even when
cultivated are fit for Huropean digestion : there are
of course the well known Mango, Plantain, Pineapple,
Pomegranate, Mangosteen and Orange, and that is really
about all. The pineaple indeed is sometimes grown
to an enormous size, weighing as much as_ 32 Ib.
and as delicious in flavour as abnormal in sizo. The
best fruits are carefully cultivated and it is quite a mis-
take to suppose that they grow wild in the jungles,
I mention this fact relative to Ceylon fruits as
partly accounting for the downfall of King Coffee.

_ Coffee being a fruit crop was only kept going by
high cultivation, the ground was manured heavily year
after year, until the froit-bearing” power reached its
climax, and the over-taxed trees became an easy prey to
the fell diseaso which eventually caused their destruc=
tion. I'he grape vine suffers from a very kindred disease

‘to the ‘‘Hemileia ” of the Coffee, in fact it appears
to be an impossibility to force a heavy fruit crop
year after year from the same trees, without compe!—
ling their destruction, in plain language we take mo:e

‘nourishment from Mother Earth than any system of
manuring will enable us to replace.

' Tea is not a frwt crop but leaf crop, the na-
tural tendency of all vegetable life in the forcing
climate of Oeylon is to run to leaf. Therefore teais

AGRICULTURIST 581

a natural crop. We only ask from the tea tree what
it can well afford to part with. The tea tree, it is
true, throws ont a beautiful blossom like a small
single Camelia, to which family it belongs, but should
there be too much seed upon the trees it is a sign
that the “Jat” or quality of the tea is not good.
The best tea throws out the least seed.

The difference between the two crops coffee and
tea, being understood, it is not difficult to under-
stand why planters have been so successful with the
latter, The former exhausted the soil, the cultivation
of the tea crop does not do so, it represents a bill of
exchange upon the soil, which is always paid when
due and without difficulty. The tea tree only requires
careful pruning and management to bring its leaf
crop to perfection. So rapid is the growthof the
tea flush that on a properly managed garden the
pickers have only time to finish the last field when
the first will be ready to recommence upon, the
flush takes about 8 or 10 days to grow. The tea
planter has little reason to fear the ravages of the
numerous pests which have helped to rob the Island
of its magnificent coffee crops. No disease has yet
appeared to interfere with the ever-growing export
of tea from the port of Colombo, there is no ap-
prehension as to that. The real problem to solve
is what is to be done with the surplus of tea which
cannot find an outlet in Mincing Lane? This impor-
tant question has brought me before you to-day and
will be discussed later on. It is one that must sooner
or later affect consumer as well as producer. British-
grown teas have still to replace those of China on
the Continent of Europe and America; this is the
special mission of the House I represent, Messrs
James Finlay & Co. of Glasgow, with whom are in-
corporated Finlay, Muir & Co. in the Hast and
Rogivue & Co, Ld. on the Continent of Europe. This
great firm has houses in all parts of the world==
Glasgow, London, Calcutta, Colombo, Bombay, New
York, Chicago, Toronto, Moscow, Oonstantinople,
Magdebourgh, Lausanne, etc. and has altogether
seventy thousand (70,000) acres under tea in A3sam,
Sylhet, Cachar, Darjeeling, Travancore and Ceylon,
besides a considerable wrea under coffee, cocoa,
cinchona, cardamoms, ete. The produce from their
tea gardens last year amounted to 22,000,000 lb. of
manufactured tea, this converted into cups of tea
at the rate of 200 for each pound of tea would make
four thousand four hundred million (4,400,000,000),
Before describing the processes of tea cultivation
it would be as well perhaps to study the chemists’
analysis of the tea leaf. We have all noticed
that there are tiMes when nothing refreshes us sa
much as acup of tea.. No other beverage possesses
this wonderful quality. Nothing in this world can
ever replace the afternoon cup of tea, it is the only
stimulant which cheers without exacting reaction,
To what special property in the leaf is this due?

The constituents of the tea leaf are fifteen in
number, but all with the exception of three are of
small importance, these three are:

The Essential Oil,
Theine or Caffeine, and
Tannin.

The Essential Oil gives to the tea its flavour and
aroma, As regards Theine in India or Ceylon teag
there is sometimes as much as 6 per cent whilst in
Uhina tea only about 1 per cent is found. The
higher the percentage of Theine or Caffeine the
greater is the beneficial effect on the human system:
this is evidently the invigorating agent. The Tan-—
nin in tea is the chief cause of its strength and
pungency ; it is however probable that the fulness
of the tea apart from the pungency
is due to the mucilagenous constituents
dissolved by the boiling water. With regard to the
great Tannin question it is a subject which has
been much discussed but little understood. Indian
and Ceylon teas are stronger in liquor than China
teas, this] although distinctly in favour of the former

582

has been used as an argument for their disparagement,
itis simply a case of dealing with the teas according
to their strength.

Ceylon teas should only be infused for five or six
minutes after which time the made tea should be
poured off into another tea-pot heated for its reception.
If this were always done we should hear no more
about Tannin which in properly made tea only adds
a3 the analyst remarks strength and pungency to
the liquor; fresh spring water should be employed,
and water that has once been boiled should not be
reboiled for tea making, Of course, itis necessary
to procure a good sound tea, and for this purpose
you have only to apply to any of the numerous
agents of Rogivue & Co. Ld., to obtain what you
require.

The most delicate tea is grown at high altitudes
whilst magnificent crops are produced from the low
country gardens, ‘The curious characteristic of Ceylon
tea is that at whatever the altitude it is grown it can
always be drunk wnblended, it is a self-drinking tea,

. and does not require the agency of an¥ other tea
to make it enjoyable or drinkable. It is however
about time to think of the tea seed if we are ever
going to arrive at the tea-cup,

After a block of jungle is bought, felled and burnt
it must be first well roaded and afterwards holed for
the reception of the young tea plants, which are
planted from three to four feet spart according to
the altitude of the estate. A Nursery must first be
prepared for the reception of the tea seed, well screened
from the sun by Palm leaves or dried mana grass.
This nursery it is needless to say is a most im-
portant part of the undertaking. On a large nursery
it is quite one man’s work to watch and water the
seedlings and keep the ground clear of insects, pests,
weeds, etc. The tea plant when about nine inches
high only requires the rains to commence for plant-
ing out. The young plant is then gently extracted
from the soft earth of the nursery, tied up iato bun-
dies and served out to the most experienced coolies
to plant in the holes prepared for their reception.
These holes are dug to the depth of about 12 inches
and should be filled in with surface soil carefully
freed from stones or rough subsoil. Planting is a
most important operation and requires great care;
should the long tap root get bent the future pros-
pects of the tree will be greatly affected. The rain-
fall in the low country is about 180 inches per
annum, about 6 or 7 times as much as London
registers, as much as 6 inches of rain will some-
times fall in a few hours, this humid atmosphere
coupled with the forcing properties of a tro-
pical sun produces a wonderful growth in the tea
fields, the first picking of the leaf often taking place
within two yearsof planting. Inthe higher altitudes
the rainfall is less and the growth not nearly so
rapid, three to four years is generally allowed to
elapse before the first crop is plucked. The general
management of the tree will muchdepend upon allti-
tude and climatic differences. The rougher teas from
Assam orthe Kelani Valley naturally require differ-
ent treatment to the high-grown and more delicate
sorts, itis not altogether unlike the high and low
born of the human race, both are necessary but
require separate modes of treatment to procure the
best results, ‘This is supposed to be a popular lecture
ON CEYLON TEA 80 that I shall not weary you with sta-
tistics. AfterI have finished my remarks upon tea
cultivation and discussed with you other important
points, there will be thrown upon the sheet a number
of beautiful photographs taken by Mr. H. W. Cave cf
Ceylon, Ifthe lecture should have proved a little
dry I sincerely trust these pictures will dissipate any
weariness acquired during the relation of details a
little monotonous perhaps but necessitated by the
subject.

The coolie women and children become very expert
jn plucking the leaf, it is marvellous to watch their

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

. close application to the subject

(Marcu 1, 1902.

dexterity, it seems to be an instinct with them to know
what part of the flush should be taken and what felt
for future use. The eyeinthe axil of the leaf must
not beinjured as that represents the future flush.
The top leaf or bud of the shoot is known in the trade
as ‘‘ tippy ’ tea, thisis a small orange-coloured leaf
found in high class teas, easily distinguished amongst
the black leaves by its golden appearance, this leaf
makes the best tea and wot'd be too strong in liquor
to drink by itself unless used sparingly, a single
pound specially picked has fetched in Minzing Lane as
much as £35 stg. These fine leaves are collected by
throwing the tea against a special matting made of
jute, the extremely small tips stick to it whilst the
heavier leaves fall tothe ground. The Orange Pekoe,
the Pekoe and Pekoe Souchong are the next in seqaence
down the stem of the flush. There are two kinds of
pineking; fine and coarse, the former turns out teas as
ollows :—

Broken Orange Pekoe Equal 30 per cent
d

Orange Pekoe ae o 40 do
Pekoe 5 ae Ao do 19 do
Pekoe Souchong oa a do 7 do
Dust 40 ae in do 3 do
Wastage .. 6 do 1 do

the coarser picking would include a higher percentage
of the Pekoe Souchong leaf. After plucking the leaf
the coolie carries his or her basket to the central store
where it is carefully weighed and placed in the wither-
ing rooms. ‘I'he withering process is very simple, the
leaves are spread out thinly upon ‘‘ Tattu ” or shallow
trays, and left until they become properly withered,
sometimes hot air is passed through the shed, but
this is mostly resorted to when the weather is wet and
the leaves in consequence refuse to dry, the leaf when
ready for rolling should feel to the touch like a dry rag.
This is avery important part of tea manufacture, as
unless the leaf is properly withered it is quite impos-
sible to roll it. After the withering the leaf is taken
by trained coolies to the rolling machine, a marvellous
instrument which roll and crushes the withered leaf
into the finespiral form so well known. After rolling
comes Fermentation, the crushed leaf is placed in
flatish heaps and covered with wet cloths until it
becomes a bright coppery colour, Machinery having
done its duty up to this stage, human intelligence
must for a short time take its place. Itis the fermen-
tation of the leaf whichis the most important part of
the tea manufacture. During this process the chemical
properties of the leaf are changed, the point is to know
exactly when this change has taken place, and con-
sequently the right moment to breakup the fermen-
tation, and consign the tea to the Dessicator‘or roast-
ing machine. To gain this experience a long course of
is necessary, how-
ever careful one may have been in the other parts of
the manufacture, carelessness with the fermentation
will spoil the whole day’s work and not only lose a
valuable lot of tea, but should the tea, so spoiled be
shipped to London and receive an adverse criticism
from the trade, the estatein question may geta bad
name which would effect its sales of tea for a consi-
derable time perhaps. In the very early days the
proprietors of one garden nearly killed the prospects
of Ceylon tea by sending to Mincing lane samples
which were discovered to be quite unfit to drink.
There was a good deal of joking about this at the time
but fortunately no real harm resulted. In these early
days tea was made entirely by hand. Although a tea
roaster was invented by a near relation of mine,
which if it had been preserved might now have
roved of considerable valuetoa museum set apart
or showing the early efforts of the pioneers, who
without guidance resorted to their inborn ingennity
and pluck for devising means for tea manufacture
all honour to them say I, and I feel sure that you
will agree to the scentiment. After the leaf is roasted
it is sifted into the different qualities required and
packed into chests, half chests or boxes for the Londoa
Market.

Marcu 1, 1902] THE TROPICAL

Achest contains from ; 80.to 100 lb. of tea,
A half chest . about 50 lb, and
Abox .. 20 a 20m.

We have had up tillnow I hope a pleasant canter
across the greensward of the subject of my lecture.
We will vow with your kind permission turn to the
question raised a few pages back on the struggle for the
mastery between British-grown and China teas, viz.,
which of them will finally obtain the tea suppiy of the
world, is it to be India and Ceylon on the one hand or
China on the other ?

Last year’s Imports into the United Kingdom were
as follows :

India od oe 156,968,149:
Ceylon ats 115,322,673.
China, ete ac 50 31,576,327.
149,

303,867,

One of the most striking episodes in the annals of
modern commerce is the struggle between these coun-
tries for the tea supply of the world. As regards the
consumption in Great Britain the result of that struggle
is nolonger doubtful. The Indian and Ceylon tea
grower has won thebattle. During the past twenty
years he has displaced China teasin the British Mar-
ketto the extent of 83,000,000 lb. In 1880 Great
Britain consumed nearly 115,000,000 Ib. of China teas,
last year she consumed only 31.000.000. In 1880 Great
Britain consumed only about 44,000,000 lb of Indian
and Ceylon teas, last year she consumed 272,000,000
Ib. While therefore the total British consumption
of tea has increased by nearly 145,000,000, during
the past 20 years, her purchases of tea from India
and Ceylon have increased by 228,000,000 and her
purchases from China have decreased by nearly
63,000,000. Zhe Times in a leading article upon
the subject says :— This great Industrial revolution
has been accomplished by an international rivalry
almost without parallel inthe history of the world.
British enterprise has been Goggedly met by Chinese
persistence. British energy and dash against the
inertia with which the Celestial clings to an esta-
blished livelihood, however slender the subsistence
which it yields. But Ceylon has taken a rapidly in-
creasing share of the battle tillithas now become
a struggle beeween British enterprise in Asia and
the Chinese power of endurance. It now stands
revealed as a gigantic struggle between the Hast and
West, and between the ancient and modern organisation
of industrial life. Like all such struggles it ulti-
mately resolves itself into a question of quality and
price. It only takes a nation about ten years to get
rid of its taste for bad teas, and to acquire a prefer-
ence for good ones. As regards quality Ohina has not
a chance against India and Ceylon. Her rule-of-thumb
inethods produce an article inferior in flavour and in
high class strength to that which the scientific
appliances, the costly machinery, and the chemistry
of arrested fermentation evable the British tea
planter to send to the market. It is therefore no
longer in the British Market but in the market of the
world, that the struggle must be fought out, The
British Planters whether consciously or unconsciously
have practically acted onthe principle that they had
to pretty nearly kill the China tea trade in Great
Britain, if they were to secure an adequate expansion
for their own industry. They have as shown by the
returns already cited pretty nearly killed it; and they
.are doubtless determined to go on with the struggle to
, the end. It is as we already said ultimately a question
of quality and price and although the British planter
has come off victorious, figures show the loss in price
which the struggle has cost him. Itis clear that the
further displacement of China tea in Great Britain
, alone will not offer au adequate outlet for the rapidly
increasing production of Indian and Ceylon Teas.
But even ifthe British planter succeeded in displa-
cing that quantity of China tea in the British Market
he would still require to find new outlets for the

OS ee ey

AGRICULTURIST. 583

additions which arc being yearly made to the ta
exports from India and Ceylon, To find these new
markets outside the United Kingdom I repeat
is the special mission Messrs. James Finlay & Co.
have undertaken to pursue and to devote their great
influence and large capital to thisend. Itis for this
purpose that Mr, Maurice Rogivue, Director-general
of Rogivue & Co., Ltd., was chosen by the Planters’
Association of Ceylon to represent the Ceylon Tea
Industry in Russia, It is now many years since
this redoubtable champion of Ceylon tea was honored
by this confidence. He went to Moscow and there
started a great number of depots and year by year
has enormously increased the sale of Ceylon tea,
displacing China Teas to the extent of 17 millions of
pounds in 10 yearsand gradually forcing a path
through the strong prejudices of the conservative
Russian Tea drinker in favour of British grown teas,
The land of the Turk has not beeen forgotten and a
very large trade is being strongly pushed by Mr. Rogivue
ir Constantinople. It is now many years since I
arrived in Switzerland also for the express purpose
of introducing the teas grown in British Territory.
Twelve years ago in Montreux it was almost impos-
sible to procure Ceylon tea, and I believe the local
Banker was almost the only medium for the supply
of Indian teain small packets. We have now about
a dozen agents in Montreux who sell our Ceylon
teas. Yourhumble servant was also one of the first
Kelani Valley Planters and was also one of the first
few to start the sale of tea in Hngland. Myself and
Partner represented Ceylon tea at the Healtheries
Exhibition in 1884, Idaresay some of you will re-
member our Sinhalese Bungalow in the gardens.
We served outto the British Public very often as
much as 2,000 cups in one day of the until then un-
heard of Ceylon Tea. It is needless to say this
Bungalow acted as a splendid advertisement. The
following year 1885 we shipped it over to the Antwerp
Exhibition for the purpose of introducing Oecylon
Teas into Belgium. At the Chicago Exhibition the
Ceylon Planters provided a fund of £21,000 stg.
to push their teas in the United States, the Indian Plan-
ters expended £7,000 stg. on the same purpose. The re-
sults were most satisfactory. British grown teas for the
first time were brought within the knowledge of the
American consumer, Next to Great Britain the
United States is the largest tea purchaser in the
world, but unfortunately the 100,000,000 pounds which
they take are almost entirely obtained from China
and Japan, Indeed the American taste for tea has
been formed upon the coarse leaf of these countries
and the fine flavoured Indian and Ceylon teas were
a new revelation to most of the visitors at Chicago,
1,500 of the largest American tea firms immediatly
sent orders for British grown tea and the Ceylon
Planters opened a central permanent depot for their
teas in Ohicago itself. :
The amount of British Capital invested in tea
gardens is about £30,000,000 stg, It is not to
be wondered at that the proprietors of this huge
undertaking are anxiously looking about for new
customers for their ever increasing yield. In the
year 1883 Ceylon bashfully sent to Mincing Lane
1,000,090, pounds of its new tea, in 1900 it plumped down
over 115,000,000 at the dcor of the London Custom
House. Such astounding assurance has met with its
proper reward, for instead of the goods being returned
with thanks as no doubt the aforesaid ‘‘ Ah Sin”
thinks would have been the proper course to pursue,
the teas were actively competed for’ and found a
ready market. From the days of its Cadetship Ceylon
has grown into a fully equipped fighting soldier wha
in conjunction with Indiahaving fought ‘ a la mort’
for the possession of the London market with China,
has had many a friendly round with its Indian
neighbour, but the contest has always been fought
with ‘* gloves,” and there is every reason to believe
thatin future only a friendly alliance supported by
identical interests will exist between the two great
British tea producing countries, This alliance will

584

no_ doubt have for its object the regulation of quality
and consquently to agreat extent of prices on the
London Market by carefully restricting supplies and
shipping only a class of tea calculated to increase the
demand. It would prove a great misfortune if com-
petition for cheap teas from British gardens, the
quality as it has done with cheap China teas, some
of which are not fit for human consumption. There
is little doubt that magnificent China teas were sold
tothe general public half a century back, but then
the price paid was enormous and the profit on the
sale equally so. Now English people have been
taught to believe that:the best tea the world grows is
not worth more than 1s. 7d. per pound at their grocers.
This is not true, itis also most unfair on the producer
who finds more and more difficulty in getting rid of
his really fine Orange Pekoes at a fair price, the
jublic taste for teais not what it was a generation

ack, the evil has however to a certain extent cut both
ways and itis quite true that one can now a days buy
a sound drinkable tea at a much lower price than the
last generation would have thought possible.

Before concluding I should like to make a few re-
marke upon the different names given to tea, In
the days when China was the only country that grew
tea_it. was known by such names as Pekoes, Souchongs,
Congous and many others which have now almost
lost. their meaning tothe general public such as:
Gunpowder, Bohea, Hyson and Twankay, even the
more modern names of Kaisow, Lipsang and Mo-
ning are far less common than they were ten years
ago. The pioneer planter in India thought it would
be more convenient to continue using the names most
familiar tothe public and to carry out this idea he
divided the flush or green shoot into different sec-
tions, each section was supposed to resemble one of
the well-known China sorts. The China tea plant
was discoverd 5,000 yearsago, it is known to have
been used as tea 12 centuries back.

Manufactured tea was introdueed into England
during the reign of the merry Monarch..China seed
was used largely when the first gardens were planted
up.in India and was employed in Czylon as far back
as the year 1842. The great discovery of the indi-
genous plant growing wild in the jungles of Assam
completely changed the order of things. Some people
contend that it wasa botanist who first discovered
this. plant, whilst others say it wasa common garden
coolie. However that may be the two varieties hy-
bridized very quickly and produced a useful flush-
giving tree which was called ‘‘ Assam Hybrid” and
which has for a number of years been the chief tea
of commerce. In some altitudes the indigenous
yields much better in its natural condition and it
now appears to be a serious question amongst
planters whether it was not a mistake in the first
instance to blend it with the Chinese variety.

I have now finished my remarks upon tea planting
and, Ceylon generally. It is a marvellous country
with a marvellous history, In the early days of
British rule the annual imports amounted to about
£250,000, stg, they are nowabout £5,000,000 stg. In
the early days there were no Banks no good roads
or bridges. Very few schools, no hospitals, only four
post offices and no newspapers. There are now 14
important exchange and deposit Banks, and Banking
Agencies doing an annual sum of business amounting
to about 69,000,000. 1,500 miles of splen-
did metalled roads, countless good bridges, more than
2,000 schools. Upwards of 100 hospitals and dispen-
saries, 250 Post Offices, 36 Newspapers and Perio-
dicals, and nearly 5,000,000 acres of land under culti-
yation. The shipping entered and cleared in the
course of the year amounts to nearly 6,000,000 of
tons a8 against 75,000, inthe early part of the century.

The Island is also becoming a net-work of mountain
and seaside railways and both commercially and
socially was never better off than it is at the present

moment. 5
ALFRED AMRES,
Lausomne, August 1I0L,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Marca 1, 1902.

A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE
ENZYME IN TEA.

During the past few months we have heard a great
deal as to the occurrence and practical value of the
enzyme in Tea. In view of the work which is now
being done on this subject in India, Japan and Ceylon,
it was thought advisable to lay before the planting
community a brief statement as to the nature of the
enzyme andthe methods of manufacture, which may
be suggested in order to allow full activity of the
enzyme, if this be desired.

In India, Mr. Mann and Mr. Newton have coutri-
buted much to our present knowledge of the subject. Mr
Newton has suggested the application of an external
enzyme toimprove the flavour of tea, but in the
abseace of definite knowledge as to the relations
between enzyme and flavour, his suggestion may per-
haps be regarded as a little premature.

Mr. Mann has made many useful experiments on the
substance in question, and bases his deductions
entirely onthe varying intensities of blue obtained
with gum guiacum ona watery extract of the enzyme.
He concludes, that itis doubtful whether it woul! be
possible to add enzyme to leaf of low quality in order
to improve the quality, and drawsattention to the re-
cognised fact that the enzyme would be uo good if the
substances on which it had to act were not present.
There are, however, several generai statements to
which we shall take exception, particularly those re-
ferring to the distribution of the euzym3, the absence
of any knowledge as to what flavour is due to, and
the statement thatthe maximnom quality is to becor-
related with the maximum amount of oxidase. These
will be dealt with at length in a paper to be published
later.

Azo of Japan has also noticel the presence of the
enzyme in tea, and explains ths oxidation aud
colouring of black tea as a consequence of the oxidi-
sing action of the enzyme. This haz long been held
t2 be the case in Ceylon and everywhere. In our
preliminary note it will be as well to explain what is
really understood by the word ‘* enzyme.” For our
purpose, we may describe a plaut enzyme as a sub-
stance existing in the sap, and which is capable of
inducing chemical changes necessary fcr the life of the
plant. Asan instance we may quote the commonest
of plant enzymes, known as diastase, which his the
powerto convert the reserve starch into a soluble
sugar, which can be conveyed tothe growing parts of
the plant. In the leaves of tea, up to the present no
starch has been found, so that the action of the
tea enzyme in the leaf is of a nature different from
the.above. Nevertheless, its function, that of render-
ing insoluble bodies into a soluble form,is probably
similar to other enzymes.

The presence of an oxidase is usually determined
by the reagent known as gum guiacum. This is a
resin, soluble in alcohol, and capable when in con-
tact with certain oxidising and other reagents, of
acquiring a brilliant blue colour. Ithas been used
for many years as atest for enzymes and other oxi-
dising bodies, but it does not afford conclusive evi-
dence as to the presence of au enzyme. There are
very many other bodies which give the blue reaction
with gum guiacum alone, the most notable being the
oxidising reagents:—potassium permanganate, nitric
acid, potassium nitrate, potassium chromate, hydrogen
peroxide, ozone, iodine and ch'orine. What is most
surprising, however, is the fact that the blue colourae
tion may be obtained by means of an aqueous solution
of old ferrous sulphate. Further, Reynolds Green
page 897, states that even albumen, peptone and
other native proteids as well as gelatine, give the
same blue reaction.

It is therefore obvious, that before one can use
the test asa means ofdetecting an enzyme much
work must be done. In the first place, all the oxi-
dising substances mentioned above can be neglected,
since they do not occur in a free state in the

Marca 1, 1902,] THE

Yt was necessary, however, to isolate the en-

from the tea leaf, and to obtain it free from
impurities, or substances with which gum guiacum
gives the blue reaction. This has been done, and
the blue colouration obtained when gum guiacum
and the practically pure enzyme are brought into
contact. We therefore believe that for our purposes
the test can be used for the detection of the enzyme in
tea leaf, and all our statements are based on observae
tions of reaction, with this reagent.

OCCURRENCE OF ENZYME IN THE TEA PLANT.

plant.
zyme

All our experiments show that the enzyme occurs
most abundantly in the young leaf, but is also pre-
sent in old leaves and most other parts of the plant.
It does not occur in definite decreasing proportions as
one passes from the youngest to the oldest leaf, it
being often more abundant in the second than the
first leaf, and occasionally exhibiting a very erratic
distribution in the active form. In the stem and
xoot of the tea plant, the function of the enzyme
is probably different from that in the leaf; or it
may be that more than one enzyme exists in the
different parts of the plant. Certain it is that the
reserye bodies in the different parts are quite un-
like one another, and would require different classes
of enzymes to render them soluble.

We have determined the general occurrence of the
enzyme in teas of all classes from all elevations,
and it isimportant torealise that itis apparently as
abundant in low-country teas possessing more flavour
as in the highest grown teas in Ceylon, It can also
be stated that there is very littie difference in the

- amount present in leaf a few weeks from praning,
‘ and in leaf two or more years from pruning.

It occurs also in the leaf at all times of the day
and night, and no great quantitative differences were
noticed in leaves plucked at 6 a.m, and 10 p.m.
lueaves plucked under conditions varying from severe
drought to heavy rains showed abundance of the
enzyme at all times.

STRUCTURE OF A LEAFs

Since in the manufacture of tea we are concerned
almost totally with the parts of the leaf, a brief
description of them will be here convenient. An
ordinary flat tea leaf isin reality composed of an ace
cumulation of microscopic pellets, of a substance
called protoplasm. Hach of these ellets, or cells,
has some duties to perform in the life of the plant,
and hereand there a definite grouping of cells of a
particular shape and size is seen. The layer of re-
latively small cells which forms an entire covering
to the leaf is termed the epedermis ; the layer of long
prick-shaped cells disposed in rows only along the
upper surface of the leaf constitutes what is knowu
as the palisade tissue, whilst the more or less
spherical cells composing the lower and middle part
of the leaf is known as the mesophyll, In the meso-
phyll are several small bands of conducting cells
known as the vascular bundles or nerves.

THE GUM GUIACUM REACTION.

When a section of a fresth tea leaf is treated with
gum guiacum a blue colour appears mainly in the
cells of the epidermis and mesophyll. In many cases
the epidermis stains befure any of the other parts,
and finally assumes the deepest tint. Sometimes
the parts around the small vascular bundles in the
mesophyll take a deep stain. In every case, yet ex-
amined, the contents of the palisade cells have re-
fused to take the blue reaction. This is a very
important point to notice, as it would appear that
this portion of the leaf, which is known to play
the principal part in the manufacture of food mate-
rials, is characterised with a minimum quantity, if any
of the active enzyme.

There seems some hope of yet being able to associate
the maximum occurrence of the active enzyme with

a

*%Phe soluble ferments and fermentation by J.

Reynolds Green.

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

585

a definite granular texture of the contents of the cells
but the significance of this will be discussed at length
in a later paper. :

It is worth noting that many of the sections do
not give the blue reaction until repeated treatment
with gum guiacum and exposure to air, or only after
adding another oxidising reagent. This is probably
due to the enzyme existing in the zymogen or in-
active state,

The gum guiacum must thoroughly mix with the
cell contents before the blue reaction occurs, and
only very thin sections will to a certainty give suc-
cessful results. When very thin sections are used,
the blue compound is seen to pass away from the

_section, and in conseqaence of the transient nature

of the reaction, is likely to be overlooked.

We have now seen that an enzyme can be generally
demonstrated in all tea leaves, and have briefly in-
dicated the manipulation necessary. It will now be
convenient to discuss the relation between

ENZYMES AND FLAVOUR,

In one or two instances the action of an enzyme
has been utilised commercially to induce chemical
changes, which result in the production of a more
or less distinctive flavour. As an instance we may
take yeast, a common pant, from which no less than
five enzymes have been extracted, It has been found
that different yeast cells impart to a fluid a different
ojour and flavour, and this has been used on the
continent in the improvement of certain wines, It
was shown, that if different portions of the same grape
juice were fermented with different species of yeast,
wines were obtained which differed much in flavour,
because each species of yeast has the power of prc-
ducing, during fermentation, certain characteristic
flavouring bodies, As has been previously pointed
out, however, we must remember that all such fer-
mentations require a great deal of time for comple-
tion and they are therefore not strictly comparable
with the changes occurring in the manufactare of
tea. It would be unwise to jump to the conclusion
that the enzyme in tea is responsible for what we
at the present time know as flavour, although it is
possible, that under certain conditions the enzyme
will be found to materially affect the quality, and per-
haps to some extent the flavour.

It is as well to realise that enzymes of some clasa
or other probably exist in every plant, and their
presence is often in no relation to the production of
flavouring substances. Even ifa flavouring substance
is produced by the action of an enzyme on some
store material, it is often a question as to whether
the change is desirable. These remarks are made’'on
account of the fact that many planters seem’ to
believe, thatifanenzymeis found it is always an
advantage, and the products of its activity can ‘be
utilised in manufacture.

Our experience would point to the conclusion that
maturity of the leaf, utilised in manufacture, was an
essential factor for the production of a flavoury tea
Every planter knows, that as soon as the absolute
rate of growth is diminished an improvement in
quality results, even in the low country. This is
also borne outin a general sense in the marked
differences in the quality and flavour of the tea
grown st high andlow elevations, the colder climate
of the former determining a slower and more stable
growth. In India we have also the finest flavoured
teas growing at high elevations, where the climate
is cold and vegetation grows comparatively slowly.
Again, we might note that what is known as an autumn
flavour is produced in Assam teas as goon ag the
weather gets cold andthe bushes more mature from
pruning. Incomparing young leaves from a bush
four weeks from pruning with young leaves froma
bush two years, three months after pruning, many
differences of structure are to be noticed. In the
leaves from the latter, the walls of the cells are
thicker, they possess a more definite outline, and the
chlorophyll is more definitely granular, Everything

586 THE TROPICAL

points toabetter organization in the more slowly
grown leaf, and it seems probable that this will
explain the improved flavour of such leaf.

(To bé concluded.)

COFFEE AND THE WORLD'S

PRODUCTION.

In the latest Consular Report on Rio de Janeiro,
it ig stated that the calamitous condition into which
the coffee industry has drifted is clearly attributable
to the unnecessarily large production, a sequel of
the very extensive planting which took place six years
ago, when prices were high and credits for enter-
prize of all kinds extremely facile. The world’s con-
sumption is now calculated at 14,500,000 bags per
annum, and it was the custom to say that, to make
up this quantity, 10,000,000 bags were required from
Brazil. More recent calculations, however, favour
the idea that no more than 8,500,000 to 9,00).000
bags are wanted from that country. But, however
that may be, seeing that the world’s production is
16,500,000 bags annually, and that the aggregate pro-
duction of other countries haz not expanded during
the last 26 years, the excess in production in re-
lation to consumption of 2,000,000 bags annuully is
attributed entirely to Brazil.

The realisation of this fact led to a project, strongly
advocated at first in many quarters, aiming at the
compulsory destruction of 20 per cent of the early
crops. Fortunately, this anti-economic idea has now
been generally condemned and more salutary methods
of improving the situation are being earnestly ven-
tilated. The cost of production, of course, varies
accordive to the circumstances of each plantation,
its situation, nature of soil, extension, yield per tree,
etc. Working expenses in Sao piulo, for example,
are considered to ba, as a rule, 15 per cent. less
than in Rio de Janeiro and Minas Geraes. Perhaps
the average figure, including sacking and transit
to shipping port, would be about 7 milreis per 32 lb.
As the export value for the standard grade 7 is no
more than this, and as the planter has still to pay
the export duty of 9 to 11 per cent. ad valorem,
it is evident that a considerable reduction in co3t
of peodaction mast be brought about if coffee cul-
civation is to continue as a paying industry. To
this end incessint claims have been made for re-
duction of export dues and transport tariffs, and
they have not been left entirely unattende 1 to.

Tho State of Minas Geraes, for example, has re-
duced its export tax from 11 to 9 per cent. ad
valorem, and the freight tariffs on the Central,
Leopoldina, and other railways have been reduced
95 per cent. for hulled, aud 39 per cent, for unhulled
coffee, while a maximum rate of 100 milreis per
ton is to be charged irrespective of distance. Field
machinery and implements and all agricultural ac-
cessories also are now exempted from import duties,
while favours have been extended to mortgagees to
free them from foreclosure dur1g the continuance
of the crisis. Moreover, a more encouraging field
for cousumption in France has been opened by the
reduction of the import duties into that country from
156 to 136fr. per 100 kilos. All these measures will.
however, be ineffectual in warding off collapse in
many cases, for the simple reason that many of the
new estates have been acquired and developed by
means of mortgage loans by persons who have not
even the floating capital necessary for current work-
ing expenses and who, during this period of restricted
credit, will be quite unable to obtain the assistance
necesswry for this branch of expenditure.—Home paper

—__—_—————_—_

CULTIVATION OF ORANGES.
By Ff. E. H. W. Kricnaurr, Chairman Central
Agricaltural Bureau, 8.A.
Althongh the whole of the citrus tribe prefer a sweet
friable soil of good depth and moisture, without being
too wet, or planted in holes that prove to be stagnant

AGRICULTURIST. [Marcn 1, 1902.

puddles unable to drain themselves, the soil is of 1&83
importance than irrigation or manuring; only an ©-
cess of moisture causes too often disease of the roots-
but moderate irrigation, and manuring liberally an;
pentely, will induce orange trees to become profitd
able.

Senor Alino, F.R.H.S., of Valencia, Spain, says an
acre planted with orange trees may produce 26,500 lb.
of frait, and such a crop probably contains 100 Jb. of
nitrogen, the same of potash, 105 lb, of phosphoric
acid, and 220 lb. of lime, not counting wood and leaves.
It is therefore absolutely necessary to give compensa-
tory fertilisers, although somewhat modified in accor-
dance with the soil and its constituents. A clay soil,
although poor in phosphoric acid, most likely does not
require the whole of the potash returned for some
years, as might be necessary for a soil rich in lime
and phospholric acid. Gypsum reduces a soil rich in
potash toa fit state for its absorption, and a smaller
quantity of this fertiliser may therefore become neces-
sary. Sandy soils are generally poor in plant food,
and require all of them—after such a crop, at all
events. Senor Alino, however, says that an excess
of phosphoric acid results in many but small fruits,
well flavoured, with a thin skin; and trees that are
shy bearers may therefore require more of a phos-
phatic manure. Potash makes the fruit even more
sweet and juicy, while too much nitrogen produces
much wood and foliage, but coarse, thick-skinned,
late ripening fruits, containing little sugar or aroma,
and they do not keep well.

It is admitted that dung and other organie manu-
res are useful as an aid to commercial fertilisers,
which, however, are so much quicker consumed, but
it is not advisable to give horse-dung more frequently
than once in three years. Orange trees are never
quite without a movemet of sap at any time of the
year, and apparently require plant food to be given
more than once a year, especially nitrozen, although
once is sufficient for most other fruit trees.

Senor Alino.wants a deep annual ploughing, which it
seems t? me must injure the large number of fibrous
roots which, here atleast, are generally found to be
n2arthe surfac2, When manuring, a slight stirring
of the surface by afour-pronged fork seems to me far
better, and does not necessitate trimmed up trees to en-
able ploughs to rnn near the stems. Low b-anches
are good protection of the trunk against our fre-
quently too powerful sun. He forms round holes
around his trees, and says that neither water nor
manure should be allowed to enter. This certainly
isa statement which has surprised me and probably
most of our orange growers, as our circle formed
around a tree wis expressly made to water it better.
He warns orchardists also to spread fertilisers not
within a hand-breadth around the trunks. :

Young trees require per acre 325 Ib. of nitrate of soda
(or an equivalent of 260 1b. of sulphate of ammonia),
2641b. of a phosphatic manure and 60 1b. of sulphate
of potash in preference to muriate of potash. For old
trees in full bearing, 350 1b. of sulphate of ammonii,
or 440 lb. of nitrate of soda, 600 1b. of superphosphate
of lime and 80 lb. of sulphate of potash may be re-
quired, Ifnitrate of soda is to be used, Thomas
phosphate should be applied as phosphatic fertiliser,
luime, although it may be required, should not be
given with the above fertiliser; either some time
before or later. It is, however, well to apply perhaps
both forms of nitrogen—namely, one-half of ‘the
doses of sulphate of ammonia in our winter, and
one-half of the nitrate of soda three months later,
when such division of the nitrogen may prevent
the dropping of the young fruit. Ifthe trees are not
vigorous give but little potash ; if too luxuriant, with
few fruits, omit the nitrogen and give more super-
phosphate. Inthe United States a fertiliser is used
consisting of four cent. ammonia, five to six per cent.
phosphorie acid, and thirteen per cent. potash, spread
and broadcast twice a year, with great results,
Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western
Australia.

Marca 1, 1902.|

CAMPHOR,

The recent establishment by the Government of
Japan of a monopoly of the prcduction and sale of
camphor in Formosa has attracted much attention to
this product, andat the same time, by raising the
market price, has rendered it by no means unlikely
that this may prove to bea profitable cultivation in
Ceylon. The present Circular is issued to lay before
the planting public, the chief facts connected with
this industry, and to describe the methods of cultiva-
tion and preparation which have been found best
suited to Ceylonin the experiments so far tried with
this tree,

The total export of camphor to Europe and America
is perhaps about 60,000 piculs annually, ox 8,000,000 Ib.
The market valne of crude camphorin Huropeis at
present about 155 shillings per cwt., or about 1s, 44d.
per lb. Camphor was formerly used chiefly as a drug
and for the prevention of insect ravagesin clothing,
&c., but of late years, in addition to these ases, it has
been largely employed inthe manufacture of smoke-
less powders and of celluloid. The tree also produces
an oil,—camphor oil,—obtained with the oamphor
in the preparation of the latter, and which is used in
the manufacture of soaps and for other purposes.

BOTANY.

Common, Formosa, Chinese, or Japanese camphor
is the product of Cinnamomum Camphora, Nees, @ tree
occurring native along the eastern side of Asia from
Gochin-China to Shanghai, and in the islands from
Hainan to South Japan; its limits of latitudinal
range are from 10° to 34° N,, but it is cultivated in
Japan to 36° N. In the southern parts of its range it
occurs chiefly in the hills.

Two other forms of camphor are frequently met
with, though rarely exported to Europe. Barus,
Bhimsaini, Borneo, or Malay camphor is the product
of Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebr., ® large tree of
the family Dipterocarpacess, occurring in the islands
of Sumatra, Boraeo, &c. This camphor is slightly
heavier then common camphor, and is highly prized
by the natives of India and China, who purchase
the entire very small produce at fancy prices, from
100 to 200 shillings per pound. A third form, Ngai,
or Blumea camphor, is prepared in SK. China
from Blumeo, balsamifera, one of the family Composites
In Ceylon the natives prepare a small quantity of
camphor from the roots of cinnamon, Cinnamomum
aeylanicum, ® plant nearly related to the true
camphor, In the remainder of this paper only the
common camphor, Cinnamomum Camphora, will be
dealt with.

In its native country the plant grows into a tree
about 100 feet high with a trunk 2 to $8 feet in
diameter. Is is evergreen, with moderate sized
Jaurel-like leaves, which when crushed smell strongly
of camphor. It may be well to mention in this con-
nection that the tree is very handsome when young
and forms one of the best ornamental trees for road-
sides, parks, compounds, &c., in Ceylon.

The native habitat of the species is not widely
extended, butit has been successfully cultivated in
Ceylon, India, Australia, Florida, California, and
elsewhere. It was introduced into Ceylon by the
Royal Botanic Gardens in 1852, In 1895 plants were
largely distributed from Hakgala to many planters
and others. These were the result of seeds obtained
in the autumn of 1893 from Japan, Mr, Nock,
Superintendent of Hakgala, has collected information
about these trees; some 950 in all, and reports as

follows :—

“During 1895 plants of camphor were distributed

from Hakgala to planters in various parts of the

Islandat elevations ranging from 250 to 6,450 feet,
with annual rainfalls varying from 64 inches on 104
days to 217 inches on 212 days. Replies as to the
rowth of the plants have been received from thirty
\[ecalities, and I think it is pretty well proved that

44

THE TROPICAL AGRICULIURIST,

587

under certain conditions of soil and climate camphor
will thrive at all elevations in Ceylon from about sea
level to the highest mountains.

““Té appears to thrive best in a well-drained
sandy loam in sheltered situations with a rental ot
90 inches and over, and dislikes poor or close, stiff.
undrained soil. The growth is slow in sterile soil,
but, under favourable conditions, in good soil is
very rapid, the tree reaching a height of 18 to 20 feet
in five years, witha spread of branches of 8 to 18
feet and astemof6to 7 inches in diameter. This
compares very favourably with the growth of the
trees in their native habitat, where a tree 80 fect
high and 6 inches in diameter, a ten years old is
considered good. The best five-year old tree (from
planting) in Ceylon isat Veyangoda, at an elevation
of about 100 feet with a rainfall of about 100 inches
on 180 days. It is 25 feet high and growing luxuriantly,
The next best are at Hakgala, where the largest is 20
feet high, with a spread of 13 feet, and a stemdiameter
of 74 inches at the ground,

‘The habit of the trees in Ceylon in good soil is
bushy, with a tendency to throw up many stems,
This is a point of importance, as it shows that the
tree will coppice well and stand frequent cuttings or
prunings, and possibly even plucking of the flush as
with tea. In close, hard, undrained or stiff clayey
soil the growth is poor, and the habit stunted or
dwarfed, andthisis also the case in exposed wind-
blown situations,

“Qf course it is only in the experimental stage
here yet, but judging from my experience of it for
some years, itis my opinion that as ® minor pro-
duct it should be grown in the form of hedges,
planted at distances of 6 to 9 feet apart and 2to$
feet apart in the row. The rows should run N.W. and
8.E., or across the directions of the prevailing winds,
and the plants be allowed to grow6 to9 feet high.
Planted in this way there would be ample room for
cultivation, andeach row would shelter the other
from the N,H.and §8.W. winds, besides forming a
large surface for clipping. As the young shoots
appear to yield the most camphor, the crop could be
obtained by clipping the hedge with a pair of light
shears, and the expertise would be very slight. The
trees might also be planted at 6 feet apart, and
treated in the same way as tes bushes, or they
might be planted 12 feet apart, and trained as
pyramids, or again planted 4 feet apart and alternate
plants coppiced in alternate years.”)

PROPAGATION, CULTIVATION,
Mr. Nock states :—

“ Camphor plants are best and easily propagated
from seeds. The seeds do not keep well, and should
be sown as soon as possible after ripening. They
ripen in Japan, which at present is the only impor-
tant source of seed, in October and November, and
should be ordered some time in advance, so as to_
obtain them as soon as they are ripe. I find it a
good plan to soak the seed in water for twenty-four
to forty-eight hours before sowing, agitating the
water occasionally. The best seeds, being heavier,
will sink to the bottom, and these should be sown
thinly by themselves; the lighter ones should be
gown thickly, as only a small percentage will germi- »
nate.

“The seeds should be sown in well-prepared beds
of sandy loam and leaf mould; they should be sown
from 4 to finch deep, making the bed firm, but not
tight. The beds should be kept shaded and just moist
Too much wet will cause the young seedlings to
damp off, and if allowed to get too dry the germa
will quickly dry up and die. ;

““ We have been most successful when the seed has
been sown in boxes (made of inch wood) 18 by 13 by
34 inches, filled with the kind of soil described above,
The boxes are handy to lift about, and can be easily |
protected from heavy rain and gfrong sun. Sheda

&e,

588

made after the style of the old cinchona seed sheds
answer well for standing the boxes in, and if made
light and airy would do well to sow the seeds in
direct, but care should be tsken not to allow the
young plants to be ‘ drawn.’

"We find it a good plan to prick out the seedling
into supply baskets as soon as they are large enough
to handle comfortably, or transplant them into beds,
placing the plants 6 inches apart every way, and
keeping them shaded and watered until they begin to
grow, whenthey will bear the full light of the sun,
but will require to be freely watered in dry weather.

‘When the plants are from 9 to 15 inches high
they are at their best for final planting, but if the
weather is unsuitable they may be kept in the
nursery till they are 2 feet high, or until good plant-
ing weather occurs, viz., dull showery weather, In
such weather they require very little shading, and
soon take holdof the soil.

“Cuttings do not strike root readily, and only
under certain conditions will they be successful. If
the prevailing weather should be too dry they soon
go off, and if too wet and cold they decay before
roots are formed. We have had batches of cuttings
with 70 per cent. beginning to call us over, and young
shoots forming, that have gone off after three or
four days of rough weather—cold high winds and
heavy rains—and others that have gone the same way
after a week ofdry sunny weather. Ihe favourable
conditions are equable heat, light, and moisture ; with
these, and wood for cuttings in a proper state,a large
percentage will strike root and make good plants.

‘“The nursery beds for seeds as well as cuttings

should be madein a well-drained situation, and as
near water as possible, The beds may be any length,
and from 3 to 4 feet wide. The soil for cuttings
should be composed as follows: one part good sandy
loam, one part leaf mould, and one part clean sharp
sand (to this it would be beneficial to add a good
sprinkling of powdered charcoal), all thoroughly
mixed. The soilshould be 6 to 9 inches deep. A
layer of good sharp sand one inch thick should be
laid on the surface. As a protection againet hot sun
and heavy rainsit would be well to put a roof of
thatch over the beds inthe form of a shed, but it
should be {constructed with open sides to allow
lenty of lightandair, A shed 4 feet wide, with a
ean-to roof on stout posts, open at the hack and
front, will be found a useful size. The posts should
be 6feet high in front and 3 ft. 6 in- at the back.
The roof may be thatch, shingles, or other light
material, If more than one is required, a space 4 feet
wide should be left: between the sheds to give room
for watering. weeding, and general attention.

‘‘The best material for cuttings is that frem
straight, healthy, and well-matured shoots of the
current year’s growth, nottoo soft or too hard. If
too hard they will not root readily, and if too soft
they will be liable to damp off, The cuttings may
be ofany size from the thickness of alead pencil to
4 inch in diameter. They should be cut into lengths
of from 6 to9 inches. A clean cut with a very sharp
knife immediately below a joint to form the base of
the cutting is of the greatest importance. If the cut
portion is torn or jagged, or too far away from the
joint, it is almost certain to decay, though it may
Temain green for a long time.

‘The operation for inserting the cuttings is best
done by opening a trench witha sharp spade so as
to form a straight edge. The prepared cuttings
should be laid against this and the soil pressed
firmly round them. 'They should be placed in rows
9 to 12 inches apart, and 3 inches apart in the rows,
and at a sufficient depth to leave only two or three
puds above the surface.

‘“‘The sooner the cuttings are made and put in
after being taken from the trees the better. After
the cuttings are put in the beds should be watered to
nettle the soil, and if in the open they must be care.
fully shaded and eunlight must he only gradually leg

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|Marcu 1, 1902.

in as they become rooted and can bear it. Ifall
goes well they should be rooted in2 to 3 months, but
they will not be ready for planting out for three or
four months,

‘‘Camphor may also be propagated by layers. The
operation of layering is very simple. The shoots should
be sent downto the soil. The branch at the bend
should becut halfway through, then cutting upwards
for about 14 to 2 inches, so as to form a tongue. The
cut portion must be kept apart by a slight twist, or
by placing a piece of brick ora small stone in the
cleft. The shoot should then be pegged down firmly
into a groove made in the soil for its reception and
covered with soil. The end of the shoot must be
kept upright by tyingit to a stiok.

* Another simple way is to split the branch at the
bend where it istobe laid in the ground, making
the split about 2 inches long, and keeping the cut
parle open by inserting a piece of wood or stone.

eg down well into the soil and stake. The euds of
the shoots should be cut backa few inches with a
sharp knife,”

It is thus evident that the plant will thrive almost
anywhere in the Island if the watersupply be suffi-
cient and the soil well drained. The best method of
treatment is probably to grow it as hedges, which are
easily managed and clipped. It may also be planted
along roads, jungle edges, &c., but should never be
mixed with the tea, as the young leaves are very
like those of tea, and a twig or two of camphor
will spoil a whole break of tea.

The following analyses of two soils at Hakgala—on
one of which (A) camphor does very well, on the
other (B) only moderately—will help to guide to the
selection of suitable spots:—

CAMPHOR SOILS.

‘Six samples of soil were received from Mr. Nock
at Hakgala, which represented the character of the
soil and sub-soil, where camphor trees grew well and
only fairly well.

‘‘ No. 1 A represents a section 15 inches deep between
trees showing the best growth, viz., 20 to 25 feet high
and 12 to 15 feet in diameter at five years and nine
months from thetime of planting. The surface soil
here is about 1 foot deep. It is composed of agglo-
merated particles of dark brown colour and yellow
fragments of decomposing gneiss. It is very richin
nitrogen and the lower oxide of iron, has a fair
amount of lime, bunt is deficient in potash and phos-
phoric acid,

“No. 2 A, representing the upper 6 inches, is of «
dark brownish colour when dry, and is almost entirely
composed of the agglomerated particles mentioned in
No. 1A and rootlets, &c. The analysis shows it to
contain the bulk of the nitrogen, and an excess of
the lower oxide of iron, but itis deficient in potash
and phosphoric acid.

No, 3 A represents the sub-soil at 15 inches deep
or 3 inches below the actual surface soil. It is coms
posed of yellow pieces of decomposing light-coloured
gneiss, more or less bound together with a clayey
matrix, It also contains a fair amount of nitrogen
and rather more phosphoric acid and potash than
the surface soil, and would be fairly easily pene-
trated by roots. ;

“No. 1 B.—This is taken from a section 15 inches
deep, where the camphor is only doing fairly well.

The plants five years and nine months old are from

9 tol0 ft. high and 6 to 8 ft. in diameter. It is more
finely divided than No.1 A, and is of a lighter-brown
colour. Chemically, it is also somewhat poorer,
though containing a good amount of nitrogen. Lime
and mineral plant food generally may be considered
deficient, especially potash, and
counts forthe poorer growth of the camphor trees in
this part.

“No. @ B, representing the top 6 inches, isa dark
coloured loam, somewhat richer in nitrogen and
phorpherie acid than No. I B, but is very poor in”
ime, magnesia, and potash,

this no doubt ac-

Marce 1, 1902.)

‘“« No.3 B, representing the suboil 15 inches from
the surface, is a yellow loam much more finely
divided than No. 3A, but otherwise of somewhat
similar composition. When wet it is of a retentive
clayey nature requiring drainage.

HAKGALA, NUWARA ELIYA,
Anatysis oF So1n (CAMPHOR).

Mechanieal Composition.
No.1 A. No.2 A. No.3 A.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent
Fine soil passing 90 mesh 20:00.. 26°00 ... 84:00
Fine soil passing 60 mesh 15°00.. 24°80 .. 18°50
Medium passing 30 mesh TOO D200. 7250

Coarse sand and small
stones oO 58:00... 45:00 .. 40°00

100°00 10000 —100°00

Chemical Composition.
NolA.. No. 2A. No.3 A.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent?
Moisture me ee 1 Oued 5000 noes ou Ds 900
Organic matter and

combined water
Oxide of iron and

14:500 ...17°700 .. 11°500
.» 8200 ... 7:080 .. 9°800

manganese .

Oxide of iron and
aluminium ey l346 eessateDD: -a0210:000
Lime pao) ee ScD SA Ola reren tin 24up ese 050
Magnesia «. re SO Zbiver cn ac Moin ieee e020,
Potash So 60 COBY ees COMES ‘061
Phosphoric acid ae OU ergy ROS Omer enn A3009
Sand andsilicates .. 60°600 ...62°400 ... 63-000
100:000 100°000 100°000
Containing nitrogen ... BN oo eS) a Neco we ees
Equal to ammonia .. Gyo iby ae el
Lower oxide ofiron .. Good ...Much ... Fair

Mechinical Composition.
No.1 B. No.2 B. No. 3B.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
Fine soil passing 90 mesh 25:00... 17:50 .. 47°50
Fine soil passing 60 mesh 23°00... 16°50 ... 26°50
Medium soil passing 30

mesh ae 50 850.. 650 .. 600
Coarse sand and small
Stones CoD os 43:50... 59°50 .. 21°50

aa —

100°00 =100°00 100°00

Ohemical Composition.

Moisture hee aN 57100 .. 5100 .. 5800

Organic matter and
combined water .. 11900 ... 15500 .. 11°400

Oxide of iron and

manganese aes 8°000 ... 8.200 .. 8520
Oxide of iron and

aluminium a} 9210 .. 8°50 ... 12°502
Lime 60 ono “080... ‘060 .. +040
Magnesia ax 96 ‘070 ww. ‘Ol4 ... 046
Potash 56 600 015... ‘007 2. 054

025... °069 .. ‘038

Phosphoric acid
65:600 .. 63:000 ... 61°600

Sand and silicates ..

100-006 100°000 100-000

Containing nitrogen ... 259... “37L.. °128
Equal to ammonia... 814... °460... 166
Lower oxide of iron Fair .. Much... Trace

*Containing nitrogen 1°47 per cent.
Equal toammonia 1°78 a

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 589

‘The ait ct the camphor leaves was analyzed. te
etermine the constituents most required b
growth. The leaves contained— a are

Water vee ae Be 1482.
Organic matter* ood O00 o- 19 58
Ash oho st te swore. G10

100 09

! Composition of Ash Per cent,

Lime one ocd ae ee 32°90
Magnesia 5 O0 Nee see 6°48
Oxide of iron Oc Pa oo 2°00
Alumina Sor) C00 ace 311
Potash ... O65 on oo 14°86
Soda fas on te ots 4:21
Phosphoric acid eae ocd oe 2:16
Sulphuric acid eee aca coo 2:00
Sand and silica 500 aD ae 1°20
Carbonic acid eee O00 «. 26°10
Carbon and undetermined 6 4:98

100°00

““The chief mineral ingredients required by the
camphor plant for the growth of leaves are lime and
potash, an average yield of prunings removing 196 Ib,
of lime and 87 lb. cf potash, which could be returned
to the soil after the distilled wood had been burned
for fuel purposes.

‘““M, KELWAY BAMBER, F.C.S., &c.,

———_<>—__—_—_-

BANANAS UNDER IRRIGATION.
(Continued from page 510.)

Vircin LAnp.—In virgin land, cultivation is hardly
necessary. The great quantity of humusin the soil
furnishes a readily available source of;plant food, and,
with the stumps rotting in the ground, assists drain-
age and aeration by keeping the soil free and open.
It is when the supply of humus is becoming exhausted
that the necessity tor cultivation arises. The decay
of the roots of the weeds cutdown by the hoe also
assists in keeping the soil in good condition. Iam
afraid too much is left to nature in this respect.
Natural conditions in the tropics are so favourable
to agriculture that at times the soil produces good
crops in spite of what is done to it.

Use or CuLtivaTors.—We have seen that the roots
of the bananas are fleshy, and that they require a
free soil for their proper development. Then, as the
soil is exhausted more and more, to absorb the same
amount of nourishment the root system has to become
more extended. Hence let us consider how the soil
and roots should be treated.

PLoucuinc.—My experience has led me tothe con-
clusion that in soil varying from light sandy loam
to heavy loam, one thorough ploughing and cross-
ploughing per year is sufficient. Just how deep the
plough should go depends on the condition of the
soil. From four to eight inches should be sufficient,
This will cut the root and induce branching from
the cut ends, set free a supply of food for the use
of the plants, and put the soil in a proper condition
for the use of the cultivator, The more
thoroughly the soil is broken the more _ will
the elements act on it. Large clods are unfit
for plant life; and when the surface is left in thig
condition soft roots are very liable todry up, Hence
the plough should be followed by the harrow. before
the lumps of earth bake. :

Supsoi, PirovcH.—In addition to the yearly plough-
ing, it will often be found advisable to use a subsoil
plough. From the pressing down of the lower stratum
of the soil by the turning plough, the passage of
air into it is more or less stopped, and water is apt
to stagnate, While it may allow of the passage 9

590

roots, it may still be too compact for their proper
growth, and for the admission of air, and the roots
will remain near the surface, an easy prey to dry
weather, Every three or four years should be often
enough for the use of the sub-soi] plough, except in
spots where water settles frequently. The time at
which bananas are ploughed is a very important
point. I have found it a very good plan to fork

oung bananas when about two months old, so as to
beeak the hard earth immediately outside the hole;
which could hardly be done thoroughly with the
plough. Of course, it is better to thoroughly prepare
the land with the plough before planting ; but where this
cannot be done, forking the plants at this stage will
be found to give them a ‘good start. This also helps
to economise water.

Fruiting of PLANTS.—-The object of every plant iS
to produce fruit and seed, and so perpetuate itself +
and any disturbance of its growth while preparing
for this, the object of its life, will seriously impair
its condition, and reduce the quality, and quantity
or size ofits fruit. It is therefore highly necessary
that the root system should suffer no shock ; but
should be so treated as to be strengthened. No plant
can successfully make both roots and fruit, nor can it
produce good fruit without sufficient roots. Hence
we see the importance of ploughing bananas before
they begin to make the bunches. Just how late we
can do this is hard to say, as there is little precise
information to got on the subject. Under present
conditions, where the bulk of the fruit is wanted
from March to June, I would not consider it desir-
able to plough bananas after November at latest.
As soon asthe bulk of the crop is cut, the plough
should be started, and all ploughing should be finished
before December.

Cuutivators.—It isa good plan when ploughing
to throw the soil into the centre of the rows, and s°
produce a convex surface. When the soil is thrown
towards the plants, and the rows become hollowed,
it is very hard to irrigate thoroughly. If the trench
is put at the side of the row, the water is very apt
to break away and cause ponding ; orif in the middle,
the water will wet only a small portionof the land.
When the row is‘“‘round-ridged,” so to speak, and
the trench cut in the centre, the water is easy to
control, and more thorough work can be done, It
also induce the roots to travel towards the water,
so increasing the feeding area,—a most important
point in dealing with land which has been in culti-
vation for some time. Ploughing finished and the
harrow having been {freely used, the planter has
then to devote his attention {to a most important
point, namely, how to make the most of his water
supply.
best remedy for drought we have. It givesa mulch
which does not require to be drawn off and on,
drives the feeders down out of the wilting influence
of wind and sun, prevents loss of moisture by eva-

oration=in short it keeps the plants growing.
Should heavy rains fall, beating the surface down,
causing it to bake into a crust, it will be found
quite safe to plough lightly if surface cultivation has
been diligently employed. The surface should never
be allowed to bake. Various implements are in use
for stirring the surface, from the scuffle hoe,
worked by hand, to theriding cultivator drawn by a

air of big mules. In practice, I have found the disc
Raviow the most usefulimplement, it giving a mulch
of thoroughly pulverized soil about four inches deep.
The spading harrow will even break up a orust perfectly
impervious to any toothed implement—thus obviating
the necessity for using the plough. It also chops up
weeds, covering them lightly. The best timeto use
the disc harrow is always when the soil is not too wet.

ProNinG.—This is a question on which opinion is
very much divided. The term ‘“‘ pruning” as applied
to bananas is sometimes taken exception to, for which
reason itis hard to say. Pruning is » removal of use-
less and dead growth, to throw all the strength into

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Constant surface cultivation is perhaps the —

[Marcn 1, 1909.

the reproductive part of the plant; and this
cisely what is done with the banana.

Time or Pruninc.—The time of pruning should be
regulated by the need of it. Slow growing plants
require pruning as arule once a year, and that at a
well defined time—usually when the tree is at rest. It
may be taken as an axiom that the quicker the growth
of a plant, the more constant care it requires ; as any
influence for good or evil will be felt quickly —this
applying to all the operations of the farmer. Hence
it would follow that pruning bananas should be done
whenever necessary, at any time of the year.

OxzsEcTIons.—It is sometimes urged that pruning at
any other time than in the winter months is highly
Injurlous to bananas, owing to the excessive bleeding
of the trees. This is true to a certain extent, as all
vegetation naturally nas a most vigorous growth in
the spring. But is this bleeding ont of proportion to
the amount of sap in the tree ; and is it more injurious
than the demands of acrowd of stckers on the ayail-
able plant food? When it is remembered that every
young sucker occupies acertain space on the bulb
that might otherwise be occupied by the roots of the
parent tree; and that every young sucker, be it only
an inch above ground, has roots of its own, it will be
seen that every sucker other than those intended
to bear fruit isa distinct check to the growth of the
parent tree and its destined successor. It is harily
necessary to define the condition of a ficld when
pruning should be done. It will beof more service
to examine the effects of want of pruning, Cutting
off the trash and leaves hanging down is the first
Operation. The trash seems designed to protect the
tree from the direst rays of thesun; but ina plan-
tation, where a great deal of light is filtered through
the tops of the trees, it is not often required for
this purpose—except in the outside rows, and where,
from wind or other cause, the sun can enter too
freely. Too much sun causes the outer sheath of
the tree to dry up, Too much trash binders the
circulation of air, causes the young suckers to run up
into spindly whips,and contributes to a weakness
of the stems of the trees which is only too apparent
ina heavy wind. This latter point will be referred
to again.

Currine TrasH.—Another point in connection with
the trash is that in plant bananas it often rests on the
ground at the base of the tree, causing the roots to
come to the surface. This is, of course, to be avoided

SELECTION oF SuckERS.—It is important that the.
best suckers only be left. Those which are deep
rooted are the best, as they have a better grip of the
ground and areless liable to blow down when well
grown. Due regard to position must also behad, one
sucker to each tree,soas to have as much space ag
possible between them.

Cur Suckers.—Objection is sometimes taken to cut
suckers being left—that is, suckers which have been
cut while the previous pruning was being done 5 on
the ground that the bunches from these suckers will
be inferior. My experience has not shewn this to be
a fact, unless the sucker was cut when well developed.
I measured a cut sucker, and found it was 22 inches
high, and eight inches across at the level, This
would seem to indicate that cutting asucker while
young tends to inorease the size of the bulk,

MEtHoDs oF CUTTING our SucKERsS.—The cutlasa
should not be pointed towards the tree, but sideways
fo as not to stab the parent tree. The sucker should
be cut down tothe hard, white part ; as if imperfectly
cut, it will spring up again very quickly.

Green Lraves.—Green leaves should not be cut off
to allow the tree to withdraw the sap from them,

Oxtp Srumps.—The tree is usually cut over about
six feet from the ground, the bunch cat off, and
the upper part of the tree severed completely, leaving —
an ‘‘arm.” I am of the opinion that the whoie of
this should beleft until it can be pulled away from
the bulk ; as observation has shewn that the following —
sucker thrives better. es

is pre-

Marcn 1, 1902.} THE TROPICAL

Numprr oF Suckers.—I'he question of how many
trees we can allow tothe root depends in the first
place onthe distance apart at which the field was
planted. Ihave seen the following distances tried 5
15 x 15, 14x14, 12 x 12,8x 8/7’ 6” x7’ 6," 15x76,”
10 x 6, and 12x 8.

CiosrE Puantinc.—“ Close Planting ”’ (8 x8 and 7’ 6’)
was the resuit of the demand for fruit being confined
to five months in the spring. This method has
given good results ander proper management, Prun-
ing should be strictly carried out. Atiempts have
been made, where the crop was coming in too soon,
to retard it by leaving young suckers round the
single trees. ‘This can only result in stunting of the
bunches. In good land, the best plan for ratooning
isto takeout every row, leaving the field 16 x8;
permitting two or three suckers to grow in each root.
It may be necessary for the third ratoons to bring
the field to 16 x16. Ratooning §x8in rich land can
hardly be recommended. In hotland, 8x 8gives very
good results, covering the ground quickly ; and can
be ratooned with success, 7” -6” x 7’-6’’ 1 consider
too close.

CLosr By Wipr.—This method, (e. g. 15 x7’ -6,”)
brings in the crop very evenly, but can hardly be
recommended for ratooning. Plants may,have two
suckers in each root; but the ratoons are apt to be
crowded. In planting close by wide, it is a good
plan to plant the wide rows northand south, so as
‘° allow as much sun as possible to penetrate.

Wiper Pruantine.—This is the old method, and one
that has proved successiul. It is not possible to re-
gulate the crop so well ; but where fruit can be sold
all the year round this is hardly a disadvantage.
Cultivation with implements can be better carried
on, 15x15 is the usual distance. Three or four
suckers to each root may be left, according to the
richness of the soil. The advantages and disadvantages
of the different methods of planting may be sum-
marised as follows :

Cxrose PLANTING.--Hvenness
of crop. Less weeding. less
water. Quick returns.

Extra cost of planting:
Extra pruning. Trou-
ble in reducing to wide
or close by wide.

Cnrosr BY W1pE.—Hvenness
of crop. Quicker growth. Hcon-
omy of water. Less weeding.

Can ouly be cultivated
one way. Extra prune
ing. Orowding of ra-
toons, Trouble of re-
ducing to wide, Extra
cost of planting.

Wipr Prantine.—Can_ be
cultivated both ways. Less
pruning. No trouble in redue-
ing.

Crop more spread.
Slower returns, Extra
weeding.

GEneERAL.—The time in which suckers fruit varies
considerably, Plants take from 10 to 16 months, (the
latter being the second suckers,) Ratoons take from
140 18 months. The causes governing these are the
nature of the soils, weather conditions, distance of
planting, mode of cultivation, It is impossible to lay
down any hard and fast rule on the subject. The
penalties for leaving too many suckers are two—small
bunches, and blow downs. In one piece of bananas‘
which had in my opinion too m»ty — suckers
and too much trash, a heavy wind played havoc.
It was very noticeable that three out of four
suckers were broken over, not uprooted. The
land wasrich; and thesuckers would in the cireum-
stances throw out many roots. They were, too, first
ratoons, which are usually strong rooted. In adjacent
fields, properly pruned, the loss was comparatively
trifling ;and, most of the trees were uprooted, It is
advisable when pruning to clean the root out thoroughly
removing all trash, etc.

“H. J. OHARLBS.”’

Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society.

AGRICULTURIS 591

THE IDENTIFICATION OF WOOD.

Ihave read with much interest Mr. Herbert Stone’s
paper on the above subject, and would like to be per-
mitted to make a few remarks as au addition to a dis-
cussion at which I was unable to be present.

First of a!l, a small personal matter, My ‘“Manual
of Indian Timbers ”’ was several times referred to in
very kind language, but both in Mr. Stone’s paper,
and in the remarks tponit by Dr. Schlich, there ‘is
some misapprehension regarding the responsibility of
the descriptions of woods given in it, I feel sure that
Pr. Schlich was not properiy reported, and as,
possibly, Mr. Stooe had not read my introduction, I
propose to give thefull extract from page ix., written
in November, 1881, The ‘‘ writer” was, of course,
myself,

“Ji is now necessary to expjain how the descrip-
tions of the woods were made. During the progress
of the work. of preparation of specimens in Calcutta,
and .afterwards at more leisure in Simla, the examina.
tion of the different woods and their description was
made by acommittee which consisted of—

“], Dr. D. Brandis, F.R.S., C.1.H., Inspector-
General of Forests.

“2. Mr. J. S. Gamble, M.A., Assistant to the
Inspector-General of Forests,

“3, Mr. A. Smythies, B.A., Assistant Conservator
of Forests, Central Provinces-

‘The descriptions were usually dictated by Dr.
Brandis, and written down by one of the others,
generally Mr. Smythies, but the wood structure was
examined by all three oflicers, and discussed before
the description was finally passed. Tne whole was
gone over three or four times, snd in tho later
examinations, when the Committee was moze acous-
tomed to the differences of structure, the generic and
family characters were discussed and drawn up.
Some of the later received specimens, as well as those
given in Addenda,’ were described by the writer,
but on the same plan and principal as was originally
adopted by the Committee,”

In referring to she chief works on the subject of the
description of wood, and giving keys to enable them
to be identified by their more easily-seen characters,
Mr, Stone omitted to mention what is, in all pro-
bability, the most important, if not the earliest
bookon the subject relating to Huropean woods—the
“Fiore Forestiere’”’ of Mons, A. Mathieu, late Pro-
fessor of Forestry at the Forest School at Nancy
France. The first edition of Prefessor Mathieu's
work was published in 1858; it was followed by a
seccnd and third, the latter in 1877; the fourth
edition, issued since Professor Mathieu’s death, with
complete revision, by his successor, Professor Fliche,
appeared in 1897. In the ‘“‘Flore Forestiere” the
wood descriptions are given with the genera, supple-
mented, where necessary, for the species; and at the
end of the book is a detailed aaalytical key, which
in my opinion, is mach better than the keys given by
Professor Nordlinger and Professor Hartig. I can
also recommend to Mr. Stone the excellent key to
Euglish (and some Indian) woods given in ‘Timber,
and some cf its Diseases,” the very useful little work
by Professor Marshall Ward, F.R:S., of Cambridge
published in the ‘‘ Nature Series,” pas

I cannot agree,and I do not think that Tudian
botanists of any branch will agree, with Mr. Stone’s
complaint that ‘* botanical explorers” omit from their
Gescriptions, the useful producis of the plants, Of
course, in large general floras like the “Flora of
British India,’ it would be impossible to insert such
things, but, with such exceptions, nearly every
Indian botanist has given, pertorce briefly, economic
information. Roxburgh’s “ Flora Indica” is an ex-
celleat casein point, If, Mr. Stone will study the
** Dictionary of the Economic Products of India,” by
Dr. G. Waits, C.I.J0., probably -the most complete
work of the kind prepared in any country in the world
he will see what Indian botanical explorers have done
for the economic products of the country. In the

THER TROPICAL

592

“Manual of Indian Timbers,’ the wood spécimens
collected by Dr. Wallich were all examined and men-
tioned, as were the more recent collections of Sir D.
Brandis, Mr. S. Kurz, Col. Ford. and others. In my
new edition about to be issued 1 have included also
the collections of Sir J. D. Hooker, Mr. H. N. Ridley
(Malay) and others, deposited at Kew; and one of my
chief regretsis thatthe collection of the Brothers
Schlagintweit could not also be included, because the
names have been lost. -What has been done in India,
of course, I know more intimately, but I aleo know
that Colonial British explorers have not deserved to
be accused of neglect, and thatthe work done by the
French and the Dutch has beenas good as, indeed if
anything, better than our own.

I think’that in his remarks about Kew Dr. A. Henry
was not quite just. I have been recently working in
the Kew Museum and have been struck with the
care taken to incorporate in it the woods sent by
yarious correspondents, As 1 was not specially in-
terested in Chinese woods, I can say nothing about
‘Dr. Henry’s collections, but they are doubtless there,
ready for him or another to work up. The authori-
ties at Kew were most kind in their help to me and
were delighted that I should work in the museum ;
but itis abundantly clear to anybody who inquires
into the matter that the present miserably inadequate
and ill-paid Kew staff could not be expected to do
wood-descriptions for explorers in addition to their
own work. The Kewcollections are national, and the

herbarium and museum are maiatained by the State, -

not only for study by thestaff of the establishment,
butto be conveniently at the disposal of workers in
general. There are, unfortunately. not may specialists
in the study of woods, andit is very good news to
those interested in the subject that Mr. Stone is going
to devote his scientific life to it. His “paper was very
interesting, andI, for one, shall eagerly look forward
to the results of his further work.

December 9th, 1901. J. S, GAMBLE,

—Journal of the Society of Arts,

——____—_—_.

THE EFFECT OF FORESTS ON THE
CIRCULATION OF WATER AT THE
SURFACE OF CONTINENT.

(Continued from page 513. )

On level spots in the mountains, whether forest’
grass or bare, there is a decidedly greater amount
of moisture in the soil than in the plains under
similar circumstances. There is more rainfall and
the snow lies longer. The amounts evaporated
directly. or utilised by plants, are also less. It is
well-known that high plateaux, &c., are often swampy
or peaty. But level spots are the exception, moun-
tains consisting principally of more or less steep
slopes where surface flow is an important factor.
In fact, the surface flow is the great characteristic
of unlevel countries and constitutes the great difference
between these and the plains. There are numerous
examples continually coming to light, showing the
excellent effect produced by forests on the volume,
the regularity, and the maintenance of springs.
This is perhaps the place to mention a certain nala
in Lachiwala forest, coming Gown from Nagsidh
hill. Up to 1896 this nala carried running water in
November-December. In later years it has always
been dry by the end of October. ‘I'he dryness is

erhaps not premanent for the future, but it may

e due to fellings that have been made on the
slopes of Nagsidh. Nobody now denies the benefi-
cent action of forests from a quadruple point of view,
viz., the increase of rainfall, the protection of the
goil from erosion, the more regular flow and diminu-
tion of floods, and the maintenance and steady flow

of springs.

AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1902.

H Cis it possible to explain the apparent con
tradiction between this last point and the result of
the previously mentioned exprriments in plains forests,
where it was shown that the level of subsoil waters
was somewhat lowered? Is it possible that the forest
acts in opposite ways in different Jocalities? Before
answering this question certain well-known facts may
be considered. Suppose a slope at 45,92 wooded on
its left half and bare or grassy on the right half, In
winter both halves are covered with snow, more
thickly and evenly so in the forests since there are
no avalanches and the wind cannot sweep up or
evaporate so much. The springs bring a rapid thaw.
On the bare slope where nothing hinders the accesa
of warm air the melting will proceed quickly and
the greater part of the resulting water will disappear
at once by the streams, Itis well-known that in bare
or grass mouniains the melting of the winter snows
causes great and sudden floods like the disas-
ters of 1856. The quantity of water soaking into
the soil depends, among other things, on the length
of time during which the water remains in contact
with the soil. This time itself depends partly on
the steepness of the slope. A very steep slope re-
moves the water quickly, so that there is little time
left for absorption. Hence steep slopes dry np very
quickly after rain, more especially if they are not
wooded. On the wooded half of the above supposed
slope, the melting will be quite slow, taking a fort-
night or a month longer. ‘Thus, even without any
low vegetation, the surface flow will be much slower
and more prolonged, with a corresponding decrease
in flooded streams. But the forest soil always poss-
esses a covering of dead leaves and humus acting
like a sponge, able to absorb and hold asmuch as
two or three times its own weight of water which
it only parts with drop by drop. The soil below is
protected from evaporation and sucks it all into the
great benefit of subsoil supplies. The effect is still
further increased by the then dormant condition of
vegetation, which has no need to absorb any water
at that time. The same thing happens during the ~
heavy summer rains, except that the trees this time
appropriate a certain share for their own use. If
there is actually any water flowing along the sur-
face it is much impeded by the network of roots,
stalks, and obstacles of all kinds, so that a given
flowing drop has every chance of finding a spot able
to absorb it, or a small crevice by which it may
get underground. The final resultis a great dimjnu-
tion or complete stoppage of surface flow. It is true
that during excessive rains or melting of snows, the
forests cannot always prevent floods, but in such
cases the rise is much less sudden and severe than
‘it might have been, and is due more to enlarged springs
and less to erosive surface acticn.

According to M. Imbeaux, State Engineer to the
important Municipality of Nancy, the fraction re-
presenting the surfsce flow due to very heavy rains
may be calculated from the rise in the streams effected.
He found that in the exceptional floods of the
durance on the 27th and 28th October, 1882, the
26th, 27th October 1886, and the 8th, 11th Novem-
ber 1886, the fraction at Mirabeau was 33, 39 and
‘43, or over a third of the total fall. For less
violent rains the fraction were ‘27, ‘22 and 18, in
accordance with the general law according to
which the surface fiow follows the intensity of
the rain. At the Junction with the Rhone, the
figures were very similar but smaller. For the Dan
ube at Vienna, M. Lauda found 42-1 per cent, from
28th July to 14th August 1897. It is clear that for
a given rainfall the surface flow will be greater as
the soil itself becomes steeper and more impermeable
or rocky, but the covering of the soil has a powerful in-
fluence in all cases.

On this point M. Imbeaux says:—‘‘ The re-forest-
ing and returfing of bare mountains at high altitudes
are, and have in France been long known to be
among the most effectual methods possible for
checking excessive surface flow and its consequen

Marcu 1, 1902.]

disasters. During the first half of the century the
United state of America forgot or disregarded all
this, and destroyed their primeval forests ata whole-
sale rate. They have now seen with their own eyes
how their former steady (and regular streams have
become transformed into torrents, raging down so
long as it rains, and dry for the rest of the year,
The matter is proved beyond dispute.”” Thus where-
ver man has to fear floods, he should plant forests
as his best of all protections. They will give him
impereant other advantages into the bargain as already
shown.

The figures given above refer to large basins where
the slopes are partly bare, partly cultivated, and
partly forests or grass. Figures relating to basins
of one kind exclusively would be of value, Bince
1860, M.M. Jeandel, Cantegril, and Bellaud have
been makizg comparisons between neighbouring basins,
and they find the tendency to floods to be diminished
by one-half in the wooded basins. Their work is
not perfect, but it is the best available, the researches
of M. Belgrand being worthless on account of de-
fective conditions. The Swiss Forest Research Station
is now beginning experiments in this direction in
two adjoining basins, one wooded, the other almost
without wood. Many rain-gauges will give the true
rainfall, and the outflow will be measured in the
streams with precision by means of weirs.

The quantity saved from (flowing away on the
surface can be estimated from the springs, but only
approximately. There are many instances of springs
drying up or decreasing in quantity and regularity
through the clearing of their basins, as also of
springs being brought to life again by the growth of
forests. ‘here are lists of these in specialist publi-
cations, but a few more may here be cited, because
they are recent, perhaps little known, and warranted
by competent observers. M. Crahay, Inspector of
Forests at Brussels, in 1698, quoted instances of the
sources of the Sure at Planchimont, &c-:--

“Since the spruce plantation of 385 years back, the
flow has become more regular. One which used to
be dry all the summer is now never dry, andis now
about 220 feet higher up than it used to be. At
Bois le Francais, in the commune of Villersdevant-
Orval, after the clearance of an old copice with
standards, two springs dried up. The place where
the water came ont, and the little bed it ran in, are still
to be seen.”

At the international Congress of Sylviculture, held
at Paris in 1900, M. Servier, a landowner at Lamure
sur Azergues (Rhone), made an interesting commu-
nication ‘On the hydrostatic phenomena following
the planting of conifers.”” The soilissandy. It was,
till recently, almost devoid of wood, a fact ten-
ding towards floods and torrents. Wherever a small
clump of wood remained, the spot was generally
marked by a spring, ‘There is a spring on the
western edge of one of these clumps. Every time
the coppice is felled the spring diminishes, and as
the coppice grows, the spring recovers its volume.
M. Bargmann quotes two springs in the communal
forest of Storkensohn (valley of Saint Amarin, near
Urbes) which dried up when the forest above it was
felled, but a new spring appeared about 500 feet
lower altitude where no fellings had been made. ‘It
is easy to see that the disappearanse of forest
completely changes the conditions of evaporation and
surface flow. Both are increased by disforestment.”
The only conclusion possible is, that the moisture
lost by increased evaporation and quicker surface
flow is much greater than the gain by cessation of
root-suction.

It was mentioned just now that the portion saved
from surface flow could only be roughly estimated
from the springs. This is because all the water
saved does not reappear in springs. Some of it goes
as deep as 1,500 to 3,000 feet to form subterranean
reservoirs which are available for artesian wells; for
instance, the artesian wells of Paris, the supply for
which sinks in along the outcrop of the greensand

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

593

in the basin of the Meuse, Elsewhere the water
may sink in till it finds an outlet into some ocsan.
In some cases, the subterranean water losing its
outlet in one basin may work across to another
valley altogether, and increase the springs there.
Finally, and most important, the soil itself must
be considered as a great sponge, the degree of
saturation of which varies irregularly according to
the abundance and persistence of the rains. Ifa year
begins with a low level of saturation and subterranean
waters, and ends with a higher level or degree of
saturation, it is evident that the surface flow of that
year must have been less than normal, much of
the normal surface flow having been absorbed to
the benefit of the subterranean supply. Hence, the
relation between the actual rainfall and the surface
flow in that year will be distrubed, being less than
would have been the case if the year had begun
with full resources. In the one case the relation
will be less than the average, in the other case
more, In the one case the budget begins with an over-
drafs which has to be met, in the other there has
been something ‘‘ brought over.”

As the subterranean waters are beyond the reach
of all measurement, it can only be juaged that when
the eprings run full,. the soil is full, and when the
springs diminish, the subterranean reserves are low.
So long as the springs remain normal, there is
equilibrium, The time elapsing between the dis-
appearance of the water underground and its re-ap-
pearance in the springs is very variable. In coarse
or fissured soils the springs begin visibly to increase
almost as soon as the rain begins. In very com-
pact soils, and when the distance of infiltration is
long, the process lasts for years. In the first class
of cases just mentioned there may be damage, On
steep slopes and in soft loose soils the streams jig
deep beds and cut away banks whose removal causes
landslips. Good earth is continually being carried
away and raw mineral soil exposed. Needless to
dilate further on this point. Here, again, the forest
is the natural remedy. Across all these Jittle streams
living weirs are constructed. These are formed of
willow cultings which scon strike root and produce
vigorous shoots. A stout fence is thus prodaceed which
rises as the river bed itself rises, forming a filter
through which all the water indeed passes, but its
evil impetuosity is ended. In torrent beds of great
width trees are planted, such is the alder forest
which is so jealously maintained in the bed of the
Veneon, where it joins the MRomanche, The
forest checks the violence of the flow, and compels
the deposit of sediment which would otherwise go
further down and raise still more the already too
elevated bed of the Romanche; these are the best
kinds of dams, they cost little to construct and
nothing for maintenance. The method is not always
available. But it is not adopted nearly so often as it
might be. It is only through the action of forests
that the rivers arrive at the sea in a steady and
respectable manner, having throughout their courses
rendered the highest possible services to man, to
animals and to plants, by springs, by percolation,
by irrigation, by furnishing power, by providing the
means of transport, &c.—IJndian Forester,

F, Gubapow,

—-

SISAL HEMP AGAIN.

ft is as yet too soon to obtain a report of results
from the Sisal hemp-growers who last year obtained
parcels of plants from the Department of Agricul-
ture, as it takes at least three years before the plants
are old enough to yield the first crop of leaves. We
have advocated the growing of this valuable fibre,
for the reason that poor land not adapted for cereal
or root crops can be utilised profitably at very small
expense. Some have hesitated to plant, owing te
the fear that expensive machinery would ho needed

O94 THE

for preparing the fibre; others because such a large
water supply is needed. In view of these objections,
we place betore our readers the statements of Mr,
Qnuennel, in the Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural
Society. That gentleman says :—

1 have seen, with a deep regret, some persons re~
jecting at first the idea of cultivating fibre plants in
Trinidad as requiring too much capital and too costly
machinery.

This is a great mistake. Yukatan is there as a
proof of it, because the Indians of that country
export now more than 100,000 tons, prepared with
a very rough machine called ‘“‘raspador,” a wheel
of 4 feet Ciameter, working at 160 revolutions a
minute. The cost of it cannot be, with horse gear,
above 150 dollars. That machine is easy to move
from one place to another It wastes a certain amount
of material, and is slow at work; but it is not the
first time that the primitive appliance of ihe pea-
sanbry has succeeded better than -costly machines
and big capital, with their heavy interests and
annuities. The raspador gives net 335 lb, in ten
hours. A machine for working three-quarters of a
ton would cost, with steam-engine and the buildings to
correspond, £1,200 at least, when five raspadores would
not cost more than £150. ;

A steam-engive would not ba moveable and could
not be economically established where the area
under cultivation would be less than 1,000 acres.

I take my data from various reports from Dr.
Morris, Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture, Bar-
bados, and from Mr. Richard Dodge, of the Wash-
ington Fibre Inyestigation Committee ou acconnt of
the Government of the United States,

From them I come to the conclusion that the
fibre plant gives a hemp of a value of £30 a ton in
London which I reduce to £14 a ton after allowing
for discount, commission, and freight, and also for
cultivation and packing. This is less than the
amount given in the reports referred to.

I take for planting five rows in 36 feet--that is
to say, four at 6 feet distance and the fifth at 12,
I put the plant 6 feet apart in the rows, This
gives me more than 1,C0U plants to an acre. Hach plant
at four years gives forty leaves a year of a weight
of 501b., of which 4 per cent, turns inio fibre, dried
and white, or 2lb. of fibre to a plant, or 2,000 lb.
an acre. £14 a ton is more than 3 cents a lb. I
allow only 23 cents a lb. to make 50 dollars an
acre. Thus an acre produciug net 50 dollars yields
double the results of 200 cacao trees on an acre,
at 10 bags per 1,000 trees at 12 dollars net (when
653, the London market quotation) or 2 bags, 12
dollars—24 dollars. It is a great deal more than 20
tons of sugar-canes to an acre at 93. a ton, leay—
ing probably not moxe than 1s.a ton to the cane far-
mer, or £1 an acre,

If the acre gives 2,000 lb. a year, and a raspador
prepares some 330 lb. a day—100,000 lb. a year of
300 days—it will require 50 acres to produce snffi-
cient fibre for one raspador’s work in one year;
6 raspadores for 250 acres; 20 for 1,000 acres.

But what strikes me more is that I noticed that
on all the sugar plantations, all the cacao estates,
everywhere on Crown lands, there is a large extent
of useless land, when not first-class. Well, the fibre
plants grow nearly everywhere except on absolutely
barren lands; and immediately everyone can foresee
what is the future of Trinidad when ali Jands, unjess
barren, will be cultivated with plants yielding double
what cacao gives. One thousand acres of land for
sugax-canes, giving 1,500 tons of sugar, will require
Gf Ido not make a mistake) £37,000 worth of
machinery, at least; and 1,000 acres of land for fibre
plants will require only twenty raspadores costing
£600, and will give yearly at 6@ dollars, or £10 per
acre, £10,000 sterling to repay cost of land and of

pair acts,

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Marcu i, 1902

But no industry can be established with safety wit
it is not started with economy and perseverance, or
if anyone is discouraged because purchasers do not
come from abroad to buy the first lb. before it is
ready. I believe that this, and five or six years’
gambling in the London Exchange, haye stopped
the first attempt made in I'obago and in Bahamas
some ten years ago. But the machines have been
greatly improved during the Jast four years; the
prices, after fluctuating during the time of speculation
between £13 and £75, have become steady at £30,
and the plants, ten years old now, are everywhere
giving sprouts from their roots and seeds from their
poles.

The Agricultural Society is being called upon to
decide regarding the introduction of hard-working
immigrants from ‘Teneriffe. Can we find a better
basis for settlement by free companies of these free
people, in a free country? Profitable contracts could
be offered to them on landing at the Quay, at a
rate of 25 dollars an acre—d dollars after brushing,
5 dollars after planting, and 15 dollars on delivery
on forth year. Each contractor would not receive
more than 12 acres to be planted in three years—
4 acres a year. As there is very little trouble in
cultivating the fibre plant when it is a year and a
half old, every year cach contractor could receive
some 4 acres more. In five years he would have
planted 20 acres, aud from the fourth te the ninth
year he would receive 500 dollars, whereas 12 acres
in cacao, or 2.400 trees. would give him only 480
dollars in the same time [1 dollar =4s. 2d, 2 cents
=1d.J—Queensland Agricultural Journal,

ro

THE RAISIN INDUSTRY
FORNIA.

The average avnual consumpticn of raisins in the
United States for the past five years, has been about
80,000,000 pounds, or not far from one pound per head
of population. Practically the total supply was pro=
duced in the United States, a supply which only a
short time ago was met wholly by importation, No
variety cfnative American grape has yet been deye-
loped suitable forthe preparation otf raisins, Over
twenty-five years ago, choice varieties or vines of the
raisin grape were introducei into California from
Spain, the country from which almost the cutire
imports of raisins were dezived. QDhe inaustry did
not at once aseume commercial proportions, but it is
notable that so early as 1885, the effects of increased
production in California, began to be shown in a
decrease of imports. In the fiscal year 1835-86, im-
ports declined to 40,000,000 pounds from 454,000.000
only two years before, Produetion in California, on,
the other hand, began in that year to assume com-
mercial proportions tor the first time, and amounted
to 9,000,000 pounds, against 2,000,000 in the preyious
year, ‘Ihe impetus given to the industry at this time
was never relaxed ; production increased by leaps and
bounds until iu 1895 the high record mark of 103,0U0,000
pounds wasvzeached, Since 1895, the raisin produc-
tion of California has declined, but this it is claimed
has been due to adverse climatic conditions, and not
to any deorease of interest iu the industry. Exports
of California raisins first became of sufficient impor-
tance to be separately stated in the official reports of
United States I'reasury Department in the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1898, It is estimated by some autho-«
rities, that as many as 64.000 acres are devoted to the
cultivation of the raisin grape, in the raisin-producing
district of California. ‘I'he cityof Fresno, which is
known throughout California as the -‘ Raisin City,” is
a eentre of a district which produces about two-thirds
of the entire output of the State. Hight months of
sunshine and an abundance of water for irrigation
make this one ofthe ideal grape-producing districts
of the world,—Journal of the Society of Arts,

OF CALI-

Marcu 1, i902.}

TOBACCO-GROWING IN CEYLON AND
ITS CONDITIONS OF SUCCESS.

We are interested to learn of the visit
to Ceylon of a tobacco-curing expert from
Borneo and the neighbouring tobacco
countries, in the person of Mr. A. Macdonald
Gibson who has been spending three months
in Jaffna town and district, investigating the
industry and samples of the different to-
baccos grown on the Peninsula, the Wanni,
Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Kandy Districts
and testing the “burn,” ‘ taste” and
“aroma” of each kind. Mr. Gibson was
invited to come from Borneo to Ceylon in
1887 to manage a Company then formed to
grow tobaccoin Ceylon. This Company failed,
probably because the Europeans attempted
to grow a tobacco to compete with that
of Sumatra and Borneo as a cover leaf.
Mr. Gibson is of opinion that the aim here
should be to improve the tobacco which
already grows on the island, and make it
into a valuable leaf suitable for Euro-
pean markets, by proper treatment after
the tobacco is gathered from the _ field.
This treatment comprises a proper system
of “drying” and ‘‘curing” of the tobacco,
which should be cut only when quite ripe
and not—as the native does now—while it is
green, so that he may be saved further
trouble and expense of watering and other
attention to it in the field, ‘The full
natural flavour of the Ceylon tobacco ought

to be retained, the eolour cf the leaf
improved and the tobacco generally
cured so that it will keep for avy
length of time. The native system tends
rather to destroy the leaf, while it
renders it as black as possible and _ liable

to rot; hence the anxiety of cigar-makers.

to sell their cigars as soon as_ possible.
At present native dealers and_ planters
are very loath to take up improved

methods of curing their crop, possibly not
wishing to incur the initial expense that
such improvement would inyolve ; and they
would, no doubt, prefer that Government,
or some large capitalist, or a Company,
should show them the way. In the present
semi-primitive practices of dealing with the
crop, it appears to be almost overleoked
that, in one crop even, there are many
different kinds of leaf—requiring different
treatment—aud it is obvious that to get
the full market value of the growth, some
changes in working are required. There
can be little doubt that cultivated tobrcco
land will targely increase when the Rail-
way runs through the Wanni, and the limited
market for local tobacco, as itis at present
produced in Ceylon, will be flooded. Prices
will drop tiil the industry will become un-
profitable, unless the Ceylon tobacco is
rendered acceptable to other markets than
would at present receive it.

We trust that this important fact
will be carefully noted in anticipation
‘and, whatever the result of the pre-
sent visit of Mr. Gibson, that at least

local producers will lodk to their methods

of treatment and not let the trade in

Ceylon-grown-tobacco run the risk of going
75

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

595

te the wall. This is a fate that is by no means
uncertain, if the industry is not handled
in a fashion more suited to modern re-
quirements and the rapidly changing condi-
tions of the country in which it is now
turned out. In conclusion we may mention
that Mr Gibson has had over twenty years’
experience of the tobacco industry in
Sumatra, North Borneo and Sarawak, and
that he was working a three years’ experi-
ment for the Rajah of Sarawak. when
he visited Ceylon in 1887—so that a better
or more experienced adviser could scarcely
be found in regard to one of the tew
important existing industries of the North
of the island. :
—————__—

MOSQUITOES AND MALARIA.*

On this subject an important and interest-
ing circular was issued last month from the
Roval Botanic Gardens, compiled by Mr. E.
Ernest Green, our Government Entomologist.
Mr. Green tells us that a careful study of
recent investigations on the mosquito-
malaria theory affords convincing evidence
of a real connection between mosquitoes and
malarial fever. The only point in dispute
now is: ave mosquitoes the sole medium of
infection ?

Our local medical reports do not specify the
number of deaths actually due to malarial fever.
Speerfie, febrile, and xymotic diseases are quoted
under one heading. Over 50,000 deaths from
these diseases were registered in 1899. It is
probable that more than half that number
was the result of malarial fever, and a still
greater number of persons suffering from this
form of fever must have been treated in the Gov-
ernment hospitals of the Island at an immense
cost to the country. Besides the actual cost of
treatment, there must be reckoned the loss to the
Colony of a vast amount of labour, which may
seriously delay the progress of important works,
such as railway construction, irrigation, &c. In
support of this statement, I have been permitted
to mention the following facts. At the beginning
of December last there were working on the second
section of the Northern Railway, some ‘15 miles
from Kurunegala, nearly 600 coolies. Before the
end of that same month more than half of them
had contracted malarial fever and given up work.

Nor is malarial fever the only disease traceable
to the action of mosquitoes. Filariasis, in: its
various forms, is known to be transmitted
through their bites ; and in this case both Ano-
pheles and Culex have been proved to be pessible
agents. Elephantiasis is one of the forms assumed
by filariasis. Excessive anemia is another, Dr,
Manson, in his work on‘! Tropical Diseases,” ree
marks that “the subjects of filariasis should be
regarded as dangers to themselves and to the com-
munity, and should be compelled to sleep under
mosquito nets.” The same remarks apply, with
equal force, to subjects of malaria.

In treating of the Life History of the
Parasite, Mr. Green gives the main facts
as follows :—

When a patient is suffering from malarial fever,
his blood is found to contain numerous examples

596

of the Hesmameeba parasite. If lett in undisturs
bed possession, they will pass through a sexual
cycle in the blood of the man, reproducing them-
selves by fission, 7.¢., by the breaking up of the
mature parasite into a number of spore-like bodies,
which will themselves grow to their full size and
break up inlike manner. Without further inter-
ference the disease will be confined to that one
person. But if a certain kind of mosquito (of the
genus Anopheles) bites the patient and imbibes
his infected blood, the contained parasites undergo
a new development in the body of the insect,—a
true sexual cycle,—the parasites becoming differ-
entiated into male and female organisms repro-
ducing young ones in a normal sexual manner.
These young parasites find their way through the
tissues of the body of the mosquito and congre-
ate in enormous numbers in the glands at the
Face of its proboscis. Then, should that mosquito
bite another person, the parasites are injected
into his blood, and once more go through their
sexual cycle, the periods of their maturity and
‘reproduction corresponding with the periods of the
induced fever. We thus see that the mosquito
acts asan alternate host for the parasite. And so
the round continues— man—mosquito—man—nmnos-
quito—man, in a continuous series, f

The ‘Structure and Habits of Mosquitoes”
are next described. About ten genera of the
family culicidce are known in Ceylon, Culex
and Anopheles are fully described and dis-
tinguished and their habits and haunts
make a most interesting study. Then comes
the question ‘‘ How to avoid and get rid of
mosquitoes.” Preventive Measures, he divides
into three sections :— ite

Firstly.—Those aimed at the extermination of
the mosquito. rigs

Secondly.—Those designed for the elimination of
the malarial element. ;

Thirdly.—Protection from the bites of the moss
quitoes. ; P

Live or sleep under mosquito curtains
where feasible. Allow no standing water
anywhere, and on water buts or tanks, a thin
film of kerosine is very destructive to the
larve. These are the broad directions, but
Mr. Green gives many hints and explanations
upon the value of familiar remedies such as
the free use of castor oil leaves and sundry
essential oils; fumigation with sulphur, the
use of white stockings and coverings. Thus,
small doses of sulphur, taken internally ren-
der one unpalatable to the mosquito. And
as to cures for the irritation of the bite it
is suggested to moisten and rub soap on the
spot. For the treatment of malarial fever
when a doctor is not available, Mr. Green
quotes Dr. Patrick Manson’s advice, and
with this we close:— _ : !

“‘During a paroxysm of ordinary intermittent fever
it is better, before giving quinine, to wait until
the rigor and hot stages are over and the patient
is beginning to perspire. A fever fit once begun,
cannot be cut short by quinine, and to give
quinine during the early stages aggravates the
headache and general distress ; but so soon as the
skin is moist and the temperature begins to fall,
the sooner the drug is commenced the better.
Ten grains, preferably in solution, should be ad-
ministered at the commencement of sweating, and
thereafter five grains every six or eight hours for
the next two or three days. This is almost a
certain eure,”

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

{Marcu 1, 1902.

The great value of this brief compact cir-
cular can only be understood after a care-
ful, perusal. Already it is widely appreciated
throughout the Northern Province ;a recent
traveller down the road heard it re-
ferred to at several stations in terms of
high praise both for its practical usefulness
and for the popular treatment of the sub-
ject.

>

TRINIDAD PRODUCTS.

Governor Sir A. Moloney’s annual report on Trini-
dad and Tobago gives some interesting details as
to the chief products of that Colony—cacao, sugar
and asphalt.

Cacao,—The area under cacao is nearly twice that
under sugar, and is extending daily. The crop of
1900 exceed that of the previous year by 1,100,000
pounds, partly due to extended cultivation and partly
to a favourable season, but the average prices ob-
tained were about 5s per cwt lower, viz., 68s to 75s.
It paid to ship cacao when, in 1896, the prices had
fallen to 453, and the cost of production, apart
from rent and interest on capital, is generally esti-
mated at not more than 27s a cwt. ‘Though the world’s
production of cocoa is being greatly extended, ite
consumption is increasing rapidly.

Sucar.— Owing to dry weather the sugar crop of 1900
was a very bad one, and had a shortage of twelve thou-
sandtons. Leaving out of account capital and depreci-
ation charges, it is possible that £1 a ton profit was
made on the sale of yellow sugars in the London
market. On the other hand, the grey sugars shipped
to America were probably sold at an average loss of
two shillings a ton on the cost of production. Last
year’s crop (1901) was above the average, and although
the cost of production was reduced considerably below
that of the previous year, low prices and heavy im-
ports into the United Kingdom of Continental sugar
in anticipation of the new import duty more than
neutralized the advantage.

Rugpper.—Rubber is the only new cultivation likely
to provide a staple export in the future. It is as
yet, bowever, in an experimental stage. There are
some eight plantations in Trinidad and two in Tobago.
Several large sales of Crown Land in Trinidad haye
receatly been made onthe understanding that they are
to be devoted to this cultivation. Itis also extending
yearly in Tobago, chiefly in combination with cacao,
The rubber chiefly planted is the Central American
Castilloa Elastica, of which there are 100,000 trees
plauted in Tobago, as well as some thousands of
the Brazilian ‘‘ Mouchet.” The former promises to be
the most profitable. The West African silk rubber
has also beea recently introduced, and its importers are
hopeful of its success. The greater part of the planta-
tions are still quite young—from one to four years old
—and no large return can be anticipated until they
have been seven or eight years in existence. The
quality appears to be good. A sample of Castilloa
grown and prepared on this Richmond estate was
valued in England by experts at 3s 6d per lb.—Chamber
of Commerce Journal for January.

———
PEARL SHELLING IN QUEENSLAND.

There can be little doubt according to the an-
nual report of the British Marine Department,
that the pearl shelling industry of Torres Straits
has reached a critical stage, end unless some pre-
cautions are taken, all the shelling grounds within
a distauee to be reached from Thursday Island
will have been worked down to a payable limit,
and the fishery will be practically closed down.
Shelling has been carried on in Torres Straits’ fer
3l years,

Marcu 1, 1902.j THE TROPICAL

Apropos of pearls it is to be noted that M.
Raphael Dubois, a French naturalist, asserts that
u!] large pearls are nothing but sarcophagi, in the
centre of which rest the dead bodies of smal] marine
worms. ‘‘If weexamine in the month of August
molluses that at certain points along the coast
are always full of pearls, we shall be surprised
not to find any, or very rare specimens.

6 But if we find no pearls,
the other

we discover,

on hand, if we
observe the mollusc attentively, numerous
small reddish yellow points in the precise

spot where pearls usually torm. They are pro-
duced by tiny young distomes about one-half
millemetre [one-fiftieth of an inch] in diameter,
just about to become encysted, Their encystment
takes place in an extremely curious mauner. In
the beginning we see the surface of the distome
sprinkled with tiny grains of carbonate of lime ;
these grannlations grow and take the form of
erystals, which group and interlace in different
patterns, ending by forming a continuous cal-
carious envelope around the creature’s body, which
can still be distinguished by its yellow tint. The
calcareous shell takes on polish and lustre, and at
this moment the nucleus of the young pearl is seen
ooly as alittle black point, which soon disappears,
The pearl now has a beautiful lustre, and it con-
tinuesto growin contact withthe membranous pouc

that surrounds the calcareous cyst, We may
cause the parasite to reappear by decalcifying the
young pearis with hydrochloric acid ; we shall
then see that there is no doubt at all regarding
the nature of the nucleus. It appears from our
observation that the Distomum margaritarum
becomes encysted inthe Mutidlus edulis toward
the moath of August, and thab it so remains
until the following summer, At the beginning of
this season the pearl Joses its polish, decays, and
falls to pieces. There may remain only agelatin-
ous mass, corresponding no doubt to the gelatin-
ous pearls noticed by M Diguet in the Meleagrina
margaritifera. The parasite then resumes its
active life, reproduces its kind, and the young
distomes become in their turn encysted, forming
new pearls. There are pearls that escape their
physiological fate, and may grow to larger size
because their distomes are dead, killed by another
parasite, or because they are sterile. The most
beautiful pearl is nothing but the brilliant sarco-
phagus of a worm.”—Strarts Times, Jan. 24.

—_—__,»__—____
THE TEA TRADE AND INDUSTRY.

Mr Joseph Walker, a well-known authority,
writes as follows in the Grocers’ Review :—

In consequence of the South African War, and the
greatly increased normal expenditure of thecountry,
the declaration of the Budget has come to have an
interest previously unknown to dealers in tea of the
present generation. The unsettlement caused by the
dislocation ofthe finances of the country may be a
feature in the trade for some year:. It may, therefore,
not be out of place to refer to the undesirability, even
from a commercial standpoint, of buying too far ahead.
It is not sufficiently well known that Indian and Ceylon
teas, especially of the cheaper and medium classes
have not the same keeping properties as the tea that
our fathers used. Congo tea still remains good twelve
months after arrival, but most Indian and Ceylon teas
are flat long before that period is reached, and lack the
piquancy so much enjoyed by tea drinkers. No intelli-
gent tea house would run the risk of ruining a trade
by sending outa well-known brand which was depre-
ciated by age, and it behoves the grocer to be aware,
p these days of Budget speculation, that he does not

AGRICULTURIST. 597
go too far, and lose by one poliey any advantage
he may have gained by another stroke in his
business affairs,

The year immediately under review has been notice-
able for the variation which has taken placein the
price of common tea. The low prices ef the spring
were brought about by several causes. They were
partly the result of the very high prices which the
lowest grades reached in 1899, which induced the
planters tosend over a superabundance of common
tea. A great weight of this class of tea was placed
upon the market at a time when the finances of the
whole trade were stretched to their utmost limits
with operations in view of the approaching Budget,
and the price fell to a lower point than it had ever
reached before. The result of these low prices was
the re-introduction in some quarters of a shilling canis-
ter, which had been abolished at the time of the in-
creased duty of 1900. This must be regarded asa
mistaken policy as the combining circumstances which
produced the low prices were exceptional, resulted im
heavy losses to the growers and ‘had no solid
foundation in the world of commerce. The present
season has seen a great change in this respect. Com-
mon tea is comparatively scarce, and the prices are
much above those ruling in the spring.

The total import this year is estimated at several
million pounds under the consumption, and we may,
therefore, conclude that the basis of value which has
been established will be maintained for the present,
if, indeed a further rise does not take place after the
holidays, While ‘‘tea for price’ has advaneed, the
medium and better grades are cheap and the quality
good. Teas with body and richness have been obtain-
able at moderate prices and there has been a good
selection of heavy liquoring broken teas. Darjeelings
atill maintain their high prices, the scientific blender
finding nothing that will exactly take their place.
Viewed as a whole, the crop this year may be said to
be of a satisfactory character. There is one point in
which the trade seems to be undergoing a change,
and in my opinion a change for the better, The
grocer is willing to sell tea much smaller in leaf than
formerly. As long as it is not “dirty,” that is, laden
with powdery dust, he seldom complains, however
small in reason itis made. This is all to his advane
tage asit enables the blender to use tea which would
not otherwise assimiliate in leaf, and allows good
proportion of thick, rich broken tea, and manipulation
by machinery leaves all the blend a uniform size.
It is to be hoped that the day is not far distant
when “‘tip’ and “‘style’ may be less valued by the
average grocerthan at present, as there is not one
householder ina thousand who regard these properties
ifonly the tea in the tea cup is pleasing to the palate.
In maintaining the trade in a healthy eondition itis
the cup that will tell,

<> —-—_——
PLANTING PROGRESS IN PENANG.

Paddy harvest is in full swing in the Provinee,
and the crop as a rule an exceptionally good one.
Coconuts are short, but the high price in some
Ineasure compensates for that. The Para rubber
on Bertam Estate, the planting of which was
commenced four years ago, look sturdy, and the
first field, planted twelve apart, now cover the
ground and require little or no further expense
before they come into bearing. Bagan Tuan
Kechil is being rapidly transformed into a village
of bricks and mortar, which shows that a big fire
is not an nnmixed eyil.—Penang Gazette, Jan. 24.

Re AM ITO
TEA IN AMERICA.

New York, Jan. 8.

Invoice trading light; jobbing demand slow,
Prices are well sustained, especially fer greens,

598
REVIEW FOR 1901.

The year 1901 opened with 54,881.219 pounds of
tea in warehouse, which quantity steadily declined
to 39,521,551 pounds on November 30, 1901.

The following table shows the quautity of tea entercd
for consumption inthe United states including both
entries for immediate consumption and withdrawals
from warehouse for consumpiion, value and amount
of. duties, for the twelve months ending June 30,
1900 and 1901:

Quantity. Value. Duties
Pounds. | Dollars. Dollars.
1900 .. 80,986,369 10,835,048 8,008,687
1901 .. 82,693,537 10,008,430 8,259,354

The imports for eleven months of 1901, ending
November 30, were as follows :—

Pounds.

Chinese Empire om ote 25 692,503

Japan es 9 a 28,159,849
All other ‘countries a 27 6,798, 104
Total ou 60,650,456

Same time in 1900 89,456,696

Same time in 1899 200 77,517,386

The above shows that Japan supplied 46 per cent,
and China 42.6 per cent. of the to'al imports.

The light receipts and a slight increase (3 per cent.
plus) in consumption accounts for a steadily improving
market during the year. The close was firm at the
best figures.—Ameriean Grocer.

—_—_—_____-_—
A RAILWAY TO NYASSALAND.

After some years of effort, our Nyasaland
Protectorate is to have a much-needed rail-
way. Surveys were made more than four years
ago with a view to the construction ofa nar.
row-gauge line. The foreign Office however, in-
sisted thata special survey of its own should be
made, and for that purpose sent out Sir Charles
Metcalfe, who spent a year in the Protector-
ate making a Government survey for a line
of 3 feet 6 inches gauge; and that survey has
formed the basisfor the concession now granted
to the Shiré Highlands Railway Company.
This result was not achieved without some
opposition on the part of the Crown agents,
who naturally wished to carry out the un-
dertaking themselves. Their experiences with
the Uganda line, and their railway work on
the West Coast of Africa seem, however, to
have induced them to hand over the Nyasa-
land enterprise to the Shire Railway Com-
pany which will employ its own engineers
and provide its own material.

One of the directors of the Shiré Highlands
Railway Company is Mr. Sharrer, who has
taken a leading part in the negotiations which
have led to the present concession, and when
a representative of the BririsH TRADE JOUR-
NAL called upon him recently, he courteously
furnished us with some _ particulars of
the railway project and. with a map,
showing the route the line is to take.
Its total length will be a little more than 200
miles, and it is to have a 60]b. rail. The
southern ‘terminus will be at Chiromo,
whence the line will run in a _ northerly
direction to’ Blantyre, a distance of about
eighty-five miles. Krom Blantyre it will run to
Zomba, the Residency, and thence almost due
north to Fort Johnston to connect with the
steam-boat traffic on Lake Nyasa,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

{Marcu 1, 1962.

The primary object of the railway is to do
away with the Jand porterage now necessary
to carry the coffee and other produce of the
Shiré Highlands to Chiromo, whence it is con-
veyed in the river boats of Sharver’s Zambesi
Traffic Company down to Chinde, on the East
Coast of Africa This system of land porterage
is slow. tedious and costly. Jt has had to be
resorted to asthe only meaus of transport, the
rapids and falls on the Shire River between °
Chiromo and McPimbe rendering that section
of the viver impassable for steam boats,
The new railway will therefore he the in-
dispensable connecting link in a line of
communication for gocds and passenger
traffic, which will reach a distance of 900
miles from Chinde into the heart of Africa. As
three-fourths of this route will be by steam-
boat on the Zambesi, the Shire River, and Lake
Nyasa, it follows that the least costly
system for the conveyance of goods will
be at the service of planters of this part of
Central Africa. The line may eventually
develop the African Lake districts with their
abundant native population, which will then
be easily brought down to work on the planta-
tions ‘of * Nyasaland. Hence Mr. Sharrer
anticipates a great development in those
districts, especially in the cultivation of coffee
and _ cotton, tobacco and sugar, and other
products, whose cost has been increased by
the method of transport hitherto available.
For cotton, indeed, be anticipates a very im-
portant devolopment. Hitherto its cultiva-
tion has been almost entirely given up owing
to the cost of putting itdownata cheap rate
in Europe, yet experiments so far made in
cctton cultivation have been highly success-
ful, the quality being-equal to that of the
Egyptian variety.

In _a recent report to the Oldham Chamber
of Commerce entitled, ‘* Cotton Growing
within the Empire,” it is stated by the Secret-
ary to the British Central African Chamber
of Agriculture and Commerce, that nearly all
the conditions favourable to the growing of
cotton on a large scale exist in Central Africa,
The plains onthe Zambesi and Shire rivers
are admirably adapted for the cultivation of
the cotton plant, andin the Shire Highlands
there are numerous valleys which contain the
rich black ‘* cotton ” soil so much sought atter
in India. Every thing is in favour of the grow-
ing of cotton as regards land and lahour, and
the only question would seem to be the one
of freight.

So far the main product of the Protectorate
has been coffee, though # considerable area
is under tobacco and chillies. The tuture of
the Protectorate will be largeiy due to its
rich virgin soil, so well adapted for cotton
cultivation, and in which the Protectorate
abounds. The new line, it should be pointed
out, will affect the economic development not
only of the Shiré Highlands, but of the vast
pie which border the West Coast of Lake

yasa, and whose produce will soon have the
means of being conveyed cheaply from Kam-
bwe, Bandawé, Kotakota, Livingstone, and
other places on its shores to Chinde, for ship-
ment to Europe. Eventually, doubtless, a con-
nection will be made from the north-westward
to the great trunk line from the Cape to Cairo,

Marcu 1, 1902.]

The probability of larger quantities of pro-
duce arriving at Chinde brought up the ques-
tion of a direct line of steamships between this
country and the Hast Coast of Africa. Mr.
Sharrer states that it is the intention of the
Shiré Highlands Railway Co. to charter
steamers in this country which willrun direct
to Chinde to convey rails and other materials
for railway construction, and he thinks that
this traffic may prove to be the nucleus ofa
direct line running between that coast and
London or Liverpool. In any case, tke pre-
sence on that part of the coast of large quan-
tities of produce brought down by the aid of
the new line should be of assistance in further.
ing the establishment of a line of direct
steamers between this country and Hast Africa
as much of the produce would be shipped for
the English market.

The construction of the line is to begin, we
understand, early in the present year, and itis
hoped that its 202 miles of length will be come
pleted in about two years. The company have
the concession for twenty-five years, and also
the right to construct any branches of the line
which may be necessary with a view to open-
ing up adjoining districts, and especially to
connect with the Portuguese railway which
is projected to run from Quillimane.

With this enterprise another important step
will be taken for the development of Hast and
Central Africa. It can hardly fail to exercise
a beneficial influence on our general trade
with that district, inasmuch as it will open up
one of the richest portions of the Continent,
which by the development of its natural re-
sources will be placed in the possession of
means of purchasing the numerous classes
of manufactured goods produced in Hng-

land, especially many classes of agri-
cultural implements and tools, machinery,

engines, cotton manufactures, and hardware.
Ultimately there will be a livingartery of com-
merce from the Nile to the Shiré River dis-
trict, which, according to the reports of
travellers, is rich in coal and alluvial gold.
It is reported that in the Mariambe and Cen-
tral Angoniland districts, in the West Nyasa
coast region, and _ in parts of the Shiré High-
lands, a gold- bearing quartz exists, and alluvial
geldis reported onthe Northern Angoni plateau
in the West Nyasa district, and at the head
watersofthe river Bua, just withia the Pro-
tectorate. With such resources as these, and
with a railway to render the whole accessible,
the outlook in Nyasaland, which has been well
described as an “ enterprising, steady-going
little Colony,” is extremely bright, and indi-
cates a region to which our manufacturers
and planters may look for flourishing busi-
ness.— British Trade Journal, Jan. 1.

—___.4—___—_

BRITISH TRADE IN 1901.

The trade of the United Kingdom last year reached
the grand total value of 870 millions sterling. Of
this amount 522 millions were imports, 280 millions
were exporcs, and 68 millions re-exports, Taking
the figures collectively they show a decrease of
11 millions compared with 1900. That year, however,
was an exceedingly prosperous one throughout Hurope.
and a period of abnormally high prices. The year’s
imports were slightly below those of 1900—
522,238,9867,, against 523,075,163/.-Our imports of

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

599

spices declined by 267,527/., due to lessened receipts
oi ginger, pepper, and unenumerated spices. In raw
cocoa there was a decre of 107,000/., and in the
prepared a an iverease of 136.0000:
import is at the same time higher by just half a
million. The exports for the year show a total
rediiction of 16.693,000/., and it may at once be stated
that 8,501,0007. cf this was due to a falling-off in
raw materials, which, in turn, is due to the
reduced price of coal, The next largest de-
crease is that of nearly six millions in metals and
metal manufactures. At all times the December
yveport is one of the most interesting documents to
the observant and studious Briternian—if we may use
a word which we find in Mr J Arthur Gibson’s
book on Consumption to designate the Hnglish
Scotch, or Irish man. Take, for example, the
cotton account.In round figures we imported
42 inillion pounds’ worth of aw cotton last year
and 44 of cotton manufactures, and sentout of the
country cotton piece-goods valued at 66 million
pounds, besides 10 millions of other cotton manu-

The coffee

factures and 5 millions’ of the raw stuff; in other
words, we supplied cur own needs in cotton
and returned to the world the original value

and as much again, that being payment for the
skill and labour put into it. A similar tale might
be told about wood; but we seem to use up all
the raw jute we get for ourselves, as our exports of
manufactured jate goods are just about equal to
our imports of the same, while raw jute amounts
to over four million pounds’ worth. ‘he linen trade
is better, for while the imports of flax were valued
at 2,606,5652, the exports of linen varns, piece-goods,
threads, &c., were valued at over five millions, The
country rarely gets credit for its business in menu-
factured articles. Yet three-fourths of the exports
(or 230,000,0002.) are manuiactured articles, and. be-
tween a fourth and a fifth (115,000,0007 ) only of the
imports are masufactures, the rest (404,000,0002 )
being food, drinks, raw materials, and other natural
produce, In short, every man, woman, and child in
the United Kingdom spends 5s a week on imported
produce, but only 1s of that is con manufactured
goods. QJ'he bullion and specie account is the smallest
for many years. Our imports in 1901 were 32 millions
against 45 millions in 1899, and the exports for
the same years 26 and 35 millions. We have to
thank the Boer war for this, as in 1899 British
South Africa sent as 15 millions’ worth of gold, but
the value dwindled to 378,626/. in 190), and increased
to 1,962,283/. last year. It is a pity the Board of
Trade does not work out the value of diamonds as
well.— Chemist and Druggist, Jan. 18.

—————_——____.

POISONOUS ENGLISH PLANTS.

In the Year-Book published by that very,
practical paper, Harm and Home, there is,
among & mass of useful information, a chapter
on the poisonous plants of this country. Some
thirty names, among them those of whole families
which are more or less noxious, appear in this
list, besides the fungi which are known to have
toxic properties ina high degree. Has the reader
ever felt the physical and mental sensation of
plant poisoning? Hxperto crede. Ib is most un-
pleasant and jdisconcerting to the last degree,
even though the dose be not severe. The violent,
rapid and automatic efforts of the swallowing or
receptive parts of the body to get rid of the
stuff, the doubt whether this will be accomplished,
the utter hopelessness of ordinary countervailing
remedies, the feeling of nausea and exhaustion
and the mental conviction of stupidity which
must accompany accidents of this kind are nog
to be forgotten,

600

Fortunately, many poisonous plants have an evil
taste or smell; but thisis not always the case.
Children will eat the seeds of Jaburnum, for in-
stance, asif they were green peas until the poison
begins to take effect ; and yew, whether eaten by
cattle or in the form of the seeds by human beings
appears tobe pleasant to the respective tastes of
one and the other, though the poison sometimes
acts so quickly that horses drop down dead be-
fore the stuffis even partly digested. The only
cases of plant poisoning now common among grown-
up people are those caused by mistaking fungi
for mushrooms, or by making rash experiments in
cooking the former, of which Gerard quaintly
says: ‘Beware of licking honey among the
thorns, lest the sweetness of the one do not coun-
tervail the sharpness and pricking of the other,’
But with such alist of toxic plants as our flora
can show there is always danger from certain
species whose properties are quite unknown to
ordinary mortals. Are they equally unknown to
the leibalists and that mysterious trade-union
of countrywomen and collectors of herbs by the
roadside who deal with them? Probably the trade
in poisons not used for serious purposes, but for
what used in some parts of England to be called
‘giving a dose,’ a punishment for unfaithful,
unkind or drunken husbands, still exists as it did
some forty yearsago. The collectors of medicinal
plants cut from the roadsice and rubbish heaps,
plants whose ‘operations’ for good are quite
well known and have been handed down by
tradition for centuries, cannot be absolutely ig-
norant of the other side ot the picture, the toxic
properties which other plants or sometimes even
the same plants contain. Foxglove, for instance
from which digitalis used as a medicine is ex-
tracted, isa good example of those kill-or-cure
plants, Every portion of the plant is poisonous,
leaves, flowers, stalks and berries. It affectsthe
hearts and though useful in cases in which the pul-
sations are abnormal, its symptoms when taken
by persons in ordinary health are those of heart-
tailure. Thus foxglove is not only a dangerous
but a ‘<ubtle’ poison.

Among other plants which may cause serious
mischief, but are seldom suspected, are such
harmless-looking flowers as the meadowsweet,
herb-paris, the common fool’s-parsley, found
growing in quantities in the gardens of unlet
houses and neglected ground which has been in
cultivation, mezereon, columbtine and laburnum.
Meadowsweet which is here indicted for the first
time so far as the writer knows, among poisonous
flowers has the following set against its rame:—
“A few years since two young men went from
London to one of the Southern counties on a
holiday excursion, on the last of which they
gathered two very large sheaves of meadowsweet
to bring home withthem. These they placed in
their bedroom inthe village inn where they had
to put up. Inthe course of the night they were
taken violently ill, and the doctor who was
called in stated that they were suffering from the
poisonous prussic-acid fumes of the meadowsweet
flowers which he said almost overpowered him
when he came into the room. The flowers were
at once removed, and the young men, treated
with suitable restoratives were by next morning
sufficiently recovered to undertake the journey
home.’ ithout knowirg what the young men
had had for supper, it seems perhaps rather hasty
to blame the meadowsweet. But the other flowers

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

%

{Marcu 1, 1902,

mentioned above have a bad record. To take
chem in order. Herb-paris which growsin woods
and shady places, with four even-sized leaves in
a star at the top of the stem, all growing out
opposite each other, bears a large green solitary
flower and a bluish-black berry later. All parts
of the plant are poisonous, the berries especially.
Fool’s-parsley is an unpleasantly smelling, very
common plant which leaves its odour on the
hand if the seeds are squeezed or drawn through
it, is said to cause numbers cf deaths by being
mistaken for parsley and cooked. In the case of
poisoning by this plant it is recommended that
milk should be given, the body sponged with
vinegar and mustard poultices put on the sufferer’s
legs. It is reckoned that one plant produced six
thousand and eighty seeds, an unpleasant degree
of fecundity fora poisonous weed. Columbine
which is a wild plant with blue or white flowers
as well as a domesticated one, has ‘a toxie prin-
ciple like that of the monkshood more especially
in the seeds, and the pretty red berries of the
mezereon are responsible for the death or illness
of children nearly every autumn. ‘They are like
cherries aud easily. picked from the low bushes
on which they grow. A dozen are said to be
enough to cause death though this must probably
depend on thestate of the eater’s health. The
laburnum with its golden rain, is potentially a
kind of upas tee. The writer has only known
of two deatas of children caused by eating the
beans in the green pods, but it is said to be a
frequent cause of death every year on the Con-
tinent, where possibly children are less naturally
careful about poisonous plants than those in
England to whom risks of this kind are usually
and properly made part of the ‘black list’ of
the nursery-book of ‘Don’ts.’ The seeds will
even poison poultry if they pick them up after
they have dropped fromthe pod. Laburnum is of
comparatively recent intsoduction into Britain or
it would probably earlier have been accorded a
place among the severely poisonous plants dreaded
by all.

OF these the deadly sigitshade and hemleck
are the best known in story, while the yew is
most dangerous because far more eommon,
Green hellebore and monkshood are also classed in
the list of the ranker poisons. Deadly nightshade
is rather a rare plant, yet it may be seen often
enough on the sides of woods where there are
old walls. Several plants were 1ecently recog-
nised growing on a wall by the roadside between
Reading and Pangbourne. It is poisonous through-
out. The flowers are large single purple bells
and the berries black and shiny like a black
cherry. The author of the chapter referred tos
at the beginning of this article says of this dan-
gerous p!ant that the rcots are computed to be
five times more poisonous than the _ berries, that
human beings have been found more _ suscep-
tible to it than animals, and carnivorus
animals more so than others. Children suffer
more in proportion to the quantity of poison
taken than do adults. But cases ot nightshade _
poisoning are very rare though two were reported
somethree years ago. Possibly the berries often fail
to ripen, and soare less attractive in appearance,
The poisonous hemlocks are two, one of which
(the common hemlock) is said to have been the
plant from which the Athenians prepared their
poison for executing citizens condemned to death
and the other, the water-hemlock oy cowbane, ig

Marcn 1, 1902.]

Particularly deadly when eaten by cattle, to
which it is fatal in a very few hours. Another
plant used for preparing poison in India,
which produces a drug used by some tribes
of Thugs for procuring the death of their
victims, datura or stramonium, has now found a
place amongst our wild flowers. It has an
English name, thorn-apple, and is said to have
been naturalised by the gipsies who used the seeds
as a menuicine and narcotic and carried them about
with them in their wanderings. Like henbane
it is often seen on rubbish-heaps and in old
brickfields. The leaf is very handsome and the
flower white and trumpet-shaped. Both this plant
and the henbane retain their poisonous properties
even when dried in hay, and stailed cows have
been known to be poisoned by fodder containing
mixture of tlie latter plant.

Cattle have a delicate sense of smell which
warns them of the danger of most poisonous
English herbs, though apparently this warning
odour is absent from the plants which kill so many
horses when the grass grows on the South African
veld, and also from our English yew. Yew was
anciently employed as a poison in Hurope, much
asis the curari today in Central America. Dr.
W T Fernie, the author of ‘Herbal Simples
Approved for Modern Use,’ says that its juice is
a rapidly fatal poison, that it was used for
poisoning arrows, and that the symptoms corre-
spond in a very remarkable way with those which
follow the bites of venomous snakes, Itis_ be-
lieved that in India there is a poison which pro-
auces the same effect. An ‘ndian Rajah once
desired that a notiee should be put in a well-
known paper that he did not intend to raise his
rents on his accession to the estates. The pro-
prietor of the paper asked him his reasons for
wishing for such an advertisement. The Rajah
said that his grandfather had raised the rents,
and had died of snake; that his father had done
the same, and had also died of snake-bite, and
that he concluded that there was some connection
of cause and effect. The notice was inserted, and
this Rajah did not die of snake-bite, cr rather of
the poison which simulates it.—Spectator, Jan. Il.

SS — Oe
THE THREATENED INCREASE
THE TEA DUTY.

sensitive state of commercial feeling with re-
Beats the intentions of the Chancellor of the
Exchequer may find no settled relief until the budget
proposals are announced, but we are glad to see that
a deputation from the tea industry will wait upon
the Chancellor next week. The mystery surrounding
everything connected with future taxation is supposed
to be profound, but occasionally the Chancellor of the
Exchequer unbends and throws a crumb of comfort
to those who clamour for it. We trust he may do
so in the case of the tea industry. Since the letter
of Sir Robert Giffen to the Times, and the comments
it called forth, there have been no further stariling
theories put forward on the subject of taxation. One
home journal, by the way, has taken exception to
the comments cabled here of a Calcutta contem-
porary which, if its remarks were correctly reproduced,
suggested that the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
instead of imposing an additional burden on tea,
should rather tax cocoa and other produce. These
remarks were resented by the home journal, the
inference being that it is not the province of an
Indian paper to make suggestions affecting British
taxpayers, an idea which, if pat into practice, would
knock the Imperialistic doctrine into a cocked hat,

IN

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

601

We do not imagine the Ohancellor of the Exche-
quer needs very many hints even from economists like
Sir Robert Giffen. While glad, no doubt, of the
Opinion of some wellknown authority witbin the
charmed circle of officialism, Sir Michael Hicks-Beach
is an old Parliamentary hand, and he knows the tax-
able capacity of most men and things. He may not
just now be very particular as to his victims, but
he will show a remarkable disregard of circumstances
should he, in the face of the representations made
to him, burden the tea industry with any further duty.
Even a Chancellor of the Exchequer must have some
sense of the eternal fitness of things, and to pile up
the load on the shoulders of people already tottering
under a heavy weight should be repulsive to his notion
of justice and true political economy.

Apropes the brilliant suggestions made by Sir
Robert Giffen about taxation, the ‘‘ Speaker” cites
the following passage in one of Sir Robert Giffen’s
“Essays in Finance.’ The essay in question
18 a generous appreciation of Mr _ Gladstone’s
workin finance and was composed in 1868, the first
year of Mr Gladstone’s first Ministry. Mr Giffen, as
he then was, thought that there was much still to be
accomplished for he wrote: ‘‘ The duty on corn, the
taxes on locomotion, not a few of the stamp duties
the fire insurance tax, the tea and sugar duties are all
burdens whose abclition would benefit the country and
for the most part put money directly into the pockets
of the poor,” Andacomplacent footnote is added to
the edition of 1880: «* The taxes here referred to have
almost all been abolished since 1869.’ Since 1880
many things have happened and amongst them it is
noticeable that Sir Robert Giffen does not think as did
Mr Giffen about the tax on tea, for he now suggests
that instead of abolishing the tax altogether it should
be largely increased.

The meetings held in India and Ceylon show tha
tea planters have lost no time in protesting against
the danger of the situation. If once thedeed be done
protestation willbe unavailing. The Chancellor of the
Exchequer it isarguedis nol asentimentalist and he must
have money and plenty of it and therefore in case he
should take Sir Robert Giffen’s hint, itis well to know
that the tea planters of [India and Ceyon have protested
vigorously. Itisa remarkable thing that while the
British Government is professing the deepest anxiety
for the West Indies and sugar producers there and
laudable efforts are being made with a view to the
relief of the depressed sugar industry, some of our
political economists just to show the irony of things
seem anxious to bring about disaster to the tea
industry of India and Ceylon.—H. C. Mail, Jan, 24,

Soe Se

CARDAMOMS IN FRENCH INDO-CHINA.

The Revue des Cultures Coloniales ef Nov-
ember 5th, in the course of a long article
on the cardamoms of French Indo-China, states
that the exports to Singapore and Hong.
kong may be considered as representing the
total production of the country, the quantity
consumed locally being insignificant. Nearly the
whole of the crop is sent to China via Hong-
kong. It is the Chinese, moreover, in Cambodia,
Laoz, Annam and Tonkin who buy or exchange
the cardamoms with the producers, and then send
them to the different ports whence they are ex-
ported. This trade is said to be entirely in their
hands. The port of shipment for Cambodia
and apart of Laos is Saigon,with Cholonas entre-
pot and market. The exports from Annam and
the region round Lacs go via Vinh, and Tonkin
via Hapong. This later port also receives many
eardamoms from Annam, The _ tollowing table

602 THE

shows the quantity and value of the experts of
eardamoms from Freuch Indo-China during the
last two years :—

1899, 1900.
faa whee rarann tem) OS i - F
Quan- Quan-
tity. Value. tiby. Value
Kilos. Francs. Kiloz. Franes,
Annam 14,503 67,968 9,857 74,913
Cochin China
and Cambo-
dia 989,074 [1,195,002 196,908 632,679
Tonkin 43,127 97,036 54,019 405,142
otal | 846.704 1,860,006 260,784 1,192,734
otal {763,000 54,0002. 574,000 45,0002.
‘(1b.) (1b.)

—Chemist and Druggist, Jan. 18.

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

The enterprise and energy of the Consuls of the
United States have played an important part in the
development of the trade of America. Doubtless
British Consuls ave just as energetic but there is some-
thing lacking im our system. In 1880 the **Com-
mercial Belations,’ or Consular Reports, were first
iseued by the United States Bureau of Statistics,
which in 1898 was superseded by the Buvean of Foreign
Commerce. For the last three years a daily bulletin
has beenissued of the more important and valuable
dispatches treating extensively of trade conditions.
These advance sheets tell of the enterprises and
plans of foreign manufacturers and of the changes in
tariff regulations and are eagerly read. They call
attention to the tastes, habits and prejndices of the
peoples who may become customers, They suggest
necessary changes of style or in methods of packing
to make American merchandise more saleable, and
give much other advice. Contrast this with our own
Foreign Office methods, or some of them, or rather
note the period covered by some of the Consular
Reports issued from the Foreign Office. Forinstance, a
report received on December 23, 1901, from the
British Consul at Foochow reviews the trade of that
port for 1900, and although doubtless admirable in
its way, and compiled with great care, is rather too
belated to serve any practical purpose. Referring-to
tea, the report says: ‘‘There seems to have been
no change in the general quality of the teas proposed
in 1900; the quantity brought to Foochow for sale
was somewhat in excess of wrrivals in 1899, but much
remained unsold whereasall the tea brought here
the yeac befor found a market. Thesales in Lon-
don resulted in heavy losses, India and Oeylon
having overstocked the market, and the prices obtained
were the lowest on record. Some business was done
in London in Souchovgs and Seumoo Congous, but on
the whole Foochow teas fared very badly. In America
dealers thought that the Boxer troubles would affect
the tea production and so bought heavily, the result
being the overstecking of the market and sales at a
ruinous loss. In short, while about the same quantity
of tea arrived iu Foochow agin 1899, less was sent
abroad and a large amount remained here unsold,
while of that which was exported only a yery small ver-
centage sold for remunerative prices.’ The condition
of the tea market might have varied a bundred times
since the date written about, and all kinds of things
have happened, and been forgotten. Of course the
Consul has done his duty in the matter, and the fault
of the delay is no’ his in sny way, but surely it is pos-
sible to gather official information about the Poochow
tea market up to a more recent date than 1900 without
causing trouble feom overwork.

In its comments on last week's tea sales the ‘ Pro-
duce Markets Review” says: “At the public sales on
Monday of Indian tea the market was irregular and an
easicy tendency ruled, particularly for the lower
descriptions. Later on the demand was more active
and the market closed with a fairly strong tone, Th

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Marcr 1, 1902.

quantity catalogued for next week is about equal to
that of the present week, and with the improving
demand and increasing deliveries, which are 3,756,000
lb, larger since the first of the month compared with
the same period last year, there is every indication of
steady to firm prices. The exports from Caleutta for
the past year amounted to 152,810,000 lb. against
159,390,000 lb. in 1900, while from May 1st, which was
the beginning of the season, to the end of December
the shipments were smaller. The home consumption
for the same periods reached 144,389,000 Ib, and
134,933,000 lb. respectively, showing an increase of
9,000,500 lb. The market for Ceylon teas has been
severely tested this week,as the sales, following on
very large Indian auctions, have shown a considerable
increase in quantity. No signs of weakness were
apparent, however, the demand being fully equal to
the supply, and all kinds were well taken at firm retes,
while the lowest grades of whole leaf occasionally sold
atid more money. The offerings contained a larger
proportion of Colombo-bought teas, which consisted
principally of leafy broken Pekoes, and, as the quality
was very ordinary, many were withdrawn for higher
bids.”

The latest fad in Paris is the smoking of eoffee
cigarettes, chiefly by women, The new cigarettes do
not contain a compound made of the ground bean,
but the leaf of the tree, fine, coarse, or navy cut, or
manipulated afier the bird’s eye method, according
to taste. Coffee-leaf smoking is said to be not only
perfectly harmless, even if indulged in to the wildest
excess, but to possess the property, deemed by the
inventors an unquestionable advantage, of imparting
to those who practise it an intense and lasting dis-
like for the flayour of tobacco.

Cocoa and nutmegs continue to maintain the colony
of Grenada in easy circumstances, if not in opulence.
The annua! report for 1900, which has just been issued
from the Colonial Office, describes the year as one of
much prosperity—a prosperity, happily, that is likely
to continue. The cocoa crop was good and the prices
in the London market were high throughout the year,
whilst the yield cf spices was larger than ever before
—between two and three times as large as the aver-
age annual outputfor the five years ending with 1897.
In 1900 the total value of the colony’s exports was
£311,000, of which cocoa accounted for £270,000 and
spices for £30,000, leaving only £11,000 for cotton,
live stock, and everything else. The spice culture is
mainly in the hands of large proprietors, who bestow
much care and attention upon it and have evidently
profited well by the establishment of the botanic sta-
tion three years ago. Cocoa, on the other band, is

. chiefly grown by the peasants on their own small hold-

ings, and they are less respective of new ideas.—H,
and C. Mail, Jan. 24.
——_——__——______

‘“* CEYLON MEN ” WANTED FOR NATAL,—At
a meeting of the Royal Colonial Institute, held
on January 14th, Tuesday night, at the White-
hall rooms, Mr Emile McMaster read a paper on
‘¢The High Plateaus of Natal; their Climate
and Resources” and the report in the Londen
Times winds up as follows :—

He thought there were more small and moderate
fortunes to be made in Natai than anywhere he knew
of, but no large fortunes, except in coal and iron,
He felt well convinced that there were fewer blanks
in the lottery of success, and of health and happiness,
in high Natal than elsewhere in South Africa ; and
especially was this the case for those of our race
who meant to settle, live, and die, and leave des-
cendants there. The things most lucrative however,
called for a few years wait and nursing up; and he
thought the class most called fox now by the front
plateaus was such as had gone planting to Ceylon,
young men purposeful and with some capital to bury
for a few years. fi? seis

Marcu 1, 1902.}

NEW FIBRE COMPANY.

COFFEE, TEA, OIL SEEDS AND HEMP.

(Registered in Scotland, )
DAvuRACHERRA F1BrRE Co., Ltp., (4,997).—Registered
at Edinburgh January 8th, with capital £25,000 in £10
shares, to acquire the business carried on as “ The
Dauracherra Fibre Company,” in the Maulvi District
of Sylhet, Assam, India, and to carry on the business
of growing, manufacturing and selling coffee, tea,
oil seeds, sisal, Mauritins and other hemp, seeds and
suckers, etc. The subscribers are :— Shares,
J Hunter, Sarona Valley Sawmills, Sylhet,
Assam, India, timber merchant
R Thomson, Dondonald Road, Kilmarnock,
engineer oe a
J D Mackintosh, Bank Place, Kilmarnock,
solicitor .. cdc
J Barr, 39, Dundonald Road,
engineer aD Se
J Boyle, 87, Dundonald Road, Kilmarnock,
drysaiter 00
R Gemmill, 6, Portland Road,
manufacturer 06 a
G Morrison, Spotland Lodge, Kilmarnock,
confectioner 650 ix cipal!
The number of directors is not to be less than 3 nor
more than 7.—lnvestors’ Guardian, Jan. 18.

Kilmarnock,

Kilmarnock,

e
e
Fe PF Fe SS

70 ALL CEYLON TEA GROWERS,

CROP OF 1902.

The following circular has lately been issued by
the Ceylon Association in London :—

Dear Sirs,—I am directed by the Tea and Pro-
duce Committee to send you a copy of the following
Resolution which was passed unanimously at a

meeting held this day :—
RESOLUTION.

“ That this Committee, viewing with grave concern
the disastrous results that would follow an excessive
crop of tea in 1902, strongly urge upon producers the
necessity of restricting outturn as much as possible
by a system of more careful plucking or otherwise
and to avoid more especially the production of coarse
tea, which did so much harm to the industry in season
1900.”

The above resolution having been unanimously
accepted by my Committee, I am desired to give
you their reasons for the conclusions arrived at,
which are shortly as follows :—

In their opinion the experience of the past two
seasons has conclusively proved—

(a) That the coarse plucking resorted to in 1900,
resulting in a plethora of common undesirable
Tea being forced on an already over-supplied
market led to a lower level of prices than has
hitherto been known, Pekoe souchongs were sold
as low as 84d, a price which must have been well
under the cost of production.

(6) That on the other hand, the more careful
plucking resorted to in 1901, combined with
climatic, influences, restricted the output to such
moderate limits that the market immediately
responded.

Messrs. Thomas Cumberlege and Moss, in their
circular of the 3rd inst.. make the following
statement :—

“ Of the 187,000,000 lb and 145,000,000 Ib respectively
produced in India and Ceylon during season 1900-1901,
the last 12,000,000 lb from the former country and the
last 8,000,000 lb from the latter were at a moderate
estimate the actual cause of an aggregate nett loss to
producers of over £1,000,000 sterling; this, on the face
of it, isan absurd situation, and it isnot to be doubted
that by individual or collective action some means
will ta found to prevent its recurrence,”

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

603

It is, therefore, abundantly clear that it would
be a disastrous policy to revert to the system of
coarse plucking resorted to in 1900. It would
mean that the end of 1902 would see the industry
again in a position of great depression equal to or
worse than that at the end of 1900.

The position of British grown tea has not, for
some years, been so strong as it is now, and this
is owing to the certainty of a considerable shortage
as compared with the crop of 1900,

Assuming that the home deliveries increase in
the same proportion as they have done during the
past twelve months, and with the natural increase
in demand from abroad, it is obvious that the tea
growers have now an opportunity such as they
may not have again for years of putting the
industry once more on a sound and profitable basis.

An appeal to the same effect as the above is being
issued by the Committee of the Indian Tea
Association to all Indian Tea Growers.— Yours
faithfully, Wm, MARTIN LEAKE, Secretary.

-—- >
BALATA FROM THE MGEAVES.

As it is possible to obtain gutta percha from the
leaves it was of interest to try also to obtain balata
in asimilar way. A sample of the leaves was ob-
tained from Venezuela through Mr Englehardt, of
Cindad, Bolivar, on the Orinoco, and on this sample
the Colonial Committee, at Berlin, experimented,
The results of the tests were, however, disappoint-
ing, as the product gained was of no_ practical use.
The leaves were cut into small pieces and macerated
in chloroform, which gave an extract containing
10°7 per cent. of the total weight of the leaves when
the chlorophyll and the valueless resins were re-
moved by alcohol. The insoluble matter represented
5°1 per cent. of the leaves, and was a substance
only slightly elastic, light in colour, brittle, and
not at all tough. If this substance represented
balata it was apparent that the process had des-
troyed its most valuable qualities. —India-Rubber
Trades’ Journal, January 20.

_--—_ )----
DISCOVERY OF A NEW TEXTILE
FIBRE.

According to the Bullettin of the Bureau of
American Republics, a new fibre known as
aramina, has recently been discovered by Dr Silva
Telles of the Polytechnic School of Sao Paulo,
This fibre is obtained trom a variety of plants com-
monly known in Brazil as carrapichos. It is
almost white in colour, very fine and flexible, and
is from two to three yards in length. It has been
called aramina owing to its almost metallic lustre
and wonderful flexibility. The plant from which
the fibre is derived is strong and vigorous, and no
special care is required in its cultivation, being
perfectly adapted to uncultivated lands. It grows
wild throughout the entire western part of the
State of Sao Paulo and is being cultivated ona
large scale on the plantations in the vicinity of
Campinas.

Articles made of this fibre was recently exhi-
bited by Dr Telles at the Polytechnic School, Sao
Paulo. These included cords, twines,. ropes, and
canyas suitable for coffee bags.

It is predicted that this discovery will revolu-
tionize the textileindustry, .

604

CULTIVATION OF RUBBER.

The following rather racy account of the difficulties
lying in wait for the cultivators of rubber trees, is
extracted from the pages of the American ‘‘ Agricul-
tural Gazette.” After speaking of the relatively small
proportion of people engaged in this direction, the
writer goes on to say:—

The difficulties which confront this handful of farm-
ersare peculiar. In the first place, no one ever tried
before to make rubber grow as a crop for the market.
There are no data, no facts of even the simplest kind
to tell these men whether their ideas are the right ones.
The natives of the country take no interest in this
outside their own particular business, and a man about
to establish a plantation has had to start fresh, with
his own ideas to.guide him; and these latter cannot
be said as yet to have become authoritative, for pone
of the farms are more than six years old, and the trees
must be up that time before the question of growing
them can be settled. Rubber planting, then, is not
‘only an absolutely untried undertaking, but there
has been nothing of tradition or general knowledge
of the subject with which to make a start. If rubber
were a delicate tree, or difficult to cultivate, the out-
look would be disheartening indeed.

Second, the general conditions are against the plan-
ter. The nature of the country throws him eutirely
upon his own resources, and the climate is apt to be
enervating, to say the least. Transportation is a great
problem. Labour is scarce and not easy to handle,
the native peon of Central America being a mixture
of childishness and independence, and a hard drinker to
boot. Although strong and active as young mep, ex-
cellent axemen and better with a spade than any other
labourers in the world, they become debilitated very
early in life. They have no constitution and must
be cared for like children. Furthermore, they look to
the patron, or owner, for the sett]ement of every ill
spiritual or temporal, You must keep them sober,
get them ont of debt, make peace between them and
their wives, arrange any infecilities that may occur
between them and their neighbours’ wives, doctor the
whole family and educate the children, if you have
time. For the peon is essentially a creature formed
for the patriarchal system. With a chief or employer
whom they know or respect, the better class of peons
become in many essentials ideal labourers—steady,
careful, hard-working, quick to catch an idea, faithful
to follow it out, entirely honest ; their employer’s in-
terests become their own, But in order to obtain this
desirable state of things a farmer should be a first-
rate judge of capacity and character, a fair lawyer,
physician and man of business.

A third problem before the farmer of rubber is where
to plant. Castilloa elastica, for practical purposes the
only rubber in Central America has an extremely varied
habitat. It is found at all elevations up to 2,000
feet and in a great variety. of soils and locations,
with a consequent variation of rainfall. So here,
again, the farmer must makeachoice, and one upon
which his success will probably depend, with nothing
to guide him in the making. As regards location, it
is conceded ‘that Castilloa needs a tropical climate,
a rainfall that can be depended upon, a good drain-
age, and an elevation of less than 1,600 feet, bat
these conditions have great latitude of choice.

The most important of the questions relative to the
method of planting rubber is the one about which
the farmers are most divided, and is probably the
most vital connected with its cultivation. It is the
question whether to plant in groves in the open or
under forest shade, The advocate of the farmer sys-
tem says that in any other part of the world, if one
wants to get a particular crop, it is customary to give
the tree or plant allthe chance possible. One clears
the ground, turns it up, and after the tree is planted
keeps all weeds from encroaching upon its light and
food space Why not apply these elementary princi-
ples to ri!) » and plant in ploughed and open land,
ju groves, 6 wu apple orchard?

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISsT.

[Marcu 1, 1902.

The advocate of the forestry system oints w-
ever, to the manner in which fhe ae oad pearls
and says thatrubber is found thriving best under
shade, in a cool, wet spot, and by “ thriving” he
says, he means gives the mostrnubber. The tree will
grow, if is quite true, faster in the open than
in the forest and you will get your groves
of rubber trees more quickly, bat the question is, will
you get the milk from them? For it does seem to
be a fact that rubber found in open pastures will
not yield so much milk as those trees growing in the
forest where it is cooler and moister. Tf it conld be
ascertained exactly what function the milk of the tree
performed, one would probably be abie to tell how
much rain would produce the tree with the largest
quantity of rubber. The miik is nota sap, but a latex
which is carried just under the cuter bark, and the
slightest nick from a pen-knife will be followed by a
thick liquid, which if caught ou the finger dries at once,
jeaving a shred or two of pure rubber, like small elastic

N08,

There are farms established by exponents of each
theory. One can see in Mexico rows of young trees
in open cleared land, in every respect like a coffee or
orange plantation ; and again in Costa Rica the farm
consists of rubber trees planted in among the forest
trees, only cleared where the growth is very thick,
though, of course, the bush is kept down by cutting
twice a year. Those who are following these two
theories will be relieved when they get their first
crop. But at present they are having rather an an-
xlous time of it, for on the one hand it will be ex-
pensive business, not to say impossible, to plant
shade among those trees in the open, and the rubber
may be ruined before the shade comes up; but this
course would be imperative should the advocates of
the orchard theory find themselves in the wrong. On
the other hand, should the forestry people be
at fault, it will require considerable ekill for
the owner of the rubber growing in the forest to
cut out the trees and fetin the sao without injuring
the rubber. Ringing trees at the right phages of the
moon, some eminent scientists to the contrary not-
withstanding, will go far toward solving the problem
for the grower of rubber in the forest and make his
posiuen the stronger of the two on the whole, in that

e runs the lesser risk, as itis easier to crt out the

shade than to put it back.—Zhe Indi bber
Gutta-Percha Trades’ Journal, Siaak 6. nese, Robber gas

~—_—__>______..

RUBBER AND COFFEE PLANTING IN
COSTA RICA,

We have a letter from Mr. Fdwin A. Coles,
son of the late Rev. S. Coles, who is a planter
in Costa Rica, referring to the death of bis
lamented father, and his desire to aid the
Sinhalese children who wish to place a memo-
rial stone over the grave of their deceased
friend. Mr. Coles makes the following refer:
ence to planting :—-

‘‘] hope shortly to write you an article on the
question of Rubber Planting in Costa Rica. It is as
is stated in the 7. A., in its infaney everywhere,
and experience is lacking. I have now been taking
stock of other people’s experiences and am begin-
ning to form an idea. There is no mistake that
Costa Rica is a splendid field tor the industry,
which though requiring very smal! capital to begin
with, needs, nevertheless, nothing less than personal
attention. I have just received from Messrs,
Brown & Co. five packages of the ‘* White Ant
Compound ” delayed somewhere in transmission.
To state briefly. we are now having terrible hard
times in this our ‘coffee ’ country, more especially
among the buyers. Competition ran high last season
and to make things worse, coffee dropped in the
market, resulting in the bankruptey of about: on¢

Marcn 1, 1902.) THE

half of the buyers. Apart from this I have pleasure
in seeing excellent results from the artificial
manuring done last year whichhas been rather
slow in showing itself, but that is the way coffee
grows slow and sure.”

———————

250 ACRES OF TEA FOR R35,000.

THR SAPAKATI TFa Co., Ld., was put up for pub-
lic auction on the first instant by Messrs Macken-
zie, Lyall and Co., in the Exchange Commercial
salerooms. The estate, which is situated at Sib-
sagar in Assam, consists of three blocks of land
comprising 578 12/100 acres, 438 39/100 acres and
50 acres, respectively, the first two blocks being
held under two freehold grants from (Government
and the last mentioned block beiny held under a
potstafrom Government. Out of the above area
250 acres are planted with tea which isin full
bearing, and there are the usual buildings and
machinery customary for the working of a tea
estate. The attendance at the sale was by no
means large, and the bidding was anything but
brisk. Babu Hurish Chandra Baghi started with
a bid tor R1,600, which rose very slowly to R5,500,
for which price the estate was knocked down to Mr
W CAldam, of Messrs Cresswell and Co,, tea
brokers.—Indian Planters’ Gazette, Feb. 8.

—__-— ——
MAJOR WYLLIE AND THE BURMA
RUBBER PLANTATION.

PROPERTY TO BE WORTH £7,000 A YEAR.

Major Wyllie, Cantonment Magistrate,
Rangoon, whose services have been placed
at the disposal of the Punjab Government,
leaves by the Calcutta mail steamer on
Monday for Mianmir, Last year on the
occasion of the Durbar held by the Lieut.-
Governer, Major Wryllie’s valuable services
in connection with the rubber plantation were
referred to by Sir Frederic Fryer. In this
connection it may beof interest. to know that
no less than 14,000 rubber trees have been
planted at Cambay of which about 7,000 have
already been planted out, the remainder being
kept in the nursery. In the ordinary course
these trees would also have been planted out,
but Government propose to extend the plan-
tation so as to take the whole of the land
occupied by the Rifle Range at Kokine and
the land behind it known as the ‘Danger
zone’? The trees can be planted at about
435 to the acre, and if the value ten years
hence of 32 acres of land with the trees
thereon were to be calculated it would amount
to something like seven thousand pounds per
annum. ‘The para rubber trees are said to
yield approximately ten shillings’ worth of
rubber each tree per annum for probably 3)
or 49 years after their tenth year of growth.
The figures, if correct, no doubt represent
very substantial yearly revenue to Govern-
ment in the future,—Rangoon Gazette, Feb. 8.

a

Basic SUPERPHOSPHATE (writes Mr. John
Hughes under date, 3lst January) is turning
out a great success. Notices of it have ap-
peared in numerous papers giving satis-
tactory accounts of its results as well as its
good composition.

TROPICAL

AGRICUL IURIST. G05

PLANTING NOTES.

VALUE OF Lime on LAND.—H A P, Pennsyl-
vanla, writes to the American Agriculturist :—
The value of time consists. in changing the
chemical and physical character of the soil, By
so doing it stimulates the development of the
Jatent mineral plant food, promotes decomposi-
tion and renders available organic matter, form-
ing compounds which attract ammonia from the
atmosphere. Whether it will pay to lime or not

depends largely on the nature and composition

of the soil. This should be worked out by the
individual after consulting the officers of the
state experiment statior.—Planting Opinion,
January 25,

CINCHONA BARK SHIPMENTS FROM JAVA.
—The New York Drug Reporter this
month gives the shipments of cinchona
bark from Java to Europe during the last
three years as follows :—1899, 5,905,150 kilos ;
1900, 5,451,500 kilos, and 1901, 6,399,700, kilos.
Commenting on these figure the same journal
BAYS :—

Tt will be seen by the above figures that the
shipments from Java duting 1901 were much heavier
than those during either of the other years men-
tioned, but wuotwithstanding this large increase,
practically all of the bark that has come forward
bas been taken by makers of quinine, and most of
the manufactured article is said to have gone inte
consumption.

From the Chemist and Druyyist we learn that
Messrs.C F Boehringer and Sohne, of Waldhof, have
issued a leaflet of interesting statistics regarding
quivine and ciachona, It gives the imports of cin-
chova into the U.K. for the past four years, exports
from Java, stocks of bark at London and Amsterdam,
range of unit and average percentage of quinine
in manufacturers’ bark offered at Amsterdam. Fluo-
tuations in ‘ official” quinine in 1901 are shown,
also the estimated coutents of quinine in the bark
sold at London and Amsterdam, and stocks of
quinine in London,

BRITISH GUIANA AND SUGAR BOUNTIES.—The
Demerara Argosy is very ontspoken on_ this
subject :—

Ti at the next conference Britain makes it clearly
understood that she is prepared to enforce her views
on the injustice of continental bounties to the extent
cf adopting duties to counteract their effect, in the
same way as the United States and India have done,
there will be some chance of the representatives of
the Powers coming to an amicable and satisfactory
arrangement—but we fear not otherwise. This is a
matter that affects not merely the West Indies; it is
one of vital importance to the United Kingdom and
to the Empire az awhole. ‘‘ Trade follows the flag,”
we are told by politicians at home, but this is only
true to a certain extent. If the “flag” encourages
the trade of the country on which it is placed, re-
ciprocity is the natural result; but our experience in
this respect has been that the Home Government’s
policy of laissez faire has been to encourage trade
between the United States and this colony at the
expense of our commercial relations with the mother
country. In this connection it is interesting to note
that ten years ago our imports from the United
Kingdom amounted to £927,397, while last year they had
dwindled to £762,187: On the other hand, the imports
from the United States in 1891 amounted to £374,935,
and last year they showed an increase to £381,356,
These figures are significant enough, and it is but
natural that the inhabitants of one country should
encourage trade with the country that provides it
with a market for its products, :

606

HAPUTALE PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION,

ANNUAL REPORT.

‘The twenty-sixth annual report was presented as
follows :— 3

At the close of another year your Committee submits
the 26th annual report of the Association, of work
undertaken in the furtherance of planting interests
generally and matters appertaining to this district
especially.

Merrines.—Two general and Two Committee meet-
ings have been held, the attendance at which was
satisfactory.

TEsa.—The past season was an abnormally dry one,
and this in addition to the fact that finer plucking has
been more general throughout the Island, has resulted
in a shortness of crop and a consequent rise in the
average price of tea.

Your Committee cannot lay too much stress upon
the further adhesion to that latter method of
shortening output, and are sure that this policy
combined with the more thorough exploiting of
foreign markets, are the only real remedies for over-
production.

OrriciaL Estimates For 1902.—There are 18,608}
acres of tea in Haputale, 14,806 of which are in
bearing, yielding an estimated crop of 5,928,565 lb
of tea (black tea 5,783,565, green 145,000) or 400 lb per
acre. The estimate for native leaf is 487,000 1b.; this
is not included in the above estimate.

CorrEE.—Good crops have been harvested on the
few estates where this product is still under cultiva-
tion ; a good blossom, too, has been reported and
unless a bad attack of disease is imminent a heavy
spring crop should be secured.

THE NEBODA TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

REPORT.

Directors: —Messrs. Joseph Fraser, Robert Mori-
son, J G Napier. Solicitors to the Company : Messrs,
FJ&GDeSaram, Agents and Secretaries : Messrs.
Somerville & Co.

ACREAGE :
Tea in full bearing ah 383 acres.
» in partial bearing .. LED Gs
Total Tea ate 495 acres,
Forest Land, &c. OC WD
Total fale SO 666 acres

The Directors submit their Report and Accounts
for the year ending 3lst December, 1901

The Orop secured for the year was 209,047 lb., 9,047
Jb. in excess of the estimate, or an increase of
14,447 lb., over 1900, and was sold in Colombo at
an average rate of cts, 30°341 per Ib., as against
cts. 28°82 for 1900. The cost of production, includ-
ing manuring, was cts. 25°673, or exclusive of this
item cts. 22°148. : 5

The 247 acres of Tea in full bearing gave an aver-
age yield of 5871b., end the 248 acres of Tea in par-
tial bearing an average of 258 lb. per acre, the youngest
Tea 112 acres gave 2301b. per acre, and 136 acres
980 lb. The average for the whole estate was 422 lb,
per acre. : :

The estimate for 1902 is 230,000 1]b., and is based
upon medium fine plucking being adhered to. After
writing off R1,801°13 for irrecoverable Coast Advances,
the balance at credit of Profit and Loss was R9,030°35
which sum the Directors recommend should bedisposed
of in payment of a dividend of 3 per cent, and that
the balance be carried forward to noxt year’s accounts.

In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. Robt,
Morison retires from the Board, but is eligible for re-
election, ©

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Marcn 1, 1902.

The Meeting will appoint an Auditor for the cur-
rent year.
By order of the Directors.
Somervitte & Co.
Colombo Jan, 25th, 1902. Agents and Secretaries.

PITAKANDE TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON,

LIMITED,
ACREAGE.
Tea in full bearing 760 acres
»10 partial bearing... 50 do
5 not in dole. ss220 do
———— ],030 cres

Cardamoms in bearing .. 44 do
Cocoa in bearing 355 84 do
Fuel Trees 39 26 do

Total cultivated area
Forest and Grass Land...
Waste Land and Buildings

1,184 acres
227 do
30. do
Total area of Estate 1,441 acres

The Directors submit their Report and Accounts
for 1901.

The tea crop secured amonnted to 387,470 lb, being
152,769 lb, less than last year. The net average price
realized was 38°40 cents, whilst the cost f.o.b. was
30°391 cents, including manuring and burying prunings,
or 23°942 cents exclusive of these items.

The sum of R2,500 received as Premium on 10 new
shares issued has been placed to credit of thé Reserve
Account,

The net profit for the year, including a balance of
R3,792°24 from 1900, amonnted to R31,932°22. An
interim dividend of 4 per vent has been paid, and the
Directors recommend a final dividend of 4 per cent
making a total of 8 per cent for the year, and that,
after transferring R5,000°00 to the Reserve for Exten.
sions, the balance of R2,132'22 be carried forward to
next year.

In terms of the Articles of Association Mr Robert
Morison retires from the Board of Directors, but,
being eligible, offers himself for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current year
rests with the meeting,

——— ee

AGRA OUVAH ESTATES COMPANY,
LIMITED,
ACREAGE,
DecrmBeR 31st, 1901.
Agra Ouvah,
Tea in full bearing

Tea not in bearing
Grass and jungle

-. 3802 acres.
FOE 0G
ee ae

Total Estate 331 acres.

Fankerton.
Tea in full bearing oe 165 4;
Timber clearing us L0}a33
Grass, Patana and Scrub won 4118)

Total Estate 193 acres.
Grand Total 524 acres.

The Directors have now to submit to the Share-
holders the accounts for the past year.

The crop secured amounted to 326,420 lb,, being
17,330 1b. short of the estimate, which is attributable
to an unfavourable season for the flushing,

The average nett price obtained for tea was 45°65
cents per lb., against 45:02 cents per lb, in 1900.
After deducting the cost of manufacturing outside
leaf, the cost of laying down the Company’s tea
in Colombo was 24°80 cents per Jb. The Directors,
considering that the interests of the Company would
be best served by confining their attention to manu-
facture of the Oompany’s $ leaf only, discontinued the -

Marcu 1, 1902.) THE TROPICAL

manufacture of outside leaf from the end of July
last, up to which date a sum of R6,223:69 was
ebtained for this work.

In view of the fact that ‘depreciation has been
written off so that Machinery and Buildings now stand
in the books of the Company at a sum of R26,058°70,
the original cost beiug RY0,846-87, and that all repairs
and alterations are now charged to Working Account,
the Directors consider that it is unnecessary and
inadvisable to write off anything further to Deprecia-
tion Account.

The amount at credit of Profitand Loss Account for
the year’s working is R66,785'24, equal to 17°80 per
cent on the paid up Capital of the Company, to which
must be added a sum of R2,783°92 brought forward from
1900, making the total profit available for distribution
R69,569-16. An interim dividend of 7 per cent was
paid on 2nd August last, absorbing R26,250, and the
Directors now recommend the payment of a final
dividend of 1l per cent, making 18 per cent for the
year, and that the balance of R2,069°16 be carried for
ward to the current seasons’ working. .

During 1901 a bungalow was erected at a cost of
R2,451:27, which hasbeen debited to Capital Account ;
this building has been leased to] Government for a
Post Office, for a period of 5 years on a monthly
rental of R365.

The estimate for this year is 343,750 lb. Tea on an
expenditure of R84,852'97, including a sum of R6,389
for manuring.

During the past year Mr Jas. Forbes resigned his
geat on the Board, and Mr Jas. Polson was appointed to
fill the vacancy. In terms of the Articles of Associa-
tion Mr Polson retires by rotation from the Office of
Director, but is eligible for re-election,

The appointment of an Auditor for the current year
rests with the Meeting.—By order of the Directors,

WHItTALL & Co.,
Agents & Secretaries.
Colombo, Jan. 24, 1902. a

THE GLASGOW ESTATE COMPANY,

LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.
ACREAGE,

Tea in full bearing -- 570 acres.
Do partial bearing coma OClausess
Do not. in bearing So wey

Grass oe ase 2555

Jungle, &c. oe iS ON apes

Total. Hstates 714 acres.

The Directors have now to present to the Share-
holders their annual report and the accounts of the
Company for the past year. :

The Tea Crop, which was slightly under theestimate,
amounted to 361,189 lb, and realized a nett average
price of 43-66 cents per lb, as against 44°63 cents per lb,
last year.

As buildings and machinery new stand in the Com.
pany’s books, after deducting the sum standing to
the credit of depreciation account, at only R22,730'77,
a sum far below their actual value, the Directors
consider it unneccessary to write off any depreciation
this. year

The amount at credit of Profit and Loss account
for the year’s working was R65,548.56, eqnal to 20°17
per cent on the paid-up Capital of the Company.
The sum of R502°53 was brought forward from 1900
account from which falls to be deducted R300,
being extra fees to the Directors for 1900 working,
in terms of the resolution passed on 18th February,
1893. There is thus an aggregate of R65,751°09 avail-
able for distribution, and the Directors now recom-
mend that R5,000 be transferred to Reserve Fund
for Equalization of dividends, that a final dividend of
11 per cent be paid for 1901, making with the interim
dividend of 7 per cent paidon 2nd August last a

AGRICULTURIST. 607

total of 18 per cent for the year, and that the
balance of R2,251°09 be carried forward to the current
year’s account.

To deal with manufacture of the increasing crops
from the young Tea, an extension to the factory and
machinery was necessary, and this work was eompleted
during the year and eharged to Capital account,

The estimate for the current season is 400,000 lb.
Tea against a total expenditure of R96,542°50.

During the year the Mr Jas. Forbes resigned his
seat on the Board and Mr G C Walker was ap-
pointed to the vacancy. In terms of the articles of
Association, Mr Walker retire from the office of
Director, but is eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current
year will rest with the meeting.

By order of the Directors,
WuittaLtt & Co.,
Agents & Secretaries,

MAHA UVA ESTATE COMPANY.
THE DIRECTORS’ REPORT

as follows was submitted ;—

Ditriectors.—Messrs. G H Alston, S. Bois. Jas,
Polson,

Estate Inspector.—Mr. Jas. Polson,
Superintendent.—Mr. C W Maclean.

ACREAGE.

Tea in full bearing
Do. partial bearing si, 20. do,

Colombo, Jan. 27th, 1902.

Estate

Cardamoms A 89 do.

Fuel 6 «- 20 do,
Total Cultivated eateados

Jungle and Waste land, &... 231 do
Total of Estate -. 958 acres,

The Directors have now the pleasure to place
the Shareholders accounts for tia past ces before,

The Tea crop secured, including Tea made from
31,316 lb purchased leaf, amounted to 287,583 lb ag
against an estimate of 262,000lb of Lea. Followin
an abnormally favourable seasons of flush during 1900
it was not to be expected that yield in 1901 would
be as large, but the estimate would probably have been
secured had it not been for the very unfavourable
weather experienced during the last three months of
the year. The season being favourable for thig
product, the Cardamom crop amounted to 7,922]b ag
against an estimate of 6,000lb. Theaverage net price
realised for the tea was 34°78 cents per lb and for the
Cardamomsecold to date R. 1:25 per fh as against 36 04
cents and Re. 1 42 respectively for the 1900 crops.

A sum of R5,030°50 was spent on capital account in
building new Lines, the purchase of a new Roll Breaker
and in fitting the Factory with Sirocco Fans, the results
of their working having proved very satisfactory,

After allowing for depreciation on Mackinery and
Building the amount at credit for the year’s working is
R18,348 21, equal to 6-11 per cent on the paid up capital
of the Company. The balance brought forward from
1900 amounted to R10,663'95, thus making a total of
R29,012°17 available for description. An interim
dividend of three per cent was paid on 8th August last
absorbing R9,00® and the Directors recommend the
payment of a final dividend of 4 per cent, making 7 per
cent for the year that thejsum of R5,000 be transferred
to a Reserve Fund for the equalization of dividends
and that the balance of R3,012°17 be carried forward
ene current yee peccoune

e estimates for this year are 262,000lb.
9,0001b. Cardamoms on an expenditure BERTIER

During the year the Hon Mr W H Figg resigned hia
seat on the Board and Mr G H Alston was appointed
to fill the» vacancy. In accordance with the Articles
of Association Mr Alston now retirés, but is eligible
for re-election.

608 THE

The By Ase re of an Auditor for the current yesr
rests with the Meeting.

THE UPPER MASKELIYA ESTATES
COMPANY.

Messrs. G H Alston, Jas. Polson and W D Gibbon.—

Directors. ;
Etatate Superintendent.—Mr L A Wright.
ACREAGE.
December 31,st 1901.
Brunswick sand

Bloomfield. Caskieben. Total.

Tea in full bearing... 446 Rte 207 aon 653
Tea not in bearing.. 10 «. — a9 10
Grass, Timber Trees, &c62 as _— on0 62
518 207 7265

The Directors have now the pleasure of laying before
the Shareholders the accounts of the Company for the
past year. ; 3

The crop amounted to 338,466lb. Tea, being 18,467
1b. in excess of the estimate, and sold at an average net
price of 44°61 cents per lb as compared with 42°57 cents
per lb in 1900; this price included the grant for green
teas, for the manufacture of which a contract at very
favourable rates was made. ;

As Buildings Machinery now stand in the com-
pany’s books at only R93,796°@3 an amouat far below
their real value, the Directors do not consider it neces-
sary oradvisable to write off any more for Depreciation,

The amount at credit of the year’s working ia
R56.520°70, equal to 16°14 per cent on the paid up
Capital of the Company, to which had to be added
R2,4416 brought forwad from 1900, making a total,
available for distribution, of R59,064°86. The Direc-
tors now recommend that a sam of R5,000 be trans-
fered to the Resrve Fund for the equulization of
Dividends, that a final dividend of 60 per cent be paid,
making with the interim Dividend of five per cent
on 3ist July last a total of 15 per cent for the year, and
that the bulance of R1,564°88 be carried forward to the
eurrent year’s working.

The Estimate for the present season is 340,000 Ib.
tea on an expenditure of R95,854,°00, which includes a
sum of R12,262 to be spent on manuring. ‘

During the past year the Ion Mr W H Figg resigned
his seat on the board, and Mr G H Alston was ap-
pointed to the vacancy. In _ accordence with the
articles of Association, Mr G H Alston now retires
from the Board, but is eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the present year
will rest with the meeting.-By order of the Directors,

WHITTALL & Ca.,
Agents and Secretaries.

Colombo, Jan. 27, 1902.

BATTICALOA PLANTERS’
CIATION.
THE ANNUAL REPORT.

In submitting the Second Annual Report of the Bat-
ticaloa Planters’ Association, your Committee is able
to congratulate you on the satisfactory position of the
Association. Theroll of subscribers is a satisfactory
one. This Association represents considerably over
14,000 acres and a capital of not less than R4,250,000.
The attendance of the members at our meetings has
been good, and our proceedings have been followed
with keen interest, It is clear that an Association
was urgently needed in this district as previously there
was no public body who would undertake the thank-
Jess task of airiny public grievances and support the
planting industry of Europeans and natives alike.

Durcu CanAu.—This Association has addressed
Goverument on the matter time after time. As the
Dutch Bar Scheme hss been rightly abandoned
there is every chance of having the matter settled
definitely, a8 overnment has appointed a Commission
to énugquire into the matter, The re-opening of the

ASSO-

TROPICAL AGRICULILURIST.

{Marcn 1, 1902.

Dutch Canal has been approved of by almost every
Governor and by the residents in the district. Itis
a matter of regret that some Government officials
put obstacles in the way of a scheme which will bene fit
the district to an extent which will amply justify the
construction of the Canal. Onur best thanks are due
to the Press, and particularly soto the Editors of the
Ceylon Observer and the ‘‘ Times of Ceylon,” for the
way in which they have supported this Association
in this matter.

Hospitan Warps Fork Payine Patients.—Onorthanks
are due to the Government, who have granted the
construction of two Wards. It is to be hoped that
the building operations will be started without delay.

Water SupPLY FoR THE Town-—Your Committee
regrets to state that nothing has been heard of this
matter since H,E. the Governor was last at Batticaloa,
Government should be urged to devise a wholesome
water supply for the town.

SANITATION OF THE Town.—Very little attention
seems to have been paid by the Local Board anth-
orities to this important matter. But the thanks of
the Public are due to the efforts of the medical
officers to bring abont a better state of affairs,

Dry Docx.—It is satisfactory to report that H.E.
the Governor has very kindly promised the Batticaloa
Steamboat Syndicate every help and assistance. The
dock appears to have been finished, and it is likely
that the steamers will soon be able to resume their
regular service to Kalmunai.

Moror Cars.—The arrival of Motor Cars con-
veying the mails and passengers to and from Lunnugalla
will add considerably to the advancement of thia
Province. The regular service will be commenced on
the lst of May.

Roaps.—Complaints about the state of Roads,
Bridges and Causeways have been frequent and con-
tinual.

Survey DrparTMeNT.—This Province, one of the
largest in the Island, has not the privilege of a Saperin-
tendent of Surveys. Consequently Government surveys
have to be done by private surveyore. Your Com-
mittee begs to advise that this Association take
immediate steps to get a resident Superintendent
of Surveys appointed as heretofore.

Coconuts.—The crops at the beginning of the year
have been considerably affected by the drought of
the preceding year. However, during the last 6
months considerable improvement has taken place,
and copra has risen greatly in price. A large acreage
has been brought under cultivation and is sure to
attract European capital to this Province.

Pappy.—An average crop has been reaped
during the year. A similar crop is expected
for 1902. The large irrigation schemes North and
South of Batticaloa will add considerably to the
acreage already under cultivation.

CHANGES IN THE CiviL SeRvice.—Your Committee
begs to congratulate the Hon. C A Murray, the
former Government Agent, on his promotion in the
service, and our thanks are due to him for the
courtesy, great help and cncouragement he has
always given to our Association. We are glad to
see that his successor, Mr. S Haughton, is likewise
giving this Association every help and assistance,
for which we are much indebted.

Oxsrruary.—Your Committee begs to record with
great regret the demise of Mr. W T Wambeek, a
valued member of this Association and much re-
spected in the district.

HEWAHETA PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION.
ANNUAL REPORT

There were three Committee meetings and three
General meetings held during the year.

Finances —The balance to credit of the Association
is R263°33, as compared with R135°87 at end of last year.

Memepprsuip.—-Includes nine estates in Upper, and
eight estates in Lower Hewaheta. Your Committee

Marcu 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL
regret that there are still a few estates that have not
joined, The Galaha Group of estates (5) has seceded
from the Association to the Kandy Districts Agsociation.

Crop. Estimate—for 1902 is 3,132,000 lb from
7,231 acres, without including 511,000 lb green leaf from
native gardens, i

Srason.—This has been an unfavourable one owing
o the abnormal duration of the S W Monsoon which
checked flush.

Main Roaps.—These are in fair order. Your Com-
mittee wish to thank Government for carrying out
their suggestion of improving and widening the
zigzags on the Hanguranketia Road, and would again
urge upon Governmeni the desirability of connecting
the Upper and Lower Hewaheta district, by joining
the two cart-roads now ending on Loolecondera and
Rahatungoda, respectively—a distance of some 5 miles,

Minor Roaps.—The bridle path from Upper Hewa-
heta, via Rookwood, to Nuwara Hliya, and the con-
necting branch from Lower Hewaheta; througk
Loolecondera, via Camnethan, is proving itself a most
useful outlet. :

Ri_se Corps,—A section has been formed, and
there are now some 24 members on the roll, and it
is hoped that more will join.

TeLEGRAPH OrricE (Deltota).—Your Committee
desire to thank the P M G for the speedy construction
of the line, whichis now completed. We trust, when
this office is opened Government will see the utility of
connecting the Deltota and Maturata offices affording
an office at Hewaheta, and an alternative route from
Nuwara Eliya to Kandy. We regret that building
difficulties have delayed the opening of this office.

Dexrora Hosprra,.—We regret that the P.C. M. O.
has not seen his way to carry out the improvements
recommended by our Hospital Visitor.

Lasour.—Laboor is on the whole fairly satisfactory,
but the evil of bolting coolies is on the increase, and
your Committee is glad to note that the Parent
Association is moving in the matter.

Yataparar Ticxer ScHEMe.—Your Committee re-
cognises the usefulness of the scheme, and advise
members to give it a full trial.

BreNEVOLENT FunD AND Hatton Nursing Asgocta-
TIoN.—Your Committee would be glad to see these
meetings with more general support.

P A CuHairmansuip.— Your Committee trust that
all members of its Association will vote for Mr,
A C Kingsford.

Oxsrruary.—It is with deep regret we have ‘to
record the death of Mr. T N. Orcherd, an old and
respected resident who was a member of this Associa
tion from its inception.

The report was adopted.

THE HIGH FORESTS ESTATES
COMPANY, LIMITED.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

Directors :—Messrs, J G Wardrop, G B Leech:
man, GH Alston. Estate Inspector—Jno. Gordon,
Estate Superintendent—D Lyall.

ACREAGE.
Tea in Learing bi e. 683 acres,
Tea in partial bearing OD 497,
1,180 ,,
Forest and Patana .. SO eee apes
Total ae ee 1,632

7 ’

The Directors have now to submit to the "Share-
holders the accounts of the Company for the past year.
Owing to the very unfavourable weather during the
months of November and December the yield has not
realized expectations : the crop secured being 366,418
Tea, as against an estimate of 402,000 Ib. the
quantity of ea made in November aud December
being practically the same as that made in 1900, though

the acreage being plucked was considerably larger,
The nett price realised shows a regrettable decline
from that in 1900, being 46°30 cents per lb. against 57°05

AGRICULTURIST. 609

cents per Ib. It should however be pointed out that
the increase in crop is derived solely from the young
fields coming into bearing and, as is well known, teas
from such leaf, until the bushes have matured, are
always thin and lacking in point, while, as is usual
when common teas are in demand and fetch com-
paratively high prices, better classes of tea suffer.

The Directors regret to report, that, since the begin-
ning of this year, one gang of coolies has left the estate
owing a sum of R2,161'44, and there is another gang
R1,547'74, the recovery of which is considered dorbt-
ful; they think it advisable, owing to the legal and
other difficulties in recovering such debts, to set aside
the eum of R3,750 to provide for the possibility of the
advances being lost, and have therefore transferred
the amount to the credit of a Coast Advance Reserve
Account.

After making this provision and writing off a sum of
R12,605°25 for Depreciation of Buildings and Machi-
nery, the amount at credit of Profit and Loss Account
for the year’s working is R51,439°97,equal to 5°41 per
cent on thepaid up Capital of the Company, to which
has to be added the balance of R17,009:24 brought
forward from 1900. The Directors now recommend
the payment ofa final dividend of 24 per cent, making
with the interim dividend of 24 per cent paid on 16th
August last, a dividend for the year of 5 per cent, and
that the balance of R20,949:21 te carried forward to
the current year’s accounts,

Negociations are still proceeding as regards an out-
let road to join the Uda-Pussellawa Railway, and the
provisions of the Ordinance now before the Legislative
Council, in connection with estate roads, should con-
siderably facilitate matters. The Directors are at
present reserving the Capital uncalled onthe part-paid
shares forthe purpose of paying for such road.

During the past year the total expenditure on Capi-
tal Account amounted to R21,589°86, for the upkeep
of young tea not yet in bearing and for additions to
machinery necessitated by the increase in crop.

The estimate for the current year is 429,000 1b. Tea
cn an estimate of R115,799°33, and on Capital Account
R12,246, for the erection of new permanent lines, up-
keep of young tea and alteration of water-course to
provide increased power.

Dnring the year the Hon. Mr. W H Figg and Mr. F
W Bois resigned their seats on the Board, and Messrs,
GH Alston andG@ B Leechman were appointed to
fill the vacancies,

In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. J G
Wardrop now retires from the Directorate, but is
eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current
year reste with the Meeting.

vd

THE KALUTARA COMPANY, LIMITED.
THE DIRECTORS’ REPORT

was submitted as follows :—
Digectors —J G Wardrop, Esq., Hon. Mr W H
Figg, R.S Templer, Esq, Estate Inspector —E D

Harrison, Heq. Estate Superintendent —W <A
Lyford Esq.
ACRF AGE.
31st December, 1901,

Tea in bearing a6 658

New Clearings sis 24

Areacanuts, Grass, Ravines, &c, 10

692

Forest ae ioe 392

Total .. 1,084
The Directors herewith present their Report
and ae Accounts for the year ending 31st’ Decem-
er, 0 ‘

The Crop (including 4.638 1b manufactured from
purchased leaf) was 320,569 lb against an Eztimate of
324,715 lb which in view of the generally un-
favourable season for flushipg may be considered
satisfactory.

610

The average net price realized was 30°62 cents per
Ib against 31°32 cents last year.

The cost of the Tea laid down in Colombo was 23°48
cents per lb of which R8,017'84 was spent on ma-
nuring.

On Capital account a sum of R3,143°58 was spent on
extending Rubber cultivation, building permansnt
lines and the upkeep of small acreage of young tea
not yet in bearing,

A Census of the Rubber trees on the Company’s pro-
perties has been taken, and exclusive of last year’s
plants, the total is 11,883. During the current year
provision has been made in the Estimates for planting
30 acres of this product, gies

After making ample provision for Depreciation of
Buildings and Machinery, and paying the 7 per cent
dividend on the Preference Shares, the balance at
credit of Profit and loss Account for the year’s work-
ing amounts to R/7,92462. The sum available for
distribution is R14,885°38, out of which the Directors
recommend the payment of a dividend for the year
of 2% per cent. on the ordinary shares, leaving
R4,885°38 to be carried forward to the current season’s
working.

For 1902 the tea crop is estimated at 315,862 lb.
on an expenditure of R75,942°34, which includes an
amount of R8,605'20 to be spent on manuring.

On Capital Account an expenditure of R4,733°56 is
estimated, principally for opening the Rubber clearing
referred to above and the erection of new permanent
lines.

Mr. H Cumberbatch on leaving the Island resigned
his seat on the Board and Mr, RS Templer was
appointed to the vacancy. {

im terms of the Articles of Association, Mr. J G
Wardrop now retires from the office of Dixector, but
is eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the eurrent year
will rest with the meeting.

GANGAWATTA ESTATES COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED,
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

Messrs. T G Hayes, 8S H Hayes, W Anderson
J Shelton Agar and TS Grigson—Directors.

ACREAGE ¢
Tea in full bearing es 9335 acres
5 partial bearing aoe Pdi eins
ee not in bearing- ere SF
Grass and Ravines oy 10 ,,
Total es 9355 acres

The Directors beg to submit their Fifth Annual Re.
port and Statement of Accounts for the year ended
31st December, 1901.

The total crop of tea secured for the year amounted
to 166,182 lb. against an estimate of 170,000 lb. The
short fall may largely be attributed to the unfavour-
able weather which prevailed daring the latter months
of the season, but a part of the shrinkage may also
be put down as the result of the finer system of
plucking that has been adhered to throughout the

ear. ,
if The whole of the crop, with the exception of 12 lb.
carried forward to next season, was sold in Colombo,
and realised R64,183'19, or an average of 38°62 cents
per lb. a8 compared with 36:07 cents the previous year,
while the cost of production, including 1°77 spent on
manure, works out at 26°60 cents per lb. }

Sixty-four acres, chiefly ‘on the Bitterne division,
were manured during the year with good effect on the
bushes, and the estates are reported to be looking well,

The working account shows a net revenue of
R20,245'54, to which has to be added R1,140:06 brought
forward from last season. An interim dividend of 3
per cent has already been paid, and after allowing
for interest on Mortgage, Superintendent’s commis-
gign, Secretariat and other items, thereis an available

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

(Marcy 1, 1902.

surplus of R11,848'00, which the Directors propose
should be dealt with as follows :—
In payment of a Final dividend

of 4 per cent R7,140 00

To credit of a Reserve Account 2,500 00
Balance to be carried forward to
next year, subject to Direc-
tors’ Fees, and provision for

Cepreciation of Machinery 2,208 00

R11,848 00

The estimate for the current season points to a crop
of 170,000 lb. expected to cost R45,224-75, including
R4,040:00 for marure.

The accounts have been charged with the balance
cost of reconstructing the wire bridge destroyed last
season.

In terms of the Articles of Association Mr T G
Hayes retires by rotation from the Board of Directors
and is eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current year
rests with the meeting.

RUANWELLA TEA COMPANY.
ANNUAL REPORT.

After the usual preliminaries, the annual report
was submitted as follows :—

Directors :—Mr H J Scott, Hon Mr W Figg, Mr
J P Anderson: Estate Inspector.—Mr J P Anderson,
Estate Superintendent.—Mr D I Mackenzie,

ACREAGE,
Tea in full bearing 374 acres.
Jungle and Wasteland 199 ;
Total 573 “5

The Directors have now to submit to the share-
holders the report and accounts of the Company for
the past year.

Most estates in the Kelani Valley are short of
their estimates for last year, and the Company’s
property is no exception to the rule, the crop secured
amounting to only 166,300 lb of 33,700 lb short of
the estimate. The Directors feel convinced that.this
unsatisfactory result is attributable primarily to an
unfavourable flushing season, and, to a smaller extent,
more careful plucking.

The average nett price realized was 27°83 cents
per lb., whilst the cost of production was 23°89 cents
per lb., of which R3,46605 was spent on manure,
and a sam of R1,055 on purchasing a wire shoot and
a new tea sifter,

As Buiidings and Machinery only standin the Com-
pany’s books at R25,851:57, a sum far below their
actual value, the Directors do not consider it necessary
to write off any depreciation this year.

After writing off R725:58 for bad coast advances,
the sum at credit of Profit and Loss aecount is
R38,573°68, to which falls to be added R6,783:02 brought
forward from last year, and R196‘81, being under-
estimated value of Tea appearing as unsold in last
year’s account. The amount available for distribution
is therefore R10,553°51, and the Directors recommend
the payment of a dividend for the year of 3 per cent,
and that the balance R2,603'51 be carried to the current
season’s account.

The crop estimated for this year is 200,000 lb. Tea
on an expenditure of R46,232°66, which also provides
for the planting up of Para’ Rubber on certain portions
of the estate where it is considered that the cultiva-
tion of this product is likely to be profitable.
The building of a permanent cet of lines is also
provided for. }

In accordance with the Articles of Association, Mr
Hercules J Scott now retires fromjthe Board, but is
eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current year
rests with the meeting,

Marca 1, 1902.]

INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA
AND ELECTRICAL TRADES’ JOURNAL.

RuBpBeR Puant.—A good few people just now are
troubling their heads about the plant. We do not
refer to that which has leaves and makes a nics orna-
ment, but to the mass of wood and iron, in ali sorts
of shapes and sizes. that constitutes a rubber factory,
Some of it is fixed and immovable, except inthe way
for which it was made ; some of it, and a much larger
portion than outsiders would dream of, is loose, and
changes its location frequently. It is clear that the
latter runs more risk of getting injured or lost than
the former; but, on the other hand, breakages in the
fixed plant are usually of much greater imporiance
when they do occur. Now that stock-taking is at hand
with most concerns, the question crops up : How shall
we deal with the plant this year; shall we allow any-
thing for depreciation—and, if so, how much, and
what variation shall we make in the ditferent items ?

We have laid down here two broad divisions which
it is well, we think, always to keep clear of each other
—fixed plant and loose plant. Some places do not
make the distinction. Suppose it is their hose
plant that is in question. They have, say, a hose
machine and a hose pan and carriage, but these are
no use without mandrills, so they argue that the
mandrills should go with the other two, and all be
considered as hose plant. The effect is, however,
that two things get mixed up that should not be—
the loose articles which deteriorate quickly, and the
fixed machines which lose their value very slowly.

So far, the rubber industry has been rather favoured
with regard to depreciation in fixed machinery, In
some trades, notably the cotton trade, so great have
been the improvements in machinery that places that
‘have only seen ten or fifteen years have had to be
all cleared out—the plant could not be run ata profit.
The change has been complete; the new is not simply
the new but, in its way, it is the original, the first of
its kind. The rubber trade has varied little, A pyrac-
tical man could walk through some rubber works that
have been going without a stop for forty years or so
and, if he was not told, he might take it for one star-
ted only a year or so ago. There have been some
improvements, but they have been slight and,
indeed, many of them were classed as ‘‘fads,”
with great truth, by a recent writer in this paper.
What may be in store for us we know not. In
regard to one important branch, the manufacture of
rubber shoes, we are promised by the American
India Rubber World a complete revolution in a very
few years. The present method is to be entirely
swept away. The statement is backed by the Hditor
of that paper, a usually clear-headed and well-in-
formed man, but we are still sceptical about it. We
do not proyose to alter our line in consequence ; and
that is, that as regards fixed rubber machinery, a
heavy depreciation is uot called for. The value goes
down only slowly and little. There has been a
fair quantity of second-hand machinery sold during
this year and some of it had workeda long time,
yet we doubt if the bulk did not realise two-thirds
of its first cost.

One item that is rather outside proper rubber
machinery wants looking at carefully, however, and
that is the engines and boilers. If these stand in the
books at anything near their first cost they are over-
valued, From what we have seen ourselves, good
articles of these kinds can now be got much below
what they were worth three or four years ago.

There remains the very considerable portion that is
known as loose plant to deal with, but our space is
exhausted. We can only say that this should be trea-
ted very liberally for depreciation if the proprietor
desires to feel sure that his balance-sheet is on a
sound basis,

RecovERED Russers,—The science of recovered
rubber does not simply end whenit has been freed
from sulphur and extraneous matter. The purest
recovered rubber may often be the worst from the
a pb ing point of view, owing to the treatment

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

611

which it has received in order to bring it to its high
state of purity. In these days of competition there is
everything to be said for the use of recovered rubber
inthe manufactare of a large percentage of the prin-
cipal articles made. There are several conditions,
however, which it is essential should be observed in
the recovering of rubbers, and these, while not diffi-
cult to define, are very difficult to execute in practice.

First, it is essential that the recovered rubbers should
not be acuiterated, or loadedin any way, for the manu-
facturer may be using other fillings imcompatibie with
those in the recoyered rubber. He should 24 least be
confident that in using recovered rubber, he is making
use of a material which wil) not interfere in any way
with the other ingredients of his mixing.

Secondly, the manufacturer should be acquainted
with the percentage of mineral matter present in
the recovered rubber which he is using, and, through
having information of its specific gravity, should be
able to work out beforehand the density of the goods
which he wishes to produce.

The Rabber Chemical Co., of Mitcham, Surrey,
are of our mind in this matter, and they believe
that in working on these lines, they can look with
every confidence to satisfactory inorease of trade
with their customers.

As the real test of arecovered rubberis after all,
its satisfactory vulcanisation, they are prepared to
supply samples (vulcanised) of their recovered rubbers,
and, further to guarantee a uniform quality and a
uniform percentage of mineral matter and specific
gravity on all orders, This can only be accomplished
by carefully handling and grading of all the various
rubbers received, and certainly no manufacture can
show greater confidence in his efforts in this
direction ‘than to guarantee uniformity in every
respect. We cordially draw attention to these facts
here, because in gcarantying uniformity in recovered
rubber a step is taken in the right direction of
utilising a muterialin the rubber manufacture whose
only fault is a very slight tendency to deteriorate
quicker than Para. In any case, such a guarantee
of uniformity is sufficient indueement for manu-
factures to write for circulars, price lists, and samples
to the Rubber Chemical Co., Utd., Mitcham, Surrey.
—India-Rubber and Gutta-Percha Trades’ Journal,
Jan, 6,

——— —-~@e— -—---—_—

MALARIAL FEVER AND THE MOSQUITO.
(To the Editor of the Pioneer. )

Sir,—The theory that that exasperating insect
the mosquito is responsible for the propagation— if not
the generation—of malarial fever, is gaining ground
so rapidly aad widely that one feels backward to
impugn it, and still, reading the following unequivocal
passage in that delightful book of Du Chaillou’s,
The Land of the Long Night, one cannot help feeling
sceptical. He says at page 81: ‘Give me the plateaus
of the Arctic regions for health. There are plenty of
mosquitoes in summer, but no malaria at any time.’
So far as I remember, the fundamental experiment
upon which the supporters of the mosquito theory
base their belief is that of the two gentlemen who lived
under @ net ina notoriously malarious district in Italy
during the worst time of the year for malaria and
escaped being attacked. It is argued the mosqui-
toes did not get at the experimenters, and they did not
suffer from the malaria; ergo, the mosquito bite is respon-
sible for the fever, This reasoning is plausible but
certainly not conclusive for may not the netting,
besides keeping out the mosquitoes have also arrested
the germ or atom of malaria from passing through
to a degree dependent upon the hygrometric or some
other physical condition of the atmosphere? In
support of this view, I would quote the following
passage from Dr. Moore’s Family Medicine for
India page 628: ‘Sir Emerson Tenent writing of
the fever district of Ceylon states that curtains
round the bed act as preservatives from disease.’
Mr. Du Chaillou’s observation quoted above is
important, coming as it does from one who has

612 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

travelled intelligently in remote and unhealthy regions.
I may say that my own experience gained from several
years spent in Sindh and Burma, two provinces
notorious for malarial fever, does not accord with
the mosquito theory—for instance, in the Southern
Shan hills between Hlandet and the plateau of Phenlah
more especially in the neighbourhood of Singu, the
country is deadly during the rains from malarial
fever, and yet, during this time it is coc] enough to
keep ones self covered, and so ward off the attacks of
mosquitoes, and 1 found the mosquitoes more numer-
ous in these parts before the rains than during the
rains the fever season. Again in Sindh the fever
season is coineident with the failing of the river,
roughly 16th September, and continues to the middle
of December, the weather during this time is cold,
and people of course keep themselves covered at night
s0,here the mosquito is not in it. Lastly, Major
Waddell, Indian ;Medical Service, in his excellent
work, In the Himalayas, makes frequent mention of
the deadliness of the valleys in Sikhim from malarial
fever, but nowhere is any allusion made to the mos-
‘quito in this connection, indeed, it would appear that
the doctor did not come across mosquitoes at all!
—Proneér, February 6. T. D, M.

——___$_$_<a——__—_—_
INDIAN TEA MARKETS EXPANSION.

We take the following extracts from the Report of
Messrs Andrew Yule and Co., the Commissioners of
the Indian Tea Markets Expansion Commission, for
the period ending the 3lst December, 1901 :—

The offer of Messrs. Andrew Yule and Co., to
manage the operations of the Commission,was accepted
by the Indian Tea Association at a meeting held on
the 16th July, 1901. This report, therefore, deals
with the work of the Commission for the first five
months of its existence.

GRANT-IN-AID.—Grant-in-aid of R40,000 was received
from the Indian Tea Association, on the 26th July,
1901, and deposited with the Bank of Calcutta, Ltd.
Tea contributions promised to 31st December, 1901,
amount to 680,744 lb. Of this quantity 269,395 lb.
or about 39 per cent, has been received up to the
31st December. i901.

Purcuase or ''rA.—To meet the demand for classes
of tea. other than those contributed to the 31st
December, 1901, 9,615 lb of tea were purchased at a
cost of R4,102-14-2, '

Tra IN Hypreraspap.—The MHon’ble Lieutenant-
Colonel D W K Barr, csi, resident at Hyderabad,
forwarded the Commissioners’ copy of a letter which
conveyed the consent of His Highness to the announce-
ment of the Nizam’s approval of the scheme for
developing the consumption of tea in India, and
promising the support and countenance of His High-
ness to the effort of the Commission to increase the
use of tea within the Hyderabad Dominions.

Tue Post Orricr,—The Director-General of Post
Offices of India, Mr A V Fanshawe, cs 1, sanctioned
the Commissioners approaching the extra depart-
mental agents of the Post Office, not being regular
servants of Government either as Postmasters or
Schoolmasters. A start has been made, and pice
packets are nowto be procured at 46 extra depart-
mental Post Offices.

Tur Raiways,—The Sub-Committee of the Indian
Tea Association attached the greatest importance to
the supplying of tea to native passengers on the
various Railways. It was estimated that there
are something like 160 million passengers annually,
and an average consumption of only 1 oz of tea
per head per annum would absorb 10 million pounds.
The Commissioners have approached the prinospal
Railway Companies in India for permission to sell
tea at such stations os they might deem most suitable.

Puize Essay Comprririon.—With a view to elicit
the opinion of the native community the Commissioners
offered # prize of R100 for the best essay on ‘‘ How
to bring Indian tea to Indian homes.” Seventy-three
essays were submitted, of which ten axrived too late,

{Marcy 1, 1902,

and 20 were disqualified for various reasons. The
prize was awarded to Babu Sures Chundra Dutt of
Sikarpur Post Office, Nadia, Bengal, who has since
been taken on the staff of the Commission.

OnE Pick Prize Packets.—In order to encourage
tea drinking it was arranged to issue from the Head
Retail Depot of the Commission in Calcutta, as from
the 2nd September, 1901, one pice packets containing
about three-quarters of an onnce of good tea, Hach
cf these packets bears a separate number, and R100
is offered monthly is prizes, viz., one prize of Rad,
five prizes of R5 and 25 of Rl each, the winning
numbers being declared on the ist of each month.
At first the issue was confined to Calcutta, but as
the idea caught on, was extended to other places,
and daily applications for agencies are now being
received from all parts of India.

Brewep TEA In Catcutra.—The supplying of brewed
tea entails a small loss to the Commission, but it
is a valuable means of introducing the custom of
tea drinking among the people, and also of removing
the erroneous ideas now largely held by the Hindus
as regards the effect of tea on the constitution. The
tea is prepared by high caste Brahmins, who have
been-carefully trained to the work, and the orthodox
Hindu can, therefore, drink it with safety. Most of
the larger Government and Mercantile offices in
Calcutta are now regularly supplied with this tea.

FasHIoNABLE NativE GaTHERINGS.—There are
evident signs tbat tea is being regarded with
greater favour by high class Native society in Cal-
cutta. In September last, at a meeting of the
leading medical men of this city, brewed tea was,
by special request, supplied by the Commissioners,
and over 100 cups were taken. Tea has been also
supplied to several Indian wedding and social parties,

Inpian INDusTRIAL Exuripition.—In December last
tea was supplied to the Indian National Congress
and the Indian Industrial Exhibition, and was much
appreciated.

Tue Star ‘THEATRE, CatcurTA.—Tea is served to
the public attending this place of amusement, and
a play which is now running there has a tea drink-
ing scene called ‘‘The Morning Tea,” with verses
in praise of tea, which are well received by the
audience,

OTHER PuAcES oF AMUSEMENT IN CALCUTTA.—Tea
was supplied nightly at the Circus tents with satis-
factory results, the native patrons of these per-
formances expressing appreciation of this effort to
provide for their comfort at a cost within their
means. Tea has also been available to the syces
and coachmen waiting for their employers at Euro-
pean theatres in town. All round the tea supplied
by the Commissioners has been regarded asa boon
and a great improvement on that obtainable from
the Mahomedan hawkers.

Catcutta Port CommisstoNers.—Mr Dumayne, the
Vice-Chairman, has kindly issued instructions to
officers in charge of the Docks, Jetties and Wharves
to afford every facility to the employees of the
Commission in the sale of tea to coolies and others
frequenting these places.

Caucutta Stupents.—The Commissioners obtained
the sanction of the Principals of the Presidency
College and the General Assembly’s Institution,
Calcutta, to supply tea within the compounds of
these institutions, and made a start, the result of
which, however, did not come up to expectations.

Caucutta Mint Hanps.—To place pure tea at a
cheap rate within reach of Mill workers, pice packets
are now sold at many of the Jute Mills and other
centres of labour.

CoLLIERIES.—The pice packets of tea are now
being sold in the bazaars of many of the Coal Con-
cerns in Raneégunge and Jherriah Districts, and the
quantity taken is encouraging,

Mica Workrers.—The Commissioners record their
thanks to Mr. W D Clyburn, of Bhaghitand Ko-
derma, via Giridhih, through whose kind assistance
they have been able to place the pice paokets
within reach of the mica workers of his District

ra

ithe Sai eh a

Marca 1, 1902.]

Farrs anD Metas.—A start has been madeat tea
demonstrations at Fairs and Meldas, and Mr. Rad-
hanath Dey, late Agent for General Pudma Jung
of Nepaul and who had travelled extensively in
different parts of India, has been engaged for this
special work. He attended the Sonepore fair and
is now at the Khagra Mela at Kissengunge, Mr.
Dey is thoroughly conversant with tea, on which
he has written a pamphlet and was awarded a
certificate of Honourable Mention for an exhibit of
tea in the late Paris Exhibition.

Lasour Districts.—Through the courtesy of Mr,
Hugh Gordon, the travelling Superintendent of the
Tea Districts Labour Supply Association and of
Messrs. Begg, Dunlop and Co., the Secresaries,
the Commissioners have been allowed to avail of
the services of all Agents of the Association, who
may care to undertake the sale of tea. A number
of these Agents have consented to assist the Com-
mission in this way.

Jute Disrricts.—Messrs. Sinclair, Murray and
Co, of Calcutta, have kindly placed their Agencies
at the disposal of the Commission, and their Agents
are now being communicated with.

AceEnciEs.—The teas of the Commission, either
in pice packets or other forms, are now available
in 78 towns and villages of India, and fresh agen-
cies are in course of arrangement, At Dacca, the
Agent reports doing good work, by means of ad-

vertisements, handbills, house-visiting, lectures
and distribution of tea. The following is taken
from his Reports :—‘‘ A smart Dacca born Indian

assistant, well acquainted with the town, formally
visits house by house, distributes samples on his
first call, and books orders on his renewed visits.
The same assistant holds lectures in popular parts
of the town, the chauk or market square being
the chief one, on the benefits of tea drinking. He
emphasises to Hindus that tea is a vegetarian’s
drink and to Indians in general, and that it is ® pro-
duce of their mother country. Once weekly the poor
assemble, and under circumstances pleasing to
themselves, receive brewed tea free. With the
beggars come many of the poor but better class, who
also receive a cup each free.’

Suprort.—During the past five months there has

been roughly an expenditure of R10,000, and there ~

is a substantial balance in hand. Good work has
been put in for the outlay incurred, but the Com-
mission has as yet only touched the fringe of the
garment, and as the area of operations extends,
the expenditure must be proportionately increased. The
Commissioners feel that it would be a very great pity
if the extension of such operations be retarded by lack
of support, and for this reason they hopethat the un-
dertaking will receive greater support from the Tea
Industry generally than has so far been accorded it.—
Madras Mail, Dec. 12.

eS

PLANTING AND PRODUCE.

The tea trade, while doubting that the Chancellor
of the Exchequer will increasethe tea duty, seem to
think that they must be prepared for eventualities.
Considerable quantities have lately been clearing from
the bonded warehouses. This movement hus been
going on since the earlier part of December, and its
dimensions have been steadily increasing.

It is consoling to find that one of the largest holders
of shares in tea-growing companies, and one of the
most energetic and enterprising members of the tea
distributing trade, not only has faith in the future of
British-grown tea companies, where judiciously
managed, butis also of opinion that there will be no
increase of duty. MrJ Lane Densham, of the Maza-
watte, Tea Oompany, has wisely issued a circular
cautioning grocers against any attempts made to scare
buyers into a panic about an increase of duty. Mr
Densham of course, has been active in furthering the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

613

movement for placing all the facts about

before the Chancellor of the lecheqion, tea ae
managing-director of one of the largest tea distribut-
ing firms, as well as a shareholder in about thirty tea-
stowing companies, has, we believe, been in corres-
pondence with Sir Michael Hicks-Beach with reference
to the position of the industry. Mr Densham recognises
fully the blow the industry would receive were the duty
increased, but he, like other leading men in the tea
trade, cannot believe that the Chancellor of the Exche-
quer will, in the face of the representations of the tea
planting communities of India and Ceylon, take any
steps calculated to bring ruin upon producers. Thig
Opinion is shared, as we have stated, by other in-
fluential men connected with the tea enterprise, but,
all the same, every effort will be made to make it clear
to the Chancellor of the Exchequer that the matter
is one of life or death to the industry.

A correspondent of the “Grocer” contributes his
mite towards the solution of the duty question, by
giving the Chancellor of the Exchequer a hint to issne
licenses to sell tea. These, he thinks, should be
charged at the rate of two guineas a year, The
idea, as stated by the correspondent, is that ‘‘ The tea
trade then would go into its proper channels and the
extra trade we should do would pay the license, As
it is now, anyone and everyone is selling tea,
Fruiterers, dairymen, drapers, publicans, &c.,- are
all selling tea, and they would be only too glad to
drop it rather than pay a license, It would also
stop men hawking from door to door—some of them

supposed to represent a London house, but who
buy tea done up in quarter-pound plain
papers from the first grocer they come to

at 1s 2d per Ib, and sell it for 23, These men
do the trade a lot of harm.” We suppose it is
but natural that the grocer should regard the sale
of tea as coming within his sole right, and that
he shonld think those who sell it and are not grocers
are merely interlopers, But it must be a poor business
to the fruiterers, drapers, and jthe rest engaged in
collie tea if a two-guinea license would settle their
usiness,

If the information received from Cape Town be
correct, Indian and Ceylon tea growers will havea
good opportunity of pushing their tea in South Africa,
The Press Association says :—Information has just
come tohand from Cape Town that next year will
see a British and Colonial exhibition there on a very
large scale. It is felt that this would offer a special
opportunity for firms in this country and in our
colonies to meet in a measure the tremendous com-
petition which must result from the great efforts which
the Germans and Americans are already making in
anticipation of the large volumes of trade which may
be expected as soon s the war is over. The exhibition
will, of course, bejconfined to British and colonial
traders. The movement has the strong sympathy of
very high officials in London and prominent com
mercial men in different parts of the Empire, and at
the right time an effort will be made to secure the
support of the Colonial Office.” —A and C Mail, Jan 31-

——-
THE INDIAN CRYPTOGAMIC
BOTANIST.

Dr. Butler, cryptogamic botanist, who
came out from home last October, is about
to’ be transferred from the control of the
Botanical Department, for work under Mr.
Mollison, Director General of Agriculture.
This step may be taken as an indication of
the desire on the part of the Government
that Dr. Butler’s services shall be utilised
exclusively on economic questions. — Times of
India, Feb. 10.

614

“THE PEARL OYSTER, NACRE AND
PEARLS.”
A FRENCH WORK.

L’Huitre Perliere, Nacre et Perles. Par L
G Seurat. (‘ Encyclop. Scient. des Aide-
Memoire”). Pp, 194. (Paris : Masson et Cie.)
Price 2 fr. 50 ¢.

This is a useful little book of close on 200 pages
and a few illustrations in which the author—whose
name was already known in connection with pearl
oysters—has brought together the leading facts in
regard to the molluses, of both sea and fresh
waters producing pearl and mother-of-pearl. The
introduction shows that the book has been writte:
mainly io the interest of the French nacre indus-
tries, which the author regards as of great national
importance. Although London is at present the
great market for pearl shell, we are told that
‘Ta France posséde, en effet, les plus vastes
banes d’huitres perliéres et nacriéres qui soient au
Monde, dans ses colonies d’Océanie,” and the
author evidently desires to stimulate the exploita-
tion and cultivation of the French pearl industries
at Tahiti and other Pacific stations, But still,
the descriptions of animals and fisheries have been
drawn from all parts of the world, and in fact
most attention is given to the oyster (Meleagrina
fucata) of Ceylon and British India on the well-
known banks of the Gulf of Manaar.

M Seurat points out on more than one page the
gaps in our knowledge of the nacre-forming mol-
luses, and wisely insists npon the necessity of a
thorough examination of the structure, life-history
and habits of the Meleagrinas before it is possible
to establish a rational regulation of the fisheries.
The scope of the work may be gauged by the
following summary of ihe contents of the chapters :
Anatomy and biology of tlhe pear! oyster and of
other molluses that produce pearls or nacre ; the
pearls, their position, structure, chemical composi-
tion and experiments as to their production
artificially ; the fisheries both in the sea and also
in the rivers of Europe and America; commerce
and industries; and finally,-pearl-oyster cultiva-
tion. In his conclusion our author sums up that
‘« Postréiculture perlidre est une chose possible,
qui est susceptible de donner des résultats parti-
ques,” and draws a rosy picture of the prosperity
that would attend the lagoons of Tahiti under a
rational exploitation of this new industry. So
may it be.—Natwre, Jan. 23.

—— | ne
THE RUBBER MARKET AND
PROSPECTS.
(Krarich’s Annual Review for 1901.)

During 1901 the rubber market has not been
characterised by heavy or exceptional fluctuations ;
it was again nob a particularly satistactory one
for holders and importers of the leading grades,
and although trade remained exceedingly active
throughout the year, the values of all grades ot
rubber at the close are less than a year ago, and fine
para shows a further recession of 3d per 1b,and other
grades in proportion. The bulk of the stocks of
Mediums have gradually been exhausted, although
it must be admitted that the prices realised were
exceptionally low, and showed an enormous loss
to the importers or bolders, and even the more
recent imports were disposed of at prices realised
show a considerable loss. The imports of im-
portant Medium grades have fallen off consider-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

{Marcu 1, 1902.

ably, and as the enquiry has increased for same,
we do not anticipate a further appreciable decline
in values, and one ought certainly to advocate
the encouragement of a substantial increase in
the imports.

As regards the quality of Para rubber, con-
siderable grievance was again caused by the want
of care in the proper selection of these grades,
especially from the Island districts, and this has
led to numerous disputes amongst contracting
parties. Trade in Great Britain and with
leading Continental rubber works was fairly good
and the stocks of raw material at the factories is
not large, and in spite of the fact that deliveries
have been exceptionally heavy, the reported con-
sumption of fine Para exceeds that of previous
years, The American market showed the posi-
tion there not tobe so strong except for the first
few months, but, generally speaking, the rubber
trade has been busy, and the only important
speculative stocks are held by one leading Ameri-
can house, whose position at the close of the year
was considered very precarious. Visible supply
now of Paraand Peruvian is 4,618 tons, against
4,100 tons last year. This includes America, with
a stock of 2,005 tons, against 1,200 tons last year.

Should the demand for Para rubber continue
good, the statistical position at the end of 1901 is
certainly a very healthy one. The total for the
year’s crop (from July 1st to December 31st)
amounts to 13,680 tons; this means an increase of
2,400 tons, while against this total increase of the
visible supply gives us only about 480 tons. Thus
about 1,920 more tons have gone into consumption ;
this despite the fact that it is well known that
the ‘‘invisible” supply is exceptionally small.
Although grave financial difficulties were ex-
perienced by many holders of rubber, the position
of the rubber market is fairly sound, and with
constantly increasing consumption, rubber must be
considered very reasonable at present quotations.

PaRA KINDS.—At the beginning of the year we
had to record a brisk enquiry for para grades, and
business on a large scale resulted, but, owing to
continued ‘‘ bear” operations, prices quickly ex-
hibited an important recession, and while hard
fine Para was quoted at the beginning of January
at 3s 104d, soft at 3s 9d, negroheads, scrappy, ab
2s 94d, Island at 2s 12d, Cametas at 2s 4d, Pera-
vian ball at 2s 73d, and slab at 2g 2d, prices
declined rapidly during the latter portion of the
first month, and sales for forward delivery at a
marked decline were done on a large seale, with
the result that prices for Para grades receded
about 3d per lb by the end of the first three
months. In America fine Para was then sold as
low as 3s 64d, serappies 2s 63, Island 1s 11d, ball
2s 4d,and slab Islld per lb. We then began to
receive the first advices from Para of probable
short receipts, and some important buyers, partly
relying upon these reports, bought large quantities,
thereby causing considerable briskness ; this im-
provement was actively maintained for a few
weeks, and as high as 8s 10d to 3s 1ld_ was paid
for fine during the middle of April. Other
sorts were 2d to 3d per lb dearer. Soon afterwards,
however, the market again showed signs ot weak-
ness, the demand being somewhat dragging, and in
July hard fine was quoted at 3s 8d, soft 3s 6d, but
a temporary reaction in Aueust resulted in
quotations again reaching 3s 10d to 33 9d. We
have then had irregular declines of 2d per lb, and
in November hard fine was as low as 3s 53d, 3s 34d
the lowest of the year. Additional cable advices

Marcu 1, 1902.

from Paraof probable short receipts during the
end of the year and the early morths of 1902
brought about some recovery on less pressure to
sell, and with very large deliveries and moderate
receipts, we close the year firmly with quotations
of hard fine at 3s 63d, and soft at 3s 5jd.
Negroheads continue to remain very scarce, scrappy
being quoted at 2s 9d, Island (of which
the greater portion is being shipped to America)
2s 14d, Cametas 2s 2d, ball 23 6d, and slab 2s O4d.
The total amount of rubber imported from Brazil
shows a further increase of 3,200 tons, and the
total quantity exported from the State of Amazonas,
including Peruvian, via Iquitos and Manaos, is
4,000 tons, against 3,100 tons. The Peruvian fine
imported has, we think, been better as a whole; but,
owing to the rubber having arrived in most cases
uncut and unselected before shipment, new rules
had to be adopted in order to provide for this
altered mode of shipping this rubber. The Peruvian
ball imported has not been up to the expected
quality, and at the end of the year the standard
of fair average quality was considered lower,
although some nice clean hard balls when received
did realise fairly good, and, in some cases, ex-
ceptional prices. The slab continues to be of good
serviceable quality, and the consumption of it is
certainly spreading. Bolivian kinds. have been
very fair, but the imports were not.as large as
last year. Mollendo again showed a marked im-
provement in quality, and consequently sold
exceedingly well. From Venezuela, via Orinoco,

the supply was less than last year, and the quality |

not very attractive.

Imports of Ceara scrap are smaller, but of these
grades only the best qualities could be sold easily;
others are dragging. Of Menicoba kinds we
received less, but quality was good, and prices
realised were satisfactory. © Pernambuco and
Assaree qualities have somewhat improved, but,
owing to the general decline of the rubber market,
the values of these classes receded considerably.
There were not very important arrivals of good
Mangabeira, and although the stocks are consider-
ably going down and available supplies very small,
the prices realised for ordinary quality show an
enormous falling off in price. The imports of
Mattogrosso, in sympathy with Para, showed
similar fluctuations, although transactions were
only spasmodic, Central America has again been
conspicuous by a further considerable decline in its
export of rubber, probably owing to the continued
political unrest existing in those parts, and the only
rubber reaching us comes from the Columbia dis-
tricts, but the quantities were very insignificant.
The Equator and Guayaquil kinds sold readily,
and the prices at the end of the year are only
Id lower than they were a year ago.
this refers to good qualities only.
mixed kinds are much cheaper.
Honduras,
very small.

AFRICANS.—As expected at the close of ihe
previous year, the increase in imports of these
descriptions was not only not maintained, but
showed a considerable and serious falling off, and
we estimate the difference of imports from Africa
to be about 2,000 tons below that of last year,

Inferiors and
The imports from
Mexico, and Panama were likewise

With the exception of slight spurts in
April, and again in August (in sympathy
with fine — Para) the year 1901 has

been characterised by an uninterrupted decline in
Atrican rubber, the only exception being first
Sierra Leone Niggers, which are actually rather

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Of course, .

615

dearer than a year ago, while all other descriptions
shows decline varying from 1d to as munch as 6d
per Ib.

From Angola received 250 tons less, made up
in shipments from Benguela of 1,250 tons, as
against 1,500 tons in 1900. Loanda 780. tons,
against 678 tons (beside 200 thimbles),. Quality
has been hardly so good. The Congo has shghtly
increased, but the quality has seriously declined :
about 5,300 tons, against 5,000 tons in-1900. The
average price shows a very considerable fall,
because so much was of poor quality. The
supply from Sierra Leone and French Guinea has
again fallen off, partly owing to the prohibition by
the French authority of the exportation of the
dirty wet and inferior rubber trom Conakry. The
quality being thus reliable, has caused consumers
to look on this kind with favour, and_ their
appreciation is reflected in the price, which is
unusually high compared with rubbers, both
African and Brazilian,

Quite an extraordinary decline in supply of
Gold Coast, Accra, Lagos, ete., and only moderate
from Camervons, Sierra Leone, Gaboon, ete., and
small of Senegal. Prices of nice hard only about
2d lower, but soft common and Lagos. fully 4d
decline for the year. We no longer quote strips
and, biscuits, the pressing of Iump rubbers being
practically abandoned. Liverpool imports of West
African 4,200 tons, against 5,140 tons in 1900, and
5,600 tons in 1899,

The Congo Free State has again increased its

exports to Antwerp, but other kinds of African

have gone there in reduced quantities, so that
the total Antwerp imports show little change,
During January African rubber met with a
disappointing demand at rather easier prices,
February and March were very dull, and prices
declined for most sorts, closing with lower values
all. round. In April fairly good. trade was.done
at rather better prices, closing, however, some.
what quieter. A moderately large business was
done in May at irregular’ prices. Good Sierra
Leone sorts were then well in demand, showing,
however, little, if any, change in price; whilst

_lump descriptions were 4d to ld per lb. lower,

During June and July African rubbers met with
a moderate to poor demand at generally lower
rates, and only @ comparatively small trade was
done at barely steady prices. The demand was
better in August, especially for parcels of. good
quality which arrived from. Sierra Leone. This
position of the market was not maintained, and
we see a constant falling off in the demand, which
remained disappointing, with only small business
passing at generally lower rates, until the end of
November, when quite a steady trade was done. at
generally unaltered and, in some instauces, slightly
increased prices. The demand continued to im-
prove during December for all the better grades
and rather higher rates were paid all ronnd.

East COAST OF AFRICA (ZANZIBAR, ETC,)—
Tie supplies of these descriptions have continued
to gradually fali off, and to this must be ascribed
the fact that at the close red- hard rubber is only
1d per Ib. lower, but white and common ball rubber
declined about 4d per lb. LAMU BALL (MoMBASSA),
—The arrivals were not important, although the
quantity was fair, and good clean rubber sold fairly
well, prices, however, showing adecline of 2d for
the year, Nyssaland sent ns some very good
rubber, but the consignments were small, and
when they reached the market, were brought up
readily at fair to full prices. Madagascar supplies

616

were again on the decrease, and have only been
about half of what they were last year, and values
were consequently well maintained.

Imports from Ceylon were again insignificant ;
but, whatever small quantity reached this market,
it proved very attractive, as the quality and con-
dition continued to be excellent, and many buyers
were anxious to secure even the small arrivals
owing to the specially clean condition of this
rubber. Weconfidently expect that if larger im-
ports could be arranged a great circle of con-
sumers would come in and pay full prices for
these grades, especially if the quality be kept up.
It would be advisable to encourage the planters
and others interested in this product in giving

articular attention to tiis most valuable rubber.
igh prices were realised, and 3s 92d was recently
paid for fine, and 23 4d forthe Negroheads. It is,
of course, known that this rubber should practi-
cally be of the same kind as the one coming from
al of Amazones, being grown from Para
seed.

RANGOON AND PENANG has also been in much
reduced supply. Ot the latter description we
practically received no further shipments this
year ; but, in spite of this, all the old stocks held
were most difficult of sale, and what was disposed
of showed an enormous decline, and thus rubber
that was quoted at 3s 2d a little more than a year
ago sold at about 2s 2d to 2s 5d per Ib
according to quality. If good quality of
those descriptions could be imported to
sell at present rates, it is certainly worth en-

couraging, as with scarceness of good red Mozam- ©

bique Ball, the demand for these red Penang
kinds would again grow gradually.

Small quantities of Assam were shipped, but the
Utes was very poor and sandy, and consequently
id not meet with any requirement or interest.

BorRNEO.—Of this rubber the supplies have nob
been excessive, but in sympathy with the general
tendency of the market prices declined. These
grades are still held for higher prices, and with a
continuance of the lower quotations all round we
must also look for much reduced values in these
grades before one will be able to effect larger sales,

PONTIANAK.—Supplies were about the same as
those of last year and sold readily, prices showing
very little change av the close of the year

Rubber from the French Cochin-China and from
Lower China have continued to sell well, the
quality and the condition of nearly all arrivals
were satisfactory, and the small trade done must
have been profitable for the importers.

JAVA rubber and New Guinea have been very
scarce but generally speaking these qualities were
not in great demand, and quotations were only
nominal. —India Rubber Trades’ Journal, Jan 20.

a

RUBBER CULTURE IN CKEYLON—is spreading
steadily. In the Kalutara district the Para
plant is nearly universal as a by-product to
tea, and now the same is fast becoming true
of the Kelani Valley; while a good deal

has been done in other districts. This being
so, Wwe make no_ excuse for. giving
in our daily issue as well as 7. A,

a valuable Annual Review on the Rubber
Trade for 1901, from which rubber planters
ought to learn a good deal, Ceylon rubbery
has a full PATEREBDE “its product being
excellent in quality and condition.”

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Marca J, 1902.

E P ORT OF THE PLANTERS’
CIATION “AND “Tia
COMMITTEE.”

PLANTED AREA AND TEA CROPS.

We give as usual the main portions
of these Reports in a Special Supplement ;
but in the meantime, we may draw
attention to certain salient features in
both Heports as they reach our hands
today. From the former which is for the
year ending 17th February, 1902, we
learn that the shortage of crop last year—
due partly to finer plucking, but chiefly to
unfavourable climatic conditions, ~ would
have been much greater were it not for a
large amount of young tea that must have
come into bearing during the year. The
Committee might have verified this belief, as
well as the probable maximum, by reference
to the ‘‘ Handbook and Directory” where the
approximate area planted each year is given.
For instance here are the figures for area
planted for 1896 and onwards :—

ASSO

Year. Total under tea. Year. Total under tea.
Acres.
1896 330,000 1899... 378,000
1897 850,000 1900 ... 384,000
1898 364,009 1001 387,000

The 34,000 acres planted between 1896 and 1898
must have told to some extent on the crop
of 1901, just as the 14,000 acres additional
putin during 1899, should affect the current
year’s crop; but after that, the additions
are insignificant. We are therefore, in
Ceylon, very much in the same position as
India, where there has been little or no ex-
tension of tea since 1898. Only therefore
let this present year be ‘‘ weathered” and
the prospect for tea planters should be a
good one. Very important, however, is the
advice given in the Report before us for atten-
tion to ‘‘ careful medium to fine plucking
rather than the manufacture of large quant-
ities of common quality teas,” during the
present season. The comparative freedom of
tea from blight during 1901 and at present is
noted. Cacao holds a strong position with low
stocks and increasing consumption ; but the
need of a ‘‘cacao-stealing ordinance” is em-
phasized.. A warning note is struck with re-
ference to ‘‘ cardamoms,” the extended plant-
ing of which threatens overproduction and
unremunerative prices. The unprecedented
prices ruling for the products of the
coconut palm justify the statement that
‘‘ the industry is on avery firm footing ”—
a fact which will no doubt lead to an
extension of planting wherever suitable
land is available in the Batticaloa and ©
Puttalam districts for instance? There is
not much else in the P.A. Report calling
for notice; but we are glad to see the
reference to the Ceylon Contingent which
went to South Africa and that a permanent
memorial isto be erected in the Victoria
Garden, Kandy. :

Turning to the Report of the ‘Thirty
Committee,’ we find some figures that
must be of special interest at this time.
The total amount raised by the Tea Cess (Jan,
1895 to 3lst Dec. 1901) is Ri1,768,042; ang

Marcu 1; 1902.] THE TROPICAL

of this amount, no less than R1,081,862 has
gone to the representative to push Ceylon
tea in North America. It may be a question
whether all this came from the Cess, as
the Report speaks of the expenditure from
1894” onwards. The difference, if any,
must ve very slight. In 1900 and 1901, Mr.
Wm. Mackenzie received R262,561 and up
to 3lst Dec., 1899, as much as_ R811,862.
Verily, America has had its lion’s share
and after seven years of expenditure, there

is some reason for calling “halt” and
giving the Continent of Europe, a full
measure of attention.

—----<@Q>--——_-

REPORT FOR 1901 OF THE INDIAN
TEA ASSOCIATION.

It is a coincidence that the Report of
the General Committee of the above body
should come to hand the same day as the
loeal Reports from Kandy. The Indian
Report is up to the end of last year.
Nothing decisive is mentioned about the

Cess Memorial—indeed up to date, we
suppose it has not yet gone in to the
Viceroy. [Our special message, shows

that it is to be presented a week hence.
Only one Company so far seems to be going
in heartily for making green teas in India
—the bonus being fixed at 14 annas per lb,
but the total quantity for the present
limited to 200,000 lb. as an experiment,
The several schemes for promoting local
consumption of tea in India are favourably
referred to; and so is Mr. Foley’s Mission,
the Committee meantime carefully studying
the questions raised by it. Indian tea pro-
spects in Central Asia, Russia, etc. are
fully considered; and once again it is em-
phasized that the only alternative to the
abolition of import duties on tea in Ceylon
and India, will be to equalize them: ‘ the
question is still engaging the attention of
Government.” The Labour Question in many
aspects, recceives a good deal of attention
in the Report.
os

THE PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION AND
‘THIRTY COMMITTEE.”

One of the most important results arrived
at by the Committee yesterday morning was
the ESTIMATE OF THE CEYLON TEA EXPORTS
for the current year, the total being given at
154,000,000 lb. (green tea of course included)
against a total of actual shipments of black
and green in 1901 of 146,299,018)b. The distri-
bution compares as follows :—

Estimated Actual

Export Export Increase.
for 1902, for 1901.
: Ib. Ib. Ib.

U. K. ...108,000,000 105,734,570 2,265,430
Australia ,.. 21,500,000 20,64),184 816
Russia ... 11,.00,000 9,653,896 1,346,104
America ... 6,500,000 4,502,131 1,997,869
China 3,500,000 2,694,819 805,181
India .. 2,000,000 1,139,113 | 860,887
Other
Countries.. 1,500,000 1,983,305 dec. 433,305

Total ...154,000,000 146,299,018inc, 7,700,082

AGRICULTURIST.

This table enables the reader at a glanee
to see the out-turn for last year as ccn-
trasted with the Committee’s anticipations
for 1902. Of course “ China” isa misnomer,
—the teas sent thither (with an insignificant
exception) being either intended to be worked
up into brick tea for Russia, or for tran-
shipment to the Pacific Coast of America.
So again with ‘ India” much of the tea
sent through Bombay being intended for
the Persian Gulf and other parts outside
India proper. The fact that “India” is
credited for the present year with so con-
siderable an increase will be certain to
attract the attention of planters over the
way who complain (and most justifiably) of
the Ceylon import duty on tea.
——___——
THE INDIAN TEA CROP.
DECREASE IN 1901-2: OVER
12 MILLIONS,
CALCUTTA, Feb. 19, 8-45 a.m.
The Indian Tea Association has issued
the following comparative statement of
outturn of crop so far as the returns
received for the two seasons 1900 and 1901
respectively :—

617

1900—1. 1901—2,

Assam 68,708,916 65,203,402 Ib.
Cachar 27,299,230 23,806,587 lb.
Sylhet — 34,038,023 29,699,728 1b.

: Darjeeling .. 7,788,018 7,323,542 Ib.
i Terai «. 3,637,688 3,374,985 Ib.
. Duars e.» 980,220,001 30,542,037 Ib.
Chittagong 1,065,300 831,020 Ib.
Chota Nagpur — 185,089 248,187 lb,
Kangra Valley 3,000,000 2,435,405 Ib.
Dehra Dun... 1,785,000 1,798,560 Ib.
Total 177,677,257 165, 262,453 Ib.

The particulars given above are derived
from identical sources so far as Assam,
Sylhet, Darjeeling, Terai, Duar, Chittagong
and Chota Nagpur are concerned, being
returns submitted by agency _ houses,
while Kangra Valley and Dehra Dun are
furnished by a local Planters’ Association.

—— >a r

PLANTING NOTES.

VANILLA FROM THE COLONIES.—A decree has
been issued fixing at ten thousand kilos the
quantity of vanilla produced in l'rench establish-
ments in Oceania (Lahiti and its dependencies),
which, trum July 1st 190i, to June 30vth, 1902, is
te be allowed a deduction of fifty per cent of the
ordinary import duty on importation into France, —
Chemist and Druggist, Feb, 1.

TEN ELEPHANTS were brought for the Forest
Department in ss, ‘“‘ Palamcotta,” and were landed
at Brooking Street wharf on Wednesday, says the
Liangoon Gazette, of 7th February. Probably a
larger crowd would have attended the disembarka-
tion had. ib not been for the counter-attraction of
the embarkation of troops for South Africa going
on at the same time. Many of the anima!s who
seem no worse for their sea voyage walking ashore,
but some who were inclined to be unruly were
sluug and soon realised their absolutely helptess
position when in the air. The cost to the De-
partment of these ten animals landed in Rangoon
is close on half a lakh of rupees.

618

OUR PEARL FISHERIES.—We read in an
Indian paper that the Government of India
finds that it cannot spare the R.I.M.5,
‘Investigator,’ for the use of which the
Ceylon Government had applied ‘‘to ex-
amine the pearl fisheries” here—or banks,
rathertill the end of May next.

TEA FOR Boston: WAKENING UP.—A
Boston covespondent writes on the 15th Jan.:
—‘*In today’s Herald I saw an advertise-
ment for a good man to demonstrate Ceylon
Tea.” Benighted Boston is evidently going to
be enlightened, though it does seem queer,
that so late in the day ‘‘the hub of the
universe” requires the elementary and ‘‘ first
aid demonstration.” It should have been
past that long ago.

TEA ,COMPANY MEETINGS.—Four Tea Com-
pany meetings were held in Colombo last
month. High Forests declared « final dividend
of 24 per cent making 5 per cent for the year,
and the Chairman (Mr. J G Wardrop) in
submitting the report dealt with the various
points in it showing inter alia how the crop
had exceeded that of the previous year by
80,000 lb. but that the prices realised were
disappointing. It is gratifying to know that
satisfactory progress has been made in the
matter of securing an outlet road from the
estate to the railway. The dividend declared
by the Kalutara Company tor the year is
2} per cent and after writing off a large
amount for depreciation, a substantial sum is
carried forward to the current season’s
working. Increasing attention is being paid
to the cultivation of rubber. The directors
of Ruanwella Company have also seriously
taken up the question of rubber planting
and we trust their experiment will be
attended with complete success, The dividend
declared today was 3 per cent for the year.
Gangawatte Estates Company declared a
final dividend of 4 per cent making 7 per
cent for the year.

MILK, COFFEE, AND COCOA PREPARATIONS. —
** Zoeco” will soon, we calculate, be permanently
engraved on the tablets of the public memory,
not only because it is a name which “sticks,”
but because it is associated with three first-
class preparations, viz., ‘‘ Zoeco” coffee and milk,
**Zoeco’” chocolate and milk, and ‘‘ Zoeco”
milk proteids with cocoa. We do not name

these in this order tor any particular reason,
as the three constitute a trinity of merit,
but speaking of the first, we find it is a

preparation, two tea-spoons of which yield with
hardly any trouble a fine cup of cof-
fee-cum-milk possessing the true flavour of the
tormer. The chocolate and milk combination ex-
hibits nourishing and stimulating materials in a
readily assimilable form, and with it, by simple
cilution, a refreshing beverage is made. In the
milk proteids with cocoa we have the albuminoids
ot milk declared by scientists to be as nourish-
ing as those of meat, concentrated in natural
solution and in a form that affords a quick and
nutritive meal. We recognisein the ‘‘ Zoeco”’ ‘pres
parations @ superiority in appearance and flavour ;
we are assured they have a high standard of nutri-
trive value, and that they are permanent even in
the hottest climate, and they are put up in neat
round tins.—B. and C. Druggist, Jan, 24.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Marcn 1, 1902.

Coconut PricEs.—Our Veyangoda correspond-
writes :—‘‘ [he coconuts of Dr, William
Dias’ Yakkale estate in Henaratgoda, are re-
ported to have been sold at R5625 per 1000,
Dr. Dias is the retired Colonial Surgeon of the
Southern Province who, since his retirement,
has been devoting himself zealously to the im-
peovement of his estates with most gratifying
results which have astonished his’ neighbours.”
Has the price we have named been beaten this
season? Or ever?

THE OVER-PRODUCTION OF SUGAR.—It is
not tex alone that is suffering from oyer-
production. Another necessary article of
diet, sugar, which has been artificially
fostered in some quarters by bounties, is
feeling the pressure of an inadequate de-
mand We read that the German Sugar
Industry is confronted by a serious crisis,
the gravity of which is becoming more and
more apparent. According to market ex-

ent

-perts, the surplus at the end of the sugar

year, will be about 2,665,005 tons, against
975,000 tons lust year. The same suggestion
as was made in regard to tea—the reduc-
tion of the acreage by 10 per cent—has
been under the consideration of German
sugar producers; but it is now felt that
the reduction must be by 20 per cent!
Meanwhile, as in the case of tea, steps
are heing taken by the German Sugar
Syndicate, toa promote consumption, by
offering premiums to dealers showing
the largest sales, and by allowing special
prices to chocolate manufacturers who would
bind themselves to use only Syndicate sugar.
The similarity in the troubles which tea
and sugar have to face, is further disclosed
in the enhanced Duty of which both are appre-
hensive!

PLANTING IN CEYLON.—Mr. C. E. Emerson
writes from Deanstone, Rangala, Ceylon, Nov-—
ember llth, 19C1 to his old College periodical
Colonia as follows :—

‘* Many thanks for the Colonia, which I read with
great interest, especially the letters from Way,
Cartwright and Cettier, and blushed to find that
an entire page had been given to my first im-
pressions of Veylon. No doubt Fairlie has told
you that I have secured a billet here in Medema-
hanewara, rather a lonely district, but a healthy
climate and asuperb view across the low country
to Batticaloa, some 60 miles distant on the east
coast. The estate is in tea and cardamoms, 278
acres of the former and about 200 of the latter.
Cardamoms, unlike tea, will only grow in certain
parts of the island, and in this small valley tbe
majority of the whole crop of the island is cured
and bleached. My brother, at the volunteer camp
at Urugasmanhandiya, met ‘lhorne, who had just
returned from his stay at the College; through
him’ I heard of the death of the Director. I must
offer you my sincerest condolences on the loss of
one whose memory will always remain in the
minds of old Golonials as a wise, counselling and
sympathetic father of the College. ..The deserip-
tion in Colonia of the river Ore brings back vivid
memories of sailing and boating days, of Oxford
and Butley creek. I shall-always retain a keen
interest in the College. Floreat Colonia.”

Marcu 1, 1902, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 619

TO THE PLANTING WORLD.

Seats & Plants of bommercial Products.

ee Hevea Brasiliensis.—Orders being booked for the coming crop August-September delivery
1962, bovking nevessary before the end of April, quantities of 100,000 and over at special low rates. Plants
available all the year round, 100,000 and over ab special low rates. A leading Rubber planter in Sumatra,
who purchased 60,000 seeds in 1899, and 100,009 in 1909, writes us, under date 15th November, 1900 :—‘ I
recalved ur letter of 20bh October, from which I learn that you added another case of 5,000 seeds to replace
the Joss, &e. H Tam satistioed hersby, and even after this addine I am satisfied by the whole delivery of this
year.” Special offer, post free on applicasion. j

Castillea Silastica.—Trve superior variety cultivated in Mexico, seeds from specially reserved
old untapped trees. Orders booked for August-September delivery 1902, immediate booking necessary ;
large quantities on special terms; Plants in Wardian cases.

A foreign firm of Planters writes under date 11th October, 1901 :—‘* We beg to enquire whether you
would procure us 190,000 Castilloa seeds, in which month we might expect them, and what would be the
average price.” Special offer, post free on application.

Manihot Glaziovii.—Seeds and Plants available all the yoar round, 100,000 and over at special
ae eee Paces pines a goming an order for this seed wrote on the 22nd August, 1900 :—“ If ae

fresh eas may s rdexs yg > high ground where the
Giecdle ds nctete y y send you larger orders, as they are for high grour
Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available in May-June; booking necessary before the end of March ;
also plants. x

Mimusops Globosa (Balata) wood of the tree is much sought for buildings, fruits sweet like a plum
and eaten, oil from seeds, said to yield as much as 45 bs. of dry rubber per tree per annum, the milk is
drunk and when diluted with water used as cow's milk, grow from sea-level up to 2,000 feet, orders being
booked for seeds and piants, price on application. ei

_ Cinnamomum Zeyianicum (Cinnamon superior variety).—New crop of seedin April to June;
booking necessary before the end of February ; also plants.
4 _ Coffee Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragogopie Hybrid.—New crop March-April;
immediate booking necessary. f Ba

A foreign Agricultural Department writes dating 9th September, 1901 :—‘‘Please accept our order
for 175 ibs. of Tea seed and for 2,000 Coffee beans. In regard to Coffee seed I would say that this will be the
first importation made by this departmnent, and we will leave the selection of the varieties to be sent te
your judgment.”

OUR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LISTS.

The following six Deseriqtive Price Lists are now being forwarded with Circulars and special offer
of Seeds and Plants of Rubber and cthar Feonomic Products :—

1. Tropical Seeds and Plants of Commercial Products, enlarged edition for 1902.

2. Seeds and Plants of Shade, Timber, Wind-Belts, Fuel, and Ornamental Trees, Trees for Roads-
sides, Parks, Open Spaces, Pasture Lands, Avenues, Hedges, and for planting among crops (Tea, Coffee
Cavao, Cardamoms, &c.)

3. Seeds and Plants of Tropica! Fruit Trees including Mango grafts.

4. Bulbs, Tubers and Yams.

5, Orchids—Ceylon and Indian.

6. Seeds and Piants of Palms, Calamus, Pandanus, Cycads, Tree and other Ferns, Crotons,
Roses, Dracinas, Shrubs and Creepers. :

Special Arrangemewts made with foreign Governrnents, Botanical and Agricultural Depart-
ments, Planters and others tor supelying seeds and plants of Commercial Products in large quantities.

“Sour Arrica.”—The zreat authority on South African aflairs of 25th March, 1899, says:—
‘* An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the Hast. It is issued by WinL1am Broruers, Tropical Seed
Merchants of Henaratgoda, Ceylon, and schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will thrive in
tropical and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do good business, for now that the
great Powers have grabbed all the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove that they were
pores erabbling. We recommend thegreat Powers and Concessionaries under them to go to William
YX rs.”
Agents in London :—Mussrs. P, W, WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street.
Agent in Colombo, Ceylon:—K. B, CREASY, Esq.

Agent in British Central Africa:—T. H. LLOYD, Hsq., Blantyre.

Telegraphic Address : J. P WILLIAM & BROTHERS,
WILLIAM, DA, CEYLON, Tropical Seed Merchants,

Liber’s, A.I. and.A.BO, Codes used, HENARATGODA, CEYLON.

620 THE TROPICAL
Goyyespondence.
———_@—_____

To the Kditor.

THE CULTIVATION AND MANURING OF

COCONUTS.
Feb. 11th.

DEAR Sir,—In your issue of the 7th instant
your. Veyangoda correspondent gives the price of
coconuts realised at Yakkalaestate, Henaratgoda,
the property of Dr. Dias, the retired Cvclonial
Surgeon. Further information regarding this
estate will, [ think, surprise all interested in
coconuts and show to what extent the intelligent
cultivation of this palm can increase its yield.
The situation of Yakkala estate, I need not say,
is by no means the best district for coconuts,
and yet its present yield compares most favour-
ably with the best in the land. In 1896 the
Doctor took up his residence on the estate and
for the first twelve months picked less than
70,000 nuts; previous to thisthe property was on
lease to natives, and within five years he has
increased the yield to nigh 300,000 nuts, picked
from it in 1901, and this from only four to five
thousand trees in bearing or over 60 to 70 nuts
per tree. Mr. W B Lamont (who is I am glad
to think still amongst us) will, no doubt, be
pleased to hear that his words uttered over 30 years
ago has been proven, that ‘‘no product in
Ceylon responds to, or repays so well for manuring
as the coconut palm.” With this I send you a
stalk I took off a coconut tree from this estate,
-ef which the spathe had opened and flowers on
the stalks set. You will note the thickness of
this. stalk and the 11, young nuts on it. This
bunch had 36 stalks with two to 11 nuts on
each, and there are several such on the tree
with nuts similar to this, and I was informed
that over 50 trees on the estate are for the first
time showing bunches like this, thus promising
enormous increase of yield to be gathered during the
current year, which the proprietor estimates from
four to five hundred thousand. Here then is a
nice little sum to work out. What will a 100
acres of coconuts, say with 70 trees to the acre
“and. only 12 spathes per tree per annum (some
give sixteen) opening out with 36 stalks and
two to 11 nuts on each stalk, of which say
only four nuts arrive at maturity (and there are
already trees with that number of matured nuts)
@ive per acre? I don’t wish to put down the
answer on paper for fear the results of its publi-
cation may start some blight on the coconut
palm. I send you, for the purpose of being better
able to follow what I have said, a bunch taken
from a native garden on which you_ will see
there are 41 stalks and only 18 of these with
one nut on each as you find on ordinary trees.
Compare the size of the stalks on this with that
on which there are 11 nuts, The proprietor is ef
opinion that salt especially, mixed with other ferti-
lisers, is the great desideratum and he uses the ordi-
nary culinary salt to the extent of 2 lb. to each tree
in spite of its cost, and he is very worth with
the Government for nob making it more readily
available for purposes of agriculture and cultiva-

on of coconuts in particular. The proprietor says
that he is not yet in a position to speak with
certainty as to whatis the best fertilising mixture
for coconuts, but hopes to be able to de so two
years hence,— Yours faithfully,

COCONUT PLANTER,

AGRICULTURIST.

(Marca 1, 1962.

No, II.
Feb. 8th.

Srr,—In the history of the coconut industry
have the prices ever reached those ruling at the
present time? What is the reason for the present
prices? Is it that the demand, by leaps and
bounds, outstripped the supply, in spite of the
large areas annually coming into bearing in Ceylon
and inthe Straits, and I suppose in other coconnt-
producirg countries as wel)? These are a few
questions that arise in the minds of coconut
planters, and [ suppose in the minds of others as
wel]. I have heard it snegested that the warin
the Philippines is the chief canse of the rise
in the coconut market. I shall feel obliged by
your publishing a table showing the areas under
coconut cultivation in different parts of the world,
with the prodnee of the trees and the value of
the exports. This seems to be a tall order, but
for one with an encyclopedic knowledge such as
you possess, it will not be so.

Whatever the cause, the fact remains that prices
are in the ascendant, much to the benefit of those
interested in coconut cultivation. The ruling
price of copra at this time last year was R47.
I see it announced in the papers that a parcel
of copra fetched R66. That m2ans R19 above the
market price at this time last year. Of course
there is a corresponding rise in the price of
nuts.

With the price nowruling for coconuts, coco-
nut estates in the market ought to command
encouraging prices. I see alittle correspondence
in the papers about the price the well-known
Kirimetiana estate ought to fetch. As a rule,
those wishing to buy a property at an auction
sale do not publish to the world the price they
are prepared to pay for it.

With regard to your footnote to the first letter
of ‘°H. L. D.”, R900 per acre is no record price
for coconut land in full bearing, which has been
confounded with “ planted land,” the words you
used. The average price for good land, in full
bearing in this District, is R1,000.. I have known
of land in this neighbourhood selling at R1,250
an acre. For the purposes of a loan, full-bearing
coconuts were once valued at the moderate figure
of R750 the acre. A Huropean broker in Colombo,
who was to make the loan, was dissatisfied with
this, and thought it an inflationist valuation, and
sent a well-known Colombo Y. A., to value the
property. He valued it at a higher figure than
the local man !

Ten years’ purchase for good, bearing land is
a ‘safe average valuation. Exceptionally good
land might be valued at 12 to 15 years’ purchase,
But 30 years’ purchase is an unheard of
valuation, with the published figures, it is utterly
impossible to: fairly value Kirimetiana, Much
more light is wanted.

The price of lands in this District is a splendid
advertisement for a Railway. As can be readily
understood, with trees bearing so well, and lands
yielding such splendid results, affluence is the rule,
want and poverty the exception. Money is available
for travelling. The more easy and comfortable
travelling is made, the more will the people

. travel. Those not blessed with much property,

have remunerative employment afforded them at
the two Desiceating Mills. ‘So I see, money ie
abundant with, all classes here. Nobody need

want,
MARAWILA,

Marcu 1, 1902.)

CHEAP INDIAN ESTATES AND HOW
THE PRICE IS EXPLAINED.

Ambegamuwa, Feb. 15.
DEAR Sir,—I see another Indian estate sold
for R5,000. We were treated to the same story
not long ago, but it transpired afterwards
that the same estate had a mortgage behind
it close on R20 per acre. Oh! our solvent
Indian brothers, is it not time you bucked
up and had aCess at your end and thus
relieved us hampered ones from bearing the
burden of giving you a fillip, free, gratis ?—

Yours faithfully,
GO SHARES.

TOBACCO GROWING AT JAFFNA.

Colombo, Feb, 15,
DEAR SiR—I have only today seen the Ceylon
Observer of 8th inst., and therein your article
headed ‘‘ Tobacco-growing in Ceylon and its
conditions of success.” Init you make out
that I came here in 1887, whereas I never
visited Ceylon till last year. I was asked
to come to Ceylon at the time you mention,
but could not do so as I was. engaged in
making experiments in tobacco-growing for
H.H. the Rajah of Sarawak. Otherwise,
the information given is correct.—I am,
dear sir, yours faithfully,
A MACDOUGALL GIBSON.

[We are gladto find that Mr. MacDougall
Gibson takes a favourable. view of the
native-grown tobacco leaf at Jaffna and feels
sure it can be so manufactured under
European auspices as to secure a good price
in home markets.—Ep. T.A.]

COCONUT CULTIVATION AND
STATISTICS.
Hanwella, Feb, 18.

DEAR SIR,—With reference to your editorial ve
coconut export of 1901, in your issue of the 12th
instant, I humbly think your calculation of 500
nuts to a cwt. of oil is too liberal. For I know by
experience, that 14 1b, of good copra produce 1 Ib.
of oil and $1b. of poonac, and an average of 33 nuts
go to 14 |b. of copra. Therefore 364 nuts are equal
to a ewt, of oil, or say 375 nuts the most.

It has also been found that the average nuts toa
ewt, of copra on my estate, tor the last three years,
to be 235, but we may allow 250 nuts the most;
surely 550 are too high or I should say absurd. [550
was a misprinv for 250 and was corrected at
once for our weekly issue——Ep. T.A.]

I have no knowledge as to the desiccated kernel,
but Ican say on authority, that the kernel of 24
nuts on an average are equal to 1 lb. of dried
scrapings used in hand chekkus. :

Thus you will see you have been making a very
liberal calculation of the out-put of our palin
produce.

My‘calculations, though based on actual facts,
may not be quite accurate, but may be accept-
able as closer to the mark.—I am, yours faithfully,

CULTIVATOR.

THE COCONUT PUZZLE: LARGE IN.
CREASED LOCAL CONSUMPTION.
Galle, Feb. 20.
DEAR Sir,—With reference to your leader
on the ‘Coconut Puzzle,” the slow develop-
ment of exports is no doubt due to the large

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

621

Jocal consumption. There is. also an increasing
demand for kurwmbas or tender nuts for the
sake of the refreshing water, and it is quite
apparent that the plucking of a large per
centage of these tend to keep down produc-
tion for export purposes.—Yours truly, A.

P.S.—Some households take six tender nuts
per day.

A RECIPE FOR ROSELLE JELLY. ~

Ythanside, Kotagala, 19th Feb.

S1r,—Having read in today’s paper that ‘‘House-
keeper” wishes a recipe for ‘‘ Roselle Jelly,’ I
send my own which I have found very suc-
cessiul.—I am, sir, yours truly,

J. T. S. CAMERON,
‘*ROSELLE JELLY.”

After gathering the fruit wash them and pluck off
only the fleshy red petals,

Put these in a vessel and just cover with water,
Soak for a night and next morning boil till reduced
to pulp. Strain in a flannel bag. When all ‘the
liquid has run through squeeze the pulp in the bag
into another dish and strain again to clarify the
squeezed-out juice. Allow 1 1b. sugar to 1 pint juice,
put in a copper or enamelled pan, bring to the boil
and boil rapidly for five minutes. A soup plateful of
fruit and water when boiled turns out fully 4 pint

juice,—C. A

FARMS IN SOUTH Arrica.—We have mentioned
the settlement on farms first because it ison the
agricultural land that the balance in South Africa
needs specially to be adjusted, says the Spectator.
As it was before the war, Englishmen were,
roughly, crowded in the towns and their neigh-
bourhood, and the outlying districts were entirely
populated by the Dutch. But, of course, there
would be among the British settlers not only
the men who wanted to become farmers ; there
would be the representatives of every conceivable
trade and calling. And really one does not know
of any accomplishment that will come amiss. in
the setblement of a great country like South
Africa. There will be room for. tinkers and
tailors and candlestick-makers. . As for the settlers
on the farms, they must not run away with the
idea that South Africa is a rich agricultural
country. Ina general way itis not. .A man must
not think he can be ‘‘a gentleman-farmer,” and
yet make a good. living. He must work himself,
and work reasonably hard. But he will have the
advantage of being ‘‘boss.” This may be an
advantage in most cases only of form and senti-
ment, and will mean that the white man is.not
in competition with the black. This sentiment
goes very deep, and cannot be laughed aside.
But there is no reason why the white man, so long
as his distinction of caste is observed to his own
satisfaction, should net wear his pride as-easily
as the platelayer in India does, who works with,
yet controls, his native labourers. There are
arbitrary fashions in these matters certainly, but
they need not dominate their inventors. An
American servant will not black shoes, but he
will cheerfully perform the equivalents ot shoe-
blacking. As for an English ploughman, he would
probably rather plough than not. A great deal
depends upon the important questions whether or
not ploughing is bad form. With common-sense
there is no reason why oar settlers should nor
become as thrifty, and yet as contented, as the
emall holders in the Kastern States of Ameriea,
who have deliberately taught themselves to

mulate the careful peasants of France and Italy,

622

THE TEA’ STANDARD:

TRADE MEETING IN MELBOURNE.

A large and representative meeting of the tea
trade was held this afternoon, at Messrs. Fraser
& Co.’s auction-room, to consider the new standard
of tea under the Customs regulations. Mr Charles
King, who presided, explained the position under
the new regulations, which required not less than
30 per cent. of tea extract, not more than 8 per

cent. of ash, and nov less than 3 per cent. of
soluble ash, as contrasted with the old Victorian
Act, under which the decision was lett first of all
to the expert, who passed the tea on to the analyst.
He pointed out that the importers had been taken
‘by surprise in finding teas rejected under regula-
tions intheframing of which they had not been con-
sulted,and whilethey were at one with the Govern-
ment and the public in the endeavour to raise the
standard, they desired the standard to be a
ractical and a workable one, that would not cause
injustice to any individual. Mr R Ramsay (of
Foochow) described to the meeting the method
adopted by the United States Government, which
annually bought in the market a quantity of tea
to serve as 2 standard, and sold samples to any
applicant, in order that buyers might use them as
a guide, while in case of rejection three merchants
of standing were appointed to give a final decision
—a plan that had found to work well. The
- subject was discussed at length by the meeting,
and eleven samples of rejected teas from India,
Ceylon, and China, together with the United
States standard, were inspected, It was unani-
mously resolved, on the motion of Mr F
G Drake, seconded by Mr E Shelley, ‘‘That
Messrs. K Ramsay (Fraser, Ramsay, and Com-
pany), William Harper (Robert Harper and
Company), and Charles King (James Henly
and Co.), be appointed a Sub-Committee
to consult the tea trade of the Commonwealth,
with a view to drawing up a memorial to the
Minister of Customs, asking him to alter the
regulations under which teas are declared prohi-
bited imports, and also to draw up a joint letter
showing the injustice of the present. act, as
proved by the samples onthe table condemned
under those regulations, and which, in the opinion
of the meeting, representing the tea trade of Mel-
bourne, are sound, merchantable teas, that are
fit tor consumption, and should be admitted.”” The
Sub-Committee have since drawn up the follow-
ing letter to the Minister :—

“ Melbourne, 25th January, 1902.
{§ The Commissioner of Customs, Melbourne.
“‘ Sir, We, the undersigned Committee, ap-

pointed ata representative meeting of the tea

trade of Melbourne, by whose agency the bulk of
the tea brought into Australia is imported, beg
respectfully to draw your attention to the dis-
ability under which we labour through the new
Customs regulations having apparently altered
(without due notice being given) the standard
under which teas are admitted into the Common-
wealth. We most respectfully urge that’ the
importers should have been consulted, and that any
change decided upon should have been notified them
before such regulations were enforced, seeing that,
to the ordinary commercial mind, the description
gf the standard is meaningless, and that the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Marcu 1, 1902.

regulation is one impossible to be understood by
merchants at ports of shipment, so that needless
and unavoidable loss is thrown upon the merchauts
here, who are quite innocent and helpless in the

matter. Various teas, which the analyst
has condemned as unfit for human con-
sumption, have been snbmitted to our in-

spection as experts, and, speaking with inti-
mate knowledge of the article, and with an honest
desire to prevent teas injurious to public health
being imported, we unhesitatingly assert that the
said teas cannot reasonably be deemed unfit for
human consumption, If such teas can be con-
demned under the present regulations we asked
most earnestly that these reguiations be altered
in such a manner that commercial men, both
here and at the various tea ports may understand
exactly what is the standard, below which no
teas are to be‘admitted. It is well known that
the English and American systems work with per-
fect satisfaction, and we would be glad if a similar
system could be adopted in the Commonwealth.
The American system consists of a commercial
standard, samples from each producing country
being purchased season by season, by the Govern-
ment, from whom commercial men can buy samples
of same, and an Australian standard on sinnlar
lines would entirely meet the views of the trade.
We believe any three independent tea men that
you may choose in any of the states could safely
be associated with your present expert to draw
up a reasonable and fair standard recognisable
throughout the world.

‘« We also urge that permission to reship to the
original port of shipment all teas refused impor-
tation under the present standard be given with-
out delay, so that the loss may be minimised to
the importers, who have no possible means of con-
trol over the importation, and who are most
desirous of complying with the wishes of Parlia-
ment, but under the present system are helpless
and unable, from causes beyond their control, to
arrive at any knowledge of what the standard
really is.’‘

Three points are at issue between the tea
importers and the Customs department, one as
to the particular teas which have just been
condemned, another as to the right or otherwise
to confiscate or destroy, and the third as to what
standard should be adopted for Australia. The
grounds on which tbe teas have been condemned
are simply based on the results of a chemical
analysis, which is not one universally adopted.
The teas themselves are perfectly good, and,
indeed, superior to many low-class descriptions
that can easily pass the standard. But if they
are not to be admitted, then the only course
that can be fairly adopted by the department is
to allow the importers, if they so desire, to re-
ship the goods, They have been innocently sent
and innocently received, and to wantonly confis-
cate them would be an act of dishonesty.

As regards the general question of the standard
to be employed, itis difficult to see how that set
forth in the official regulations is to be made
workable. The test afforded by the usual pro-
cess of liquoring and tasting should not be ignored,
but doubts have been expressed whether the
official tesp would permit the importation of any
China tea—an absurd result, especially as China
tea is often held to be the best suited for
Australian consumption.—Melbourne Age
Jan. 31,

Marc# 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

PLANTING AND SOCIAL NOTES
FROM MARAWILA.

We have had very welcome rain last week on six
days, or rather evenings, which aggregated very
nearly two inches. This has been of immense benefit
to vegetation, followingas it did a drought of nearly a
month's duration. Occurring in mid-drought, it has
helped to © break the back’ of the season of drought,
so trying a period to man, animals and vegetation,
The face of the country has been rapidly changed
from brown to a bright green.

Coconuis are still scarce for desiccating, and the
price is in sympathy with that for Copra.: It was
announced in the papers that the copra of Horekelle
estate was sold for the whole year at R60 the
candy—a record price. A correspondent of a contem-
porary of yours announced that merchants were
willing and anxious to enter into forward contracts
for R64:65 the candy. This was promptly con-
tradicted, and your contemporary called upon his
correspondent to name the firms who were so anxious
to enter into these contracts, He has observed a
very discreet silence, and people form their own
opinion for the reason for this gratuitous announce- ~
ment. I am in a position to state anthoritatively
however, that a gentleman in this district was asked
to enter intoa contract for R62 the candy, ‘“‘ Once
bitten twice shy,” he declined. _He hopefully looks
forward to copra reaching R100 the candy!

For a decent Circus to visit a wayside
village, is an unheard of experience. Duval’s
* Circus was brought to Marawila, by a trio of enter-
prising Sinhalese, paying the proprietor R1,000: a
night, for three nights, Whe result exceeded expect-
ations, On the last night there was a crowd that
could not. be accommodated, and those outside be-
came riotous and attempted to rush the tent. The
chief headmen being present, the crowd was
restrained, with much difficulty and with a pro-
mise of another performance. A local syndicate
promptly engaged the troup for another three nights
-on the same terms. The tent had to be enlarged
and was filled on these three nights t90, people
coming from distances of 12 and 15 miles, _Doesn’t
the expenditure of about R10,000 or more, to
witness a Oircus, bear eloquent testimony to the
general wealth of the district as a whole? Isn't
this an additional argument for a Railway ?

There is a great bustle in Chilaw owing to the
approaching visit of the Governor and suite from
the Kraal. Preparations are being made for arches,
but as the visit is to be on a Sunday, His Excel-
lency may be saved the ordeal of receiving addresses.

The offending lamp-post has been removed, and
the fate that Chamberlain was threatened with—
being hanged on one—has been averted. Possibly no
one will be broken on the wheels of tramway too,
as the road to the Resthouse will have to be
opened for the Governor. ;

ee ee

MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT.
; Lonpon, Feb. 1,

Spices.—Cinnamon chips sold at 24d to 28d per lb
for common quality, Black Pepper was bought in
at 53d per lb for light Sarawak, and at the same price®
‘for Penang, There has been a large business done in
Singapore to arrive down to 6d per lb, but the
market has since been firmer with buyers at 6 1-16thd
Singapore white was bought in at 10d perlb for dull
ordinary, and at 11 to 114d per lb for good coriander
kind. For arrival fair Singapore is quoted 10§d to
10 3-16thd per lb. Penang is unchanged at 9 11-16thd
on the spot, and 10d to arrive.

‘Vani~ia.—The supply brought forward on Wednes-
day was the heaviest on record, and attracted a much
largex attendance of buyers than usual, There was

AGRICULTURIST, 623

® good demand, however, and practically the whole
quantity offered, about 2,800 tins, was sold. Long
lengths being scarce brought rather dearer prices 3
mediam sold wellat late rates, but the lower grades
were easier. The auction was adjourned on Wednes-
day at 5 p.m., and was concluded today. ‘The following

~ were some of the prices paid :—Fair to good chocalate
Pp ’

8 to 8$ inches, 223 6d; 74 to 8 inches, 19s 6d to
21s 6d: 7 to 74d inches, 14s 6d to 16s 6d; 64 to 7
inches 10s 6d to 14s 64; common dry brown 4s to
lis 6d; ordinary foxy to fair short, 5s 6d to 6s 6d ;
medium, 6s 9d to 7s 6d, and long 7s 6d to 10s 6d per lb,

Messrs Brookes & Green have issueda report on
vanilla, in the course of which they state that the
Seychelles crop for 1901, shipped from August to
December, totalled ‘ fully double ” the heaviest quan-
tity exported from theisland in <ny previous season,
it being estimated at about eighty tons. The feature of
this seazson’s supply of vanillafrom Seychelles is the
unprecedented large proportion of ‘‘short’”’ beans,
medium to good size quality measure from 6 inches
to 8 inches, but the consignments landed in London
during the past three months have contained about
75 per cent of very short beans ranging from three
inches to five inches. The result has been that, whilst
long-lengths quality has fairly maintained previous
values, the short measurements show a reduction of
about fifty per cent. To obtain good plump pods, it is
incumbent for planters to see that early in the season
the young shoots are thinned by pricking out a quantity
of surplus sprouts. In the present case it would seem
as though nearly ail had been allowed to germinate,
This view is somewhat confirmed by. recent reports
from Seychelles, which advise that the fowering for
the next crop is small, possibly due to the weakening
of the vines last year—indeed, some of the older
plants are reported as seriously exhausted, a very
natural result if the above surmise is true. During
the past year or two there has been an increasing
* doubtful trade’ carried on by crystallising Tahiti
vanilla, and making it in bundles to represent Bourbon
and other better-class qualities, buyers paying twice
as much as their actual value, or even more.— Chemist
and Druggist.

OS
JAFEFNA AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS.

The reaping of paddy crops has been commenced
throughout the District. In a few villages the
crops are scanty, but on the whole the yield of
paddy cropsis not much below the average, The
planting of tobacco is over, though the cultivators
met with some difficulty in procuring plants, the
nurseries having been washed away by the heavy
ais of December and January.—Hindu Organ,

feb. 12:

———_3.—_____.

INDIAN GOVERNMENT CINCHON AND QUININE.
—The Budget estimates of the Madras Cinchona
department for 1902-1903 anticipate a further
increase in the demand for quinine, and the
estimate of receipts has accordingly been raised
to 210,000r, or 19,600r more than the estimate of
expenditure for the year. In accordance witha
Government order passed on March 10th, 1898,
the Government, instead of extending its. own
plantations and competing with private industry,
purchases the surplus bark it requires from cin-
chona planters at a price per unit which is annu-
ally fixed. Provision kas been made in the Bud-
get for working up 474,000 pounds of bark
during the coming year. to meet the in-
creased demand, and for. the purchase of two
hundred thousand. pounds of three and half per
cent of bark at 2d per unit,—Chemist and Drug:
gist, Jan, 1.

624

THE ORANGE RIVER COLONY AND
LAND SETTLEMENT.

We direct attention to a yery interesting
eommunication which we may say, comes

to us from an ex-Ceylon planter, and
is produced below. As an _ official in
the new Lands Department, our corre-

spondent writes of that with which he is intim-
ately acquainted, and his information ought
to be of very great value to any intending
settlers in the Orange River division in
South Africa. We shall be specially inter-
ested from time to time, in learning from the
same quarter, how the work of settlement
progresses, and of the experience of the
pioneers among the farmers. Any one in-
terested can see the copy of the Bloemfontein
Post with the details of the Land Settlement
scheme, at our office.

LAND SETTLEMENT IN ORANGE
COLONY.
(From a Correspondent at the front.)

Bloemfontein, Orange River Colony, 5th
January, 1902.

Since L-last wrote you many changes have
taken place. Aftera continuous spell of nine
months on the trek, first with one column and
then with another, I was selected for tempor-
ary employment under the Civil Administra-
tion as Assistant Secretary to the new Depart,
ment of ‘‘Land Settlement, Orange River
Colony.” I, therefore, came in from the Jacobs-
dal, Petersburg District, on 10th October last,
and have since been hard at work arranging
details and getting the offices started.

THE ‘*‘ LAND SETTLEMENT” DEPARTMENT

is a new one, and their object is to arrange
all matters in connection with settling as
many men of British descent in South Africa
as possible.
subject, and so is the Deputy Ad-

ministrator. As you can imagine the work

is of exceptional interest to me. TheSecret-

ary is Major K. P. Apthorp, Royal Irish:
Regiment and at present of the South Africa.
Constabulary.

His services have been lent the Civil Gov-
ernment by the Constabulary like myself..
He is a man of big experience and energy
and has thrown himself heartily into the
scheme. He is assisted in his workand de-
cisions by a board of advisers chosen from:
civilians. ‘The work of the Department is.
increasing rapidly. With the close of the
war, however, and the disbandment of the-
Colonial Irregular forces,

THH WORK WILL SUDDENLY EXPAND TO VERY
LARGE PROPORTIONS,

for hundreds of time-expired and discharged
men will at once want tostart farming and
will turn to us for help or advice. We are
getting veady for them. All those who
desire to remain in the Colony and take up
farming are invited to register their names
jn our books, and to answer a few simple

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

Lord Milner is very keen on the °

*think, most favourable.

{Marcu 1, 1902.

questions. I enclose copy of same which may
interest you:—

Questions to be answered by applicants for
Grants of Land in the Orange River Colony :—
(1) Surname; (2) Christian Name; (3) Nation-
ality ; (4) Permanent Address ; (5) Trade or Call-
ing ; (6) Experience as a Farmer; (7) Available
Capital; (8) Farm or Locality Desired ; (9) Married
or Single; (10) Number of Children (if any) ;
(11) Names of two Reterences.

Government who have ample funds at their
disposal are

QUIETLY PURCHASING AS MANY GOOD FARMS
AS COME INTO THE MARKET,

and the larger ones will presently be sub-
divided by Government Surveyors to enable
each settler to have a supply of water and
a sufficiency of land to make a comfortable
living for himself and family. Only the best
land in good districts is being purchased, so
that settlers will have every advantage to
start with. Besides these new purchases the
Administration will fall heir to over 330,000
acres owned by the old O. V. 8. Govern-
ment. Though nearly all this large area
is on lease to Dutchmen, much of it will
eventually fall into the hands of this depart-
ment and be available for settling loyalists
upon. The Colony at present is, of course,
in much too unsettled a state to allow of
any such settlement; but on the other hand
there are thousauds of acres of good land,
within the protected area, which could be
utilised at once for the season’s crop. The
Land Settlement Department has, therefore,
received

PERMISSION TO PLACE A CERTAIN
OF GOOD MEN

on such places, irrespective of ownership,
and let them have the land rent free for one
crop. Many time-expired yeomen and others
have eagerly availed themselves of this oppor-
tunity and in the course of a few weeks we
have put out nearly seventy men in small
parties who will live and work together
and mutually assist in case of an attack.

- Government has lent them ploughs and
the plough horses; seed and rations are also
given them to be paid for whén their crops
come in. ‘This. of course, is only a temporary
arrangement and is of little interest to the
public. ‘The conditions of the Permanent
Land Settlement are what the people are
waiting to find out, viz: on what terms will
Government grant them land. These terms
have been carefully thought out and will
soon be ready for publication, They are, I
The settler gets his

BLOCK OF LAND RENT FREE FOR THE
FIRST YEAR,

after that he gets 25 years to pay up value
of his land. Whe value is fixed on the day
he enters into possession, and is unalterable.
All improvements are, therefore, his own.
Besides paying a 25th part of the price of
his farm. every year, the settler will also
have to pay Government 4 per cent, and ifhe
has insufficient capital to start his farm
‘Government will advance him up to 50 per
‘cent of the value of his holding at 5 per
cent, The Government are disinclined ta

NUMBER

Marcu 1, 1902.]

assist the absolutely penniless man; neither
do they want the Capitalist or Land Jobber
who can go to the open market and buy
what they want. In return for occupying
Jand under this arrangement, the settler will
have to hold himself in readiness for service
when called upon in defence of his country,
and one week per annum must be devoted
to training, Government provides a _ horse,
rifle and ammunition.

THE LAND IS INALIENABLB

except with Government consent as longas any
indebtedness remains thereon. The settler can,
however, pay off all outstandings after three
years and become a free man. Such, roughly,
are the conditions and to anyone who likes
the free open life of the veldt, a homeanda
competency, I can recommend the scheme as
sound. Iam sending youacopy of the ‘“‘Bloem-
fontein Post” of 3lst ultimo which con-
tainsas much information about ‘‘Land Settle-
ment” as the Administrator cares to make
public at present.
——— eo
PRODUCTS AND MISSIONS IN NEW
GUINEA,

During the interview with Bishop Stone Wigg, who
was in Colomho this week, and who gave a descrip-
tion of the work,—the work of the Mission stations
there, how cannibalism was rampant, the Mission-
aries’ objective, pupil teachers and evangelists, the
work and its future, and of New Guinea as a
land of plenty—he added :—‘‘ TheJand up in the
river districts is ricl passing description. There
are enormous tracts of country there which will
grow anything—sugar, rice, rubber, sago, and,
indeed, I don’t know what. I have been told that
some of the native sugarcane was brought to
Queensland some time ago, and proved to be one
of the best stocks used on the plantation, but I
have not been able to verify that statement. I
don’t think any sago has, but a great deal of it
is made and used by the natives. In tact, there
are really no exports at all; and I think this is
largely due to the fact that the Australian colo-
nies who had the control of British New Guinea
(I mean before the Commonwealth), although
willing to pay some £20,000 per annum, did not
care to see large tracts of country in New Guinea
‘taken up. I think it was a great mistake to be
so afraid that someone would ‘make a good
thing’ out of the country, for there is land enough
and to spare. Small blocks for growing rubber or
coconut trees would be useless, for the trees do nob
mature for some four or five years. The export
of rubber, if you can dignify it by the title of
‘export,’ is smaller now than it was four or five
years ago, and it is just the same with the beche-
domes and the pearl fishing.”—Capricornian,

an 25.

ee

Coconut Prices.—With reference to a
recent maximum quotation for nuts which
has been the subject of eriticism in
view of the fact that the Uesiccating
Mills in the same district were not pay-
ing so much, a critic now gives the expla-
nation that evidently ‘‘ copra driers” can
afford to pay higher prices than the ‘ Desic-
eating Mills;’—that is, probably, for nuts
that are specially suited to their particular
purpose.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 625

ae

THE CEYLON PROVINCIAL ESTATES

COMPANY, LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

The Directors beg to submit their report for the
year ended 31st December, 1901, together with @
statement of accounts tor the same period.

The Tea Crop amounted to 485,9541b, against an
estimate of 500,0001b jfor the year, and is equal
to an average yield of 4981b per acre from the area
in full and partial bearing. In the case of Glassangh
the estimated crop was exceeded by some 1,600 Ib,
and shortage in the estimate of Brownlow (a matter
of between 15,000 and 16,0001b) is attributable partly
to finer plucking, but mainly to unfavourable weather
during the last quarter of the year,

The Revenue and Expenditure account shews the
year’s profit to have been R93,453°67,

The cost of production in 1901 has been 25:02 c.
per lb, which includes 1°69c. spent on manuring, as
compared with 24°42 c, and 1:97 c. respectively for
Season 1900.

The Crop hassold at an average net price of 44'10c.
per lb, as against 42°56c,in 19U0 and 44°62 c. in 1899,

During the past year the Company’s liabilities have
been decreased by the payment of a loan of R15,000,000,
thus reducing the ‘Loans on Mortgages” item in
the Balance Sheet from R142,473-57 to R127,473°57,
R10,000 of this was set aside from the 1900 profits,
and the balance of R5,000 was met out of this season’s
surplus as shewnin the Profit and Loss account.

Including a sum of R7,230-44 carried forward from
season 1900, the Profit and Loss Account shews a
balance at credit of R54,201:26 after payment of an
interim dividend of 3 per cent, interest on Mortgages,
Bonuses to Superintendents, and making provision to
the extent of R7,500 for depreciations of Buildings
and Machinery.

The Directors now recommend the payment ofa
final dividend of 6 per cent which will absorb
39,960 and make 9 per cent for the twelve months, and
that R10,000 be reserved for the purpose of further
Mortgage redemptions, the balance remaining after
payment of Directors’ fees being carried forward to
season 1902.

It was considered desirable to add to the rolling
and drying plant in the Brownlow Factory, and the
outlay in that connection, and on improving the
withering arrangements has been edded to the Capital
cost of Buildingsand Machinery. It is not expected
that there will be any capital expenditure during
season 1902.

The Estimates for the new season ‘point to a yield
of 510,000 lb of Tea, costing 24:73 c, per Ib, inclusive
of an allowance at the rate of 1:90 ¢. per lb for
manure.

The following is a Gefinition of the Company's
properties as at the 3lst December last,

GLASSAUGH. BROWNLOW.
Acres, Acres,

Tea in full bearing Bo OEP os 508
» partial bearing .. 20 nS —
», notin bearing o- — 20 dio —
Totalin Tea .. 493 508
. Fuel trees ae 9 ob 2
Forest Bo se 33
Grass oe ee 27
Scrub and Waste LS oe 20
Total... 519 585

Mr F L Clements retires from the Board in t
ef the Articles of Association, and is eligible! for
re-election,

The appointment of an Auditor for 1902 rests with
the Meeting,

3 By order of the Directors,

Grorez Sruuart & Oo.,
Colombo, 15th Feb,, 1962, Agents and Secretaries.

626 THE

THE KNAVESMIRE ESTATES CO., LTD.

surplus on Revenue and Expenditure account
is TROT Bey 67 to which has to be added the balance
(R6508'63) carried forward from season 1900.

The Profit and Loss Account after Providing for
Depreciation, Superintendent's Commission, irrecover-
able Cost Advances and other outgoings -shows a
balance of R24,863'66, out of which the Directors
propose to pay # dividendof 4 per cent. That will
absorb R16,600, and leave, subject to the payment
of Directors’ fees, a sum of R8,263'66, of which they
propose to place R4,614°46 to the Extension account
and to carry forward the balance to season 1902.

The Extension account when increased as above
will stand at R22,121 18c, which is the difference
between the capital of the Company (R415,000) and
the amount invested in Landed Property, Buildings
and Machnery (R437,121 18c.)

The profit earned represents a return of 6:64 per
cent on the capital of the Company, and is equal
to R56 72c per acre on the area in bearing, as against
5:90 per cent and R5040 per acre respectively in 1900.

The total crop secured was 285,953 lo or 14,047 lb
below the estimate, The plucking area was 486 acres
and the yield per acre 583 lb of made Tea. The
total amount of Tea dealt with was 314,401 lb
which included 28,448 lb made from bought leat.

The difference between the 1900 and 1901 crops
may be accounted for partly by finer plucking and
pactly by a bad flushing year as against an excep-
tionally good one in 1900.

The Tea sold to end of December was 268,653 Jb,
the nett proceeds of which equalled 29°24¢ per lb
leaving unsold 45,748 lb which has been estimated

0. r lb.
eine the cost of Tea made from bought leaf,
the twelve months’ crop was put on the market
2 per Ib.
TRG CocaneA iproperty on 31st December 1901

consisted of :—

Tea in bearing Berry 486 acres
Tea not bearing eieters 30 do
Jungle ce Bed 73 do
Building and waste land.. 5 do
Total 550010 594 acrey

rop expected in 1902 is 300,000 Ib. and
eae ct is 20°60 cents inclusive of capital
aE mining was stopped on 24th May last,
the Syndicate which leased the mining rights hav-
ing decided to give the work up, and no one has
sincecome forward to carry it on. Cwt 440 were shipped
to London by the Syndicate, but the consignments
have not yet been realized, aril thie company has not
i its share of the proceeds. i
Ce of the Articles of Association Mr Dupuis
retires from the office of Director, and is eligible
-election. ;
tore dpppiatmbld ofan Auditor for 1902 rests with

the Meeting.

THE TONACOMBE ESTATES COMPANY
OF CEYLON, (LTD.)
THE REPORT.
ACREAGE i
The acreage of the Company’s Hstates is as

follows :— ;
Tea in bearing 582 acres
Tea not in bearing Sins
Tea seed bearers Stas,

aS 593 acres
Jaydaraoms in bearing o> 98 ae
Reserve Forest a0 ef 5
Fuel trees. OC ”
Chena and Patana ao 1,142

Total 1,877 acres

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|Marcn 1, 1902.

Lhe total quantity of tea secured during the season
was 224,133 lb. being 5,867 lb. short of the Estimate.
This is mainly due to finer plucking and in its turn
accounts for the somewhat increased cost of production
+.€., 2650 cents perlb.ascompared with 24°98 cents
per lb. last season. The price realised was 37°84
cents per Jb. net as against 38:01 cents per lb. last
year,

The total Cardamom crop was 9,587 Ib, which
realised R1-48 per Ib. net as against R1-70 per lb. last
year.

The total expenditure amounted to R68,577°0). No
outlay whatever was incurred on Capital Account.

The Balance available, after providing for deprecia-
tion, including R7,555°37 brought forward from last
Season’s Account, amounts to R29,309.74, and the
Directors propose to pay a dividend for the year at the
rate of 5 per cent on the paid up Capital of the Com-
pany absorbing R14,000, to write off the balance etand-
ing to the debit of Machinery Account R2,3 5°35, to
place R8,000 to credit of Buildings Account and to
carry forward R5,004°38.

The Directors have pleasure in stating that the
Debenture Debt has been further reduced by £1,500
during the year, leaving the amount now outstanding
under this head at £3,500.

The Coast Advances have been slightly increased
during the year under review, from Rs 2,955°16 on 31st
Deseeb ets 1900, to Rs 3,319-78 on 31st December,
1901.

The Crops for 1902 are estimated at 230,000 tbs
Tea, 8,009 Ibs Cardamoms against an expenditure of
Bs 68,799 20.

Mr H Cumberbatch resigned his seat on the Board
on leaving theIsland, and Mr RS Templer was ap-
pointed to fill the yacancy.

Of the Directors the Hon Mr W H Figg retires by
rotation but is eligible for re-election,

The appointment of an Auditor for the

current
year wlll rest with the Meeting.

THE TRAVANCORE CARDAMOMS
ESTATES COMPANY (LIMITED.)

A trading corporation under the above name has
been formed, with Mr S Iyer, ex-Dewan, as Pre-
sident, Mr E R lyer as Vice-President, Mr A V
Iyer as Secretary. The capital at present is
22,0 '0r., consisting of 200 shares, and the area
taken up for cultivation is 290 acres. —Chemist
qnd Druggist, Feb. 1.

‘ ee

INDIAN PATENTS.—No. 493.— Horace Drummond
Deane, tea planter, of Stagbrook tea estate,
Peermaad, Travancore, and Charles George Land-
seer Judge, journalist, of 47, Free School street,
and No. 5-1, Council House street, in the town of
Caleutta, both in British India. A centrifugal
drier for steamed tea leaf.—Indian and Hastern
Engineer, Feb.

RUBBER PLANTING.—Ceylon Planters, in
the few suitable districts, are awakening more
and more to the fact that by the adoption
of rubber-planting they can considerably
augment the value of products of their
estates. The Knavesmire Company at its
arnual meeting today, on the motion of
Mr Denison, gave a mandate to its Direc-
torate to proceed with the planting of rubber
at their own discretion. Already some three
or four thousand plants are flourishing on
the estates of the Company, and we trust
that ere long many of our planters may findin
this new_ venture a valuable and remunera-
tive product, :

Marcn 1, 1902.]

UVA DISTRICT REVISITED.
AFTER AN INTERVAL OF TWENTY YEARS.

(By an eld Planting Correspondent.)
(Concluded from page 462.)

The Park Group including Melrose and
Parsloes is scattered over one thousand and
twenty acres of land under the management
of Mr. Fred, Hall for Messrs. B, Fanshawe and
J. ©. Lawrie. The fields of tea look well and
give a good yield per acre and the transport
of tea is easy from the factory located by
the cart road to Batticaloa. There are two
hundred and. sixty-nine acres of tea in
bearing on The Park and a good show of
timber trees—especially around the bungalow
where nearly every Ceylon fruit tree is
thriving, including fine mangoes and Austral-
ian guavas. Kew pines are doing well in
large numbers, and hedges of Madras thorn
extend to the cart road. There is a great
number of rubber trees in various stages of
growth and some fine old jak or artocarpus
antegrifolia and breadfruit. The fields on
the Park are in places rather hilly and not
exactly park-like though surrounded by ex-
tensive grazing grounds or patanas, and it
is very difficult to keep stray cattle and
buffaloes out of the tea fields. Cattle and goats
from the cart road are a great nuisance on
this estate as the Superintendent, Mr. Fred.
Hall, well knows. Leaving The Park early
one fine morning and walking to the top
of the hill, we descended into quite a new
region or into a deep valley between Lunu-
gala and Bibile with the hill of Monara-
gala on the right. This is a place few Ceylon
planters have seen, and is called

COCOAWATTER

opened up by Mr. Philby some years ago
in cacao, rubber and tea. There are no
less than 45 zigzags from the ridge to the
factory, the bungalow being at about the
49nd zigzag. We were agreeably surprised
to see a very fine field of about 100 acres
of tea, much better than we expected to see
in this hot valley. Mr. Worth was good
enough to show me round the Southern end
fields of Cocoawatte. Birkin and Pallikerewe
comprise 662 acres, of which 250 are under
ten with a large area of rubber trees growing
very well and seeding freely, If transport
was not so difficult, this estate called Cocoa-
watte might become a very valuable pro-
perty ; as it is, improvements in cultivation
and some new machinery in the factory will,
no doubt, be money well spent by the pre
sent proprietors. The scenery around is
wild and picturesque. Returning the same
way by the cork-screw paths to the ridge,
and after a pleasant walk in the early
morning along the lower ridge of a patana,
we entered a very fine tea property called
Deysbrook of 250 acres of tea, worked with
Kehelwatte (Clifton) of 342 acres. Some of the
tea fields here give a good yield of tea; for
instance, the bungalow field, 30 acres, gives
800 lb, of made tea to the acre and the top field
700 1b. The large river is now spanned by a
very fine substantial covered bridge, and the
factory is an imposing building, with machi-s

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 627

nery, the best and !atest improved, worked
by a turbine. Patent fans to hasten the
withering of the green leaf were working.
Mr. John Darley would be very much sur-
prised if he saw his old place transformed
into so fine a property. We believe J. D.*
with his brother-in-law, Mr.Duncan,are doing

‘well in New Zealand. Hopton including Bolla-

galla or Letchimee Totum is a fine estate with
beautiful shade trees along the cart road
and scattered over the tea fields ; we did not
call at the two bungalows or at the fine large
factory below the cart road (four stories
high). We also passed old Yapame, 460
acres in extent with 211 acres under tea,
the property of Mrs. Isham. Hopton con-
tinues its tea fields below the Lunugala cart
road. The extent of Hopton is some 1776
acres with about 400 under tea. The next
group is the property of Messrs. W. Stewart
Taylor, G. W. Suhren and M. BGremer—
total acreage 1,793 with 506 cultivated and
500 under tea.

Mr. W. S. Taylor is managing
GONAKELLE GROUP

including Passara estate and Mortlake:
total 1,752 acres—1,036 cultivated with
817 acres of tea, 31 coffee and 158
timber and grass. The Gonakelle bun-

galow is a perfect museum of hunting tro-
phies—elephants’ heads, feet, trunk, tusks,
&c., and elk horns—mostly the trophies of Mr.
J.J. Robinson now on leave and expected back
to Ceylon in June or July next. The beauti-
fully kept lawn, with a piece of ornamental
water surrounded by ferns with a small
fountain in the centre rockery, is very
pretty and two whistling teal swim round
and shelter themselves under the foliage
planted round the banks. There is a dense
shade of albizzia molwccana round the lawn
and below the bungalow and a flag-staff,

We omitted to mention from Madulsima
and Hewa KHliya (or Badulla_ North)
**Swinton” with 220 total acres (tea 1638)
the property of Mrs. Shephard and Mv. L B
Moss; the El Teb Group of 1,724 acres, 600
cultivated including 537 under tea, 63timberand
grass, the property of Captain K H H Gordon—
my old place, Deyanawatte, of 167 acres
included.

We returned to
DAMMERIA GROUP

including Mahatenne, Vellongalla and Tilly-
cairn, 1,190 total: 659 acres cultivated, with 604
acres of tea, 380 acres cacao and 25 acres

of timber. Mr, J B Cotton has managed
these places for a quarter of a century;
he is still strong and active and we

hope good for another long spell of hard
work. The bungalow is large, and _ wel-
situated, commanding a fine view of the low-
country and there is a croquet ground and
tennis court—every comfort, but rather warm.

Our mind was made up to pay a visit to
Monaragala or Peacock-Rock, and we have
done it, and walked fifty miles there and
back exclusive of rambles on the hill when

* Is this not the Mr. Darley, who is in Mexieo
and sends usoccasional reports on cacao and rubber?
—ED. T.A,

628

there. It was 25 miles by the mile-
posts including one mile through Passara
and 2} miles to Dammeriaon our return. The
conclusion will be on Monaragala and its many
unbridged rivers between Passara and the
‘* Peacock Rock ”—or the hill so little known
by even old planters, situated on the out-
skirts of the Uva Province and only a day’s
journey across country to Hambantota,
called Monaragala,

—

MONARAGALA.

Let us review
THE JOURNEY

to this outlandish planting ‘‘district.” We start
from Dammeria estate and walk to the old mili-
tary station called Aliput, from thence to Budu-
gama and pull up at a resthouse at Nakali. Here
we'change our wet clothes and refresh the inner
man, and rest our weary bones. But what rivers
to cross, up to the waist—the Nakali River in
particular ! The rains had commenced and the
rivers were only just tordable. Arriving at Mupane
bazaar we discharged the Sinhalese man engaged
at Nakali resthouse and obtained a cooly to carry
box and guide to Normandy estate. Of course, he
took the wrong road, giving a walk of three miles
extra, becausé we were very tired and axious to
get on dry clothing. We therefore, ascended
Monarakele estate, 447 acres with 247 acres under
cacao, managed by Mr. Stephen Sparkes. A long
pull and a strong pull brought us to the ridge,
and we were glad to enter Normandy estate, 231
acres in extent with 120 acres of cacao, also under
the management of Mr. Steplien Sparkes, A
change of clothing and a hot cup of tea soon made
us forget all the troubles of the day, and, save
that a very cold North-East wind was blowing we
felt comparatively comfortable, located in a basin
on one of the ranges surrounded by great big
boulders—enough of them to build another break
water. We had often been informed there were
afew small pebbles to be found at Monaragala,
Christmas came and went and with Mr. L. who
was invited over by my hospitable host, we passed
a pleasant time and visited Sirigalla next day.
This estate, the property of Mr. H Atkinson,
possesses 181 acres of cacao, and there is another
place just by, called Tring of 151 acres out of

cultivation. There is some very fine
CACAO
to be seen both on Normandy and _ Sirigalla

estates—in fact the largest trees I have ever seen
whether in Ceylon or in Trinidad or Grenada in
the West Indies. One large tree had over fifty
pods on one branch and it is common at Monara-
gala—that is on Normandy and Sirigalla—to count
150 on one tree. Caracas is the name given to the
red pod trees which I thought we called Trinidad,
and Forastero (hybrid mixed) is the name given to
what I thought was Caracas: both kinds bear
heavily and very fine large pods. The cacao is
shaded by rubber trees, dadap, kola-nut, nutmegs,
annato jak and albizzia molucecana which by-the-
bye grows at Monaragala to an enormous size—
even to sixteen feet in circumference. The dadap
had been bark-ringed in some places and came
down smash with very little notice in one instance.
A tremendous big one measured its length on the
ground parallel with us as we walked along

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

{Marcu 1, 1902.

sudden shock. The strong N-E. monsoon blowing
laid low many trees; in fact, it was quite dangerous
to walk underneath them.

We could see a ‘‘ dagoba,” on the rock to the
left of Sirigalla and steps cut in the rock leading
up to the ‘‘ dagoba.” We are informed that there
is a Buddhist college and a temple where the
priest keeps school, but there are not many
students.

Monaragala possesses some ten properties comni-
prising about 2,103 acres distributed as follows :—

1,527 acres under Cacao.

297 do do Tea.

99 do do Coffee.

20 do do Cardamoms.
1,943

57 Nutmegs, Kola-nut and Annatto,
2,000

103 Para and Ceara Rubber, &c.

2,103 With shade trees of all kinds.

Alliawatte with 230 acres of Cacao

Moonerakelle do 247 do do.
Normandy do 120 do do.
597
(Managed by Stephen-Sparkes. ) acres,
Then come Kumbukkan 331 125
Kumaradola Cacao “83 As 258
Moragalla do - on 181
565
(Managed by Mr. Bets)
Raxawa also managed by Mr. Betts 80 ~
645

Some alterations have been made sinceI visited
Monaragala—particnlars of wh'ch perhaps haye
been sent to you. Sirigalla is in charge of Mr.
Liesching. Walton is managed by Mr- Austin who
looks after the factory at Mupane. Before leay-
ing Monaragalla we must pay tribute to the
memory of Eastwood and John Reid who were
numbered amongst the pioneers. Leaving Monara-
gala and Passara via Khyber Pass—Gourakelle—
back of Namunukula via Ravenswood, Newburgh,
Ella to Bandarawela Hotel for a rest and evening
train to Nanuoya where we spent the night. New
Year's Day was agreeably spent in the company
of Messrs. George Thomson, Vicaresso and Bisset.
We wish all prosperity to our friends in the Pro
vince of Uva and thank them again for their
hospitality.

H. COTTAM.

ee

OVER-PRODUCTION AND CARDAMOM CULTI-
VATION.—We are asked in a letter from a
Northern planting district to put in a strong
word of warning about the danger of over-
production of cardamoms from the too
rapid extension of clearings of this spice.
—‘' Wherever you turn, new clearings are
seen to be in progress—not in one district;
but wherever there are trees to fell.”
We sincerely trust that planters will be
taught caution by past experience in cin-

the path at Sirigalla and made us jump withth chona and now in tea.

Marcu 1, 1902.1

NUWARA ELIYA DISTRICT PLAN-
TERS’ ASSOCIATION,

ANNUSL REPORT.

Tue Past YEAR has not been an eventful one as
far as this Association is concerned, and consequently
it has not been necessary to call many meetings.

Tur Numper or Members who have paid subscrip-
tions individually or on account of estates is 18. It is to
be regret’ed that one estate has withdrawn its sup-
port, but another has joined which leaves the num-
bers the same as last year.

Tue ANNUAL OrriciaL EstimateD TEA Crop for
1902 is as follows :—

Total Bearing
Estates. Acreage. Acreage. Crop.
Nuwara Eliya
Ramboda ... 26 6,696 6,569 3,065,000
New Galway
Kandapola ... the yield beivg at the rate of 466 lb,
per acre.

THE Sxason for the district generally has been a bad
one both as regards crop and prices. A good many
estates were short of their estimates for the year, due
no doubt partly to finer plucking, but mainly to the
less favourable weather which prevailed throughout
the year. Prices for high-grown teas have suffered a
set back. and have not participated in the market
average of the past 6 months.

TaTaparat Cootxy DEpot AND REGISTRATION SCHEME
which was inaugurated by Government is now com-
plete, and your Committee trusts that Superintendents
will give it a fair trial, as it promises to be of great
service both to the coolies and the planting community.
The bearty thanks of the latter sre due to the
Hon. Mr. Ellis for the trouble be had taken in the
matter.

Cooures have been sufficient for requirements and
their health has been satisfactory. This district does not
seem to have suffered to any great extent from bolting
coolies, but it is considered desirable that steps should

be taken to prevent the evil which certainly does exist, -

and this Association awaits with interest the recom-
mendation of the sub-Oommittee appointed by the
Parent Association. Advances stand at about the
same figure as last year. The price of rice continues
rather high,

The construction of the Nanuoya-Udapussellawa
Light Railway is progressing on the Nanuoya-Nuwara
Eliya section, and in parts the sleepers and rails have
been laid. Accertain amount of masonry and earth
cutting has been done along the Kandapola plains, As
the railway runs parallel to and crosses the road many
times, it is hoped that adequate protection. to prevent
accidents will be afforded to those who have to use the
road for riding and driving.

Puanters’ BrnevoLent Funp.—Your Committee
would draw your attention to the useful work done by
this fund and urge all members of this Association
who are not already subscribers to become so.

OxsirvaRy.—Your Committee with regret have to
record the death of Mr J BS D’Aguilar, a member of
this Association.

The Finances are satisfactory and show a credit
balance of R85°76 against a balance last year of R68'01,

COLOMBO TEA TRADERS’ ASSOCIATION,
ANNUAL REPORT.
The following is the annual
Association :—
Your Committee have now the pleasure to present
their Report for the year ended December 3lst, 1901.
‘ra SaLEs.—Owing to the growth of Catalogues, It
was resolved at the last General Meeting that Auc-
tions should commence at lla.m. instead of 11-30,
as in the past. This rule has since been adhered to,

report of this

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

629

Conpitr0Nns or SAte.—For the same reason, viZ-s
the increasing number of lots offered for local sale,’
a new Rule was adopted, whereby the limit for
* Large Breaks”’ was fixed at 1,600 1b instead of the
700 Ib formerly recognised as constituting a “large”
break. This arrangement, though at first criticized,
has greatly facilitated the work of the Selling Broker,
and sales usually finish in reasonable time.

(2.). An alteration was made in Rule 1, which now
reads—‘‘The highest bidder to be the purchaser, and
any dispute that may arise to be settled by the
Selling Broker who is not to declare the name of
the buyer until after the lot is knocked down, unless

in his opinion there may be any uncertainity as to
the bidder.” : A :

: (3.) Rule 7 also was altered to read as follows :—
‘No teas shall be catalogued until they have arrived,
and all catalogues shall be closed by 4 p.m. on Friday.
Samples and Catalogues to be delivered by 10a.m.
on Monday for the following Wednesday’s sale.”

TEA Packages,—The recommendation of the Special

Sub-Committee appointed to report on this subject
was adopted at an Extraordinary General Meeting,
and it is now a Rule that all teas offered for local
sale, packed in “patent” or ‘‘ metal” packages,
—.e., packages other than ordinary wooden packages
with 4 oz lead lining—must be so declared by the
Selling Broker in his Catalogue or previously to his
putting the lotup for sale. It was thought inadvisable
toattempt to discriminate further between the various
descriptions of packages offered.

AusTRALiaAN Import Duty on TrA,—In October last,
the Tea Trade experienced considerable alarm owing
to the reported intentionof the New Federal Gov-
ernment of Australia to impose a uniform tax upon
Teas, whether Ceylon, Indian, Japan or China, of 2d
per lb plus 20 per centad valorem. The prospective
damage to all British-grown teas and the corresponding
advantage to Chinas and Japans were immediately
recognised, and the Chamber of Commerce took
vigorous measures, both by communicating with the
Indian Tea Association and making urgent representa-
tions to the Ceylon Government, to obtain a recon-
sideration of the matter from the Australian Gov-
ernment. Thanks to the energy ofall concerned, and
especially to the prompt action of His Excellency
the Governor (to whom this Association hereby
acknowledges its indebtedness), in cabling to Lord
Hopetoun, the Federal Government have amended
their tarriff to a uniform duty of 3d per lb on all
imported teas. The further tax of ld per lb upon
teas packeted out of Australia remains a fact, and
it was considered inadvisable to call in question the
imposition of this protective measure.

GrrEn Te&As.—During the year prospects from Ameri-
ca and Canada have been more encouraging to growe
ers, and with experience in manufature coupled with
more knowledge of the most saleable article, this
new branch of the tea industry may become an
important factor in Oeylon’s exports. There is
no doubt that Ceylons are gradually gaining favour
in green-tea-drinking countries, which fact it is hoped
may later on help to decrease excessive exports of
black teas and thus help to relieve our regular markets
of over-supply.

The total exports for the year were, as per Chamber
of Commerce returns :—

1901, 1900.
United Kingdom ., 105,734,570 .. 113,760,193
Australia wo» 20,641,184 .. 17,606,912
Russia ite 9,653,896 .. 8,917,185
America : aie 4,502,331 .. 3,980,680
Other Countries .. 5,767,237 © 4,166,669
Totals,..146,299,018 148,431,639

Totals for 1899 and 1998:—1899—129,894,156 and
1898—119,769,071,

630
~The following figures show the quantity offered

locally in public sale for the last four years, with
the average prices obtained for complete invoices

sold :—

1898 .. 35,958,819ib .. Average 35 cents,
1899 .. 38,377,318 ,, .. eeDRICHB GMT
1200 .. 47,681,826 ,, .. peta Wales
1901 51,044,000 ,, .

. ; 33 -
.The following iormed the Committee for 1901 —
THE CHAIRMAN OF THE CHAMBER OF
COMMERCE (ea officio),

Buyers :—Messrs Crosfield, Lampard & Co, Tarrant,
Henderson & Co, Finlay, Muir & Co and F F
Street Esq.

Sreitrrs:— Messrs Whittall & Co, J M Robertson &
Co, Geo. Steuart & Co., and Bosanquet & Co.

The number of members belonging to the Association
is 45, against 42 in the previous year.

The accounts for the past year made up to 3lst
December, 1901, and submitted to you duly audited,
shew a credit balance of R1,396:34,

LIST OF MEMBERS.
Messrs Aitken. Spence & Co, Baker & Hall, Bath-
gate, Pim & Co, H Benham and Co, Bois Bros. & Co,
Bosanquet & Co, Carson & Co, Crossfield, Lampard

& Co, Colombo Commercial Co, Ltd, Hon J N
Campbell, Darley, Butler & Co, Delmege
Forsyth & Co, Delmege, Reid & Co, C H

De Soysa Esq, Dodwell & Co, Finlay, Muir & Co,
Forbes & Walker, Framjee Bhikajee & Co, Galaha
Ceylon Tea Estates & Agency Company, Ltd, Gordon,
Frazer & Co, EK John & Co, Leechman & Co, Lee
Hedges & Co, Lipton Ltd, Lewis Brewn & Co, Mack-
wood & Co, McIntyre Bros, Murdoch & Branwell,
Odell & Oo, J M Robertson & Co, Rodewald & Heath,
Rowley & Davies, Geo. Steuart & Co, Schulze Bros,
& Co,, Somerville & Co.,Skrine & Co, Stcherbatchoff
Tchkof & Co, F F Street Esq and Tarrant,
Henderson & Co,
The Trading Co, (successorto"AG A Koosnetzoff & Co”)

Messrs Tokmakoff, Molotkoff & Co, Turner, Edgar,
Esq, J H Vavasseur & Co, E & H A Webb and
Whittall & Co.

ACCOUNTS,

Dec. 31, 1901.—To Advertising R392°86, Printing
84°75, Clerk’s Bonus R50, Sundries R3'96, Balance car-
ried down with Bank of Madras R1,396 34.—R1,877 61.

Jan, 1, 1901.—By Balance R1,387:61; Dec. 81 Mem-
bers’ Subscriptions R450, Entrance Fees for Member-
ship R40, R490;—RI,87761. By Balance brought
down R1,396:34.

Colombo, 12th February, 1902.

——————— EE
TEA IN AUSTRALIA,

Bveryone drinks tea, Indeed the tea-drinking capa-
city of Australians bas almost passed into a proverbf
It becomes therefore a matter of very wide-reaching im
portance in a community so constant in appreciation o
* the eup that cheers and not inebriates”’ thatadequat,

recaution should be taken to protect us from th
Neapet ofinferior brews. Thereis reason to believ
that for some years the quality of our tea imports ha®
been declining. In the desire to meet the demand fcr
cheapness importers have been sacrificing quality to
price,and among recent shipments there have been
some which have been declared “unfit for human
consumption.” China and India have been sending
us their trash, and it ia high time that a stringent
eheck should be imposed upon this method of slow
oisoning. Publie o¢inion will support the Custom
{ouse officials in their endeavour to raise the standard
of teas imported into the Commonwealth. Importers,
however, are dissatisfied with the process of judgment.
A chemical standard has now been adopted and tea
which fails to come up to the mark is liable to be
giestroyed, Firms in the trade complain that the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Marcu }, 1902,

analytical test is not in accordance with expert conclu-
sions and that the teas have been condemned which
cannot reasonably be deemed unfit for human con-
sumption. They thinkit still harder that no oppor-
tunity ehould have been given to communicate with
the shippers, and that they should not be allowed to
re-ship the teas and try the chances of other countries
where the standard of purity is less severe. There is
a@ variance of etacdard, for in England teas
have been accepted which have been condemned
in the United States. It has also happened
that a big line of tea rejected by the Melbourne
authorities as unfit for consumption has been sold in
London, and declared by customs officials there to be
perfectly wholesome. There is no reason why equita-
ble consideration shonld not be given to these repre-
sentations. Aslong as the comm-nity is protected
from bad tea mercantile reqniremenis ought to be
studied. Another matter to which some attention
might be given is the manner in which consumers
are cheated by tricksof the tra’e. Teas are being sold
in fancy wrappers at short weight, and sellers are
not always superior to the meanness of weighing in
the paper when they sell over the counter. A person
who buys a pound of tea is entitled to get a pourd
of tea, and those who by devious methods rob
him of an ounce orsoin the pound are practically
guilty of fraund.—dAustralian Paper.

———_—_—__4—___
THE NILGIRI GAME ASSOCIATION.

Ooracamunyd, Feb. 23,—On Thursday, the annual
general meeting of the Nilgiri Game and Fish Pre-
servation Association took plice at “ Primrose
House.” Besides the President (Coliector) and Hony.
Secretary (the District Forest Officer), only seven
members were present. :

The Association considers that game on the Nil
givis has increased owing to measures adopted to
protect it; (1) by the grant of discretionary power
to the Collector to refuse licenses to notorious ae-
stroyers of game, who hitherto obtained licenses

‘freely. These men, it is thought, will in future be

brought more under control by this means. (2)
By Badagas and Kurumbers having been frequently
and successfully prosecuted for slaughtering game.
Their propensity to do so for fresh meat is believed
to be almost incurable, and to be kept under only by
constant watchfulness, and even then the evil will,
it is thought, only be mitigated, not eradicated.
(3) By asking Managers of estates to prevent their
coolies poaching, which otherwise is extremely diffi-
cult to detect. (4) By dealing with shikaris, who
are known to egg on young and excitable sports-
men to shoot miniature and undersized stags,
whereby undesirable trophies are the only thing-
procurable.

Of imported game birds—the Association has ob-
tained jungle and pea fowl,—the red variety of the
former from Ganjam and the latter from the
Godavery. The latter have been liberated at Itha-
Jar, in the neighbourhood of which they formerly
used to thrive. The red jungle fowl are with Sir
Frederick Price who has undertaken their domesti-
cation. The pea fowl are to be protected by the
reservation of the tract in which they have been
set free, but this alone, itis believed, will not save
them from the depredations of vermin, since already
the feathers of some of the young birds have been
found strewed about the localities indicated.

As a further concession to the members of the
Ootacamund Hunt, permission to shoot jungle sheep
with shot is to be continued. During the past
season 14 of this game were destroyed in this man-
ner, and the Hunt did not complain of the hounds
being diverted from their legitimate quarry. The
disturbance and destructon of sambur, contended for
by the Hon'ble Mr Stokes, will be continued in the
future on the same lines as in the past, namely, to

Make 1, 1902.]

limit the destruction to the Master, and the distur-
bance to the District Forest Officer.

By limiting the shooting of ibex to one saddle-
back, a measureof protection seems to have been
afforded these shy creatures, rapidly diminishing in
numbers, since, during, the 12 months ending with
June last, only three ibex were shot, and one of these
turned out to be a brown buck. In this connection,
the Honorary Secretary complains that sportsmen,
who were asked to send in the headsand skins of
ibex killed have failed to comply witb the request,
and that, for this reason, it will have tobe made com-
pulsory in future.

Major Bagnall is aware only of one Jarge trout cap-
tured last year, and that was a female, weighing 52 lb.,
fall of spawn, which was discovered too late to restore
it tothe water. He fears that any trout in Burnfoot
Lake, that is fouled by the work going on in the con-
struction of the Tiger Hill Reservoir, have perished,
assome dead fish were seen floating on the surface of
the water, Hesuggests that when the fouling is over,
as it will be when the dam is completed at the Reser-
voir site, arrangements with the proprietor skould be
made to re-stock it. The carp of Pykara River were
netted and placed in other streams that will suit them,
and in the Ootacamund Lake.

The Game Association maintains a record of game
shot each year, but this is necessarily incomplete, since
sportsmen will not communicate their successes in the
field; but from what has been reported it is noted
that 14 heads of sambur, measuring over 30 ins., were
secured in the 12 months. One head shot at Kotagiri
had horns that measured 333 ins.; it was remarkably
symmetrical, although 2 ins. short of the record, and
the brow antlers were 172 ins. Another good head was
secured on the Succoth Hstate. It was the best of the
season, butin massiveness a head from Kotagiri beat
it. The left brow antler in this latter case was 164
ins. and the right 1732 ins,

A black panther was shot ou the Koondahs, last
season 6 ft. 7ins. in length. It was the largest black
panther ever seen on the Nilgiris. Of bears, two, 6 ft.
in length were shot, one at Kolakumbay and one at
Kodanad. A tiger was kilied on the Koondahs, which,
judging by the size of head and skin, must have taped
9 ft. 8 ins,

A consignment of 20,000 trout ova is expected to
urrive in Bombay on the 6th proximo. Mr. Van Ingen,
the Taxidermist, who has had some experience in the
matter goes to Bombay to receive the ova, and arrange
for their safe conveyance to Ootacamund.—Wadras
Mail, Feb. 24.

- <>
SUNFLOWER AS AN INDUSTRY.
(From a Madras Correspondent.)

The sale on the Baltic of 300 tons of sun-flower
seeds at £11 5s, per ton serves as another reminder

-to people, that the Helianthus or sunflower is one of

those crops in which there is money. A small trade
has been done in the seeds for close on two centuries
in Russia, France, Germany and Italy, but in England
the cultivation has been exclusively for ornamental
purposes. In America it has recently formed the sub-
ject of a special report to the United States’ Depart-
ment of Agriculture, This report shows that the plant
can be grown successfully but that it is a crop which
makes a considerable drain on fertilisers. The report
also shows that the cuitivation of the flower would
prove commercially advantageous, and that the methods
pursued for growing Indian corn should be followed.
It is largely cultivated in China and Tartary ; it spreads
with comparative rapidity ; and, in Simla and other
hill stations, where it was introduced into gardens, it
may now be found growing wild. ‘The Jerusalem
Artichoke or Helianthus Tuberosus is believed to be
a native of North America. It was introduced into
Hurope about three centuries ago, from there into

- India, and soon became an article of diet, the people of

Kathiwar reckoning it a very nutritious vegetable and

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 631

most palatable when boiled in milk. The seeds are
sold in Russia and eaten as nuts, and when torrefied
in the same manner as coffee, may be used as a
substitute for it. They are also considered beneficial
to poultry and to birds generally, and possess, more-
over, medicinal value in the treatment of farm animals,
Cows and oxen, horses, sheep, pigs, rabbits and poultry
are all fond of them, and they are considered superior
to linseed for cattle, which are also fed on the oilcake.
It is however, on account of the oil that the plant has
now assumed such commercial importance. In its
pure state this oil is said to be excellent for the table,
and in Russia it is already in use as an adulterant
of almond and olive oils. [t may be advantageonsly
utilised for woollen dressing, lighting, and candle and
soap making. Somehow, the oil expressed many years
ago from seeds of pants experimentally cultivated
in Bangalore was a disappointment commercially,
for it was inferior as a ‘table oil, its
thinness made it useless for railway trains,
it dried too slowly for paint, and, though in
the Ordnance Department it was fonnd to serve all
the requirements of the Arsenal, the price was pro-
hibitive. Some species of the sunflower, such as H,
thurifer, secrete a resinous juice, which some day may
be utilised. The blossoms furnish a bright and lasting
dye and the stalks of the plant yield a useful textilo
fibre, while bees are largely attracted to the flowers,

It was at one time believed that the sunflower
possessed great value in the reclamation of marshy
tracts of land besides the property or removing malaria
from swampy areas. To test this theory, cultivation
was undertaken in Bangalore about 30 years ago but
the virtues of the plant proved to be imagiuary.

In Russia where the cultivation for oil is on a large
scale, the grandiflora is the variety grown. The species
which the natives of India have for a long time
cultivated isthe HH. Annus.of modern botanists and
the H, Indicus of Linneus, This was at one time
believed to be a native of India, avd it is probably
to this genus that reference is made in the history
of the reign of Akbar.— Capital, Feb. 20.

TOBACCO-GROWING IN TRINCOMALER.—"' J,
B. C.”’s seasonable letter elsewhere should
excite interest in the peninsula as well as
at ‘Trincomalee. We shall welcome up-to-
date replies to the request for Jaffna in-
formation on the topic.

Cacao STEALING.—It is almost incredible
that the Cacao Planters of Ceylon should,
directly and indirectly, owing to the depre-
dations of cacac thieves, be submitted to bear
wv loss of 25 per cent annually on their crop.
Such is the case, however, and the Cacao
Committee of the Matale and Kandy Associa-
tion which met on the 17th inst., give good
ground for the motions they passed praying
the Parext Association to approach Govern-
ment on the subject. Under existing legisla-
tion it has been found impossible to suppress

-the evil, and in many cases although plan.
ters were morally certain of the thieves they

could not prosecute with any prospect of
success. Rural Police have, after a fair trial,
proved a failure and indeed the only _pre-
ventative at present is ‘‘small shot and fire
low.” Cacao planters area law abiding people,
however, and do not wish to take the law
into their own hands and have so far re-
frained from this effective cure. Government
cannot we think, if the matter is properly
represented to them, abstain from devising
some special method of preventing this
wholesale robbery, a measure like the coffe

stealing law is wanted, :

632
INDIAN AND CEYLON GREEN TEA.

HOW TO ADAPT IT FOR THE AMERICAN MARKET.
—‘GLAZING’ WITHOUT ADULTERATION. -—
THE CHINESE FACING ‘FAKE’ EXPOSED.
By H Drummond Deane (specially contributed
(Hay OSM DVN) 5

In dealing with the subject of green tea and its
manufacture and suitability for the American and
Canadian markets, I must premise that, beyond a small
experimental invoice from this estate, Ihave so far
been unable, partly from want of a steam boiler and
peruy through being more or less in the hands of

ondon Agents, to go infor these teas on a large
commercial scale. Still almost every pound (if not
quite every pound) of green tea that has been shipped
in the last two years to America or Canada from
Ceylon and most, if not all, of the Indian green tea
now finding favour in those countries, has been made
on my system and with a machine of my invention
for the steaming process.

My first attempts in this direction were made in 1887
when I returned from visiting China and Japan and
making a special study of the Japanese manufacture.
I came to the conclusion that what was suitable for the
small holdings of Japan would be too costly a process
on account of the hand labour involved either in
Ceylon or in India, and further modification in mani-
pulcy must be made to deal with the fine large-

eaved varieties of the Indian indigenous tea plant.

In 1889 or 1890 I wade and sent to London my first
complete invoice of ‘Ceylon Green Tea.’ The prices
were most satisfactory, averaging all round, as far asI
remember, about 1s2d per pound. The teas were sold
as ‘Kintyre’ Estate Green Teas by Messrs. Wilson
and Smithett. I continued to ship Green [eas for some
time afterwards to a firm called, I think, Messrs Chas,
Lamb & Co. of Philadelphia, Finally I took a first
award for Green Teas at the Chicago Exhibition.

There is abundant evidence at present that Ceylon
and India can and do produce a first-class article
in Green tea of ‘ Moyune’ type, as regards liquor, and
with perseverance a large business will in the end
be built up.

THE PLANTER’S DIFFICULTIES.

The difficulties to be overcome are three in number,
First ofall,thereare the vested interests of the American
merchant in the China and Japan trade. Secondly,
we have to contend with the ignorance of the public
in general as to what the true appearance of a Green
Tea should be. They have been so long accustomed
to the ‘faced’ teas of (‘hina and Japan and the small
leaf from the dwarf variety of plant common to those
countries, that it must take time for our plain looking
but far more economical and purer teas to get the
attention they deserve. In the third place there is
the difficulty from a Planter’s point of view of
getting rid offannings and small broken teas, which,
as with Pekoe fannings and broken orange Pekoes
in black teas, are almost the finest liquoring
and most economical teas made, were it so under-
stood by the American and Canadian house-
keeper. But in China and Japan these grades of tea
are consumed in the country itself and not shipped
as they do not lend themselves to the ‘ faking’ pro-
cess known as ‘facing,’ so itis an unwritten law in
America and Canada that broken teas must be
avoided, and the problem at present is what to do
with them, as we have no Green Tea drinkers on
this side.

I am of opinion that our able Commissioner should
do hiz best to introduce these teas to Amerieans,
proving by the test of the teapot what fine flavoured
economical teas they really are—in nearly every case
better than whole leaf *‘Imperials’ or grades answer-
jog to Pekoe and Pekoe Souchongs of black teas,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Marcu 1, 1902.

COMPRESSED TEAS,

In order to encourage the production of Green Teas
by Indian and Ceylon Planters, arrangements should
be made to send out to Calcutta and to Colombo
the most modern Hydraulic Presses for pressing
these teas into ‘Compressed Cakes,’ like cakes of
chocolate, the cakes to be stamped by the Indian and
Ceylon Tea Associations. Until such time as the
prejudice against this grade of tea is lived down,
either the bonus should be paid to producers on their
grades, up to, say 10 per cent of an invoice or the
teas should be bought by the Association at least at
the agerage cost price of manufacture, and made into
compressed tea, any profit over and above, say 10
per cent being divided among the producers as a bonus
after sale and realisation.

HOW CHINESE GREENS ARE PRODUCED.

‘Facing’ teas as is done with over two-thirds of
the China and Japan teas is done in the following
way. The tea isbought from door to door, village
to village by travelling buyers. It is about three-
quarters fired at time of purchase. It then finds its
way down to the treaty ports, where it undergoes
sorting and bulking. The bulked teas are taken to
the ‘Hong’ or firing house which as a rule contains
from 100 to 600 iron pans heated by charcoal fires.
About a pound or two of teais poured into each pan
which is warmed, but not hot at that step. The
warmth for the moment renders the three-quarters
fired tea slightly flaccid. A spoonful of a mixture of
soapstone, gypsum and indigo or Prussian blue ig
quickly put into each pan, and a cooly in charge of
each commences rolling the tea in the pan, the fires
being banked up, and the heat increased until the
tea is finally fired. Meanwhile the glaze or facing
has been thoroughly rubbed into the tea, giving it
that shiny peculiar colour always apparent in Chinese
and Japan Green Teas, The mixture is apparently
harmless, but there is no use for it, except to keep
up the tradition that ‘Green Tea’ should have this
peculiarly coloured, plumbago-like appearance. Now
Indian and Ceylon Greens can, if wished, be given
a glazed appearance without any adulteration simply
by the use of the juice of the Tea Piant. To illus-
trate my meaning, Iam posting you under separate
cover, three samples of Cee Tea, identically the
same tea—Plain, Glossed and Glazed. Perhaps the
glazing is a little overdone, but the amonnt can be
regulated. I do not consider the liquors of these
particular samples quite Ar, as they are purposely
made off a Hybrid Tea grown on poor soil; but
I feel certain the expert you show them to will say
the teas are pure and good teas, and quite able to
hold their own for quality with an average good
Japan tea at least so Iam advised by Calcutta and
Colombo experts.

THE COST OF PRODUCTION.

Anyone working on my lines can, withont any extra
expense beyond ordinary rolling and drying machi-
nery avd steam boiler, turn out a similar class of
tea (the quality depending, of course, on jat eleva-
tion and soil,) with no extra expense beyond the
£40 charged for my Patented Steam Apparatus. As

- the best Green Teas are made in the rainy season,

factories that can't manage to wither black teas on
account of insufficient space in wet weather,
when leaf often takes two to four days to wither,
can avoid all increase in capital expenditure in the
shape of withering accommodation by making ‘ Green
Teas’ during the wet months.

One word more, Green Teas must be divided into
two classes, viz. True Greens which are entirely
unfermented, and Green Teas that are in part
fermented, commonly known as ‘oolongs,’ These
latter are represented in India by so-called ‘Kangra’
Green Teas, good teas of this class, but by no
means up to the Greens of ‘Moyune’ type. There
is no reason why Kangra, Oachar and Sylhet should
not each produce magnificent Green Teas, when
working on the system Tadyocate and 1 am glaJ

Marca 1, 1902.]

to say that the few gardens now experimenting are
getting most satisfactory reports on the results, I
am strongly in favour of bulking and re-firing at the
shipping port, as, until this is done, it will be impos-
sible to send continuous matched breaks of tea. In
Southern India in spite of the wretched prices—
many estates are getting, in many cases less
than 5d average—no one has so far attempted Green
Tea manufacture but myself. The reasons for this
are two-fold—tirst, the reluctance of London agents
to lose the sale of the teas, and the want of American
firms willing to finance estates, i.e, issue credits
against crops to Producers; and secondly, the question
as to how to dispose of fannings, or say 10 per cent
of the crop.

FAVOURABLE REPORT BY EXPERTS.

The Committee of the Indian Tea Association in
Calcutta have had under consideration a report by
their experts upon certain samples of green tea
which bad been submitted by Mr. Drummond Deane,
The report was to the effect that the samples were
good types of green teas which would be useful to
show to managers who required standards. They are
however, decidedly superior to most of the teas which
had been previously examined and were probably
too good to fix as standard for a blend. If such
teas could be easily made, the success of the industry
was certain, This report was noted by the Committee
with much satisfaction ; and they decided to forward
copies of it to Mr. Deane for information. A cir-
cular. was also to be addressed to the members of
the Association, giving the views of the experts
upon the samples, and stating that the latter were
available for the guidance of managers.

In writing to the London Committee the foregoing
facts were to bestated, and the question of blending
green teas in Calcutta—which was raised in the
Circular No. 61 of September 9—was to be dealt with.
The difficulty of carrying through any definite
scheme of this description was the uncertainty in
regard to funds. And the London Committee were
to be asked if they hadany proposals to advance
which might be calculated to surmount this difficulty.
Looking to the fact that special machinery was
required for the manufacture of green tea, it
was, the Oommittee thought, unlikely that proprietors
would care to engage in it unless the bounty could
be definitely promised to them during the interval
which must necessarily elapse before a good demand
at remunerative prices could be created.

eae gk

NILGiIRI GAME ASsSsOCcIATION.—As will be
seen from the report which we give on
page 630; this Association has done very
useful work during the past year and the
result of the protective measures adopted is
that there has been an increase of game.
Interesting details are given as to what has
been done in connection with the importation
of game birds and the shooting of jungle
sheep, sambur and ibex. Trout culture has
also received attention.

PALLEGAMA GRANT ASSOCIATION.—We re-
egret extremely to read in the report,
which we give in the next column, that
there is no alternative left but to wind up
this Association, the directors finding it
impossible to maintain the 500 acres in
cultivation as stipulated in the Government
lease, owing to the animal pests that affected
coconuts and _ the unprofitableness of coffee
and cocoa. The termination of the enter-
prise is much to be regretted, but it
is some consolation to know that the timber
belonging to the estate is considered suffi-
cient to pay the outstanding liabilities and
the expenses of winding up.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 633

THE KANAPEDIWATTIE TEA COM-
PANY, LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS,

The Directors beg to lay before the Shareholders
their Reports and Accounts of the working for the
year ended 31st December, 1901.

The crop secured irom estate leaf amounted to
169,614 lb, on an increase over last year of 18,493 Ib.
and of 9,614 lb. ascompared with the original esti-
mate of 160,000 lb. From bought leaf 22,355 1b. Tea
was also secured, making the total crop 191,969 lb,
which (after deduction of amounts received for manu-
facture of outside Tea) cost to lay down in Colombo
22°18 cents, and obtained a net average price of
2917 cents, The usual table showing the crop, cost
and average of the tea is appended for purposes of
comparison :—

1898 1899
Crop Crop
From Estate
Lesf 142,267 cost 23:11 151,080 cost 21°92
From Bought
Leaf 30,339 av’age 32°71 38,565 av’age 36:16
Total lb. 172.597 189,595
1900 1901
Crop Crop
From KEstate
Leaf 151,12L cost 24:07 169,614 cost 22:18
From Bought
Leaf 52,195 av’age 27°72 22,355 av’age 29°17

Total lb. 203,316 191,969

The net profits for the year amount to R18,104:26
and, after adding the balance brought forward from
last year, namely R95‘68 a sum of R18,199-94 becomes
available for distribution. Of this amount, R6,680
was absorbed by the payment of an interim dividend
to the 30th of June last of 2 per cent, and the
Directors leave it to the meeting to decide what
dividend shall be declared out of the available baJl-
ance R11,519:94,

Mr. W P Metcalfe resigns his seat on the Board
owing to his departure for England, and it will be
necessary to elect a Director in his place,

Au Auditor will also have to be electea for 1902.

PALLEGAMA GRANT ASSOCIATION OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

In submitting the balance sheet and profit and loss
aceount to the 3lst December, 1901, the Directors
regret to have to inform the Shareholders that Hig
Excellency the Governor, on behalf of His Majesty
the King, the Lessor of the Grant, has refused to
renew the Lease, which has therefore terminated.
Under these circumstances the Directors have no
alternative but to recommend that the Association
be wound up voluotarily.

The timber now lying in the Central Timber
Depot, consisting of 180 tons 13 cwts. 2 qrs. 14 Ib,
Ebony and two logs Satinwood, will, it is expected,
be sufficient to clear all outstanding liabilities and
pay the expenses of winding up.

The Directors can only express their regret at
the unfortunate termination of this enterprise, upon
which they have bestowed every possible care and
attention, The unfortunate failure of cocoa and
coffee and the difficulties arising from animal pestg
which attended coconut cultivation rendered it im.
possible. with the capital at their disposal, to main.
tain the 500 acres in cultivation, as stipulated in the
Lease, and in consequence of this the Lessor has refused
to grant a renewal.

BALANCE SHEET MADE UP TO DEC. 31ST, 1901.

LraBILitieEs.—To Capital :—2,000 shares fully paid
R200,000; Debts due by the Company :—Loan Ac.
count R1,352; Agents and Secretaries R3,004-99;,
National Bank of India R7,094°64,—Total R211,451°63

634 THE

Assnts:—By Property (Immovable) R201,883°84 ;
by balance of profit and loss Ry,567'79.—Total
R211,451°63.

Prorit aND Loss Statement made up to 31st
December, 1901.—To interest R350:65; to Timber
account R9,217:14.—Total R9,567°79. By balance
at debit carried to balance sheet R9,567°79.—Total
R9,567°79.

THE RAYIGAM COMPANY,

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

LTD.

Ditectors :—Messrs Edward Rosling, Albert Rosling,
Gordon Fraser, and F M Mackwood.

Acreage :
Rayicam, Acres. ANNANDALE. Acres,
Tea in bearing .- 5513 | Teain bearing .. 250
», partial bearing... 126 | Forest on 8
3, uot in >» «+ 18 | Grass we noo aed
Forest cn ..- 504%
Total ... 1,200 Total 296

The Directcrs herewith
Balance Sheet for 1901.

Afer writing off R1,506 for depreciation on Building
and Machinery, there remains at credit of Profit
and Loss Account R12,025°39. Out of this the Direc-
tors propose to pay a dividend of two per cent absorb-
ing R1,000, carrying forward a balance of R25:39.

The crop of tea from Rayigam was 294,110 lb as
against 305,974 lb in the previous year, and from
Annandale 85,929 lb against 103,988 lb.

The shortness in crop on both estates is partly
due to finer plucking and partly to unfavourable
climatic conditions. y

The nett prices realized by Annandale and Rayigam
Estates respectively were 44°11 cents and 28°03 cents
per pound.

The Estimate of crop for the current year for
Rayigam is 300,000 lb, and for Annandale 100,000.

Mr Gordon Frazer retires from the Board ofDirectors
by rotation, but being eligible offers himself for re-
election.

The election of an Auditor for 1900 rests with
the Meeting.

submit their Report and

—————— +. ___

NEW PLANTING COMPANY.

Henry Rott & Co. | (72,579).—Registered
January 25th, with capital £5,000, in £1 shares,
to acquire the business carried on at 66, Storks
Road, Bermondsey, as Henry Roll & Company;
to adopt an agreement with H. Roll, and to
carry on the business of tea, coffee, cocoa and
other Eastern and Colonial nroducts, planters,
growers, importers, blenders and merchants, lead
rollers, printers, produce brokers, tobacconists.
warehousemen, wharfingers, etc. Noinitial public
issue. The number of directors is not to be more
than 4. IJ. Ross is the first ; qualification £1,000 ;
remuneration is fixed by the Company. Regis-
tered office, 66, Storks Road, Bermondsey, S.E.—
Investors’ Guardian, Feb. 8.

THE DUTY ON TEA.

We are glad to see a writer signing him-
self ‘‘ Fairplay” refutes some of the rather
wild statements made cn the occasion of the
deputation to the Chancellor of the Exche-

uer. He states :—

Whilst syinvathising with those suffering from
the depression in the Indian and Ceylon tea
“industry, I regret to notice a want of fairness

*gisplayed in the unkind and unwarranted re-

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Marcy 1, 1902,

ference to China tea as ‘‘a cheaper bnt inferior
article.” It must be well-known to the deputa-
tion, although possibly not to the general public,
that China tea is not a cheaper article, in any sense
of the word, than either [ndian or Ceylon. Ia
truth, Indian and Ceylon tea is really the cheaper,
inasmuch as it goes further, owing to the way i6
is mostly prepared, and also to the public taste
being for a thick and strong tea, to which large
quantities of milk and sugar are added: in tact,
in the majority of cases, it is most essential that
they should be added to make the tea at all palat-
able. China tea on the other hand is more delicately
flavoured, and does not naturally draw a thick,
dark infusion ; hence it does not appear to go
as far in household economy as Indian or Ceylon
tea. It is not a cheaper article in this sense,
nor is it a less costly one to bring to this market.
There is an export duty on China tea of about
7d per |b., and inland taxes varying from 4d to
zd per lb.;it also bears an additional freight of
about 2d to 4d per lb., thanks to a Steamer
Conference which maintains rates at 45s per ton,
whilst Ceylon rates are about 20s. The average
price obtained for the tea crop in the China market
is certainly just as high as, if not higher than,
the Indian and Ceylon crops have averaged during
the past two or three years. So much for the
danger of China as a competitor for cheapness.

As regards quality, I venture the opinion that
China tea is fully equal to that of British-grown
teas, but the taste of the large majority of tea-
drinkers in Great Britain favours the latter. This,
however, does not say that the quality of the
British-grown article is better, but that the charac-
ter is preferred by most people in this country,
although it is a fact that several leading physicians
recommend the China growth, and that many ex-
perts in the Indian and Ceylon trades prefer China
tea for their own use. The Chancellor of the
Exchequer, I think, struck the true cause of the
depression in the tea trade—namely, over-supply.
In their anxiety to compass China’s tea trade,
the Indian and Ceylon growers have brought
on their own disasters, for China con-
sumes itself some three-quarters of her total
production of tea, and endeavours only to
prepare as much for exporb as it can
find a profitable market for. During the present
season the export to all parts of the world, trom
China, is about 140,000,000 lb. (British-grown tea,
for the same period, being about 300,000,000 1b-),
against 170,000,000 lb. last season, the reason of
the deficiency being that, owing to the low prices
ruling in foreign markets, it paid the Chinese
better not to prepare about 30,000,000 lb. of their
later crops for foreign use, finding a better market
for it in home consumption. If India and Ceylon
would take a lesson from China, and study supply
and demand a little more, [ venture to say that
there would soon be no Jaments as to the unsatis-
factory state of the trade. China has always been
an honourable rival of India and Ceylon, and I
think the remarks referred to, tending to depreciate
its produce, are as unfair as they ave incorrect-—
L, & C, Express, Feb. 14.

——__@——____

“PEARLS AND PRARL FISHERIES.” —We
notice that a lecture on this subject was
given by Dr H_ Lyster Jameson at the
Derby Lecture Institute on Feb. 14th.

the gentlemen now in this room.
‘there are

Marcu 1, 1902.) THE TROPICAL

THE TEA DUTY.

INFLUENTIAL DEPUTATION TO THE
CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER.
PRODUCERS, BROKERS AND BUYERS PROTEST
AGAINST AN INCREASE OF THE DUTY,

A SYMPATHETIC REPLY,

The suggestion that the duty on tea should be
againincreased was received with surprise and cons-
ternation in London as well as in India and
Ceylon, and the views of producers of British-
grown tea, and of the brokers and buyers who
handle it at home, were iaid before the
Chancellor of the Exchequer by a joint deputation
which waited upon him on Tuesday, February 4,
at the Tieasury, Whitehall. To avoid the in-
convenience that has been caused on former
occasions, Sir Michael Hicks-Beach decided
to limit the number of Pressmen at the
interview to three, one of whom has reported the
proceedings for the Ceylon Observer.

Thedeputation was introduced by Sir H Seymour
King, M. P., and it consisted of the following
gentlemen :—

INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION (London): Messrs.
Arthur Bryans (Chairman). J N Stuart, G Hen-
derson, C C McLeod, and Ernest Tye (Secretary.)
CrYLON ASSOCIATION IN LONDON: Messrs.
H Bois (Chairman), R A Bosanquet, Brown, A
Thomson, and W Martin leake (Secretary)
TEA BROKERS’ ASSOCIATION: Messrs. Arthur
Thompson, F S Long, S H Cheshire (Chairman
and A GStanton, TEA BUYERS’ ASSOCIATION :
Messrs, J Innes Rogers, (London Chamber of
Comiuerce), Lecky and Appleton.

Sir Michael Hicks-Beach was accompanied by
his private Secretary, Mr Hicks-Beach, and his
official private Secretary, Mr Lawrence Guille-
mard.

Sir H. Skymour Kina, M.P., said :—I have
been requested as president of the Indian ‘Lea
Association, London, to introduce to you a depu-
tation representative in the very highest degree
of the tea-plinting industry in India and Ceylon.
In the first place | should like to express their
acknowledgments to you, Sir Michael Hicks-
Beach, for your courtesy in giving us a portion
of your very valuable time to hear first-hand
what they have to say for themselves in depre-
cation of any further advance in the duty on tea,
and also in pointing out to you how hard is the

| pressure on the industry of the duty as it at
| present exists.

That the industry is an important
one you will readily agree when I tell you that

_in India there are 520,000 acres of land planted

in tea, with an invested capital of £20,000,000 and
an output of 180,000,000 1b. of tea per annum. More
than one-quarter of that total is represented by
In Ceylon
387,000 acres in cultivation, with
£15,000,00U invested, andan output of 145,900,000 lb.

‘The other gentlemen who are present are repre-
«sentatives of the Tea Brokers’ Association and
‘the Tea Buyers’ Association,
iinterests concerned in this article are represented

so that all the

here today.
MR. BRYANS FOR THE INDIAN PRODUCERS.
Mr ARTHUR BRYANS said he appeared on behalf
of the Indian Tea Association, and in the first
place he wished to thank Sir Michael Hicks-Beach
for receiving them, and giving them an opportu-
pity of addressing him on a subject which was

AGRICULTURIST. 635

of almost vital interest to them. The Indian Tea
Association, with its Calcutta branch, might be
taken to represent the whole of the tea industry
in India; as Sir H. Seymour King had said,
it represented an area of some 520,000 acres of
tea, which yielded last year a crop of 187,500,000
lb. of the sterling value of £5,664,000. The
Chaneellor of the Exchequer would doubtless
remember that in 1900 they addressed a memorial
to him on the subject of the duty, andthe argu-
ments they had used then certainly applied with
equal force now. To put it briefly, their industry
was ina bad way. It wasone with whicl: he had
been connected since 1869, and though during those
33 years they had seen their ups and downs they
had never passed through sucha prolonged period
of depression as they had been suffering from
since about the middle of 1900. This depression
was still with them ; indeed, he regarded the year
1902 as likely to be the most crucial of any that
they had passed through. For these bad times
over-production, as the Chancellor of the Exche-
quer was doubtless aware, was partly respon-
sible, but this did not make the bad times
any the less onerous to them. With regard
to this question of over-production he would
like vo draw the Chancellors attention
to the fact that from the time the tea bushes
were planted some 3 or 4 years had to elapse
before they came into bearing, and therefore the
planting which had recently given them the
over-production trom which they were to some
extent suffering had all been done prior to the
extra duty being put on in March, 1900, And
when this planting was done they had no reason
to anticipate that their industry would be sub-
jected to an increase of taxation—indeed, a
lower duty on such articles as tea seemed to be
the more likely policy. It was particenlarly un-
fortunate that just at this period it was deemed
advisable to make an addition of 50 per cent to
the then existing duty. It was hoped that this
addition would be of temporary operation, and they
had recognised the necessity and uttered no com-
plaint. But when they saw that the increase
was to be more lasting than they, or Sir Michael
Hicks-Beach, had thought when it was imposed
they had approached him and asked him for
relief. He (the Chancellor) did not see his way
to grant them what they wished, but he held out
some hope in his Budget speech and again when
speaking on the Finance Bill. He (the speaker)
trusted that Sir Michael would pardon him for
reminding him of what he had said. In the
Budget speeci on April 15, hesaid: ‘I turn to
tea. Tea has already been taxed up to 75 per
cent of its value. It is produced mainly in India
and Ceylon, and it is a product in which our
fellow-subjects at home and abroad are deeply
interested, and the trade—largely, I think,
owing to over-production—is not in a very satis-
factory condition. I do not think we ought to
increase the duty on tea.” And in his speech on the
Finance Bill the Chancellor of the Exchequer said :
“Tf it should ever be my happy lot to beable. to
reduce taxation, I should be disposed to reduce
the duty on tea rather than on beer and spirits.”
If the Chaneellor’s ‘‘ happy lot” had not arrived
yet, they certainly hoped it would soon come,
and that on the present occasion he could at
least hold out some hopes to them. At present
tea was taxed up to 75 per cent of its value.
Although there had been a-rise in value of the
lower grades, the medium grades showed little

636

improvement and the higher grades none at all.
That this taxation did attect producers was easily
proved. In 1890 the duty was reduced from 6d.
to 4d. per lb. and the result was two-fold. ‘There
was an immediate increase in consumption, which
rose from 189,500,000 lb. in 1889 to 194,000,000 1b.
in 1890, although the remission of duty was
felt daring only eight months of that year. But
consumption rose to 202,500,000 Ib. in 1891,
showing quite an abnormal increase of 8,500,000
Ib. in that year. The other effect was an increased
demand for lower grades, which formed the bulk
of the consumption. To such an extent did this
go that they increased in value almost as much
inamount as the amount of the duty remitted,
When, however, the Chancellor reimposed the
duty in March, 1900, the reverse happened, and
the price of lower-grade teas fell fully 23d per
Ib,, and the average price of all Indian tea was
‘reduced from 8d. the price in 1889, to 73d. in
1900, and to 74d in 1901—proving, as they thought,
that to a great extent that tax fell upon tie
producers.

The CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER:
have given over-production as the cause.

Mr. BRYANS replied that that was partly res-
ponsible, but the fall would not have been nearly
so much ag it was but for the extra duty. The
iater rise in price had been obtained by a great
decrease in the yield per acre. The season had
been a bad one for crops, and the small increase
in price was byno means again to them, for a
small crop cost more per lb to prodnce than a
large one. Indeed, the industry as a whole was
most unsatisfactory, as was evidenced by the
marked decline in all the Companies’ shares. The
market value of 45 Companies’ shares in July 1897
was £11,000,000, in January 1900 it wes £9 6v0,000,
in January 1901 £8,550,000; and at presont it was
at some figure below £7,000,000. There were
many millions sterling hardly earning any divi-
dend —— and it was at! this moment that a
great newspaper and a great statistician ad-
vocated a great increase of duty! What the
Chancellor of the Exchequer said last year
showed that he appreciated that the industry was
passing through a severe crisis in its history, and
that this crisis would continue there could be no
doubt. Every possible assistance by way of duty
was absolutely necessary if they were to survive.
The rival beverages paid no extra duty and tea
from China was practically bounty-fed. He hoped
Sir Michael Hicks-Beach would not think they had
stated their case too strongly, and that he would
be able to send them away with some crumb of
comfort after hehad heard them.

MR. HW, BOIS FOR THE CEYLON ASSOCIATION.

Mr Henry Boils said that as the president ot
the Ceylon Association in London he had to speak
on behalf of the tea producersof Ceylon, who were
to a great extent represented by the Association.
There were 387,000 acres of land under tea cul-
tivation in Ceylon, producing 145,000,000. 1b of
tea, and representing an irvested capital of
£15,000,000. When the extra duty of 2d inthe
£ was imposed on tea in 1900, the tea producers of
Ceylon did not make any _ representations to
Government as to the effect the tea duty would
haveon the industry, and perhaps their inaction
on that occasion had been somewhat misunder-
stood. It had been perhaps assumed that they
made no protest because they thought that the
extra duty would to a great extent fall upon the

You

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Marcu 1, 1902.

consumer and that their interests as producers
would not be afiected by it, That was not the
case. There was a general apprehension that it
would fall largely upon the producer. They had been
animated by other motives. The tea producers in
Ceylon and India were not less patriotic than
British subjects in other countries; they
recognised that the Empire had been forced into
avery costly war, and they did not wish to
appear unwilling to bear their share of the bur-
dens. But later they had seen that the extra duty
had fallen almost entirely upon the producer, and
they addressed to the Chancellor of the Exche-
quer a meworial pointing out the depressed
state of the tea industry and asking that the duty
should be reduced. He did not think they had any
sanguine expectations that it would be reduced,
but they desired to pnt the case before the
Chancellor in order to show how adversely any
further duty would bear upon them. He (the
speaker) thought that no formal answer was
received to that memorial, but in Sir Michael
Hicks: Beach’s Budget speech some time afterwards
he referred in sympathetic terms to the statement
they had put before him, and although he laid
stress—and, he (the speaker) thought, justly—
upon the fact that the pressure had been caused by
over production, he stated that the tea industry
was a British industry which was already taxed
to about 80 per cent of its value, and that when
the time came for reduced taxation tea would be
the first to receive consideration.

CHANCELLER OF THE EXCHEQUER : Before two
other articles, I said.

Mr Bots, proceeding, said that with that
statement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer the
tea producers had remained satisfied, and they
would be satisfied still but for the fact that
proposals had been put forward to still further add
considerably to the tea duty. They were quite
aware that suggestions from unofficial sources,
however distinguished the individuals might be,
must not be taken as representing the views
of His Majesty’s Government; but it was 4
fact that the proposed increase in the duty had
caused wide-spread consternation in Ceylon and
India. He had received a letter from the Chair-
man of the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce on the
preceding day, saying that if the Chancellor of
the Exchequer listened to these suggestions it
would just about finish us.” The position of the
tea industry at the present moment was one of
very great financial depression. In 1900 the price
of Ceylon tea fell #d per]b, and in the following
year it fell 4c perlb —and in this second year
the actual fall in price was not the full measure
of the difference in price between that and the
preceding year, beeause owing to finer plucking
which had been resorted to with a view to re-
ducing output, the quality ot the tea was much
better in 1901 than in 1900, and consumers paid
4d per lb less for tea which was from $d to 1d per ]b
better in quality. There had also been a slight
increase in the cost of production. There wasa
certain fixed amount of expenditure on the estates;
and if the quantity of tea produced was reduced,
it followed that the cost per lb. was increased.
As regarded 1900, he was not prepared to jay any
great stress on the reduction in price in that year,
because there was justice in the Chancellor of
the Exchequer’s remark that it was largely due
to over-production. But 1901 was not a year of
over-production, and it was fair to assume thay

Marcu 1, 1902.)

to a very large extent, if not altogether, the

difference in value is due to the additional duty.
The producers’ position was that they were only
getting their tea into consumption at a reduced
price. He thought it was a fact that the
consumer was_paying very little more for his
tea on account of the increased duty; at a fair
estimate the producer was paying from 14d to 13d

per !b, on account of the increase, the consumer

paying the balance, not perhaps so much in price
as in quality, he having received tea of slightly
inferior quality in some instances for the same
money that he had paid before. It was impossi-
ble to precisely indicate the cause of the fall in
prices, but there could be no doubt whatever that
the tea industry in Ceylon was in a very depressed
state, and no fairer index of the condition of
things could be had than the marked value
of the companies’ shares. Almost without ex-
ception the Ceylon tea companies were capi-
talised ou the fair basis of 10 to 12 years’
purchase. They were agricultural Companies, no
element of speculation entering into their opera-
tions, and dividends had been declared upon the
earnings of each year; and the dividends had
regulated the market value of the shares. He
held in his hand a statement showing the market
value of vhe shares in 60 Ceylon Companies’ at
various periods. and he found that in 1896 the
aggregate market value of the shares was
R23,000,000; in 1897, R1L7,000,000; in 1898-9,
R16,000,000; in 1900, 15,000,000 ; and in 1901
below 14,000,000. That was the position at
preseat, and he was afraid there was no prospect
of any immediate improvement :in fact, apprehen-
sions were general that 1902 would be financially
one of the worst years the tea industry had seen.
Last year a great many of the estates had paid
no dividends, some had paid lower dividends,
others had produced tea at higher prices than
they had sold it for, and results in the coming
year would probably be still worse. However,
this was not the position ag regarded the more
distant future, for which the prospects were
statistically more hopeful. At theend of 1899
the over-production was 14,000,000 lb.; in 1900
the production of Ceylon and India together
was 334,000,000 1b., and the consumption
314,000,000, an over-production of 20,000,000 Ib.,
vaising the surplus at the end of 1900 to
34,000,000 1b. In the following year consump-
tion overtook production. The total produc-
tion of India and Ceylon in 1901 was
328,000,000 lb. against a consumption of
337,000,000 lb. In the case of Ceylon the
improvement in this respect was perhaps even
more marked. In 1900, against a production of
148,000,000 lb there was a consumption of
142,000,000 lb, but in 1901 the production was
145,000,000 Ib and the consumption 152,000,000.

The CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER: Find-
ing its natural remedy.

Mr Bois: We hope so, gir.
future the evil will

I think that in
be remedied providing

nothing is done to reduce consumption, This
is a reason why nothing should be done
that would check the industry. Continu-
ing, the speaker said he thought that

injthe coming year tea Companies would have a
very hard struggle, and he hoped they would
manage to weather the storm; but looking a
year or eighteen months ahead, if nothing were
done in the meantime to further depress the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

63%

industry he thought it would be found to be on
a firmer basis. The two points they had guard
against were over-production and checks to con-
somption. Planters themselves were takin

measures to restrict the output, and as regacded
consumption he thought that if no extra duty
was imposed consumption would probably
increase in a normal manner, and that
at the end of eighteen months they might find
the industry in a better position,

The CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER :—
There is one point which no speaker has touched
upon. If youcan show that the increase of duty
has checked consumption you would show there
was something important in it.

Mr. Bois:—It has not checked consumption,
but our tea has gone into cousumption because
we have paid the duty. The consumer has got it
at practically the same price as before.

The CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER:--In
other words, your over-production enormously
lowered the price of tea in this country, and if no
extra duty was imposed tea would have been
very much cheaper. I don’t think you can prove
that the extra duty imposed two years ago has
injured it.

Mr. Bots :—It has injured us to this extent,
that consumption would undoubtedly have been
checked had we not accepted a lower price for
our tea.

The CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER :—So
far from consumption decreasing [ think your
figures show an increase,

Mr. Bots :—It has been increasing year by year,
and 1thas followed the normal course. We say
it would have been decreased had we not accepted
a lower price.

The CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER :—
I have understood that through bad plucking
some tea was practically valueless.

Mr. Bois said he must explain that climatic
conditions were largely responsible for this. He
(the speaker) would not say that producers were
blameless, but as far as possible they had now
applied the remedy. In conelusion, he thanked
the Chancellor of the Excheqner on behalf of
himself and his colleagues, and tea producers
generally in Ceylon, for his courtesy in receiving
the deputation and in listening to what they had
addressed to him.

MR. A. THOMPSON FOR THE BROKERS,

Mr, ARTHUR THOMPSON said he spoke as a
representative of the Tea Brokers’ Association,
and he was therefore one who should be fairly
cognisant of the working of the trade in its
various branches. He deprecated raising the
duty, first on account of the disturbance it would
cause to the home trade, both wholesale and
retail, whose business was already seriously in-
terrupted by the present duty. This must be
the case with all dutiable goods, but the
tea trade had been so upset by the late
addition of 2d, per lb. that any further addition
would prove disastrous, and this would be ac-
centuated. In the second place, tea was no
longer a luxury but a necessity of lite, especially
among the working class. ‘The present tax
amounted to about 80 per cent of the average
value of the tea, and any increase’ in
the duty would weigh most hardly’ on the
poorer citizens and would check the expansion
of, if not bring about a decrase in, consumption.
It was true that the late increase in duty had nod

638

apparently had this effect; since the duty was
raised the consumption of rea had increased about
13,000,000 Ib (equal to about 54 per cent), 5 of
which might fairly be put down to the natural
growth of population, and a considerable quan-
tity also to the abnormally low prices that had
ruled almost all through the season. Meanwhile
cocoa had increased 25 per cent., and coffee 23
percent., and comparing these articles with tea
be found that while the market values was practi-
cally the same—say 74 per lb--the duty on tea
was 6d, or 80 per cent, that on cocoa 1 5-8d, or
15. per cent, and that on coffee 13 4,
or 20 per cent. So that it would beseen that tea,
which was practically a necessary of life, was
even now bearing more than its fair share of tax-
ation.

The CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCIIEQUER :—Of
course, you know that Mr Goschen reduced the
duty on tea to td, but did not reduce that on
cocoa and coffee. Practically the relation is the
same as when the duty was 6d formerly.

Mr THOMPSON ;—Yes, but it seems to me that
tea as a necessity of life is bearing more than its
fair share, in spite of the faco that of late cocoa is
markedly increasing in use. Continuing, Mr
Thompson said that any increase in the duty
would be against the well-being of what wasa
purely British growth. Only 7 per cent. of tea
consumed at home last year was of foreign
growth, At least half of the extra duty imposed
in 1900 was being borne by the producers. They

‘hada capital out-lay of £40 per acre, with an
average yield of about 485 1b., so that the profit
per acre worked out at about £2 per acre, or only
about 5 per cent on capital. So any further
burden must seriously interfere with a most im-
portant trade of the Indian Empire and also of the
island of Ceylon.

MR, J. I, ROGERS FOR THE WHOLESALS
BUYERS.

Mr. J. INNES RoGERS said, he represented the
tea buyers of London, whose Association repre-
sented three-fourths of the buying power in the
market. They were there that day for two
reasons; first, to express their very great sympathy
with the procucers in the sufferings which had
been entailed upon them by the late increase in
the duty of 2d—|Sir Michael Hicks-Beach; you
have not proved that, I think]—and second, to
point out the interest of the wholesale and retail
trade of the country in the question. He believed
the producers had stated their case very
moderately and in a convincing way. No doubt
the main cause of their sufferings had been that
production had greatly exceeded consumption,
and whether the extra duty had been put on or
not there would have been a considerable fall in
the value of tea, But in his belief, and in the
belief of his colleagues, the putting on of the
extra 2d in duty had largely aggravated the
trouble and accelerated the falling fu prices, The
public were used to a certain scale of retail
prices for tea. That scale had not been appres=
ciably raised. and, as to the actual price charged
to consumers, they (the consumers) had not
felt the 2d increase in duty. It was quite true
that the consumer had had a lower class
of tea supplied to him, and he had
been satisfied with it ; he had not pald mate-
tially more, but the loss had been on the pro-
ducers and toaless degree on the retail distributers.
Retail grocers had had to cut and contrive uot

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Marcy 1, 1902.

to alter shop prices, but to keep up their
standard grades, by altering quality,and so on, and
they had succeeded in doing so. But this led to
great stagnation in the market when enormous
supplies were coming in, andthe constant strug-
gle on the grocers’ part to buy cheaper aud
cheaper teas, and the consequent depression in
value, were largely due to the 2d extra duty.
But this state of things could not be repeated
if a further increase in duty took place. It had
been said, ‘‘ You can’t take the breeks off a
Highlander,” and if the duty were again increased
the policy of the grocers must be altered. The

scale of prices perforce could not vremain
unaltered, but would have to be raised if
another increase in duty were decided

upon, and the effect of this would be to
decrease consumption. That, he thought, would
be a very disastrous thing both for producers and
distributors. ‘fhe position ot the grocery trade
was a very peculiar one, and he thought it was
worthy of more sympathy than the Chancellor
of the Exchequer had sometimes been inclined to
give it; because, excepting the publicans, grocers
were the chief people to pay duties. An extra 2d
in duty meant £200,000 extra capital looked-up
for his wholesale colleagues and himself. They
could not go on in that way, for another 2d would
mean another £200,000.

The CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER: But you
take interest on your capital?

Mr. INNES ROGERS :—We try to, Sir.

Mr. Lecky :—It’s impossible to get interest on
this capital.

Mr. INNES ROGERS, proceeding said, he had
made a careful estimate _of their trade and
had come to the conclusion thatin the grocery
trade the capital looked up in Customs and
Excise duties was £3,000,000. He appealed to
the Chancellor of the Exchequer not to add to
that burden. Tea was an article that appealed to
and was approved by everybody. The effect of an
increased duty would be to drive people to
drink common tea, and it would be very injurious
to Indian and Ceylon producers. One poiut that
nobody had yet touched upon was that the eftect
of an increased demaud for common tea would
be to add to the imports of tea from China.
The China trade would force ahead at the cost
of India and Ceylon. They appealed to the
Chancellor of the Exchequer for consideration ;
he had given the Coal people some comfort, and
they hoped he would do the same now, and send
them cheerfully away.

THE CHANCELLOR’S, REPLY.
Sik MICHAEL HICKS Bracu, in reply, said: I have
listened very carefully to all that the deputation
have said to me. I recognise the importance of
the great industry which you represent both to
India and Ceylon, and to many persons in this
country, and I can assure you that I have listened
to you all the more carefully because | feel
that it is not a question of taxing an article
which comes from foreign countries, but one
which comes to us from our own colonies and
possessions, and in the production of which we
are ourselves deeply interested, I do not suppose
that you snticipated that I should he able to
tell you anythingin regard to a reduction in the
duty on tea. I do not imagine that anybody
anticipates any reduction of existing taxa-
tion in the year which is before us, and
I think the object of your deputation today is

Marca 1, 1902.) THE TROPICAL

rather to impress me with the present condition
of your industry and to put forward such argil-
ments as you have put forward against any
increase of the taxation in the coming year.
For reasons which everybody who understands
the export trade in coal is acquainted with I felt
it possible to depart from the unvarying rule of
Chaneellors of the Exchequer, and gave to those
who are interested in that trade a precise state-
ment in regard to it. I cannot doso, and I think
you willsee it would be impossible for me to do
so, with regad to any other forms of taxa-
tion. That must wait until the introduction of the
Budget. I do not think you have shown that the
increase of the tax two years ago did you any real
harm. Itno doubt was partly paid by the pro-
ducing industry rather than by the consumers,
from the extraordinary amouut of over. production
which in the same way, I think, has lessened the
burden of the sugar duty on the consumers of
sugar. But you have certainly put before me
today some reasons which are important reasons
against any further increase in the duty on tea.
You, I think, anticipate that the over-production
which naturally cheapened it—so that practically
the tax had no effect whatever in decreasing con-
sumption— may have ceased ; that, in fact, those
whom you represent have learned their own inter-
ests a little better than they had known them
before, andthatthey will take care to send
us in future rather a better article than was
sent in 1900 or 1901. It is obvious, f{ think,
that if these anticipations are realised a further
increase in the duty on tea would have an effect:

‘in checkipg consumption which certainly we have

not seen in regard to the last increase, and
that would mean undoubtedly a burden upon
great masses of our population and an ineressed
cost on an article which, as you have pointed
out, is already very highly taxed in proportion
to its value—a point which any Chancellor of the
Exchequer would be bound to consider. You
have reminded me of what I said last year
on this subject. I think I showed that I ap-
preciated your difficulties, as well as the fact
of the high existing duty on tea. I can only
say today that I shall be glad to consider all
you have put beiore me, with a full appreciation
of the great interests that you represent.

Sir H Seymour King having thanked Sir Michael
Hicks-Beach, the deputation withdrew.

ee

THE PRODUCTION OF COCOA IN
AFRICA.

A West Indian merchant writes to say
that in a few years’ time Africa seems likely
to prove a formidable rival to South America
and the West Indies as a producer and
exporter of cocoa, and those interested in
the West Indian possessions of the United
Kingdom and anxious to see _ the islands
more prosperous, will do well to watch
how the cultivation of cocoa is being
pushed on with satisfactory results
throughout the continent of Africa. This
year the German colony of the Came-
roons hopes to ship 3,000 bags of cocoa, to
be increased, it is estimated, to 10,000 bags
in 1906. Our correspondent adds :—‘‘ Mr
McClounie, head of the scientific depart-

AGRICULTURIST. 639

ment of British Central Africa, reports the
successful shipments from Kew and receipt
at Lomba of 210 plants, which had been
planted out and were doing well. Lagos is
also going in for cocoa, and one of her
planters is now travelling in the West Indies
to see how the estates are managed in Trinidad
and Grenada.” He also says that the little
Portuguese island of St. Thomé has greatly
increased its exports of cocoa in ten years,
the shipments in 1891 being under 4,000 tons,
whilst last year very nearly 16,009 tons of
cocoa were exported.—London Times, Feb. 11.

—___.¢—_—__.,

PLANTING NOTES.

A Somt Map.—The United States Department
of Agriculture is making a ‘soil map.” The
map is to cover the whole of the United
States, and the scale (10 acres) to be represented
by one-eigth of an inch square. Hach farmer
however, will be able to procure a chart of his
own neighbourhood on a larger seale, so that
he can arrange his planting in accgrdance with
the suggestions which it conveys. Wh the first
place, the soil map will show what kind of
agricultural industry any given locality is best
adapted for. It will make clear to the farmer
in one locality, for instance, that he has the
same soil that is used advantageously for certain
purposes in other loealities, assuming similar
climatic conditions. The map will eall attention
to certain troubles of soils which have been in-
vestigated through chemical analysis.—Pastora-
lists’ Review.

RESOURCES OF THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, —
According toa recent number of Nature, Mr H
N Ridley, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sin-
gapore, delivered a lecture at the Imperial! Insti-
tute recently, entitled ‘*The Economic Resour-
ces of the Straits Settlements and the Malay
Peninsula.” He remarked that the forests, which
originally covered the whole peninsula, contain
many valuable products, such as timbers, wood-
oil, benzoin, gutta-percha, and rattans. Owine to
the felling of trees by the Malays, gutta-percha, so
indispensable for electric work, has been nearly
exterminated. Fortunately, however, the product
can now be extracted trom the leaves and the twigs
without injury to the trees, which are being
planted by the Government. A very large area of
the Federated States is under Coffee, but. on
account of the present glut of the market, and the
consequent low prices, most of the planters are
adding Para-rubber to their estates—a tree which
thrives marvellously well, and produces a very
satisfactory amount of rubber of the first quality
Inaia-rubber from the ‘‘Ficus elastica”’ also promises
well; but although it is being planted, its product
is less highly valued. Accounts were given of the
cultivation and preparation of Sago (one of the
Sago-Palm gives as much nourishment as 163 acres
of Wheat), Tapioca, Gambia, Mangrove-Cutch
Pepper, Nutmegs, Cloves, Indigo, and Pineapples.
The greater part of the preserved Pines of com-
merce come from Singapore where the price cf the
fruit varies from a farthing to a penny each: and
the lecturer remembered a time when they had been
as cheap as sixteen a penny! The mineral resour-
ces of the colony include gold and tin, the latter
being found in great abundance.—Gardeners’
Chronicle, Feb. 1.

640 THE TROPICAL

SHARE LIST.

{SSCUED BY THE

COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’

AGRICULTURIST.

LONDON COMPANIES

ASSOCIATION,

CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIKS.

|Marc# 1, 1902.

paid Buy- Sell- Tran-
Company p.sh. ers. ers. saction.
Agra Ouvah Estates Co., Ltd. 500 — 850 _
Ceylon Tea and Coconut Estates 5600 no 25 —_
Castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100 _— 93 —
Ceylon Provincial Estates Co. Ltd.500 — 500 500
Claremont Estates Co., Ltd. 100 — — =
Clunes Tea Co., Ltd. 100 — 50 —
Clyde Estates Oo,, Ltd. 100 a --
Doomoo I'ea Co., of Ceylon Ltd. 100 — 67s 65
Draycon Kstate Co., Ltd. 100 _— os —
Eila Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 20 30 —
Estates Co of Uva, Ltd. 500 — 205XDIV 205xDIV
Gangawatte Tea) Co., Ltd. 100 — — —
Glasgow Estate Co., Ltd. 500 — 945 co
Great Western Tea Co., Ltd. 5 610 — _—
Hapugahalande Tea Estate Gv. 200 — _ _
High Forests Histates Co., Ltd 500 450 500 450
Oo part paid 400 — se —
Horrekelly Hstates Co Ltd 1. - 80 =
Kalutara Co., Ltd., 500 — 250 _
Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 100 — 45 _
Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100 _— 85 —
Kelani Tea Garden Co., Ltd. 100 50 35 —
Kirklees Estate Co., Ltd. 160 id 59 —
Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100 -- 50 fa
Maha Ura Estates Co., Ltd. 500 — 350 mn
Mocha Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 500 — 70) —
Nahavilla Estate Co., Ltd. 500 300 —
Nebcda Tea Co., Ltda. 500 — 500 —_
Palmerston Tea Co., Ltd. 500 ww. 400 —
Penrhos Estates Co , Ltd. 100 ee 90 —
Pitakanda Tea Company 500 — ba -
Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60 0D 40 —
Pucupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 100 cto as —
Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. 500 = —
Rayigam Tea Co., Ltd. 100 ao _—
Roeberry Tea Co., Ltd. 100 70 oe _
Ruanwella Tea Co., Ltd, 100 5 40 =
St. Hellier’s Tea Co., Ltd, DOO ie crccs _ —
Tal gaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 100 ue 20 --
Do 7 percent Prefs. 100 = =
Tonacombe Estate Co., Lid, 500 aA ae —
Udugama Tea & Timber Co,, Ltd. 5v aN eke —_
Union Estate Co., Ltd. £00 110 —
Upper Maskeliya Estates Co.,
Ltd. 1 500 30 = 500
vakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon,
abies : ; 100° @72 "672
Vogan Tea Co,, Ltd., 100 -. 47% Ae
Wanarajah Tea Co., Ltd. 500 be — —
Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. 100 .- 800 250
OxyLoN OomMmMEROIAL Companigs.
Adayo's Peak Hotel Co., Ltd. 100 eee 30 —
Bristol Hote! Cc., Ltd, 190 — 110 —
Do 7 per c2nt Debts 100 107 _ —
Ceylon Gen. Steam Navgtn. f
Co., Ltd 100 — 225 _
Ceylon Superzeration Ltd. 100 — 45 —
Colombo Apothecaries’ Co. Ltd. 100 142; — Wid
Colompo Assembly Rooms Co.,
Ltd 29 15 oo
Do prefs, 20 we . =
Colombo Yort Land und Building
Co., List. 100 = 85 =_
Colombo Hotels Company 100 — 280 —
Galle Face Hote) Co., Ltd. 100 2:0 200XD1V
Kandy Hotels Co., Utd. 190) 060 ye LTE
Mount Lavinia Hotel Co.,Ltd. 5009 — 800 _
New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 100 bk =
Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. 86 -- 30 -
Do 7 per cent prefs. 100-107 Gri Go
Public Hall Co., Ltd 20 12% Ww —-—

paid. Buy- Sell Tran
Company p. sh. ers. ers, sac ion-
Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 ne 8—9 —
Anglo-Ceylon General Estates Co 100 «w 53-60 —
Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon 10 -- 1g-2b —--
Do. 6 per cent prefs. 10 35 3-5
Ceylon Proprietary Co. 1 = s-- =
Ceylon Tea Plantacion Co., Lid. 14 5 237-24 —
Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd. 45 5-5; —
Do_ prefs 5 = 5-6 —
Eastern Produce & Estates Co. Ltd, 5 3} 8f—8? —
Ederapolla Tea Co., Ltd 10 bie 6-8 —
Imperial Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 10 4 4.42 —
Kelani Valley Tea Asscn., Lt1. 5 soe 38-5 —
Kintyre Estates Co., Ltd. 10 aa 68 —
Lanka Plantations Co., Ltd 10 é 4 —
Nahalma Estates Co.,Ltd. 1 baa nom 4
New Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1 ae 23 -3
Nuwara #liya Vea Estate Co.,Ld. 10 — “oe =
Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd. 10 AF —T —
Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 10 lL -13, .—
Scottish Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 - 10-b. .—
Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 10 2-5 —
Standard Tea Co., Ltd. 10-12
The Shell Transport and Trading
Company, Ltd. 1 we .2$—3h »
Ukuwella Estates Co., Ltd. QF _— par _
Yatiyantota Geylon Tea Co., Ltd. 10 = 55
Do. pref. 6 o/o 10 9-10

BY ORDER OF [HE COMMITTEE.
Colombo, March 7th, 1902
* Latest London Prices.

RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO.

(Supplied by the Surveyor—General.)
Av of

1897. | 1898. |1899. )1900 32yrs. 1901 1902
Inch | Inch | Inch.| Inch.| Inch.| Inch | Inch
January ..| 3°81 | 2°32 6°98 3°72| 3°24 |11°91 | 1°95
February 1°68 | 1°98 2°78 0°63) 1°89 | 3°55 | 4°57
March --| 3°66 | 4°21 0°88 83°71| 4°75 | 5°12 | 0°37
April -- {10°97 {22°81 6°66 | 15°12)11°43 |} 8°71
May --| 8°30 | 5°80 {17°73 | 10°63|12°04 | 6°23
June -- {10°14 | 10°94 9°23 7°83) 8°35 | 5°93
July -.| 5°24 | 6°15 Lil 6°77| 4°30 | 4°52
August --| 9°09 | 0°97 0°62 7°35| 3°79 | 0°46
September ..| 4°58 6°90 1°48 4°00| 4°93 | 3°93
October _...| 4°71 | 20°60 |12 99 9:47| 14°36 | 3 91
November ..|11°66 | 17°38 8°58 9°25|12°55 | 19°84
December ..| 8°89 3-05 4°44 5°20} 6°35 | 1°70*
Total..|82°73 }103°11 |73°48 | 83°68/88°03 | 75°86 | 6°89

* From 1st to 5th March. 0°37 inch, that is up to 9-30 a.m
on the 6th March —ED. C.O.

CEYLON TEA: MONTHLY SHIP-
MENTS TO UNITED KINGDOM
AND ESTIMATE.

Estimate for

Feb. 1902—8 to 82 miill.1b.
Total Shipments

Do 1902—8,0¢ ,000 Ib,
Do Do Do 190i—8,323 ,266 Ib.
Do Do Do If ,—8,49 967 © Ib,

|Hstimate for Mar, 1902—8%3 to 9 million ‘Ib.|

a

THE DEAF HEAR.—No. 479 of the Illustrated
World_ of 626, Chiswick High Road, London, W.,
England contains a description of a remarkable
Cure for Deafness and Head Noises which may be
carried out at the patient‘s home, and which is
said to b2 a certain cure, This number will be
scit free to any deaf persogs sending their ad-
dress © the Editor,

Marce 1, 1902,] THE TROPICAL

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

——_—

(Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce }
EXPORTS

Colombo, March 3rd, 1902,
CaRDAMOMS i—
well bleached per lb, R1-46
dull medium do. R120

Special assortment, 0 and 1 only do. R169

Seeds do, R120
CincHoxA Bark :—

Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine
CINNAMON :—

All round parcel,
Do.

12c—14 at 3 o/o

Ordinary assortment per lb. 54.
Nos. 1 and 2 only per lb. 60c,
Nos. 3 and 4 only per lb. 490.
Cinnamon CHIPs :—
Per candy of 560 Ib R72°50
Cocoa :—
Finest estate red; unpicked percwt R40:00
Medium do do do 35°00 (No en-
Bright native unpicked and undried 83250 ( quiry
Ordinary do do do R25°00
Coconuts—(husked).
Selected per thousand R62:00
Ordinary 0 R54:00
Smalls 5D R45°00
Coconut CaKe—
Poonac in robins f. o. b. per ton R77°50
Do in bags None
Coconur (Desiccated).
Assorted all grades per Ib 23¢
Coconut Om—
Dealers’ Oil per cwt R19-(0
Coconut Oil in ordinary packages f. o. b. per

ton R425°00. Nominal
CorrEr.—
Plantation Hstate Parchment on th spot per bus.
R11°50
Plantation Bstate Coffee f. 0. b. (ready) per cwt.—
None. No quotations
Native Coffee, f.0.b per cwt.—None. No quotations.
OAWRONELLA OIL—
Ready do
Copra—
Boat Oopra per candy of 560 lb. R62'50

per lb,—48c¢

Calpentyn Copra do do R63:00
Cart do do do R61:00
Histate do do do R62°50
Croton SEED per cwt—R10'00
EBony—

Sound per ton at Govt. depot—R190°00.
Inferior R125°00.—Next Sales 7th April.

Fisres—
Coconut Bristle No.1 percwt None
Do nes None
Do mattress ,, 1 None
Do none None
Coir Yarn, Kogalla,, 1 to 8 15:00 a little
Do Colombo ,, 1 .to 8 11°50 3 firmer tone
Kitool all sizes None
Palmyrah None
Preprer—Black per lb None
PLcumMBAGco—
Large lumps per ton R600}
Ordinary lumps do R550 |
Chips do R375 }Nominal, no
Dust do R225 | sellers.
Do (Flying) do R140
SaPpANwooD— per ton K40°00

Satinwoop (ordinary) per cubic ft. R4:00

Do (Flowered) per cubic ft. R17:00
High Grown Medium Low Grown

TEA— Average. Average. Average.
Broken Pekoe and Broken cts cts cts

Orange Pekoe per lb 54 47 37

Orange Pekoe do 56 43 35

Pekoe do 49 38 32

Pekoe. Souchong do 36 33 29

Pekoe Fannings do 28. 27 26

Broken mixed—dust, &q 22 2), 2

AGRICULTURIST.

CEYLON EXPORTS

FOR SEASONS

641

AND DISTRIBUTION
1901 AND 1992. _

S nes A meats =] gene
Pomlaecte as akss ® S
SE pS co Nee =
|z6 . Ba eae

ene aera = |

= Se eR | Bee a end

a z

Fe ares aoe 2

a3 ot Se een aden, 5 mY <i

Bis seapeichusaaiiisins a savteicia eigseae (rs see re

welia> |

fe

s ‘a |

5 [itesyin ie eee Oi

Si anita ran & ‘ i
5 - So 8 = oD ant
alas QS. 3S SS he oe cal a
is Ow . en enee . 4 <8 le
[=é | oy ce. mas . | ve}
ao |
ren
wn ie) i= D2
2 a S S a
s a _ oD —
=) =H on oO
& onl itn} é
¢ i A el
gs g CS citemis ye
o

Cy] t Oo 7

3 a > onl | I~

e th fo>)

= 2 q

Sas 4

2 | ° Fidtinciss rt

é Rigaise

~| oO : 5
| 2/58R oS wao cs
5b TIlssa on Bes i
Jase) 235 oO S25 oS
2o5 aioe ain oo” pe
eg Q Eee save tacrecaw! “es rou lo
Ags : Siis ciarala tats ns cane i
S H
o
iS)
iS ir aah ae ae
San So Or Ss 2
ma 8 Db Anak o ey
2 = mato B
Ee 3 a
|38 | Bet en tananes baa ig torals 2)
Cece si
han |ekS pp =

—ja ara C A)

Oo 1a cy . S

S6JSe jn ; 1 8

) | :
ve)

0

= OH = aor

2 Sees 58 aa

Ons {2 cA ma <n 7

on 24 an! |
SB 4 oe iS >

o Re Bate Ape DL since | oy

AOOouws ; S
NE SelM omnia MHgs 5S fess
MAKEOMNW °»°-OH am =)
an HHSBHaNM He AIGA I ete a as

Sm Coro 10950 x ; —

o|/4 a

a is) @!

3

5 st OQoos0 Ss =e

Bla im OonSesco & Ss 8 | 3

& oo teal ODM D i=) ow a Or

5 a wm WW DRO sw Tre) | ea)
|g \e in SN Q | Gr
[ae] . ef @ N

ra ea) ao «o 3 Se

z Quen Ro Se @

5 we tS Sey a S85 =

SI 2 he a. 1 5 ae a

4 . . . a

oO |

ai co -

SEVIS TUS lel Sune) Koen

$ B SoS: ems =] = Qe: 2

2 G : — : Be)

3 E ray | ba

°
i ~~ nN 12s >
a S ap NOE 1 2S
8 Ke sipee ic t
; ise)

2 é a ei

n

oy t

i= o

5) 1 ‘i re

1| 3 MG BBR BGS BuceBOs) Sroie a cre

o' 4)

P= -eSt a =

ee Seyse rues

(6) ss t: ‘ its) . 4 oD

as &
i= 2 ol
Ogun © = g
[282 |Brivaicisar:Baaer: ZB
ae 99 % Hit R
oO
TRB OnIHAND OONaOM

: Beeasces Petco seas we

sia BS Alan jNSoSSOSoSHRO] B
On Sai aa oo ISOS aa we oO Br

a/es Ba) 6 oat A x

re = a a el

S)

3 THOR AHDODOOM ;

¢ re)

a Seber oSSSeSRSasSanss x
a NeK HONK RNOrCOtwOs OM or a
Oo. eo OoOnm HO OCOFRMDHOMNOMS Nt
a2 he) or) o mM rN |G wW 3S

bs 1 o
| oo
sald eyiscinl saddlaecaiheniirsl a seasons reste cs
AD
Si
ey
= EE
es a. Bs Sie 2 [os
:2308s 3 fa BY a8 5s
Z, MUR. 28a me Po LAS 3 Sns Ss
Sa Smakduy Sexless ss as
B |pSuhscesaeeeseeae a |S 5
fs eo | 9
5 & =| rr S
Q <QROMemnngagd4<44Oh> an
BAS GARERIERS Re OHH oo) bees
ER

649

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.
MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS.
(From Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, January 29th, 1902.)

(Marcu 1, 1909.

QUALITY. QUOTATIONS QUALITY. QUOTATION,
ALOES, Soccotrine cwt.| Fair to fine dry ., [708 a €0s INDIARUBBER (contd.))_,

Zanzibar & Hepatic ,, |Commion to good -/20s a 60s Java, Sing. & Penang lb./Foul togood clean .. |8d a 2s 3d
ARROWXKOOT (Natal) lb.| Fair to fine -|53d a 63d Good to fine Ball ...|28 6d a 3s
BEES’ WAX, ewt. Ordinary to fair Ball .../1s10da 2s 4d

Zanzibar & ee », |Gocd to fine £6 a £7 10s Mozambique », )| Low sandy Ball ... |ls 3dal1s 6d
Bombay Yellow,, |Fair _,, £6 a £6 12s 6d Sausage, fair to gocd ..|/28a 2s 9d
Madavascar », |Dark to geod palish £6a £5 Ws Liver and Livery Ball ..|1s 9da2s6d
CAMPHOR, Formosa ,, |Crude and semi-refined|165s a 185s Nyassaland Fair to fine ball .. |28 2d a 289d
Japan », |Pair average quality .. |L75s a 180s Fr to fine pinky & white|2sa 2s 53d
CARDAMOMS, Malabarl» |Clipred, bold, brght, fine] 1s9d a 2s 2d Madagascar Fair to god black ../Is3da1s 9d
Middling, stalky & lean|1s 3d ais7d Niggers, low to fine ..|7da 28
Ceylon. Mysore _ ,, | Fair to fine plump . |Is4da 33 8d INDIGO, E.I, Bengal-- j
Seeds - [Is 11d a 2s 3d Shipping mid to gd violet|3s 4d a 4s
a Tellicherry ,, | Good to fine .-/28 6d a 3s Consuming mid. to gd,|3s a 3s 3d
Brownish -|ls 6d a 2s Ordinary to mid. 28 10d a 3s
6 Long » |Shelly to good .. (1s 6da 3s Mid. to good Kurpah |1s 6da 2s 1d
oe Mangalore ,, |Med brown to good bold/2s 3d a 3s 3d Low to ordinary isa 1s 5d
CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,, |Ists and 2nds .. (37d a 33d Mid. to good Madra_ j/|1s 10d a 2s 3d
CHILLIES, Zanzibar cwt. | Dull to fine bright ...|32S 6d a 40s MACE, Bombay & Penang Pale reddish to fine |2sa3s
CINCHONA BARK.- lb.|Ledgeriana Orig. Stem|3d a 53d per lb. Ordinary to fair Is4da Islld
Ceylon Crown, Renewed 5d a 7d Pickings 1s 3d a 1s 44
Org. Stem (|3}d a 53d MYRABOLANS, Dark to fine pale UG |5sa 6s
Red Org. Stem |32da 41d Madras }ewt Fair Coast 4s 6d a 4s 9d
Renewed 3d a, 53d Bombay Jubblepore 5s a6s
Root 33d a 4d ” |Bhimlies 4s 3d a 7s
CINNAMON,Ceylon Ists|Qydinary to fine quill |9!d a 1s 6d Rhajpore, &e. 4s a 5s 9d
per lb 2nds ae 3 82d a 1s 5d engal Calcutta 3s €d a 5s
ards 5p 6 sdais4d |NUTMEGS— Ip, [64's to 57’s 2s 4d a 2s 6d
4ths 59 ” 8d_a lid Bombay & Penang ,, |110's to 65's Is Id a 2s 4d
Chips ts e 23d a 10d ”” 1160's to 130’s 6dals
CLOVES, Penang Ib./Dull to fine bright bold|43d a 92d NUTS, ARECA __ ewt.|Ordinary to fair fresh | 8 a50s
Amboyna -|Dull to tine 5d a 6d NUX VOMICA, Bombay ;Ordinary to middling |48 4 5s 6d
Zanzibar Good and fine bright {44d a 43d per cwt. Madras |fair_to good bold fresh |7Sa 14s 6d
gad Pemba Comnion dull to fair Bia 4 1-16d oa nee and fair|*s a 63 9d
Stems + | Fair 13d OIL OF ANISE air merchantable ps
COFFEE : CASSIA SHED ” |According to analysis |28 7d a 2s 9d
Ceylon Plantation ,, | Bold to fine bold colory|92s 6d a 120s LEMONGRASS ” [Good flavour & colour |6d a 6;d
Middling to fine mid .. |80s a 103s NUTMEG ,, | Dingy to white j1zd a 3d
Low mid. and low grown CINNAMON »? | Ordinary to fair sweet |34d a 1s 6d
Smalls 40s a 60s CITRONELLE \, ) Bright & good flavour 93d a 10d
Native Good ordinary 40s a 55s ORCHELLA WEED-—cwt) _..
Liberian »» |Small to bold 3.sa 40s Ceylon ,, | Mid. to tine not woody.. |!0S a 12s 6d
COCOA, Ceylon » |Bold to fine bold 67s 6d a 90s Zanzibar. ’ | Picked clean flat leaf .. |1@s a 14s"
Medium and fair 69s a oes », Wiry Mozambique 10s a 11s
Native 52s 6d a 628 6d |PEPPER - (Black Ib. é i
COLOMBO ROOT » |Middling to good 7s a 14s Ais & Mellicheryy Fair to bold heavy — .,,/5da6zd
COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton nominal Singapore || Fair a veppuetpd
Cochin ,, |Ordinary to fair .. |£13 1U8 a £18 Acheen & W. C. Penang|Dull to fine nse esl Dane Op
FIBRE, Brush _ » |Ord. to fine long straight|/£16 a £19 PLUMBAGO, lump ewt.|Fair to tine bright bold|30s a 3as
Cochin ,, |Ordinary to good clean|£20a £24 Middling to good smal]/2"S a 32s
Stuffing, |Common to fine £7 a £9 chips Dull to fine bright —..|95 a 15s
COIR YARN, Ceylon ,, |Gommon to superior £15 a £30 dust . Ordinary to fine bright|3s 6da 8s
Cochin ,, ae », very fine £12 a £32 SAFFLOWER Good to fine pinky ._ [09S @ 75s
do. 5, |Roping, fair to good |£10a £14 10s Inferior to fair . [40s a 699
CROTON SEEDS, sift.cwt.|Dull to fair 15s a 20s SANDAL WOOD— ; 2
CUTCH %9 » |Fair to fine dry 23s a 35s Bombay, Logs ton.|Fair to fine flayour .. £20 a £50
GINGER, Bengal, rough,, | Tair 40s Chips. ey een See OM OSA S)
Calicut, Cut4,, |Good to fine bold 9Js a 100s Madras, Logs ., |Fair to good favour ../£29 a £50
_ B&C,,, |Small and medium 55s a 80s Chips ,, |£nferior to fine [£4 a£8
Cochin Rough ,, |Common to fine bold |45s a 52s SAPANWOOD Cevion ,, |Hair to good ../£9 a £5 10s
Small and D’s 40s a 44s Manila ,, (eouee & rooty to good|*4 105a £5 15s
Japan »» | Unsplit 40s a 423 Siam |, bold smooth...|£@
Q@UM AMMONIACUM,, |sm. blocky to fine clean|15s a.45s SEEDLAC ewt, JOrd. dusty to gd. soluble} !0*S a 110s
ANIMI, Zanzibar ,, |Picked fine pale in sorts|£10 7s 6d a £18|SENNA, Tinnevelly Ib. (00d to fine bold green|2¢4 1s 03d
Part yellow and mixed|£7 a £9 Fair greenish 33d a 43d
Bean and Pea, size ditto|70sa £9 2s 6d Common dark and small|!d a 3d
Amber and_ dk. red bold|£510sa £6 7s6d/SHELLS, M. o’PEARL—
Med. & bold glassy sorts/80s 4 120s Bombay _ ewt. |Bold and A’s
Madagascar 5, |Fair to good palish £4a £8 D’s and B’s £1a £5 10s
ABIC E.1. & Ad spares red. . a 58 a £7 10s Small nf :
AR yn Ore en ,, |Ordinary to good pale|35s a 58s Mercui mall to bold ..|£6 7s
Turkey sorts ,, 35s a 40s Mussel » lSmall to bold ee eae lbs
Ghatti ,, |Pickings to fine pale ;..|12s 6d a 35s TAMARINDS, Calcutta.,,] “id.to fine bl’k not stony}8s a 10s
Kurrachee ,, }Good and fine pale .../40s a 45s per cwt. Madyas_ |Stony and inferior ../4s 6d a 6s
Reddish to pale selected}30s a 35s TORTOISESHELL—
Madras ,, |Dark to fine pale .../20s a 35s Zanzibar & Bombay Ib. |Small to bold dark 5
ASSAFCGITIDA » |Clean fr. to gd. almonds|60s a 137s Gd mottle part heavy { 16s a 2286
Ord. stony and blocky|6s a 25s TURMERIC, Bengalewt.|Fair .../163 a 17s
KINO . » |Fine bright ls 3d Madras ,, |Finger fair to fine bold :
MYRRH, picked », |Fair to fine pale 80s a 115s bright 16s a 233
Aden sorts ,, |Middling to good 50s a 70s Do. , |Bulbs ..|148 a 18s
OLIBANUM, drop _,, |Good to tine white 35s a 55s Cochin __,, |Finger .. |) 7s 6d a 18s
Middling to fair 268 a 35s Bulbs «(128 6d ~
pickings ,, |Low to good pale 188 a 238 VANILLOES— Tb. ee
siftings ,, |Slightly foul to fine 183 a 228 Mauritius ...) Ists,Gd. crysallized 3} a 9 in|5s a 233 6d
INDIARUBBEK,Assamlb|Good to fine 28 a 2s Bd Bourbon ey onds|Foxy & reddish 34a 8 »/48 a 11s
Common to foul & mxd.|7d a 1s 6d Seychelles 8rds|Lean and inferior [28 a 68
2angoon Fair to good clean ,,.\28a 28 4a VERMILION 1b.|Fine, pure, bignt ... (38 2d a 3g 3d
Borneo Common to fine 1s a 28

4

4

Thelay Japan, squares cwt, Good white hard

oe 368 865

j

AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE,

COLONIBO.

Added as. a Supplement Monthly to the “ThOPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”
The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for
March :—
Vol. XIII] MARCH, 1902. [No. 9.
VALUE OF SOIL ANALYSIS. agricultural chemist and the uncertainty of -

[eae aS 'E have been much
4 blind faith which people place in
FH soil analysis, relying upon it as a
mysterious ‘‘ open sesame” to the
secrets of Nature as she works

iaecnent plant and soil. The fact is that the old
method of soil analysis as it is ordinarily under-
stood by laymen has come to be discredited long

struck by the

ago since.

If we consider for a moment what a soil
analysis is generally expected to tell us, we shall
see how presumptive are the claims of the
chemist who takes credit for being able to give us
this information by his manipulations in the
laboratory.

How is it supposed that the chemist can
recognise the subtle relation between the vital
forces in the plant and the soil in carrying out
his analyses, with a view to telling you what has
to be added to the soil to meet the requirements
of the plant? Does he make allowance for the
capacity in plants to attack and appropriate the
ingredients of plant food in the different forms in
which they occur in the soil, and for the differ-
ences in his capacity in different plantsP The
sdlvent medium adopted in reckoning the propor-
tion of “available” plant food in the soil has
always been an uncertain factor in soil analysis,
which has shifted its ground more than once
with a view to reaching more accurate results.

The recognised action and interference of soil
bacteria in the preparation of plant food has only
helped to further complicate the difficulties of the

- chemist,

chemical analysis asa gauge of the fertility of soils.
The ‘outside influences” in the preparation and
appropriation of plant food in the soil are so
important that the mere treatment of soil by purely
chemical methods gives very imperfect and
runeliable results. Indeed the biological action
that takes place in the soil has come to be
admitted to be as important, if not more import
tant, than the chemical. So that the analytica,
if he is to give us accurate information
as regards the fertility of our soils and the
requirements of plants growing in them, must
widen his scope of operations to a considerable
extent, and tot he best of his ability, take cogni-
sance of the vital action exercised by the plant and
the bacterial activity within the svil—forces, it must
be admitted, that can hardly be estimated at their
full value in the laboratory. It would seem-
therefore, that apart from his purely technical
qualifications in science asa chemist would need to
have a considerable practical experience of soils
and manures, and a large endowment of common
sense—on which indeed he has to rely to a great
extent in drawing his conclusions as to the
properties and requirements of particular soils,
We were only last week discussing this subject
with an eminent agricultural authority who

passed through the Island on his way to take up
an important appointment in the Antipodes, and

were much impressed with his strong condem-
nation of the reliance placed by some on the
results of chemical analyses. Such people think
it is enough for them te send a sample of soil to
a chemist with a note saying, ‘* Please analyse
the accompanying sample and let me know what

G44

manure I should supply.” The ignorance dis-
played by such a bare request is only surpassed
by the audacity of the reply prescribing the kind
of manure to be used.

And even when all things are considered: the
past history and present circumstances of soil and
plant, mechanical properties, the question of
rainfall, drainage, etc., etc, we still cannot
with anything like exactitude calculate upon
certain treatment producing certain results, unless
our recommendations are based upon the out-
come of actual experiment and personal ex-
perience—our best guides. A contemporary well
sums up the situation we are discassing as
follows :—

Many farmers hold erroneous ideas as to the

. value of soil analyses. We hear farmers speaking
as though they only required to have the soil
analysed to know what manures to apply to certain
crops to obtain the best returns. ‘This, however,
is far from being so. In the first. case, as every
farmer knows, it would be nearly impossible to
obtain a sample that would fairly represent even a
ten-acre field. Besides this, an analysis will only
show what the soil contains; it will not tell the
farmer whether the plant food is in such a condi-
tion that the plants can make use of it, neither
will it tell him what treatment the soil requires
to make that plant food available, So many other
things, such asthe physical condition of the soil
and subsoil, its ability to retain moisture or
perhaps the reverse, have to be taken into con-
sideration that (except to the scientist) a soil
analysis is just as likely as not to prove mislead-
ing in dealing with the manures such a soil
requires. The only guide to the farmer is ex-
perience. Find out what others have done under
similar conditions, and prove by experiment
whether the treatment beneficial in their case is
equally so in yours.

—————_}¢—_—_-_--——-——

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF

AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH
OF FEBRUARY, 1902.
1 Saturday .. Nii 15 Saturday .. °50
2 Sunday 1» Nil 16 Sunday .. Nil
8 Monday . Nil 17 Monday ... Nil
4 Tuesday . °O2 18 Tuesdty ... Nil
5 Wednesday .. Nil 19 Wednesday... 2°54
6 Thursday ... Nil 20 Thursday ... Nil
7 Friday .. Nil 21 Friday we» Nil
8 Saturday .. Nil 22 Saturday ... Nil
9 Sunday .. Nil 238 Sunday ... Nil
19 Monday eee ‘12 24 Monday ... Nil
1L ‘Tuesday .. ‘O4 25 Tuesday ., Nil
12 Wednesday .. 1:88 26 Wednesday... Nil
13 Thursday... Nil 27 Thursday Nil
11 Friday »» ‘20 28 Friday coon NaI

Total... 5°30
Mean... °19

Greatest anount of rainfall registered in any
24 hours on the 19th inst., 1901, 2°54 inches,
f Recorded by ALEX. PERERA,

a

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

{Marcn 1, 1902.

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

Mr. Williamson Wallace, the late Lecturer on
Agriculture at the Heriot-Watt Technical College,
Edinburgh, and subsequently Director of Agri-
culture, Cairo, was a visitor at the School of
Agriculture, Colombo, last week. Mr. Wallace
was on his way to Melbourne to assume the duties
of the new Director of Agriculture for Victoria—
an appointment about which so much has been
heard of late through the press. Our personal
acquaintance with Mr. Wallace commenced in
1886, when we placed ourselves under his tutorship
for a practical knowledge of Agriculture on his
2,000-acre farm ‘‘'Twiglees” near Locherbie in
Dumfries-shire. Mr. Wallace, we were glad to find,
is in excellent health and full of enthusiasm
over the prospect of his new duties which will
offer a wide scope for his scientific and prac-
tical attainments.

The specific gravity of coconut oil is, at 99° C,
873'6, its solidifying point varies from 68° to
82° F., icdine value 8°7, Reichert-Meissl value
7-5, and Butyro-refractometer value 35°5 at 40 °C.
In its natural state coconut oil readily becomes
rancid, though the thoroughly purified forms are
free from this defect. Messrs. Loders and Nuco-
line, Limited, adopt the following process in purify-
ing the crudecoconut oil. After heating to a
vacuum, a current of low pressure steam is forced
through, which carries off the volatile substances of
objectionable or pronounced odour or flavour, and
leaves behind a pure and comparatively neutral
fat. Like lards these preparations are pure fats
and contain no fereign matter. They are dis-
tinguished from other fats, both vegetable and
animal, by possessing a rather high Reichert-
Meiss] value. We understand that the latest
developement in the preparation of pure vege-
table fat from the coconut isa process by which
the fat is mechanically liberated from the fresh
nut without any previous dessication. The sam-
ples produced by this process are unequalled
in purity and freshness, and lead one to expect
that the product will meet with ready demand
from confectioners.

A Planter, who has given much attention to
the subject of manuring the coconut, affirms
that the results of fertilising the palm show
themselves not only in increased vigour in ths
tree and larger crops, but also in greater deve-
lopement of the kernel. He believes that by
manuring the number of nuts required for a
candy (650 lbs) of Copra can be reduced from,
say, 1,100in the case of gocd nuts to 1,000 or
even 950, A

ee

NATURE TEACHING IN SCHOOLS,

In a report on ‘* Popular Edueation for the
Warmer” by Dr, True, Director of Experimental
Stations, U.S., the following reference to the
above subject occurs :—

‘There is evry reascn to believe that the
plan of ‘nature teaching, as proposed by Cornell

j

MarcH 1, 1902 |

University, may prove a grand success and be
of very great benefit to farmers’ children. The
element of education which is at present most
lacking in our common schools is the training
of the powers of observation, The children need
above all things else to be taught to observe
carefully and correctly, and to state their obser-
vations in clear and terse language. The ordi-
nary child, whether on the farm or inthe town,
actually sees comparatively little in the world
about him. The wonders of the trees and plauts
in park or meadow, of birds and insects flying
about the house, float like shadowy visions
before his eyes. ‘Seeing, he sees not.’ He needs
a teacher who can open his eyes and fix his
mind on the relalities among which his daily
life is passed. This accurate observation of
natural objects and facts is the only foundation
on which scientific attainments can rest. The
scientist is chiefly a man who sees better than
his fellow men, But it is also a great help
in practical life. Many farmers acquire much
of this power by their own unaided efforts. And
these are the very men who most regret that
they did not have in early life the help ofa
trained teacher. The farmer’s child lives where
he has the best opportunity for such training.
I¢ would benefit him in the practice of his art,
and it would add an interest to his life which
would do much to wean him from a desire to
leave the farm for the turmoil and uncertain
struggles of the town. With proper provision
for the training of teachers in normal and other
schools, it would be entirely feasible to have
this nature teaching in all our common schools
within a few years. It is such teaching that
the child-mind craves, With it the school becomes
a delightful place and the teacher an angel of
light. The leaflets which the College of Agricul-
ture of Cornell University is issuing show how
vitally this mature teaching may be made to
affect agricultare, though it is not in itself the
teaching of agriculture. In one leaflet the teacher
is instructed to have the children plant squash
seeds, Cig some of them up at intervals to learn
how the seeds germinate. and watch what happens
to the little plants as they push their way up
through the soil and unfold their stems and
leaves in the air. Four apple twigs form the
subject of some other lessons, and it is wonder-
full how much a child can learn about the way
trees go from such simple materials. At another
time the children are encouraged to plant little
gardens and carefully watch some of the things
Which grow inthem. Or they study some insect
which }reys upon fruit or make collections of
the insects about their homes, or watch them
to see whether they are doing things good or
bad for the farmer.

“Ts it not likely that a child who is thus
taught will soon begin to see a new value and
dignity in farm life, and to be less envious of
the boy or girl who is shut up within the
narrow confines of city streets most of the year?
And if the farmer’s boy learns how to accurately
observe the processes of nature with which farm
practice deals and the foes with which agricul-

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

643

ture has to contend, are not the chances vastly
increased that he will be successful in managing
nature so as to get the greatest favours from
this coy mistress of his life and fortune?”

Commenting on the above the Agricultural
Gazette of New South Wales says :——

In Canada the question has excited the liveliest
interest among the Farmers’ Institute and Depart-
mental authorities. In expressing his opinion of
the idea of nature} teaching, the Director of
Teachers’ Institutes (Mr. W. Houston, M.A.)
says that very little consideration is necessury to
show that of all forms of ‘‘ nature study” agri-
culture is the best for stimulating a spirit of
intelligent inquiry in the minds of children. The
pupil cannot be made “learned” in the scientific
sense, but he can secure a wide and useful
acquaintance with the theory of agriculture, if
his teachers know how to put him in possession
of it. Mr. Houston inclines to the opinion that
so far as imparting elementary instruction is con=
cerned, the lack of systematic training in agri-
cultural subjects is not likely to prove a very
formidable obstacle in the way of teachers.

Indeed, on every side there is evidence of a
desire on the part of school-teachers to encourage
the childeren in the study of agricultural mat-
ters, and despite the difficulties that seems to
be in the way of anything like a definite and
comprehensive scheme of elementary agricultural
instruction in the State schools (such, for instance,
as that of France, where instruction in agri-
culture is compulsory at every primary school),

‘there is every prospect of good work in this

direction being effected. The field of agricul-
ture is so wide that both teacher and pupil
may find relief in the diversity of subjects, and,
as Mr. Guthrie pointed out when writing on
this subject some time ago, it is in “ training
in scientific method, in habits of exact obser
vation and careful reasoning, rather than the
amassing of facts and theories that best results
can be attained.”
—_______»——_____.

THE CHOCHO [SECHIUM EDULE}.

The Government Botanist at the Cape con-
tributes an interesting account of the Christo-
phine or Chayote, a vegetable familiar enough
in Ceylon, more especially the Central Province,
under the name of “Chocho.” According to a
reliable authority the last name is the correct
one, and ‘*Chayote” is ouly a nigger conception
of it. Chocho, described as ‘‘a squash which is
not exactly a squash but something far better,”
has apparently established itself as a standard
vegetable in America and even in Europe, for
we read of Algeria already forwarding hundreds
of tons of the fruits to Paris and London as
a special winter vegetable; while it has begun
to become popular in the Southern Colonies,
Referring to the shyness among people to accept
a new vegetable, Mr. MucOwan quaintly ex-
plains the condition of mind thus: I dare
say if we had on record the primeval history
of the Cabbage or of the Turnip we should
find that the man who first grew and ate these

646

esculent novelties was similarly disappointed
when he pressed them upon the attention of
his prehistoric neighbours. They no doubt asked
why they should venture to eat such new-fangled
stuff when there was such an abundance of
acorns to be had—a food which had stood the
test of centuries and had been eaten by their
forefathers from time immemorial! It would not
be necessary to reproduce the description of the
plant and the method of cultivating it, but we
would like to impress upon our readers the
value of the Chocho as a vegetable, and the
advantages of cultivating it regularly in our
gardens, Single vines will produce as much
as 300 fruits, of an average weight of 8 ounces
each, but the ordinary yield when grown on
a large scale as in Algeria may be put down
at 25 to 100 fruits per plant. The tuber (‘‘as
large as a man’s head”) formed after the first
season is edible and somewhat resembles a yam
in character, twenty per cent of its bulk con-
sisting of small-grained starch like that of wheat,
These roots which in appearance are like the
larger sorts of Cassava are commonly sold
together with the fruits in Mexicc.

We quote as follows regarding the edible pro-
perties of the Chocho :—‘ Very different opinions
as to the value of the chayote for food have been
expressed. some writers reporting it to be insipid,
while others have compared it to the vegetable
marrow and have pronounced it superior thereto.
The whole controversy is a question of cuisine, or
one may say, cf the sauce in which the vegetable
is presented. Eggs without salt, beef without
mustard, and salad without vinegar might just
as rightfully be condemned on the ground of
insipidity. Of course the fruit must be taken
for the table when young; the old fully grown
ones, like all similar vegetables, are more or
less stringy and tough. Whatever can be done
with the best summer squashes may be done
to better account with the chayote. In Jamuica
it is often treated as a fruit rather than a
vegetable accompaniment to roast or boiled meat,
and is converted into puddings or tarts with
sugar and lime-juice even as apples ure used.
Since there is a greater variety of fruits than
there is of vegetables, this custom seems to be
a mistake. Dr. Trabut believes that as soon
as its table merits are known it will become
a general favourite and appear to much the
same good purpose as sea-kale, asparagus, artichoke
and the like. He says that before any special
preparation it should be kept in boiling water
for about an hour, [Young fruits are sufficiently
boiled in about 40 minutes.] The leathery skin
can be detached easily and the vegetable shows
a white flesh like that of a boiled turnip or
knol-kohl, It may then be cut in slices and
sent up with any suitable kinds of sauces just
as is done with the small squash.”

Some time ago it was supposed that the Chocho
possessed noxious properties, and that people par-
taking of it as a regular diet were afflicted with a
disorder resembling rheumatism. Mr. Nock,
Superintendent of the Hakgala Gardens, (who we
believe introduced the fruit to Ceylon) contradicted

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

{MarcH 1, 1909.

so absurd a notion in a report at present we have no
access to. Itis sufficient guarantee, we presume,
of the wholesome character of the Chocho that
it has been so largely and so long consumed
in the West Indies and Mexico, and is now
finding acceptence in Europe; but, as Mr. Mae
Owan puts it, “*Seeing that reiteration is accepte
ed as a sort of argument, and that if you
mean to push your produce you must keep on
bawling out its virtues till the public catches
on and listens.” We reproduce the above notes
in the hope that our readers may begin to
see the value of the vezetable variously known
as Christohpine, Chayote, Chochs, Tazoti and
Mirliton in different pirts of the world.

eee

POULTRY CLIPPINGS.
(FROM VARIOUS SOURCES.)

One of the best materials that a poultryman
can use for supplying the requisite lime is oyster
shell, or any other. variety of shells. An ex-
periment in this direction was made at the
New York experiment station, and the result
was such that the use of oyster shells during
the laying season, where they can be cheaply
obtained, was strongly recommended. It was
found there that one pound of oyster shells
contained sufficient lime for the shells of about
seven dozen eggs, Shells are not the only source
for the lime necessary for egg shells. Bones
also contain a large percentage of lime, as is
seen frum the following analysis of clean dry
bones of oxen and sheep :—Carbonate of lime,
six to seven per cent; phosphate of lime,
fifty-eight to sixty-three per cent; phosphate of
magnesia, one to two per cent ; fluoride of calcium,
two per cent; organic matter, twenty-five to
thirty per cent. Fresh green bones also contain,
besides the lime compounds, some protein or
flesh formers, which add to its value as a poultry
food. The best way to render the bones ayail-
able is to have them broken by means of the
bone-cutter.

A correspondent in ‘*Farm Poultry” gives an
ingenious device for freeing laying hens of lice,
after having used many other methods and failed,
His plan was:—Take an ordinary common-sized
cotton clothes line; unbraid it so that it will
make one-third or half when flittened out ; cut
in pieces about 12 in. long, and wind each
once around the roost, letting the two ends
pass down into the neck of a bottle about two-
thirds full of kerosene, the bottle being suspended
from the roof by a string fastened around the
neck. The-clothes line acts like a wick, draw-
ing the oil up out of the bottle, and it being
saturated with the oil, no louse can help com-
ing in contact with it when he attempts to go
to the hen at night, or when he leaves her
in the morning. Hens with scaly feet and legs
are also soon cured of their trouble when this
method is used. Bottles can be suspended three
or four feet apart on the roosts,

Marcu 1, 1902.)

Chickens should be fed every couple of hours
for the first week, four to five times the second
and third weeks, gradually reducing the number
of meals till you get them down to the old
pird’s meal times—twice a day. To be successful
with young chickens, they should be fed often,
and a little at a time; it is bad management,
and waste of food if more is given than they
eat up clean.

You could keep 250 to 300 hens to the acre
if you divided the acre and penned them pro-
perly. It is not good management to run more
than 25 to 380 hens together, and then the room
given should be large enough for that number.
Much depends on the breed which you intend
to keep; if of the Leghorn class One rooster to
ten or twelve hens would be about correct, if
of the heavier breeds such as Brahmas, one
rooster to six or eight hens. If you intend to
produce eggs only, you do not require any
roosters with the hens. Oa the other hand, if
you wish to rear chickens, you should use good
healthy roosters.

Try to keep the temperature of an incubator
as near 103° as possible—of course, the last
few days of the hatch, I don’t mind it going
up to 105°. A Foster Mother or Brooder
should be .heated to a temperature of 90° or
95° when the chickens are im it—not 90° and
then run the chickens in to the Brooder. You
must remember that the body heat of 60 or
70 chicks means a few degrees when they are
shut up-

Never feed whole grain in a trough or feed-
box. When so fed, there will be domineering
hens which will get more than their share, but
when the grain is scattered each hen must seek
her portion and all have an equal chance. You
need not fear to scatter it over every square
yard of ground, for not a grain will be wasted,
and it compels the hens to work, All penned
fowls should have their grain food placed under
straw, or some kind of a litter, so that they
will exercise themselves in scratching for the
grain. :

Poultry can be bred for high records of eggs,
just as dairy cows are bred for high butter
records. We have many good layers, and some
in these breeds are better than otlers. If we
select high record hens that are good all-the-
year-round layers, and breed along that line,
we can add an extra dozen eggs to each hen
for the year, then that will be profit. By care-
fully selecting the pullets for layers from the
best laying hens, our egg-gathering is increased
each year, which also means a larger profit
each year. The cockerels used for breeding pur-
poses should be selected from good laying hens
as well as the pullets. For, it would be bad
management to select the female line only, we
must have the male line as carefully attended
to if we wish to be successful in building up
a record egg-producing breed.

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricultur ist.’ 647

The best breed is the one you have tested
and tried as the one best adapted to your dis-
trict and your purpose. There is no best breed
that is best for all purposes, and for all cli-
mates; remember, that a breed has only one
dominant talent and seldom excels more than
one single characteristic. To a very large extent
each poultty farmer must determine for himeelf
which is the best breed—well—the best breed
for his purpose, and the one most profitable to
keep in_ his district. A breed may approach
perfection in some districts, and give very little
profit when kept in other localities. The influence
of the climate often has much to do with the
selection of the breed. With all the advantages
in favour of a breed for prolificacy, hardiness
is always essential to success, otherwise, loss
and disease may more than balance the gain
in other essentials.

——>>————_—_

VEGETABLES: *
HOW TO COOK AND SERVE THEM.

Vegetables may be plainly boiled, or cooked and
served up in some fancy way. In the former,
just as much asin the latter case, they require
careful attention; it is a common but very serious
mistake to suppose they can be left to themselves
or to the tender mercies of chance. The average
servant and—dare I say it? also the average
mistress as well, puts down her vegetables to cook
when she thinks of it, and they are either very
much over-down when the time comes for serving
or as hard as stones. :

Now, of course, I know if the dinner hour is
not punctual the cook cannot be expected to have
her vegetables, or, indeed, any part of her dinner,
very nice. But where there is a fixed time for
dining, and the members of the family keep
strictly to it, there is no excuse whatever.

The time required for cooking each vegetable
should be carefully calculated, also the time for
cleansing and preparing it; tkis latter, however,
may be done with advantage some time even
hours, beforehand, and the vegetable be either set
over or left in cold water, according to its nature.

In cases where it is really quite impossible for
punctuality to be observed at meals—and I am
quite willing to allow there are such, as in the
case of a doctor, for instance—I would recommend
the adoption of the following plan. In large high-
class households, as most of us are aware, “there is
an utensil called a bain-marie, which is used for
the purpose of keeping hot sauces, gravies, or any
dish which the cook has been obliged to complete
before it is required. What is this bain-marie?
A large, shallow, open saucepan or kettle of nearly
boiling water, into which the smaller vessels can
be placed, thereby keeping them hot without
altering their quality or quantity. Doubtless this
bain-marie is expensive to buy, but what I am
about to suggest is a substitute in the shape of a
deep dripping pan, which can be set on side of
kitchener or gas stove, and partly filled with
nearly boiling water,

The potato, of course, is our principal vegetable
and if one can cook it well it isa good test of

648 Supplement to the '* Tropical Agricuiturist.”

talent in cooking. Not that it is so very difficult ;
it just requires a little care, that is all, and the
remembrance of just a few simple rules. Old
potatoes are placed in cold water, mew ones in
boiling water; some old potatoes are best steamed,
some best boiled. If boiled in their jackets, as
some prefer, they will not be so good a colour as
if peeled first. To boil old potatoes, first scrub
them clean in lukewarm water; they must be quite
free from dirt before you begin to peel them, or
they will stain. Peel them very thinly, as the
most nourishing part lies next the skin, and it is
asin to waste it. As they are peeled throw them
into a basin of clean cold water, where they may
stay until wanted for boiling—an hour or longer
will not matter. Place them in the saucepan with
only eufficient water to cover them, anda good
table-spoonful of salt to each two quarts of water.
Bring them to the boil and boil gently, so that
they may notbreak, for haif hour strain off the
water, and let them stand by fire or in a warm
place, with the lid of the saucepan half off, for 5
minutes, when they should be perfectly dry and
like balls of flour. Some kinds are better if
drained from the water after 20 minutes cooking
and allowed to finish in their own steam with the
lid of saucepan on; then, when quite soft, partly
remove the lid and let them dry as before. Now,
if required to be kept hot any length of time, they
can be placed in the hot water bath; but bere is
a wrinkle which everybody should take—if they
have been boiled in an iron saucepan they must be
removed into another vessel, or they will be almost
sure to tura black. It is, perhaps, a safer plan to
boil potatoés in an enamelled saucepan; chen
there will be no difficulty in keeping them a good
colour, and this saucepan can be placed in the hot
water bath with the lid partly off, until the
potatoes are required for serving. It is obvious
that only potatoes of equai sizes should be boiled
together, as small ones would be tender while
large ones were still hard. To steam tomatoes,
simply place them in the steamer, sprinkle a little
galt over them, and keep the water boiling in the
saucepan beneath. Rather more than half an honr
may be allowed, and they will not be so likely to
spoil if cooked over time by this method of cooking.
New potatoes are well washed and scraped, placed
in cold water fora short time to preserve their
colour, then into fast-boiling water galted in
proportion, and with a sprig of mint to give
them an agreeable flavour. They will probably
be tender in 20 minutes, which may be ascertained
by trying them with: skewer. When nearly so,
strain off the water, let them finish cooking in
their own steam, and dry them like old ones.
Buked potatoes must be well scrubbed, and placed
in a moderate oven; large ones should be chosen,
and they will take from $to1 hour to become
soft. It is easy to tell when they aré done, by
taking them in a cloth and squeezing them with
the hands. All kinds of cocked potatoes are best
taken to table uncovered; if necessary to keep the
heat in, use a folded cloth in preference to the
vegetable cover, as it will absorb the steam, and
the potatoes will be less likely to be heavy, Some
people have a great partiality for mashed potatoes,
and there is a little instrument, called a potato

[Marcu 1, 1902,

masher, which does the work very nicely, making
the flakes of potato fall lightly, and effectually
removing all lumps. Care must be taken, how-
ever, to make it very hot before using and to
mash the potatoes in a warm place, or they will
be hopelessly cold and heavy. Perhaps the better
plan is to turn them to the saucepan after mashing,
and to-stir them lightly over the fire, with a bit
of butter or a little milk, until they are smoking
hot again.

Greens, quite contrary to potatoes, require very
fast boiling in an uncovered saucepan. By greens,
L include all green vegetables, from cabbages to
turnip-tops. They require very careful washing,
both to remove the grittiness which some of them
acquire and the insects which may cling to them
in some of their crevices, To remove the latter, a
good plan is to lay the vegetables in strong salt
and water for 10 minutes or longer; the insecte,
if any, will then generally crawl out of their own
accord, not liking a salt-water bath.

To boil a fresh young summer cabbage: Cut
off the outside leaves and part of the stalk, and,
if a large one, cut in quarters; if small, merely
slit the stalk down a couple of inches in two
places. Wash well in fresh water, then leave it
in the salt water as recommended, Have ready a
large saucepan with plenty of fast-boiling water,
well salted in the proportion of a .heaped table-
spoonful of salt to every half-gallon. of water,
and, unless the cabbage is very young and freshly
gathered, a bit of soda about the size of halfa
bean. After the water boils again upon the
insertion of the cabbage, allow + hour; then try
it with a skewer; if not quite tender at the stalk,
it will most likely require another 5 miuutes; but
as soon as ever it is done, take it up, place in a
colander, and thoroughly drain from the water,
for nothing is more objectionable than wet cabbage.
Serve ina very hot vegetable dish, and, for the
convenience of helping, cut it across once or twice.
There should always be a drainer at the bottom of
vegetable dish, for this and all green vegetables,
as very possibly after the most careful straining
there will still be a little moisture left.

To boil cauliflowers requires a little more care
in order not to break the flower, and yet to have
them quite tender, Wash and prepare them like
cabbage, but they should never be cut up, unless,
indeed, they are so close that they cannot be
cleansed properly in any other way. Leave them
in salted water for a time before cooking, place
them in boiling -water, with the head downwards
in the saucepan—the reason for this is that should
any scum rise on the water it will not discolour
the flower if turned this way. Boil from 20
minutes to 4 hour, according to size; when the
stalk feels tender upon the insertion of a skewer,
the rest is sure to.be done, as this is the hardest
part, and takes longest to cook.

Cut greens of any kind are cooked in the same
way, atiny piece of soda in the water helps to
keep their colour and to make them boil tender ;
but too much of this is very objectionahle, as it
makes the vegetables boil to a mash, and renders
them unwholesome, Greens should be well drained
from the water, and afterwards may be placed
with advantage between two plates and well

Marci 1, 1902)]

squeezed from any remaining moisture. Or a plate
(hot, of course) may be laid upon them on the
top of the colander, and pushed down, when the
water, if any, will run out.

French and Kidney beans come in when peas go
out, and are anice change to eat with any kind
of hot meat. They are prepared by cutting off the
heads and tails, and the thin string at the sides,
and then by cutting into thin strips. As these are
done they should be dropped into cold water,
slightly salted. Place in boiling water, salted as
-for other vegetables, with a tiny piece of soda to
keep them green, and boil 20 minutes. When
tender they will sink to bottom of saucepan.
Take them up, drain in a colander, and serve
piled high in a dish, covered melted butter.

(To be concluded.)

NEW CURE FOR FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.

The correspondent at Rome of the London 72mes,
writing to that paper on the 12th of November,
said :—‘‘The Italian War office is stated to have
addressed a circular to the veterinary officers of

-the Italian Army recommending to their attention
the new treatment of foot and mouth disease (by
injections of a solution of corrosive sublimate)
recently announced by Professor Guido, Baccelli,
Minister for Agriculture and Commerce. The
circular is unders‘ood to give directions for the
preparation and use of the solution, and to
recommend the greatest care in observing the
effects of the new remedy. Pending the publi-
cation of this circuiar, which may be regarded as
an official recognition of the efficacy of the corrosive
sublimate treatment for foot and mcuth disease,
the following data may be of interest. They are
furnished by Dr. Remo Guzzi, a young Lombard
_ physician, who appears to have been the initiator
of the remedy, first brought by him to the notice
of the Pavia Medical Faculty in a special thesis
last July after the completion of satisfactory
experiments upon his own cattle. The solution
used by him was composed of one gramme of
corrosive sublimate and seventy-five grammes of
“common salt in a kilogramme of distilled water.
The cattle treated had developed the disease
between forty-eight and twenty-four hours
previously, and their temperatures varied from
106°7 to 104°9 Fahrenheit. With the solution
five injections were made into the big vein on the
right side of the animal's neck, the first consisting
of thirty cubic centimeties of solution, the second
of fifty, the third of seventy, and the fourth and
fifth of 100 cubic centimetres each. Within a
maximum period of ten hours, the temperatures
of the animals thus treated fell suddenly four or
five degrees Fahr., but afterwards began again to
rise, A second injection, however, sufficed to
conquer the fever, and to maintain a normal
temperature. It is noteworthy, too, that none of

the cattle thus treated have suffered from those.

after-effects of the disease usuaily noticeable four
or five months after an ordinary cure. As far as
can be at present ascertained, the corrosive subli-
mate treatment is free from drawbacks of any sort,
While, on the other hand, it has regularly given

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

649

100 per cent of cures. Dr. Guzzi does not, how-
ever, dispense with other medicaments in treating
the local manifestations of the disease, but recom-
mends that during and for some days after the
cure external sores be washed and the feet ban-
daged with cloths soaked in naphthaline.
(spa ee en

GENERAL ITEMS.

In his recert report on the grants for Aori-
cultural Education and Research, Major Crenjie
estimates that the sum devoted to the County
Councils in England and Wales for the year
1899-1900 was roughly something like £77,000
and that including the grants distributed by the
Board of Agriculture and the payments made by
the Board of Education for instruction in the
principles of Agriculture under the scheme of the
Science and Art Directory, the total amount of
public money in England and Wales applied
annually for the purposes of agricultural educa-
tion is between £85,000 and £90,000,

The following analyses of genuine rice meal

and rice husks made by Dr, Augustus Voelcker
are interesting :—

Genuine Rice
rice meal. husks,
Mixture 10°30 12°53

Mine nae 8°52 1°40
t Albuminous compounds 12:93 4°94
Starch, digestible fibre, &e. 54°39 28°95
Woody fibre 4°76 33°52

2 Mineral matter (ash) 9-10 18°66
100:00 = 100-00

t Containing nitrogen 2°07 0°79
2 Including silica 2°90 1467

A correspondent writing to the N.S, W Gazette
says :—Shows as now held have a tendency to
momentary interest and are not the educational
factors they should bes These Shows should be
looked upon as schools for the dissemmiration of
education. The comparison of notes and ideas
cannot but have an effect advantageous and
beneficial to ail concerned. The success of a
Show depends principally on. having 2 good
ae of exhibits and good judging, , , E

ave always advocated the single ju rat

and still hold that opinion ; in fee, apne
to judge at Agricultural Shows, I object to take
office unless the appointment be as a single judge
As to.the question, should judges give reasons
for their decision, the answer is, yes. The good
judgment of the Committee should direct them
either to affix a card or make the remarks known
through the press. Undoubtedly the judges’ work
should be made public. I have known both these
methods followed and with good results, Until
something of this kind is done Agricultural Shows
will not be the educators they are intended to be.
If the judges are well paid (and they ought to ve)
they should have a perfect knowledge of their
work and do it thoroughly, ie

Vinegar is the produce of oxidation of alcohol,

ee

650 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricultwrist,”

Alcohol is made from sugar, and sugar from
starch ; hence any fruit, vegetable, or grain con-
taining starch (and they all do contain one or
both of these) can be used for the manufacture of
vinegar. The acid property of vinegar is acetic
acid, diluted with four or five times its bulk of
water. Acetic acid is not found in Nature, but is
the result of several processes called fermentation.
For instance, take corn meal, mix with several
times its bulk of water, boil for a short time,
pour into an open vessel and set it in a warm
place and fermentation at once begins. The
starch is converted into sugar and the product
may be distilled or decanted off and will be what
is known as sweet beer. This first fermentation
is called the “ saccharine fermentation,” by which
the starch is converted into sugar: the gluten in
the grain acts as a ferment (7.e., a yeast). Now,
if this solution be undisturbed it will take ona
second fermentation, called the ‘‘ vinous (alcoholic)
fermentation,’ whereby the sugar is converted
into alcohol. If this compound be again let alone
it will undergo a third fermentation, called the
‘‘acetous fermentation,” whereby the alcohol is
converted into acetic acid, which, as already said,
is the acid property of vinegar. If this in turn be
let’ alone it will undergo a fourth fermentation,
which is called the ‘ putrefactive fermentation,”
and is destructive. When the compound has
reached the vinegar stage it must be decanted or
strained off into aclean vessel and kept from con-
tact with the air to prevent the putrefactive ferme-
nation setting in.—N.S.W. Agricultural Gazette.

The system of exposing to the air wine which
it is intended to convert into viuegar is all right
until the vinegar is obtained ; but after this it is a
mistake to still leave the bung of the cask open
and to still keep the vessel in a warm place. The
Mycoderma aceti is the bacterium responsible for
the transformation of alcohol into acetic acid, and
by a process of oxidation of the former, for which
air and a certain degree of heat are required, viz.,
from 86° to 90° Fahr. When the vinegar is
strong enough, if the said conditions of exposure
to air and heat continued to prevail, the bacteria
referred to will decompose the acetic acid into

[Marcu i, 1902.

water and carbonic acid, which is a further pro-
cess of oxidation. That is why the correspondent’s
vinegar, good at first, is now a flat and nondescript
liquid, which will very soon putrefy. Ounce the
vinegar is made it should be racked and filtered or
clarified ; then the bung should be hermetically
closed and the vessel stored in a cool place.
Filling up with wine should not be omitted. This
is done with the view of preventing any access of
air, which at this stage is no longer required and
is even detrimental, For fixing, either kaolin or
Spanish clay should be used, never any isinglass,
white of egg, or gelatine, which would make the
vinegar more turbid. Four ounces of kaolin or
Spanish clay are enough for one fixing of a
quantity of 20 gallons,-—/ézd.

D, E, Hutchins writing to the Cape Agricultura
Gazette says :—In the Algerian Bulletin Agricole of
the 15th May, 1891, is described a sun motor which
is in successful use at Los Angeles in Califurnia, It
is the result of a series of costly experiments which
have been in hand for some years past under some

‘Boston capitalists. This machine develops a ten

horse power. It is hoped that certain improve-
ments will bring it up to 15 horse power. It
works a pump which yields 62:20 hectolitres of
water per minute. The heating power of the
reflectors is shown by the fact that copper placed
in the focus of the apparatus melts in a few
seconds, and abit of hard wood lights like a
matcbe The great reflector has a diameter of
10°55 metres, the whole surface being covered with
1,800 glass discs. The apparatus is altomatic, and
follows the movements of the sun when once
started. Itis hoped to utilise this machine in
pumping water for the American railways in the
deserts where fuel is as scarce as water. In 1889
I saw a similar machine at work at the Paris
Exhibition.

The abandonment of blinker on horses is being
advocated through the London press. Already

their use has been discontinued to a great extent
by Railway and Tramway Companies and by
carriers. ;

i
3
’

XXI,

COLOMBO, APRIL Ist,

1902, No 10.

COFFEES AND RUBBERS, OIL-PALMS,
GROUND-NUTS, &c., IN EASTERN AND
CENTRAL AFRICA.

(Extracts from the work of a recent Traveller.)
CONGO :—THE CATARACTS DISTRICT.

everywhete in the dis-
tricts of the Cataracts there
are hills of some hundreds of
yaras of elevation, the soil of
which is argillaceous and
the vegetation such as I have
just described. The rivers
wind through narrow valleys,
the alluvial soil of which is
remarkably fertile. And here it is that the natives
often establish their villages, and plant their oil-
palms and the “‘safo ” (Sachylobus edulis, now called
Canarium edula,) which develope vigorously. In the
neighbourhood, that is on the lower slopes of
the hills, or in the valleys, they cultivate the
manioc, the sweet-potato, and the earth-nut. There
are also some villages in the Savannahs, even on the
hill tops or on plateaux; one discovers them froma
distance by their clusters of oil-palm and safo planted
long ago by the side of dwellings.

There are also sandy districts, and they form
extensive plains and are planted by the natives
with ground-nuts, This plant gives abundant harvests,
principally in the region of North Manyanga, of
Banza Kasi and Banza Makuta. Formerly the
natives of these regions used to bring their ground-
nuts to Matadi,to the Dutch factory, to exchange
for salt, which they sold in the interior,

In the wooded ravines other useful plants may be
the objects of commercial transactions, such as the
oil-palm for itsoilaud its seeds; the Landolphia, one
kind of which, at least, gives a good India-rubber

the “panza” or Zenteclethra, that fine tree with large
pods, containing large oily seeds, If these natural
products are scarcely, ifat all; objects of trade, we .
must attribute it to the sparseness of the population
and theprofits to be reaped from porterage. One
must also remember the comparatively limited extent
of the wooded areas. We are not inthe primeval ,
forest where trees and useful lianas abound.

When the railway will have put a stop to the porter-
age between Matadi and Leopoldville, the population .
will resume its ancient occupations. The ground
nut will again be more largely cultivated and the
natural products of the country will be better utilized.
Thanks to favourable tariffs, the railway will facilitate .
the export. I cannot say at all what will be the proe
duct of the future for this region.

There is still one cultivation which may acquire a
certain importance in the districts of the Cataracts;
it is that of the Coffee tree (of Liberia). Near Luvi-
tuku station, Isawa plantation consisting of about
500 plants 2 years old and 1,500 recently planted. They
are shaded by oil-palms and panza and are coming on
very well. One may therefore say that the same kind
planted in the wooded valleys near the streams will
give good results, in spite of the long dry season. I
do not think that very large plantations would be
possible; therefore the State will be wise not to undere
take them. It would be better to induce the natives to
cultivate small plots around their own villages, and
to give them seed and even young plants. I con-
sider it would be useless to try to cultivate coffee on
the forestless hills, nor would I recommend it on the
plateaux unless they attain an altitude of at least 2,000 -
to 2,500 ft. It is too dry during a great part of the year,

DISTRIGT OF STANLEY POOL AND OF THE HASTBRN

KWANGO,

In these sandy regions, in open savannah, some in-
teresting varieties of plants grow in abundaxce, They
belong to the Landolphia group, India-rubber creepers.

652 THE TROPICAL

(lianas) haye also some latex (lac), but instead of
climbing, they run along underground, like long
stems, and throw up aerial branches 20 to 60 centi-
metres high. I bave distinguished five or six different
varieties of this curious kind of Landolphia—true sub-
terranean creepers—but only one of them hasa great
economic importance, The natives easily distinguish
it from the others, although they are very much
alike, and extract from it an India-rubber of pretty
good quality, but capable of improvement hy the
elimination of the woody residue.

This India-rubber is actually produced in a part of th®
Stanley Pool district, and is seen injquantity in the mar
kets, Last year the natives brought about 30 tons to
Lukunga. But the greatest quantity of ij undoubtedly
comes from a district I have not visited eastern Kwango.
According to what I am told by two functionaries,
Messrs. Costermans and Deghilage, the India-rubber
weed there covers vast sandy territories, and the
natives work it on a large scale. Notlong ago the
rubber from this region was exported to the
Portuguese possessions of Angola, and was there the
object of a considerable traffic,

Here are some figures that I owe to M. Deghilage,
who has for a long time traversedthe Western Kwango
region :—‘‘I have seen in the market of Kenghe Diadia
30 tons of rubber exposed for sale. This product
can be bought at 80 centimes the kilogramme, and
itsis sold in Europe at 4 fr. or R4°50. Transport by
caravans to Matadi costs 8 francs for 35 kilogrammes
(78} 1b.) The same agent values the actual produc-
tion of rubber of the Kwango district, at 500 tonsa
year, a quantity which might easily be doubled. Such a
production in a generally poor, sandy soil is worthy of
note, and warns us to beware of condemning any
region from a superficial examination of its soil and
vegetation.

What I have said of the production of
palm oil, of ronza seed and of rubber may be applied to
the neighbouring district. I hope even more from
the extension ofthe cultivation of the ground nut
iu the sandy plains of the Stanley Pool and the Kwange
districts. {t is already much cultivated and might
be much more so.

As for the cultivation of Coffee, I should be much
less affirmative. I do not doubt that one might also
cultivate it in the wooded fertile valleys, but I think
it is an error to wish to make large plantations as
they tried to do near the pool, at Kinchassa
and especially at Gaiiema. In these two localities,
4 or 5 years ago, many coffee trees were planted in a
soil essentially sandy, with soil to a depth of 40 or 50
centimetres (18 or 20 inches) rarely more. I will give

ou word for word what I noted on the spot on the
10th of last March :—‘‘Beside the 350 coffee trees
4 to 10 years of age andthe two Cacao trees 6 or 7
years old at Leopoldville, they planted two years ago
at Galiema nearly 10,000 coffee and 1,600 cacao trees,
Let us look at the Cacao. A first plantation almost
equally as important has failed, a victim to the insects
that devour the cacao leaves touched by the crought.
What will become of their successors, They have
had to be protected by thick shade and uevertheless
many of them have perished. In fact, Cacao must not
be thought of for large plantations in the district,

Liberian coffee suits better, but we must not found
large hopes even on this. Not only that neither soil
nor climateis of the best, but also that labour is
very short near the pool. In fact, it is very difficult
to provide the labourers now with sufficient food, for
want of native cultivation in the surrounding regions.
And any fresh extension ia coffee cultivation would
render the victualling of the blacks still more pre-
carious. ,

In short, under these conditions, one cannot
believe that the opening of large plantations would be
profitable. Rather should one abandon these efforts
in order to concentrate every effort gn the equatorial
zone:

AGRICULTURIST. [Apri 1, 1902.

DISTRICT OF THE LAKE LEOPOLD It.

At the village of Québo plantains are cultivated by
the natives and papaw trees are fertile and vigorous ;
giant grasses abound where the soil is turned up;
the forest is nowhere more brilliant than in the
neighbourhood of Malepie. I have there seen a stem
of India-rubber creeper 10 centimetres in diameter,
bearing several transverse incisions, a proof that the
natives know and practise the good way of extracting
the rubber.

Certainly neither the soil of Malepie nor that of
Quebo can be considered as very favourable for the
cultivation of coffee, It is too sandy, and the six
months of drought wonld make the process of water-
ing too difficult. But tobacco seems to offer a more
hopeful cultivation, especially if the analysis of the
soil showsa sufficiency of potash. It is the same
with the earth-nut, the cultivation of which should be
left entirely to the natives. The oil-palm is not very
abundant. On the other hand there are many rubber
creepers in the forest and along the banks. Rubber
constitutes the most important product of this dis-
trict, and will for a long time remain so, especially if,
as Messrs. Jacques, Delcommune and Gillain affirm,
the eastern region is entirely covered with forests.
According to information 1 have received, the region
ought to give 300to 400 tons of rubber for annum.
The specimens I have seen were of very good quality
and are worth 6 to 7 francs in Europe per kilogramme ;
they had been bought at about 20 centimes (2d.)

I would also note the large quantity of copal that
exists in the Lake region, and which the natives col-
lect at the foot of the trees along the banks. The
value of gum copal is variable, and I have not yet
had my specimensexamined. But, when the railway ia
finished, it will be possible to export this to Europe
in large quantities. I cannot give the cost of handling
or collecting it, as that was only attempted two days
beforel left,

DISTRICTS OF THE KASSAI AND THE LUALABA.

Farther on rise little hillocks well wooded in which oile
palms and Landolphia abound. Here begins the
variety of rubber known as Kassai which isso much
sought after in Hurope onaccount ofits purity and
excellence. The forest here also extends towards the
south tothe Djuma or Kuilu which traverses a forest
said to containmuch rubber. Farther on the country
resumes the appearance of the caravan route, but the
elevations are all covered with forests. Yon find
there all the types of equatorial vegetation, includ-
ing oil-palms, rubber creepers, rattans, some Raphia,
trees of coloured wood in great variety. The soil is no
longer clayey, but purely sandy and brown from the
earth which is more than three feet deep. ‘here
are many sites there on the hilly parts suited for
agricultural undertakings. Several factories (?agencies)
exist in these latitudes. Their principal resource is
India-rubber, which they buy at 35 to 40 centimes the
kilogramme*; labourers can be produced for 10
centimes a day. Up to Luebo, on the Lulua, the aspect
is the same and the panorama is marvellous, so
various is the vegetation.

Luebo is surrounded by fine forests and is an im-
portant market for the red rubber of Kassai (worth 7 to
7% fy. the kilo.) The natives harvest it by incision
and prepare balls strung together in chaplets ; or else
the latex is warmed and made into bricks 20 centi-
metres long and 4 to6 broad, and of a dark colour.
The rubber is bought at 35 to 37 centimes the kilo-
gramme in exchange for cloth and sometimes for
cowries ; allowing for the cost of transport (60 to 100°/,)
the kilog. costs at most 75 centimes (72). Rubber exists
in abundance in the forests and seems to be methodi-
cally harvested by incision. From information fur -
nished to me,I conclude that from 500to 700 tonsa
year of the best quality could easily be harvested,
provided goods in exchange were always forthcoming),
and this only after the railway is finished, :

*]ilogramme=2 1-5 lbs,

AprRIL 1 1902 |

The population is relatively large and is distinguished
by remarkable aptitude for work and for trade.

In the forests oil palms and panza are abundant.
There is also a kind of palm, the Laphia, very
widel spread in the basin of the Congo, and which
will be dealt with advantageously when the railway is
made. Its leaves furnish fibrous thongs, used there
in weaving little mats (mandiba), and they are used
by horticulturists in Europe for ligatures, At pre-
sent Madagascar furnishes the fibres known as
Raphia, and itis brought to the French ports; the
price of it varies from frs.1:50 to2 fr. the kilog,
On the Congo onezcould buy them anywhere for a few
centimes.

Bevond the Lusambo, on the shores of the Sankurn
grows wild a very interesting kind of Cofee-tree,
which seem to me new. It existsalso, Tam told, in
abundance onthe left bank of the Lomani, west of
the Gandu. It is a smalltree 3 to 6 yards high
with branches spreading out often over the streams,
with fine leaves larger than those of the Liberian
-eoffee, and small flowers, smaller than those of the
Arabian variety. The berries are of medium size, the
seads rather small and regular and have a very
delicate aroma. For several days I drank coffee of
this kind that had been gathered towards Gandu and
it was excellent. ; j

M. Middegh assures me that this coffee abounds in
the woods onthe left bank of the Lomani, and is
even cultivated in certain villages. This variety has
been cultivated, first by the Arabs, and then by M,
Gillain at Lusambo station, where there were about
600 trees at the time of my visit. In the same
plantation there were some Liberian coffee trees
lanted at the same time, but which had not
eeveloped so well as this wild kind. I attribute this
to the nature of the soil of Lusambo: a siliceous
earth, rich in vegetable soil for 20 or 30 centimetres,
down. In such land one must give up Liberian in
favour of the new kind, accustomed to grow on the
sandy soils so common in the basins of the upper
Kassai, the Sankuru and the Lomani. This coffee
seems to me to have a great future before it, especially
after the southern portion of the great forests is
opened up to cultivation. :

We are alrcady acquainted with several of the use-
ful plants of the great African forests. First comea
the Landolphia, or india-rubber creeper ; there are
certainly several varieties, the one that seems to me
to predominate has stalks that attain perhaps to a
diameter of 20 centimetres, large leaves and medium-
sized fruit, The latex gives about half its volume
of rubber. It is this extraordinary richness which has
enabled M. Rue, aState functionary, to succeed in a
preparation of rubber which had been vainly attempted
in the Congo. A company had been trying to prepare
large lumps or masses, but without success, until
then. M. Rue’s method is as follows:—The rubber
gathered from the stems is brought to a place in the
forest whereit is poured into wooden or zinc recep-
tacles. Boxes that had been used in packing up
cartridges have beeu used: they are 50 to 70 centimetres
long, 25 wide and 7 to 10centimetres deep. Left for some
hours, at night, thelatex coagulates ; it does so more
rapidly and regularly if it is slightly warmed. It is
necessary to knead the coagulated latex to draw out

the water or otherwise make cavities in the mass.
That is the worst defect in the rubber thus pre-
pared, It would be better not to mike such large
cakes, and to havethem only 8 to 10 centimes thick’

_ For it is indispensable to dispel most of the imbibed
water by exposing the blocks for some months ‘in
airy sheds, The proximity of river banks, especially
if they are subject to frequent fogs, is bad. Mr. Rue’s
method could not be adopted with latex poor in
rubber, such as is collected by the lake Leopold, and
especially in the districts of the equator, In 1895 the
Arab zone produced nearly 300 tons of rubber. The
production could easily have risen to 1,000 tons, if
the Europeans had had goods in sufficient quantity in
exchange.

THE TROPICAL. AGRICULTURIST.

653

_ In anisland of the Lualaba, above Wabundu, growss
in a wild state, akind of Coffee much like the Ara~
bian. It is also found opposite Coquilhatville and on
the banks of the Uelle andthe Ubangi. It forms a
shrub 6 to 18 feet high, with narrow leaves, small
elongated beans, rather small berries of rather ir-
regular shape owing to there being often three berries
inabean, The colour of the berry is grey, and there
isso little aromathat many berries are required to
produce a fair cup of coffee,

At Wanie Kukula, I saw in the forests another
kind of wild Coffee whose reputation has no longer
to be made: Liberian Coffee living in the forest
under the shade of great trees. There are trees in
flower 30 to 40 feet high, the trunks of which measured
U to 25 centimetres in diameter 3 feet from the
ground. They bore branches only at the summit of
the stems, which is explained by the struggle for
light ofthe denizens of the forest, The seeds are a
little smaller than those of the cultivated Liberian
trees. In every point the wild and the cultivated
Liberian resemble one another, andin a plantation
of 5to 6 hundred trees near by, it was not possible
to distinguish them. The trees belonged to some
Arab chiefs to whom the Commandant Lothaire had
advised the cultivation of wild coffee and had given
seeds of the cultivated variety.

We must note then the existence, in their wild
state, of three different kinds of coffee in the Congo
State, andtwo of these havea great economic im-
portance, For if equatoriai Africa is the home of
these precious plants, there is no doubt that they
may be cultivated there with success. To satisfy
oneself, it is sufficient to visit the plantations of
Wabundu, andespecially those of Stanley Falls, At
the latter station, 400 trees were planted in 1890 on
the recent deposits of the left bank of the river.
They are very fine and were covered with berries
when I passed ; one of these trees was photographed
afterit had been stripped, The fruits weighed 21
kilog. (47 lbs.) which corresponds to about 3 kilo. of
coffee (71b.) After the Arab campaign, coffee plant-
ing was resumed vigorously under the direction of M.
Rom. Last year there were more than 5,500 plants
ever a year old and $ yds. high and growing vigorously.

From observations made atthe station since 1893,
it is found that it rains all the year, and that there
are only 2 months (February and July, and sometimes
also January) in which rain is less abundant, but
there is never more than an interval of 10 or 12 days,
At Romee, great fertility was attributed to some
sandy land formerly cultivated by the Arabs. It was
really owing to the burning of forest vegetation
there; in a year’s time some hundreds of coffee
bushes expressed this fact most evidently, and they
were removed tothe opposite or right bank of the
river, formed of alluvium and clay, where they
flourish.

The Forest Region of the Arab zone is certainly
the richest region of the Independent State for its
forests, its rubber, its suitability for coffee, and above
all for the cheapness of labour. The wages are from
ld, to 2d, perday, andthe Arabrule has taught the
people to work.

oc ee

A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE
ENZYME IN TEA.
(Continued from page 584.)

ENZYME AND LIGHT,

According to Reynolds Green there is some relation
between the quantity of enzyme in growing leaves
and light. He states (page 404) that bright sunlight
was found to have a powerfully destructive influence
on the enzyme, and that other observers had noticed
that there was more enzyme in leaves gathered early
in the morning than late in the evening. Presuming
the enzyme in tea has some effect on quality or
flavour, it would, according to the above observations,

654 THE TROPICAL
-be advisable to pluck as early as possible in the day,
-and some planters have stated that teas made from
leaves plucked early in the morning are better than
others, This would also have a considerable bearing
on the beneficial effect or othewise, of shade on the
quality of tea grown beneath it. To investigate this
question, we examined leaf plucked at 6 a. m., 2 p.m.
and 6 p.m., (and occasionally at 10 p. m.) for several
days under conditions of severe drought and excessive
moisture, peer WX i

The result of these microscopical investigations show
that the enzyme (or its zymogen) is present in ab-
undance at all hours and under all conditions, so

. that it would be difficult to ascribe improved quality,
. if any, in early plucked leaf to a particular abundance
of enzyme. A
Since an enzyme is present in all tea leaf under
all conditions, the next point to determine is its
_ function in the plant, and its action during the manu-
facture of tea. : She
As regards the function of the enzyme in the living
tea plant, it is difficult to make any definite
statements at present since there are so few optically
visible store-products in the leaf requiring its action
to render them soluble. This point is further inves-
tigated, and wecan only state that the activity of
the enzyme is apparently connected with the glue-
cosidal products in the leaf and possibly with the
. proteids. :

The enzyme has been isolated, by one of us, and
its action determined on a solution of tannin, prepared
from tea, with the result of a browning of the liquid
and the formation of a small proportion of svgar.
We would not, however, place too much reliance
on this reaction until confirmed by further tests, as
the tannin of tea is so prone to undergo change,
that the chemical processes necessary for its isola-
tion might induce a somewhat similar change. The
best practical method of proving the effect of the
enzyme would be to isolate a large quantity of it
from a highly flavoured tea, and to add this to a

- low country tea during manufacture and so determine
any enhancement of flavour.

METHOD OF EXTRACTION.

The simplest method is to bruise the withered leaf
in contact with hide powder or sheet gelatine for
some hours, then to remove the gelatine, which has
now become very tough and leathery, and to again
bruise the leaf with a small quantity of water at
about 80° F. The damp mass is then subjected to
high pressure to express all the juices, which are
then filtered as rapidly as possible, and precipitated
with several volumes of alcohol. After some hours
the bulk of the solution is poured off from the
floceulent precipitate which has subsided, and this is
again treated with water to dissolve the enzyme,
the solution filtered and again precipitated with
several volumes of strong alcohol, The precipitated
enzyme can be re-subjected to this treatment to fur-
ther purify it, and finally collected and dried at the
ordinary temperature to a whitish powder, or it can
be collected and disolve in water to # nearly colourless
solution. i

Both the powder ana solution prepared in this
manner give a deep blue reaction with gum guiacum,
and as other products which are known to also give
a blue reaction with this test have been removed
by the method of preparation, except perhaps traces
of proteid, we may conclude that the reaction in
the original leaf i3 almost certainly due to the pre-
sence of the enzyme.

Tannin, gallic acid, caffeine and other products in
tea have been tested separately, and found not to
any re-action with the resin.

Tf the enzyme has anythiug to do with flavour in tea,
the questions to be solved are :—

1st. Is it acting during the growth of the leaf ?

2nd Does it only act after development from an
nert form (zymogen) during the withering process,

AGRICULTURIST. [Aprin 1, 1909.

3rd, Does it act during or after rolling, since then
the contents of the cells are more or less expressed
and mixed with one another.

1st. The enzyme is no doubt active in the lesf dur-
ing the life of the plant at all elevations, and the fact
that the flavour of tea does not appear until we get
into higher elevations would tend to show that its
activity had little, if anything, to do with the fla-
your:

The maximum actiyity of other enzymes is asso=
ciated with a definite range of temparature frequent-
ly above that prevailing even in the low country of
Ceylon; hence we might infer that the activity of
the enzyme in tea would be greatest in the hot
low country, and yet we know that these teas have
much less flavour than those grown in the high
country

Qnd. The presence of a zymogen or mother enzyme
was indicated in many of our experiments. Freshly
cut sections of leaf frequently gave no reaction with
the gum guiacum test, until after frequent moisten-
ings and exposure to air. This could only be due
to the zymogen being rapidly converted by oxida-
tion into the active enzyme. Again withered leaf
invariably gave a quicker and more intense reaction
than the fresh leaf, which would also indicate a
similar change. Again sections frequently give a
more intense blue reaction after treatment with
hydrogen peroxide, which may aleo be due to the
rapid oxidation of the zymogen into the active enzyme,
or possibly to a direct action between the two reagents
themselves.

The Chinese method of withering tea leaf may also
be dependent for its success partly on the fact that
the frequent throwing in the airand gentle patting
with the hands allows an oxidation of the zymogen
into the enzyme.

Assuming that the abundance of enzyme is desir-
able, 16 would seem worth our while to employ a
system of withering which would permit of a degree
of oxidation sufficient to convert the whole of the
zymogen into the active form.

Experiments in this direction, and also on the
effect of light in the development of the active en-
zyme in the leaf are now being made.

3rd. In the rolling process one might expect that
very large percentage of the cells would be roptured,
and their contents mixed with one another and ex-
posed to the air. It is, however, surprising that
only a very small percentage of cells are really broken,
and the material which is expressed has mainly been
driven through the cell walls.

Examination of rolled leaf revealed about the same
amount of enzyme as in the withered leaf, and only
differed from it in being more diffuse. In order to
get the zymogen or enzyme more exposed to the air,
high pressure during rolling would be suggested, as
this would no doubt insure the rapturing of more
cells, and the more intimate mixing of cell contents,
In practice, however, it has been frequently found
that white great pressure increases the strength of
the tea, the flavour becomes more or less musked
or diminished. :

Several tests have proved that the enzyme is entirel
destroyed by sufficient heat in the ordinary process
of drying but its action is probably increased to a
marked extent for the first few minutes in the dry-

- ing machine, as it has often been demonstrated, that

the actual temporature of the leaf while wet is usually
80° to 100° F. below the temparature of the air in
the machine, which would representa temperae
ture in which the majority of enzymes are most
active.

The enzyme or its action is also entircly destroyed
by steam, asis shown in the manufacture of green
tea, and there are one or two points in this connec-
tion which probably indicate the true action of the ens
zyme in the manufacture of black tea.

The first of these is the fact that tea leaf thoroughly
wilted by steam will not acquire the brown coppery

_——— — —————————____

APRIL 1, 1902.]

colonr of the nfused leaf of black tea, although
treated in exactly the same manner, with the ex-
ception of the preliminary heating to a temparature of
boiling water.

This would indicate that the presence of the active
enzyme was necessary for the proper oxidation of
the constituents of the sap or leaf to produce the
colour of black tea.

From the higher percentage of unchanged tannin
in green tea it would appear that the enzyme has a
considerable influence on this product.

Another point is in connection with the flavour. If
there is any flavour in green tea it cannot be due
to the action of the enzyme during manufacture,
as this is completely destroyed in the preliminary
process of steaming. Some planters state that tho
up-country green teas have no more flavour than the
low-country teas of the same class, and if this is
correct, it would appear that the enzyme has some
effect in producing flavour, as its destruction has
apparently prevented the development of the flavour

“that we know is characteristic of the black teas

from up-country leaf. If it is a fact that leaf from
an up-country estate has less flavour When manu-
factured into green instead of black tea, the dimi-
nution of flavour might be due to the destraction
of the enzyme, or, as is more likely, to the loss of
essential oil during the steaming process.

In the investigation which we are continuing, there
are several poiats of interest which may be men-
tioned here. The most important is that. of deter-
mining the nature of the reactions and the products,
when the several constituents of the leaf are brought

‘into contact with the pure enzyme at different tem-
-paratures. This is, of course, first being carried out
-in the laboratory, and if possible and deemed advanta-
-geous, will be applied in the factory.

The reaction between the enzyme and the tannin,
essential oil, cellulose and protied, is being deter-
mined separately for each of these bodies, together

-with that between the enzyme and tea leaf en masse.

Tt is obvious that the products of these reactions
are many ~nd not always easy to recognize, but if
we can prove that any of them will impart a desir-
able flavour to tea, a great point will have been gained,
though it will remain to be seen whether it can be used
commercially.

The work must be continued in the factory at low
and high elevations, and this we are prepared to do at
the earliest opportunity.

ie a SN
WOODINESS OF THE PASSION FRUIT.

A. DEsPEIssIS,

A disease hitherto unknown in Western Australia
was, last season, first observed on some locally grown
passion vines, That disease has of late years played
havoc with the passion fruit plantations around
Sydney, and our ports have this season been made
the dumping ground of several important consign-

-ments of diseased passion.

The figures illustrating this ‘‘ woodiness ” show the
disease in a mild form.

They are taken from a Paper on the subject, pre-
pared by Dr. N. A. Cobb, Government Vegetable Patho-
logist of New South Wales.

The disease is stillan obscure one. First observed
around Parramatta some seven or eight years ago, it

har since spread to the whole surrounding County

of Cumberland, where its progress is more or less
erratic.

It affects most vineyards in the locality named,
and at the same time spares a few in the centre of
infection. :

Even in a diseased vineyard some plants eseape ;
the disease is less common on moist, free soil, suited to
passion fruit, than elsewhere.

SyMPToMs.
A “woody” passions vine is stunted in growth,

‘with short distorted canes, of pale-yellowish leaves

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 655

instead of a dark-green colour, The stocks are some-
times enlarged and knobby ; much of the frnit drops
early the rest hang on, become distorted, crack on
the surface, and when cut open are either empty
and show a considerable thickness of the rind, or
what there is of the edible pulp is thin, has a “ flat .
taste, with a colour different from that found in
healthy fruit. The seeds do not ripen properly, and
remain light and sometimes glassy instead of turning
black,
Hi CausEs OF THE DISEASE.

A disease passion vine often shows amongst woody
fruits, some which have every appearance of sound-
ness, and yet seeds from these apparently sound
fruit contain in them germs of the disease which
when shown, they transmit to the resulting plant. :

Exposed situations and frosts are also known to
have a prejudicial influence on przssion vines show-
ing a tendency to woodiness, but, above all, exhaus-
tion of the soil seems to accompany in most cases the
woody disease.

The passion fruit plant is most exacting on the
store of plant food-in the ground. By reason of its
yank growth and its prodigious bearing capacity (it
bears two to three crops of fruit each year) it soon
exhausts the soil of nourishment as weil as of mois-
ture. It has been noticed that, where manured
the vines are less affected by the disease than
are vines growing alongside which have been stinted of
Spe :

r. Co as observed on the yellow spotted
of diseased plants, as well as ee the ede haL
of dead branches, a specific fungus which he be-
loves to be associated with woodiness of the passion

ih : E REMEDIES,

@ passion vine is a gross feeder. Accordi
Mr. F. B. Guthrie’s computation, each Fieion ine
with fruit removes on an average annually from the
soils 640z.nitrogen, 140z. phosphoric acid, and 2% oz
potash, so that a vineyard planted with 300 (12¢t,
1 12ft,) passion vines to the acre would remove:
mioneDs 117 lbs, ; phosphoric acid, 28 lbs ; potash,

Knowing that sulphate of ammonia of
contains about 20 per cent. of nitrogen, su perphoe:
phate about 14 per cent. phosphoric acid, and sul-
phate of potash of commerce 50 per cent. of potash
we arrive at the following mixture, in order to
mentors fo, the land all the elements of plant food
extracte asion vines, an i
ox RE p d by @ crop of passion

Sulphate of Ammonia... ve me
Superphosphate of Lime aia * as
Sulphate of Potash, 50 coe -» 100

Such a mixture, applied at the rate of 3 1b., per
vine, would cost 4d. per vine or a little over. It
should be applied a year or so after the vines are
planted: ;

_ Besides a liberal application of chemical fertili
it has been suggested that, considering that the wean
disease is propagated by means of diseased seeds
and, moreover, that in all attacked vineyards there
are some vines which always look healthy and ap-
pear to be proof against the blight, cuttings be
taken from such vines and planted with a view to
opanining passion vine endowed with the immunity

e parent.—Journal of the Departmer }
ture of Western aaa OS oh AOE:

<—>—----
ALEXANDRIA BANANA DISEASE,
PRELIMINARY Report By Dr. Loos anp
G. P, FoaprEn,

A few daye ago we stated that the report
and Mr. Foaden on the disease, which ae et eee
widespread destruction among the Alexandria bana-
nas, had appeared and been issued by the Municipality.
TLe disease, according to the report, is caused by e
worm of the same species as that which caused great

656 THE ‘TROPICAL

havo from 1885 to 1888in Brazil completely destroying
the plantations in large districts in that country. The
report draws the following analogy between this dis-
ease and the present out-break at Alexandria :—

“ The history of the former disease is very interest-
ing and instructive inasmuch as the disease could be
traced back to 1869, that is to say to years before the
out-break became really serious. Nothing was known
of the pest nor were any attempts made to cope with it
until the year 1887, when a surface of about 715,000
feddans was infected and the cultivation of coffee ren-
dered impossible. The similarity to the present case 1s
striking. It has been known for some 3 or 4 years
that a banana disease existed in the district around
Alexandria. The disease was first located in a small
area, then at some little distance from the first ob-
served area. and finally is now spread in the whole
neighbourhood, it not only Rae plantations but

d its way into private gardens.
Hye need not enreduee the first part of the report,
which is purely technical, but the conclusion, deal-
ing with the methods of stamping out the disease, de-
serves to be reproduced in full :—

“The most important question to be considered,
is how to cope with the disease, in other words, how
to prevent the propagation of the worms. This can
only be arrivel at through an exact knowledge of
the life histories of the pests. In order to arrive at
this; an examination at one season of the year will
not suffice, and with the advent of warmer weather
further observations may be made. It has been seen
that all the different species pass a certain period of
their life history outside _the plants themselves, that
is to say, in the soil, this being a common feature
in the history of all parasitic animals since it is
the only means by which they can spread. The
time, therefore, in which to institute an attack is
when the majority are found in the soil, for any
attempt to reach the pest when within the plant
must be doomed to failure, as it is then in perfect
security. In countries where there are well-defined
seasons with great difference between them it is
more easy to ascertain exactly the different stages
than is the case with such a climate as that at
Alexandria where probably development goes on
steadily, that is to say, the few worms are always

resent in the soil. It is, on the other hand, also very
ikely that their numbers become considerably in-
creased at certain periods in connection with the sub-
sequent generations. Any remedy to be applied would
therefore have its maximum effect only if applied
during those periods. This matter can, however,
only ie definitely decided when the life histories of
the species have been followed throughout. Experi-
ments could then be conducted as to the most suitable
means to employ. In coping with nematodes attack-
ing the beet crop in Germany a method was suc-
cessfully adopted which may be mentioned here.
Nematodes ave found in, one might say, almost every
plant in small numbers. Practically all nematodes
living as parasites on plants are not exclusively
parasitic on one individual species, for if they find
the necessary favourable conditions for existence they
will att ck another host, just as a human being or
an animal can carry injury to health, and only show
signs of suffering when the number increases, so
within certain limits can plants withstand nematodes,
and only show signs of disease when their numbers
become excessive. To combat the pest in the sugar
beet plantations, other plants which were suitable
as hosts were used to attract the pest. The seed
waa sown early in spring, some weeks before the
beet were planted.

“The larve of the nematode hibernate freely in
the soil and attacked the newly-sown plants which
were subsequently removed and destroyed. There
were thus removed from the soil vast numbers of
the pest which would otherwise have attacked the
beet. This did not result naturally in a complete
clearance of the beet but the numbers remaining,

AGRICULTURIST. [Apri 1, 1902.

the beet were enable to resist. The adoption of this
method in the case of bananas would present certain
modifications but some thing might be done in this
direction and then by providing the plant with suitable
conditions for recovery such as good cultivation and
an application of suitable manure they may recover.

‘“The idea has been expressed that the disease is
one of recent introduction, but this does not seem
propable: Species of the genus heterodera were found

y Dr. Loos in a garden at Alexandria some years
since, and these were similar to the heterodera of
the bananas. It is probable that they have now
found a most snitable host in bananas and have con-
sequently rapidly increased in numbers. They have
probably been living in banana plantations for some
considerable time aud the result of years of increase
is now very apparent.

‘Experiments in the direction indicated should be
attempted ; first to ascertain plants most suitable,
the times at which they should be shown, and the
time at which they should be removed. The latter
information could of course be derived by a study of
the complete life history of the pests.

‘“Various remedies have been suggested in the
direction of applying to the soil some substance which
would prove harmful to the pests. We think the
most suitable substance to try at first is ordinary
lime. This substance is most commonly applied as
a remedy for insect pests either alone or mixed with
common soot. Lime from gas works might also be
employed. A certain quantity well incorporated with
the soil around the plants might have a most bene-
ficial effect, and would probably benefit the crop at
the same time. It is at any rate a practical and
inexpensive method. Much has also been said con-
cerning an application of nitrates and many mis-
leading and inaccurate figures published regarding
the percentage of nitrates present in the soil. We
do not deny that an application of nitrogenous
manure may have beneficial effects, not as a direct
remedy against the pests but merely as encourag-
ing and stimulating the plant and helping it, provided
the numbers of nematodes are not too excessive to
outgrow and overcome attack.

“Kixperiments might also show if the worms in
question or similar ones are capable of attacking
other and more important crops in the country.
Wheat and onions are known to suffer occasionally
by the attacks of nematode worms belonging to the
genus Zylenchus. The Zylenchus of the onions causes
great damage in Europe and is found occasionally in .
the crop of Upper Egypt.” —Zgyptian Gazette.

———e

CAMPHOR.

(Continued from page, 587.)
PREPARATION OF THE CAMPHOR.

As soon as the plants havereached a fair size and
formed stout woody stems below—say in three years
or lessin very good situations—they may be clipped.
The simplest method will perhaps be to use hedge
shears, placing a long basket below the hedge to catch
the clippings, Only the leavesand young twigs are

* required ; woody twigs yield little or no camphor.

In Japan, where, however, they only use the woods
of full-gcown trees as a source of camphor, the chip
of wood are distilled in a primitive-looking but
effective still, with bamboo tubes (these have the ad-
vantage that they can afterwards be split to remove
any camphor from them) and a wooden condenser
with water ranniog over its lid. In Ceylon probably
the best method will be to fix up a small still of any
good pattern with a glass condenser and plentiful
water supply, working it by means of steain from the
factory boiler. As the distillation is a somewhat un-
certain operation, especially tothe beginner, and as
it is probable that more efficient methods will be
discovered, the details of the principal experiments
tried, are given below, Material for these experi-

Apri 1, 1902.]

ments was obtained from the gardens at Peradeniya
(1,600 feet), Hakgala (5,600 feet), and Anuradhapura,

(300 feet).
CAMPHOR DISTILLATION.

The first distillations were from 112 lb. of prunings
received from Hakgala onthe 28th June, 1900. These
were conducted ina large cask fitted with a metal
cover leading to a metal condenser, which was
cooled by a constant flow of water. Distillation
was effected by means of steam from a boiler passing
into the lower part of the cask below a perforated
iron plate, The prunings were chopped up into frag-
ments about 1 inch long, covered with water, the
top, connected with the condenser, luted on, and
steam turned on to gradually bring the water to the
boil.

A strong pungent smell of camphor and eucalyptus
came off as soon as distillation commenced, which
persisted for some time even when the distillate was
cooled to 50° F’., a temperature below that which could
be obtained practically. The loss was minimized by
bringing the water to the boil very slowly, and only
admitting just sufficient steam to keep it at the boiling
temperature. It was found that the metal cover to the
cask retained a good proportion of the camphor, but
it was not so pure-as when condensed in a wooden
box similar to thatin use in China and Japan. The
purest camphor was obtained when the distillate was
made to pass through a long glass tube surrounded
with a jacket of cold (running) water, the crystals
being deposited when the temperature of the glass
did not. exceed 50° ©. or 122° F., a temperature that
could easily be maintained in a condensing apparatus
up-country at all times of the year. In the low-
country amore rapid flow of condensing water and
® proportionately longer condensing apparatus would
be required to obtain the same results, asthe water
is much warmer andthe steam also is at a higher
temperature.

In all the experiments the camphor had almost
entirely distilled over during the first three hours,
as several distillations conducted for twelve hours
and Ienger resulted in no better yield, and the
smell of the camphor under these circumstances was
contaminated with that of decomposition products
from the nitrogenous matter, &c., in the leaves and
twigs. Three distillations could be madein the sare
apparatus during the day.

The amount of steam required for the distillation
even of large quantities would be nominal, and would
hardly be felt in an ordinary boiler working in a tea
factory.

YIELD OF CAMPHOR.

The first distillation from part of the prunings ob-
tained from Hakgala in June, 1900, only yielded °35

er cent., but this was increased tc ‘62 per cent. by

etter regulation of the steam pressure and the con-
densing water. The camphor had a slight smell of
eucalyptus, and was not so strong as ordinary cam-
phor. The leaves were quite fresh when distilled.

Separate distillations were again made in August
with fresh leaves and twigs, and the green branches
of about half inch to 1 inch thick, the former yielded
°85 per cent. camphor, but |the latter a mere trace,
both of camphor and oil.

7th September, 1900.—Three distillations of camphor
Jeaves from Peradeniya were made in the usual manner
the yield from the first being 1:10 percent. of cam-
phor aud camphor oil. In the second distilation,
when the leaves had partly dried, J:06 per cent. of cam-
phor and oil was obtained, calculated on the fresh
leaves. In the third distillation the leaves had under-
gone partial decomposition, the result of becoming
heated to a temperature of 106° F, The yied in this
case was ‘68 per cent, camphor and ‘38 per cent, of
oil, so that it would appear advisable to distil the
leaves as fresh as possible, as the oil is less valuable
than the camphor,

9th October 1900.—A sample of young camphor flush

weighing 117 1b, plucked from two trees in Hakgala,

THE TROPICAL -AGRICULTURIST.

657

one 8 feet in diameter and 12 feet high, yielding 8 Ib,
and the other5 feet in diameter and 7 feet high,
yielding 3i1b. This was carefully distilled in a
copper retort over a lamp, and the vapour condensed
in aglass vessel. In the first four hours °63 per cent
of pure camphor was obtained, which smelled only
of pure camphor; on further distillation -08 per
cent. more camphor was obtained, which did not
smell quite so pure. Heating by the direct flame
beneath the vessel appears to take longer in remov-
ing all the camphor than driving it over with steam
under slight pressure.

24th October, 1900.—A_ distillation of camphor clip-
pings from Hakgala yielded ‘77 per cent. camphor
and ‘27 per cent. oil.

30th October 1900.—A distillation of 12 lb. of cam-
phor flush was made in a copper vessel with a glass
condenser, yielded ‘69 per eent. camphor and ‘34
per cent. camphor oil. The trees were in active
growth when this flush was plucked.

Ith January, 1901.—A camphor tree that had become
slightly cankered was received from Hakgala in sepa-
rate parcels of leaves, branches, stem, and _ roota,
Several distillations of the leaves and twigs were made,
both in the fresh state and when air-dried, some of
them being continued for twelve hours, The yield of
camphor and oil varied somewhat, but appeared
to depend on the proportion of leaves to twigs, the
latter containing much less than the former. A
glass condenser was employed for all these distilla-
tions, the camphor and oil being obtained quite pure,

The first experiment yielded ‘875 per cent. camphor
and ‘986 per cent. oil, a far larger proportion of
oil than in any previous distillation of similar leaf.

A second distillation, which was continued at a
low temperature foreleven hours, yielded 1-08 per
cent, pure camphor and 0°32 per cent oil.

Five other distillations at intervals of some days
with the air-dried leaves gave the following yields :—

_No, 1.—2°310 per cent. camphor and 1‘l4 per cent,
oil equal to 1 02 per cent. on fresh leaf.

No. 2.—2°149 per cent. camphor and oil, equal to 98
per cent. on fresh leaf,

No. 3.— 2'425 per cent. camphor and traces of oil
equal to1‘05 percent.on fresh leaf.

No. 4.—2°380 per cent: camphor aad traces of oil
equal to 1°01 per ceut. on fresh leaf.

No. 5,—2-080 per cent. camphor and traces of oil
equal to ‘96 per cent, on fresh leaf.

From these figures it will be seen that air-drying
the leaf before distillation does not cause any appre-.
eiable loss of camphor, though a certain amount of
oil disappears, either by volatilization or oxidation,
The camphor obtained from the air-dried leaf also
had a somewhat purer smell than that from the fresh
leaf though this latter was easily rendered pure by re=
distillation with staem.

Three distillations were made of the branches and
stem of the camphor tree, but no appreciable quane
tity of camphor was obtained from either, nor did
the bark of thestem appear to contain more than
traces, The roots, however, contained an oil, 5 1b, of
roots yielding 1:22 per cent. This oil was located
mainly in the bark and in athin layer of wood beneath
it. It had only aslight smell of camphor, and more
resembled a mixture of aniseed and peppermint,

On the 7th August, 1901, 5 lb, of young flush waa
received from Hakgala in a slightly heated condition,
It was at once put into acopper vessel with fifteen
pints of water, and a glass dome luted on, which was
connected with a glass condenser. The water was
heated slowly from below, and a thermometer placed
so as to register the temperature of the Vapour 2
inches above the water andcamphor leaves,

At 50° C. (1220 F-.) crystal of camphor condensed on
the glass dome, which at 90° C. 194° F. were carried
backinto the water by the condensed steam, At 1002
C. the steam and camphor vapour was passing
rapidly into the glass condenser, while the leaves
were covered with oily drops of camphor and oil,

688 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

Distillatiow at 100° C. wat continued for two hours,
when 44 litres (7-93 pints) of water containing cam-
phor and oil had collected in the condenser. This
was then passed througha wet paper filter to sepa-
rate the camphor and oil from the water, 24:53 grams
of the mixture being obtained, equal to 1:10 per cent.
The oil was separated from the camphor as much
as possible, the yield of each on the original flush
being ‘755 per cent. pure camphor and “845 per cent.
camphor oil. Another distillation was made in the
same way of 10 lb. of coppice shoots one year old
from a tree that had been cut down. The yield of
camphor from this was very small, only ‘192 per cent.
and shows thatthe first year’s growth from a tree
eut down tothe ground is practically valueless, but
it is probable that young flash from such coppiced
¢rees would increase in the camphor contents during
the next and succeeding years. :
Further distillations were also made of the entire
pronings weighing 60lb. of a five year and nine
menths old tree of average growth, the leaves 27 lb.
and branches 23 lb. being distilled separately, the
former yielding ‘767 percent. of pure camphor and
some oil, the latter only traces of oil, showing that
the whole of the camphor is penoceyy in the leaves
and not in the young wood. The reason of this
should be investigated, as it is from old wood that
the bulk of the camphor of commerce is obtained.

CHARACTERS, }

The camphor obtained from all the above experi-
ments hae the usnal crystalline form, and is perfectly
colourless unless condensed in an iron vessel, when it
is tinged with red from the oxidized iron. It floats
on water, in which it is almost insoluble, and small
fragmenta rotate rapidly when floated on thia liquid.
It burns with a yellow smoky dame, leaving no
residue, and volatilizes readily at the ordinary tem-
perature. It is easily soluble in alcohol, either, and
chloroform, andis precipitated from the former, in
white flocculent masses, when the solution is poured
into water. It sublimes readiiy, and has an odour
of camphor, but not so powerfulas ordinary camphor
from old wood. Its specific gravity is 987; it Melts
at175° O,, 347° F.; and boils at 205° C. 400° F. it
dissolves readily in nitric acid, with some develop-
ment of heat, and immediate separation of the
solution into two layers. the upper of a red colour
and the lower pale yellow or colourless. The addi-
tion of water precipitates the camphor as a white
mass fromthe upper layer of the solution apparently
unchanged.
' SUBLIMATION EXPERIMENTS.

These were conducted at varying temperatures
and under different conditions in order to try and
obtain the translucent state common to commercial
camphor, The most successful method was by mix-
ing the crude camphor with slaked lime in the pro-
portion of 4® to 1, and subjecting this in a closed
vessel to alow heat for twelve —
being gradually increased up the sides ofthe vessel
in order to drive allthe camphor into the upper
portion, Copper vessels are the best for the purpose,
as glass is liable to fracture from condensed mois-
ture running down to the heatedsides.

Before sublimation can be effected it is essential
that all the camphor oil should be expressed from
the camphor. The camphor when first distilled
appears to be paactically free from oil, but after
standing some days oil gradually separates and sinks
to the bottom of the mass of crystals, and this
appears to continue for months. Filtration with
the aid of a vacuum effects a partial separation but
in practice on a large scale it would be best
effected by means of acentrifugal machine similar

to that employed for the separation of crystalline’

sugar from molasses,
o1L
The oil obtained with the camphor from the leaves
ig of a clear yellow colour. having a specific gravity
at 60° F, of 9662, Jt contains a certain amount of

hours, the heat |

[APRIL 1, 1902.

camphor in solution, which can be separated to
some extent by cooling to 10° C. It would there-
fore be advisable to cool the mixture of camphor
and oil, as much as possible, before submitting it to
centrifugal expression.

The root oil, of which 1°22 per cent. was obtained
from the air-dried roots was almost colourless and
had no smell of camphor. It consisted of a mixture of
two oils, one lighter and one heavier than water, the
specific gravity of the mixed oils being 1°058 at 80° F

YIELD AND PROSPECTS,

The figures about given show that the yield varies
a good deal, but that on the average about ‘75 to 1
per cent. of camphor may be expected from the young
leaves and twigs, as well asa small quantity of cam-
phor oil, which alsohas a market value, Samples of
camphor mixed with theoil were valued lately at
R126 percwt. If we assume that clippings will yield
about 1 per cent. of camphor and oil worth Ri per lb.
we should be well within the mark. The cost of
obtaining this should be about R63 per acre made up
as follows:——

Rs. c.

Pruning 1,210 trees and carrying to factory 37 0
Distilling, fuel, packing &c, .. <a) a0
53 «(0

J,¢., camphor can be put on the market as cheaply as
tea per pound if the yield be at the rate of 177 lb, per
acre (cost of tea being estimated at 30 cents). ow
177 1b, will be yielded by 17,700 lb. of clippings. In
the case of bushes 6 feet apart this meaus 14) Ib,
per bush per annum, or about seven tlmes the weight
of flush obtained froma prosperous tea bush, On
the other hand, the bushes are only half as many
to the acre, and the plucking is much closer, 60
that this estimate is not unreasonable, and the pro
duct is more valuable than tea. It seems not un-
reasonable to expect that where a bush, with 36
square feet of spaceto grow in. yields 12 to 14 Ib.
of clippings a year, the cultivation will prove remuner-
ative—not abonanza, but yielding a fair profit. In
the Hakgala Gardens this yield is exceeded,
so far as rough expériments show.

M. KELWAY BAMBER,

Government Chemist.
J. O. WILLIS,
Director, Royal Botanic Gardens
el

PLANTING NOTES.

Raga Frisre.—Mr. Jefferies, of the Nurseries, Oxford,
sends us illustrations of the growing plant and of the
fibre it produces. The value of the fibre of the Bosh-
meria nivea has long been appreciated, but some diffi-
culties still exist in the cleaning the fibreand divesting
it of resin.— Gardeners’ Chronicle.

SypNEY Botanic GARDENs.—During the ‘month of :
March the garden was visited by immense numbers
of flying-foxes. There must have been many thou-
sands of them, and some of the large trees were
quite black with them. Several local sportsmen shot ”
large numbers, and the destructive animals were all
killed or flew away in about a week from the first
appearance of the swarm. It is many years since
the gardens were visited by a plague of these
animals.—Ibid. t

Tur AGE OF TREES.—The estimation of the age of
trees by means of the number of rings visible in
the wood is well known to be subject to many ex-
ceptions. In a recent number of the Revue Horticole
it is pointed out that by pinching, or pruning or
grafting, a second layer of wood may be formed ’
in one year ina shoot. The explanation given by M. °
GvuiauarRp is that the pinching or other operation -
brings about a state of rest, less sap is directed to~
the wound. But when the adjacent buds being to
grow;-the afflux of sap is increased, and a fresh zone. of ¢
wood is the result.—Lhid,

Apri 1, 1902.) THE TROPICAL

ORANGE CULTURE, PICKING AND
PACKING IN JAMAICA.

Being Paper vead by Hon. Dr. Johnston, at the
First Orange Conference held under the
auspices of the Board of Agriculture at
the Collegiate Hall, Kingston, on
- Wednesday, 30th October, 1901.

In approaching the subject of orange culture?
picking and packing for shipment, it is with no
desire on my part to pose as an authority on the
question, or to pit my opinion against those of the
experienced planter to whom a knowledge of fruit
growing and handling rightly belongs, but, having
lived for many years in one of the finest fruit-pro-
ducing parishes in the Island, and being impressed
with the importance of the industry, and the
necessity for its development being placed on a
sound and permanent basis, I have been led for

' some time pastto take a personal interest in the

matter, and to do what little can to secure this

- much-to-be-desired end. For while we may all be

agreed that sugar must ever remain the staple pro-
duct of the colony, (hear, hear,) and that in its
revival, by means of reasonable preferential con-
cessions on the part of the Imperial Government,
and the establishment of Central Factories, lies the
only hope for Jamaica’s future prosperity, we must
not lose sight of the fact that hundreds of our
people depend on the frequent visits of the fruit
steamers to our shores, whereby to realise a little
ready money to meet their most pressing needs and
the call of the tax-collector.

Hitherto, our fruit shipping experiences have
been confined chiefly to the comparatively near
markets of the United States and Canada. The
short sea voyage and the expeditious transit of our
oranges to these countries have in some measure

' obviated the necessity for very special care in

handling and packing, although we have seen, more
than once, hundreds of barrels of Jamaica oranges
in an unsaleable condition on the wharves of New
York through careless packing, while everywhere
we heard grocers complaining that, even if our
fruit arrived sound, the unattractive appearance
of our packages and the slovenly method of putting
up the fruit, adopted by us, precluded the possi-
bility of our oranges ever taking rank with the
Florida and Californian products until we were
persuaded to bestow more time and care in prepar-
ing them for the market.

THe PRoBLEM.—But now, gentlemen, we are
face to face with the problem of how to pick and
pack our oranges so as to carry successfully more
than three times the distance to the States and a
voyage of twelve to fourteen days instead of four or
five ; for.the markets of the Mother Country are
now open to us by the inauguration of the Direct
Line of specially fitted steamers, affording facilities

for shipping fruit to Hmgland never offered to us.

before, while we have practically the field to our-
selves until muchlater. Could we but place our
fruit in good condition at Covent Garden now,
high prices could be assured, for our Jamaica
oranges for quality have no peer, and the fault is
our own. that their reputation in England is not
better than it is. In confirmation of this statement,

ermit me to quote from a letter received by last
mail from a large fruit-dealer in Liverpool.
writes :—‘‘ We have been badly in need of oranges

for the last three months, and will be for some-
turn out:

gime’ to-comie, “Barrels from Jamaica
83

°

He'

AGRICULTURIST. 659
very wasty, but we may hope for better packages
in future. With you, I sincerely trust, the pros-
perity of Jamaica will, in near future, greatly
improve, but I also know this improvement can
only be accomplished by diligent and persevering
energy on both sides of the Atlantic.” The difficul-
ties ars many, but they are not insurmountable,
and as the Italian, Sicilian and Spanish orange
packers contend successfully with a long sea voyage
and extremes of temperature, socan we; and. it
might be well for us to review briefly the methods,
adopted by them, which have resulted in bringing
vast wealth to Messina and Palermo, while whole
cities have sprung up on the Hast coast of Spain
during the past thirty or forty years, as the result
of an orange industry conducted on business
principles. Under order from Mr. A. lL. Jones, it
was my privilege to spend some three weeks in
Spain, my instructions being to visit Italy, Sicily,
Algiers or wherever else I would be likely to gain
information that might be of value to the orange
shippers of Jamaica. Onreaching Valencia, I
learned that the season had practically closed further
East, so determined to confine my investigations. to
the region within a couple of hundred miles of
Valencia, where three or four weeks still remained
before the crop would be finished. My first visit
was to the orange groves, or orchards, of Burianna,
accompanied by an interpreter and guide provided
by Messrs. Reis Bros., a firm of high standing and
doing a larger business, probably, in oranges than
any other house in Spain, and were therefore in a
position to afford me special facilities in my hunt
for knowledge.

In tHE FreLp,—On entering the orange field; £
was struck by the amount of labour put into the
land ; every inch is ploughed by a crude, primitive
and ancient-looking wooden implement, the share
alone being tipped with iron which turns up.a very
shallow furrow effectively, however, stirring up the
soil and keeping down the weeds, although the
work could be much more speedily and effectively
accomplished by one of our modern American culti-
vators. Not in every plantation in Jamaica can
this suggestion be adopted, as much of our oranges
grow in the pimento walks, and pasture lands, and
the idea, therefore, would apply to only such flelds
as are entirely given over to orange culture. One
thing, however, ‘applies to orange-growing any
and everywhere,—if the planter would improve the
character and condition of his trees, and the quality
of his fruit—he mustat least fork up the soil
within a radius of six feet round each tree; a trench
12 inches wide, six inches deep, at .a distance varye
ing according to the size of the tree and the reach
of the limbs, filled with manure, is a very good half-
way measure, I also observed that a circular hole
is dug round the roots of each tree, the earth being
drawn back some two feet, forming a basin-shaped
hollow, exposing the roots some 18 or 20 inches
from the trunk. The reason given for thisis, first,
that insect borers, etc., are more liable to attack
the roots near the trunk of the tree, and the expo-
sure of at this point leaves them no shelter, and
their operations are more rapidly detected ; secondly,
it was foundin the early experience of Spanish
orange growers that a gum disease, in the form of
a gummy or resinous deposit, accumulated and
formed between the earth ‘and the air on the tree
which ultimately caused the bark to rot, with the
result that 60 per cent. of the trees died in the 4th
and 5th year of their growth, while in other caseg
portions ofthe trees would wither away. Now,

660 THE TROPICAL
‘the gum drops down and disappears in the soil,
while the farmer can very readily observe any
evidence of decay in the roots, so as to remove the
affected parts. This clearing of the roots has
' effectively remedied the evil, and the exposed roots
rapidly accommodate themselves to the atmosphere,
- while the improvement in the health of the trees
has been most apparent. Within the last few
years it has been found necessary to apply to the
roots of every thirty trees some 70 kilos, or about
100 lbs. of artificial manure annually, mostly super-
phosphates, but very little natural manure
being available. ‘This, unfortunately, has been
found to cause a deterioration in the flavour of the
fruit, an evil that must increase as the time goes
on, for another decade at least. The species of
trees found there are by no means as large as those
of Jamaica, but this may be accounted for, in
- some measure, by the vigilant pruning and the
removal of both tops and branches which are
likely to interfere with the development of the
fruit.

Pruckinc.—As to the method of picking the
oranges. In no instance are they plucked, but with
a short pair of clippers, resembling wire cutting
pliers, they are snipped from the stem, three or
four oranges being received by the left hand at a
time. Before placing the oranges in the basket
the portion ofstem remaining on the fruit is cut
close; boys with baskets slung from their shoulders
being employed to climb for the fruit beyond the
reach of the men. The fruit isin no case thrown
into heaps as with us, but when twenty or thirty
baskets are filled the cart comes along and carries
them off to the packing houses ; the first layer of
baskets being placed in a swinging shelf under-
neath the cart, the second on the bottom, and
the third ona layer of boards forming an upper
tier, so that there is little orno pressure put on
the oranges up tothisstage of handling. I would re-
mark that mules and horses are utilised for reaching
portions of the orchard inaccessible to carts. They
carry about six or eight baskets on wooden crates
slung across the backs of the animals, and on
arrival at the packing house the fruit is emptied
on the floor to the depth ofnot more than twelve
to eighteen inches; sand and straw being freely
distributed to receive them. A typical packing

house has a floor space of about 70 ft. by 120 ft., -

evade the necessity for shelves in laying out the fruit,
the shelf system being deprecated by the packers
as causing unnecessary handling of the fruit, and
being more inaccessible to the sorter. There are
no sizing machines inuse, asthey save nothing in
time and labour, each orange requiring to be in-
dividually culled with or without them; but then
the Spanish women are experts at this business.
The buildings are divided into four distinct depart-
ments, viz:—sorting, wrapping, box-making, and
packing. ‘The sorting is the most important portion
of the work and is generally accomplished by elderly
women of long experience. The oranges are sorted,
first, that damaged or imperfect fruit, or fruit with
a blemish, such as a worm hole, a depression from
contact with a branch while growing, or for any
other reason that the sorters may consider them as
unfit for shipment, may be laid aside. Under this
head 20 per cent. of the harvest is rejected and
finds its way to local markets.
CGLASSIMICATION.—Much care and study has been
bestowed upon the classification of the oranges; for
we find that they are packed into boxes, of some
peveu. different gizes,’ Blood oranges, for example,

AGRICULTURIST. fAprit 1, 1902,

are packed into cases of 200 each. Then under the
heading of ‘‘410,” which are the Jargest oranges,
we have four sizes: ‘‘ Ordinary,” ‘‘ Large,” ‘‘ Extra
Large,”’ and ‘‘ Extra, Extra Large” ; these names
being printed uponthe respective boxes, and indi-
cate a variation of three or four inches in the size
of the box. Cases containing 714 are usually of one
size only, as also are boxes of 1064, which contain
the smallest oranges of the crop. Each box is divided
into three compartments by two partitions, the centre
space being sorter than the outer two. Itis thought
that these boxes would be much too large for our
fruit. This may be so, although the reasons given
arenot very convincing so far. There is a possibility
of going too far in the opposite direction, and-
certainly the boxes that prevail here at present do
not permit of as ready success of air through the
fruit, seeing thatthe openings are only at the cor-
ners, the sides, top and bottom generally being each
of one piece, whilethe Spanish box is made up of
uarrow laths forming practically a crate, but experi-
ence will shortly demonstrate to us whether ours or
the Spanish box will best serve the purpose. In
any case the barrel must go. The variety of classes
accounts for the large number of baskets required in
a well-equipped packing house, as separate baskets
are required to receive from thehands of the sorter
the particular size of fruit intended for the above
grades. It will thus beseen that the basket plays an
important part in the orange business, and facili-
tates the handling of the fruit to such anextent that
I cannot understand why it has never been adopted
in Jamaica. They are of two sorts—shallow and
wide, so thatthe orange may not have too far to
drop during the operations of sorting and wrapping,
and deep and narrow, so that they can be easily
carried upon the shoulders. I shipped a sample
order of 200 in the hope that our planters might see
the wisdom of adopting them. They are woven from
Esparto grass and with ordinary use will last many
seasons. To minimise still further the possibility
of the fruit being bruised or injured the packers of
Valencia line them throughout with sacking.
WRAPPING.—Between the sorters and the packers
are the wrapperssitting in groups around heaps of the
fruit, each heap ofa certain class, and being supplied
by the men who take them from the sorters, here
again they are subject to further inspection, and
blemished fruit which may have escaped the scrutiny
ofthe sorters is thrown aside. I have here some
samples of the paper used for wrapping, please ob-
serve that each bear the stamp or trade-mark of the
packer, a guarantee ofthe quality of hisfruit, andhe
is proud enough of his brand to stand by the conse-
quence attached to carelessness on the partof his
employees, No oranges are shipped from {Spain
which do not bear on each end of the case a sten-
cilled trade-mark or brand of the packer, also num-
ber of oranges contained in the box. The brand
also indicates whether the fruit is of goodquality, or
finest or superior quality. The wrapper hasa pile
of cut papers in herlap, and dexterously placing an
orange at one end rolls it from her, gathering the
ends in a tight twist at each side, which holds the
paper in place prettily and perfectly, An ordinary
hand can do20 to 25 per minute. The wrapping
paper is of a very fine, soft, silky quality, made in
Spain. The cost there for enough to wrap an
average of 240 boxes is 80 pesetas, or about £2 7s 6d
according torate of exchange ; stamping, 20 pesetas
or lls. 7d. The wrapped fruit is then carried te
that portion ofthe house where they are packed in
their respective boxes according to size and class,

j

Appin 1, 19022 THE TROPICAL

Packinc.—And now astopacking. This is done
by girls, two of them putting up abox of 714 in 15
minutes and a box of 420in 1U minutes. I must
confess to being somewhat surprised when the car-
penter came along to put on the lids ; he first tacked
the three laths at one end, then, putting his knee
on each lath in turn applied his whole weight so as
to press the oranges firmly into the box. When the
box of oranges is packed ready for thelid it appears
to be much too full, the top layer being nearly half
their thickness above the level of the box-edge. I
questioned the propriety of applying so much force
to bring them down. The explanation given that it
did no damage, as it was absolutely necessary that
allowance be made for shrinkage, that the fruit re-
ceived equal pressure all through the box, and that
while a bounce to anorange would injure it, no harm
came by even, steady pressure, which had the result
of simply flattening four surfaces, but was not suffi-
cient to cause confusion of the internal portion of
the orange; unless by accident or careless packing
one or twoshould be caught between the lid and the
edge of the box. When the carpenter has finished
nailing on the cover small boys come along with strips
of raw hide and nail them around each end in place
of hoops; finally the box is handed over to men who
dexterously and firmly bind each round and round
with some ten or twelve yards of cord plaited from
Esparto grass. The boxes are then carried to the
Grao or beach where they are loaded on to surf boats
and conveyed to the steamers lying at anchor in the
roads some half a mile away. Iam in possession of
every detail regarding cost of materials, also length
and breadth of the various boxes, time required for
their construction, etc., which will be supplied on
application.

For JAMAICA.—The foregoing is a brief synopsis of
the methods adopted by packers in the plains of
Castellon; but there are other points in connection
with the handling of fruit in Spain that must not be
lost sight of, andI fear that unless we in Jamaica
are prepared to follow in some measure these or
similar methods in handling our fruit, we can never
hope to make satisfactory shipments of oranges to
England. Forinstance, when the season begins
with us, we find scores of irresponsible people—in
the country parts, at least—renting shedsand vacant
houses, at the same time intimating theirintentions
of buying oranges from the surrounding districts; the
people commence to collect fruit, plucking it rough-
ly from the trees, throwing it into heaps some three
or four feet high, until a cart comes along, the sides
have been raised by the addition of rough sticks tied
together at the corners; into this the oranges are
thrown several feet deep and carted tothe aforesaid
packing sheds, where inexperienced women are em-

ployed wrapping in rough straw paper, and packing °

the oranges unsorted into barrels or boxes, rejecting
only such fruit as gives unmistakeable evidence of
being hopelessly damaged ; but such packers have no
means of learning what treatment the fruit has re-
ceived, not only in the fields and carts, but. by the
numerous small settlers who bring in their quota in
rough hampers on mule or donkey backs for sale,
When they arrive at the wharf the barrels are gener-
ally emptied in the shipper’sshed and again packed,
but very much after the same unsystematic method.
This would never be tolerated in such places as
Burrianna, for in no instance will the packers
accept or purchase fruit which has not} been picked
by their employees. In the foregoing description I
refer chiefly to what I haveseen personally on the
Northside of the Island. Lacknowledge that in the

‘these possess excellent keeping qualities,

AGRICULTURIST. 661

neighbourhood of Kingston and Port Antonios
planters may have within the last year or two adopt-.
ed much more improved methods of putting up
their fruit ; but even they, I feel sure, will be clad
to take advantage of the suggestions of the Spanish
packer, from knowledge acquired after many years
in the trade. In every instance the farmer sells hig
crop on the tree, either by weight or by sight,-—if
by sight, all that may be blown down subsequently
is included in the contract ; if by weight, only fruit
picked direct from the tree is counted. In the fore
mer case the price paid is less, but the risk of logs
lies with the packer, and vice versa. The cost of
the fruit in May was from $5 to $7 per thousand
but earlier in the season they could be purchased
for $2:50 to #3, an orange is an orange in Spain, and
every one counts, not three for one as with us. I
consider the fruit grown in the regions round Valen-
cia to be very much inferior in every respect to the
Jamaica product. It has a very thick rind, although
it is said that this applies only to those of the so«
callec second flowering. Be this as it may, most
of those that I saw were coarse in appearance, the
surface being rougher than even our Seville orange
while the sweetness and juiciness can in no way
compare, the seeds larger, much more core, and
that very fibrous. The plains of Castellon have a
perfect network of canals, a legacy of the magnificent
engineering of the Moors. Connected with every
10 or 20 acres is an ancient water-wheel some 10
to 12 feet in diameter, for raising the water to the
level of the land for the purpose of irrigation. The
horses or mules that turn the wheel are blind-folded
so that they may be kept in ignorance of the where-
about of the driver boy, and so that he dare not
stop in his monotonous round until the work is
done for fear of the whip, which may be a mile
away.

IRRIGATION. —TIn discussing with packers the merits
ofthe fruit of the various districts as to their
carrying and keeping qualities, I was informed that
excessive irrigation ruined the carrying qualities
of the fruit; that while a limited amount of water
increased the rind so making the oranges somewhat
together and less likely to be bruised in packing,
we find that in the Bibara the best examples of the
effect of water on the orange ; there are two classes
of orchard there, one, the ‘‘ huerto” or gardens,
mostly made up land in terraces, where the water
let on moistens the soil, but does not remain pools
for any length of time, quickly disappearing through
the very porous condition of the land. The oranges
produced thus are of a superior quality, and al-
though the trees are planted some 20 feet apart,
they yield alarger crop to the acre than those of
the Plana, which are planted a little more
than half that distance from each other,
These oranges keep and carry well, while in the
plains of the same district the ‘ huertas” or fields
are of a stiffer soil, the water lies longer and dis.
appears slowly, producing a coarse orange which
carries badly. Again, the increasing use of artificial
manure is an important factor in the deterior.
ation of the fruit in this direction as well as affect.
ing the flavour, natural fertilizer being very much
less so, but for reasons which the foregoing but
partially explains, oranges from the high elevation
keeps much better than those from the plains.
Within the last few years a number of bitter orange
trees have been introduced from Seville, as experi-
ence has proven that sweet oranges budded on to
This fact

662

argues well for the system now so much in vogue in
Jamaica of budding sweet oranges on the shoots o
Seville orange stumps or on young Seville seedlings.
Oranges grown in districts subject to frequent fogs or
mist carry worst of all ; and in any case should on
no account be picked while wet. In the early part
of the season it is recommended that the fruit lie for
several days inthe shed before wrapping so as to
permit of its being somewhat softened, the better to
adapt itself to the packing process. As the season
advances however, this is unnecessary, and the fruit
should be put up within, at most, three days of
housing. ‘

But L am convinced, fromall Ihave seen and learn-
ed of thefruit tradehere, that with afew modifications
and adaptations to local conditions, Spanish methods
may with equal success be adopted in Jamaica.
It may be objected that we have a much more
difficult problem to solve than the Valencians, asthe
latter have but to provide for a seven or eight days’
voyage, as against twelve from Jamaica. This
argument, however,, is ill-founded, as many of the
packers employed in Palermo, Messina, and other
parts of Sicily and Southern Italy, hail from Burris
anna, where they employ exactly the same methods
they have been accustomed to in Spain, with the
one exception that the boxes are somewhat smaller,
and they have to provide for a voyage offrom four-
teento sixteen daysin a temperature very often in
exzess of anything we have to contend with in the
West Indies. Such facts should be most encourag-
ing to usin our prospective orange business with
England ; and while in the streets of London I ob-
served in several fruiterers’ windows, Valencian and
Sicilian oranges marked 2s. 6d. per dozen, along-
side of which were Jamaicans at Is. With improved
handling, sorting and packing, I am sanguine
enough to expect to see the tables turned within
a couple of years, and the J amaican oranges taking
first rank amongst citrus fruits, entirely upon
its own merits in the English market.

Before I close, permit me to suggest that a
eommittee be appointed at once for the drafting of a
bill, to be introduced at the next sitting of the
Legislative Council, dealing with the question of
packers’ license (hear, hear) and the inauguration ofa
system of registered trade marks or brands (applause)
that shall not only make it possible to lay the res-
ponsibility of badly-handled fruit on the proper
shoulders, but will be the means of protecting the
packer, who is ambitious enough to aim that his
particular trade mark should represent a quality
of orange second to none in the markets of Great
Britain.—Journal of the J amaica Agricultural
Society.

USE OF THE ELECTRIC LIGHT AND
OF ETHER IN FORCING PLANTS.

Practical gardeners have rarely the opportunity of
making scientific experiments, and commercial men,
in spite of the all-importance of the subject to them,
are even less inclined to step beyond the path marked
out by routine, unless some immediate benefit is
likely to be forthcoming. Experiment stations, then,
become more and more necessary, and they should
be supported by those who will ultimately benefit
from them. Such a one we might have at Chiswick.
We do not think there would be any insurmount-
able difficulty as to funds, or as to a scientific di-
rector competent to devise, carry out, and publish
the results of experiments likely to benefit practical
horticulture, How is it, for instance, that no one

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

| APRIL 1, 1902.

in this country has taken up the question of the
use of the electric light, or for the matter of that,
of artificial light of any kind, for forcing purposes
in our dull winters? The evidence obtained some
EDSY fea ago Ba aa late Sir William Siemens

as simply astounding (see Gard. Chron., 1880, Apri
3, DP. 432), Mr. Buchanan, the gardener, Hg
Queensland, was allowed a free hand, and the re-
sulte in the case of forced Strawberries, Wheat, and
other crops were almost beyond belief, more ese
pecially as regards the hastening of the ripening
process.

Of course this was an experiment on a limited
scale, and the question of expense did not enter imto
consideration. ‘Ihe houses were there, the apparatus
was installed, the extra cost of utilising the light
was not material, The results were, however, 80
extraordinary, that it is a matter for astonishment
that no one in this country has continued the ex-
periments, and shown what modifications are neces-
sary to make the use of the electric light, or the
incandescent gas light, in forcing a commercial suc-
cess. The subject is not even mentioned in the re-
cently published gardening manuals to which we have
referrea. In France more has been done, and still
more in America, where the use of the electric
light has been proved under certain circumstances
commercially advantageous in the case of Lettuce-
growing. Prof, Bailey, in the Cyclopedia of Ame-
rican Horticulture, sums up the results that have been
obtanied in the United States by saying that “the
application of the electric light to the growing of
plants is a special matter to be uased when the
cilmate is abnormally cloudy, or when it is desired
to hasten the maturity of crops for a particular
date.” Now these are just the very conditions which
obtain in an ordinary British winter. Prof. Bailey
goes on to say that, ‘‘Only in the case of Lettuce
has it been proved to be of general commercial im-
portance, and even with Lettuce it is doubtful if it
will pay for its cost in climates which are abun-
dantly sunny.”

Professor Bailey writes, under the sann ie3
the States, of the electric light only, and ppcttivce
mercial standpoint alone. ‘the conditions of British
horticulture differ widely, and in many places gas
would be cheaper and more etlicient than the electric
ight.

Another means of facilitating forcing operati
has lately been made known By one of fii: protege
sors at a Danish Agricultural School, and which con-
sists in subjecting the plants to the fumes of ether.
The plants so exposed shed their leaves, as though
they had been subjected to frost. The best results
with Lilacs are obtained in late summer. The ether
then stops vegetative growth, and a moderate tem-
perature being supplied, the flower-buds quickly ex-
pand, so that Lilacs may be had in bloom in the
first half of September. M. Frans Ledien, of the
Dresden Botanic Garden, has been experimenting in
the same direction, and the results he has obtained

‘are summarised in recent numbers of Le Jardin, from

which we glean the following particulars :—

For early forcing, says Herr LepieNn, the action
of ether is 80 important that none who practice
forcing on a large scale can afford to dispense with ~
it. Flowers obtained by early forcing naturally com-
mand a high price. It should further be considered
that fuel is saved by this method (whether the forc-
ing be at a high or a low temperature,) and that
this economy more than balances the cost of etheri-
sation. ‘The cost per plant works out at rather more
than one penny (12 cents). j

1. The varieties of Lilac usually forced in Germany:
Marie Legraye, Charles X., and Léon Simon, were
in full bloom twenty eight days after having been
pronght into the house; Marie Legraye was even
earlier in flowering.

Aprit 1, 1902.]

2. Various floweriug shrubs may be bloomed in
much less time than by the usual process. Plants of
the same variety not etherised have not bloomed, or
have bloomed bad.y, in the comparative trails, or
perhaps some opened their flowers in eight or ten
Gays (according to the variety) after those that were
treated with the ether.

8. Etherised plants can be forced at a lower tem-
peraturo than that which is essential for the blooming
of those not etherised,

Besides Lilacs, Herr Ledien also made experiments
with Viburnum tomentosum syn, plicatum, Azalea
mollis, Prunus triloba, Deutzia gracilis, Lily of the
Valley, Hyacinth, Rose, and cut branches of orna-
mental spriag-flowering shrubs, Azalea mollis and
Viburnum did weli; Prunus triloba was less amen-
able to the action of the ether ; Deutzia gracilis failed
altogether. Lilies of the Valley etherised and placed
in heat on Novemter 21 flowered in the proportion
of 40 per cent. on the twenty-first day, while of
those not etherised only 2 per cent. flowered, and
these in a temperature of 239 C. For late forcing
of Lily of the Valley the ether had but little effect,
so that it seemed better in that case to keep the
plants in the refrigerating apparatus or in cool
chambers. For Roses the results were not altogether
decisive, although a very marked advance was re-
ported.

Branches of Azalea mollis cut and etherised ex-
panded their flowers in twenty-three days, while the
buds on brsnches not treated did not open until
twelve days after. The greatest success was with
Lilacs, Viburnum, and Azaleas. Viburnum plicatum,
though slow to bloom, placed in heat on December
2, was in full bloom about December 14; while those
plants not etherised yielded only poor flowers at a
much latter date.

Azalea mollis submitted to ether on Nov, 26, and

brought indoors on the 28th, was covered with flowers
on December 20, although the check plants only
bloomed partially in the beginning of January. The
more nearly the normal season of: the flowering of
_the shrubs is approached, the Jess vigorous is the
effect of the ether. The value of etherisation, then,
is for early forciug in November and December, when
the ee can ‘be hastened by some two or three
weeks, /

Plants lifted from the borders without preliminary

attention during the summer, flower as normal'y as
if forced in January or February, ‘his, it must be
confessed, is an immense advance in the forcing in-
dustry,
. The application of the treatment is not without
certain inconveniences and difficulties at the com-
mencement,, The vapour of the ether is inflam-
mable, so that no light must be brought into places
where plants are etheised until the vapour has been
thoroughly dispersed by ventilation ; no fire or light
must be! allowed anywhere in the neighbourhood of
the ether.

There is still some difficulty in administering the
ether to ensure perfect volatilisation. The plants
should remain plunged in the vapour for a certain
time, about forty-eight hours, and this must be in
-an absolutely air-tight place, to prevent the escape
of the vapour. The larger the area, the more pre-
cautions should be taken both to concentrate the
vapour during the period of etherisation, and to en-
sure its rapid dispersal after the operation.

For forcing on a large scale, cemented buildings
with a door and several ventilators, the interstices
of which are hermetically sealed so as to prevent
the escape of any ether, are most convenient. The
interior arrangement should be such that every
corner cau be filled with plants, so as not to waste
the ether unuecessarily.—Gardeners’ Chronicle.

) § S

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

663
COFFEE CULTIVATION IN BRAZIL.

Brazil is pre-eminently a coffee-producing country,
the tree being introduced into Para, from Cayenne, in
1727. While coffee can be grown in nearly all parts
of the country, its culiivation in the present century
has been limited to a comparatively small zone, com-
prising the four States of THspirito Santo, Minas
Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, and Sac Paulo. It is produced
in other States, but in smali quantities. The soil of
Rio de Janeiro being already somewhat exhausted,
Sao Paulo isin reaity the great centre of production
of the plant. Brezil furnishes more than 6U per cent.
of the world’s consumption of coffee, and it is claimed
by some that the percentage is as high as 70 per cent.
In 1890, Brazil produced 490,000 tons ; Central America
and Mexico, 80,0U0 ; Java and Sumatra, 60,000; Haiti
and Santo Domingo, 43,000, Cuba and Porto Rico,
35,000 ; India, 30,000 ; Africa, 20,000; and other places,
100,000 tons. In 1898, the production of Brazil was
estimated at 1,533,840,000 pounds, or 11,620,000 bags
out of a total production of 1,960,619,288 pounds for
all America, while Asia and Africa produced only
145,464,000 pounds or 1,102, 000 bags. According toa
recent report of the Bureau of the American Re.
publics, coffee trees prefer wild, uncultivated lands,
hill sides, or elevated lands. hese are cleared of
their trees and brushwood, and plants ove year old
are planted, averaging 400 to the acre. The plant
does not begin to produce untilit is 4 years od, its
maximum production being reached between the ages
of 6and 20 years, after which it diminishes in pro-
ductiveness, When the trees reach the age of 35 or 40
years it is generally necessary to renew the plantation,
The coffee tree attains an average height of 10 feet,
and its head a diameter of 5 feet. It blooms and
yields a crop twice a year, but the most important
is that beginning in April or May, and continuing to
November. The only fertilisers used are the leaves of
the coffee tree, the shells of the berry, and weeds, as
it is necessary to keep the plantation free from all
extraneous matter. The trée shouid be protected
from cold winds. Its worst enemy is frost, which
sometimes causes the tree to cease producing for a
number of years, occasioning greater loss than the
parasitical diseases with which it is afflicted, The
berry resembles very closely the cranberry, and con-
tains two grains, with their flatt-ned sides towards
each other. Hach of the two is c. vered with a closely
adhering membrane, calle? pergaminho, and outside
of this is a thicker and more loosely fitting coat called
casquinha. The two grains, with their coverings,
are containedin a tough shell, called casca, and
this is surrounded by a white pulp and outer red
skin, thus forming the berry. ‘To prepare the coffee
for market, all these coverings are removed, The
outer pulp is removed, after masceration in water,
by a machine called despolpador, A trough, lined
with cement, is placed ona hill-side above the mill,
and threughit a stream of water is kept running.
Into this the coffee berries are thrown, and are carried
down the stream intoa large vat. In this vat the
heavier berries sink ta the bottom, whence they
are drawn off through a pipe to the despolpador.
This machine removes the pulp, the berries passing
with the water to another vat beyond, where the
pulp is thoroughly washed off and carried away with
the water, while the coffee grains sink to the bottom,
andi thence, passing to astrainer, the water is all
drained off, leaving them ready for the process of
drying. Two methods of drying arein usein Brazil;
the old process, which consists in spreading the
grains on a cement covered pavement, called terretro,
where they are allowed to dry inthe sun, For this
about uwo mouths are necessary, and the grains have
to be raked over and turned during the day, and
gathered into piles, and covered at night, or when-
ever a shower comes. The more modern and
satisfactory process of drying by steam is employed
on many of the larger plantations. By this process,

664 THE TROPICAL

drying, which by the old method requives about
ae Java is Been plighed in a few hours, eine
vast economy of labour. Under this system, drying
ig done in large shallow pans of zine, heated by steam
coils beneath, more uniformly, and with no danger
of injury from sudden rain. The coffee, after arsine
is still enclosed in the inner and outer skins, uae
have been rendered more brittle by the dryiag. e
machinery necessary for the removal of this is some-
what complicated and expensive. The concn is
brought from the drying house, and placed in pines
whence itis carried to a ventilator, where it 1s
cleared of rubbish and dirt by sifting and oe
From the ventilator, the coffee is carried ee iH
sheller (descascador). The grains and broken ing
are carried by a pipe to a second ventilator, w oe
the latter are sifted out, and fanned away, and f 8
former are carried by an elevator to the separa oe
This is composed of hollow copper eylinders, Bee
with holes of different shapes and sizes, AY ee
cylinders are kept constantly revolving, and the co i
grains passing through the holes, fall into popu
bins, being thus assorted according to their size an
shape. he coffee thus mechanically classified gore
into the markets of the world, where it is sold, t e
small, round grains as ‘‘ Mocha,” the large, flat praiue
as “Java.” A small portion of the pergamulno
which still remains, is removed by the prunes
polisher) by trituration and fanning. Finally, a 23
passing through all this series of machines, me
coffee is carefully picked over by hand, and is rea y
to be pat into bags. As anindication ofthe exten
to which coftee cultivation is pursued in Brazil, the
Secretary of Agriculture of the Sao Paulo Govern-
ment may be quoted as follows:—‘‘There are in
Sao Paulo 15,075 plantations, of which 11,234 have
upwards of 50,000 trees; 1,844 possess from 50,000 to
100.000; 999 between 100,000 and 200,000; 597 from
209,000 to 500,009 trees. On these platations, 1,703
machines are to be found for cleaning coffee, 1,243
of which are worked by . steam, and 460 by water
In Minas Geraes it is said that there are 2,7
coffee plantations, 1,234 with less than 50,000 coffee
trees each, 844 with over 100,000 trees each, and
64 with over 500,00) trees each. Of these planta-
tions 500 use water power and 1,243 steam. ” Brazi-
lian planters complain that only their inferior grades
of coffee are known abroad in their true character,
their better qualities being sold under | the dis-
guise of such titles as ‘‘ Mocha,” ‘‘Java, ”’ Marti-
nique,” &c. It is said, even, that this spurious trade
is strengthened by the shipments of Brazilian coffee
from various parts of Europe to Egypt, and thence
to Arabia, vid Aden and Jeddah, &c., so that it
may there be packed in Mocha tashion, after which
it ig shipped to Syria or other places, or returned
to Egypt as genuine Mocha, The total production
of coffee in Brazil, which amounted to 4,622,000 bags
in 1899-90, rose in 1894-95 to 6,977,000 bags, and in
1899-1900 to 11,060,000 bags, the bag containing about
132 Ibs.—Journal of the Society of Arts.

————_—_—___——————————

COCONUTS IN SOUTH AMERICA.

interesting report regarding the production of co-
ae te Soutly IA eAcide was recently issued by the
Consular Department at the city of Washington, U.S.A.

The countries dealt with were Brazil, Colombia,
Ecuador, The Guianas, Peru, and Venezuela. And
the report was based on information received through
the consuls at the places mentioned.

Coconuts IN BrRazit. 4 i

Although a great many coconuts are raised in the
Bahia consular district of Brazil, it does not produce
one-third as many as the Pernambuco district, which
is particularly rich in coconut palms, on account
of ita peculiar coast formation.

In the Bahia district, the trees are found wherever
there is a settlement, but grow chiefly on the strip
of low-lying sandy land along tine coast. This land
is the most desirable for coconut plantations, as

AGRICULTURIST. {Aprit 1, 1902.

the proximity of the salt water makes the trees more
productive and the fruit a better quality. Occasionally
a piece of land is found at a considerable distance
from the coast upon which the palms will flourish,
but this is unusual. Single trees are scattered here
and there inland; but these are raised with consider-
able difficulty, produce only an indifferent fruit, and
die at an early age.

The number of trees and their productiveness in-
creases as the Pernambuco district is neared and
decreases in the same ratio southward. The largest
plantations are a short distance north of Bahia City,
where there is one that has more than 7,000 and
several which have as many as 5,000 trees each; but
no particular efforts at cultivation are made. The
coconuts have simply been planted and allowed to
come up and produce what they will, the fruit being
gathered from time to time, The owners are usually
engaged in other businesses; the proprietor of the
large plantation above mentioned, for instance, is a
local merchant.

1t is impossible to get any information as to the
extent of the coconut crop. The nuts are gathered
in all seasons and are used both in the green or
soft and in the ripe or hard state by all classes. The
yield, however, must be enormous, as there are
few households that do not use the nuts in some
form or other, and in spite of the vast number of trees,
the supply does not seem to equal the demand.

Before the shell of the nut becomes thick and hard,
and while the meat is soft and about the consistency
of clabber, many of the nuts are gathered and sold
upon the street cornersand in the drink shops. The
nuts are cut open with a machete The milk proves
a most refreshing drink, while the meat is eaten
with a spoon or, more often, with a silver cut from
the shell. No attempt is made to husk the nuts so
used, though frequently a portion of the husk is
trimmed off to lessen weight for transportation.

The hard-shelled or ripe nuts have various uses.
When of good quality, they are sold at retail. Many
kinds of sweet-meats are also made from them, while
the milk and the meat, variously prepared, are con-
stituent parts of many articles of daily diet, such as
fish stews, beans, rice, corn, etc. The ripe nutsare
always sent to market husked. They are brought to
Bahia by small sailboats, which ply up and down
the coast, and on account of the demand are sold at
comparatively high prices. The price paid for them
at the plantations ranges from 9 to 14 milreis ($2718
to $3'36) per hundred (without respect to size,)
according to season, the wholesale price in Bahia
City being a couple of milreis higher per hundred.
The retail .price is from 120 to 320 reis (2,88 to 7°61
cents) per nut, according to size snd season.

‘There is such a demand for good nuts at Rio de Jan-
eiro and other points south that it is far more porfit-
able toship the nuts there than to utilize them in the
manufactare of copra ;and even if the prices at local
markets were not so good, there would, nevertheless,
be no nuts for foreign export.

It is only the nuts that have been left too long
on the trees that are utilized in the manufacture
of by-products, From these nuts the oil is crudsly
extracted by grinding the meat submitting it to pres-
sure and purifying the resulting liquid, or by grinding
and boiling the meat, and skimming the oil, This
oil is used for machinery, lamps, cooking, soap-making ,
etc. It is also used by the resident Africans for
haic oil ana for anointing the body. It sells at
wholesale at the place of manufacture at from 800
to 1,200 reis (19°2 to 288 dollar cents). per litre.

There is still a great amount of uncultivated land
well suited for coconut plantations. Few trees are
being planted, yet it requires no labour other than
that of putting a mature nut into the ground prior
to the rainy season, and that after five or six years
the trees will bare almost indefinitely.

Coconuts In CoLomsia.

The consul at Cartagena, Colombia, was placed at
® disadvantage in gathering data for his report on

—

SRE

Apr 1, 1902.]

account of the revolution in thatcountry. ‘‘ Under
ordinary conditions,” writes the consul, “the raising
of coconuts is au interest of considerable magnitude,
and a fair amount of attention is bestowed upon the
groves and the collection, husking, sorting, and pack-
ing of the nuts. It may be said that, with rice, the
coconut is the main source of food supply of the
natives of the coast, f We

““Owing to the above-mentioned conditions, the
extent of the coconut crop of this district is unknown.
Coconuts are grown both for home consumption
and export. They are not shipped in the husk. The
price at the present time is from $12 to $14 gold per
thousand. ;

“Coconut plantations in the Colon district of
Colombia are confined to a strip of land contiguous
to the Atlantic Coast, and to the Island of San
Andres, belonging to Colombia, lying about 275 miles
from Colon in a north-westerly direction. There are no
plantations in the interior. On the coast, by far the
greater proportion of coconuts is raised by the San
Blas Indians, on a strip of country about 125 miles long
extending from Point San Blasto Point Tiburon. Be-
sides the plantations owned by these Indians, there is
only one other on the coast—the Oaribbean Coconut
Plantation, at Point Toro, across the bay from Colon,
This plantation consists of about 20,00C trees.

“The entire coconut crop of the coast amounts to
about 4,000,000 nuts a year; that of the Island of San
Andres to about 2,500,000.

* Ooconut trees are raised by first putting the dry
nut on the ground and allowing it to sprout until it
attains a height of about two feet. The nut is then
put in a hole just deep enough to receive it, the
sprout remaining above ground. The only attention
the palm requires is to keep it free from weeds and
other plants until itis five or six years old. After
this age it i3 able to protect itself, and the ground
requires very little cleaning. Trees properly attended
to will bear in from five to six years.

“All nuts raised in this district are sent to the
United States. They are never shipped in husk. The
market price fluctuates between $21 and $40 per thou-
sand. From March to September, it rarely reaches
more than $25 ; from September to March, $25 to $40.

Cocnuts In Ecuapor.

“The cultivation of coconuts receives very little
attention in Ecuador, most of the pa'ms being grown
as side issues upon the various estates. The few raised
are for local consumption only: none are shipped.
The price is 10 cents silver (43 cents, in United States
currency) per nut, retail.

Coconuts IN THE GUIANAS.

‘‘The coconut crop of British Guiana amounts to
about 5,000,000 nuts annually. The cultivation of
coconuts receives considerable attention in the district
of Mahaicony, about 30 miles up the east coast from
Georgetown, in the vicinity of the Decerara and Ber-
bice Railway. The nuts are mostly made into oil at
the oil and fibre mills at Mahaicony, and the product
is'sold and consumed in the colony. Less than 2,000
husked nuts were exported last year. These were
shipped to the British West India Islands,

‘The prevailing price in the local market is from
$8 to $10 per thousand.

“Only about 50000 nuts per annum are produced
in Dutch Guiana, and an insignificant number in
French Guiana. These are consumed locally.

Coconut IN VENEZUELA.

“ At La Guayra, the annual crop of coconuts amounts
to about 1,000,000. At Barcelona and Comana, how-
ever, it is much larger; the latter could easily furnish
5,000,000 nutsa year. The cultivation of coconuts
receives very little attention in La Guayra, and practi-
cally no efforts are made to extend their growth.
There is no reason, however, why the present area
should not be increased, as the palm thrives wonder-
fully along the coast, and nearly all of the land within
half a mile or a mile of the sea could be utilised.

_ The nuts grown in the La Guayra district are mostly
abeorbed by the local retail trade of the cities of La

THE TR@PICAL AGRICULTURIST.

665

Guayra and Caracas, a great many being sold to the
natives who drink the milk. The nut is also used for
cooking, confectionery, etc. In Cumana, most of the
crop is manufactured into oil, This oil is said to be of
an excellent quality. A few nuts are occasionally
shipped from La Guayra to the United States, but the
trade is not profitable. The harbour dues on all kinds
of freight is $4 a ton, and planters find that it pays
them better to hold the nuts for local coneumption.
Coconuts are never shipped in the husk.

“Tn La Guayra the price of coconuts is from $250
to $5 gold per hundred: in Cumana, from $2 to $8.

“The production of coconuts in the Puerto Oabello
district of Venezuela is limited, as there are but few
trees, Very little attention is paid to their cultivation
and the supply is decreasing. The soil, however, s
excellent for the growth of this palm,

“The nuts are marketed here green for the coconut
water they contain; ripe, for the meat. from which oil
for soap-making and other purposes is extracted, and
as copra, for foreign shipment. The green coconucs
are sold for 1 cent each, ripe ones at about the same
price, andcopra for about 23} cents per pound.—Indian
Gardening and Planting.

eos Be er Leal
TROPICAL TIMBERS AND THEIR
RINGS OF GROWTH.

With reference to Mr. Herbert Wright’s paper in the
Tropical Agriculturist of last October, we reproduce
the following article on ‘‘ The Rings of Trees,’’ re-
printed from American Gardening :—

THE RINGS OF TREES,

The following interesting article by Mr. H. H. Chap-
man, of Grand ‘apids, Minnesota, in American Gar-
dening, should be read in conjunction with Mr. Herbert
Wright’s valuable contribution, “ Tropical Timbers
and their Rings of Growth,’ which appeared in our
issue of 22nd August 1901.

Every tree has its life-history securely locked up in
its heart. Hach year of its growth a thin ring of wood
is formed next to the bark and a corresponding layer
of bark adjoining it. As the tree swells and swells,
the bark is forced outward and splits into wide fissures,
Much of it falls off altogether, but each ring of wood
remains a faithful record of the year in which it was
formed. When the axe or saw of the woodman ends
the life of the tree and brings its body crashing to the
earth, this record is unrolled before us, and by it we
can determine almost every incident in the life and
growth of the tree.

Trees as wellas human beings have their period of
struggle and hardship, their prosperous times, their
terrible misfortunes and hairbreadth escapes, their in-
Juries, and recoveries ; their complete submergence in
a struggle in which the odds were too great for their
feeble strength to cope with.

Here is a sturdy oak, whose tale revealed is that o
steady perseverauce in the face of difficulties—a slow
gradual growth, never checked, never daunted, till the
final goal is reached and it stands supreme, literally
monarch of allit surveys.

Here is a mighty spruce which has a tale of per-
severance, but of a different sort. The oak conquers
by force of character by its fighting, qualities. The
spruce succeeds by its ability to endure. It is like the
patient Jew, frugal living on what would be starvation
to others, till when their day of strength is past, and
sudden disaster overtakes them, he enters into his in=
heritance and prospers amazingly.

See the record of this spruce—fifty, sixty, seventy
years, each represented by a ring so small that it
takes great care to distinguish them at all, and the
whole seventy do not occu,;y the space of three inches
at the heart of the tree, What a tale of hardship this
sets forth. Other trees have pre-empted the light in
which the existenee of a tree depends. The poor
spruce must be content with the twilight that filters
through the branches of its enemies, the popular, birch
and ping. But itis content. It knows that the young

666 THE TROPICAL

poplars or pine spring up beside it in the shade they
could not endure, but would quickly die. It knows
that the time will come when old ageor disease will
weaken the poplars, or perhaps a heavy wind will lay
them low, and the spruce, old in years, but insignificant
in stature, will escape injury, and still young in vitality,
will soon spring ahead in the race.

Now see its rings—it has made as much growth in
tea yearsas in the preceding seventy, and soon he-
comes a large tree.

What does the stump of this old white pine teach
us? Hvidently something extraordinary has happened
to it, for way in near the heart a black scar runs
around the edge of one of the annual rings for nearly
one-fourth of its circumference, and outside of this
the rings are no longer complete, but have their edges
turned in against the face of this scar. Each subse-
quent ring reaches further across it. By the time
they have met in the centre many years have elapsed,
and there is a deep fissure where the scar once existed.
But the later rings have bridged the gap and, growing
thicker in the depression, soon fill up the circum-
ference of the tree to its natural roundness, leaving no
sign of the old wood. What happened to the tree? While
it was still young its mortal enemy, the forest fire,
swept through the woods, destroying most of its com-
panions and burning a large strip of the tender bark
on its exposed side so that the bark died and fell off.
But being better protected than the other and having
still three-fourths of its bark left uninjured, it soon
recovered and its stump reveals how successfully it
strove to heal the wood and grow to maturity to per-
petuate its species.

But as it takes many swallows to make the summer,
soit takes many trees to make a forest, and the forest
has almost as much individuality as the tree itself.
Though each tree and each species struggle with each
other for life and supremacy, yeiin a sense they are
helpful to each other, and protect each other from
their common enemies.

The enemies of the forest are the wind and the fire.
Other enemies there are, such as insects and disease,
and sometimes the forest suffers so severely that its
whole aspect is changed and new species come in and
replace theold. Much of thishistory the rings will
reveal to us, asis the case in some of the following
actual examples from studies recently made in the
pine forests of Northern Minnesota.

In one locality where rather small Norway pine
stood very close together, making a thick stand, it was
found that almost without exception the trees were
of the same age +138 years. No matter how large or
how tender the tree, it was just asold asits neighbour.

The rings on all these trees were very large at the
heart. but as fifty or sixty years went by, they got
narrower and narrower, until some of the smaller trees
seemed hardly to grow at all.
there were too many trees—and as none would give up
the struggle, all suffered alike.

But they were not the only sufferers. Here and
there we see a slender, struggling white pine making
a vain attempt to capture its shareofsan and rain.
Count reveals that these white pines are also all of
the sameage, but unfortunately only 126 years old.
The Norways had twelve years the start of them and
the delay was fatal.

How did it happen that these trees came in so thickly
avd allthe same year? Perhaps further study will
help us to find cut, So we go to anothor cutting
over a mile from first. Here we find many trees
about the size of those we have left, and counting
the rings we find them to be of the same age—188
years. But here there is something more. In a
secluded nook stands a group of immense white and
Norway pine trees—perhaps a dozen. These prove
to be very old, but, remarkably enough, also of even
age—each stamp showing 315 rings. Where is the
rest of this patriarchal forest ? Close about the few
remaining muy be seen the forms of many more
stretched upon the ground and slowly decaying.
These have evidently been blown down, possibly after

The reason was plain ; -

AGRICULTURIST. [ArriL 1, 1902,

being killed by fire. Their fate gives up the clue to
the disappearance of the others. It is plain that
some time before 1763a great disaster overtook the
pine forest in this place. Most of it was wiped out of
existence, either by fire or wind. But here and there
a clump remains, and from them in a favourable seed
year came the seed which started the new and thriv-
ing crop of Norway pine.

To find outif possible whether this conflaguration
or blow-down was more than local we go toa cutting
some ten miles from our first, and here again the
oldest and largestof the stand, which is all rather
smal!, prove to be 138 years old. Whatever
the cause then, it must have operated over a large
area, but this is not a thick stand ; in fact, there are
many gaps, and much ofthe timber is limby and
knotty, a sure sign thatit has not been grown very
close together, and soon we find that many—in fact
most of trees—are but 101 years old, there being two
distinct age classes.

How did this come about ? Let uslookat the older
trees. Here uponone of themis a fire scar made
when the tree was eighteen years of age. Upon
another we find a similar scar, made in the same
year, and on close examination we can hardly find
one ofthe older trees free from the marks of this
fire. How plainit is that this fire occurring just
120 years ago, orin the year 1781, when the young
forest was eighteen years of age, killed nearly all the
young pine and gave the forest a blowfrom which, in
this place at least, it never fully recovered. But it
did the best it could, for the age of the second class
of trees—101 years—shows that the young survivors of
the fire grew rapidly, until at the age of 38 years
they were enabled to produce a crop of seeds, or pos-
sibly the old trees from which the first ones came
were stilling living and seeds down the ground «
second time, so that a fairly good stand of trees was
finally produced.

These studies lead us to infer that pines reproduce
themselves as forestsgenerally under exceptional or
unusnal circumstances, and that thatis their natural
way of maintaining themselves as species. The young
white and Norway pine, especially the latter, cannot
endure much shade when small, and could not possibly
grow up as a thick forest under their own shade or the
shade of other trees, yet we nearly always find them
in dense groves. The rings tell us the secret. In the
long period of 200 to 300 years during which the pines
live, the ‘‘ accident ” of fire or wind becomes a cer-
tainty, and when a strip of forest is laid low or burned
up, the neighbouring trees stand ready to scatter the
seed far and wide in the wind and the new growth
springs up and flourishes.

This is nature’s method. But nature’s methods are
so perfectly harmonized that but little is needed to
throw them out of balance.

Nature clearsia strips and Gashes seed there, and
fires are rare and far apart. Man clears over wide
areas and fires of his origin sweep repeatedly over his
slashings. The young pines spring up even after the
second and third fires, but by perseverance the fires
finally destroy them all, and what nature intended to
be the young pine forest becomes a barren wilderness.

——

Simpie Curr FoR GAPES IN CuIckENs,—Punch some
holes in the bottom of an old tin bucket. Get a
piece of glass large enough to cover the top. Put
a hot coalin a saucer, and pour a drop or two of
Place the chickens in the bucket,
and set the latter overthe saucer. The fumes of the
acid willrise through the holes. Do not put the
bucket on till the first fumes have passed away.
Watch the chickens through the glass so that you
may not smowher them. If they seem overcome
take the bucket off the saucer and remove the
glass. One operation is usually sufficient. By doing
this, you will lose no chickens from gapes.—Qucens:
land Agricultural Jowrnal, Feb. 1, THe

carbolic acid on it.

é

Aprin 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

THE GAME FOWL SHOW.
(By a Specialist.)

The Game Fow] Show at Temple Trees was a
pleasant gathering and was a’ distinet success.
The afternoon was fine and the arrangements
were very simple but complete. There was no great
crowd orecrush and the birds could be seen in
comfort. :

The men were strongly in evidence, while the
fair sex with afew exceptions were conspicuous
by their absence. This perhaps was only to be
expected for the Game Fowl! is essentially a man’s
bird, and is scarcely likely to be regarded by the
fair sex as anything but an ugly and cruel-looking
creature. These birds are born fighters, even the
hens are very pugnacious. As it was two of the
hens were goingit hammer aud tongs by getting
their heads out through the wire netting anda
special board erection had to be put up
to keep their heads apart. The cocks
were unable to indulge in a ‘mill’ as
their wire netting was of smaller mesh
and prevented their getting at one another.
The number of the birds was about 60; of these
there were twice as many cocks as hens, The
points about the birds that strike the ordinary
poultry keeper most were the size of the cocks,
some were monsters—the heads are unlike those
of ordinary poultry in being very bread sur-
mounted by a peculiar-shaped comb and with
a beak very powerful and curved which, with the
overhanging eye-brow, gives this bird a vulture-
like appearance betokening savage cruelty.

The feathering too is peculiar to this breed,
there is no surplus of feather, no fluffy birds are
seen; the feathers on the contrary being scanty and
hard and held very close to the body, The legs
also attract attention, being very thick and power-
ful and armed with huge spurs. The tameness
of the birds was very remarkable especially of
the cocks. They had not the least objection to
being handled or touched ; this is the rule with
fighting cocks; many of them must have been
great pets with their owners. The exhibi-
tion of ferocity is only reserved for their own
species. It was remarked as a curious point
that several of the hens had one long spur which
would have graced the leg of a full grown pugilist;
but in no case had any of them these long spurs on
both legs. The condition of the birds as a whole
was good, though several were a little out of con-
dition and one or two had diseased combs.

Tt was eriginally intended to classify the birds
under three classes; for the three breeds that were
likely to be met with in Ceylon viz; the pure-
bred Malay ; the pure Indian Game (or Azeel); and
a Class for the Local game fowl of no special type.
It was found however exceedingly difficult to
define many of the birds. The preponderance was
largely Malays and nearly all the others save one
had a strong dash of the Malay about them.
There seemed to be only one real Indian game
cock in the show. And it was wisely decided to
put all into one common class. ;

As to the colouring, the majority of the cocks
were ‘‘ Black Breasted Reds.” And there were
several in which the colouring was very good, but
in the majority there were a good many white
feathers, which, though doubtless never shown in
battle, greatly marred their beauty on the exhi-
bition stand. In fact many of the finest of the
aha nae thus mismarked, There is no doubt

AGRICULTURIST. 667

that here in Colombo, if not in Ceylon at large,
the colour to breed is the Black Breasted Red.
Curiously there were no black cocks nor any buff
ones and there was only one pure white. Amongst
the hens tihere were seven blacks, but only one
white, wh le there were several buffs and browns
of various shades. There were two very good
smoke-coloured hens, and also a similar cock
which did not however come up to the hens,

A little care in breeding the Black Breasted
Reds should in time breed out the stray white
feathers and make the bird true to colour.

As to Type the large majority of the cocks
were nearer the Malay type than the Azeel. Itis
far easier to secure a good Malay than a good
Azeel, The latter is a costly bird and is bred
chiefly in Hyderabad and Deccan. They are bred
by the Pakeer Poultry Farm (E.1. Ry) and are sold
accordingly to quality at R20 to Rl0v per bird!

There were over 20 hens exhibited. The first
seven were blacks. No. 2 would probably have
attracted more attention, had she not been in-
clined to be broody, No. 3 came in for a good
deal of attention, she had a fine head and neck
and the feathering was close; had she been a
larger bird she would probably have come out
higher ; being rather undersized, she came out
third and won the third prize. No. 7 actracted
many admirers; no other hen stood so well. It
had the type of a true Indian game. The head
was good, the neck long and the feathering very
close and tight, carried her tail well and had fine
strong legs, The 2nd prize was carried off by this
bird. After the blacks came the light drabs, buffs
and browns,

No. 9 was a very taking bird and was greatly
fancied, almost every body that voted gave this
bird a vote, the majority considering this the
best hen. It easily won the first prize. It was a
heavier bird than No, 7 and was ot a light reddish
drab colour, doubtless a Malay hen. The head was
powerful, the shoulders broad, a good-shaped body
and tail carried well. The marking was even and
the feathering close. No. 13 was one that was
fancied by many, a dark drab big bird, with a
fine head but not in the best of condition. No, 15
had a strong backing, the head was excellent.
This was one of the hens with a single huge spur.
The remainder attracted little notice except No. 23,
a pure white hen with many good points, but with
the blemish of whiskers. This hen stood fourth
on the list of competitors,

It was a noticeable fact that many of the hens
had whiskers and bibs and far too much hackle
feathering, all of which are serious blemishes in a
game hen, The judging of the hens seemed to
be a very simple matter and the unanimity of
awards was very striking. The cocks seemed to
perplex the Judges very much. It was easy
enough to enumerate a large number as not in the
running. It wasin factstrange how one or two
came in as game fowl at all, they possibly
qualified as being very game in fight,

The favourites among the cocks were No 2, 11,
13, 15, 17, 18. Mr Livera won the first prize with
No 2 which was a fine young Malay cockerel
which looked as if it would grow and fill out
still more, It was a black-breasted red, the
colouring beiug very handsome. It had the
typical head with long close feathered neck,
splendid shoulders held well out, strong thighs
and legs, but ib was by no means the biggest
of the cocks. The silver cup presented by MrA

668 THE TROPICAL
Y Daniel was won by this bird. Mr S Sara-
singhe’s No 15 took the 2nd prize, while the
third fell to Mr C E Siebel’s No 13, ‘These
three Malay cocks were very close together in the
voting and it is hoped that they will meet
again at the big Poultry Showin August. It may
be interesting to know there were at least ten
eocks that did not secure a single vote (where were
their owners ?) while there were seven that only
received one vote. The judging was certainly
a novelty, it gave great zest to the Show and
increased the interest of all in the proceedings,
and further it gave satisfaction to all. While
heartily approving of the method in the small
Shows of a single breed, it would of course be
unworkable in a large mixed Show.

rn nee
MOSQUITOES AND COLOUR.

Mr. Herbert L. Thowless writes from Newark»
New Jersey. U.S.A., under date January 29 :—
“Ina recent number of The Times appeared an
article entitled ‘ Mosquitoes and Colour,’ This
article interested me because this State suffers
from this pest. I clipped the article and sent it
to Professor John B Smith, State Entomologist,
Rugter’s College, NewBurnswick, N.J. Professor
Smith writes me that he knows the facts as stated
in the article, relative to colour affecting mosquitoes,
to be true. It is a common observation along the
seashore that the person wearing a black coat is
more pestered than those in grey or yellow. The
Legislature of the State of New Jersey is to be
asked for a special appropriation of $10,000 (£2,000)
to be used to investigate the mosquito problem.
In the vicinity of New Jersey, at the town of
South Orange and at other places, ponds and
stagnant water were coated with crude kerosine
oil during the summer of 1901, and there was
noted a marked decrease in the pest. This section
has the misfortune to possess many thousands of
acres of tide-marshes, and these marshes are fertile
breeding places for mosquitoes. There does not
appear to be much literature on the subject of
mosquitoes, but the United States Agricultural
Department prepared and distributed a mono-
graph on mosquitoes and scattered it throughout
the land. Copies can be had on application to
the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.,
U.S,A.’—London Times, Feb. 12.

———__ <> -

CEARA RUBBER IN WEST AFRICA.

A letter from Lagos, dated 6th January,
contains the following :—

“*Can you please give me the latest result
and all information about the cultivation of all
kinds of rubber, and especially about the ex-
eriment of extracting rubber from yearling rub-

er trees? The last information to hand about
this experiment (Tropical Agriculturist, Aug.
1899) was that it was being tried with yearlings
of castilloa elastica, the Mexican rubber tree.
With what result aud whether it has been tried
with yearlings of other kinds of rubber tree, as
you proposed, I have not been able to know.
(We yecommend our ‘* Rubber Manual” to
the attention of our correspondent.) Our planters
here have thousands of ceara trees on
their lands; but the latest and best result
gbtained so far ie only (3) half an ounce of fine

AGRICULTURIST. [Apri 1, 1902,

elastic rubber per tree, which I obtained some
time last month from the tapping of some
isolated trees at Abeokuta—a town upcountry
four hours distant by rail from Lagos. ‘The
people are naturally disappointed and contem-
plate cutting down their ceara trees. But
I advised patience and raised their hope by pro-
mising to write to you for the latest information
on the subject, especially about the experiment
of extracting caonichouc from yearlings. I hope
you will be kind enough to favour us with
some interesting and hope-raising information
on the subject.”

ee ee

TROPICAL MALADIES.
PNTERESTING LECTURE BY DR. JOHN ANDERSON.

In a paper read before the Medical Society of
London, Dr. John Anderson deals with the remote
effects of tropical life on Europeans. Dr. Anderson
is lecturer on tropical medicine at St. Mary’s
Hospital Medical School, and points out that in
hot countries, for example India, the temperature
of the body is higher, the respiration slower, the
capacity of the chest for air is higher, so that
the relative proportion of blood and air in the
lungs is altered. The tone of the nervous system
is also depressed. When a man, after long re-
sidence in India, returns to Europe, he is less
adaptable to the second change of ciimate.

Malaria and its consequences are very detri-
mental to the health of Europeans in hot countries.
Among the consequences are albumenuria and
neuralgia. Serious conditions of the nervous
system also result from sun or heat strokes, for
example, epilepsy, blindness, deafness, and even
dementia. In milder eases the patient cannot
bear prolonged mental effort, and heated, stuffy
rooms cause headache, insomnia, irregularity of
the heart’s action, depression or irritability of
temper. Such symptoms often disappear with cool
temperature, avoidance of exposure to the sun,
or of alcohol and excitement. Anemia with en-
largement of spleen is another consequence of
residence in the tropics. Chronic hypertrophy of
the spleen is an effect of malaria. Many diseases,
for example typhoid, are complicated by malaria.
Abscess of the liver is also a remote effect of
Indian life, not easy to diagnose or discover.
Chronic dysentery is another after-effect of long
tropical residence. Mediterranean fever, ascribed
to a microbe (the micrococcus melitensis), is not
deadly, or associated with malaria or typhoid,
though in its earlier stages it may be mistaken for
these. Dr. Anderson’s lecture, while suggestive,
shows how much medical men have yet to learn
with regard to tropical maladies.—Globe, Feb. 14.

ee ne

GRowIna Topacco UNDER SHADE.—An
enthusiast on the subject of growing tobacco
under shade estimates that within the next five
years there will be no less than 6,000 acres
producing wrappers under cheese-cloth in this
country. At, say, 1,500 lb. to the acre, the
yield would be 9,000,000 lo.—enough to wrap
the cigar product of the country, and something
left for export. The samples of the tobacco
grown under shade in Connecticut whieh have
been shown in the market are absolutely without
ay defect.—Queensland Agricultural Journal,

eb, 1,

; a j

——E SS SSSSSSsSamo-~=—=—rst—“‘i‘_OSOS:~<(<;737}7 htt

Aprit 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

THE U.S. A. GOVERNMENT AND RUBBER,

Thepresent attitude ofthe department of agricul-
ture at Washington towards the investigation of
rubber resources and production merits the ap-
proval and support of every branch of the rubber
trade. There is no longer any reason why rubber
—any more than wheat, or tea, or hemp—should
remain a forest product, to be gained by unsys-
tematized and uneconomical methods. Much has
been done by individual private enterprise in
the direction of bringing the production of rubber
under more intelligent supervision, but vastly
more remains to be done. The rubber belt is so
wide and the conditions so varied involving,
among other things, so many rubber species, and
the whole production is so remote from the centres
of consumption, that any changes based upon
unconnected individual enterprises must be slow,

While the gathering and marketing of rubber—
and its planting, for that matter—must always be
under private contro], and based upon private
capital, governments can render great help
to the interest, particularly in the way of collect-
ing and disseminating correct information. Reports
by trained scientific observers, intent upon dis-
covering facts rather than making profits, when
published officially, gain a wider circulation and
are accepted as more trustworty than even similar
reports from any private source. Of the mass of
printed matter in The India Rubber World's
library regarding the sources and conditions of
natural rubber supplies, by far the greater part is
the result of official or semi-official investigations.
There is not one book in the lot written by a
private individual who has travelled in and
studied any rubber country on his own account.

The United States government in the past has
given little attention tothe subject of rubber,
considering that more than half the world’s pro-
duction is consumed in this country. But now
that we have extensive tropical possessions, the
same reason exists for studying the development
of a rubber interest in them that has appealed to
every colonising power in Europe. The present
disposition at Washington is to discover, not only
what plarts of economic value exist in our tropical
territory, but what plants in other countries
of corresponding latitudes may be introduced
profitably therein. The department of agriculture,
in making the estimates of money needed for the
coming fiscal year, has included the tollowing
clause, which, it is understood, refers in an im-

: portant degree to rubber :

BotTANicaL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS,— 00-008
to investigate and publish reports upon the useful
plants and plant cultures of the tropical territory of
the United States, and to investigate and report upon
them, and istroduce other plants promising to be valu-
able for the tropical! territory of the United States,
such plants and botanical and agricultural information
when secured to be made available for the work of agri-
cultural experiment stations and schools .... 65,000.

It might tend to influence Congress favorably in
respect to voting the appropriation if citizens
engaged in therubber trade would write, approving
the measure, to;senators and representatives from
their States, or whom they know personally ; or
letters might be directed to the chairmen of the

" eommittees on agriculture, of the Senate and House
‘ of Representatives, respectively.—India Rubber
‘ World, Feb. 1,

AGRICULTURIST, 669

RUBBER IN ASSAM, 1901-02.

The quantity of rubber collected and sold by directé
Government agency in the Kamrup and Darrang
districts was as follows :—

Mads, R,

Kamrup Bo 39 6,98
Darrang 40 28 5,040
Total 67 12,027

During the year, the exclusive right of collecting and
removing rubber on payment of duty from outside
the Government plantations in the Darrang district
was sold for R22,100 against R16,900 in 1899-1900.

The total ontturn of rubber for the year was 3,592
maunds, against 5,558 maunds in the previous year.
This large decrease was entirely due to the small
quantity of foreign rubber imported into the province
as may be seen from the figures given below :—

1899-1900. 1900-1901.

Mds. Mds,

Manipur oe 409 392

Bhutan Sa 406 42

Dufla and Aka Hills fe 13148 583
Naga, Mishmi, and other

‘ neighbouring hills 2,853 1,786

Total 4,816 2,803

—Planting Opinion, March 1.

——————————EE

PASSION FRUIT.

Question.—What is the best method of
ecoHecting and preserving passion-fruit seeds ?
when is the best time for planting them ?

Answer.—In Southern Queensland, on the
coast, plant in September ; in North Queens-
land in March. To save theseed, take out the
pulp of several fruits, press it lightly so as not,
to injure the seed. This will remove a large
amount of the moisture. Put the pressed
pulp and seeds into a tin and let it dry.
It will keep for a very long time. When
you intend to sow the seeds, soak the cake
none time in water.—Agricultural Journal,

eb. 1,

a

GUTTA-PERCHA NOTES,

Dr. Treub, the director of the Botanic Garden in
Buitenzorg, is in negotiation with his Government
to establish with Government aid a Palaquin
Gutta plantation on a space of about five thousand
acres in the Plabocan district, in the province of
Saekaboemi and near the plantation of Tjipetir ;
the splendid results of the Tjipetir plantation
have already been stated in previous numbers
of this journal._—La Gazette Coloniale.

In their annual report Messrs Kramrisch &
Company write as follows :—Gutta-Percha: The
year opened with a very poor demand, and the
market continued weak throughout almost
the whole of the year. It was only during
November that, owing to larger contracts for cables
being placed, extensive buying orders appeared
on the market, thus increasing values of Gutta-
percha, and since then a fairly large business
has been done. There seems to be every pros-
pect of acontinued good market, with fair prices
being paid for good and desirable qualities of
gutta-percha,—India-Rubber Trades’ Journal,
Jan. 20,

670 THE TROPICAL

A NEW PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY
OF INDIA-RUBBER.

Our esteemed contemporary, the Gummi Zet-
tung, in its last issue contains a rather enthusi-
astic article on a new process for the recovery of
iudia-rubber, the invention of Mr Albert Theil-
gaard, of Copenhagen.

Any new process of this description is worth
careful attention, bub evidence so far submitted
in proof of what this process actually accom-
plishes is hardly sufficient for us to share the
sanguine expectations of ourcontemporary. Great
stress is laid, in two expert opinions accompanying
the article, upon the fact that this new re-
covered rubber may be re-vulecanised, and that it
contains a very small proportion only of combined
sulphur. All this may betrue, but Messrs Somer-

' ville, of Liverpool, have for years been selling
a re-covered rubber of this description, and Messrs
Rowley, Manchester, and the Rubber Chemical
Company, of Mitcham, tor some considerable time
have been manufacturing an excellent product
of this sort. Nor is there much to be said about
the low percentage of combined sulphur in the
new product, as long as no reliable intormation
is to hana respecting the percentage of combined
sulphur in the stock before recovery. The new
process appears to consist in a treatment of the
waste with alkaline sulphites and appears to rely
upon their well-recognised property to dissolve
sulphur (free), as also upon its reducing (oxygen
absorbing) powers. But as to the first of these
properties, this could only allow of the re-
moval of the free sulphur, but not of. the
combined sulphur, and the reducing properties of
alkaline sulphites are well recognised to be of a
very low order only, so that the reduction of rubber,
deteriorated by oxidation, to oxygen-free rubber by
this means is a statement calculated to make us
rather sceptical. If true, it would involve, as a
matter of fact, the discovery of, so far, totally
unexpected properties in a particularly well-known
and much-used chemical substance. There is, of
course, nothing impossible in this, but merely
ground for reservation of judgment. India-rubber
has been in the past, and will be for some time to
come, the subject of startling announcements.

We hope to revert to this subject, as to the-

matter of re-covered rubber in general, in the
rear future.—India-Rubber Trades’ Journal,
Feb. 3.

i

DOES SUGAR-CANE BXHAUST THE
SOIL?

Question.—For some years my land (scrub) has
produced good crops of cane, but of late the crops
have been almost too light to pay for cutting and
loading. Yet I can get very good crops of corn or
potatoes off the sameland. Has the cane exhausted
the soil?

Answer-—There is practically no such thing as an
exhausted soil, but the available plant food near the
surface may have been exhausted. In your scrnb
goil there is plenty more of the plant food which
angar-cane requires, but it is out of reach of the
roots, and requires to brought up either by subsoiling
or by growing nitrogen-producing plants. Again,
the soil cannot be exhausted, as you say you can

gs good crops of corn and potatoes from the land,
ii the plant food needful for came which has
been carried off year by year till little is left. A
gyance at the following table will at once show you
the reason for the failure of cane-crops.

- great Lake shore on 19th December 1901.

rt i af

AGRICULTURIST. [Aprin 1, 1902,

Crops remove from the soil plant food in the
folowing proportion :—

Nitrogen, Phosphoric Potash. Lime,

Acid. :
Sugar-cane 127 44 298 71
Wheat 59 43 23 36 16
Barley oe 47 23 54 ll
Maize = 61 31 €6 14
Rice oe 41 26 68 Ww
Potatoes ae 26 13 48 2
Cotton Be 54 19 40 25

From this, you can at once see that sugar-cane
extracts from the soil about five times as much
nitrogen, three times as much phosphoric acid, and
six times as much potash as do potatoes.—(ucens land
Agricultural Journal, Feb. 1.

Ue EE oe
TEA IN AMERICA,

A well-known Dundee gentleman who has
just returned from a tour in the States,
writes as follows:—‘‘Throughout the whole
4,000 miles I travelled the tea was much finer
in quality and flavor than on my former
visit. Of course, green teas were largely in
evidence but even away down south in Texas
they had splendid black tea which they des-
cribed on their bills of fare as ‘ English
Breakfast Tea’ and the same on the Pullman

cars. I could not find out if these teas were
from Ceylon,”
UGANDA AND THE UGANDA |
RAILWAY :

500 MILES OF COUNTRY OPENED UP
TO THE GREAT LAKE;
RUBBER, COFFEE, TOBACCO AVAIL-
ABLE,

Commander Whitehouse, R.N., brother of
the Chief Engineer of the Victoria Nyanza
Railway, and who himself has done splendid
work in surveying the great lake, has
been lecturing on the above subject
—reference to which is made in our tele-
graphic columns this evening—hefore the
Colonial Section of the Society of Arts
with Sir Henry M. Stanley, G.c.B., in the
Chair. The railway from Mombasa (sea
level) to Port Florence (3,726 feet above the
sea) on the Victoria Nyanza is 582 miles in
length with some 30intermediate stations. It
rises to 7,900 feet at the 355th mile; descends
to 6,000 feet, mile 430, at Lake Elmenteita ;
rises to 8,820 feet (higher than Pidurutala-
gala) at mile 490 on the Mare ranges; and
then runs down 4,600 feet in the last 100
miles through country no Huropean haa
ever penetrated previous to September 1898,
The journey from Mombasa to Port Flo-
rence will take 24 days with 1 day more
for a steamer journey to Mengo, the capital
of Uganda, against 70 days at the least by
the old caravan route from the coast to
the capital. The Chief Engineer and his
staff arrived at Mombasa on 11th December
1895 and the first locomotive reached the

No wonder, though, Sir Guilford Molesworth
K.C.1.E., in the after discussion, spoke of —
the great work done in the face of unique
difficulties :—unknown country, newness of

Apri 1, 1902.1 THE TROPICAL

staff, two languages to learn, want of
water, absence of animal transport owing
to tsetse fly, difficulty with lions (28 coolies
carried off by 2 lions in one night, and Mr.
Ryalls torn from a carriage on the line
by a man-eater who carried him_ off
through the window, while two companions
in the carriage were left untouched, but
helpless to interfere)—dithculty with ‘‘ jig-
gers” which often caused men to lose their
toes ; 15,000 workmen to be organised ; diffi-
culties with fever in parts, and wild beasts
everywhere (during Sir Guilford’s visit 280 out
of one gang of 320 men were down with
fever and 7 out of 8 engine-drivers!) The
successful completion, in spite of all this,
reflected the greatest credit on Mr. George
Whitehouse and his staff. The warlike
tribes en rowte are already quieting down ;
and the slave caravans and trade have
for ever ceased. Stanley’s memorable journey
to the lake was in 1875 and now he sees his
most sanguine anticipations already antici-
pated: 90,000 Christian people in Uganda
with 320 Churches, and many thousands
of children in school, and this great raile
way and a first steamer (the ‘‘ Wm. Mackin-
non”) on the Lake, where within 10 years
there would be 50. The survey of the
lake coast line, 2,200 miles in 138 months,
was also a great work, and they had also the
telegraph wire with daily news to the
very centre of Africa. Game is still very
plentiful in great varieties close to the line
at certain points: gazelle, harte-beeste, os-
triches, bustard, wildebeeste, zebra, grouse,
spur-fowl, hyenas, etc. Lions often cross
the railway: five or six at a time; or a
lioness and cubs. The game laws are now
strict: visitors pay £50 to shoot a limited
number of beasts; but a reward is paid
for every lion shot between certain stations.
“Plenty of fish” in some of the rivers,
very like mahseer, which give good sport
with light tackle and a_ gold and silver
spoon. The climate for 300 miles—between
238 and 550 miles—is very pleasant. The
Swahilis (the Seedee boys of steamers) are
_the most useful of the natives and their
language is becoming universal. Sir Harry
Johnston, G.C.B., spoke to the kind treat-
ment of the natives by the surveyors and
engineers and Sir T. Fowell-Buxton, :Bart,
GC.M.G., spoke to the wonderful fulfilment
of many of Stanley’s prophecies of only
27 years ago; and alluded to Bishop Tucker’s
new Cathedral now in course of construc-
tion in Uganda. Finally as to products :—
Coffee grows well in Sesse and Uganda
and Rubber everywhere: Landolphia rubber
vines are on all the islands in the Lake.
Castor oil plant grows everywhere. To-
bacco grows well and is much used by the
people. Good crops of potatoes and other
vegetables have been raised. Extensive and
good hill forests are ready’ for planters.
Cheap labour for settlers in Uganda is
treely available. The Lake coast region is
very healthy and _ great fisheries may
eventually be developed here; but this
region is subject to frequent storms, scarcely
a day without thunder and in the first
survey during 1898, there were 17 violent

AGRICULTURIST. 671

storms during 21 days! But on the hills at
Nairobi, for instance, the climate is delight-
ful, European children prospering there.
Undoubtedly here is a great region ready
for pioneering, and probably the collection
and transport of ‘‘rubber” to the coast
will be one of the first industries started.

(a

CEYLON GREENS PRAISED IN CANADA.

Says the Canadian Grocer;—“ The firstsamples
of Oolong produced in Ceylon were before The
‘Salada’ Tea Company one day last week. They
somewhat resemble the finest Formosas, It these
teas can be produced in Ceylon there is a great
trade for them inthe United States. Mr Larkin
says that, while they are slightly different from
Formosa, they are the finest teas of the kind he
has ever tasted.”

ee
PRODUCK AND PLANTING.

TEA IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS OF
NEW YORK

are much incensed over the action of the House Com-
mittee on Ways and Means in reporting a Bill for the
repeal of Spanish war taxes on nearly everything, ex-
cept on teas,on which the duty is to remain in force
until January 1, 1903. It is proposed by the tea
merchants to make a protest to Congress, as, they
say, there is no reason whatever why discrimination
should be made against tea. Mr. G T Matthews,
head of one of the large wholesale tea Companies,
when interviewed on the subject, said: ‘‘ This action
of the Ways and Means Committee is an outrage.
It is made on the plea that the country is so well
stocked with tea that it will take at least a year to
work it all off upon the market. Hiveryone who knows
anything about the business is aware that there has
not in many years been such a small stock of teas on
hand in the country as now, forthe reason that the
importers have for several months been expecting
that Congress would remove the duty. I venture to
say that all the teaonhand in the United States to-
day can and will be consumed by the public in less
than two months and the tea trade in general will
have to stock up again at war tariff rates.”

THE DIRECTORS OF THE AGRA-ELBEDDE (CEYLON)

TEA ESTATES, LTD,
are not only courageous, but they exhibit their
faith in the present and future productiveness of their
property. Ata-time when tea prospects are not
considered by the investing public as altogether rosy,
and in view of the fact that investors are critical
aud fairly well able to judge for themselves the issue
of this prospectus proves the directors’ claim well-foun-
ded, In the interests of the British-grown tea industry
we hope that the anticipation held out will be justi-
fied by results, and that another steady dividend-
paying concern will be added to the list of Ceylon
tea companies.

ee

CALIFORNIAN OLIVE OIL.—The season just
ended has,been most satistactory to olive growers.
The Los Angeles Olive Growers’ Association
expects a yield of between fifty thousand and
sixty thousand gallons of oil, worth $2°50 per
gallon. The Association has 1,100 acres in the
San Fernando valley. The yield at Andrew
MeNally’s ranch near Pasadena is estimated at
about ten thousand gallons of oil. The value
of the crop of picked olives in Southern California
is estimated at about $75,000, and the value of
the oil when marketed will approximate $500,000, —
Chemist and Druggist, Feb. 8.

672 THE TROPICAL

CEYLON TEA IN NEW ZEALAND.

FRESH DEVELOPMENTS.

After several months’ touring not only in
Ceylon but in India—Delhi and the North
generally, as well as in Assam—Mr. M. S.
Ridley, of Messrs. Ridley and Sons, Christ-
church, went back to New Zealand by the Orient
Pacific steamer ‘‘Orizaba,” which sailed on
10th March. Mr. Ridley came to spy out the
land, as it were,—largely in reference to
Ceylon tea the future of which in New Zea-
land, as in Australia, he regards as holding a
bright prospect. Our visitor, planters will be
interested to learn, went back—one of the first
to establish direct business, most tea for
New Zealand being hought in the Australian
market--having established a business con-
nection with Colombo where his teas will be
purchased and sent out to his firmin New Zea-
land. We have further the satisfaction of stat-
ing that Mr. Ridley intends to start a
thoroughly Oriental Tea Kiosk at Sumner—
seven miles from Christchurch, and the fashions
able watering place of the neighbourhood—
where New Zealanders will doubtless be more
largely attracted to the article than hitherto.
Mr. Ridley has already occupied part of the
site and operations will be begun on his
return. later on, when our visitor returns
to Ceylon after or before his approaching
trip to Japan and the United States, it is
probable that two (or more ?) native girls will
be secured to be employed at the tea kiosk
—to add the finish of it. Mr. Ridley has
been most charmed with our Sanatarium,
so much so that the coming addition to
the attraction of Sumner, N.Z., is to be
named, appropriately, the ‘‘ ‘ Nuwara Eliya’
Ceylon Tea Kiosk”!

PEARLS AND PEARL FISHERIES.
DR. LYSTER JAMESON’S LECTURE.

The third of the series of lectures arranged by
the Derby Technical College Committee was held
in the Lecture Theatre on Friday evening. There
was again a large attendance and the patronage
given to the lectures by the local public must
be a source of much satisfaction to the manage-
ment committee, Indeed, there is every
reason to believe that the recent prediction of
Councillor J E Russell as to the success and
popularity of the present series of lectures will
be more than fulfilled. The subject selected on
Friday night was ‘“ Pearls and Pearl Fishing,”
the lecture being delivered by Dr H L Jameson,
M.A., a@ member of the College staff, who is
recognised asa great authority on the subject.
Colonel) A Buchanan, J.P., presided, and he
yemarked that his duty of introducing to the
audience Dr Jameson was a very pleasant one.
The lecturer, having spent a considerable time
in the Australian Pearl fisheries, was in a position
to speak from a practical acquaintance with the
subject. The chairman was glad to see so many
ladies present, who, naturally enough, were very
much interested in pearls and he hoped they,
as well as the gentlemen present, would spend
an interesting and pleasant evening. Dr H L

Jameson, who had a- very cordial receptien,

GRICULTURIST. {|AprRIL 1, 1902.

began by giving a brief survey of the pearls, in
which he showed that they were highly prized,
in the remotest days of which we have any
written record, among the ancient people of
india, China, Palestine and Egypt. He mentioned
the extravagant passion for pearls which existed
during the later epochs of the Roman Empire, and
quoted instances of the wearing of pearls by
primitive and barbarous natives in Polynesia
and Papua, and by the Indians discovered by
Columbus in Central Ameriea. Mother-of-pearl,
which is the shell of the larger species of pearl
oyster, is an important okiect of commerce,
thousands of tons, ranging in value from £3 to
£200 per ton being imported into England annually.
Indeed, in some localities pearls are quite a by-
product, the mother-of-pearl being the main
object of the fishery. After an account of the
internal economy of the pearl oysters, the
lecturer dealt with their habits and mode of
reproduction, referred to the possibilities of
British river pearl fisheries if intelligently
developed, and drew attention to the fact tliat
the pearl oyster is computed to produce about
twelve million eggs annually. Lantern slides,
exhibiting pearls of various sizes and values,
were next shown, together with microphotographs
of their structure, while some of the most valuable
pearls on record were mentioned, among them
one purchased by the then living Shah
of Persia from the traveller Tavemior, sup-
posed to be worth £60,000. Dr Jameson then ex-
hibited lantern slides and specimens illustrating
the most important species of pearl oysters ; and
Went on to describe the methods of fishing adopted
for the several kinds of shell in different parts of
the world, dealing especially with the Australian
and New Guinea fisheries, of which he has con-
siderable experience. The last part of the lecture
dealt with the future of the pearl and mother-of-
pearl fisheries, Dr Jameson explained that most
of the pearl beds are in a sadly depleted condition,
and that there is considerable danger of a decrease
in the supply and increase in the cost of mother-ot-
pearl. He referred to the probable effect of the
exclusion of alien labourfrom the Australian
fisheries, and saidthat we might expect a serious
falling-off in the supply of the most useful kinds
of shell as the result. The only escape from the
difficulty would be the application of intelligence
and scientific skill, and the artificial cultivation of
the pearl and mother-of-pearl oysters on lines
somewhat similar to thoSe adopted for the edible
oyster in Europe. He described the various ex-
periments that had been made in this direction
from time to time, and referred to the researches
of Professor Comba, in Italy, both ‘in pearl
shell cultivation and in artificial pearl production,
The lecturer believes that both the cuitivation of
the oysters and the artificial production of pearls
areamong the commerciai developments of the
near future,and that they will revolutionise the
trade in these commodities and mean colossal for-
tunes to the lucky individuals who are first in the
field.—_Derby Eapress, Feb. 15.

——e—— Ee

UVAKELLIE TEA CoMPANY.—A dividend of
7 per cent is in these times to be counted a
very good result indeed. A_ substantial
amount has also been carried forward to the
reserve account,

Aprit 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

THE “'TEA CESS” AND HOW TO
WORK IT.

A Manager, who was at one time for **doub-
ling the Cess,” writes on the 6th March:—‘‘You
have put the Cess matter plainly and fairly in
your leader of the 4th and, barring your
insistence that we should do nothing if
India doesn’t create a Cess, I am quite at
one with you. We cannot in any way com-
pel India to tax herself though she looks
like doing it of her own free will at pre:
sent; but if her scheme should fall through
as per usual, are we to cease our efforts
here? I maintain we must push our own
teas for all we are worth with or without
the co-operation of India and that our funds
should be mainly used in subsidising ‘green
teas’ as suggested in my first letter which,
if I remember rightly, originated all this
row.”

Paris, Feb. 11.—For those who dread the den-
tist’s chair, even under the protection of laughing
gas, a description is given by Dr @Arsonval, of
the Academy of Sciences, of a new use for elec-
tricity as an anesthetic. The tooth must first be
covered with a plastic substance, which the dentists
use for taking moulds of the teeth. Then comes
a layer of plumbago, and the whole is coated
with a paste made with salt water. One electric
pole isthen attached to the tooth, and the other
is held in the hand by the patient. The current
is turned on, and produces the most complete
local anesthesia, lasting ten minutes. An interest-
ing account was also read of Gautier’s experiments
at the Constantine Hospital with the subcutaneous
injection of methylarseniate of soda for malaria,
A few centigrammes, injected daily, entirely
checked the disease in several cases where strong
doses of quinine had proved powerless after as
much as twomonths’ treatment.—Morning Leader.

Ee

A NEW CINCHONA DIRECTOR AT OOTY.

Mr, George Romilly, the well-known plantez of
Meppadi, Wynaad, has been appointed officiating
Director of Government Cinehona Plantations,
Ootacamund, vice Mr. W M Standen who has
proceeded on leave.—M. Mail, March 12.

—— <a

TOBACCO CULIVATION.

We know that many of our readers have
been much interested in the information
we were the first to publish, touching the
opinion of a tobacco expert on the suffi-
ciency of the leaf grown in the island, if only
it can be properly cured. Mr. A Macdougall
Gibson’s opinion has come as a surprise to
those who have long been taught to believe
in the radical inferiority of Jaffna tobacco;
and if his view, supported by experience
extending over a score of years with tobacco
in the Kast, stands the test of » searching
experiment, there must follow a_ perfect
yevolution in the tobacco trade of the island.
As we have noted before, Mr. Gibson holds
that it is the curing, and not the leaf, that
is at fault; and if his method should pro-
duce a leaf smokable by those used to
Indian, Cuban and other acceptable brands,
a great fillip will be given to the cultiva-
tion of tobacco by classes other than the

AGRICULTURIST. 673
Japanese. As evidence that there is money
in the weed, we quote as follows :—

_ On the subject of Tobacco-growing in Burmah,
from the report of the Department of Agriculture
just issned :—‘* The most successful result was
obtained in Yandoon, Thongwa district. One pound
ot seed on the bank of the Irrawaddy pruduced
3,650 lb. of tobacco on 3°15 acres. In this sub-
division the enltivation of tobacco is assuming im-
portant. dimensions and efforts are being made to
cure the tobacco. ‘the Havana leaf is apparently
not so appreciated as the Virginia. The price
however, obtained was higher than that tor tobacco
grown from local seed. In Bilin, Thanton district,
half a pound of seed gave 125 viss, valued at R1
per viss. A small success was obtained in Monan-
auk Paingkyon. In Myitkyina 1,060 lb. of tobacco
were obtained from abont 1 lb. of seed and valued
at R167. In other districts the experiments were
generally a failure. Taze township seems suitable
Jor its cultivation, and in Shwebo and in Ramree
township, Kyanukpyu and Rathedaung township
Akyab, some degree of success was attained,
Generally, the experiments have failed from a bad
selection of soil, or earelessness at the time of
sowing and planting. The experiments were as
a rale co :ducted on alluvial soil and there seems
no doubt that the Havana or Virginia tobacco will
grow as well as the local variety if it is properly
cared for. Where it has been extensively success-
ful the leaf is considered of better favour and tex-
ture than the local variety, and fetches a higher
price.” r

THE CEYLON PLUMBAGO EXPORTERS,
‘* COMBINE.”
‘GROUSING’ IN THE LONDON
MARKET,

From our earliest days we have come to
look upon Ceylon as one of the most beautiful
and magnificent places under the sun. Not
only in school but also in church its praises
have been sung, for who of us does not
know that charming hymn—

‘* What though the spicy breezes,

Blow soft on Ceylon’s Isle,

Though every prospect pleases,

_ And only mau is vile.”
In ancient times and at the present moment
the ‘‘spice isle” has been regarded as a
coveted spot, and writers of genius have been
wont to identify it as the ‘ Paradise Lost,”
tull of beauty and untold wealth, No wonder.
therefore, that many people have become ace
customed to regard it as an ideal place in
which even the ‘*‘ vile man” is a negligeable
quantity. But those few among us who have
had to do with the less poetical side of the
beautiful island, who have had dealings in its
produce, spicy and otherwise, and who have
become acquainted with its Native commer-
cial community, have lost a great deal of the
original admiration and enthusiasm for that
wonderful isle, In fact there are many, we
are inclined to believe, who wish they ‘had
never heard the name, for although lovely
picturesque and fertile, it is also a land of
great surprises. Its population, mixed as it
is, is more shrewd and more cunnine than
any other dark race or tribe in India. They
have long recognized that unity is strength
and bave frequently sprung upon us morg

674

startling combinations, pools and cliques which
have entirely upset the most careful calcu-
lations of the white commercial community
in the East as well as in Hurope. These
combinations have comprised Spices, Drugs,
and Oils, and all have in their turn cost us
dear. Now, the latest attempt at screwing
the European consumer is a combination of
dealers and pit-owners of Plumbago, which for
its purpose has no other end than to arrest the
steady decline of prices by refusing to sell
their holdings below a certain level, the
height of which has been agreed upon and
to which all members of the clique have
faithfully promised to adhere. As a result
prices have advanced at a great rate and
stand now several shillings above the range
ruling just previously to the creation of
the combination. To the satisfaction of all
concerned, America. and Europe have paid
the prices demanded, a fact which only seems
to make the members more pretentious, but
they evidently overlook that even among
consumers of Plumbago there are some
nervous individuals and that so little im-
portant an article as Plumbago is not without
its bear speculators, all of whom have still
a vivid recollection of the extraordinary boom
in 1900 and are therefore anxious to procure
supplies and to cover at the least signal of
danger. But to believe that these few buyers
represent the Plumbago trade, or only a fair
proportion of it, is a fatal error, which will
be brought home to the combination shortly
in a forcible manner. The Iron industry is
bad everywhere, but particularly so in
Germany. a large consumer of Plumbago,
and there is still plenty left of the 24,000 tons
exported to Europe and America last year to
exclude famine prices. It would appear to
us, therefore, that the natives have chosen
a particularly inopportune moment for their
move, and it is difficult to fathom the motive
which prompted them to act, unless indeed
it isthe feeling that prices have been allowed
to drop too low, and that something des-
perate had to be done to arrest them. Since
1895 values have not reached so low a level
as this year, for the price of OIL was then
R300, as against—

R. 325 in 1896
, 400 ,, 1897
», 600 ,, 1898
, 750 ,, 1899
» 900 ,, 1900
B75 24 TOOL

300 ,. 1902

3) a

Although on that argument the attempt
is not altogether without justification, yet
its instigators should not have lost sight of
the all important factor—‘‘no demand owing
to bad trade.” When business is brisk a
combination has a_ fair prospect of success,
but never in bad times.—London Commercial
Record, Feb, 14.

arr nee RRR

RubBeR GROWING is receiving the careful
attention of the Senegal Government. Many
plantations have been laid out at Casamance, and
in the region of Mayes near the coast between
Dakar and St Louis, where the soil is more favour-
able. Producers also are encouraged to prepare
only the best qualities for the market.—Jiubber

J ourndl,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

|Aprin 1, 1902.

PLANTING NOTES.

RUBBER PLANTING IN Mexico.—A useful
letter on this topic appears elsewhere, which
deserves the attention of rubber-planters —
now an increasing number—in Ceylon.

EssENTIAL OILS OF LEMON AND ORANGE.—
Mr E J Sheehan, of Utica, N. Y., is the inventor
of machinery that is stated to furnish a better
means of extracting oil from orange and Jemon
than any hitherto used. Mr Sheehan is think-
ing of starting at Riverside, Cal., where he
ean find a plentiful supply of water power,
convenient shipping facilities and plenty of fruit.
Chemist and Druggist, Feb, 8.

TIMBER TREES OF CEYLON.—Mr. F. Lewis
related many facts at the last meeting of the
Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch)—some
of which are reported elsewhere—of very great
interest to the trading and planting com-
munity. He has brought to our office today
four specimens of woods usually deemed
quite common (keena, mee, cassiafistula,
etc.), but so sawn as to take a French polish
which turns them into very handsome
cabinet woods. We trust Mr. Lewis will
deal with this matter in a short separate
paper, at a future meeting.

THE NEED oF TEA _ INSPECTION.—A
planting correspondent says :—‘‘ What is
done with cafieine? The firms in Col-
ombo that buy red leaf and sweepings
say they make caffeine of it. What is done
with it after it is manufactured ? Some Aus-
tralians told us they bought tea in the Harbour
which was labelled Pure Ceylon Yea and
was utter rubbish. It would be interesting to
know where this tea came from.”—Nothing
but inspection of all tea without responsible
(‘* Directory”) marks at the Colombo Customs
will, so far as we can judge, meet the require
ments of the case.

A New CURE FOR DyYSENTERY.—Numerous
applications from various parts of the world
have been received by Mr H N Ridley, Director
of the Botanical Gardens of the Straits Settlements,
for seeds of a plant known as Brucca suma-
trana, the seeds of which are said to be a spe-
cific for the cure of dysentery. It is a shrub with
Jarge leaves, with numerous leaflets, and is dis-
tributed over , Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Philip-
pines, South China and Australia. Specimens
have been recorded from Perak and Pahang
only. The plant is being propagated from seeds
and it is hoped that in a‘few months seedlings
will be ready for distribution.—Chemist and
Druggist, Feb. 8.

EXPERIENCE THE ONLY SAFE TEST OF CLIMATE
FoR Topacco.—Mr R S Nevill, Tobacco Expert
of Queensland, says :—One must still judge, so
tar as the climate 1s concerned, mainly trom the
experience of others as to the class of tobacco
to be raised, as the ordinary meteorologica! record
will be of very little value in determining this
point. The plant is far more sensitive to these
meteorological conditions than are our instruments.
Even in such a famous tobacco region as Cuba,

tobacco of good quality cannot be grown in
the immediate vicinity of the ocean or in

certain parts of the island, even on what would
otherwise be considered good tobacco lands. This
has been the experience also in Sumatra and in
our own country, but the influences are too
subtle to be detected by our meteorological instru:
ments,

Aprit 1, 1902.]

ALOE FIBRE:

In November last there appeared in this journal
a’short article on the aloe fibre industry started
by Mr. Tytler in the Madras Presidency, recom-
mending him to increase his capital and bringing
the business out as a company, and thereby give
the public a chance of investing in a sound and
profitable concern, Wesee by an article in the
Madras Mai! of the 16th December last that a
company is being formed with this object by Mr
Tytler, he having evidently taken our suggestion
to heart. Mr Tytler will be remembered by many
of our readers as the owner and rider of many
good ponies in the days gone by, perhaps his
best being the once famous Chorister. This new
planting industry promises to be a god-send to
indigo and other planters, and it therefore comes
at an opportune moment, when planters generally
are thinking of something in their own line
as an auxiliary of the now much-depressed tea,
coffee and indigo industries. It therefore behoves
all planters in general to support Mr Tytler
in his new undertaking, in their own interests
and self-defence ; for the success of the under-
taking’ means that a new planting industry
will be put before them, and that each and all
will be able to learn the ins and outs of the business
with its capacities, and form a basis to go upon for
those who wish to follow his example. None need
tear that bug-bear of all planters—over-produc-
tion—for it will bea long time before India will be
able to make any appreciable impression on the
market, seeing that the present output from various
countries is between £300,000 and £400,000
annually, and the demand seems to keep well
ahead of the supply. So much is this the ease
that prices instead of showing a downward
tendency have been steadily rising. There seems
to be no doubt that both the Bahamas and
Mexico have reached their maximum production.
In these places it is not a question of land, though
that is not over-cheap or in excess of the demand,
but one of labour which is not only scarce and
difficult to get, but exorbitantly high. Then,
again, there is German East Africa to count
with, which country is beginning planting; here
land is certainly plentiful enough, but the quantity
and cost of labour, as well as transport, is such
that any appreciable fall in price will bring ruin
to most planters; and further, they have to
learn their business. The country that has cheap
Jand and labour, and transport, both land and
over the sea, soas to be able to produce fibre in the
market ata minimum of cost, will eventually
be ableto outlive and oust other countries in
this industry. India has nothing to fear in these
respects, seeing that she fulfils the above condi-
tions as regards land, labour and transport, She
has, moreover, turther advantages inasmuch. as
the plant grows to perfection in most parts of the
country, and the results are in no way affected
by good or bad seasons whilst the fibre produced
by the plants has been pronounced to be superior
to anything that has come from Mexico and the
Bahamas. Taking all these facts into considera-
tion, India will be the last’ to feel the results of
over-production, should that stage ever be reached,
which is very unlikely. The countries producing
the worst fibre, and that at the highest cost, will
be the ones to feel the pinch of bad times and
will, most assuredly, go to the wall first. Whilst
the results in tea, coffee and indigo are seriously

affected by the seasons, a good or, bad one making’

all the ditterence as to whether the result will
89

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

67-5

show a profit or loss, the aloe plant laughs ata >
prolonged drought or bad seasons, so that
the annual return can Le calculated with almost
mathematical precision. Quantity of fibre is
everything and quality means strength, color,
softness and length. The fibre prepared by Mr.
Tytler has been pronounced to be superior to either
Mexico or Bahamas fibre in general preparation
and all the above-mentioned points; in fact, of
such quality is this fibre that Messrs. Ide and
Christie, the foremost London fibre brokers, state
that it shows perfect preparation and could not
be better, and that Mr Tytler deserves great credit
for his system, These are most important facts.
Mr Tytler, having thus successfully mastered the
practical details of the business, deserves well of
both the Indian Government and the investing
public, as having successtully introduced a new
planting industry to. this country. An expert on .
aloe fibre, in the Madras Mail of the 30th August
last, gives Mr. Tytler high praise both for his
knowledge of the business and the quality of the
fibre he has been producing. The company is to -
be congratulated in having secured the‘services of
Mr Tytler as it ensures the succesful working
and carrying on of the company’s business. An
article on the subject, which appeared in the
Pioneer of 26th October last, is also worth read-
ing. The company proposes bringing out its pro-
spectus early in the year; this prospectus is
highly spoken of by those who have seen it in .
dratt form, both for its arrangement and
fulness of detail. The capital will be R400,000, |
ensuring sufficient funds for carrying onthe business
properly, which is an important point. The
prospectus shows that a profit of about 40 per
cent will be made annually on its called-up capital
during the first few years of its existence, until
such time as the plantations it proposes planting
out come into bearing, when the profits will be
considerably increased and will go on increasing
as the increased extent of the area planted comes ©
into bearing. The company has secured on lease
over 300 miles of aloe hedging; this is most im-
portant, as though only astop-gap, it enables the
company to work at a profit from its commence- ,
ment instead of having to wait until its plantations ”
should come into bearing: the leases secured are
sufficiently long to more than cover the period
that must elapse before its plantations come into
bearing, Though, of course, the regularly planted
plantations will be the mainstay of the company,
yet the importance of havingsecured these valuable.
leases cannot be over-estimated, The present cost
of production of the fibre landed in London will,
according to the prospectus, be about R200 per ton.
which cost will be much reduced when the planta-
tions come into bearing, so the delay in cost of,
moving from place te place, which is considerable.
when working along long lengths of hedging, will
be saved. Even taking the above price, and
allowing that the price of fibre does not fall below,
£28 per ton, whichis the lowest price that it has
reached during the past eighteen months, and that
only twice, the profits over cost of production
would show over K200 per ton, and more as prices
goup. The average price during the above period
was somewhere about £35 per ton, and Mr..
Tytler’s fibre fetched £32 10s per ton when other
fibres were selling at a little over £28 per ton.’
The profits may, therefore, reasonably be ex-
pected to be greater, andas the company’s hedging
is capable of producing annually somewhere about.
80Q to 900 tons of fibre, the above figures show

676 _ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

clearly that the company is well within the mark
with its figures as to the profits that may be
expected. The company is probably one of the
most promising and substantial undertakings that
has been put before the Indian public, and is well
worthy ot the attention of investors, We do not
anticipate that/the share list will be long in filling
up.—Indian Planters’ Gazette.

[Experiments made in Ceylon by practical men,
over which a zgvod deal of money has been spent,
do not make us sosanguine of success as our Indian
contemporaries.—ED. 7'.A.]

>

THE WORLD’S PRODUCTION OF

RUBBER.
AND THE FUTURE OF AMAZONAS.

_The territory in the Amazon Valley from
whence the largest portion of the world’s rubber
supply has, as yet, been obtained, is according to
most reliable reports constantly decreasing in area.
It is an undeniable fact that, owing to the extra-
vagant method employed by the natives in gather-
ing crude rubber, the natural source of supply has
been, to a considerable sxtent, depleted, with the
usual results attending. The risks, besides this,
attending the gathering of the crop, especially in the
Amazon Valley, are considerable. Heavy advances
must be made to the improvident natives who
depart into the limitless forests to remain for
months with a chance, perhaps, never to return.
The trees cannot survive the murderous butcheries
of thenative gatherers, whose sole aim consists in
extracting the gum which is to pay the advances
they received as quickly as possible, even if the
death of the trees is involved. In order to reach
the yet iiving and untouched trees, the native is
compelled to travel deeper into the forests every
year and the supply is maintained with increased
ditliculty with each successive season. These are
facts, which sooner or later must’ become of the
most scrious consequences, respecting the economi-
cal conditions of the State of Amazonas, inasmuch
as the production and exportation of rubber con-
stitutes the almost exclusive source of revenue of
that State. These circumstances and the fact,
that there is scarcely a plant of equal value that
responds so quickly to careful cultivation as the
rubber tree, greatly stimulated other countries to
develop this culture on a large scale, and it is
from this quarter that Amazonas will experience
the most dangerous blow to its heretofore com-
manding position as the world’s supplies of rub-
ber. Thus we learn from reliable sources that
already in the year 1898 the value of exports of
rubber from Africa alone amounted to 98 million
frances. Angola, which contributed at that time
to the amount of 28 million frances, is said to
export now nearly twice this amount. The Congo
State exported 16°8 millions ; Gold Coast 13°7
mnillions ; Lagos 7 millious and French Guiana
6 millions. The steady increasing produc-
tion of the French Congo States and of
Gameroon, as well as the Dutch possessions in
India not counted !

THE TOVAL AREA UNDER RUBBER CULTIATION
in Africa is estimated to be 4,000 square miles
with a population much denser than in the
Amazonas, no difficulty being therefore ex-
perienced toobtoin a regular and efficient supply
of labour. A considerable increase in the pro-
duction of rubber is therefore to be expected
without avy doubt in the near future,

fApRin 1, 1902.

A very large amount of capital has within the
last few years been invested in the rubber
plantations of the Southern Mexican States.
In years gone by the rubber industry of Mexico
was already of considerable importance, but also
in that country the improvident native method
of gathering was fatal to the industry and the
large returns dwindled as the number of trees
decreased, until the export of native rubber
ceasea to be of much account—a warping ex-
ample to Amazonas and to other countries where
such abusive methods of gathering are practised !
The states of Tabasco and Chiapas, adjoining
the isthmian region of Tehuantepec, have been
the former sources of rubber supply in the
Southern Mexicau States. In soil, temperature,
rainfall and other general conditions, these States
possessed ideal qualifications for the cultivation
of the rubber tree. The soil is the accumulation
of long centuries of tropical decay, while the
annual rainfall ranges from 150 inches and up-
ward. The temperature required, hotand moist,
is here found, while the dense shade which the
rubber tree is said to need is afforded by the
forests which abound in the extended valleys of
the watercourses of navigable streams emptying
into the Gulf of Mexico.

The fitness of these lands for the cultivation
ot the rubber tree has been remarked for many
years, but the project seemed not to attract
capital. The increasing scarcity of supplies
together with an enormous development of demand,
however, stimulated capital to invest, so that
at present not less than 200,000 acres in the
Tehuantepec provinces have been acquired, prin-
cipally by Americans, who have invested
5,000,000 dollars in planting and development !
Reports from plantations in those provinces state
that trees, five years old, had attained a diameter
of from 8 to 10 inches, and yielded from 34 to 44
pounds of pure rubber each. Trees 6 years old
were 10 to 11 inches and yield 4 to 5lb, and
7 years 14 to 16 inches with a yield of 63 to 83 lb.

It will be seen by this rapid expesition that the
production of rubber tas for some time past been
the object of no small efforts by all countries with
possessions in tropical regions and as those efforts
are supported by plenty of capital, and directed
with method, enterprise and energy, the result
cannot be doubtful:—a foreign production that
will render the consuming markets, if not entirely
independent of Brazilian production, at least
reduce it to an almost negligeable quantity.

Tropieal agriculture ceased to be exclusively
limited to South America from the time that
nearly every one of the European countries secured
extensive possessions in the southern hemisphere.
In proportion as the development of the colonial
possessions of these countries advances, inter-
changes between these and the mother country
will necessarily become more numerous, and as
the product of these colonies is nearly similar to
thatof South America, a competition can be foreseen
that cannot fail to seriously menace the future
exporting trade of the latter, at least in similar
products. This should be borne in mind by
Brazilian agriculturists, who should direct their
efforts to multiculture, instead of confining them-
selves to one product only, especially when that
product is seriously menaced by a not distant
competition,

We can therefore but agree with the timely

warning raised by the Provincia do Pard against

Aprit 1, 1902. ] THE TROPICAL

the short-sighted system of mono-culture followed
in the Amazonas, a warning which in our opinion
applies not only to this, but to almost every,
State of the Union.—The Brazilian Review.

Jan, 21.
—

CRUDE RUBBER IN THE WEST INDIES.

According to the report of the Governor in
Trinidad and Tobago rubber is the only new culti=
vation, which, as far as present indications go, is
likely to provea staple export in the future. It
is, as yet, however, in a experimental stage.
There are some eight plantations in Trinidad and
two in Tobago. Several large sales of Crown
land in Trinidad have been recently made on the
understanding that they are to be devoted to this
cultivation. It isalso extending yearly in Tobago,
chiefly in combination with cocoa, Lhe rubber
is chiefly planted is the Central American tree
Castilloa Elastiva. Of this sort there are 100,000

trees planted in Tobago, as well as some
thousands of the Brazilian ‘‘ Mouchet.’? The
former promises to be the more profitable. The

West African silk bas also been recently intro-
duced, and its importers are hopeful of its
success. The greater part of the plantations are
still quite young—from one. to four years old—
and no large return can be anticipated until
they have been seven or eight years in existence.
The quality seems to be good. A sample of
Castilloa grown and prepared on Richmond
estate was sent to England last year, and was
valued by experts at 3s 6d per lb.—Jndia-Rubber
Trades’ Journal, Feb 13.

———

PLANTING NOTES.

THK UPRIVER RUBBER COUNTRY—of the Ama-
zon—may be in the backwoods, but it is the scene,
nevertheless, of many phases of business enterprise.
For example, the police of Manaos arrested re-
cently two men who had in their possession 192,000
milreis in counterfeit money, with which they
were proceeding to the river Purus to buy rubber,
—India Rubber Worid, Feb. 1.

!

GuiTA PERCHA.—Monsieur de Jouffroy d’Ab-
bans, French Consul at Singapore, who is very much
interested in agricultural questions, writes that the
extraction of gutta percha out of the leaves is not
seriously enough taken into consideration. Every-
where in the Malay Archipelago and in Dutch
India Government and private plantations of
gutta percha trees have been established, and
will be able in about four or five years to
furnish all factories with leaves. The European
factories, which treat the leaves in a chemical
way, have at present still much to cope with
the scanty supply of leaves. They will have to
close their factories or start plantations themselves.
Dr. Ledeboer’s factory in Holland is, in spite of
the big capital of this company, often short of
leaves. Another factory exists near Singapore,
but it has met with no success, for the expenses
are too high, the factory being too far from the
plantations. A. small factory is in Pontianak
and another in Sarawak, ia Dutch Borneo, but
both have the same difficulty in getting leaves.
In short the future of this very important industry
of extracting gutta percha from the leaves depends
on the planting of sufficient trees—Journal
@ Agriculture Tropicale.

AGRICULTURIST. 677

Company MEETINGS.—The Horrekelly Estate

Company has declared a dividend of 6 per
cent for the past year, which we think very
satisfactory on the whole. An interesting
tabular statement is given of the working
of the concern. during 1899, 1900 and
1901. In the report of the Clyde Tea
states Company testimony is borne to the
favourable results of fine plucking. It has
only been considered necessary to write off
® nominal sum for depreciation and the cus-
tomary provision has been made for deterio-
ration in value of building. A dividend at
the rate of 24 per cent has been declared.
The directors of the Agra Tea Company have
not felt themselves justified in recommend-
ing a dividend in view of the greater portion
of the profits having been spent upon a new
extension to the factory and on new clear-
ings, but a substantial addition has been
made to the reserve fund.

Two oR THREE YOUNG PLANTERS wanted
for Blantyre, Nyassaland, forms the burden
of a bona fide advertisement from the Com-
pany which appears in the Ceylon Observer, and
the salary to begin with seems a fairly good
one, seeing that the cost of liying on the
Company’s estates, we are told, is not likely
to exceed £50 a year, to a careful man.
Some parts of Nyassaland have got an in-
lifferent reputation for fever; but this Com-
.any’s places are said to be healthy, and Mr.

S. Hynde, the Chief Manager, is an ex-
perienced resident. A drawback to young
planters offering from Ceylon is that they are
expected to pay their own passages from
Colombo to Blantyre (just, we are told, as
‘* creepers” and others pay their passage out
to Ceylon), the salary of the men selected
and who agree to go, beginning from the
day they report themselves at Blantyre.
The passage from Colombo to Chinde, the
nearest port to Blantyre, we fear, could not ,
be got far less than £35 (R525) second class
or (£48 10s R727 50) first.

THE CEYLON PLUMBAGO MARKET—is the
subject of a moderately amusing grumble
on the part of London buyers, through the
latest Commercial Record—which we quote
on page 673. They complain of a combine
amongst Ceylon native mine owners and
exporters, not to sell plumbago below a
certain price, and warn them that it is a
most inopportune time for the move. The
amusement comes in where the ‘‘screw-
ing down of the consumer” becomes the
subject of the writer's grousing. He appears
completely to ignore the London attempts
to screw down the producer—poor producer,
we had almost said, but we have not noticed
many bankruptcies among plumbago merch=
ants yet!—by combinations in the Lane.
The latter preceded the Ceylon move; and
as to foreign buyers having met their ree
quirements for some time to come—the signs
do not all point that way. We have only
just had an agent of a Pittsburg firm, which
is said to buy something over 10 per cent of
the Ceylon output, sounding the local re-
sources, in view—we understand—of the
evident profits being made by the trade in
New York who are shipping from here
direct. The demand is not so dead,

678 THE TROPICAL

THE PALMERSTON TEA COMPANY
OF CEYLON, LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.
ACREAGE OF THE USTATE.

Queensland. Palmerston, ‘Total.

acres. acres. acres.

Tea in Bearing ets 254 205 459
Young Tea ie 4 0 4
Total Tea OO 258 205 463
Jungle oe 19 0 19
Timber sre 0 a 7
Grass, &c. da 4 0 4
Total Acreage .. 281 212 493

The Directors have now to submit their Sixth An-
nual Report and Accounts, being those for the year
ending 31st December last. The yield of tea during
the period has been 206,189 lb., costing cts. 28°88 as
against cte. 26°74 last year, and realising cts. 44°10
as against cts. 44:17.

As will be seen from the accounts, the profits for
the year, including the sum of R1,627:21 brought
forward from last account, amount to R21,901°72 after
writing off the sum of R2,470°09 for depreciation on
Factory and Machinery. An interim dividend of 24
per cent. was paid on12th August, absorbing R10:250;
and the Directors recommend that a final dividend
of 24 per cent be declared, making a total of 5 per
cent for the year, and leaving a sum of R1,401'72 to
be carried forward.

In terms of the Articles of Association, Mr. G C
Alston now retires from the Board, but is eligible for
re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current
year rests with the Meeting.

THE UVAKELLIE TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

. The Directors have now to submit their Report and
Accounts for the year ending 31st December, 1901.

The crop amounted to 166,319 1b. Tea costing 26:29
cents per lb., against 162.110]b. costing 26:95 cents in
1900,

The amount of profit earned is R20,744:93, which is
equal to fully 83 per cent on the Capital of the Com-

any.

x Aiter estimating the unsold Tea at a safe figure, the
crop has realized 39:99 cents per lb., against 43°39 cents
in 1900, and 41°67 cents in 1899, the lower price being
due to the fall in the market.

After adding R719‘26 surplus proceeds of Tea esti-
mated last year and R597°15 balance brought forward,
the profit amounts to R22,061°34 and after writing off
74 percent for Depreciation on Buildings and Machi-
nery the amount available for distribution is
R20,023'46, which the Directors recommend should be
disposed of as follows :—

By the payment of a Dividend of 7 per

cent absorbing 30 R16,800:00
By carrying to Reserve a sum of 2,000:00

By payment of a Bonus to Superin-
tendent of .. 30 85 500:00
And carrying forward the Balance of 723°46
R20,023'46

The estimate for the current year is 165,000 lb, Tea,
to cost R48,588°50.

During the year Mr F W Bois resigned his seat upon
the Board, on leaving for home, and Mr H G Bois was
elected to fill the vacancy.

In terme of the Articles of Association Mr Bois now
retires from the Board, but being eligible offers himself

for re-election,

Tt will be necessary to appoint an Auditor for 1902,

AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1902.

CEYLON PLANTERS’ RUBBER
SYNDICATE LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

Acreage :

The Acreage of the Syndicate’s property is as
follows :—
Opened Land An «» 615 Acres
Reserve aes Py 4) 43

Total .. 884

At the 3lst of December, 1901, 615 Acres had been
felled of which :—
544 Acres were Lined 253 Acres were Supplied
550 ay » Holed 414 i » Filled in

350 . », Planted 585 4 ., Cleared up

Only 350 acres have been planted owing to the
plants being too small to put out. Had the seed
purchased from Culloden Kstate turned out well, the
whole area might now have been planted up. One
block of 45 Acres accidently caught fire, before it
was ready to burn off. As the clearing up would
have been costly, and there were no plants ayail-
able for putting out, our Manager considerd it best
to allow the undergrowth to grow up and clear and
burn again in March or April.

Catch Crops have not proved a success, though
the pumpkins seem to have grown well enough, The
price obtainable was so low that it did not pay to
pick them and the Chinese cultivators went off without
clearing the land. Your Directors think that none of
the usual catch-crops should be planted, with the
exception of Liberian Coffee, which our Manager
considers will pay a good return without injuring the
Rubber. Whether this be planted or not rests with
the Meeting. Mr Darby estimates that 200 Acres can
be planted with Liberian Coffee, 7; by 74, and brought
into bearing by 1905, for $900,000 or R13,500,/- giving
at the end of that year a gross return of the value
of R20,000/, the Rubber in this 200 Acres to be
planted 15 feet by 30 feet.

Copies of Mr Carey’s Report have been sent round to
all the Members of the Syndicate, also of Mr Kelway
Bamber’s Report on the Pendamaren soils, which was
most satisfactory.

A new Director and Secretary will have to be
appointed inthe place of Mr H C Harrison who is
leaving the Island.

As Funds are insufficient to carry on the work
of the Estate, until the Rubber trees begin to bear,
it is proposed to raise the nominal Capital to
R250,000/- and during the Autumn to raise 80 new
shares at par to existing Shareholders in proportion
to their holdings.

R. Cc.
Expenditure to date is 97,881 11
Estimated Expenditure for 1902, Rubber
alone con oe ... 22,667 00
. Estimated Expenditure for 1902, Pro-
vision for Coffee eee Re aR

Estimated Expenditure for1903, Rubber 18,289 00

it 3 », Coffee 600 00
1904, Rubber 19,826 00
i By », Coffee 450 00
oN 1905,Rubber 16,729 00
Coffee 4,500 00

R188,667 11

From the beginning of 1906 the Estate should be
self-supporting. The estimated profits on Coffee
being sufficient to carry on, from that. date, until the
Rubber trees give their first yield,

February 20th, 1902,

” ” te)

J
{

a

Aprit 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

THE CASTLEREAGH TEA COMPANY,
OF CEYLON:

THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

The directors submit herewith the balance sheet
and nrane and loss account for the year ending 31st
December 1901, duly audited.

The balance of profit (including a debit balance
of R54°65 brought forward providing for deprecia-
tion of buildings and machinery as shewn in the
accounts) is R22,01254. Of this sum 7,200, has
been absorbed in paying an interim Dividend at the
rate of 3 percent. TheDirectors propose, after placing
R551-67 to Reserve Fund, being 24 per cent, on the
Profits, as resolved onin General Meeting, to declare
a further Dividend at the rate of 5 per cent payable
on the 11th March, absorbing?E12,000 and after pay-
ing a bonus of 5 per cent on the profits divided
including Reserve Fund, for the year to the Super-
intendent. in terms of a promise made to him, ab-
sorbing R987°58 to carry forward to 1902 account
R1,273°29.

he total tea crop was 182,272 lb.
Baia of 200,000 tb. The cost of the tea deli-
vered to buyers was 25:03 cents per lb, or 23°67
cents exclusive of provision for depreciation of buildings
and machinery or 21:95 cents exclusive of both depre-
‘ciation and manuring. The tea was sold locally
realising 38°62 cents per lb. leaving balance of gain
14:95 cents. Cost in 1900 was 23°43 cents and value
87°02 cents per Ib.

The Company’s property consists of :—
430 acres tea under leaf. ‘Yield in 1901, 424 lb.
per acre.

against the

Tienes planted in 1897 and 1898.
Daeaess ravines, scrub roads, etc., in the
eight tea fields of the estate.
BU gp jungle, jungle belts and swamp.
518

The estimated crop for 1902 is 200,000 lb. tea or
458 1b. per acre from 437 acres.

It will be seen that the property representing
. capital now stands in the balance sheet at approxi-
mately R547°00 per acre cultivated and that the profit
per acre is R50°00 as compared with R48:00 in 1900
and R60°00 in 1899, the profit upon capital being
9:19 per cent or including the sum reserved against
depreciation 10°21 per cent.

Mr R Huyshe Hliot retires from the Board by
_ rotation and eligible for re-election.

The Shareholders will be requested to elect a
Director and also an Auditor for the curretn year

- THE HORREKELLY ESTATE COMPANY,
LIMITED.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

Managing Director—Mr. CK H Symons. Direc-
tors:—Messrs. F J De Saram, Stanley Bois, F W
Bois and Hon. F C Loos, Secretaries :—Messrs
Lewis Brown & Co.

The Directors have pleasure in submitting the
accounts of the Company for the year ending 81st
December, 1901, shewing, after writing off R6,011-43
for depreciation on Buildings, Plant and Machinery,
a profit of R23,231:71, which, with the balance of
R1,667°80 brought forward from 1900, gives a total of
24,899°51 available for distribution.

The Directors recommend that a dividend at the
rate of six per cent on the Capital of the Company
be declared. This will absorb R24,000,—and leave a

bualunce of R899'51 to be carried forward to 1902.

AGRICULIURIST. 679

The working of the estate for the years 1899, 1900
and 1901 compares as follows :—

1899. 1900. 1901.
RS yacs apis tRienepeCs
Expenditure on
Estate and in
Oolombo office ... 36,754 67 35,761 59 39,756 93
Number of Coconuts
produced 1,305,429 1,502,298 1,439,218
Quantity of Coir
Fibre made Ballots 28,324 22,592 24,876

Two Directors—Messrs. EF C Loos and F J De
Saram, retire by rotation, and are eligible for re-
election.

The Shareholders have to appoint an Auditor for
1902,

The current year’s prospects are favourable.

THE CLYDE TEA ESTATES CoO., LTD.
THE REPORT.
Directors :—Mr F M Laurie, Mr ED Harrison, Mr

Robt. Davidson; Agents and Secretaries: Messrs
Lewis Brown and Co.
ACREAGE:
Tea above four years old 546 acres.
Jungle, &., 169 ‘0
Total 715 acres.

Your Directors beg to submit their report and the
accounts for the year 1901.

The quantity of tea made was.—From estate leaf
162,423 lb and from bought leaf 8,196 lb against ori-
ginal estimates of 190,000 lb and 10,000 lb respectively.
The shortage on estate estimate is due to the unfavour-
able season experienced, and to the careful system
of plucking -in force from early in the year.

The expenditure on manuring during the year
(R1,997'92) has been charged against revenue as have
also sundry items on extensions, &c. amounting to
R560'24. The cost of estate tea exclusive of these, but
including transport to Colombo, and selling charges
was R40,930.07, or say 25°20 cents per lb. The
average price realised for the whole crop was 31°32
cents per lb.

The amount at debit of machinery is R21,614°73,
against which sums aggregating R9,643°67 have already
been provided for depreciation. In view thereof the
Directors do not consider it desirable to meantime
continue writing off depreciation on the usual basis,
and have set aside only a nominal sum of: R540°37,
The customary provision has been made for deteriora-
tion in value of buildings.

Including the balance of R2,543°13 brought forward
from last year, the sam now available for distribution
is R7,249°89, from which the Directors recommend pay-
ment of a dividend at the rate of 2% per cent. This
will absorb R6,750.—and leave R499°89 to be carried
forward.

In terms of the articles of Association Mr R David-
son retires from the Board, but is eligible for re-election.

The shareholders haye to appoint an Auditor for 1902.

THE KIRKLEES ESTATE COMPANY,
LIMITED.

Directors.—Hon. Mr W H Figg, Messrs, G H
Alston and John Gordon. Estate Superintendent,—
Mr J Armitage Ogden.

Acreage : 3lst December, 1901.
Tea in bearing ate 380 acres
Do partial bearing .. 35 do
Tea not in bearing bio 33 do

Timber & Cardamoms, about 122 do
Grass & uncultivated land 147 do

: Total ote 717 acres
The Directors have now tosubmit to the Share-
holders the accounts of the Company for the yast year.

680

The crops secured amounted to 125,525 lb. Tea, in
addition to 8,386lb. manufactured from purchased
leaf, 12} bushels of Coffee and 2,523 Ib. Cardamoms.
The nett price realised for the Tea was 34°18 cents per
Ib., as against 33°49 cents in 1900, while the Cardamoms
already sold have realised R110 per Ib. nett. The
shortfall in quantity of Tea crop secured is due to finer
plucking, rather too lenient treatment of the bushes,
and insufficient rain during the months of October,
November and December. aN ;

After making due provision for depreciation of Build-
ings and Machinery and paying the 7 per cent. dividend
on the Preference Shares, the profit for the past year
amounted to R1,248'39 to which has to be added the
balance of R3,625-45 brought forward from 1900. From
this total of R4,873°84a sum of R173°57 has to be
written off for amount short realized for sale of prc-
duce estimated for 1900, and the Directors have
decided to set aside a sum of R500 to a Ooast Advance
Reserve Account, and to write off the sum off R1,223°80

expended on Capital Account in 1897 on a trace for a
new road, as there seems no prospect of the road being
constructed. The Directors now recommend that out
of the available balance of R2,976°47, a dividend of 2
per cent. be declared and that the balance of R976°47
be carried forward to the current season’s account,

The estimated crops for this year are 160,000 lb. Tea
and 3,000 1b, Cardamoms, on an expenditure of R44,215,

In terms of the Articles of Association, the Hon. Mr
W & Figg now retires from the Board, butis eligible
for re-election. :

The appointment of an Auditor for the current year

s with the meeting.
lige ; : By order of the Directors,
WHITTALL & Co,

Colombo, 12th Feb., 1902. Agents & Secretaries

—_— ee

AGRA TEA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON.

ANNUAL REPORT,

Directors :—Major EH. F Tranchell; Joseph Fraser,
Esq.; John K Symonds, Esq. ;

The Directors have the pleasure of submitting
their Report for the year ending 3lst Dec. 1901.

The acreage of the Company’s property is as
under :—
Tea in full bearing 313 acres
Tea in partial bearing 8 do
Tea not in bearing 15 do
336 do
Forest Hae Boe co) PAL Glo)
Grass, waste land, &c. 10 do
Total area 367 acres

The estimated Crop for 1901 was 200,000 lb, and
the actual quantity realised was 197,823 lb, or a
deficiency of 2,177 1b. This crop realised R78,426-19,
equivalent to 39°64 cents per lb, as against 89°33
cents in 1900. The expenditure, as shown in the
accompanying accounts, was R57,181°72,
29 cents per lb against 28 cents in 1900.

After deduction of R4,000 for Depreciation on
Buildings and Machinery, the profiton working ac-
count for the year amounts to R16,713°36, represent-
ing about 4 per cent on the value of the property
as shown in the Balance Sheet.

After payment of Interest on Loans, viz., R5,993°99,
the net Profit for the year amounts to R9,156:97,
to which has to be added the sum of R495'91 brought
forward from 1900, bringing the balance at credit
of Profit and Loss account up to R9,652:88.

During the past year the sum of £1,000 has been
paid to the Standard Life Assurance Co., in reduc-
tion of the mortgage, which now stands at £6,000.

The Directors donot feel justified in recommend-
ing a Dividend at the present time, for the greater
part of profits earned has been spent upon a new

or nearly

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

[Aprit 1, 1902.

extension to the Factory, and on New Clearings.
Moreover, it was necessary to obtain a temporary
loan of R3,500 at the time that the instalment was
paid on account of the mortgage. They therefore
propose to transfer R6,000 to the credit of the
Reserve for Extensions, thus bringing total of that
Reserve up to R30,000, and leaving R3,652-88 to be
carried forward to next year’s accounts,

The estimated crop for 1902 is 200,006 Ib of tea
to be produced at 28 cents perlb, which includes a
fair allowance for manuring.

In terms of the Articles of Association Mr John
K Symonds retires from the Board of Directors, but
is eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Anditor will rest with the
meeting.

THE ESTATES COMPANY OF UVA, LTD,
' THE REPORT,

Directors.—Messrs W D Gibbon, GH Alston and
RS Templer, Estate Inspector :—W D Gibbon. EHs-
tate Superintendent :—Dammeria : J B Cotton. Batta-
watte: AV Ryall. Gampaha: FJ Whittall.

Acreage: 3lst December, 1901.
Teain Teain Tea
fall. partial notin Total
bearing. bearing. bearing. Tea.

Dammeria Group .. 575 — 29 604
Battawatte and Forest
Hill an eile: 178 _ 591
Gampaha -. 454 120 33 612
Total .. 1,442 298 67 1,807
Timber, Grass,
Other Forest and Total,
Products. Waste Land.
Dammeria Group .. 30 556 1,190
Battawatte and Forest
Hill ws 164 one 755
Gampaha 45 ects 209 866
Totalieen 4b, coe 929 2,511

The Directors now submit to the Shareholders the
accounts of the Company for the past year.

The following were the crops secured ; 627,094 lb.
Tea; 54 cwt. Cocoa, 25 bushels Coffee and abont 240
lb. Cardamoms, while 92,746 lb. Tea were manutac-
tured for other Estates. The average nett price
realized for the ‘Tea was 36°62 cents per lb., against
34°60 in 1900.

After providing for depreciation of Buildings and

‘Machinery, the nett profit for the year amounted to

R33,470°51, equal to 4.71 per cent on the Capital of
the Company, to which falls to be added R8,968-13,
being the balance brought forward from 1900 less a
sum of R12 over-estimated for Tea unsold at the end
of that year. The Directors have decided to write off
R1,298'70 the cost of a survey made in 1897 for a
proposed road, as there seems little prospect of its
construction being carried out, and to add to the
Extension Fund the sum of R10,000, which will
form a nucleus of a fund for zedemption of
the mortgage. There is then available for distribution
a sum of R31,1389°94, and the Directors now recom-
mend the payment of a dividend of four per cent
for the year, and that the balance of R2.719:94 be
carried torward to the current season’s account,

Expenditure on Capital account during the past
year amounted to R9,787°25, which was spent on
the erection of an assistant’s bungalow and the
addition of withering fans on Dammeria, the up-
keep of tea not in bearing, and in the instalment
due on the construction of the Battawatte Road,
on which there is now only one more instalment
of R2,540-52 to be paid in July this year.

The estimates for the current year provide for an
expenditure on working account of R193,080:18 on
crops of 690,000 lb. tea 60 cwt. cocoa and 500 lb.
cardamoms, while, besides the instalment due for

°

\

Apri 1, 1902.]

the Battawatte Road, it is anticipated that an
expenditure on capital account of R8,98L will be
required for additions to machinery and upkeep of a
small acreage of tea onGampaha not yet in bearing,

Messrs. H Cumberbatch and W H Figg having
resigned their seats on the Board, the vacancies
were filled by the appointment of Messrs. RS
Templer and G H Alston. In terms ofthe Articles
of Association Mr W D Gibbon now retires, but is
eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor will rest with the
-meeting.—By order of the Directors, WHiTTaLu & Co.,
Colombo, February 19th, 1902. Agents and Secretaries,

&

THE DRAYTON (CEYLON) ESTATES
COMPANY, LIMITED.

REPORT OF DIRECTORS.

The Directors beg to submit a duly audited state-
ment of the Company’s accounts for the year ending
31st December, 1901.

After making provision for Depreciation of buildings
and machinery, and setting aside R2,000°00 as a
leserve against bad debts. the profit earned for the
year amounts to R69,964'57, equal to rather over 9} per
cent cathe paid up capital of the Company. An in-
terim dividend at the rate of 3 per cent was paid in
October last, absorhing .(21,450:00, thus leaving a
balance of R48,514:57 more to be dealt with, to which
must be added the sum of R3,055°85 brought forward
from 1900. The Directors propose the payment of a
final dividend of five per cent, making 8 per cent for
the year, and that the balance R15,320'42 be carried
forward to the current year’s account.

The crop secured from the Company’s Hstates
amounted to 567,863 lb., being 11,017 lb. more than the
crop of 1900, which is equivalent to a yield of 422 lb.,
per acre, and is a satisfactory increase, considering
the season.

The cost of production of the 567,863 lb. of Tea
delivered in Colombo was 27°60 cts. per lb.

The nett price realised was 40°74 cts. per lb.

Upwards of R1,860°47 was spent on new Pine Board-
ing Tats, Tea, Bins, and the erection of new lines all
of which expenditure has been charged to working
account,

The Buildings on the Company’s Hstates are now all
in good order, and should require very little expenditure
on upkeep for some time to come.

In view of the probable sale of Yuillefield, the Com-
pany are acquiring the necessary powers to enable the
sale to be completed and are also applying to the
Court for leave to reduce the Capital of the Company.

The lease of Cwm Estate has expired. and, the
Directors do not propose renewing it.

Since the last general meeting Mr V A Julius has
been elected director in the placeof Mr F Lieisching.
In terms of the Articles of Association Mr Figg
retires from the Board by rotation,

The appointment of an auditor for the current year
rests with the meeting.

VOGAN TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON.

Drrectors.--Messrs. R W Harrison, V A Jalius, B
M Shattock,

The Directors now beg to submit to the shareholders
their report and accounts for the year ended Decem-
ber 81st, 1901.

The total crops secured for the year have been as
follows :—

Vogan 223,667 lb as against 319,477 lb in 1900.

Iddagodde 110,781 ; 142,922,

Bought leaf 15,383 ‘i 20,268 —,,

Stamford Hill

& Barkindale 82,640 45 107,474 A
432,471 590,141

Histimate of crop on Vogan and Iddagodde was
410,000 lb based on a finer system of plucking than was
in vogue during 1900, The crop secured, was, as will

’

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

681

be seen above 75,552 lb short of the estimate, this
being due to the extremely unfavourable weather for
flushing which prevailed during the greater part of the
year, More especially during November and Vecem-
ber, in which months only 46,959 Ib of Tea were se-
cured as against 97,035 lb during the same two montha
of 1900. This large shortage of crop has brought
up the cost of the Tea to 26°62 cents per lb. while
the net average price realised has been 32:23 cents,

On Stamford Hill and Barkindale the crop has
also fallen short of the estinate to the extent of
17,360 lb., the total amount secured being 82,640 lb
which has cost, after the deduotion of the profit on
mauufacture of outside leaf, 29-90 cents per ib to lay
down in Oolombo, and has realised a net average
price of 42'20 cents per lb,

After payment of the interes. on Debentrres, viz:
R5,565, the amount of profit earned is R19,783°17, to
Which must be added the balance of R336'93 brought
forward from the previous year, making a total of
R20,120°10 available for distribution. Of this amount,
the Directors recommended that the sum of R2,000
be put to Depreciation Account, and, that a dividend
of 25 per cent absorbing R18,000 be paid leaving a
balance of R120°10 to be carried to next account. In
view of the fact that the Factories on Vogan and
Stamford Hill are built of brick and iron respectively
and that all repairs and renewals are charged to
working account, itis not considered necessary to
puta larger sum aside for depreciation.

Considerable attention is being paid to the cultiva-
tion of Rubber 2n Vogan and Iddagodde, ane dur-
ing the year some 5,000 stumps will be put out on suit-
able land. It is hoped that, in time, this together
with wnat has been planted in previous years will form
a most valuable reserve for the Company, and every
effort will be made in this direction,

i The acreage of the Company’s prcperties is as fol-
OWS :—
VOGAN AND IDDAGODDE. A, R. P.

Tea in full bearing 666 '3) 33
Yea in partial bearing 119 0 lo

do under two years 25.0% 0
Jungle do 515 1 38

STAMFORD HILL AND BARKINDALE
ea in full bearing 220 0° 0

Ny deh Are iL

In terms of the Articles of Association Mr V A
Julius retires from the Board of Directors, but being
eligible offers himself for re-election.

It will also be necessary to appoint an Auditor
for 1902.—By order of the Directors,

Leet Hepers & Co., Agents and Secretaries.

Colombo, March 2nd, 1902.

Total Acreage ...

THE INDIAN FIBRE CO,

The prospectus of this Company has now been
issued. The capital of the Company is R4 lakhs,
in 4,000 shares of R100 each, of which the vending
Syndicate receives half in fully paid up shares, so
confident ig it of the soundness of the concern and
of the prosperous future before it. Mr. F W Tytler
is the head of the Syndicate, and the Company is
to have the benefit of his services, so that, as the
prospectus states, it “ would’thus start work with
assured supplies of raw material, the most approved
machinery, cheap labour, and experienced manage-
ment, and can confidently rely upon a constant
demand for its produce at prices which must under
ordinary circumstances leave a handsome profit.”

There is one fact which will strongly appeal te
prospective shareholders, and that is that the Com
pany will be in the fortunate position of being able
to declare a dividend in the first year, and one which
may range from 30 te 46 per cent. on a called-up

682 THE TROPICAL
capital of R320,000. The proof of this excellent
pudding will be found in the prospectus, in which it
is set forth that, taking the selling price of the fibre
at only £30 a ton—and it has been as high as £44—
and a production of only 720 tons a year—whereas
900 tons, it is estimated, might be made from the
hedging only—the net profit on the yeax’s working
will be R1,47,600. ‘he fibre is certainly excellent,
it has been very highly spoken of by experts in
Tendon, whereit has realised the top market price,
and at the recent Agri-Horticultural Show in
Madras it was awarded the Bronze Medal (the
highest award for fibres) the Judges regarding the
exhibit as ‘‘a very beautiful sample.” Thus,
everything combines to render the issue of the pros-
pectus an assured success.—Madras Mail, March 8.

ns
A NEW TEA COMPANY.
THE AGRA ELBEDDE (CEYLON TEA)
ESTATES, LIMITED.

Subscription lists were to open in London
on February 17th and close on or _ before
Wednesday, February 19th, at 4 p.m., for
the above Company to be formed with capital
of £45,000; 15,000 being £6 per cent. Cumula-
tive Preference Shares of £1 each and 15,000
each of ‘“‘“A” and ‘‘B” shares of £1 each,
“B” shares getting a dividend up to 6 per
cent. after providing the dividend on “‘A.” The
Directors are Messrs. S Patterson, J. P.,
Chairman, J W Hargreaves, J Puttfarcken,
J D Hand, and RS Pieris, Managing Director.
The Company has been formed to take over
asa going concern from January lst 1902 the
Agra El bedde and Agra Tenne Estates in
Ceylon in Agras and Badulla districts res-
pectively. The total area under cultivation
is 426 acres and there are ‘650 acres avail-
able for extensions.” The present output is
100,000 lb per annum, Mr. Edmund Scott,
who has reported onboth estates, estimates
144,0001lb. for Agra Elbedde alone, in 1905.

The Secretary of the Company is Mr. EF H
Walker, and offices (protem.) 25, Abchurch
Lane, London, EH. C.

PLANTING IN THE ANAMALAIS.

Mr. EJ Martin, formerly on Farnham, Kelani
Valley, whom we welcome back on his return to
the colony (by the ‘‘Konigin Luise”) after
16 months’ absence, proceeds to take partial
charge of Elkaduwa, Wattegama, pending the
development of his own property, Monica, in the
Anamalai Hills. On Monica Mr. Martin has 250
acres of tea, a large quantity of cardamoms and
experimental plantations of rubber, cinchoua, &c ;
some of the tea comes into bearing next year. The
Anamalai Hills is shortly to be served by a light
railway from Coimbatore to the foot of the Ghauts
and even now has a cart road right though the dis-
trict, though it is but 3 years since the first clear-
ing in it was made.

—____»—_____

SNAKE Fossiu Finps.—The Geological Survey
of Cape Colony has found fossils in the creta-
ceous beds of the coast near Natal. One isthe
lower jaw of a large reptile or snake allied to
the mosasauras, and another part of the carapace
of a turtle such as the protosphargis,—Natal
Mercury, Feb. 21, |

AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1902.

‘THE CEYLON TEA KIOSK.”

AN IMPORTANT DEPARTUREIN THE
INTEREST OF CEYLON TEA.

We make an announcement elsewhere
which should interest planters everywhere
throughout the island as likely to prove of
the utmost benefit to the staple industry of the
country, from the prominent notice which it
is bound to bring to our tea among the higher
classes in England, and (indirectly) in the
Continent and America. The ‘¢Ceylon Tea
Kiosk” of Grafton Street, fully described in
this issue, should attract considerable atten-
tion in London from its commencement in
this the Coronation year, and we understand
that—if successful, and we have little doubt
that it will be, in contrast with many of
its butterfly sisters which have faded away
in the same West-end—a similar room will
be opened at Paris before long, and after
that, perhaps within the next two years,
other Ceylon ‘‘Kiosks” will be started in
the leading provincial towns in England. A
good start is 4 great matter in opening such
an institution as that which is to findits home
in Grafton Street, and we have no doubt that
the enterprising Syndicate, on whose behalf
Mr. Saunders will be working when he goes
home on April 7th, will be satistied
with patronage little short of anything
but the very best. Of course H. E. Sir
West Ridgeway will be at home and in
London, in time for and at the time of
the opening and we hope may be present.
We wonder if it would nothe possible, indeed,
to secure the good offices of a lady of royal
birth for the performance of the opening
ceremony. Such an one has only recently
visited our shores, with her spouse, and
for their household while in our midst it
willnot be forgotten that Mr. Wm. Saunders
was the much appreciated Comptroller-
General. If the ‘Ceylon Tea Kiosk” were
to be opened by the future Queen of England,
not only would its success be further assured,
but—a matter of greater import to Ceylon tea
generally—-attention to the tea exported from
the first of Crown Colonies would be widely and
speedily drawn, with increased intensity, not
only in every quarter of the United Kingdom
but all over the Continent wherever the
doings of our Royal family are watched with
absorbed interest. The prospect isone which,
on behalf of the Colony generally, we
earnestly hope may be realised.

New YorRK, Wednesday, Feb. 19.—Mr Edward
Harriman, who heads the syndicate controlling
20,000 miles of railway in the western states, is
about to launch the greatest colonising scheme on
record. He proposes to engage a corps of lecturers,
with biographs and stereopticons, to advertise the
mineral, industrial, and agricultural resources of
the states traversed by the syndicate’s railway
lines. Colonising agents will follow the lecturers
and arrange to give prospective settlers cheap’
transportation. Emigration agencies have already
been established at Hamburg, Paris, Genoa,. and
other European cities, where lectures will be given
and the great colonising scheme vigorously .
boomed.— Daily Mail.

°

A. gee oe Lan aaa

Aprit 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

Goyyespondence.

To the Editor.

RUBBER PLANTING IN MEX1CO—AND
DEVASTATION OF ORIGINAL TREES
IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL
AMERICA, &c.

Vera Cruz, Mexico, 20th Jan., 1902.

Str,—I receive the Tropical Agriculturist
regularly from our home office in Chicago ;
and although I take all Tropical Agricultural
papers tbat I can get hold of, there is none
I prize more than yours.

I noticed a short article about Castilloa

Elastica, growing from cuttings, &c. Here
we have not found that mode of planting
answer as well as by plants. The trunk of
the tree does not appear to grow as healthy
and robust as from seed.
_I think the Castilloa Elastica one of the
easiest of propagating plants ever grown in
the tropics. Here we plant from the nur-
series, as well as planting seed at stake;
last season we planted about 160 acres at
stake, and I do not think there are 5 per cent
of failures.

Great care must be taken that the rains
are well on before planting at stake is under-
taken, or it may have to be done over again.
We have orders to plant 1,500 acres in the
coming season, of which 500 acres will be
planted at stake. Last season we put two
seeds at stake, one on each side; this season
we will plant four seeds in each place, then
we will not have any loss at all;in fact, we
expect to have several thousands to transplant.
In the past season we got between eight and
‘ten thousand bushels of corn from our
rubber fields, and the second crop is now in
tassel. [can’t say how much we will get, but
there is every chance of getting 4,500 bushels
at least. We have also the 160 acres, we
planted at stake planted in beans, from
which we expect; several hundred bags ;
these catch-crops are very valuable to us,
as our people eat nothing but corn, beans
and beef.

Rubber is having a great boom here on
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, but the area is
not very large where rubber can be grown
profitably. I do not think there are as
many trees planted, as are destroyed yearly,
in tapping. The present rate of destruc-
tion is terrible, both in South and Central
America, as well as in Hast and South-

East Africa.
JAS. MAUNDER.

PEARL OYSTERS AT TRINCOMALEE,

Harbour Road, Jan. 27.

Dear Sir,—Since my last communication
to you re Pearl Oysters at Trincomalee, I
have been endeavouring to gain as much in-
formation about their appearance as I possibly
could, particularly among the fishers of the
sea, whose avocation takes them to the
numerous fishing grounds, bays and creeks
of our coast; and I learn from some old
meade that Dr, Kelaart, while in military

AGRICULTURIST. 688

charge here in the early part of the fifties,
introduced some fresh spawn of the pearl-
yielding mollusc from Aripu, and deposited
them at different points in Trincomalee, near
‘“*Powder Island,” by the dockyard, ‘‘Crow
Island” by Orr’s Hill, at Koddiyar bar, and near
Kurritivu, between Foul Point and Koddi-
yar, and that the oysters now found are their
‘yield. That during the months of February
and March, when theS W and sea breeze blow
alternatively in a day, and during lull, large
beds of pear] oysters can be observed at Sami
Rock point off Fors Frederick, in six fathoms
of clear water.

The natives say that hitherto there have
been no pearls found; but when oyster beds
are torn and carried away by strong cur-
rents and cast ashore, the oysters, both
small and mature, are collected by ignorant
women searching for cockles and mussels,
who use (the fleshy body as food, a good
many pearls are perhaps thrown away with
the careless washing before the cooking. The
fishery in Kinniyai Bay, formerly rented out
by Government, has been abandoned for
many years.—Yours faithfully,

J. B. COLOMB.

[We have handed to Professor Herdman
the oyster shell ana pearl Mr. Colomb sent
with his last letter. Trincomalee, as already
mentivned, will be visited in due course and
a careful investigation made of all that con-
cerns local fisheries and oyster deposits.--ED.

“A BUCHAN FARMER”
SCRUTINEERED.

[There never was a press writer who was
not subject to criticism and correction, and
“*Cosmopolite” is far too genial an old Colo-
nist not to be willing that his readers should
hear ‘‘ the other side” as it is given by another
old Ceylon planter and Aberdeenshire farmer
in the Buchan Observer.—ED. T.A.]

S1r,—In your issue of last Tuesday 1 read with ©
some little interest ‘ Cosmopolite’s’ letter to you
and copy intended for North British Agriculturist,
I have also been put in possession of the Tropical
Agriculturist of Ceylon, where the letters ap-
peared, and I am quite sure your numerous readers
in Buchan and elsewhere would be gratified if you
would reprint them without garbling. In that case,
the prayer of Robbie Burns would be in a measure
answered—

“O wad some power the giftie gie’s,
To see ourselves as ithers see’s,’ &c.

As ‘ Cosmopolite’ says, ‘ all know perfectly well
his real name;’ indeed who does not know the author
of ‘ Netherton’ in the ‘* wilds of Buchan.’

I cannotadmitthat Mr. Duncan’s grieveis a quite
competent judge (although he has been an eye-
witness of the ‘ Everyday Life of a Farmer’) tosay
that the statements therein made are all ‘ strictly
correct and nob exaggerated in the very least,’
Two years ago, February, 1900, he wrote as fol-
lows :—‘ Our little Agricultural Society held its
seed show (at Mintlaw, I suppose) in spite of the
distressing weather, and was remarkable on ac:
count of the indifferent judging and the fact that
the members of committee took all the prizes. It
is a truism in rural circles that it is better to be a
friend of the judges, or a member of committee,
than to own the best stock at the show and this rule

684

seems to have held good in thisinstance.’ Does the
‘excellent and venerable secretary of the Buchan
Agricultural Society and his committee consider
the above is ‘strictly correct and not in the least
exaggerated ?

Referring to the death of the late Mr. Bruce of
Inverquhomery (in same letter) he says—‘ He was
one of the most successful landlords in Scotland.’
Everyone who knew Mr. Bruce could quite endorse
this remark. Not only were his stock of the very
best description, but his fields were in the highest
state of cultivation. Mr. Duncan boasts he has
never spent ‘one penny’ on artificial manures at
Monyruy. This revered and ‘most successful
farming landlord’ to my knowledge Jaid down his
turnip crop not only with abundance of cattle
manure, but adding to it in mapy instances some
19 cwt. artificials per acre! This may have had
something to do with his success, but of course ‘ one
must cut the coat according to the cloth,’ and so
far as my observations go, most farmers add to the
cattle manure the amount of artificials they con-
sider necessary to produce full and profitable crops.

In a letter of date June Ist, 1900, I notice the
following observations :—‘ We find a great deal of
nonsense (sic)in the columns of the agricultural

ress about the good that has been done by science,
in discovering various artificial manures, which
have aided our farmers in attaining their position
in the fore rank of agriculture. Itis not for me
to set myself up as an opponent to the theories of
those scientists, but having tried I believe every
kind of artificial manure, I consider I have some
right to say a word on the subject. My present
farm (Monyruy) had been badly Lownached, to use
a good Scotch word, for about twenty years, so
when I signed my lease, I knew I had a consider-
able uphill work before me, but by an ample
dressing of cattle manure I so surprised the soil,
which had for years been accustomed to a scanty
application of artificials, that it forthwith pro-
ceeded to produce excellent crops. Not only do
I manufacture a large quantity of bulky manure
on the farm,but I buy much more from any of
my neighbours who are willing to sell, and who
prefer the cheaper style of manuring by artificials.
In course of time people began to remark my fine
crops, and supposed my Dill for artificials was a

heavy one, to which my reply invariably was.

© Not a penny.’

=As I stand indictea for some seven years of the
twenty, wherein the farm of Monyruy was so badly
kennached, and being Mr Dunew’s immediate
predecessor, I distinctly plead ‘ Not guilty, sir.’
As regards the ‘nonsense written about artificial
manures,’ you will find in the last issue (report
No. 2, copy cf which I can produce), of the Turriff
and Garrioch Analytical Association, season 1901—
‘Experiments with artificial manures in turnip
culture (mark you, without cattle dung) when no
manure of any description was applied, on the
eight farms the crops weighed on an average 11
tons ll ewts and 8 lb. per acre. With the addition
of phosphates and potash to the value of 26s 1d
per acre, the average crop rose to 20 tons 12 cwts
8 qrs. and 12 1b, and with an application of phos-
phates, potash, and nitrogen, at a cost of 353 3d’
per acre, the average crop was 22 tons 3ecwts 3
qrs. 20 \b,—well-nigh double the average of the
no-manure plots.’ Please allow Mr Duncan to give
us the details of the ‘every kind of artificial
manure he tried before he discarded them, and
the results he obtained,’

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

fAprit 1, 1902.

In addition to paying my predecessor on my
entering Monyruy (the venerable Di Anderson—
long may he live and leok happy) £162 13s 13d
for cattle inanure, in the first year of my tenancy,
I also paid the Northern Agricultural Company
the sum of £226 18s 6d, chiefly for bones and
lime—indeed I may state that before I
entered into possession of the farm, I applied aleng
with the grasses I sowed on one field of 20 acres,
4 ewt. per acre of bone meal (I hope this paid Dr.
Anderson—manuring his way-going crop) at any
rate it paid me, as that field of 20 acres or so grazed
45 two-year-old bullocks and a mare and foal, the
whole of the following year (George Bruce, Aber=
deen, supplied the grass seeds) with the exception
of 14 days they pastured elsewhere. Is that field
now doing as well; orisit not to a great extent
overgrown with reeds and rushes ?

As regards cattle manure which most farmers
very careful.y look after and ‘don’t seil to neigh-
bours’—at least in my twenty years’ experience—
during my tenancy of Monyruy there were from
100 to 120 cattlealways on the farm, also 3 to 4
pairs of horses, besides sheep and a herd of the very
highly appreciated Yorkshire pigs. The corn crops
would have averaged over 100 acres yearly, and
being worked, as I have already stated, according
to terms of lease on a six-course rotation of three
grasses, your farming readers can estimate the
quantity of cattle manure made and applied during
my tenancy.

IT would be glad to have, and your numerous
readers, sir, will appreciate, the information as to
the quantity of cattle manure Mr. Duncan has
been able to purchase from his neighbours yearly
since Whitsunday, 1888; and also, as to the
manufacturing a large quantity of bulky
manure on the farm. Does he refer to what can
be done with ‘herring refuse,’ seeing he says he
does ‘not keep a cow,’ and consequently is de-
pendent on some neighbours for milk to his own
porridge?

In his July epistle, 1900, he writes:—‘ I have no
hesitation in stating that a rent of one pound per
acre per annum is the highest that anyone should
pay and expect to hold his own, or perhaps make
a little profit, and this I may remark is the figure
I pay for my own farm. One thing, however, I
would caution an amateur farmer against, and that
is taking a farm because it is low-rented. For
example, I know ove man, a far from practical
farmer, who had leased a place at 25s an acre,
but found in the course of a few years that he was
losing money, so, having succeeded in breaking his
lease, he went to the other extreme and rented
one at lls, but the farm he threw up used to give
him six quarters of oats to the acre, whilst the one
he took so cheaply only gave him 8 to 4 quarters,
and so the last stage of that man was worse than the
first. A very low-rented farm is one that is not worth
taking at present, and only farms that can be
worked up to the highest state of cultivation are
worth taking on lease now-a-days. The low prices
ruling for grain, beef and mutton, compel one nob
only to secure a good farm at a fair rent, but also to
cultivate it at high pressure, in order to pay the
labour bill and have something over. arming on
the cheap won’t do at all, and if high farming won’t
pay, certainly low farming will not do so.’

The latter sentences of this paragraph most
farmers wil] endorse—but as to the ‘example of a
farmer leaving the 25s farm and taking one at lls
an acre,’ I do not think this is strictly correct, and

Aprit 1, 1902.} THE TROPICAL

‘not exaggerated in the very least.’ Perhaps he
had the writer in his eye; if so, this is the correct
information, both for foreign and home consump-
tion. During my tenancy I paid 28s 10d per acre
for the 311 acres arable of Monyruy, and atterwards
obtained my present holding (Burnside, Turriff), of
240 acres at 11s 8d, a difference of 17s 2d per acre,
or on the 240 acres a difference in tenant’s favour
of over £260. As to the crops, and these can be
verified, Monyruy (and please remember I was
bound to bring it from a five-shift rotation into a
six of three grasses) in no season yielded more than
5 qrs. 7 bushels per acre—the average for the seven
crops I reaped being 5 qrs. 3 bushels and 4 bushels
per acre. On ‘Burnside’ I have reaped a crop of
6 qrs. 7 bushels oats and barley per acre, and from
several fields the yield has been from 8 to 10
quarters. But further, it was my fate to become
proprietor of thisfarm, and by good cultivation and
mostly on an 8-course rotation of 4 grasses, and
other improvements, the property had been con-
sidered worth some 60 per cent more than I paid
forit, and I believe it will be a better bargain to
the purchaser than it has been to me.

But who can say that my last stageis worse than
the first? Whether I can be counted a far from
practical farmer or notis matter of small moment,
but is for my neighbours and the public to judge—
not the grieve of Monyruy, or Mr Duncan.

This is an instalment ; there is more shot in the

locker.—I[ am, etc.,
JAMES BEATON.
Burnside House, Turriff, 14th Feb., 1902.

[We do not find space for mere personal
bickerings; but ‘‘ Francis Grose” in the Pefer-
head Sentinel seems to take a sensible view of
the matter when he writes in reference to
an interesting artice in the N. B. Agvi-
culturist :—

We did not see fit to refer to the article in
the Agicultwrist. It was written in a distinctly
acrimonious spirit, the writer apparently quite
failing to see that Mr Duncan was first of all
a humourist, while at the sametime the writer
eould not know whether the racy claims made
by the Buchan farmer were in any degree accurate
or not,

Mr Duncan, writing to a Ceylon paper, might,
without breaking any bones, allege that his pre-
decessors had ‘*‘ konnached ” the lands of Monyruy.
Probably nobody in Ceylon knew whom those
predecessors were. Andeven then, the statement
is probably only half serious, and doubtless means
only that Monyruy was not cultivated as the
present occupant prefers to cultivate it. Mr
Dunean is a joker, without an ounce of malice
in his composition. For the rest, he isa rara
avis among Buchan farmers, The son of a pro-
fessional man, himself well educated, much travelled
observant, and accustomed to sheep as regards
farming, it is only natural that his ideas
of farming and of things in general should be
grextly different from the ideas and methods of
his neighbours. I have always understood that
Mr Duncan succeedea with his sheep, paying
twenty shillings in the £, and finding a good
deal of leisure for the entertainment of the lieges
in his district. Farming has by no means reached
its ne plus altra, either in Buchan or anywhere
else, in this year of grace 1902. I have no doubt
criticism and suggestion are just as much wanted
today as ever they were; and certain I am of
this, that few people are likely to go about the

AGRICULTURIST. 685

business of criticism with less of animus than ig
the yeoman of Monyruy.

It is customary to keep the pleasant things we
have to say of a man until he is dead. I have
always jibbed against the injustice of just praise
being deferred in the utterance till obituary notiees
have to be written. Without at all believing that
Mr Alfred Duncan stands in need of special
pleading, Tam glad to avail myself of this op-
portunity of saying that I have always found
him the same—good-natured, waggish, energetic,
entertaining, courteous, versatile, a man of his
word—altogether the most interesting and satis-
factory farmer Z have met with in Buchan,
Whether it be to deliver a lecture, to take the
chair at a public meeting, to sing a Song or to
write one, to ‘*scrieve” a column of breezy ‘‘copy”
—story, notes, article or what not—there is not, I
believe, such another in his class in Aberdeenshire,
A faculty for racy extravaganza in his metier:
we would not have him withoutit; and if the
editor of the North British Agriculturist could
only hear him making sport for the Longside
public in St. John’s Hall, he would never want to
write such scornful comments as those he penned
a month ago on this ‘* Buchan farmer,” Long
may the Flockmaster of Monyruy live to apply
the surgery of tar, and to say with Corin: ‘“I earn
that I eat, get that I wear, owe no man hate, envy
no man’s happiness ; glad of ther men’s good, con-
ten’ with my harm; and the greatest of my
pride is to see my ewes graze and my lambs suck.”

FRANCIS GROSE,
—Ep. 7.A.|

TOBACCO-GROWING IN TRINCOMALE
DISTRICT.

NOTES BY A CULTIVATOR.

DEAR SiIR,—Correspondence about ‘* tobacco
growing ’”’ in the columns of your paper of the
19th instant prompts me to address you on the
feasibility of the cultivation of tobacco being
successfully and profitably grown in the Trine
comalee District under European auspices, owing
to the existence of most appropriate and suitable
tracts of land to the south.

THE PLAIN OF ‘‘ VELLAI”
lies 12 miles away from ** Mutur” village, in
“ Koddiarpattu.” It is now used as pasture ground
by cattle speculators who bring droves of black
cattle from India, and from Kraals at different
points. It abounds in Guinea grass washed in
by the “‘ Mahaweliganga” from upcountry.
The last deviation of the river is about 3 days’
journey from its entrance into Koddiar Bay, and
this abandonment occurs over a hamlet called
‘*Pavana” near Kuringamuwa—Brooks channel,
lying between—and the off shoot forks or splits
itself into two branches, the one called the
‘* Verugel aar,” the boundary of the Trincomalee
and Batticaloa Districts, and the other called
‘¢ Vellai aar,” deriving its appellation from the
locality, and both of these flowing streams of
fresh water meet at a point, above the sea, at
a place called ‘‘ Periavelli,” where the feeder
of ‘ Allai” tank takes its rise, and flows as a
united river called the Verugel river, between
Trincomalee and Batticaloa, Thus it wil! appear
that the vast plain of ‘* Vellai’ is quite surrounded
by fresh water, the virgin soil is alluvial and
rich, and well-adapted for tobacco cultivation, an
aecount of which, as it is carried on here, I append,

686

TOBACCO,

In Trincomalee, it is mostly grown in open lands
about the Town from No1l Division northwards,
up as far as ‘‘ Nillavelly ” village, whichis 9 miles
away and where largetracts of Crown lands have
been recently purchased of Government for culti-
vation. The soilof gardens in Town is loamy or
marly earth, but towards Nillavelly it is sandy,
and better adapted I taney for coconut planting,
but yet Tobacco is extensively grown. The terti-
lizer used by cultivators is compost from dung-
hills, or native manure. The seeds are raised in
nurseries near wells, during the months of Octo-
ber and November, and the native cultivator who
has no scientific knowledge pertaining to soil,
chooses the most convenient spot which is dug
and. manured with dry, powdered cattle dung, and
encloses the spot with a temporary fence, and
thence sows his seed. When the seedlings sprout
and shoot forth three or four tender leaves, they
are considered fit to be transplanted.

Meanwhile the land is turned over by a mamoty,
an adjunct for a spade or shovel, and this is
great manual labour. The earth throwa up is
levelled, and the area squared and lined parallel
with each side, and thus each lineintersectsthe other
and the plants are set 4 feet apart, and well
shaded. They are watered by earthen pots for a
week 3 timesa day, and afterwards for a week
both mornings and evenings only, and in 22 days
the shades are removed. The ground is then weeded
and water letin to irrigate the plants every other
day for8 or 9 days. Afterwards the whole ground
is tilled and 4 to 6 plants are banked in one bed and
left for two or three days to bask ia the sun—water
is afterwards irrigated daily until maturity,
Watchful search of destructive worms is un-
ceasingly made at this time as otherwise the
leaves will be perforated by these pests.

After 15 or 20 days the main stalk is nipped off
and the shoots after every eighth day pinched off.
It is now that good and well-grown trees are
spotted, and the top shoots are allowed to throw
additionally a couple or three leaves, and then
lopped, These leaves are said to be superfine
or very best ; those below, on the parent stalk,

trom two to five in number, according to the -

fertility of the soil, are said to be of best quality;
those beneath, of second quality, and underneath
ones, as inferior.

It takes a little over six weeks before the plants
are well-matured with narcotic propensities, and
altogether five months before the crops are able to
be gathered for manufacture, Abundant rain
about this time is considered unpropitious and
tending to wash away the principles of the leaves,
seasonable showers and drizzles are much looked
for. The plants are cut during the afternoon at
about 3 o’clock so as not to expose them to too
severe sun-rays. They are hung up for airing in
cadjan sheds, well secured from the sunbeams with
plantain leaves, &c, for 20 days, and are then
unloosed and laid on the ground in stacked heaps
for a week. Then the leaves are pared of thick
veins and bundled according to qualities and left
on the ground for four days ; afterwards untied
and re-hung up for four days ; finally, piled again
for a week, when the gaseous change takes place,
and resorted, superfine, and leaves of

1st quality 20 to a bundle

Qnd do 30 do

Oommon—picked up haphazard and made
into bundles of about 50, more or less,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[APRIL 1, 1902.

The cultivation of tobacco is considered very
paying. I should like to hear from any corres-
pondent in your columns of the modes adopted
at Jaffna which I hear are quite different.

J. B.C.

ACTUAL OUTTURN OF THE INDIAN

CROP—AND THE PROBABLE CROP
OF 1902.

Indian Tea Association, Calcutta, Feb. 18.
DEAR Sir,—I am directed by the General
Committee to annex the following com-
parative statements of the actual outturn
of the crop, so far as returns have been

received for the two seasons 1900 and 1901
respectively :—

1900. 1901.

Assam -- 68,708,916 65,203,402
Cachar -- 27,299,230 23,806,587
Sylhet 34,038,023 29,699,728
Darjeeling 7,738,018 7,323,542
Tera 3,637,680 3,374,985
Dooars 30,220,001 30,542,037
Chittagong 1,065,300 831,020
Chota Nagpur. . 185,989 248,187
Kangra Valley 3,000,000 2,435,405
Dehra Dun 1,785,000 1,798,560

Total -» 177,677,257 165,263,453

2. [ am to draw your attention to the
fact that the particulars given in these
two statements are derived from identical
sources. So far as Assam, Cachar, Sylhet,
Darjeeling, the Terai, the Dooars, Chitta-
gong and Chota Nagpur are concerned, the
figures for each year represent the totals
of returns submitted by 28 agency houses ;
while for Kangra Valley and Dehra Dun
the figures have been furnished by the local
Planters’ Associations.— Yours faithfully.

W. PARSONS, Secretary.

[The exports from Southern India have to
be added to the above. In respect of the
present year’s crop, the General Committee
in Calcutta have published the follow-
ing :—

(a) THE PROBABLE EXTENT OF THE CROP FOR
1902.—With the letter dated 17th January, Mr.
Tye forwarded copies of a circular, drawing atten-
tion to the following resolution which had been
adopted by the London Committee, namely:—“That
this committee, viewing with grave concern the dis-
astrous results that would follow a large crop of tea
in 1902, strongly urge upon producers the necessity
of restricting outturn as much as possible by a
system of more careful plucking than otherwise,
and to avoid more especially the production of
coarse tea, which did so much harm to the industry
in season 1900,” The circular had been issued to
all the members of the London Association ; and
it contained a statement of the reasons which had
induced the London Committee to pass this resolu-
tion. An appeal was also made in it to producers
to abstain trom the coarse plucking which had been
restored to in 1900. A circular on similar lines had
been issued ky the Tea and Produce Committee of
the Ceylon Association in London. After considera-
tion, the General Committee decided to reprint
the circular, and to issue it to tea producers in
India, with a coveriag letter supporting its chief
proposition.

--HD, 7.A.|

Aprit 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

RUSSIA AND THE INCREASE OF THE
TEA CESS.

Sir,—I venture to suggest that the Thirty Com-
mittee would benefit estate owners in Ceylon more
by arranging that an allowance of one, or say two,
pounds per package should be made on all teas
sold direct to Continental, Australian and Ameri-
can buyers in Colombo iustead of taking money
for advertising purposes, In Russia the tea bust-
ness is in the hands of the importers who will push
the tea ont of which they can make most money,
and as they always get a gain in weight on China
teas they resent the loss in weight on Ceylons.
English goods are not popular in Russia just now,
and it would be much more advantageous to allow
the importers and blenders to put their own marks
on the packets sold, as the name of Ceylon con-
nected with anything English won’t help the sale
of the teas —Yours, etc.

A SHAREHOLDER IN CEYLON TEA
ESTATES.
Moscow, 4/17th February.
—Local ‘‘ Times.”

CEYLON TEA ON THE CONTINENT.

Srr,—In your paper of the 16th January I have
read a letter headed ‘‘A talk with Mr. J H Renton”
which I think is likely to mislead estate owners.
Having been over 22 years in the tea business with
Russia, Germany and France and nearly 20 years
of same in China and 5 in Ceylon (on and off!), I
fancy I know as muchas, if not more about the pros-
pects of the Ceylon tea trade there than Mr. Ren-
ton. Owing to the credit system it is absolutely
necessary to work the trade through the importers,
and Mr. Renton is at present only annoying these
gentlemen who are quite willing to buy the best
teas in the cheapest market, but naturally wish to
introduce their own blends out of which they can
make something. Ceylon is known to be a British
possession, and for this reason teas so marked are
anything but popular, as I well know, having just
been round Germany and Russia. I recommend
the planters to save the worse than useless expense
of advertising and agents like Messrs. Rogivue,
Renton, etc., who I am prepared to state, have
not induced one-thousandth part of the present
Ceylon consumption. They had far better allow
the buyers in Veylon 1 1b. on each package to
cover possible loss in weight which often happens
and. annoys the importer (who gets about 3 Lb, in
China bought teas), and also arrange that the
buyers in Ceylon can obtain more of the better teas
so that same may be sent to the Continent direct,
and not through London hands who have to take
a commission, to say nothing of freight paid on the
teas, and delay in transport. It is a pity that
some of the chief estate owners cannot visit the
Continent and endorse what I have written above.
—Yours, ete.

BUYER AND SHAREHOLDER.

Berlin, 21st February, 1902.

—Local ‘‘ Times.”

HE PROPOSED INCREASE OF THE
CESS.—IV,

3rd March.

Sir,—You have rendered excellent service to
the cause of truth by the transfer to your columns
of Mr Lampard’s letter to your evening contem-
orary. lt itis not often that one provide-
added circulation to the arguments of one’s

AGRICULTURIST. 687

adversaries. Ib is not often, perhaps, that the
adversary so effectually proves the weakness of
his own case. In the columns of the acquiescent
‘“*Times of Ceylon” the plausible array of for-
midable figures will help to establish a foregone
conclusion. ‘To the more intelligent readers of the
inquisitive Observer they will only exhibit the
weakness of the cause they are intended to
further. If they offered the best argument, or
any argument at all, for an increase of the Cess,
then the increase must rest on a very slender
basis.

In one word the opposition to any increase just
now rests on the alleged fact that the cess, as at
present administered in the United States, has
(1) aroused the opposition of the trade, and (2)
has not produced results at all commensurate with
the expenditure. On the first part of this allega-
tion, Mr Lampard is silent; the second he
seeks to disprove by quoting figures which show
a considerable growth in the foreign exports of
Ceylon Tea (% e exports to countries other
than the United Kingdom) since the Cess
was started. The irrelevancy of his argu-
ment is obvious, The satisfactory development
of the trade in the United States cannot be proved
by lumping the figures for the whole world minus
the United Kingdom. The Stars and Stripes have
yet to dominate the world ; but the fallacy of the
argument is worse than its irrelevance. Mr Lam-
pard knows as well as yon and I do that, it the
figures for the several countries be separated—as
they easily can be—the greatest growth in trade
will be found to be in those which have not been
helped by the Cess; and that of the countries in
which Cess-money has been spent, the United
States show about the least growth.

Mr William Forsythe tollows his leader; but
while he leaves the formidable figures alone, save
for an indirect confession that they had reached
his heart, he supplies the omission in Mr Lam-
pard’s letter by an indirect admission that the
back(bone) of the trade has been stroked the
wrong way. ‘‘The disappointed applicants for
the bounty of the ‘Thirty Committee’ are en-
deavouring to turn and rend them,” Precisely ;
ard that frame of mind does not promote trade,

But the burden of Mr Lampard’s deliverance is
gratitude to the much-maligned Thirty ; and Mr
Forsythe, as one of “the much-abused body,”
acknowledges with tears the graciousness of the
farewell benediction. But, are not these gentle-
men under some delusion? Where is the abuse to
be found? Ihave noticed considerable warmth
in the speeches and letters of the rural members of
the infallible Thirty; but I eannot recall any
similar heat in references to them. Only the
success of their methods has been argumentatively
questioned, as also the wisdom of continuing
work on lines proved to be unsuccessful. If the
Thirty can serve only if all they do is approved
without question, let Forty be tried, on the
chance that ten may be tound with a skin not too
sensitive to criticism.

Though you, Mr Editor, have repelled the charge
of having incited an appeal to Cesar, such incite-
ment would be perfectly legitimate. The minority
must accept the decision of the majority in
matters affecting the common-weal ; but private
property is sacred. No majority can decide to put
their hands into my unwilling pockets. Let what
is wanted to be wasted in the United States be
raised by voluntary subscription. There is no
socialism in Tea, OUTSIDER.

688 THE TROPICAL

RUBBER PRODUCTION.

We direct attention to an important article
on this subject from the latest number of the
Brazilian Review—quoted on page 676. It raises
an alarm against the short-sighted system of
peactically killing out rubber-yielding trees in
the Amazon Valley ; and foretells the result.
But we question if the natives employed
to collect rubber can be got to alter a
practice which gives them the greatest pre-
sent return. In Africa, on the other hand,
there are some attempts at the culture of
rubber-yielding trees, apart from the large
field for collection from forest trees and
vines; while in Mexico, chiefly through
American enterprise and capital, very ex-
tensive planting has taken place. At the
same time there seems no limit to the
uses to which rubber can be applied, and
though the supply of the raw material
should increase considerably—of which there
is noimmediate prospect—we doubt if there
would be much fall in price. The moist
districts of Ceylon and the Straits up to
a certain elevation should grow rubber-
yielding plants as profitably as any part of
the world in our opinion.

—_——_>—_

MR. R. V. WEBSTER AT THE FRONT.
Mr. R V Webster writes as follows :—
Heath’s Hotel, Johannesburg, Feb. 16.

At present I am so pressed with work that [
hardly know which way to run, On the 17th
December U landed at Cape Town as ‘‘ Special War
Correspondent for Black and White, and Daily
Express.” At first I could only*obtain a licence for
Cape Colony, but later Lord Kitchener gave me a
special licence for South Africa.

Leaving Cape Town on the 30th December, I
proceeded to Aliwal North, (North Hast Cape
Colony), where I arrived on the 4th January. The
following day I accompanied the District Mounted
Troops and Connaught Rangers with a convoy to
Jamestown. From there we proceeded to Lady
Grey, and joined Lord Lovat's Scouts. The com-
bined forces then trekked out after Fouchee,
Myburg and Wessels ; we had some hard work but
they were too quick for us, and we returned to
Aliwal North with a number of horses and cattle
that we captured. As the troops went into camp
to rest [ took train to Port Elizabeth and completed
a little business I had on hand. I then proceeded
to Johannesburg and Pretoria, when J got the offer
of a commission in the Cape Colonial Force with
instructions to report inyself at Cape Town ; four
days later my commission was approved of by His
£xcellency the Governor and Executive Council. 1
was then attached as Stati Officer to the Comman-
dant of No, 12 Ares, and with that Officer proceed-
ed to Port Elizabeth, East London, Queenstown,
and onthe 8th February arrived at Aliwal North.
The following day I was given command of No, 2
troops of the ‘‘ District mounted Troops,” and took
up my quarters at Kraal Bridge; we had anexciting
time as Wessels with two hundred men took up a
strong position five miles further up the river and
we were waiting for the Connaught Ringers to cut
off their retreat further up still, but the Boer does
not sit with his eyes closed, and before the Con-
naughts could get into position they were off.
When I was on the previous month as correspon-

AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1902.

dent I left acard at a farm frequented by the Boers,
and told the good Jady of the house that I should
be pleased to meet Wessels if he would send me a
message to the Balmoral Hotel, Aliwal North.
with instructions where he would leave particulars
as to where I could see him. The night before I
left Aliwal North a native brought me a note on
which was written, ‘‘ Dear Mr. Webster, I would
like to see you, but that is impossible just now.
Yours, P W WESSELS.” The Boers on the
farms say I am the exact double of Wessels;
when they first saw me in uniform, they thought
that Wessels had joined us.

On the 10th February I received a letter askiag
me to proceed to Johannesburg as soon as
possible, as Lord Milner has a most difficult job
on hand, and they think I have the qualifica-
tions for the post. That same evening I received
a second letter enclosing a special permit, and
informing me that His Excellency Lord Milner
wished to see me as soon as possible, as: they
had on hand a most difficult task, and thought
I could be of great assistance. I obtained seven
days’ leave, and took train that night; the
second night out we raninto the engagement at
Klip River Station, where some two hundred of
the 28th Mounted Infantry were killed and
wounded ; this Battalion had only arrived from
Aldershot about a month, and had not yet learnt
that none but fools move without scouts in
advance. I should like to relate some incidents
that have taken place within the past month, but
correspondents are not allowed to relate what
they know, but must write that which will please
the British public.

At 9 am the following morning we arrived at
Johannesburg, and I lost no time in getting to
the Hotel and a tub which was most refreshing,
not having had my boots off for four nights.
Taking arickshaw I went to Castle Building, and
reported myself to His HExcellency’s Private
Secretary, most anxious to know what the
‘¢ difficult job” was. Half an hour later and I was
ushered into the presence of His Excelleney
Lord Milner, the one man who is feared through-
out South Africa more than Lord Kitchener,
I was agreeably surprised to find in the great
ruler ot South Africa, the much dreaded Lord
Milner, a man with whom you at once felt
quite ab ease, and with whom it was a pleasure
to converse, even on important matters connected
with the future settlement of South Africa.

The ‘important job” which His Excellency
has on hand is the settlement of settlers on the
Government lands and farms in the Transvaal,
and the purchase of certain farms from the Boers.
Atter three hours’ interview, I left with an invi-
tation from His Excellency to return to lunch
at 2 p.m. After lunch His Excellency asked if
I would accept the appointment of Visiting Agent
for the Transvaal Government, Land Secretary
to the Land Settlement Board, at a salary of £160
per month, and travelling expenses. My first
duty is to engage a staff, after which I leave’ to
inspect the Barberton district, which is northeast
of Johannesburg, close to the Portuguese territory.
I have not yet decided if I shall accept the post
as a permanent appointment.

Should you know of any Ceylon men -who are
anxious to take up farms in South Africa, I shall
be elad to hear from them, giving full particu-
lers, as toage, married or single, past experience
in farming if any, where and of what nature, and

a

Apri 1, 1902;

if any capital what amount prepared to invest !
Business letters should be addressed to the
‘- Secretary, Land Settlement Board, Government
Building, Pretoria,” and private letters to Lieut:
k V Webster, DM T. Government Building,
Pretoria. Will you please instruct your manager
to forward my paper tu Pretoria? With salaams.

P 8S.—I leave for Pretoria tonight, and will
stay with Mr Davidson, who, I hear, is very
busy with his department, as the Colonial Secre-
tary has been very ill for some months and unable
to attend to office,

TROUT ON THE NILGIRIS,

A correspondent writes :—‘‘ Sportsmen will be in-
terested to know that a consignment of trout ova
from Messrs. Andrews, Guildford, has arrived in good
condition at Ootacamund. The ova are partly Salmo
fario, and partly Salmo irridens (the rainbow trout
which has been such a success in warm climates).
The greatest difficulties having keen overcome, it is
to be hoped that good luck may be with those in
whose care the ova are. For several years past nothing
has been done, owing to various causes, and two con-
secutive consignments of ova arrived hopelessly bad.
This year, however, the Nilgiri Game and Fish Pre-
servation Society was lucky enocgh to find friends to
help it in the officers of the Royal Indian Marine,
aud these being sportsmen, and therefore taking a
personal interest in seeing the ova cared for on board-
ship, delivered the ova in splendid condition at Bom-
bay—and this was what money has been unable to
insure hitherto. Mr Van Ingen, the well-known
taxidermist, kindly undertook the journey to Bombay,
and it can easily be understood that, at this time of
the year, constant attendance and an unlimited ice
supply, day and night, were necessary. The ova
have been settled in the hatcheries, and should deve-
lop in about a fortnight.”—J/. Marl, March 14.

NatTIonAL ANIMALS.—Our Indian and Far
Eastern States—says the Spectator—are not
at all behind the rest of Great Britain in
their desire to commemorate famous ‘natural
commodities ” of one kind or another, but
the picturesque and the terrible play a part
in these devices.” Pahang takes for its re-
presentative beast a tiger, either roaming
or slinking through the jungle. North
Borneo shows the native rusa deer, an in-
habitant of its impenétrable jungles of swamp
grass. The Seychelles ‘‘ sport” their famous
tortoise under the usual coconut palm, and
the Federated Malay States a tiger bound-
ing from the jungle. The Rajah of Travan-
core emblazons a device which is variously
interpreted as a sacred shell and a coiled
cobra. Time will show how many of these
emblems will become permanently associated
with the countries which use them on their
stamps and securities, But it cannot be
questioned that many of the totems are well
chosen, and show considerable ‘‘ grace of
congruity.” It is public feeling which really
gives currency to any of these fancies. If
the greater number prove acceptable, there
will ibe a very large addition to the zoological
side of the political cartoons of the future.

{In the, case of Ceylon there is the sacred

‘Hansa.”” or goose in the temples, and the
eurious lion on some of the old Sinhalese
flags as indicating a lion-descender (Sinhalese)
race?—Ep, 2.A,| +

6

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

689

THE YATADERIA TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.
THE DIRECTORS’ REPORT.

The Directors have pleasure in submitting the
balance sheet and profit and loss account for the year
ending 81st December, 1901.

The profit for the year is R56,246'67, to which must
be added R808'28 balance from 1900, and the Directors
propose that a dividend of 20 per cent absorbing
R38,000:00 be declared, R19,000:00 reserved for work-
ing capital, and the balance R54:95 carried forward
into 1902 accounts.

Tt will be seen that the property representing
capital stands in the balance sheet at approximately
R194'00 per acre cultivated, as compared with about
R197:00 per acre in the previous year’s accounts,
and that the profit is R59°7L per acre in bearing, and
29°63 per cent on the capital.

The total tea crop was 580,108 lb or 13,937 Ib less
than the estimated quantity, the short crop being due
to a finer system of plucking and unfavourable weather,
the area under leaf being 942 acres. The total quantity
of tea for disposal was 601,200 lb. including 21,092 lb,
made from purchased leaf, of which 382,909 lb were
sold locally averaging 29°96 cents per lb and 218,291 lb.
shipped to London of which 140,482 Jb had still to be
accounted for ; but the average obtained for the 77,809
lb as yet accounted for is 25°61 cents per lb. The cost
of the tea per Supereintendent’s Hstate Report was
18°13 cents per lb, and the total cost delivered to
bayers or put on board ship including all charges was
19:37 cents per lb ; or, exclusive of Depreciation, 18°88
cents per lb; the nett value realised from sales (a por-
tion being estimated) was 29°51 cents per lb.

The Company’s property consisted on the 31st
December, 1901, of :-—

981 Acres Tea.

Acres lb.
Tea tea
172 planted in 1885 yielded in 1901 580 peracre
208 do 1887 do 527 do
100 do 1888 do 541 do
42, do 1889 do 723 do
6 do 1890 do 857 do
52 do 1891- do 888 do
120 do 1892 do 725 do
68 do 1894 do 687 do
37 do 1895 do 863 do
75 do 1896 do 682 do
33 do 1897 do 333 do
29 do 1898 do 240 do
24 do 1899 Not in bearing
1 do 1900 do
14 do 1901 d

)
22 Acres Coconuts, Rubber & Factory Site
10 Acres Cardamoms
255 Acres Forest, &e,

1,268 Total Acres
The estimated crop for 1902 is 580,00 1b. Tea,

THE TALGASWELA TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED,
THE ANNUAL REPORT.
was submitted as follows ’*—

Acres,
Tea in full bearing 60 Se as)
Abandoned be ee 1385
Cinnamon and Tea abandoned.. 48
Ravines oye ae sells
Forest boundary belts... aes ROS
Forest 86 te 1223

2028 Total Acreage.
The Directors beg to lay before the Shareholders
their Fourteenth Annual Report with a duly audited

690 THE TROPICAL
Statement of the Company’s affairs to the 31st
December 1901.

Owing to the very unfavourable weather during
several months of the year, the yield has not come
up to expectations, the crop secured being only
133,760 lb against a revised estimate of 160,000 lb
made tea. 30,199lb of tea were manufactured and
sold on behalf of the Galinda Estate and the profit
on the manufacture of this tea is shown in the
accounts, The crop realised a net average of cents
28:39 against cents 28°63, in 1900, all tea having
been sold in the local market.

All expenditure on the Estate has been debited to
crop account and, after payment of interest to Pie-
ference Shareholders and writing off 5 per cent de-
preciation all round on buildings and machinery,
the Directors regret to say that a sum of R322°42
remains lying to the debit of Profit & Loss Account.

The Estimate for the current year is 150,000 lb
which the Directors hope will be secured at a cost
' slightly below last year’s expenditure. Cost of tea
laid down in Colombo during 1901 was 25°78 cents
per lb as against 26°12 cents per lb during 1900 and
the poor results of the working is entirely due to
the shortage in crop.

Mr W MacGregor retires in terms of the Articles
of Association and, being eligible, offers himself for
re-election,

The appointment of an Auditor rests with the
Meeting.

THE KELANI TEA GARDEN COMPANY,
LIMITED.
THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

was submitted as follows :—
ACERAGE.
334 Acres Tea in fall bearing

30 a) » planted 1897

SA ROLE RA a Beets BOS

10 x ” % 1899

14 (Cy, ” ” 1900

422, ”

313 , Reserve

11 », Ravines, Waste and Grass
746 Acres,

The Directors submit to the Shareholders
accounts of the Company for the year ending 3lst
December, 1901.

The Crop secured for the year amounted to 150,095
lb, of made Tea, realizing R47,316°81, or an average
price of cents 31°52 per lb,, as against an expenditure,
exclusive of items under Capital Account, of cents
25:80 per lb. including R1,840-44 spent on cost of Manure
and application.

The Balance at credit of Profit and Loss Account
after allowing for depreciation of Buildings and Machi-
nery is R6,807°30, which the Directors recommend
should be carried forward to next Account.

The Directors regret the result of the year’s work-
ing has not been more favourable owing to the ad-
verse conditions of tbe Tea market prevailing during
the early part of the year, coupled with the unfavour-
able weather for flushing experienced during the latter
months,

Whilst a better average price was obtained for the
year, an increase in expenditure occurred owing to
the shortness of crop anda more careful selection of
leaf being made,

The estimate for the current season is 200,000 lb.
made T'ea, to be delivered in Colombo at a cost of
cts. 23°42, which includes a sum of R4,750, or the
equivalent of cts. 2°75 per lb. tobe spent on manure,

the

AGRICULTURIST. — [Apriz 1, 1909,

In terms of the Memorandum of the Articles
of Association, Mr. Hoseason retires from the Board
but is eligible for re-election, ;
oa appointment of an Anditor rests with the Meet-

g.

THE ROEBERRY TEA COMPANY,
THE DIRECTORS’ REPORT

was submitted as follows :—
ACREAGE.
Tea in bearing «» 497 ares
», 4 years old pal Os mee
» 3 years old sey 3D
642 acres
4

”

ti

Cardamoms 3

i bi ‘ 646 acres in cultivation,

e Directors have now the pleasure to submi
the Sixth Annual Report and Agnactes being ieee
for the year ending 31st December, 1901. The yield
of tea during the period has been 291,3241b, costing
24°42 cents per lb, as against 26°89 cents per lb last
rear; and realizing 37°66 cents per lb, as against
41°60 for the same period.

After providing for commission due Superintendent,
and making a liberal allowance for depreciation of
buildings and machinery, the amount at credit of
Profit and Loss is R27,391:06. Tothis must be added
the sum of R570'76 brought forward from last year,
making a total of R27-961:82 now available for dis-
tribution.

The Directors recommend the payment of a dividend
at the rate of 5 per cent. on the paid up capital of the
Company, which will absorb R15,000°00; that a sum
of R12,500:00 be placed to Extension Account, thus
bringing it to R20,00000; and the balance R461°82
be carried forward to current season’s account,

The Directors are pleased to state that a further
£1,000 of the mortgage has been paid off during the
year, thus reducing it to £1,500, and in accordance
with the policy indicated in their last Report, the
balance of the Company’s indebtedness will be finally
liquidated as soon as may be—during the present
season if possible.

The estimate for this year is 300,000 1b. tea on an
expenditure of R76,200:00, which includes cost of clear-
ing and planting 15 acres of tea and 10 acres of
cardamoms,

The retiring Director is Mr. Stanley Bois, who is
eligible for re-election,

The appointment of an Auditor for the current year
rests with the meeting.

Sere

THE PROPOSED INDIAN TEA CESS.—We are
glad to see that Indian Gardening and
Planting is doing its best to promote the
cause of the Indian tea cess. The following
is the winding up of its latest article on the
subject :—

These considerations we earnestly tender to the
Indian Government. It is their affair as much as
it is the planters’, for the industry is a reyenue
producer, besides being a blessing as an employer of
labour. Itis not merely a question, we submit,
of a unanimous vote on the part of the tea
producers. The present situation, produced by
the powerfulrivalry of Ceylon, and the receding
position of Indian tea on foreign markets, lifts it
into a question of State policy, which should justi-
fy the Government from ignoring the minority,
who are indeed not actively opposed to our
securing a Cess similar to that of Ceylon, but are
only apathetic in seeking for it, or actually neutral
in their feelings towards it.

4

Aprit 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

THE LONDON CINNAMON SALES.

The mail of 28th Feb. from Europe brought
particulars of the quarterly Cinnamon Sales
held in London on the 24th Feb. The brief tele-
graphic intelligence we published three weeks
ago, made us tear a worse sale than is dis-
closed in the catalogues. The quantity offered

was by no means excessive for the first sale
in the year, and fell far short of the offer-
ings in February, 1901, when an unusually
heavy catalogue had to be faced; but at the
November auctions exceptionally high prices
were realised. A drop was almost inevit-
able unless unexpected circumstances helped
to maintain prices; and as “ worked” spice
showed an advance of 1d to 2d a Ib. in
November, the falling-off of a penny last
month yet secures for Cinnamon quills of
the best marks satisfactory prices. It will
be seen that ‘‘ worked” Firsts fetched from Is
5a to Is 7d, and both Seconds and Thirds
ran these figures close ; while Fourths ranged
from 83d to lld per lb. The quantity of
fine bark which offered (109 bales) was small,
and the whole of it seems to have been
disposed of at the auctions. The “un-
worked” spice which generally includes
the coarser makes aggregated 1,202 bales,
and so large a proportion of the inferior
marks necessarily led to a fall in price.
The drop of $d to ld, at which nearly 1,000
bales were cleared, cannot be regarded as
heavy ; and on the whole the Auctions
were not as disappointing as we feared they
would be from the private wire to which
we gave prominence at the end of last
month. Unworked bark from 7d for Fourths
to Is for Firsts, should leave a fair margin
to the producer ; but as we have remarked
before. there seems no limit to the expan-
sion of Cinnamon exports. Last year we
sent away 2% million Ib. quilled bark, and
over 14 million chips; and that prices did
not recede more markedly if proof that
new uses are being found for the spice, and
that the demand is not far short of the
supply which would havebeen deemed ruinous
twenty, or even ten years ago. Still, there
is a limit to the consumption of what must
be regarded as a luxury, save so tar as
Cinnamon is used for medicinal purposes, and
if the acreage under the spice continues to
expand in the Southern Province, there may
be a reversion to the prices which almost
ruined the industry 20 to 25 years ago.
We note that the exports this year, so far,
are much shorter than in the three years
preceding— due doubtless to the severe
drought which has been experienced the last
few weeks, following insufficient rainfall
from the North-East in the low country.
The prices which Chips fetched, 3$d to 33d
per lb., have seldom been exceeded, and
point to a useful demand; but how any-
thing which fetches less than a penny a lb,
in England can be profitably exported from
here is a puzzle. Rather, there can be no
doubt such business cannot pay, and that,
we are glad to find, is the position of “ Wild

- Bark” which represents a dishonest trade in

adulterated stuff.
87

AGRICULTURIST, 691

The following is the report of the wells
known London firm of Forbes, Forbes & Co.,
Limited :—

9, King William Street, London, 25th Feb., 1902
Crnnamon.—Yesterday’s auctions, the first of the
ear, went off with a quiet tone, the competition
eing poor; 1,311 bales Plantation quill were offered

compared with 2,162 bales at this period last year
and 1,690 bales in November.

The usual ‘‘ worked ’’ spice comprised the small
quantity of 109 bales only and these sold irregularly
at late prices to 1d per lb. decline.

The “unworked” Cinnamon comprised with 1,202
bales (including 51 bales which had to be worked
owing to sea damage, &c.) of which nearly 987 bales
were cleared chiefly at $d to 1d per lb. lower.

Tho regalar “ worked’ marks sold, first 1s 5d to
1s 7d ; seconds 1s 3d to 1s 6d; thirds 1s 2d to 1s 5d
and fourths 83d to 11d per lb.

“ Unworked ”’ first 84d to 1s; seconds 8d to 10d;
thirds 74d to 93d and fourths 7d to 8d per lb.

Cups, &c.—Of 776 bags only a small proportion
ole reutps 34d to 38d and quillings, &c., 9d to 10d
per lb.

Barx.—847 packages offered and 63 sold at 2d to
1d per lb.

Witp Cryion.—586 packages offered a few lots
meeting bids of $d to $d per lb.

1901.
Stock of Ceylon 3,420 bales 4,245 bales
i » chips 2,318 ,, 4,360 ,,
» Wild Ceylon
bark 9,945 pkgs, 9,616 pkgs. 12,938 pkgs.
Next Avuctions,—26th May, 1902.
Forbes, Forbes & Co., Limited.
Autrrp HE, Hoary, Managing Director.

1900.
4,109 bales
2,736 ,,

sD TNS AR
PROFITABLE TOBACCO CULTURE.

One of the features of American tobacco pro-
duction is that a very remunerative variety of leaf
is given in Connecticut, although the climatic
conditions of that State, situated as it isin the
east, along the shores of the Atlantic are, both as
to cold and poorness of soil, the very reverse of
those which obtain where the large plantations
are down south. Now, aneffort is being made to
produce the most valuable class of leaf, in con-
nection with which the director of the Con-
necticut experiment station thus reports :—

The best Sumatra type is a leaf smaller than the Ha-
vana, 16 inches or 18 inches being the most desirable
length light to medium colors with open grain, free
burn, great elasticity or ‘ life,’ and very thin texture.
That is what the trade wants. In 1900 the Connecticut
station began trying to raise this quality of leaf. One-
third of an acre was enclosed with a substantial
wooden frame, to support a cover of very thin cheese
cloth 9 feet above the ground,and closed on all sides
to the ground with the same material. The soil was
fertilised as usual for onr other leaf, and half the
acre was set with Sumatra plants, and the other
half with New England Havana. Both were set
much closer than is usual in rows 3 feet and 11 foot
apart, aud plants 12 inches apart inthe row. Tha
cover was a perfect protection against insect pests,
Cut worms did some damage to the young planta,
but no flying insects preyed on the tobacco, Ag
harvest it was very hard to find a leaf which showed
insect bites. The tobacco was also perfectly protected
from wind whipping and from light hail, The tem.
perature under the shade was considerably higher than
outside, and fluctuated less,

Two rows each of Havana seed leaf and of Sumatra,
grown under the shade, were topped, rather high,
The leaf from the topped plants, however, after curing,
was seen to be distinctly inferior to that from the
untopped plants. The untopped tobacco of both

692 THE TROPICAL

varieties grew to the cover 9 feet from the ground, and
the Sumatra, stalks bent over and grew to a length
of 10 feet or 11 feet. The occasional wind and rain
storms of the summez did no serious damage to the
cheese cloth. The leaves were picked or ‘primed’
when they were thought to be ripe, strung on strings,
cured in the usnal way, and then fermented in a pile or
‘ bulk.’ When ready for market, samples were taken
from the several primings, except the first which
included only inferior bottom or sand leaves. Hach
han was a single string of leaves just as it was
strung by the girls, and therefore represented the
geueral run of the leaves and nota selection. After
taking samples this little broken lot of Sumatra leaf,
from only one-sixth of an acre, sold for 3s per lb. The
samples were sent to a number of leading dealers
and manufacturers, with the request to examine care-
fully and give their opinion of the quality of the leaf,
and to also state fully its defects.

These reports from men who are in touch with the
present condition and requirements of the tobacco
trade, and who had no personal interest in the crop,
settle beyond dispute the quality of the Sumatra
tobacco which we raised. The experiment has
demonstrated without doubt that sumatra leaf of
excellent quality can be raised under the conditions
of soil and climate which prevail in New England.
It remains to be seen whethcr such tobacco can be
economically raised in New England: that isto say
on a considerable scale at a profit, To determine
these points will require further experiment,
Farmers may be advised to undertake to raise Sumatra
tobacco under shade at present, im only a small way
and purely as an experiment, which will not seriously
ante them, even if not successful.— #felbourne Leader,

eb. 15.

A LARGE BLOCK OF “PEARL.”

Wellington, Feb. 27.—A large block of
pearl, weighing 124 gr., has been found in-
side a cockle at Port Chalmers.—Adelaide
‘Observer. f

——___>_-___———_-

LIQUID FUEL FOR THEA DRYING
MACHINES.

The experimental stage in the burning of petro-
Jeum as a fuel has passed, andthe recent deve-
lopments of oil fields in many parts of the world
have placed this commodity within easy reach of
many consumers. It has been
picuous success in the manufacture of tea. For
stationary boilers, the problem of raising steam
effectively and economically has been solved by
the use of oil. The combustion is so complete
and the heat generated so great that the system
presents a direct saving as compared with coal
or coke, to say nothing of indirect economies,
such as cleanliness, ease of handling, absence of
stoking and saving in labour, complete absence of
smoke, economy of space, no ashes, and an even
temperature and constant even pressure of steam,
As a steam producer, oil has no rival.- A con-
siderable portion of the heat value of coal goes off
in smoke and cinders, while the entire calorific
effect of the oil is obtained, and one ton of oil
las been proved by many careful tests in actual
consumption to be equal to twice that amount of
the best Welsh coal.—Tea.

———————————

Tue RoEBERRY TEA ComPpaNny.—A dividend
of 5 per cent was declared at the meeting
held on the 18th ,March, and this we consider a
very good result indeed in view of the hard
times through which Tea Companies have
had to pass recently.

used with cons-

AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1902,

CEYLON AND INDIA AS TEA-GROWERS
AND TEA-RIVALS.

‘Let it always be
Ceylon and India are rivals, and deadly
rivals, in this tea-growing business and
always will be, so long as both countries
have tea to sell.” The logical inference from
the foregoing proposition is surely that Oeylon
should begin a campaign decrying Indian-
grown tea just as China.and Japan teas
have hitherto been condemned for their in-
feriority to Ceylon tea ? But our good friend,
Mr. William Forsythe, from whose letter
we have taken the above extract, is neither
logical in his argument nor correct in his
figures. While regarding India as a ‘‘ deadly
rival,” he yet urges her planters to get a
tea cess. One would suppose, that - being
a rival—it would be very much better for
Ceylon that India should have no cess and
no means of advertising her products? But the
fact is Mr. Forsythe sees that any step
forward, gained for Ceylon, is so much
ground gained for the tea industries of both
countries. Whether we will or no, Ceylon
has to act more or less in co-operation with
India in winning a way into markets where
China and Japan teas still have a home.
Far better, therefore, in place of treating
our neighbour as a deadly rival. frankly to
urge her to co-operation and endeavour to
work shoulder to shoulder in conquering
the Russian and the European markets and
in advancing yet further, by means fair to
all dealers, in the American Continent.

If it be the case that Mr. Forsythe, like
his typical countryman, is spoiling for a
fight and inviting a champion from India to
tread upon his coat, we fear that he will find
that he gives himself very much away in the
figures for which he has made himself respon-
sible. Where, for instance, has he got a million
acres of tea in Fndia?—when, as a matter
of fact the total area cultivated does
not cover much more than half this extent.
Then again the Indian champion’s turn comes
when he asks Mr. Forsythe to explain how
it is--that of the 22? millions of Ceylon tea
taken for foreign markets in 1901, in excess
of Indian tea, by far the larger proportion
—perhaps as much as 80 per cent—was taken
for countries in which there has been no
expenditure of cess money or only an in-
finitesimal beginning, We refer to Austra-
lia and Russia. We believe the Australian
Colonies and New Zealand took 11 millions
more Ceylon than Indian tea. That will
leave only 112 millions of the excess to be
accounted for. Russia accounts for a good
deal more than half of this quantity. So
that in reality the wonderful ‘* advertising”
enterprise of this little island is represented
by not much more than four or five million
lb, of Ceylon tea in excess of Iudian tea
taken by countries where the cess money
has been expended. Will our good friend
Mr. Forsythe kindly give consideration to
these figures in his next letter and inform

remembered that

us what answer we should give to an Indian —
critic wno might turn round and say: ‘‘I find

that your advance in the export of your
teas has been far larger to countries where

ul

Aprit 1, 1902.|

you have spent no money in advertising,
namely Australasia and Russia, than in
America to which most of your money has
gone. To say the least, it surely requires
some explanation, before you continue blow-
ing your trumpet as to the great advantage
which has been reaped by the action of the
tea cess” ? { ‘ ?
“In any case when dealing with this subject,
be quite fair, and show the figures not in
the totals for all ‘foreign countries’, but
with some discrimination as to countries
exploited with cess money, and those where
not a cent of such fund has been spent.
Nothing can get over the eloquence of such
figures as these :—
TO AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.
Ceylon Tea exported in 1901 = 20,650,000 Ib.
India, nt ut 9,167,795 4,

Excess for Ceylon :— 11,482,205 ,,

TO RUSSIA.
Ceylon Tea exported in 1901 = 9,609,734 ,,
India 3” » = (2) 3,000,000 ”

—_—

SHADE-GROWN LEAF TOBACCO.

That the issue ot shade-growing is still keenly
canvassed, there is no denying ; it is equally evi-
dent, too, that opinion is veering towards con-
viction that the new industry has come to stay
—even thongh it may never revolutionise present
conditions. The action of the special commistee
in fixing May lst as the date for the auctioneer-
ing of the Tariffville crops has caused fconsider-
able disappointment and much grumbling among
growers who were awaiting the results of the sale
before venturing into the business themselves.
The only object of the Government and special
experts who' have the matter in charge was to
secure a thorough and reliable test of this tobacco ;
that when it came to be offered to the public it
would be in the primest condition that care and
the time limit would permit. This sale will be the
most important test the product could be subjected
to, and considering the interests at stake 1b was
but wise to take all necessary precautions against
premature cure and all the other incidental ills
that tobacco falls heir to. To paraphrase the old
Scottish proverb, the proof of the pudding is in
the eating of it, and, of course, no amount of
interested expert opinion will be taken too seriously
until the tobacco itself has been thoroughly tested.
That test it will be subjected to in May next, but
in the meantime the subject is worch examining
in all its bearings.—Tobacco Leaf.

’

eee
CHINESE CASSIA LIGNEA.

A warning to German traders has recently come
from China. The exporteiouses at Canton, both
Chinese and European, have complained a good
deal with regard to two principal articles of export
—viz., cassia lignea and bristles. The sales in
both these articles are on condition that good
average of the season is shipped from China.
Now it has been 3aid during the last two years,
for example, at Hamburg, nearly every shipment
of the said articles has been found unsatisfactory,
and has been arbitrated on. This has, of course,
given great trouble to the agents of Chinese
exporters, and if there is not tound a remedy it

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST

693

is expected that the German markets will lose
the business altogether in favour of Trieste.—
Chemist and Druggist, March 1.

—_—————_————————

BOLIVIA AND ITS NEW TERRITORIES.

The United State’s Consul at Para has trans-
mitted to the Department of State a report on the
recent settlement by arbitration of the boundary
between Brazil and ;Bolivia. Under this settle-
ment a large area of territory has been trans!erred
from the former to the latser country. The re-
port was made by the Hoa. Florian Zambrano,
High Commissioner and Financial Agent to the
Bolivian Government, in answer to questions sub-
mitted, and the Consul says that the extent and
value of the Jands transferred to Bolivia, together
with the desire of that Government to encourage
colonization by means of subsidies, land grants,
exemption from duties and taxes, and other
special privileges, give the decision of the Commis-
sion a great importance. The part of the commu-
nication which deals with concessions to capita-
lists and colonisers will probably befound of in-
terest to those who contemplate the opening up
of relations or setting business terms in the ter-
ritory in question. ‘“* The Government of Bolivia,”
it says, ‘‘ grants large tracts of uncultivated land
to capitalists who intend to colonise our territories;
admits free of duty and other taxes all machinery,
factories, tools, and agricultural implements, and
protects and gnarantees the personal safety, work,
and property of all foreigners. Inthe high regiou,
or rather the plateau of the Andes Mountains,
there are rich mineral deposits. In the middle
region wheat is cultivated andalso the best Indian
corn, potatoes, grapes, &c. On the great eastern
and north-western plains coffee, cocoa, sugar cane,
and many other tropical products are cultivated,
and rubber, vanilla, &c., are extracted, There are
also many gold mines and placers of incalcula-
ble richness, Ihe rivers which the treaty with
Brazil now incorporates into Bolivia are the Acre
and Yacu with their affluents, the Upper Purus
and Upper Jurua and their afluents. The rubber
exported from the Acre and its affluents alone
reaches 3,500 tons per annum, The total export
of rubber from the other rivers just named amounts
to another 5,000 tons ger annum, and is increas-
ing yearly. i am told that many rubber planters
from the Acre wish to sell their plantations. The
Government of Bolivia has decided to establish
and subsidise a line of foreign steamers to ply
between European ports and Para. There is no
contract yet for this project, and the Bolivian
Goverrment is disposed to accept the best pro-
posal which may be presented.”—London Times,
Feb, 24,

ee ee

PLANT TREES,—brethren, in your mission com:
pounds, in the unsightly spots and ungainly
corners ; and plant valuable trees while you are
about it. A friend told us last week of a tree
said to be about three hundred years oid, stand
ing in one of the historic cities of Bengal, for
which the present owner has recently refused
R4,500! Unfortunately, the owner does not
happen to be a missionary. The tree is a
choice species of mahogany, every inch of the
wood of which isof value. The man who planted
it probably never dreamed of the enrichment
he was providing for a far-down-the-line descen:
dant.—Indian Witness,

694

CHINA TEA FOR RUSSIA.
It is stated that all tea coming to Vladi-
vostock and Nikolaevsk is subject toa duty of
24 roubles the pood (50s. per 36 English pounds),

while it has been decided that tea coming
overland, wa Dalny, shall pass into Russia
entirely free of duty. Obviously thie new

enactment will create a very considerable amount
of business for the Manchurian Railway.—L and
C Express, Feb, 28.
——E——E—e
PEARL TRADE IN AUSTRALIA.

HOW IT IS BEING HAMPERED: IN FAVOUR OF
fIOLLAND.

Brisbane, March 3.—-Mr. James Clark, whose
firm, Messrs. James Clark & Co., holds the
largest interest in the pearl-shelling industry,
was interviewed today in connection with
the recent visit of the Dutch warship to
Thursday Island. He stated that the re-
strictive laws of the Commonwealth, by pro-
hibiting employers indenturing suitable divers
from Japan, Manila, and the Malay Archipela-
go, were already cramping the pearl-shell busi-
ness, and unless some amendment is made to
enable the employers to obtain sufficient
suitable labour the industry would certainly
be lost to Queensland. The best divers came
from Japan, and before the federal enact-
ment there was an agreement between
Queensland and Japan permitting a certain
number of Japanese to come here—about 200
per annum—and if this supply was stopped
they would soon be compelled to relinquish
operations for want of labour. The Dutch
Government had established a training station
at Meranke, and was endeavouring to secure
a transference of the head quarters of the
pearling industry to its territory. Unre=
stricted trading facilities were offered, and
freedom for employment of coloured labour.
As a greater part of the fishing was done
beyond the Queensland three-mile limit, the
pearlers would be enabled to work practically
on the same ground as at present. Mr.
Clark’s firm employs 550 men, and is quite
willing to go on as tormerly if the Federal
Government permits him to obtain the neces-
sary labour. Otherwise there is nothing for
him, he says, but to accept the offer of the
Dutch, and become a naturalized subject of
that country.—Adelaide Observer.

as Loe

PEARL FAMINE IN LONDON,
A REMARKABLE RISE IN THEIR VALUE.

Pearls of great price are more than proportion-
ately difficult to obtain just now. Morcover, they
are likely to remain so for some considerable time
tocome., Itis not that a lady desiring to obtaia
a valuable set would be unable todo so—only the
price would probably be a memorable one. . Why is
there this remarkable rise in pearls? There has
been no corner in them, though as a matter of fact
Americans have been buying extensively in the
wholesale trade of late, but this was only as a
business speculation, At afamous Strand jewel-
ler’s a Morning Leader representative was told
that for one thing the last yield of pearls had been
a very poor one, and for another that pearls had

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[APRIL 1, 1902.

been gradually increasiny in value for the past
thirty years, ‘‘ And particularly in the last four
or five years. And,” it was added, “if I were to
purchase pearls today I should reckon they would
be 10 per cent. more expensive this time next year.
Of course, if a customer wanted a set, they could
always be got, though J lave never known the
price tobeso high, and lam speaking for over
thirty years, Still, there isundoubtedly a craze for
them at the present time, and when the season
commences there will be a bigger demand than
ever, for Americans will have them at any price.”
—Morning Leader, March 3rd.
A FIND OF BIG PEARLS.

Twenty-five pearls, some as big as large-sized
shots, were found in a mussel on Saturday by a fish-
monger at Sittingbourne.—Daily Mail, March 3rd.

ee St tee
FOR AN INDIAN TEA CESS,

THE MEMORIAL TO THE VICEROY.

The following isthe text of the Memorial that
has been addressed to His Excellency the Viceroy
and Governor-General of India by persons, firms,
and Companies owning tea estates in British
India :—

Humsiy SHewetH—That your Memorialists who are
very largely interested in ten cultivation in British
Indie, the gross total of which is now estimated
to be some 520,000 acres, representing a capital in-
vestment of some twenty-five million pounds sterling
venture to approach Your Excellency with the fol.
lowing representations, in order, if possible, to enlist
the good offices of Your Excellency’s Government
in aid of the efforts of the Indian Tea Association
to raise funds by the imposition of an export dut
on Indian tea the proceeds to be devoted to the wer
of pushing the sale and increasing the consumption
of Indian tea, in countries other than the United
Kingdom.

2. The course whioh your Memorialist urge
should be adopted is one which has been followed
for the last nine years in Ceylou, in which Colony
@n export duty on tea of 16 cents per 100]b was
levied in 1892, under the Oxdinance No.15 of 1892
of the Government of Ceylon, in order to provide the
Ceylon planters with funds for the adequate repre-
sentation of their Teas at the Chicago Exhibition of
1893. The application of the fande derived from this
duty -roved so successful that, in 1894, the tempor-

‘ary duty of 10 cents per 100 lb. was by the Ordi-

nance No. 4 of 1894 of the Government of Ceyion
converted into a permanent duty, the rate being ine
creased from 10 cents to 20 cents per 100 1b., which
it was directed should be applied towards inCreasing
the consumption of Ceylon tea in foreign lands in
such manner as might from time to time be desired
and determined by the Joint Committee appointed by
the Planters’ Association of Ceylon and the Ceylon
Chamber of Commerce, referred to in the jast-
mentioned Ordinance. The sum thus raised in Oeylon
amounts on the average to very nearly R3 lakhs per
annum,

3 In India, a voluntary levy for the same purpose
instituted and administered by the Indian Tea, Acsocins
tion, is and has been in force since 1893, but the
subscribers to that levy hitherto have not repre-
sented more than about 75 per cent. of the Indian
tea growers, and the sum collected has been con-
siderably less than half that realised under the
Ceylon tax, The Indian tea-industry therefore has
been compelled, through want of funds, to confine
its attention mainly to the markets of North America
while Oeylon on the other hand has been able to make
sustained efforts to satisfy and increase the demands
for its teas not only in the American markets, but

Apri 1, 1902 | THE TROPICAL
in the other markets in the world, with the result
ae Tudia has only been able, owing to lack of funds,
to make considerably less progress than Ceylon, the
figures of last year showing that, while Ceylon, with
a production of about 150 millions of pounds of tea,
seat over 49 miliion pounds, or nearly 33 per cent.,
to foreign countries, Ludia with a production of 190
millions of pounds sent only about 345 millions, or
about 18 per cent., to foreign markets. :

4. Owing to the great increase in the production
of Indian und Veylou teas during recent years, the
supply to the markets of the United Kingdom has been
largely in excess of the demand, and it has only been
possible to find au outlet fora portion of this surplus
by a continued reduction of price, while the world’s
stock of British-grown tea has materially increased.

5. Taking the position as it at present stands,
the result sofar bas been that the averags price of
Indian tea has been continuously falling until a
considerable proportion is being sold below the cost
of production, and it is clear that tea-growing in
Tndia on a remunerative basis can only be continued
by eomprehensive measures being promptly taken
to open new markets. ee

6. Your Memorialists feel that it is unnecessary to
enlarge upon the importance of maintaining the
Indian tea-industry on a remunerative basis, a8 well
because of the very large amount of capitul emb irked
in it, as of the importance of keeping in cultivation
extensive tracts of land yielding a direct revenue to
Government, and providing large numbers of the
pative popniation of India with empioyment, and
they submit that it is thus to the interest of the Gov-
ernment of india to render assistance to the tea in-
dustry, especially having regard to the fact that the
assistance which it is the object of this Memorial to
invoke will not involve any burden on the public

8. - . .

ToT ast experience has shown that it is not possible
by means of a voluntary levy to collect sufficient
fonds to carry on the work of developing foreign
markets for Indian tea to anything like sufficient
extent, and that no organisation 1s possible as a re-
sult of voluntary effort which will ensure uniform
subscriptions being paid by all proprietors. Were
the levy made compulsory, your Memorialists are
confident it would be cheerfully paid by many who
will not contribute to a voluntary assessment.

8. That such an organisation can be made effec-
tive ia proved by the success of the measures adopt-
ed in Ceylon, the operation of which has been
to ensure the provision of the funds which have
enabled the Ceylon Tea-Industry, by foster-
ing and developing foreign markets, to divert
increasing quantities of tea produced in that
Colony to such markets, and your Memorialists sub-
mit that, under the circumstances, the only practi-
cal means of attaining the end they have in view is
for those interested in the Iudian Tea-Industry to
follow the example of Ceylon, ‘his, however, can
only be done with the aid of Government in the
manner above indicated, andit is the object of this
Memorial to interest Your Excellency’s Government

ender such aid. A

a Such a duty as that levied in Ceylon, if fixed
at the rate of only one-fourth of a pie per pound
of tea, would yield more than twice the annual
amount which the voluntary cess has produced, or
a sum approximately equal to that rxised in Ceylon,
and your Memorialists therefore suggest that the
amount of duty levied on Indian tea should be at
the rate of one-fourth of a pie per pound. This
would produce a sufficient sum to develop new
markets for Indian tea, as well as to promote its
consumption amongst the natives of India. The
importance of efforts in this direction, which Your
Excellency has strongly urged upon the tea planting
community, has been recognised by the indian Tea
Agsoviation having assigned for this object R40,000
of the comparatively small sum produced by the
yoluntary levy now in force,

AGRICULTURIST. 695

10. Your Memorialists are not insensible to the
fact that it may be urged as an objection to the
course which they desire should be adopted that

if they had taken precautions to restrict out-
pot, they would have provided themselves _with
a simile and efficient remedy for the evil of

which they complain; but with reference to this they
would urge that the rapid increase in the produce
tion of tea of late years is mainly due to the large
extensions both in India and Ceylon, which were
undertaken when exchange with Europe was at a
low level, The closing of the Indian mints and
the subsequent advance of exchange tols 4d had
an adyerse effect on the tea industry, and many tea
estates, which with a low rate of exchange could
have been worked to a profit, are not, as matters
now stand, capable of earning sufficient to meet their
outgoings, and must in time be abandoned and go
out of cultivation, unless some changein the condi-
tions of the industry can be brought about.

11. Your Memorialists also recognise that, in
view of the fact that in India tea is shipped from
several ports, while shipments from Ceylon are
practically all made from one port, the collection
of an export duty on tea such as they suggest would
present somewhat greater difficulties ia India than
is the case in Ceylon; but they believe any
difficulties on this score could be readily overcome
with the co-operation of the Executive Depart-
ment of Your Hxcellency’s Government and without
incurring any maternal extra expenditure. In
Ceylon no charge is made for collecting the tea
duty imposed under the Ordinances in force in
that Colony, the whole of the duty collected being
hauded over to a Joint Committee—the ‘ Thirty”
Committee—of the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce
and the Ceylon Pilavters’ Association. The
Government of Ceylon, however, reserve tho
right to see that the funds derived from the collec-
tion of the duty are not distributed otherwise than
a manover likely to be beneficial to the tea industry,
and your Memorialists venture to urge that in the
case of the duty on Indian tea which it isthe objeo
of this Memorial to induce Your Excellency’s Gov
ernment to levy, a similar course should be adopted”

12 Your Memorialists desire to submit in support
of the prayer of this Memorial that the proposal they
have made is one which affects the Tea-Lodustry only,
and that its adoption can have no ¢dverse influence
on any other trade or industry cr on the commue
nity in yeneral, The duty will be paid by tea
growers and its proceeds will be expended by
a Committee for the benefit -f the industry at large.
On the other hand, the increased prosperity which
your Alemorialists believe will result from the imposi-
tion of the proposed duty would ensure to the advan-
tage of the State (without imposing any burden on ita
resources) in assisting an industry from which it de-
yives a considerable revenue, and whicb provides em-
ployment for large numbers of the people of India.

Your Memorialists humbly pray Your Excellency to
take this Memorial into consideration with. a view to
the necessary measures being adopted to provide for
the levying of an export duty ata rate not exceeding
one-fourth of a pie per pound for a limited period of
five years on all tea exported from India, and for the
amount of the duty so to be levied being applied
towards increasing the consumption of Indian tea in
India a3 well as incouutries outside the * United Kin g-
dom, and otherwise in such manner as may from time to
time be desired and determined by a Committee to be
approved by Your Eixcellency’s Government; or that
such other measures may be taken as Your Excellency
may consider practicable to give’ effect to the wishes
of your Memorialists as herein exp essed.

And your Memorialists as in duty bound will ever
pray, etc.
[Signed by 362 persons and firms

ed b having under
tea cuitivation a total of 880,604 acres, ]

696 THE TROPICAL

CRUDE RUBBER.

EXPLORATION, PLANTING AND CULITI-
VATION NOTES.

The Tropenpflanzer publishes in a private
letter of the director of the Botanie Garden in
Victoria (Cameroons) the interesting fact that trees
of seeds of Kisia elastica planted there in Novem-
ber, 1898, are now already three metres high
and begin to bloom, and contrary to Hevea, give
their milk very easily. The Heveas planted there
have now already fruits ; the real Ficus Vogeliz
supplies good caoutchouc in plenty. Also apiwm-
utile exists in a few species in the Garden. Dr.
Preuss reports from the Moliwe plantation that
the Castiloas, which are there in great quanti-
ties, flourish well, but nob the Kixias. rasoa:
renhasia elastica and Tabernaemontana Don-

‘nell Smithit, which might become a useful gutta-

:

percha plant, also grow well. There were only afew
species of Pavena Deerii and a few Hevea trees.
As the Castilloa grows well, according to the
report of the late Mr Stamler, chief planter at
Moliwe, the Plantation Company had ordered,
at the suggestion of Professor Warburg and
through the aid of M. Koschng 400,000 Castilloa
seeds from Costa Rica in this year. The greatest
part of these seeds received in Ham urg perished
in the long voyage, but 1t is hoped that after all
it might still be possible to send 100,(:00 Cas-
tilloa trees this summer in a living state to the
Cameroocons.

The caoutchouc export from Iquitous, in Peru,
amounted in 1900 to 859,327 kilos, value 2,245,138
sols. The chief qantity has been shipped to Havre,
with 576,615 kilos, and the rest of 282,712 kilos
to Liverpool. These figures consist of the toll wing
rubber descriptions :—Jebe fino, with 296 828 kilos,
value 941,943 suls; Jebe entrefino, with 21,988 kilos,
value 64498 sols; Sernamby de Jebe, with
142,992 kilos; value 352,714 sols; Canucho,
with 81,950 kilos, value 134,959 sols; Sernam-
by de Caucho, with 315,500 kilos, value
751,033 sols. The Rio Javary district ex-
ported last year 528,313 kilos, value 1.538,047
sols. Ot this 374,116 kilos, with a value of
1,187,195 sols, were Jebe fino; 9,325 kilos, value
27,553 sols, Jebe enterfino; 95,571 kilos, value
235,742 sols, Sernamby de Jebe; 40,335 kilos,
value 66,418 sols, Caucho; 8966 kilos, value
21,339 sols, Sernamby de Caucho. The aver-
age prices during the last two years were as
follows :—

VALUE IN SOLS.

1st half. $nd haif

Kinds, 1899, 1960. 1900.
Jebe fino 000 Sl. 62... 43
Jebe entrefino AnD 48 ., 48 37
Sernamby deJebe ... 42 ... 42 30
Caucho too 30... 30 ... 20
SernambydeCaucho ... 43... 42 .. 30

The prices stand for one Portuguese arroba
of fifteen kilos, and one sol may be counted as
23, The caoutchouc export from Iquitos and the
Javary district taken together amounted in 1900
to 3,785,185 sols against 2,889,402 sols in
the preceding year. The caoutchouc harvest
in Iquitos was still worse in 1900 than in 1899.
That in spite of this the export values of Iquitos
were nearly the same as in 1899, is due to the
fact that last year more people were employed in

etting fine rubber than in 1899, In the district of
Rio avary, on the other hand more rubber wae

AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit 1, 1902,

produced than in 1898. The weather was more
favourable to the rubber gatherers in this district
than in the Ucayali regions. From a report of
the Imperial Vice Consul at Iquitos.

CaouTcHoUC of Manihot glaviovii froma plan-
tation in th2 German East Africa, has been tested
by the Colonial Economical Committee, and
proved to be of a good quality of white colour,
and good elasticity. The chemical test resulted
in 89°5 per cent of first-class caoutchoue and 1°7 per
cent of second quality.

Mr H Lecomte bas published in No. 4 of the
‘“ Bulletin du Museum de Paris” an interesting
article on this question,—the coagulation of
caoutchoue (latex) —which is the result of observa-
tions made during his voyage to the Congo in 1893
and ee He made a study of three different

inds :—

Ninga—Landolphia owriensis Pal. Beauv.
Malombe—Landolphia flurida Benth.
Zaon—Landolphia Klainii Pierre.

The first one gave « good product, the second
a useless product, and third a good caoutchouc.

The results ot these processes by M Lecomte
showed quite distinctly that the phenomenon of the
coagulations is closely adapted to the special nature
of the latex, and it is therefore necessary to find
out which medium is most suitable for each
special latex. According to Mr Lecomte’s experi-
ments the heat seems to be the best active coagula-
tor for these two Landolphia. If the water is
well removed a caoutchouc of a white colour will
be obtained, which remains without becoming
odorous, and which is due tu the absence of
albuminous substances in the solution.

For some time the sales of the rubber coming
from French Guinea have been much smaller,
This depression is due to several causes, to con-
teract which the ‘‘Permanent Committee of Trade
and Agriculture in French Guinea” have issuzd
the following regulations :—]. Adulterated ecaeut-
chouc is prohibited from being exported. 2. Adul-
terations are taken to include moist sorts of rub-
ber, caoutchoue mixed with roots, glutinous rubbers
and those which contain other strange mateiials
than particles of the bark incorporated during
the process of obtaining the rubber, and of these
not more than about one per cent, of the total
weight. 3. Neither the Custom House offices
on the frontier, on the coast; nor in the country can
in consequence allow any caoutchouc of the above
description to pass for shipment to Europe. By
these vigorous means the authorities hope to
raise the reputation of the Conakry caoutchouc,
which has much deteriorated in price in the
European market, whereas its neighbours enjoy
a much better reputation.—India Rubber and
Gutta Percha Trades’ Jorunal, Jan. 20,

CULTURE IN PEATY SoIt.—A discovery of M
Dumont which may be useful in Ireland and Scot-
land, whers peaty soils are common, is given in
the Comptes Rendue for December 23 ult. It is
to add carbonate of potash, or matter able to form
this by double decomposition, to the soil. The car-
bonate renders the humus nitrifiable, and favours
the action of ammoniacal ferments or manure,
making the soil fertilee A paper by M M. De-
herain and Demoussy in the same number shows
that truffles ean be grown in peaty soil when lime
and potash are added, and the soil is inoculated
with garden bacteria.

Aprit 1, 1902.) THE TROPICAL

THE MARKET FOR CARDAMOMS.

A sale of 200 cases of cardamoms last’ week
had no depressing effect on the market, and, in
spite of the heavy catalogues, a considerable

uantity changed hards at an advance of ld
to 2d per Ib. The shipments in 1991 amounted
to 59,7u4 Ib, against 537,455 1b in 1900 and
499,959 Ib in 1899, What this year’s total will
be, the future alone willshow. If any estimates
were obtained of the probable planting area,
some idea as to the total yield might be formed.
Will 6,000 acres, or even more, he devoted to
the cultivation of cardamoms? In 1898 the planting
area was counted to be a little over 5,100
acres, whereas in 1856 not a single acre was
planted with the berry. Since then proprietors
of tea gardens have recognised the value of
cardamoms as a by-product to tea, and they
have expended no end of time, money, and
ground on their improvement, with the result
we have seen in today’s auctions. A beautiful
berry, well clipped, excellently bleached, and full
of rich seed is, says the London Commercial Record,
not obtainable at a considerably cheaper price
than demanded for the old fashioned Malabar
sorts from Kast India. Ceylon has cut the ground
from underneath the Indian rival, who has
almost become a thing of the past, although
the delicacy of flavour which these berries
possessed will remain in our memory, for it will
hardly ever be reached by the Ceylon descriptions.
—Home paper, Feb. 28.

— 2

MISSION WORK ;—-AND IRRIGATION.

(Extract from a letter of Sir J. J. Grinlinton.)
Feb. 20th, 1902.

The very interesting article in the daily Observer
of lst February (headed ‘‘ India at the end of 1901:
some vrecollections’’—or rather I should have written
reflections—‘‘ on notes by the way” during a trip of
6,000 miles) has caused me to feel that I must
give expression at once to the feelings uppermost
in my mind, [ regret that I have never been in
India proper, but my life in Ceylon has enabled
me to follow most of your remarks, more especially
your ‘‘firm belief” in the progress ot Christianity
amongst the natives of the country where the
Missionaries have been steadily working for years,
One of my last acts as a public man before leaving
Ceylon was that of presiding at the annual gather-
ing at that beantifal little spot, Cotta, where the
Church Missionaries have been at work for many
years, My recollection of the place, when I wasa
young fellow and took but little interest in Mission-
ary work, enabled me to contrast the two periods,
and I took the opportunity of doing it tothe people
themselves, In the earlier period I noticed only
very few Sinhalese mothers taking part in the
service with their children, but on the last occasion
I was unable to count the mothers and grown-up
girls: they were so numerous, and all took part in
the singing which had been taught them by our
lamented friend, the Rev. S. Coles, who was then
present and looked so happy in leading the singing,
The large open building was full of bearded men
who had been educated at Cotta and hundreds had
to remain outside the building. It was indeed a
pleasant sight, and left a deep impression on me;
so much so that I have often since then, in
public and in private, narrated the circumstances,
The influence brought to bear on CHILDREN BY
MOTHERS WHO HAVE BEEN TAUGHT IN THE MISSION
scHoots is great, and it is only when two or three

AGRICULTURIST. 697

generations have been se educated!that one Ysee8
the great advantage, as well as the manifest pro-
gress made in Mission work—and the improvement
in the intelligent look of the people.

Your aliusion to irrigation naturally attracted my
attention, India led the way in this during the
great General Cotton’s time, but during recent years
comparatively little nas been done, but I am thank-
ful to say that in Ceylon great progress has been
and is still being made. Through the courtesy of
the Governor the Minutes of the Irrigation Board
are regularly sent me, Not alone does Irrigation
enable good food to be obtained by the poorer
people who live in places remote from towns and
‘highways,’ but it supplies them with good water
instead of the filthy water they had daring dry
seasons in former times.

——___¢—
BIG GAME IN THE STRAITS,
LARGE ELEPHANT SHOT BY MR. EPHRAUMS.

Galle, March 2¢,

Mr Lennie Ephraums, Manager of the New
Oriental Hotel, has just heard from his cousin
Mr Cyril Ephraums, the well-known sportsman
in the Straits to the effect that he shot another
big elephant on the 27th February. The tusker
was bagged 13 miles from Seramban in an
abandoned coffee clearing in dense undergrowth,
and was tracked for 2 miles whenhe came to him
quite quietly. Vhe animal was bowled over with
a single shot from an 8-inch bore rifle, 12 drachm
of powder and 2% oz. steel tipped buliet. He
received the shot about 3 inches above the left eye,
dropped in his track and never moved again,
The tusks are described as a lovely pair and
very fine ivory. The measurements are :—

Total length including tail 21 ft 4in; from
tin of forehead to base of tail 10 ft; ear to ear-
tip to tip 9ft9in; breadth of skull 3 ft; cir-
cumference of foot 3 ft 6in and height 9 ft 4 in,

MR. ALEX. WHYTE, F.ZS., &c,

This well-known Naturalist, formerly of
Kandy, and latterly so much identified with
Kast Atrica has, we learn, just left England
for Uganda, delighted to get away from
this wretched LEnglish climate,—his five
months’ holiday having mostly been spent
in a sick room!

$s,

CEYLON PLANTERS’ RUBBER SYNDICATE, —
We publish on page 678 the report of this
Company and the proceedings at the annual
meeting on 28th Feb., when it was resolved
to raise the nominal capital to R250,000, as
the funds at present are insufficient to
carry on the work of the estate. During
the autumn it is proposed to raise 80 new
shares at par to go to existing shareholders in
proportion to their holdings. Liberian coffee
seems to be well thought of, and it is ex-
pected that from the beginning of 1906 the
estate should be self-supporting. Only 350
acres have been planted, and the reason, it
appears, for the whole area not having been
pence is that bad seed was secured,

atch-crops have not been a success and it
is now proposed to do away with all these
except coffee.

698 THE TROPICAL

PLANTING NOTES.

« TALGASWELA ” AND THE WORKING OF A
Tha Companys Esrate.—The letter we
publish elsewhere from **Oritic ” will ve
useful to others pursuing the same voca-
tion as he. The gist of our correspond-
ent’s remarks is that the superintendent
responsible for expenses should have full
freedom of action in obtaining his
materials, so that his responsibility shoald
be in no way nominal—a fairly reasonable
PaBeherne ORANGES. --Some advance has been
made in the propsgation of the imported kinds of
oranges during the present year, and a fairly good
stock of strong budded plants is now on hand. This
it is trusted will do away with the complaint so
frequently heard of oranges proving sour whea
raised from seed, a case of which occurred during
the present week. The stock used is that of the
Seville orange which does not suffer in our climate
from stem rot or Mal-di-gouma, as do the best of
our St. Michael’s and Tangerine kinds. The
“‘ Washington Navel” is among the varieties suc-
cessfully budded. These p!ants will, of course, be
put on sale io the Nurseries as soon as a sufficient
number are on hand to meet the demand. I
learn that in some instances the pupils who atten-
d-dthe Agriculmral Lectures are meeting with
fiir snecess in budding and grafting. — Trinidad

Bulletin.

GREEN TEA PROSPECTS IN| CEYLON.—A

lanter of wide experience writes:— |

“The green tea bonusing requires Watching on
the part of the ‘ Thirty Committee. So far as
it goes Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Oo.’s agency for the
American Green Tea Syndicate appears to adopt
the method that will meet the requirements for
the green tea bonus. Some rumour has got
about that green tea is being used by the
blenders’ in Colombo to mix with black, this
green tea having received the bonus from the Cess,
This may account for the exports of green ban NO]
tallying wich what has been paid by the Planters
Association on green tea invoices, The green tea
factory is at work at Nawalapitiya. Itis rumoured

that they are purchasing 1,0001b. of leaf daily. -

ry issupplied with excellent rollers and
Te dak Pa old machine, steam roller,
supplied by a boiler, for steaming the leaf.
Coconut PLANTING 1N Fu1.—Mr. V. H.
Tarte, who left Ceylon this week (after nearly
a month's visit) on his return to Fiji, visited
Goluapokuna Coconut Estate and saw there
the typical methods of local cultivation,
which he said offered a great contrast with
Fiji. In Fiji, he said, practically nothing
was done in the way of manuring, artifi-
cial or otherwise. The ‘iji trees tapered to
the top and did not bear such fine nuts
perhaps as our finest—though their natural
growth showed quite as well on the average.
On learning the very little extra expense,
Mr Tarte became determined to go in for
manuring when he got back to Fiji and
promised to inform us of the results. There
was a thoroughly adequate market, he to d
us, for all the coconuts (and copra, especially)
that Fiji could produce—Messrs. Lever Bros.,
for one instance, having secured practically
all the crops they could contract for up-to-
date,

AGRICULTURIST. [Aprin 1, 1902,

dividend
past year, but

KELANI TEA GARDEN Co.—No
has been declared for the
a substantial balance has heen carried for-
ward, and we think the shareholders have
every reason to be very hopeful.

Mr. R. V. WepsreR—is now, in all pro-
bability, Visiting (Land) Agent for the Trans-
vaal Government. His communication else-
where gives information of leading interest
to Ceylon planters who may be looking
towards South Africa.

FUNGUS ON CacAo.—We have received a
monograph on Diplodia cacaoicola, P Heun.; a
parasitic Fungus on sugar cane and cacav in the
West Indies by Albert. Howard, BA., A.R.CS.,
F.L.S., Mycologist to the Imperial Department of
Agriculture for the West Indies, late scholar of
St. Jolin’s College Cambridge, with plates.

PLANTING IN FiJ1.- Ceylon planters will

find further valuable information on
planting in Fiji in our issue. Bannanas
appear to be the simplest and _ least

troublesome product ; cacao gives promise;
vanilla is abundant, but is scarcely taken
seriously ; tea, we are glad to note, does
not receive great attention, though there is
little against iz, beyond ‘‘over-production” ;
and tobacco grows very well, requiring noth-
ing but the opening of more land. ‘This
does not exhaust the list, but gives a fair
selection.

PLANTING IN JAVA: COFFEE, CINCHONA, AND
SuGAR.—In the colonial report receuiily published,
the Java Government has:stated its views about
the coffee cultivation. Theinteution is to encour-
age the free cultivation in the same manner as
was already done in the residencies Passoeroean,
Probolingo, and the Preanger, namely, by allow-
ing a restitution per bouw to be divided on the
three first years of the coffee plantation, but with
the necessary caution, and only on such estates as
promise a proper production for a long time. As
regards the compulsory cultivation and the delivery
of coffee, there is on'y an unimportant increase
to be observed in Tagal, Pekalongan, aud Madioen
during 1899 to 1900, Of the other 11 districts
more or less of a decrease is to be reported. The
decrease in the leaf appeared in 1900 in all
districts. Both in 1899 and 1900 the out-turn of
the Government’s coffee crop remained under the
estimate. The Government’s cinchona cultivation
has shown a satisfactory result owing to the
advance of prices. The quinine market at Batavia
has exceeded the expectaticns in1900 and for 1901 ;
still better results were expected. Referring to
the economical condition of the natives the report
says the amounts paid to them by 137 sugar
manufactories in 1900 amount to a total of more
than 33,000,000 guilders, being about 1241,000 on
the average for each manutactory. In the mean-
time a petition of the principal firms and com-
panies at Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague,
concerned. in the Java sugar cultivation, has been
sent to the Minister for the Colonies, asking for a
temporary reiluction ofthe railway freights for the
article. Java sugar is again passing through a
serions evisix. In 1900, 22 mannfactories of the
Netherlands India Agricultural Company fetched
a price of {16.74 per picul without interest on
shares and bonds but includicge the expenses for ~
the improvemert of the manufacture.—L. and C.
Express, Feb, 28. ;

da

Aprin 1, 1902.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 699

TO THE PLANTING WORLD.

Seeds& Plants of Commercial Products.

Hevea Brasiliensis.—Orders being booked for the coming crop August-September delivery
1982, hooking netessary before the end of April, quantities of 100,060 and over at special low rates. Plants
avaitable all the year round, 100,000 and over at special low rates. A leading Rubber planter in Sumatra,
Whe purchased 50,000 seeds in 1893, and 100,009 in 1909, writes us, under date 15th November, 1900 :—‘‘I
received your letter of 2hth October, from which I learn that you added another case of 5,000 seeds to replace
the loss, &. Tam satisfied hereby, and even after this adding I am satisfied by the whole delivery of this
year.” Special offer, post free on application.

Castiliea Elastica.—True superior variety cultivated in Mexico, seeds from specially reserved
old untapped trees. Orders booked for August-September delivery 1902, immediate booking necessary ;
large quantities on specisi terras; Plants in Wardian cases.

A foreign firrn of Planters writes under date 11th October, 1901 :—‘* We beg to enquire whether you
would procure us 306,000 Castilloa seeds, in which month we might expect them, and what would be the
average price.” Special offer, post free on application. y
; Manihot Glaziovii.—Seeds and Plants available all the year round, 109,000 and over at special
tow rates. A Mexican planter in sending an order for this seed wrote on the 22nd August, 1900 :—‘“‘ If they
arrive fresh and germinate easily’ I may send you larger orders, as they are for high ground where the
Castilloa does not thrive.”

Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available in May-June; booking necessary before the end of March ;

also plants.
Mimusops Giobosa (Balata) wood of the tree is much:sought for buildings, fruits sweet like a plum
and eaten, oil from seeds, said to yield as much as 46 Ibs. of dry rubber per tree per annum, the milk is
drunk and when diluted with water used as cow's milk, grow from sea-level up to 2,000 feet, orders being
booked for seeds and plants, price on application. :

Cianamomum Zeylanicaum (Cinnamon superior variety).—New crop of seedin April to June;
booking necessary before the end of February ; also plants. :

Coffee Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragogopie Hybrid.—New crop March-April;
immediate booking necessary. ‘

A foreign Agrienttural Department writes dating Sth September, 1901 :—‘‘Please accept our order
for 175 Ibs. of Tea seed and for 2,000 Coffee beans. In regard to Coffee seed I would say that this will be the
first importation made by this department, and we will leave the selecéion of the varieties to be sent te
your judgment.”

OUR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LISTS.

The following six Descriptive Price Lists are now being forwarded with Circulars and special offer
of Seeds and Plants of Rubber az other Hecnomic Products :—

1. Tropical Seeds and Plants cf Commercial Products, enlarged edition for 1902.

2. Sceds and Plants of Shade, Timber, Wind-Belts, Fuel, and Ornamental Trees, Trees for Roads-
sides, Parks, Open Spaces, Pasture Lands, Avenues, Hedges, and for planting among crops (Tea, Coffee
Cacao, Cardamoms, &c.)

3. Seeds and Plants of Tropica! Fruit Trees including Mango grafts.

4. Bulbs, Tubers and Yams.

5. Orchids—Ceylon and Indian.

6. Seeds and Pisants of Palms, Calamus, Pandanus, Cveads, Tree and other Ferns, Crotons,
Roses, Dracinas, Shrubs and Creepers.

Special Arrangemezts made with foreign Governrnents, Botanical and Agricultural Depart-
ments, Pianters and others for suppiviag seeds and plants of Commercial Products in large quantities.

Lao

‘*Soutn Arrica.”—The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says:—

‘* An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the Hast. It is issued by Wimu1am Broruers, Tropical Seed

Merchants of Henaratgoda, Ceylon, and schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will thrive in

tropical and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do good business, for now that the

great Powers have grabbed all the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove that they were

ae the grabbling. We recommend the great Powers and Concessionaries under them to go to William
rothers.”

Agents in London :—Merssrs. P. W, WOOLLEY & Co,, 90, Lower Thames Street.
Ageut in Colombo, Ceylon :—K. B, CREASY, Esq.
Ageni in British Central Africa:—T. H. LLOYD, Esq., Blantyre.

Telegraphic Address : J. P WILLIAM & BROTHERS,

WILLIAM, Henaratcopa, CEYLON. Tropical Seed Merchants,

Liber’s, A.I, and A.B.C, Codes used, HENARATGODA, CEYLON.

88

700 THE TROPICAL

Gonyespondence.
eee ere

To the Editor.
PLANTING IN FIJI: COFFEE, CACAQ,

TOBACCO, TEA, &c.
March 14.

Dear Sir,—You will recollect the letter in
your Observer issue of 21st November, 1901 from
a, Fijian correspondent and the useful informa-
tion you supplied regarding Fiji, three days
later. Having lately had a long and courteous
letter from the same gentleman, I purpose giving
you a few extracts from it for the purpose of
placing before such of your planting readers as
may beseeking “ pastures new,” a truer version
of the state of affairs in Fiji today than we
are accustomed to hear in Ceylon ; our iaforma-
tion being taken from the experience of men who
went there 20 and 15 years ago and had to
leave it, disgusted with the ante-European
governments of Sir J B Thurston ete. All that
is now changed. And here is what he says :—

‘‘T regret to say that in the whole of this
group there is not a single planter or a plan-
tation such as is understood in Ceylon but the
country is crying out for good men with a little
money and I know every possible assistance will
be given by the Government and Banks to
‘proper bona fide planters who may come here.

“Under the late Sir J B Thurston’s adminis-
tration everything was done to check and
paulk the influx of Europeans but that order
of things has passed. We have now new lines
of steamers and shall have cable communication
béfore the end of 1902.

‘You have probably been told that coffee had
leaf disease here; soil may possibly have had—
put the principal grower 20 years ago fell out
with the Governor, Sir J B Thurston, and the
estate was destroyed| by order of the Govern-
ment, more out of personal enmity than because
of the leaf disease! Another small coffee planter
who had not satisfied the native owners of land,
lost. all his coffee ; but we happen to have as
neighbours the very natives, who declare that,
to get rid of him, they filled bamboos with
salt water and irrigated his nursery and young
plantations with it at night. All I can say is,
let any one come and see the coffee growing
wild and the cacao too. My brother and I have
put in the first 100 acres of cacao in Fiji with
seed and plants obtained from the Govern-
ment Botanic Gardens, and the _ present
administrator and all residents are mostly
interested in the growth and_ progress of this,
because very high returns are being made ip Samoa
from cocoa. ‘Lhis is the only small patch in Fiji
being propagated commercially but there are some
thousands of single trees scattered through the
group and growing in native villages, giving im-
mense returns per tree. ;

‘« Unfortunately we cannot give all our time to
the cacao as we have to make expenses out of
the shipment of bananas, which also act as shade
to the young cacao, and are now more than
paying all costs. There are some 20 or 80 banana
planters who grow nothing else. The largest of
these has under 500 acres, and one and all know
jittle of the plant they cultivate, nor do they

AGRICULTURIST. |ApriL 1, 1902,

study the question, They stick in a sucker and
wait 9to15 months for the fruit, where a Ceylon
man would thrash out the matter and find out
the banana most suitable for the country and
the market and ascertain how to produce large
healthy bunches of uniform size, ete.

** Coffee, pimento, vanilla, pines, rubber, and all
citrus fruits are thriving splendidJy on our place.
Vanilla grows wild everywhere; it has been intro-
duced in the group, but only one planter cures
it at present. Rice cultivation was started 3
months ago and promises well, and cardamoms
were introduced last month and seed just ger-
minated.

“Tobacco is first-class but we have only one
maker, All the cigars sold here are manufactured
in the group but they are not sufficiently made
to export. Copra—very little—is being planted, all
the present owners of copra estates having bought
in at nominal figures 10 years ago wheu the price
dropped and the few enterprising men could not
afford to hold on; but prices are good now and
there is much money in copra (cozonuts).

“* Personally I know nothing about tea kut, as fat
as I can judge, I should leave it alone in favor
of copra, coeoa or coffee. There is only one tea
estate managed by a man from Ceylon and owned
by a storekeeper who is desirous of selling, as he
has other interests to attend to. It is 600 acres,
of which 300 are planted up (age not stated),
Their out-put is about 40,000 Ib. per annum but
they can barely supply the local demand. All
Fiji-grown tea is protected by a duty of 6d per
lb. The above is a good going concern with
modern machinery and is run by Indian coolies
indentured.”

I gather from my correspondent that there is
not the slightest use in going to Fiji on the chance
of picking up employment asa planter, but tc
one who has a little capital and a fair knowledge
of planting there is every prospect of success. |
am not at liberty to disclose publicly all of my
corresponlent’s letter—and this is not an adver.
tisement, but is meant for the beuefit of those
planters who are obliged to look out elsewhere—
at the same time I shall be glad to give any
further information in my power,—l am, dear sir,
yours faithfully, MACARONI.

‘“KAINIT”: A NEW MANURE FOR

COCONUTS.
Colombo, March 18.

DEAR SirR,—We beg to hand you enclosed
copy of our leaflet. The value of Kainit
which we think will be of interest to all
your readers of the planting community
Kainit should prove a great success with
all those who grow coconuts and keep cattle,
etc. The experiments made at home are a
striking proof of its use in connection witk
farm manures.—We are, dear sir, yours

faithfully, :
FREUDENBERG & CO.

[We quote one paragraph, and furthet
particulars will doubtless be supplied to en:
quirers, by Messrs. Freudenberg & Co. ;—

“ Kainit” prevents the loss of nitrogen and
humus matter. A considerable amount of nitro:
gen and humus matter is lost when farm manure
lies in large piles exposed to the air for any length
of time. ‘This loss can be prevented by scatter:
ing Kainit over the piles. The eost of Kaini

ApRIL 1, 1902.]

used will be very much more than balaneed by
the nitrogen saved. The yearly manure product
from one cow contains 27°5 lb. of netrogen, or
as much is contained in 176 lb. of nitrate jof
soda. How important then to take every pre-
caution to prevent its loss, especially in Tropical
countries, where the stable manure decomposes
very quickly.

—Enp. 7.A4.|

THER TALGASWEHELA COMPANY MEETING:

Colombo,, March 19.

DEAR SirR,—Mr Christie at the Talgaswela
meeting certainly made out a case of the Company
paying over the nose for estate work and
materials supplied. What I cannot understand
are the explanations given by the Directors. The
accounts are correct. Every item has been paid.
Examine the accounts for yourself; there they
are, and the few minutes Mr Christie had, looking
over them, disclosed to him charges he thought
in excess of what was correct, and a number he
named. He says in December last the « ompany
paid R325 per ton for its teaslead. This must
surely be a mistake? Mr Christie states he could
have purchased it in December for R310. I
think he is right, as I myself purchased under a
ton at R807'50 per ton, discount if paid within the
month; so it’s really R300 a ton, net. I purchased
in January (early) at R292°50, discount it paid
within the month.So Mr Christie must be taken as
correct, with his price stated at R310 as the
highest. Why do not the directors enfurce
purebase of tea lead, boxes, rice, all materials
necessary, through their superintendent, who has
an interest in keeping expenditure down? I
know many superintendents who purchase their
own sunplies; but whatI say is, when a manager sees,
say, tea Jead sent to him at R20 or R25 in excess of
what he himself could buy it, he gets disheartened,

and apt to get careless of keeping his
own estate expenditure down to what it
ought to be. Someone will say it is the

tault of the manager, who ought to advise the
Agents of what he himself could do, and ask if
there had been no mistake in the price, Would
it not bear better to allow the Superintendent.
a free hand ? CRITIC.

GREEN TEA FOR CANADA.

Peermaad, March 19.

DEAR Srr,—The enclosed copy of a letter
from Mr. Larkin may be.of interest, as it
shows Ceylon advertisement is beginning to
pay in Canada. The only mistake is that
we started our prices too low, and it will be
difficult to raise them. However, if Japan’s
are once driven out, I hope prices may rise
in Canada. I have applied for a patent in
Ceylon and India for anew machine which
will make green tea manufacture much less
trouble. Indeed one machine is made and
purchased by the Baraoora Tea Co., Sylhet,
who have now two of my steainers. This
new machine is intended to take the moisture
off the steamed leaf without having to eva-

orate it as-at present. Should the patent

e granted the machine will be advertised.
It is'8 months since I applied for a patent
and as yet Ihave had _ no reply.-- Yours faith-
fully, H. DRUMMOND DEANE,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

701

(True copy.)

‘* Salada,” Ceylon Tea, Toron 0 é
H. Drummond Deane Esq. Hy Heb 104 908,

DEAR Sir,—We received your letter
weeks ago and have been waiting anxiousl for
the arrival of the samples. These came have on
Friday Jast and we have given them a creat deal
of attention, and we can say with pleasure that
we have seen nothing better in the cup and nothing
equal tothem in style, and they are particular]
well adapted to the Canadian and United States
trade, and should you see fit later on to send us a
small consignment, we will pay you the best
market price for it. 1t would-be better though
to make the shipment small at first ‘when we
would have something to work on, but you can
well understand that the public on this Continent
being educated up to asking for Ceylon tea,
and Ceylon tea only, hardly know of India,
being a tea-bearing country. Practically all the
advertising that has been’ done in America has
been done by Ceylon and they have to a cone
siderable extent created a demand for their tea
and, therefore, the wholesaler is not willing to Day
the same price for an Indian as he would fore
Ceylon of the same quality, as it is considerabl
more trouble to sell the retailer who is isnot
of quality and whose customers ask for “Ceylon
tea, Yes, we take both “ The Indian Planters?
Gazette” and “Indian planting and Gardenine.”
both of which we read with considerable interest
We hope with you that the endeavour to bring
about a Tea Cess in India will be sucessful. as wie
believe that a portion of it being spent on this
Continent would greatly increase the demand for
Indian and Ceylon Tea as the qualities of these
teas, both black and green, warrant us in believin
that sooner or later they will drive out China anal
Japan tea entirely from this Contiuent. We might
say in Canada today there is practicaliy no China
tea imported, the demand being entirely for Ceylon
and we are also making great headway with the
greens. We regret that the samples’ of Ceylon
greens did not reach you. Weare sending now
another set of two, These teas were made on a ver
low-grown estate in Ceylon, Devalakande : yet au
will see they, being well made, are excellent gene
teas. They were the only two lots in this invoice
and their cost laid down here 64d, but the garden
has no more to sell now, having contracted ahead
with some other firm for some r-onths; we having
cabled them an_ order for 500 chests that
was their reply. In the invoice we are sending
you, there were two-thirds of the No. 2 grade and
one-third of the No. 1. I will, in the course of
a few days, send you samples of a small invoice
of Indian greens that 1 purchased recently. The
are made on the Manabarrie estate in Deca.
The only sample I have at the moment are the
ones we purchased on, but as soon as the teas
arrive samples will go on.—With kindest regards
we are, yours truly, 3 ;

(Sigd.) P C LARKIN
a cr)

SoutH INDIAN GREEN TEA IN CANADA.—
We are glad to learn elsewhere of the ex-
cellent reports that Mr. H Drummond Deane
who may be called the pioneer of green teas
in South India, has received from ca leading
Canadian firm. Planters will also learn with
satisfaction the further information that
Mr. Deane has in hand, a new machnine which
will greatly reduce the trouble at present
experienced in production,

some two

& CO,

702

DONNYBROOK TEA COMPANY,

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.
Your Directors submit herewith a Statement of the
Accounts for the year 1901, duly audited.
At last report the capital of the Company stood at
R171,600.

LTD

being 1,026 Proprietors’ Shares.
and 690 Finance Shares
The Excess Expenditure for 1901 has been met by
the further issue of 30 Finance Shares and 70 Cumu-
lative Preference Finance Shares, bringing the capital
of the Company up to 181.600.
ACREAGE,
The acreage of the Company’s Estates are as
follows a "hens “
i ariD oe _
arn Do f : -. 40 37 pierted in 1894
)

Hol dts} —_ 1895

De . 52 —_— do 1896

Do = 86 do 1897

Tea in partial bearing... 25 22 do 1898

Tea not in bearing Bao: 1 _— do 1899

Do do aes 7 do 1900
152 152 acres

Making 304 acres cultivated in tea—
4 acres forest
67 acres Chena, Patna and waste
land,
which totals 375 acres as per the Company’s
=== Books.
stimated crop for 1992 is 200,000 lb. Green
aceabeiee 177 |b. tea per acre on the 282 acres over
3 years old, The estimated expenditure shews an
f R4,400 over receipts.
ae W Shakespeare retires from the Board by rota-
ion, and is eligible for re-election.
sero lapaoistiment of an Auditor for the current
year rests with the meeting.

THE NAHAVILLA ESTATES COMPANY,
LIMITED.

THE Sale REPORT

bmitted as follows :— ‘
ya erect a statement of the accounts of the
Company for the year ended 31st December, 1901, the
Directors beg to report as follows :— :

The conditions attendant on the production of Crop
wore very adverse compared to those of the preceding
year, more particularly towards the latter part of the
season. }

‘eld of Tea in consequence fell short of esti-
De ZA was 15,134 Ib. less than the crop of 1900,
pamely, 524,840 lb. against 589,974 lb.

Owing to an unfavorable turn in the market at one

eriod of the season, the price per pound realised
hor the yroduce was also somewhat less than last
year namely, 34°84 cents against 35'42 cents, a differ-
ence of a little over half a cent. —

Coffee, upon which much reliance cannot now be

laced, was also deficient in quantity, and sold for

3,181'35 leas than the previous year. | i

A short crop generally means a relatively high cost
of production, but in this case it works out at 28:00
cents per pound ag compared with 29°42 cents last year.
There has, however, been very little manuring done
va sie R43,978°61 appears as surplus of Revenue
over Expenditure. Ont of this has been paid R12,375'87
for interest on mortgages, and R3,500:00 has been
carried to a Depreciation Account.

After payment of Superintendents Bonuses, Secre-
tariat and Auditor’s Fees, &c., there remains at Profit
and Loss Account a sum of R21,592.17 to be dis-

f, soe

gis Directors recommend the payment of a Divi-
dend of 24 per cent on the paid-up Capital of th
Company. This will absorb R9,912'50; and th

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[APRIL 1, 1902.

balance after payment of Directors’ Fees they propose
to carry to Extension Accoant to go against the
further Capital outlay. ;

Owing to the deficiency of Capital at the outset of

ompany, development ont of revenue stil] has to goon
though not to such alarge extent as of late years, during
which demands have been heavy. It was mentioned
in last report that R30,000 was estimated as the
further capival outlay required, and nearly a third of
that has been spent this year.

The most pressing need, not yet estimated for, is
the installationof Water Power for the Factories on
Ury and Nahavilla, Mr J M Mason, when forwarding
the last Visiting Report on these properties, writes as
follows :—

‘You will notice that I have written rather fully
on the subject of water power for both Factories.
If the Funds can be raised, I think it would be good
policy to erect Pelton Wheels on both places, Per-
sonally, as a Shareholder I would willingly forego any
dividend this year, if by so doing the water power
installation could be put through at once,” “so con-
vinced am I of the benefit of doing so.”

There is no doubt that it would effect consider-
able economy in the working. Firewood for the
Engines becomes daily more scarce and distant, and
consequently increased in cost. The Directors pro-
pose, therefore, to put the work in hand as regards
one, if not both Hstates, as soon as finances allow.

The condition of the several Estates is favorably
reported on, and the Tea Crop for the coming season
is estimated at 597,500 lb. costing R156,241, or say
R27:82 cts. per lb. Besides this the sum of R11,216 is
set down as necessary expenditure on Capital Account,
namely, for Machinery on Nahavilla, Fans on Ury,
and Road Instalment on Galella.

ACREAGE.

Naha- Gal-

villa. Ury, M P G. ella. Total.

Tea in full bearing 317 q3ibe BRAT 2ST 9 tAO6
1) 5) partial bearing 48 146 32) ie e29
5, not in bearing 90 16 - — 106
Coffee a seh 30 41 - — val
Cardamoms .. on — 415 50 20
Forest 25 ats 45 41 — 7 158
Grass, Fuel trees, P’na, &e 71 132 84 254 541

Total 601 766 341 2,321

The Directors regret to have to record the loss the
Company has sustained in the death of their late col-
league Mr. A Orchard. whose lengthened experience
of planting in the Island made his advice of much
value. Mr. J M Mason has been asked to take his
place on the Board.

Mr. Gordon Pyper retires by rotutionfrom the Direc-
torship, and is eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the following
year rests with the Meeting.

COLOMBO COMMERCIAL CO., LTD.
ANNUAL REPORT

To be presented to the seventh ordinary general meet-

ing of the Company, on Monday, the 17th March, 1902,
at 12 noon :—

The Directors have pleasure in placing before Share-
holders—

Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 30th
September, 1901.

Balance sheet made up to 30th September, 1901.

The above accounts shew the foflowing figures oF
8. a.
Profit for the year after debiting all
charges, interest on debentures, &c., 3 8

Add balance brought forward from last

year oe 0 fie 50 2,166 11 9
10,714 15 5
2,000 0 0

—_———

8,714 15 6

8,548

Less transferred Reserve Fund

Am available for dividend &e,»

Aprin 1, 1902.1

Interim Dividends of 3 per cent. on the Prefer-
ence Capital and 24 per cent. on the Ordinary capi-
tal were paid on the 17th September, 1901, and the
Directors recommend that the following dividends be
now declared, viz.:—3 per cent. on the Preference
Capital, making 6 per cent. for the year, and 54 per
cent. on the Ordinary Capital, making 8 per cent. for
the year, the latter free of income tax,

After payment of the above dividends there will re-
main a balance of £2,023 133 5d, which the Directors
propose should be carried forward to next year.

The liquid assets in Ceylon appear in the Company’s
accounts at the same exchangeas in last year’s balance-
sheet, viz. :—1s 1d per rupee.

The general reserve fund stands at £5,500, includ-
ing the amount transferred in the present accounts,

Mr. L Famin. a member of the board, retires from
office on this occasion, and being eligible, offers him-
self for re-election.

Messrs. Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths & Co., the Auditors,
also offer themselves for re-election Local ‘‘ Times.”’

THE CONSOLIDATED TEA AND LANDS
COMPANY.

More trouble seems to be brewing for Sir John Muir
and his friends, this time in connection with the
Consolidated Tea and Lamds Company. That Com-
pany was floated in 1896, with a beautiful ‘* front
page’’ on which figured the name of, amongst others,
Field Marsha Warl Roberts, v.c., «.G., or as he was
then Field Marshal Lord Roberts, v.c., and the
shares went up to a premium. The career of the
Company has been one of almogt unbroken misfor-
tune, its record of dividends paid on the ordinary
shares being 4s. in 1897, 4s 44d in 1898, 6s. in 1899,
5s 8d. in 1900, and nil in 190t. Last year the or-
dinary shares, £6 paid, were quoted.at 2 11-16ths as
the highest, but towards the end of the year they
fell to 2s 6d, while the first and second preferences
fell from 83 and 6 to 4§ and 4 3-16ths respectively.
Why the Company should have gone from bad to
worse in this manner is a question which requires
anawering, and, apparently, the proprietors are now
waking up to that fact. Enlightened, no doubt, by
the revelations brought out eat the inquiry into the
affairs of the Hast India and Ceylon Tea Company
regarding the excessive charges and commissions of
Mesars. P R Buchanan & Co,, and Messrs Finlay, Muir
é& Co., in both of which firms Sir John is interested,
the Consolidated victims are now bestirring them-
selves. A meeting of some of the larger shareholders
was called in Glasgow, on February 14th, by Messrs,
Bannatyne & Guthrie, C. A,, “to consider what ac-
tion should be taken to protect the interest of the
shareholders of the Company,” with what result we
do not yet know. It is doubtfnl if it is now.too late
to save the undertaking, but if prompt action is taken,
something may be rescued from the wreck, and in
time a sound healthy business built ap on the ruius,
but a decision should be come to and acted upon
promptly.—Jnvestors’ Review, March lst.

ae ee

GRaFTING CACAc.—A successful attempt has
been made to graft the ordinary Cacao on

stocks afforded by the stronger growing Theobroma

bicolor. T. bicolor giows readily in Trinidad,
where it now appears to be well acclimatized. It
was introduced in 1893, and we have now several
trees giving regular crops. It remains to be seen
what may be the value of this experiment, but
as T bicoloris a much stronger grower than T
Cacao, it is of course possible that some advant-
age to the cultivator may be expected. The
method used was that of ‘ grafting by approach.’—
Trinidad Botanical Department Bulletin.

THE TROPICAL AGRICOLTURIST.

703 *

CHRISTMAS ISLAND PHOSPHATES AND-
PROSPECTS.

Mr L 4H Clayton, District Officer, Christmas
Island, in his report for the past year writes :—

Phe deposits of phosphate on the Island appear
to beenormous and were supposed at one time to
have been caused by the secretions of birds. A
later theory is, however, that they are the result
of the action of rain on certain deposits of ooze
originally formed at the bottom of the sea and
subsequently thrown up by a sub-marine eruption.
Owing to the great depth of water and the sud-
denness with which thé sea sometimes gets up, the
anchorage cannot be described as safe. Calm
weather ‘may, however, be reasonably expected,
although not relied upon, from May to November,
With a view to inducing steamers to come close to
the cliff and so facilitate loading, two temporary
piers are now in course of erection. They are
intended to act as a buffer between the rocks and
any ship whose moorings give away. It is not
certain that they will answer the purpose, and as
they are censtructed of Norwegian pine steeped in
creosote it is doubtful if they will last for more
than a few years. New plant for the obtaining
and loading of phosphate is now being erected
and the out-put is likely to be considerably
increased, although perhaps not to the extent
anvicipated by the Company. The returns for
1902 will probably, however, not be affected as the
work of construction is proceeding very slowly.
As ships have sometimes had to stay at the Island
for over a mouth at a time, it appears desirable to
call attention to the fact that no supplies of any
kind can be obrained locally. Not much is known
as yet of the partsof the Island distant from the
settlement ‘and the complete absence of water
from the higher levels renders exploration diffi-
cult.—Penang Gazette, March 10.

$$$ —_—__—-
PLANTING NOTES.

InDIAN TEA Cess.—The full text of the
memorial praying for a tea cess presented
by Indian Tea. Proprietors to the Viceroy
appears on page 694,

YATADERIA T&A COMPANY: 20 PER CENT.—
The shareholders in this Company are much to
be envied (see page 689), The handsome divie
dend of 20 percent was declared and we con-
gratulate Mr. J R' Fairweather, the superin-
tendent, and all concerned in the excellent
management which has brought about this
happy result.

THe NAHAVILLA ESTATES COMPANY,.—At
the annual meeting which was held on 22nd
March; the shareholders very generously
did not claim the dividend of 2} per cent
(absorbing R9,912°50) which the directors re-
commended, and it was agreed that the balance
should be carried forward to the extension
account, for the purpose—we presume—of
installing water-power tor the factories on
Ury and Nahayilla, This, we think, will
be an effective and economical undere
taking.

704 THR TROPICAL
SHARE LIST.

{SSCED BY THE
COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’
ASSOCIATION,
CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES.
paid Buy- Sell- Tran-
Company p. nk ers. eérs. saction.

Agva, Ouvah Estates Co., Ltd. 500 800 850 826
Geyion ‘lea, and Coconut Estates 500 y _—

vastlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100 _ 95 =
veylon Provincial Estates Co. Ltd.508 — 500 00
Claremont Estates Co., Ltd. 100 — — _
Chanes Tea, Co., Ltd. 106 _ 50 Ao
Ciyde Estates Oo,, Ltd. 10 _
Boomoo Tea Co., of Ceylon Ltd. 100 — 0) @74
Draycon iftxtate Co., Ltd. 100 _ 09 =
Kit Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 24 30 —_
Bstates Co of Uva, Ltd. 580 — 205 190
Gangawatte Tea Co., Ltd. 100 _ = _
Glasgow Estats Co., Ltd. 500 — 925 58

a
e
|

Great Western Tea Co., Ltd. 500
Gapugahalande Tea Hstate Uo.
High Forests Estates Co., Ltd 600

nw
S
~
= |
Se
wr
: S|
@
Ba
oa
eo

Do part paid 400 = of —=
Herrakelly Estates Co Ltd 1% — 86 _
Kalatara Co., Ltd., 500 — 250 _
Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 100 = — 45 -
Kanapeiliwatte Ltd. 100 —- = 60
Kelani ea Garden Co., Ltd. 100 60 35 _
Kirklees Estate Co., Ltd. 110 = 5) 45
Knavesmire ‘states Co., Ltd. 100 -—- 56 _—
Maha Ure. E-tates Co., Ltd. 600. «6.360 pa
Mecha Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 5009 — 703 875
Nabavilla Estate Co., Ltd. 500 we 800 _
Neb: da Tea Co., Ltd. 500 — 600 —
Palmerston Tea Co., Ltd. 500 «a» 400 -
Penrhos Estates Co , Ltd. 100 _ 87h _
Pitakanda Tea Company. 500 _- op -
Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60 oco 40 —
Pucupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 100 on in _
Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd 600 6 — _
Rayigam Tea Co., Ltd. 100 oo bo _
Reeberry Tea Co., Ltd. 100 | 76 Ss _
Ruanwella Tea Co., Ltd, 108. 40 35
St. Helier’s Tea Co., Ltd, 500 cn = =
hl gaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 100 ooo 28 _

Do 7 percent Prefs. 100... _ _
Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd, 508 .. 826 —
Wdugama'Tea & ‘Timber Co.,. Ltd. 5¢, oi toe —
Wnion Estate Co., Ltd. 600. -. 110 —
Upper Maskeliya Estates Co.,

Ltd. 500 i — —
Uvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon,

Lit, 106 60xbIv — =
Vogun Tea Co,, Ltd., 100 — 47% 45
Wanarajah Tea)Co., Ltd. 500... — —_
Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. 100 — 285 =

OnYLon QommumroraL Companies.
Adam's Peak Hotel Co,, Ltd. 100 rf 80 ~_
Bristol Hotel Cc., Ltd, 100 —_ 108° —
‘Do 7 per cant Debts 100. 107 —> 107.
Ceylon Gen. Steam Navigatien:

Co., Ltd 100 4205 220 205
Ceylon Ice & Cold Storage Co. Ltd. 100 — 115 110
Ceylon Superzeration Ltd. 100 — 46 _°
Colenbo Apothecaries’ Co. Ltd, 100 — 146 _
Colombo Assembly Rooms Co.,

a CIB ss

Do pre 20 nen a4 —
Colombo Fors eee and Building

@o., Ltd. 109 - 85 -
Cotombo Hotels Company 100 — 280 280
GiMe Face Hotel Co., Ltd. 106 se 200 —
Kendy Hotels Co., Ltd. on 386120’ =. =
Kaloganga Nay. Co. Lt. 60 ae as =
Modint Lavinia Hotel Co., Ltd. 560 — 300 i
New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd, 100 yw, 160 —
N ity Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. aC oe pat

7 per cent profs, 100 _ 1e06CUw =
Pubiie Hall Co., Ltd, 20 12h 14 ~

AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1902,

LONDON COMPANIES
paid. Buy- Sell. Tran

Company p. sh. ers. ers. saction
Allianee Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 am = ee
Anglo-Ceylon General Estates Co 100 ... 65-66 —
Associated Estates Co.,of Ceylon 10 .. i4—2 —
Do. 6 per cent prefs, 10 a 3—5 —
@eylon Proprietary Co. 1 Ps i-- =
Ceylon Tea Plantacion Co.,Ltd. 1) .. 234 -¥4 —
Dinbula Valley Co., Ltd. 6 ut 6-5) —
Do prefs 5 _ 5-6 —
Kestern Produce & Estates Co. Ltd, 5 ae 35-33 —
Bderapilla Tea Co., Ltd 16 Sn 6é-8 —
Imperial Tea Kstates Co., Ltd. 10 70 4..45 3§
Kelani Valley Tea Asscn., Ltd. 5 Psp 3-56 —
Kintyre Estates Co., Ltd. 10 pe 6-3 —
Lanka Plantations Co., Lid 10 A 4 —
Nakhalma Estates Co.,Ltd. 1 ae nom =
New Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1 i ieee
Nuwara Hliya ‘lea Estate Co.,Ld.10 — 9% (OF
Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd. 10 4 6—7 —
Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 10 - 11-138 —
Scottish Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 -~ 10-165 —
Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 10 By 25 —
Standard Tea C-«., Ltd. 6 any ADS12, a
The Shell Transport and Trading 43
Company, Ltd. 1 sak LAO tos
Ukuwella Estates Co., Ltd. 2 par —
Yatiyantota Geylon Tea Co., Ltd. 16 = Ej 44
Do. pref. 6 o/o 10 9-10 oe

BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE.
Colombo, April 4th, 1902.
* ‘Latest London Prices.

eee
RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO.

(Supplied by rey Sulvennareveram

1897. | 1898. )1g99. 1909 |2¥ ligc1 | 1902

32yrs.
Inch | Inch | Inch.} Inch.} Inch.| Inch.| Inch
January ..| 3°81 2°32 6°98 3°72) 3°24 |11°91 | 1°95
February -.| 1°68 | 1°98 2°78 0°63) 1°89 | 3°55 | 4757
March --| 3°66 | 4°21 0°88 3°71| 4°75 | 5°12 | 6°85
April --|10:97 | 22°81 6°66 | 15°12)11°43 | 8°71 | 0°04®
May --| 8°30 | 5°80 |17°73 | 10°63|12°04 | 6°28
June »- {10°14 | 10°94 9°23 7°83| 8°35 | 5°93
July --| 5°24 | 6°15 111 6°77| 4°30 “Be
August --| 9°09 | 0°97 | 0°62 7°35| 3°79

4°52
0°46
September ..| 4°58 | 6°90 | 1°48 400] 4°98 | 3-93
October «| 4°71 | 20°60 |12 99 9°47) 14°36 | 391
November ../11°66 | 17°38 8°58 9°25] 12°55 | 19°84
December ..} 8°89 | 3-05 | 4°44 5°20) 6°35 | 1°70*

83°68] 88°03 | 75°86 | 18*41*

Total../82°73 }103°11 |73°48

* From 1st.to ond April. 0 04 inch,:that is up to 9-30 a.m
on the 3d April —Ep. C.@.

CEYLON: THA: MONTHLY SHIP-
MENTS TO UNITED KINGDOM
AND ESTIMATE.

March 1902—8 to 8% mil. lb.
Do 1902—8,500, 000
Do Do Do 190)—7,932, 000
Do Do Do 1900 —10,578,085
[Estimate for April 1902—9 to 95 million Ib.]

THE DEAF HeAR.—No. 479 of the Illustrated
World of 626, Chiswick High Road, London, W.,
England contains a description of a remarkable
Cure for Deafness and Head Noises which may be
carried out at the patient’s home, and which is

Estimate for
Total Shipments

_ said to be a certain cure, This number will be

sent free to any deaf persons sendiug rheir ad-
dress to the Editor,

ae

Apri 1, 1902.]
COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished by the Ohamber of Commerce.)
EXPORTS
Colombo, April Ist, 1902.

CarpAMonMs :—

All round parcel, well bleached per lb, R120

Do. dull medium do. R110
Special assortment, 0 and 1 only do. R150
Seeds do, R110

CincHona BARK :— ee
Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine 9c—14 at 3 o/o

CINNAMON :—

Ordinary assortment perlb, 53c.
Nos. 1 and 2 only per lb. 59c,
Nos. 3 and 4 only per lb. 480.

Cinnamon CHIPs :-—
Per candy of 560 lb R67°50

Cocoa :—

Finest estate red; unpicked per cwt R40:00
Medium do do do R35°00
Bright native unpicked and undried R32‘50
Ordinary do do do R25'00
Coconuts—(husked).
Selected per thousand R60:00
Ordinary ss R53'00
Smalls i R44-00

Coconut CaKE—
Poonac in robins f. o. b. per ton R80°00
Do in bags None
Qoconut (Desiccated).
Assorted all grades per lb 22c
Coconut OiLt—

Dealers’ Oil per cwt R17°50. Business at the lowe"

figure.
Coconut Oilin ordinary packages f. o. b. per top
R385:00, Business at the lower figure.
Correr.—
Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bus.
R11°30
Plantation Estate Coffee f. 0. b. (ready) per cwt.—
None.

Native Coffee, f.o.b per cwt.—None.
SITRONELLA OIL—

Ready do per lb,—46c¢
Corra—
Boat Copra per candy of 560 lb. R56-0
Oalpentyn Copra do do R56:00
Cart do do do R51:00
stato do do do R56'00
Groton SEED per cwt—R11-00
Esony—

Sound per ton at Govt. depot—R190°00.
Inferior R125:00.—Next Sales 7th April
FrprEs—

Coconut Bristle No: 1 percwt None
Do waite one
Do mattress ,, 1 None
aie ue : peer j None
oir Yarn, Kogalla,, 1to 8 14:00
Do Colombo ,, Lio 8 10-50} Steady
Kitool all sizes None
Palmyrah None
PrppeR—Black per lb None
Pirmpago—
Large lumps per ton R650)
Ordinary lumps do R600 |
Chips do R400 >
Dust do R275 |
Do (Flying) do R150 J
Sapanwoop— per ton R40:00

Satinwoop (ordinary) per cubic ft. R400
Do ‘(Flowered) per cubic ft. R17°00

High Grown Medium Low Grown

Tea— Average. Average. Average.

Broken Pekoe and Broken cts cts ots
Orange Pekoe per lb 60 44 38
Orange Pekoe do 50 39 36
Pekoe do 46 36 3
Pekoe Souchong do 41 33 29
Pekoe Fanningsdo 32 30 28

Broken mized—dust, do 27 = 24 a4

THE TROPICAL AGRICGWLTURIST

705

CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION
FOR) SEASONS 1901 AND 1902.

Sas St Si eae Sine
ED ets or 3
> 19 man
we 2 1S a =
J ig “Ne i ME Salat bey i}
| Hie os sipenrsaestts
1 i) |
S |
a
=] 1o Oo =e ane
E ae SEE as is
of 4 Oo a
=iba2 Gs) 6 5 aS o =
a sz Bit sOrserp sa wo =
SYS hit PC HUE Tonos OU -Ourentc. ira) oO
as) Le
A coe
% |S82an s 38 8
3 .1Semeoo & = = =
6 a
ao SS Sista) of bol 3
Ss iz Ht = o rs]
° 2 a hes a
H 3 | SOARS EES aN
Se
3 5 Oo a
eltaodl2 3 — a ls
5 E _ .® ,2 Pal
8 ° ; = sisi islestisaysehis 4 ni
| Sigs ystns 4
ST OSS DOO TT;
i Sus
gieP ees igs 253 3
Sgpltnea aa RES &
n SAB AN a. S
oa bs = | &
ass Lan! 3 Selina. aa i
es H : 2
i=)
8 |
a cor ai"
ag HPS neSn ace Renae
wie o 4-5 = 3
138 OF a 8
Sard ses Shlsat saeeubenis lets
Oo? | : ar Cetin tae ty apt Ok SU ets gen) oe)
A ES ae a ea all a 8
i-ak a ctene
i fea m [Sks . ‘ A BARONS S
Ralsoilpelieilae ie tel titans :
a 2 e319. O
= eT tie Ch anc i 7S a
OIlae sa Sa SH ein a
aE | 3 o
a!
a
| at iy =
ro} 'SS mE SR er)
° a pes o 90 a os —
°o tox] on m on |
rs) a ne ea eee . 8
a 2029's
heeetsoNg Oo =
i) MS See moa Sil eat os (re
2 GWALGANGA -N- Nano 1 oo
Sites | Saar asenianiine 3
° — 4
CS
2|6 |
3
E x eeoses oe)
Sli SB Ssessxs Ss &§ xo
Hed ie HRSear ss ee =
° 1as [= BAS oss a | 19
es: ine}
a eo ~ wc
g {fs ~ OK & RSs | B
5 . ees at a ~=— co =H
2 3 s a ey fi ri t S
b ~ onl . : =
oO | |
= eras = at
€ | ne oO 19 on Ss uw 28 1 oa
Q + 2 , 4 =~ ro o
Sane ‘ie Biil 3
is rt
° 2 o=m a MOO mm ON
BMPs sai y RBETOT | B
3 rt Spe) Sos © ‘o oS
aj &
2 t
= s aes
oS >
| 3 yotiergzeice whe | aS) ie let igre .
i Bee Ti eh SS BORE) splieees H
[-*) =
=] a a 1 dG Pa
i) a6 Ss 10G 0 Hane S
O} soya tiii: rag : a
a3 ° . . Leal
Sc
ne
a S S
é ‘ = San veRidtce re)
& BES | SU 3OR M3) 3 os cs 'S usaasansrts S
. —, o> ois ai
s|32 [2 Bites scala Ae 8
232 [g:itii = hoa se ee Ps
pa n cs) S
: Lend -O9
10 19 GAG <1 OD ~ ~ — S
RSP2LESS FSS5SrR8R5R1 8
° ROODASAwM KRADNDFOS "Het @
Sie WD AD Ses NSD RSSSS8SoRR e
=a i-l~ moO
Slee ue Co SSeS ao ype
Pn ete! [5 = % S
oO
Es)
3 ToeORANCOMSODMROAD
a BLSSSOSRSGRDRAAGRSS a
a tote WIEATAHAOSCSDAAomMAI~ HAO oOo
So. So SOO M2 RAWKRDHOhAm 8
aon to oo SS Sf POD eE ANAS a
Meeksrai™ ies Gime AS Lae
a Hise
aTaeii(eliely sia OULeNE MEDALS STAOATAITSIL ah piesa Suerte
i : IP aera ssi ia gS: shia cs ,0, a3
at)
Dn a;
& ote
a epee
> g eyed a
or} ° 3 = »
ei C2 o8S ei Beas. 88 | BS
Zz MEFS Peg@as nS sees] az
6 gms RS eg esesg see eee | eS
a f
5 Page Sssgeesazkssacs oo
5 AROMRManAadd<dOnaad 3
Riatetaileiacscay Tinteimielisiel ni noe) hte
FR

706

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[APRIL 1, 1902.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NHW PRODUCTS.
(From Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, February 26th, 1902.)

—

ALOES, Soccotrine cwt.
Zangibar & Hepatic ,,
ABROWKOOT (Natal) lb.
BEES’ WAX, ewt.

Zanzibar & { White ,,
Bombay Yellow,,
Madagascar BA
CAMPHOR, Formosa

Japan rs
CARDAMOMS, Malabarl»
Ceylon. - Mysore

”

»

” Tellicherry ,,
Long ”
& Mangalore ,,
CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,,
CHILLIES, Zanzibar cwt.
CINCHONA BARK.-— Ib.

Ceylon
CINNAMON,Ceylon Ists
per lb ands
. 3rds
4ths
Chips
CLOVES, Penang Ib.
Amboyna
Zanzibar
and Pemba
Stems
COFFEE p
Ceylon Plantation ,,
Native
Liberian Mt
COCOA, Ceylon s3

COLOMBO ROOT Hu
COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton

Cochin ,,

, Brush ,
RIBE Cochin ,,
Stuffing ,,
COIR YARN, Ceylon 9
Cochin ,,

QUALITY.

Fair to fine dry *
Commion to good at
Fair to fine ne

Good to fine

Fair ”

Dark to geod palish
Crude and semi-refined
Fair average quality.
Clipped, bold, bright, fine

Middling, stalky & leau
Fair to fine plump
Seeds 00
Good to fine

Brownish "
Shelly to good as
Med brown to good bold
Ists and 2nds Ao
Dull to fine bright

Ledgeriana Orig. Stem
Crown, Renewed
Org. Stem
Red Org. Stem
Renewed
Root
Ordinary to fine quill
” ”
3° ”
3) ”
’ 99
Dull to fine bright bold
-|Dull to tine

Good and fine bright
Common dull to fair

-| Fair

Bold to fine bold colory
Middling to fine mid
Low mid. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary

Small] to bold

Bold to fine bold
Medium and fair
Native

Middling to good

Ordinary to fair 2
Ord. to fine long straight
Ordinary to good clean
Common to fine
Common to superior

a »» very fine

do. ,,
CROTON SEEDS, sift. cwt.

CUTCH 9 ”
GINGER, Bengal, rough,,
Calicut, oe A,

2.

Cochin Kough ,,

Japan t
GUM AMMONIACUM,,
ANIMI, Zanzibar ,,

Madagascar ,,

ABABIC F.1. & Aden
Turkey sorts

Ghatti

Kurrachee

Madras
ASSAF(CETIDA

9
9
”
”

KINO
MYBBG, picked

Aden sorts
@LIBANUM, drop

pickings ,,

siftings ,,

Roping, fair to. good
Dull to fair
Fair to fine dry
Fair
Good to fine bold
Small and medium
Common to fine bold
Small and D’s
Unsplit ‘
Sm. blocky to fine clean
Picked fine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
Med. & bold glassy sorts
Fair to good paligh
x

Pt e Ff
Ordinary to good pale

Pickings to fine
Good and fine pale

Dark to fine pale

Ord. a) and blocky
Fine bright

Fair to fine pale
Middling to good

Good to tine white
Middling to fair

Low to good pale
Slightly foul to fine

INDIABRUBBEK,Assgamlb|Good to fine

Rangoon
Borneo

Common to foul & mxd.

‘air to good clean
Common to fine

Reddish to pale selected
... {208 & 25s
Clean fr to gd. almonds

QU OTATIONS

£6 a £7 10s
£6 a£6 12s 6d
£6 10s a £7
165s a185s
lids a 18Us
(99d a 2s
lidais7da

. |Is2da3s

\s 6d als 9d

.[ls 6d a Y:

Is 3d a 1s 6d
Isida 2s 2d

2s 3d a 333d
37d a 33d

-(3-8 6d a 40s

3da 53d

5d a 7d

33d a 53d
32d a 4;d
3da 52d

33d a4d

83d a 1s 6d
Sd a 1s 6d
74d a 1s 4d
7d a lid
23d a 10d
4¢d a 94d
5da 6d
315-ltd a 42d
38d a 3gd
1gd

92s 6d a 122s
Us a 100s

40s a 60s
40s a 55s

3Cs a 40s
628 a 80S
53s a 60s
628 a 60s 6d
isa 14s
nominal
£13 lus a £18
£16 a £19
£20 a £24
£7a £9

£15 a £30
£12 a £32
£10 a £14 10s
15s a 20s
23s a 35s
40s

s0s a 90s
48s a 70s
128 6d a 50s
37s; 40s
408 a 425

15s a 40s

E
£10 Bod a£18/SENNA, Tinnevelly

£) a &
70sa £9 2s 6d

£5 10s a £6 7séd|/SHELLS, M. o’PEAR:

30s 4 1-0s

. |£4a £8
.|#4 5s a £7 10s

258 a 45s
3/8 a 36s

. | LOS a 22s 6d
137s 6d a 42s 6d

30s a 358

453 a 80s

9s a 20s

ls 3d j
80s a 115s
50s a 70s
458 a 558
30s a 428 6d
18s a 278 6d
183 a 278
28 a 28 38d
7d a 18 6d
2s a, 23 4d
Iga 2s

”

Mozambique

Nyassaland
Madagascar
INDIGO, E.I,

MACE, Bombay & Penang
per lb.

MYRABOLANS,
Bengal ,,

Madras

Bombay
NUTMEGS— .
Bombay & Penang ,,
NUTS, ARECA ewt.

NUX VOMICA, Bombay
per cwt. Madras

OIL OF ANISEED ,,
CASSIA

LEMONGRASS ¥
NUTMEG
CINNAMON
CITRONELLE 3
ORCHELLA WEED—cwt
Ceylon
Zanzibar.

PEPPER — (Black) Ib.
Alleppee & Tellicherry
Singapore

Acheen & W. C. Penang

PLUMBAGO, lump cwt.

ewt

|
”

chips
dust
SAFFLOWER

SANDAL WOOD—
Bombay, Logs ton.

hips »,

| QUALITY.
INDIARUBBER _— 4)
Java, Siug. & Pe b.|Foul togood clean

Ordinary to fair Ball
Low sandy Ball
Sausage, jair to good ..
Liver and Livery Hall ..
Fair to fine ball

Fair to g od black
Niggers, iow to fine
Bengal--

Shipping mid to gd violet
Consuming mid. to gd.
Ordinary to mid.
Mid. to good Kurpah
Low to ordinary

Mid. to good Madra
Pale reddish to fine
Ordinary to fair
Pickings

Dark to fine pale UG
Fair Coast

, |Zubblepore

Bhimlies

Rhajpore, &e:
Calcutta

64’s to 57’s

110’s to 65’s

160’s to 130’s

Ordinary to fair fresh
Ordinary to middling
Fair to good bold fresh
Small ordinary and fair
Fair merchantable
According to analysis
Good fiavour & colour
liugy to white
Ordinary to fair sweet
Bright & good flavour

Mid. to fine not woody..
Picked clean flat leaf ..

», Wiry Mozambique
Fair
Fair oD
Dull to fine A ns
Fair to tine bright bold

to bold heavy

Middling to good small|2’

Dull to fine bright 50
Ordinary to fine bright
Good to fine pinky

Good to fine Ball ae
...|18 10d a 2s 4d
..|ls3dails 6d

Fr to fine ;inky & white
_|Is3d a 1s 9d
_|(d a 2s

QUOTATION.

... (8d a 2s 3d

2s 6d a 3s

28 a 2s 9d

1s 9d a 2s 6d
s3da 2s 8d
tsa 2s 53d

33 4d a4s

3s a 3s 3d

28 10d a 3s
ls 6da 26 1d
Is a ls 5d

Is 10d a 2s 3d
2s a 3s
Is4da Isild
Is 3d a ls 4d
5s a 6s

4s 6d a Bs

1s Ida 23 53d
6dals
-78 a 35s
4ga 5s 6d
7sa 10s 6d
4s a6s 9d

4- 4d a 4s 6d
°sid a3:
7d

lid a 3d

34d a 1s 6d
93d a 10d

10s a 12s 6d
10s a 14s

9s a l5s
4s 6da 8 3d
65s a 75s

Inferior to fair _ |40s a 60¢
Fair to fine flay ..|£15 a £40
MG oa
Fair to good flavour ..|£15a £40
Inferior to fine | £44 £8
Fair to good £5 a £5 10s

Rougk & rooty to good

> £410sa £6 15s
anila
Siam bold smooth |#7
SEEDLAC ewt, |Ord. dusty to gd. soluble] /05S 4 110s
Tb Good to fine bold green|®4.a 63d
Fair greenish 33d a 4d
(Common dark and small|#4 4 3d
LE
Bombay _ewt. |Bold and A’s
: D’s and B’s £1a £5 10s
ean ae
Mergui Small *o bold -.| £6 7s €d a £6 15s
Muccel », [small to bold .- (228.4 558
TAMARINDS, Calcutta..,|“id.to fine bl’k not stony|8s a 10s

per cwt. Madras
TORTOISESHELL—

Zanzibar & Bombay Ib, |Small to bold dark
TURMERIC, Bengalewt.|Fair

Stony and inferior

{

mottle part heavy

.. 4s 6d a 68

16s a 2286d

* .../163 a 16s 6d

Madras ,, |Finger fair to fine bold
bright 17s a 23s
Do. ,, |Bulbs . {128 a 178
Cochin __,, |Finger .. {17s 6d a 188
Bulbs + | 12s 6d
VANILLOES— Ib, t
Mauritius .,.) Ists Gd. crysallized 33 a 9 in|5s 9d a 28s
Boutbon wf 2nds Foxy & reddish 44a 8 ,,]6» a 148
Seychelles 8rds Lean and inferior «(18 9da 7s 8d
VERMILION Ib, |Fine, pure, brignt _—_.../38 2d a 38 3g
WAX, Japan, squares cwt|Good white hard ann ‘he abs
9h Sam

4

fi

AGRIGGULTACRAL MAGAZINE,

COLONIBO.

Added as a Supplement Monthly to

the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for

April :—

Vol. XIIL]

TOWN AND VILLAGE SHOWS.

2 GRICULTURAL Shows as held
at Colombo, Kandy and Galle
are undoubtedly very imposing
The attendance at

yess

spectacles,

Shows is generally very

large, the exhibits very numerous, and the
attractions very great. But can it conscientiously
be said that they attain the object they are
intended to serve? We think not. In saying
so we do not intend to assert that they are
altogether barren of good results, for some benefit
is bound to accrue to visitors who are given
the opportunity of seeing collections of the best
of the island’s produce, and what the possi-
bilities are of careful and methodical treatment
of plants and animals.

such

But to serve its purpose a Show should be
the rendezvous not merely of people of fashion—
who come to admire, to criticise and to be
amused, certainly not to learn—but also for
bona fide cultivators of the soil, the real tillers
of the land, whom we are trying to bring within
the educative influence of Agricultural Shows.
It is these people we want to see well to the
fore at Agricultural Shows, comparing notes with
one another, asking and giving imformation as to
the best way of cultivating a particular plant,
enquiring where the best seeds are obtainable,
what the best seasons are for growiag them,
the best manures for fertilizing, and in fact the best
way of treating a crop generally. We want
the opportunity to be also taken for the exchange

APRIL,

10.

1902. [No.

of good seed, a most important factor in im-
proving cultivation.

We have had some experience of large Town
Shows, and we regret to state that such
experience has not led us to form a very high
opinion of their utility or influence for good.
In towns the men of influence and money
generally succeed in ousting the real producer.
The prizes being good and the opportunity to
attract notice favourable, such men _ neglect
nothing to bring themselves into prominence.
Frequently they appropriate the produce of the
villagers and pass it off as their own, while
they even go the length of purchasing in the
open market the best specimens that money
can buy, and exhibiting them as the fruits of
their own skilled labour. The feelings of exhibi-
tors to one another at such big Shows are, so far
from being those of friendly competitors,
rather of uncompromising rivals, jealous and
impatient of one another’s success.

The dissemination of seeds and plants of good
varieties of plants is by some people considered to
be detrimental to their interests, and success-
ful methods of cultivation are to them
“diplomatic secrets” not to be revealed, The
anxiety to win awards is so great that normal
standards of rectitude are ignored and unscru-
pulous means employed. We have had a com-
petitor, in his chagrin at failure to secure a
coveted medal, come to us with the absurd
request that he may be permitted to purchase
How under such cir-
could conscientious promoters of

a spare medal or two.
cumstances,

408

Agricultural Shows hope to effect any good to
the real producer? very successful competitor,
whose exhibits are the fruits of his own labour,
may be pardoned a little pride in his success,
but the boastful arrogant spirit of the exhibitor
of another’s produce is beyond all toleration.

Some dozen years ago we were present at a
Village Show held in the hamlet of Dalugama
near Kelani, under the patronage of the late Mr.
George Wall, and with the energetic Mr. Charles
Stouter as Secretary, and were much impressed
with—what we would call for the want of a
better word—the ‘‘ genuineness” of the pro-
ceedings. There we saw the produce of the
cultivator shewn in his own name, and awards
going in the right direction. The “ Middleman”
was out of the way, and why? Well it was too
small a business for him, and this decision
on his part is the secret cf the success of
Village Shows—‘‘a good riddance” we say “of
a most undesirable element.” But unfortunately
since the Dalugama Show we have not heard
of another Village Show—at least in the Western
Province—and ‘‘more’s the pity” till Saturday,
the 22nd March, when a succesful little exbibi-
tion of garden produce was held at the Dano-
wita School situated inthe Hapitigam Korale,
some six miles from Ambepussa Railway Station.
The exhibits were the produce of the school
gardeus in the neigbbourhood (Danowita, Dora-
waka, Murugampola, &c.) as well as of the
gardens of the village children in their own
homesteads, and for this reason the Show,
though small, was of an interesting character.

Advantage was taken of the presence of a
large gathering of villagers for distributing a
quantity of different kinds of seeds brought by
the Superintendent of School Gardens from the
Colombo Stock Garden. The acting Director of
Public Instruction, under whose patronage the
Show was held, was himself present and evinced
the greatest interest in the proceedings. After
the distribution of awards, consisting of articles
likely to be useful to the exhibitors (who were

all young children) the ‘acting Director spoke

to a large audience on the importance of
village children being given an early training
in agriculture, by means of school gardens, and
the advantages that must follow close applica-
tions to the cultivation of land and persistent
efforts to grow better and larger crops. Mr,
Drieberg, Superintendent of School Gardens,
spoke in a similar strain and cailed upon the
older generation to contribute all the help they
can in pushing on the new scheme for the
agricultural training of village youtks, and to
encourage their children to give their spare time
to the healthy and profitable exercise of gardening.
Mr, Jayatilleke, Principal of the Colombo Buddhist
College, exhorted the people to take advantage
of the opportunities offered to them to improve
their status as agriculturists and horticulturists.
HIearty votes of thanks were accorded to the
speakers, to the Mudaliyar of the Korale, Mr.
Louis Dassanaika, and to Mr. Alexander Perera,
Manuger of the Colombo Stock Garden, all of
whom had contributed their share of help to
take the Show a success.

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist”

{Aprit 1, 1902.

It was quite apparent that the proceedings,
taken as a whole, appealed strongly to the sense
and feelings of the large assembly, and that
the object of the Show as an influence for
good was in a great measure attained.

We trust that the success of the little Show
at Danowita will lead to similar Shews being
held at different centres in other parts of the
Island, with a view to awakening the energies—
more or less dormant—and latent capabilities
of our village population.

—_——_—__»____

OCCASIONAL NOTES.

Mr. Fredrick Lewis’s coming work on Ceylon
Timber Trees should prove a valuable reference
book to all foresters and othere interested in
woods. Mr. Lewis is well qualified for the task
he has undertaken, having devoted his life,
so to speak, to the subject of Forest Conservancy,
while his knowledge of Forest Botany is
acknowledged to be both comprehensive and sound.
Up till now the literature on the subject of our
timber trees has been very scanty, and Trimen’s
Flora contains only short notes on their distri-
bution and value. Under the circumstances. a
work of the nature of that Mr, Lewis proposes in
his introduction to give us will be a valuable
acquisition.

We would draw attention to the interesting
report on Cho-cho, referred to in our last issue,
from the pen of Mr. W. Nock, Superintendent of
Hakgalla Botanic Gardens, who has done much to
introduce and naturalize exotics in Ceylon. The
vegetable is one which deserves to be popularised
through our Village School Gardens.

We reproduce a notice of Mr. Herbert Stone’s
paper (read before the Society of Arts, London)
on the Identification of Woods. The subject is
one which should prove of the greatest interest to
foresters, and Mr. Stone is an acknowledged
authority on all questions relating to Timbers.
For these two reasons we have no doubt that the
notice will prove acceptable to those of our
readers who are concerned with forest work and
timber-supply.

A consignment of plants of the best varieties of
table bananas is shortly expected from Queensland
for the Colombo Stock Garden, whence. they
will find their way to the village School Gardens
that have been started in various parts of the
Island.

We welcome the “Journal of the Department
of Western Australia” as an exchange. It is
u well got up monthly of handy size, and
contains much useful reading matter.

Brucea Sumatrana is the name of a plant
about which there has been of late much enquiry
outside Ceylon, owing to the medicinal virtues of
the seeds as a cure for dysentery. The plant, an
introduced one, occurs a3 a common weed about
Kandy. ‘Trimen thus speaks of it: The whole

Aprit 1, 1902:]~

plant is bitter, and the seeds (called “ Macassar
kernels”) are much used in Java as a cure for
dysentery. Another native plant of the same
order (Stmarubacee) Arlanthus excelsa, known
as Wal-bilin, or Kumbalu, contains a fragrant
resin which is also used in dysentery,

The West Indian Department of Agriculture
appears to be steadily developing under the able
direction of Dr. Morris, once of Ceylon, now
Commissioner for Agriculture in the West Indies.
We learn from the last report of the Department,
that seven Agricultural Scholarships have been
founded with the object of encouraging the most
promising boys in the smaller Islands to get a
thorough knowledge of the science and practice of
Agriculture. Schools of Agriculture exist in St.
Vincent, Dominica and St. Lucia, where 70 boys
are trained for 3 or 4 years free of all cost.
Agricultural Shows are held regularly in seven of
the Islands with a view to show the possible
results of the better cultivation and preparation of
produce.
some 417 pages, have been issued and 30,000
copies distributed. Among others, the following
subjects have been dealt with: The Cultivation
of Vegetables, The General Treatment of Insect
Pests, Hints on School Gardens, Bee-keeping
in the West Indies, Manures and Leguminous
Plants, Hints on the Cooking of Sweet Potatoes.

In our last issue we referred to a new remedy

for foot and mouth disease, The following
telegram from London, dated 9th March, brings
further hopes of relief for the much-tried Stock-
owner:—‘‘It is officially announced in Berlin
that a cheap and sure means has been discovered
by which cattle may be given immunity from
Rinderpest.”
The Family Doctor thus explains why
boiled or condensed milk is not so nourishing
as unboiled milk: it is not in the albumen,
fat or sugar, but in the albuminates of iron
and phospkorus and perhaps also of fluorine
- that the vital changes take place. These albu-
minates are certainly in the milk and are present
in a vitalised form as proteids. On boiling the
change taking place is simply due to the co-
agulation of the globulin or proteid molecule
which splits away from the inorganic molecule,
and thus readers it as to the iron and fluorine
unabsorbable, and as to the phosphorus molecule
unassimillable. Aga result, it is said, there is
defective nutriment in boiled milk for the for-
mation of bone and teeth, a most serious deiect
in the case of growing infants fed only on a
milk diet.

Sodium arsenite, a cheap chemical, has been
proved to be most effective in the eradication of
prickly pear in New South Wales. The pro-
portion used is 8 lbs. of the chemical to 80 gallons
water ; the plants being thoroughly sprayed over
with the mixture. The same treatment is recom-
mended for briars, lantana, thistles, and other
weeds, as well as for eradicating couch grass from
gravel paths, roads, &c.

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

Already twelve pamphlets, comprising °

709

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH
OF MARCH, 1902
1 Saturday Nil 17 Monday “04
2 Sunday Nil 18 Tuesday ... 2°04
3 Monday --- Nil 19 Wednesday... Nil
4 Tuesday + Nil 20 Thursday ... Nil
5 Wednesday ... Nil 21 Friday Nil
6 Thursday Nil 22 Satarday Nil
7 Friday ... Nil 23 Sunday Nil
8 Saturday ... “04 24 Monday 65
9 Sunday .. °26 25 Tuesdey Seal O)
10 Monday... 90 26 Wednesday... Nil
11 Tuesday Nil 27. Thursday. ... 1:25
12 Wednesday Nil 28 Friday « 1:55
13 Thursday Nil 29 Saturday Nil
14 Friday Nil 30 Sunday Nil
15 Saturday Nil 81 Monday ... .02
16 Sunday ceo eM On Tuesday. i. scccNil

Total... 6:96

Mean.....22
Greatest amount of rainfall registered in 24
hours of the 18th March, 1902, 2-04 inches,
Recorded by ALEX. PERERA,

Sp
SECHIUM EDULE—“ WHITE VARIETY.”

The only existing plant of this variety in this
country was accidentally destroyed at Peradeniya in
the middle of last year. Application was at once
made to Mr. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanic
Gardens, Trinidad, fora few fruits. Our request
was kindly and promptly attended to, and a small
box containing six fruits reached us in February
1895. Two of the fruits were in good condition,
and after being started were finally planted out
on the 7th of March. They are now healthy
plants, growing vigorously and bearing a good
crop of full size. The three largest fruits weighed
as follows: No. 1,27 0z., No. 2, 244 oz., and
No. 3, 24 oz. This compares very favourably
with any I have seen in the West Indies, This
variety will grow and crop in the lowcountry,
whereas the green variety does not do much good
below 2,000 feet elevation. It will therefore I
trust, prove a useful addition to the lowcountry
vegetavles. The plant is perennial and is of the
easiest possible cultivation; given good soil, it
will grow rapidly and will ramble over any trellis
or tree or cover any rubbishy corner, It usually
begins to bear in from three to four months after
being planted. In my report for 1895 full details
are given as to the best mode of planting it, and
perhaps it would not be out of place to repeat
them here :—“ It thrives best ina rich, deep, well-
drained soil, but may be'made to grow any where
by preparing the site for each plant in the follow-
ing manner :—

Make a hole four or five feet in diameter, and
eighteen inches to three feet deep, according to
the subsoil, If the subsoil is good and free, you
may go to the depth of three feet, but if it is
clayey or likely to hold water, eighteen inches
will be quite deep enough. Place a layer of rough
stones at the bottom of the hole to a depth of six

710

to nine inches for drainage, and over this a few
inches deep of small twigs or half-rotted leaves,
to prevent the fine soil from getting between the
_ Stones and choking the drainage. The hole may
be filled up with the following compost : One-
third ordinary garden soil, one-third half-rotted
Cattle or stable manure (cattle manure preferred
for hot, sandy soils, and stable manure for cold,
clayey soils), and the remaining third may be
formed of leaf-mould, sand, woodashes, lime, and
the sweepings of the poultry-yard. When the
hole has only been taken out eighteen inches deep,
it will be necessary to raise the soil about eighteen
inches above ground; indeed in every case, except
in very dry districts, it is best to raise it. The
whole fruit, which is sent out in a germinated
State, must be planted about three inches deep in
she centre of the hole. It begins to grow at once,
and in a week or ten days it will have made a
good start. It is a creeper, and each plant will
require a space of about twenty feet square.

In the Kew Bulletin for May and June, 1896,
there are some remarks about this plant, which
though no doubt refers to the green variety which
was sent to them from the Ceylon garden some
years ago is quite applicable to the white one.
ft is there shown that the cho-cho has been taken

“up by the natives of India by whom it is regarded
as one of the most wholesome of foods. ‘‘ Cho-cho
is now quite established as a popular vegetable in
Bangalore and the adjacent villages. The fruit
has also been widely distributed to other towns
in the province, It is largely used in the central
jail where the fruit is carefully grown and con-
sidered to be one of the most wholesome food for
prisoners. It is not generally known, however,
that the large fleshy root of the plant, sometimes
weighing nearly twenty lbs., can be cooked and
eaten likeayam.” Thecho-cho is alsolargély grown
in England under glass to supply Covent Garden
market. The large flat seeds if carefully cooked
are regarded asa great delicacy, Starch is also
prepared from the roots at Jamaica.

Here we have a plant eminently suited to the
people of this country, a perennial requiring very
little culture, whose roots, fruit and seeds give
a plentiful supply of good wholesome food, aud I
trust it will be more largely cultivated in Ceylon
in the future.

Of its lasting qualities [ may mention that the
original plant introduced into this garden from
Jamaicain January, 1885, and from which I believe
all the plants in the Hast—perhaps millions—are
descended, is now in perfect health and bearing
as regularly and heavily after twelve years* as it
has ever done.

The fruit can be sent to table in a large variety
of ways, from a very good pickle of the young
fruits to an acknowledged delicacy from the seeds.

I am led to make the above remarks because of
the absurd rumour which has been spread among
the natives of this country, viz., that the plant
contains poison, and also that a continual use of
the fruit produces rheumatism. With regard to
the latter i may say that thousands of families
feed on this in Jamaica all through the season, ang

* Now seventeen years old. —27-3-02,

Supplement to the '* Tropical Agricwturist.”

[APRIL 1, 1902.

during my 7% years’ residence there I never heard
of any one being in the slightest degree affected
by them in any way, but beneficially. Myself and
family have eaten them whenever we could get
them for the last 23 years, * and we have always
found them thoroughly wholesome.

As to their containing poison this is a great
mistake, andI think the following may account
for the spread of the rumour :—The late Dr. Trimen
in his administration report for 1894 gives two
paragraphs on the same page, one about ‘‘ Nux
Vomica” and one on the Cho-Cko, and he also adds
two footnotes. The one referring to “ Nux
Vomica” states: “The pulpin which the seeds are
immersed contains a small proportion of strychnine
so small that it issaid that this pulp is euten by
birds. Dr. Ondaatjie has, however, settled by ex-
periment on dogs, cats, and pigeons that it is fatally
poisonous in sufficient quantity.” I think it
possible that some one may have read tbis foot-
note as referring to the cho-cho and possibiy told
some coolie about it. I cannot account for it in
any other way.

Considering the value of this plant for food, I
may be permitted to respectfully suggest that as a
means of encouraging its cultivation, that a small
pamphlet describing its value and useful qualities
may be printed in Sinhalese and Tamil and dis-
tributed among the headmen of at least all up-
country districts.

The following are a few of the ways in which
the fruit can be served :—

1. The young fruit when about an inch in
diameter makes a very good pickle either alone or
mixed with other pickles.

2. When two-thirds grown they ean be sliced
in the same way as cucumber and eaten as a
salad.

3, ‘The half ripe fruit can be sliced and fried
in butter, after the manner of brinjals (garden
egg) or half boiled and cut up for salad like
beetroot.

4, The matured fruit make a nice dish whe?
stuffed with forced meat like a vegetable marrow.

5. Plain boiled like a vegetable marrow and
used up either plain or with white sauce.

6. ‘Made into a variety of curries as pump-
kins, cucumber, etc.

7. When boiled and used with lime juce,
cloves, etc., makes a capital imitation apple sauce.

8. Mixed with lime juce and sugar it supplies
an ingredient for tarts.

9. A preserve can be made from it after the
manner of vegetable marrow.

10. The dish which is considered a delicacy
in England is made from the seeds which are taken
out from the fruit, after being boiled, and fried in
butter:

11, Roots boiled resemble yams.

12. Roots can also be roasted or baked like
yams.

W. NOCK,
Superintendent, Hakgala Gardeus.
February, 1896.

* Now 28 years,—-27-3-02,

Apri 1, 1902.)

CO-OPERATIVE CREDIT SOCIETIES.

In a late number of the Agricultural Magazine
we drew attention to the desirability of devising
some system of Agricultural Banks for the
cultivators in Ceylon. As one travels through
the country it appears evident that in spite of the
abolition of the paddy tax the condition of the
native cultivator has not improved, and in many
places one finds land passing into the hands of the
Mohammedan usurer, who, starting with a clean
sheet and a natural energy which has been
steadily diminishing in the Sinhalese cultivator,
are beginning to prove that paddy cultivation is—
what it was ‘‘once upon a time” —a very paying
industry.

Mr. Reg. Murray, writing in the Banker's
Magazine points out that what is wanted to
ameliorate the distressful condition of the Indian
(and Ceylon) cultivator, is not momentary
support so much as intelligent organization.
Credit is already available, but of a kind which
leaves the recipients worse off than they were
before.

In June last there met at Simla a Committee,
composed of experts, appointed to report on what
remedial measures can be devised for improving
the condition of the Indianiyot. This Committee
has already publishe@ its report, and it may be
confidently expected that Lord Curzon will not
allow the proy osed legislation to wait lorg for its
practical application.

The object of such legislation is not as is
popularly believed, that the Government should
establish a kind of credit mobiher to pay the
outstanding debts of the cultivator and release
him from the grasp of the moneylender,—a
policy, the defects of which need not be enlarged
upon here, h

Going to the cause of the trouble we find that
the ordinary rate of interest payable by the culti-
vatcr is scandalously high, and that in addition
the money-lender secures to himself the sale of the
crops at a price unfavourable to the borrower,
while in many cases the land itself is at his
mercy. And this is the chief point, that lending
for agricultural purposes has long since reached
the state of usury, the effects of which is the
gradual effacement of the borrower and his credit
and the reduction of himself to an unproductive
cypher. Thus has it come about that the industry
becomes handicapped and unprogressive, and
bence follows the obvious suggestion that no im-
provement is possible until the cost of borrowing
on the part of the cultivator is reduced below
the rates charged by the native money-lender.

As a first step something must be done by the
borrowers themselves to improve their credit und
make them free agents, since in their present
condition they have nothing to offer as security.
It is not to be expected that under any cir-
cumstances they will be able to improve their
credit to the extent of clearing their debts, but it
is pessible for them to improve it to the extent of
deriving a profit from the result of their present
and future laboar and intelligence and with such
surplus to gradually pay off old debts. To enable

Supplement to the * Tropical Agriculturist.?

el

them to do so, it is proposed that Government pass
an act and frame special rules for the encourage-
ment and formation of Co-operative Societies on
similar lines to those of the Friendly Societies
in England and the Raffeisen Societies on the
Continent.

The argumeut is that the united security of a
number of mew can raise advances on consider-
ably easier terms than one man, who, as things
go, is required to pay rates of interest which
make it impossible for him to ever reap the just
fruits of his labours, Co-operative Credit Societies,
therefore, have for their object the banding of
individuals together in order to obtain money at
reasonable rates of interest and to distribute the
money so Cbtained among the members under
fixed rules. The margin of profit between the
rate at which the Society borrows for and lends
to its members should gradually create a reserve
fund, which, being indivisible, must annually
improve their credit. The action of Government
must be confined to shewing the people how to
act and to provide legislation and rules for their
guidance and protection, and thus encourage self-
help and self-reliance.

Societies already formed in the N.-W.
Province and the Punjab show that che
Co-operative credit is well understood and

appreciated both by borrower and lender. In
Madras it is likely that native banks will soon
remodel their system in order to obtain the
privilege and exemptions which the legislature
propose to afford to Co-operative Societies.

With such a system in operation it does not
seem likely that Government will be applied to,
unless under special circumstances, to make loans
for the promotion and support of the Societies,
nor beyond the inspection of a Registrar or other
District Officer, will the Government direct,
regulate or interfere with the free action of
the Committees of management. The Raffeisan
system has been so eminently successful on the
Continent that, with conditions at least equally
favourable for its growth, it is reasonable to
suppose that it will be equally suitable and suc-
cessful in India and Ceylon.

With the successful application of the Co-
operative banking system to Indian agriculture,
it only remains for some one to agitate for its
adoption in Ceylon under Government auspices.

eee eee

BY HIGHWAYS AND HEDGES.

It is surprising to see the enormous extent of
land under citronella grass in the Southern
Province, ani that too, in spite of the big drop in
the price of the oil—now procurable fc. r about 60
cents the bottle. There isno doubt that this hardy
grass, growing as it does without any special
attention, has spoiled the people for better cule
tivation. In these citronella districts the abortive
attempts to grow coconuts, Liberian coffee, cocoa,
etc., only go to prove that even if these economic
products are suited to the districts, they will not
tolerate the kind of treatment that is meted out to
them by the careless citronella planter.

712

The wholesale adulteration of citronella by
means of kerosene has been the downfall of the
Ceylon trade in the oil. Who could have been
the ingenious inventor of the fraud? There is no
doubt that many a southern fortune that has come
out of it. It is said that after some trouble
the chemist found a means of detecting the
adulterant and the extent of adulteration; but
quite lately we have been informed that the test,
which answered hitherto, fails, owing it is
thought to another adulterant being employed or
a third substance being bought into requisition
to effectually disguise the fraud. We have
not been able to discover the suspected tertium
quid, while a new adulternant, if it could take
the place of kerosene, would not from a financial
point of view answer the purpose of the citronella
planter. Domba oil was suspected to be employed,
but it would not pay to employ it even if it be a
good adulterant. The old method of adulteration
consisted in mixing the kerosene with the distilled
citronella ; now, however, the dodge is to pour the
kerosene over the grass when it is ready to be
operated on by steam, and distill the vegetable
and mineral oils together. Could this change of
tactics account for the confusion of the chemists ?

Quisgualis indica is not commonly seen outside
gardens, but Alamanda bas long since started on
its own account. We were surprised, however, to
see Quisquals as a veritable escape from cultiva-
tion on the banks of the Nilwala ganga near
Atureliya.

There is no doubt that considerable improve-
ment is possibled in the method of curing native
tobacco, as an expert lately remarked ; but those
who smoke the ‘‘ fragrant jaffna” cigar could little
Suspect what ingenious devices are practised by
the tobacco growers of the North. A late resi-
dent in that part of the Island assured us that he
once watched a cultivator working round a
manure heap which had lately been saturated

with rain, and saw him fish up a parcel of leaf

from underneath the midden, explaining, on being
questioned, that it had been put there to ferment.
Who will be surprised at the rankness and pun-
gency of a Jaffna cigar after that P

The tree known as Samadara (Samadera indica)
found in the Galle district among other places, is
interesting from the fact that a decoction made
from the leaves has insecticidal properties, and is
according to Dr. Trimen destructive to white-ants.
The whole plant which is very bitter is used
medicinally as a febrifuge.

eR CE EY ETRE
IDENTIFICATION OF WOODS.

[The following is a reswmé of a notice in
Nature (kindly placed at our disposal by Mr.
Lewis, Assistant Conservator of Forests), from
which it would appear that it is more difficult to
identify woods by means of anatomical characters
than is generally supposed, on account of the
great differences which the structure of the
primary and secondary wood present.—Ep. A.M]

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist,”

[Arr 1, 1902.

“ The grouping of vessels and the medullary rays
and the arrangement of the wood parenchyma are
frequently so characteristic that various genera can
be Tecognized by a glance at the transverse
section, 2.e,, horizontally as the tree stands; and
further it is by no means rare to find the same
structure running through a whole genus, or,
less frequently, through a whole order. A
hundred genera could be cited which exhibit a
Strong family likeness, and of the Proteacem
and Sapotacez it may be said that the description
of the structure of the wood of one species. will
practically serve for the whole order. On the
contrary there are whole orders which appear
to consist chiefly of exceptions, as in the case
of Celastraceze, and where it is difficult to find
two genera with any important feature in
common. The structure of the woody portion
of Cryptogams has been employed for years in
the study of fossil plants; that of the mono-
cotyledenous trees and conifers is notoriously
uniform, and is as sure a guide toytheir position
in the natural system as any external character.
Why then should not the same rule apply
to the angiospermous dicotyledons, and for
what reason should the thread be lost as soon
as we pass from one division of the vegetable
world to another?

It seems a by-no-means extravagant idea that
inasmuch as it is quite indifferent to the welfare
of a plant what the structure of its woody
portion may be, so long as it performs the
mechanical duties imposed upon it, ancestral
traits should be preserved undisturbed in the
wood more than in any other part.

Ignoring the debatable question, there is no
doubt whatever of the ecconomiec importance
of this study.

Mr. Stone points out that with the large number
of timbers in use and those destined to be turned
useful, the old rule of thumb methods of
identification are not likely to answer. He refers
to the case of the Colonies where those who
have a knowledge of timbers are few in number,
and vernacular names of trees often confusing,

Mr. Stone points out that for practical purposes
it is rarely: necessary to use high powers of
magnification: a pocket lens of a two-inch
objective being frequently sufficient to display
the special character of the structure. Higher
powers tend to obliterate this ‘‘individuality ”
which depends on the arrangement or complex
of the elements. For instance, the radial or
tree-like arrangement of the vessels in the wood

- of Quercus is recognizable by the naked eye,

but is not striking undera half inch objective.
The concentric undulating lines of vessels character-
istic of the elms is also usually visible to the
naked eye. But in both these cases the same
characteristics are shared by many other genera
often not by any means closely related.

It will therefore be at once admitted that
anything like a natural system of classification
of wood by their structure is quite impossible
at present. There is too little recorded informa-
tion and too many glaring exceptions where
one would not expect to see exceptions.

i

Apri 1, 1902. |

Mr. Stone refers to the systems of well-known
authorities as being but partially successful, and
suggests the medullary rays as the most constant
feature for forming the basis of an artificial key,
though it does not altogether coincide with
botanical classification.

“Nevertheless,” says Mr. Stone, ‘a useful key
may be constructed by first distinguishing those
woods with two kinds of rays from those having
but one. The latter then fall again into two
groups, one having rays with intervals between
them of not less than the transverse diameter
of the largest pores present, the other converse
by having the intervals never greater than the
pore diameter, ze. the rays diverge and run
round or avoid the pores.

These two types of rays are very clearly marked
and have quite different aspects. The arrange-
ment of the vessels or pores can then be use-
fully employed, as the concentric, radiai, tree-
like, or undulating group, or uniform distribu-
tion of the pores is very constant in many
genera, as are also the equally varied. forms
assumed by the sott tissue (wood parenchyma),
which comes next in order of importance. It
would be out of place here to go into further detail,
and it need only be pointed out that by following
this sequence all members of the same genus
except the aberrant forms fall together into the
same ultimate groups.

But the structure of many groups, and even
whole genera are so similar that the species can
only be distinguished by long acquaintance, and
it is then necessary to note specific gravity,
colour, smell, taste, hardness, behaviour with
re-agents, &c. Frequently one pronouuced feature,
e.g., smell or hardness suffices for identification
of a species. But then there are hundreds of
species that have no such pronounced feature,
and hence the crying need for a guide to
enable one to trace the name of any wood.
Here is an excellent field for local foresters, for
there can be no two opinions as to the economic
importance of this study,

ee

NATURE STUDY AND SCHOOL GARDENING.

Progress in this new movement is not confined
to America (where it had its origin) or Australia,
for we readin Nature that considerable atten-
tion is being paid to it in England.

A periodical called the Nature Study Journal
has been started in Kent, under the auspices of a
society for promoting Nature Study, the members
of which are expected to contribute suitable lessons
for teaching purposes. Sir W. Hart Dyke writes
an introduction to the first number issued.
Nature referring to the new movement says,
that the introduction of Nature Study into rural
schools cannot but be productive of good, and
though it is not primarily directed to keeping
children on the land, it will have this effect in-
directly by leading them to see that a country life
has its own interests and is not merely stupid rou-
tine; remarking further that the children who do
stay in the country will through Nature Study lay a
foundation of thinking about rural pursuits which
can be built upon later,

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculiurist.” 713

We also read of a Conference on School Gardens
being held, when Mr. Rooper, Inspector of Schools,
read a paper on School Gardening in England and
Germany, in the course of which he is reported to
have said that English School Gardens though few
are the more practical, when these gardens are
considered as fields for mental and manual training.
Sir John Cockburn, late Premier and Minister of
Education in South Australia referred to a difficulty
which we have experienced ourselves, viz., the want
of time for work; but he observed that in South
Australia the authorities had gone so far to over-
come it, that, while originally one hour was
allowed for school gardening, at present only half
the teaching hours was devoted to theoretical
instruction.

Lastly, we read of an influential Committee being
appointed to promute a Nature Study Exhibition
to be held in London, about the end of July next,
At this exhibition urban and rural elementary
day schools and other institutions will compete
for. prizes and certificates, which will be offered
for collections of Natural objects (plants, insects,
etc.), drawings of same, plans for gardens, plants
grown in boxes, pots, etc. While the efforts of
individual pupils will be recognised, it is intended
by means of a competition to judge of the best
scheme for instruction and working methods, It is
expected that there will be no difficulty in getting
the necessary funds for what Nature calls
**such an excellent object.”

We, in Ceylon, have been losing no time in
availing ourselves of the advantage of the new
movement, for since June last a Jocal School Garden
scheme has been in operation, and so far has been
carried on with satisfactory results, As reported
elsewhere, already a small exhibition has been the
outcome of the activity engendered by the scheme,
As regards the gardens themselves, a competent
authority, who has been inspecting the first-started
gardens which have had some little tims for
developing, has declared to us that, making allow-
ance for altered conditions, he is inclined to think
our School Gardens compare favourably with, and
if anything, are superior to, similar gardens in
England. This is indeed high praise, and it is to
be hoped it willonly urge on our teachers to higher
efforts.

sat nnSRnnEEEEEIEESS conn

HOW TO COOK AND SERVE
THEM,
( Concluded.)

ee

Spinach, though, of course, a green vegetable,
requires somewhat different management. It re-
duces very much in the process of cooking, ‘so a
good quantity—not less than 2 or 3 lbs.—must be
allowed for a good sized dish. Wash it in three
waters, as it is very gritty, pick off all the coarse
stalks, and leave it in cold water for } hour to
freshen it up. A large saucepan will be required ;
into this place the spinach, without any water,
except what clings to the leaves, for it will cook
in its own juice. Sprinkle a tablespoonful of salt
over, and cover the saucepan for a minute or two
to keep in the steam. After the juice begins to
draw it must be very frequently stirred with a

VEGETABLES,

714

large wooden spoon, and as soon as tender (which,
if young, it will be in 10 minutes), it must be
drained and squeezed very dry between two plates.
Some people will eat it in this state; but the
French method is to chop it finely, or even pass it
through a sieve, to mix in 1 oz. of butter, pepper
and salt, and to return it to the saucepan to make
hot. It is then served in a mound in the vege-
table dish on toast, with a few rings of hard-boiled
egg, or croutons of fried bread as a garnish. If
served as a separate dish, either for supper or any
other meal, poached eggs are the usual accompani-
ment, and the spinach is placed on slices of
buttered toast. In the country, where they can
be picked by the roadside, spring nettles make a
very nice and wholesome Gish of greens, and may
be cooked in the same manner as spinach.

Asparagus should be dressed as soon as possible
after it is cut. If necessary to keep it, the stalks
are better placed in cold water, like flowers, in a
vase. Scrape the white parts of the stems, be-
ginning from the nead downwards, and cut off the
very hardest part. Throw them into cold water
as they are done, and tie them into bundles of
about 15 or 20, according to the thickness, with
string, cutting them all the same length. Have
a saucepan ready with fast-boiling water, salted
with 1 tablespoonful of salt to 4 gallon of water,
with a lump of sugar; this latter will help to
soften the water, and make the asparagus boil
tender—soda, of course, must never be used for
them. Set the bundles of asparagus upright on
their stalks in the water, with the heads just out
of the water, as these will cook in the steam, and
if quite covered would be done long befure the
stalks, and possibly drop off. Boil quickly, with
saucepan uncovered ; they will take from 15 to 18
minutes after the water boils again. When done,
take them up carefully, remove the string, and
dish them upon a piece of toast which has been
dipped in the water the asparagus was cooked in.
The white ends should be laid outwards each way,
the points or heads meeting in the middle,
Special tongs are sold for helping this vegetable.
A tureen of melted butter should accompany them
to table, and a little may be poured over them in
the dish. A good sauce blanche, or melted butter,
to serve with any vegetable which requires it, is
made as follows: Melt 1 oz. butter in a small
saucepan, stir into it 4 oz. of flour and a pinch of
salt, and add 3 pint of milk; let it boil and
thicken, stirring all the time; boil a minute, then
serve. A richer sauce blanche is to mix one table-
spoonful of flour into a smooth batter with a gill
of water, or rather less, then to put it in the
saucepan with 7 1b. of butter, a pinch of salt, a
very little grated nutmeg, and a small teaspoonful
of white vinegar or lemon juice. When it thick-
eps it is done. ‘This is a French recipe, and very
delicious.

Artichokes are considered better for having
been gathered a day or two, and in this respect
are unlike any other vegetable. They should be
well washed and soaked before cooking; the
stems should be removed, and the leaves trimmed
away at the bottom. They are cooked like as-
paragus, and will take 20 or 25 minutes after the
water boils again; five or six are sufficient for a

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

[Aprit 1, 1902.

dish. Some cooks use a very little soda in the
water, in addition to the sugar as recommended
for asparagus. The artichokes should he placed
in the saucepan head downward, and when the
leaves draw out essily they are done. Dutch
sauce or melted butter isserved with them, and the
leaves are pulled out with the fingers and dipped
in the sauce. Dutch sauce is made by thickening
some plain melted butter, like the first recipe
given, only using water instead of milk, with the
yolks of eggs. I1t is merely stirred over the fire,
and not allowed to boil, or it would curdle.

Jerusalem artichokes are quite a different vege-
table; they are the root of a plant, instead of the
flower, and are cooked like old potatoes. The
only thing to be careful about is to keep them
white, and this may be done by laying them in
fresh cold water after peeling, until they are
required to be cooked. They will take about the
same time as potatoes, and are served with melted
butter made with milk asin first recipe. Occasion-
ally they are mashed like turnips, but I do not
think they are so nice as when whole.

Sea-kale is a delicate vegetable, in flavour very
much like asparagus, and cooked in exactly the
same manner; that is, it is trimmed,‘ tied into
bundles, and placed in boiling salted water, with
some sug..r; time to cook, 15 or 20 minutes; serve
with melted butter poured over it in a dish,

Green peas, to be eaten in perfection, should
neither be gathered nor shelled long before they
are to be dressed. If obliged to be shelled over-
night, the best plan to keep them fresh is to place
the colander which contains them over a basin of
cold water, and to completely cover them with the
shells. Wash them by letting the tap run through
the colander, throw them into boiling water, pre-
pared as for asparagus, but slightly increasing the
quantity of sugar. If the peas are old 5 teaspoon-
ful carbonate of soda must be added to the water,
but if too much be used the peas will have a
broken appearance. A sprig or two of mint should
be boiled with them to give a good flavour: this is
removed before serving. Young early peas will
take 10 or 15 minutes to cook; larger and later
kinds, such as marrowfats, 20 or 25 minutes, while
old peas must be allowed 3 hour, or even longer.
When cooked, drain from the water in a colander,
turn into the vegetable dish, with a good piece of
butter, a little pepper and salt.

Carrots, parsnips, and turnips must never have
soda in the water in which they are boiled, as it
would turn them a very bad colour. A little fat
may be substituted for softening the water and
making them boil tender ; and it is for this reason
they are so frequently cooked with meat. Young
summer carrots should only be washed; then
when they are cooked their skins should be rubbed
off with a coarse cloth; they are usually served
quite plain, but may be covered with melted
butter if preferred ; they will take 25 minutes to
boil. Old carrots, on the contrary, should be
scraped, not peeled, aud the longer they are boiled
the better ; two hours certainly is not too long a
time. If boiled with beef, put them in as soon as
the meat boils again after going in the water. If
boiled separately, salt the water, and add a good

Saw ok em tae |

ie

Aprit 1, 1902.)

ounce of dripping to 3 gallon of water. If very
large, cut them in half, but it is better to cook
them whole, if there is time, as the flavour will
be superior. Turnips are hardly a summer vege-
table, and they are generally served mashed ; they
reqnire peeling thickly, as their skins are very
woody ; boil with meat if possible; if not, use a
little dripping in the water. Make them as dry
as you can before mashing, then mash with a fork ;
mix with a small bit of butter and a little milk,
return to the saucepan, and stir over the fire until
all the milk has dried up. The use of cream
instead of milk makes them very delicious ; they
are served piled high in a hot vegetable dish, with
a strainer ut bottom, as, even with the utmost
care, there will almost sure to be a little moisture
to drain away.

Parsnips are also a winter vegetable; they are
peeled and cut in slices across, and boiled in the
same manner as carrots and turnips, and will take
from 1 hour to 13 hours to cook ; generally served
plain in the vegetable dish, or round the meat.
Sometimes, however, they are mashed like turnips,
with a little butter and milk,

Vegetable marrow is a late summer and autumn
vegetable, and suitable also for any kind of hot
meat. Peel it, and cut in thick slices across with
a sharp knife; remove the seeds from each slice,
so as to form rings; boil these in salted water for
20 minutes, drain in a colander, and serve in a
vegetable dish upon toast. Moisten the toast in
the vegetable marrow water, and pour thick
melted butter over all.

Tomatoes are frequently eaten raw, or prepared
as a salad; if cooked, they are best baked.
Simply lay them in a tin with a small bit of butter
on top of each, and bake till tender (about 7 hour).
Serve with the juice poured round, They may
also be cut in slices and fried, and are good done
in this way with chops, steaks, and _ broiled
bacon.

ees

GENERAL ITEMS.

The use of trap lanterns, for trapping insect
‘pests in the garden, would seem to be of question-
able benefit, to judge from results obtained at the
Ontario Agricultural College. Of the insects
captured during three months, a large percentage
was found to be decidedly beneficialinsects. ‘* If,”
says the reporter, ‘‘ all the traps were in operation
for four months, probably forty millions of
decidedly beneficial insects were captured and
destroyed.”

Mr. J. D. Ormbsy, of Lime Hall, St. Ann, writes
to the Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society:
‘“*T think I have found out an insecticide for
spraying plants which is superior to the kerosene
emulsion. Hitherto, I have used the Hubbard’s
formula of kerosene emulsion, but I find if I am
ever so careful with it, it burns the young leaves
and tendrils, unless it is so much diluted as not to
affect the insects. Knowing how averse all
insects are to castor oil, I thought I would try an
emulsion of it. I tried the soup—boiling . water

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

715

and oil as in the Hubbard’s formula, but it would
not emulsify, then the thought struck me tc add
carbonate of soda, and it is quite a success. My
formula is—one quart of castor oil, 1 lb. hard
soap, + lb. carbonate soda, 1 gallon water—boil
soap and soda in the water and when melted and
boiling hot stir in the castor oil. You can dilute
in 10 or 20 parts of water for spraying, and you
can take a brush and paint the stalks of plants
the ants or other insects are troubling without
diluting—no insect will face it, and it does not
burr the young leaves or sprouts. I shall be glad
if this is found useful to the public at large.”

A heavy application of paint is recommended
by those who have had experience in the matter,
as the best dressing for pruning wounds.

The following reply by Mr. J. H. Maiden,
Government Botanist, N. S. W., to a corres-
pondent is no doubt correct enough for that
Colony, but it sounds strange enough to us who
are familiar with hundreds of thousands of acres of
tea: The tea plant is closely allied to the camellia,
and requires somewhat similar treatment. The
plants must be well watered and kept steadily
growing. The tea plant likes good deep soil, and,
in my experience, it does best where it can get a
touch of the frost.

An American Correspondent, quoted by the
N. S. W. Agricultural Gazette, recommends a
cure-all remedy for sick pigs. whether they suffer
from rheumatism, paralysis, scour or what-not.
This is a mixture of fresh new milk and turpen-
tine. Grade the dose from a teaspoonful of
turpentine for a six week’s old pig to a table
spoonful or more for a mature hog. The milk
may be given ad lib. The remedy is said to ‘be
the best known for all the ills that pigs are heir
to, and when anything is wrong should be resorted
to at once,

We read of what is spoken of as a ‘*‘new
variety of fowls,” the Ancona, considered the
best laying breed of any. An Exchange refers to
the experience of a lady who has had hens laying
for two years beginning when five months old.
They are non-sitters, and in shape and general
appearance resemble the Leghorn but in colour
the Houdan.

Still another way of preserving eggs is to take
them quite fresh, clean thoroughly with a damp
cloth, rub dry, rub a few drops of boiled Linseed
oil turned into the palm of the hand, and lay on
a shelf protected from dust. Toe much or too
little oil should not be used. About the third day
a fine skin, which hermeticully seals the eggs,
forms over them.

The Jamaica Agricultural Journal recommends
clean wood ashes as the best condition powder for
horses. It may be given twice a week in the
feed, at the rate of an even tea spoon each time

‘Shino sdenthd «it ie it “Sede had nl nian fia hag via mn
HHae Heo ane Lone sbadypsrettls 4iiihanht Aialnale ton Stooa at ae vf fy
; YM “Uneaten vara of dt bine whe To ain pi ue Nia. tioveht ont an
veo a jah hee Soo tip anda eer a! {rniiod 7 aT. ihe qitend ;
Matera p He oF ye Tae I iin AOE aie. <qho gd: H feetle went hs ae witiiead
hata’ Hattalee: GaP ies olsen oe Ae bow hae cgay EIS? | ty Amfals sieht
iid song Ae ae oi Mtoe ee MOM TE 7 gliinen
A iene Yo aby OS SGT nk wae ale Oe? ea
Ria fay Said Pek ae er oe b die tient earl) x ers a)
wah ooiitoe Gah aire od soto Oy) tid | hiv wel) fay Pe Miieis
* Mncen ht al cewigulii | [iin aay ag) Ria Bon’ at Fi
ee ii Hae hupvad (nso YO ee Fey] 4 Se
j eb eid Li yutt pants heh a9"
i bee tely al tune
sit aR, Jeoiaetae ot) SanVeHS
ut iE AEAaR £ ’ giiseidus isd bhi 4a:
¥ gai ALM 14 f
feast pees ay an ? a ,
: “i Vote veh SSE pre oey Aaa
OT nd atk Pas » ean of
Wa fii Q he : aatmeiiat alt punk thie fee cian fas ;
Porat a We Vi? Py. ine 1 dia nmutag Oo ‘habs Ak risc4yy¢ at Wwe aT Siu
a eka 4e3 es (yikoaa, Sports iapoty. rr oy. dualrog tit wait + fae tt
Cobh. an oo. ingore egeaetie eOnies 2b ti: yaoleO ee EE?
Sy east. a 2400s i fatfar sabi ig yaitiqd 434
; AAT +i fa aot HG tne h Vaan tie hae Tae ed 4 ay! %
sHiterh. baa ik Yo Thert Yow wel aefe Fh Ds
eet | Bet eek aiala Hin io? earns sorts re i oi
“nd yD ate O40 yo Ea oga Tye } ‘Shai at
Ee mn A AE As Seta [eine 8 ant Hodes
aa ugh 4a ie voto? SYhowk write thaw sgieied
; — . fos PAO ahh ee fe
ia: wateed beesabanrnd. eee abe a ee ior ath oh

ie

pO Peenaev ere es cine UGS Ky ASEA GR wras' WR ny mek ek 3 near ibe rate!

et re ae 8 6 RMAs i ty fot 44 i Bs sere Pears Have (pare fo JAbT hse Ate

| yt sa hea Hie :
an!

aes! As Be ad as 20 VERY See ihe Huge: kad reg
ep Patiy Valera Oey KEE TION RE AAU ATELOE AUK DE ating
4 tat ate , Te aK ' ey bp y? abt aha J faut Reiil y B eae ibe
oe POR adhe yaa :
Y aban one iraag LN ESO ps 5)
+) AN SS fig 71s aby ait Stott iis la hoa
; or pone taadiod peckitine: \
ay athe Bae od
iin da Or.”

173) fy gery ave
Vateotto peiabriny
mat oo oe vir arya fi ds ay)

CNaent Ohl ped {ot
SS ETE ton att Oa nts
ADAG RD | add: 4 Me a faiths ition
mney Ov, 0 a erate cits SM :
MEG LOE) sl ji ONIN! ‘atta i net. ny, anreadtlt. \ aa ye at ;
AMPLE ail); ee ail
‘ Aa suite wit
seers } eae onittny. Bi Vi
SAA ob ding neon To, ps i Ho ndGro hive Manet tee te
Basie A Pa belgie Maly ola” fase shiny iiada
ph) Wale eds nye Hak fds Ae dua Pade 0) AC Led
nih ia Hani sty Reabig ai gana hatish tin”:
iGiee ool tih mint Dedsatosg aia a” w
Yeb, Tih odie: home Ge dom Bly ia He 4 ‘Ani At
éuyo odd 2leds | elo ienraid dois fla anit ae:
q : SOLA amiint Jy

H 2

’

= “orp tu

pla areMOhere \owimoly Vein Mist Wh sornsenle aE! |

TF Zab wep NOI aed tag oly ap. potles feovr yal. bd go His
ona mt Ae a onitiet. goviy. od yan De, Op ane ae
“gauid Ansys boop by) nid Ke. Te ine adi da Daet odibw. yavit

ay QP lGhh
~

«1 MONTHLY. be

XXI.

COLOMBO, MAY 1st,

1902. No 11.

PINEAPPLES, ORANGES, CASSAVA,
MANGOES, &c,

REPORT ON THE CULTIVATION OF

PINEAPPLES AND OTHER PRODUOTS OF
FLORIDA.
By Rozgerr THomson,

(Formerly Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens of the
Government of JSumaica, now Advi- —~
ser to Messrs. Hilder Dempster d&: Co. on
the cultivation of Fruit and
other products.)

AVING recently visited Florida,
on account of Messrs, Elder,
Dempster & Co., for the purpose
of acquiring information rela-
tive to the methods of pine-
apple cultivation so successfully
pursued in that State, I have
the pleasure to report according

ly. In addition to Pineapples I embraced the opportunity
of investigating other important cultures in Florida
capable of being turned to good account in Jamaica. The
resourcefulness of the people there in developing new
Industries greatly impressed me throughout my trip.
They have little beyond tropical sun and sand at their
disposal. For success they depend upon their charac”
teristic energy. industry and perseverance. With
these traits they transform the barren resources of
the soil.

Before leaving for Ilorida, I called at Washington,
where I had the honour of an interview with the
Honourable James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture
in the Cabinet of Mr. McKinley (with the Secretary
I may mention I had recently been in communication
Yelative to the cultivation of new products.) I was

welcomed with the utmost consideration and introduced
to the Chiefs of Bureaus of the Department, eminent
specialists, who most generously placed at my disposal
every source of information. Professor Webber, the
well-known expert on hybridization, prepared my
itinerary with references to the leading cultivators in
Florida, whom he thought might be most useful to me
in my line of investigation, It is only necessary to say
that the exceptional attention I received everywhere,
placed me ina position to acquire valuable informa-
tion. In this connection I wish to offer my sincere
thanks to Professor B. T. Galloway, Chief of the
Bureau of Plant Industry as well as to Professor
Webber.

OruANnvo the first pineapple region I visited, is
situated on the most northern latitude at which pine-
apples are grown in Florida.

Until about 12 years ago the pineapples were culti-
vated in the open without protection, but the recurrent
frosts rendered the cultivation too precarious, for the
slightest touch of frost ruined a year’s crop.

My references for Washington included one to the
pioneer of a new system of pineapple cultivation
Acres of sheds were, constructed by this pioneer (Mr,
Russell) and he commanded success, This system of
cultivation is now exclusively adopted at Orlando,
partly to afford protection from frost and partly to
gcreen the pineries from the burning sun, Thus nu
merous pineries, ranging in size from one to twelve
acres, are closely boarded all round 7 to 8 feet high,
At regular distances posts are placed some 12ft, apart»
on which are fixed connecting rods; on these are
placed narrow rafters, between each of which a space
similar in width is left for the admission of light:
Through these spaces the light is admitted in glitter-
ing rays of sunshine, ample, it is abundantly proveds
for the well being of the plants. A still more remark.

718 THE TOPICAL
able feature of cultivation is demonstrated under
these sheds, one that further exemplifies the consti-«
tutional flexibility of this plant. During several
months of winter when frost isdreaded, when every
hour of right is watched for possible disaster by all
concerned, the whole of this shed structure is covered
with canvas, sometimes even with laths fitted
interstices of the fixed roof liths, with the
result that all the plants in the interior are shrouded
in comparative darkness for several months. Within
this covered roof when the thermometer falls to about
400 in a two acre pinery a hundred fires are lighted,
sometimes stoves, The smoke from the fires combats
the frost, though the plants frequently suffer from the
smoke. :

In one instance last winter one of the best growers
yisked his one anda half acre pinery throughout the
winter without using canvas. He experienced many a
sleepless night, but there was no frost, and he said
he had stolen a march upon his neighbours from the
fact that his plants looked much better than those
that were covered. However the other pineries that
were darkened, bore crops just as wellas his. Thus

the dark treatment does not effect the accommo-
dating powers of the plant. The cultivation
under sheds is a remarkable success, it is

not only perfect garden cultivation, but it rivals
the most skilfully conducted green-house cultivation.
Nine thousand are planted to the acre, every plant
practically speaking flourishes. It isnot uncommon
fo see a pinery with 95 per cent. bearing fruit. The
average is 80 per cent. The soil is an important fac-
tor. It is nearly all sand containing as it does from
96 to 98 per cent. of silica. The growers furnish all
the food by fertilizers which bring forth luxuriant
crops; The fertilizers are manipulated and applied
with scientific precision, just what is desired to ensure

complete productivene:s, There are altogether
about 209 acres of cuitivation under sheds.
Large extensions are made annually. At the

time of my visit there was one application for
100,00C suckers, A one-acre or atwo-acre shed (and
there are many such) is considered a lucrative invest-
ment for a small capitalist. The larger cultivators
have sheds occupying from 5 to [2 acres each.

The cost of erecting sheds per acre averages fully
$300 and for the canvas as much more. They last
about 7 years. Suckers cost 10 cents eash, 9,000 per
acre ($900). ‘Ihe fertilizers cost about $100 per acre
annually. Thus an acre costs fully $2,000 on the first
crop. The first crop in about 20 months covers all ex-
penses. The range of prices obtained is from 20 to 75
cents each. This is for “fancy” fruit, practically all
Smooth Cayenne. ‘The net profit is stated to be about
40 per cent. The leading cultivators nett more than
$3 per crate averaging 16 fruits. Some of the growers
replant, after reaping eacb crop, some after two
crops. :

Throughout the year, even during the cool season,
the sun shines with tropical brilliancy. During most
of the year the temperature approximates to that ex-
perienced in Jamaica. During my stay it was higher
than it isin Jamaica at any time, The average rain-
fall for 7 years has been 49 inches and it is evenly dis-
tributed. The suckers are set in long beds usually
with 7 in the cross rows 18 inches apart and from 22
to 24 inches between the rows. The sandy soil is
kept perfectly free from weeds by means a scuffle hoe
every fortnight, with which also the fertilizers are
turned in two or three times a year. ‘This hoe is
worked from the passages on either side of the bed.

Notwithstanding the sandy character of the soil,
forests of pine trees covered the land anterior to
cultivation. Oak trees are also dispersed here and
there. Ihe inference to be drawn from the presence
of these and other trees, is that there is more stamina
in the soil than is apparent. However the trees pene-
trate to a considerable depth. Certain varieties of
Peaches and Pears flourish in the open when fertilizars
are applied, Maize is cultivated on selected spots and
yiclds 15 bushels per acre. In most parts the sandy

agil is very deep.

AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1902.

The fruiting season is affected by shed cultivation.
Crops are obtained to some extent at the time desired
by the cultivator according to the time of planting,
The principal season is in August an] September. A
grower informed me that the ‘Smooth Cayenne has
the great advantage of blooming any time.”
The plants that bloom in the summer here pro-
duce finer fruit than the ones that bloom in the cool
Spring. Thesize of the crates used by the Florida
Fancy Pineapple Assoziatiou is 12 by 20 by 24 inches,
number of fruit 10, 12, 14 and 16,

The growers claim that the fruit from the sheds is
superior to that grown in the Azores under glass,
where the same variety is cultivated. One grower had
a fresh stock of suckers which he imported from the
Azores for propagating purposes.

JENSEN on the Indian Kiver is situated much farther
south, about 27° on the east coast. Here are vast
fields, many miles of solid cultivation. Altogether
there are several thousand acres cultivated on either
side of the railway, Perhaps there is no such concen-
trated area of equal extent under sugar cane cultiva-
tion in Jamaica.

The pioneer pineapple cultivator here, indeed
pioneer cultivator on the Peninsula of Florida, Cap-
tain Richards, gave me an historical account of his
initial experiments; how he 18 years ago (at that time
the district was a wilderness) brought the first schooner
load containing 40,000 suckers from the Key islands,
how they failed except alimited number, as he knew
not how to treat them in the changed conditions of
soil. He returned to the Keys for another, schooner
load, He persevered amidst the greatest difficulties.
Mosquitoes were awful, heads and faces had to be
shielded by a netted contrivance. His first shipment
to New York attiacted great attention, A son is now
a large grower, shipping from 8,000 to 10,000 crates
per year (average per crate 30). This veteran is at
present experimenting with Pineapple wines, etc.

This is the greatest Pineapple region in the world;
about 200,000 crates containing six million fruits are
shipped to the northern cities annually, and planta-
tions are constantly being extended. Practically all
the plants cultivated are the red Spanish variety.
This variety is generally admitted to be inferior in
quality to several others, but growers claim that “ it is
the hardiest, easiest to exltivate and best suited to
varying conditions.” The Jamaica Ripley is well
known amongst growers and is considered the most
luscious of fruits, but though repeatedly tried it has
not been successfully cultivated. The Smooth Cayenne

“is cultivated in the open to a small extent but not

quite satisfactorily.

For a long period of years frost was unknown here,
but the calamitous freeze of 1894-1893, destroyed all
the plantations and ruined most of the planters. How-
ever most of the growers were determined to resist all
obstacles,—the class of men that make a nation pros-
perous. They obtained from the Keys and the Bahamas
fresh supplies of suckers and made new plantations.
Another freeze two years ago, much less severe than
the previous one, committed considerable destruction ;
suckers sprang up from the ground this time. Some
pineries suffered more than others, From year to
year the growers live in terror of the return of this
disaster, though they look forward to comparative
exemptton from frost upon their devoted culture.

The soil here is practically the same as that at
Orlando, The soil is a mystery, chemically and
physically ; it is not known how Pineapples can grow
in soH which is practically devoid of plantfood. © Just
how it is that the pineapple can thrive in such soil that
seems to be exceedingly deficient in all the necessary
qualifications of good land has not been explained. It
will probably be necessary to institute careful phy-
siological experiments with the plants itself before the
matter shall be thoroughly understood.” Again I qucte —
from the Agricultural experiment station Report “ we
have here a plant that increases in size during the
period of greatest drought, when there may be no rain
for 6, 8, and at times 10 weeks, in a soil containing
99,44pexr cent, of insoluble residue!”

-

May 1, 1902,]

The average area of each pinery ig from 20 to 60
acres. I noticed that the smallerareas were under
much better cultivation than the larger. This is what
might be expected, when it is remembered that a 60
acres pinery contains some 7,09.000 plants. Through-
out these thousands of acres of pineries weeds are
conspicuous by their absence. They are carefully sup-
pressed in the early stage of cultivation, The plants
are set about 18 to 22 inches apsrt, some 12,000 to the
acre, including passages, This extremely close plant-
ing is considered advantageous,

It is claimed that this deuse mass not only supports

the plants and fruit, bus that it prevents the growth of
weeds. The first crop is obtained in about 20 months,
and at this stage the fields present a fine symmetrical
appearance. For the second and subsequent crops, &
coup le of suckers are left to each plant; this aggre-
gates into a dense mass of plants after the first crop
is harvested, 30 much so that cne wonders,how the fruit
is cropped. Each sucker yields a fruit, so tbat greatly
‘augmented crops are obtained. From the period of
planting the cultivation is kept up from 8 to 10 years.
I noted that they passed their prime in 4 years, hence
frequent replanting would be better, but a crop at least
is lost by replanting, and when they are densely maj-
sed a touch of frost affects them Jess than it does
those wider apart. The 12,000 plants per acre is esti-
mated to yield from 8,000 to 9,000 fruit peracre. These
with the additional suckers yield from 9,000 up to as
many as 15,000 peracre. I have frequently counted 8
‘and 10 fruits on a square yard. One man reaped 600
crates per acre this year, though some growers got less
than 200 crates per acre, and this may be put down as
the general average.

The great bulk of the crop is harvested in June,
Last June the growers were unfortunate in having
heavy rains (17 inches) which affected the keeping
quality of a considerable number of fruits, Not long
before they experienced a drought, the fruit was smaller
ou this account. The fruit when packed is sent by rail
to Jacksonville the great distributing centre of Florida,
—one day for this. They are then transferred to other
trains for the north,—3 days more. When packed in
the trains, a space is left between the crates for ven-

tilation.

The standard size of the crate is 104 by 12 by 36 in-
ches, two divisions, Acrate holds 18 large fruits, next
sizes 24, 30, 36,42 and 48. Average size 30, The 48’s
-are so small that they are hardly worth shipping. Be-
fore packing each fruit is wrapped with paper.

The average amount netted per acre is about $400.
‘We have had from one acre of pines containing
10,009 plants 250 crates averaging 30 to the crate, or
7.500 pineapples, netting us over transportation, com-
mission, &>. $2 per crate or $50 for the acre. ”
Others state that 100 % profit is realized.

The importance of ammonia and potash are cons-

-tantly discussed, and potash applied at the fruiting
season is said to improve the keeping qualities of the
fruit. The fertilizers are mixed by the grower to suit
his own opinion as tothe relative morits of each in
gredient., Certain fertilizers are simply thrown over
the top3 of the plants, but wherever prasticxble bet-
ween them, TIhecost of fertilizer ranges from avout
$50 to $100 per acre per annum.

Many vegetable forms here are purely tropical, in-
cludiug some of our West Indian species, intermingled
with scrubby oaks, &c, Innumerable trees were coms
pletely destroyed by the great freezs that swept deso-
tation over Florida. The cool winter season here,
barring frost, is quite favourable to many tropical

plants. This is ascentuated by the cloudless sky.
The rainfall averages about 60 inches, Amongst tro-
pical fruits that flourish here ray be mentioned the
mango and the ayocado pear, ‘I'his indicates the
nature of the climate. The characteristic vegetation
is the spruce p.ne and the beautiful palmetto which is
distributed io vast numbers, Thus the two great

’ representatives of northern and southern latitudes ap

pear in companionship.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

719

Besides the open system of pineapple cultivation so
extensively carried on here, the Orlando shed system
has been inaugurated since the great freezo of 1895,
and so successfuliy that there is already about the
same area of sheds as at Orlando, about 200 acres, and
they are in point of size much larger here. Dozens of
acres are being extended at a cost of more than $300
per acre. Peaches thrive in the sheds but not outside.
The Jensen (Indiau River) growers cultivate the red
spanish pine under sheds in contra-distinction to the
Orlando growers with their smooth cayenne. As
already stated frosts are less frequent and less severe
thap at Orlando bat the temperature falls to danger
point under 40° from time to time, when the Plants
begin to suffer, No canvas covering or fires are Used
here. It is found that on a cold ae
sheds conserve tl 2 : Eernea, ee

ve the temperature to the extent of a f
degrees. Thisis important in itself, but other eet
advantages accrue by the adoption ‘of this ihe
OI gonuaa nce: plants grow
ar more luxuariantly therein ruit is i
larger and it is secideaie re hee eogsehicd
plants are cultivated with considerably Je KE and the
ingredients. Fruit burning is also obviated a
observation of the open fields and of the sh dd
side by side, conclusively prove the far reat pads
and more perfect cultivation under fe le eeree ae
adoption of this system of cultivation is nie aus
portant for tue Red Spanish variet as fie. ree
Smooth Cayeane, fees. a itonthe

The shed method has thus brou> i
tural possibilities of the See Date now gout:
several months of winter at Orlando does aed auritg
with the perfect cultivation of the plant a pees
sunshine throughout the year by means f Rede ee
both varieties, enhances the luxuriance Be Sues lor
size and flavour of the fruit, and the Ba ee tenet
ing is materi . e ereby LS:

erially reduced thereby, One great grower

; l presence of I i
grower, that if he had from the first SaAgee leading

tention to 10 acres of sheds, he coul
nen by, calbivaling 60 acres in the Open
cultivation is now under sheds. And th
Opinion is markedly in favour of shed cu ee
same grower declared that more money is madeo t f
ie Hed See aaa the fancy fruit at Onunas
emand for them being i i ater :
BRCLeeEEaee g infinitely e eater by reason

Orauges too, sueceed i

g » Succeed perfectly in shed

structures requisite are very expensive oe Oe eny,

dozens of acres, : Bran seen
ensures

Hotels at Palm Beach, &c., Ornamental Pern cee

J A not i
the importance of shed cutivation vases ee ot
orida,

of the experts at the Agricultural Department thus

called my attention to the fact that i
i tin tk icini

Tampa on the west coast the shed syatom for onite, =
Pils cche is adopted with remarkable results both

3 y and quantity “the cron ; ;
shaw tae jand ie aot governed with checks plot plies

ramec - high.” In Jamai

Tobacco may become an important ae ea ee
quantity per acre would be greatly augmented ‘as 7 il
asimprovedin quality, and it can be grown in ines
where it cannot be grown successfully without aHeas:

The conclusions I arrived at with rogard to the

actual benefit conferred on plants i

shed cultivation are as folees pty Sieeeeonet
fierce burning rays of a tropical sun upon ae f lit :
It prevents continuous and excessive evaporation "It
interrupts the forceof winds which conduces is
increased evaporation and aridity, Thus the a is
mass of plants within creates atmospheric Gonditic 2
of their own, conditions which are suffused th a
out, the shed, : aA

720 THE TROPICAL

PINEAPPLES ON THE Keys.

From the port of Miami 25° 70’ I proceeded in a
schooner to Elliot Key, and Key Largo, the latter
about 25° 20' to examine the methods of ecnitivation
adopted there. Hundreds of Acres are under cul-
tivation on these islands since about 1860 when they
were introduced. On the keys an absolutely different
system of cultivation is carried on. The plants are
grown among the coralline rocks, between the crevices,
the crow bar being used to open the crevices for the
plants. The vegetation on the rocks consists of small
scrubby trees. This is cut down and burnt, An inch
or two of decayed vegetable matter covers most of the
rocks, About a year after clearing this soil is com-
pletely washed into the crevices so that on some
plantations earth is invisible, the entire surface be-
ing rock difficult to walk over, In osher places there
are small collections of humus interspersed among the
rocks. The suckers are actually planted to the extent
of 1.500 dozens to the acre (18,000.) The enltivati n
of each pinery is kept up about 5 years: Fertilizers
are not used. The cultivators have the great advan-
tage of having their fruit a few weeks earlier in the
market, than those cultivated on the mainland and
consequently realise a higher price. There can be
little doubt that the panic CuOB BTEC from the high

re emanated by the rock,

eee Wa HysBRip TINEA EELS rae -

ri interview with Professor Webber, the
TREE GRE. of Hybridization at Washington, on
my way to Florida, I had the gratification of seeing
the first hybrid Pineapple fruit. ‘The first product
of a new type of Pineapple; the result of many years
of devoted skill; a new departure in the history of this
fruit, This precious specimen created intense interest,

On my return to Washington from Florida, I was
informed by the Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry,
by this time other hybrid fruits each distinctly
different had been received from the Experiment
Station in Soe 8 wal phe Hasenr of several of the

xtremely satisfactory.

re iannt I Gaited the Governmeut Experiment Sta-
tion where these fruits were grown, and saw the plant
that gave the first fruit; there are about 300 hybrid
plants altogether, Over a dozen had ripened fruit
by the middle of July, and many more were coming
to maturity, Hach plant so far yields distinctly
different forms, so that they will be numerous. Some
of course will be superior to others. Those that have
fruited are producing suckers for multiplication. Itis
also interesting to record the fact that many of these
plants are smooth leaved, spineless, an important con-
sideration from the grower’s point of view, for it en-
ables him to tiaverse his fields with great facility as
compared with struggling through the spiny masses of
leaves, It is further incresting to relate that the
acquisition of smooth foliage was preconceived in the
hybridizing operations, in view of its advantageous re-
sults. It was a source of pleasure to me to behold
these preciousachievements. Inthe near future we
shall objain specimens; for it may not be amiss to say,
the Chief of the Bureau offered me most_generously
everything that can be spared by the Department.
There can be no doubt that these important acqaisi-
tious ave destined to advance the pineapple Industry
and extend its popularity everywhere.

T am glad to say I have received seeds from another
source of rare varieties which I have sown and hope to
grow for further experimental purposes, At the sta-
tion mentioned there are also many new types of
hybridized Oranges the merits of which areas yet un-
known, not having borne fruit. Guavas are also hy-
bridized here and many other tropical plants are ex-
perimented upon.

PINEAPPLES IN JAMAICA.

The number of frvits exported from Jamaica average
only about 65,000 a year. This is what Florida grows
on 10 acres, Quite recently the cultivation has received
increased attention and judging from the area planted
at least 400,000 should be exported very soon. Even this
number however is closely approximated by individual
growers in Florida, It will remain on insignificant

AGRICULTURIST. {May 1, 1902.

industry until we export millions annually.

Much of the caltivation is far from satisfactory.
Small patches have been successfully cultivated but
I suspect there is hardly any cultivator of an acre or
two who has not been greatly disappointed. Probably
we have had about 100 acres in cultivation for years,
yet the export figures only show what is capable of
being cultivated on 10 acres. The condition of the soil
in Jamaica is the perplexing element. This is the
secret of Florida's success. Intermediate between that
barren sand and the ordinary so.l of Jamaica, we
have to strike the best possible medium. In other
words to ensure saccess for this culture, the soil selected
must be peculiarly sandy, gravelly or rocky even to
the extent of impoverishment in the natural supply of
plant food, which deficiency can be adyantageously
added according to the requirements of the soil.

As stated, in Florida soil is the all important factor
and in crder to make this cultivation successful in Ja-
maica on a large scale, soil is the important con-
sideration, ‘

There can be no doubt that the kinds best adapted to
cultivation in Jamaica arethe acclimatized varieties.
The Smooth Cayenne, which by the way I introduced to
Jamaica 30 years ago, is less successfully grown than

the others, It seems to grow too luxuriantly, all into
rank foliage. More sterile conditions of soil should
remedy this,

Messrs. Elder Dempster & Co, have with a view. to
improve and establish this cultivation on a commercial
scale decided to cultivate several acres on the Liguanea
Plain under my supervision. My long experience in
tropical agriculture, coupled with the advantages ac-
cruing from a careful study of this culture in Florida,
where during my sojourn on the great pineapple fields
I acquired much information, will enable me to turn to
practical account improved methods of cultivation, the
application to our most suitable land of the accumu-
lated knowledge of Florida, 1 therefore hope to be
able to instruct intending cultivators as to the most
approved soils and methods applicable to Jamaica,

Pineapples are exposed in Jamaica to the burning
sun throughout the year far more than is the case in
Florida. I feed convinced that the inauguration of
the shed sytem merits attention for the purpose of ward
ing off the full blaze of the sun and for securing con-
genial atmospheric conditions. I thereforefbeg to sug
gest that [may be empowered to make an experi-
mental trial of a one acre shed, 2 or 3 of the best varie-
ties to be cultivated. On the dry Liguanea Plain, in

. places where the soil is extremely sandy, I am of

opinion that these sheds will prove in valuable. To
cover an acre with laths costs about $300 per acre in
Florida. There timber is cheap, We have bamboo
which doubtless will answer the purpose. perfectly,
and it is cheap. Of this material purpose
making my experimental shed. Possib:y cree-
pers trained on wires might be substituted for laths
eventually. The remarkable improvement appertain-
ing to the pineapples under sbeds io Florida can
probably be attained by cultivation under sheds here.
Tous the Ripley, jadging from Floridian expericnces,
will be considerakly augnieated in size and improved
in quality ( a little difference in the size of the - fruit
doubles its value) and the fruiting season is in some
measure regulated by shed culture. In Florida, as
already stated, no expense is spared to ensure these
conditions. Such a valuable crop is worthy of any im-
provement ofsoil, &o,

With regard to this cultivation on the rocks of the
keys, similar rocky land abounds in Jamaica,—exten-
sive areas under rank bush and considered uncultiy-
able, These wastes with sufficient rain can be converted
into pineapple fields. Little capital is requisite beyond
what is necessary for the purchase of suckers, One
man can cultivate several acres, Were these hills in
Florida hundreds of acres would be planted yearly.
Besides we are practically exempt from the plague of
mosquitoes that torment the lives of growers on the
keys. Sheds are not used on _ the keys.
The rainfull is about 60 inches, In Jamaica,

May 1, 1902.]

too, as on the bare rocky lands of the keys, limes and
tomatoes could be extensively cultivated, both for
England and America. ‘I'ens of thousands of barre's
and crates are exported from the keys, and large sams
of money are amassed there from,

In addition to the methods of cultivation applicable
to Jamaica, to which I have referred, I have the plea-
sure to recommend the initiation of another system,
which I anticipate will prove most successful. Bear-
ing in mind the peculiar conditions of soil under which
the plant is cultivated on a great scale, viz., in the
sandy soil of Florida, and on the rocks of the keys, I
have arrived at the conclusion that we have in Jamaica
another peculiarly favourable condition of soil on
which it cau be cultivated with the greatest success.
Between Old Harbour and the foot of the Manchester
Hills, and inother localities, there are thousands of
acres of comparatively level limestone rock, on which
there isa thin layer of earth about 9 inches deep. Only
small trees grow ou this land. The soil is too shallow
for other cultures. ‘Che rainfall is about the same as
on the keys.

Sand or rocks in Florida effect the most perfect
drainage conceivable. The other type of soil which 1
recommend,—a thin film of earth resting on a bed
rock, it is impossible to surpass from the drainage
point of view. Being fertile it is more valuable than
sand. The air permeates freely. These conditious as-
sured, abundant rain, rain that would prove prejudi-
cial withou trock, will constantly invigorate the plants.
Large areas are thus susceptible of cultivation based
on the merits of the soil.—Jamaica Board of Aqvicul-
ture.

(To be Concluded.)

———____—__. ere
CACAO CULTIVATION IN CEYLON.

MEMO, OF SUGGESTIONS BY THE P.A., SUB-COM-
MITTEE FOR EXPERIMENTS TO BE UNDERTAKEN
FOR CIRCULATION TO THE CACAO COMMITTEE
FOR REMARK3.AND RETURN TO THE
SECRETARY AS SOON AS POSSIBLE,

Name of Estate.
Acreage.

Elevation.
Monthly Rainfall (for as many years b>ck as can

conveniently be given).
No. of trees per acre.

Are the trees all of one variety, andif so, which ; or
are they mixed -hybrids ?

Approximate age of trees.

Number of pods harvested each month.

Weight of dry Cacao harvested each month.

Weight of black-Cacao (dry) harvested each month

Is there any shade other than wind belts, andif so,
what trees do you use? (If certain areas are
more or less closely planted kindly mention this)

Which in your opinion is best, and why ?

Have you any Oacao trees with no or scarcely any
shade ? Whatis your opinion as to its vigour and
yield ? :

Have you noticed any difference in the colour of the
flowers—what coloured flowers in your opinion set
most?

Which variety Foresters or Ceylon Red is in your
opinion the heaviest cropper? Do you_ use
manure ? How often and in what quantity ? What
do youconsider the best manure for Cacao, and
what time do you think best for its application ?

Have you noticed marked effects from the use of
manure in gainin vigour or increase of yield in
already vigorous Cacao ?

Do you prune your trees, andif so, on what system,
and have you noticed any benefit caused by it ?
DisEasE. Is there any disease on stem, branches or

tex pods injyour Hstate ?

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

721

Have you edopted cutting diseased parts entirely
out or shaving them, and if so, with what re-
sults ?

What other treatment if any has been carried out
in your Hstate ?

How often do you go round the whole Estate with
curative work and how long does the round take ?

What is the cost per acie of this curative woik in
the year ?

What do you do with the empty pods ?

Do you destroy diseased husks—by burning or other-
wise ?

What time of the year do you notice the effects of
the disease most ?

Is the disease worse in different parts of the estate—
what are the environment and conditions in these
areas as to aspect, dampness, shade and wind ?

Whether the growing of suckers and gormandizers
have been tried and whether they have enabled
the trees to resist canker ?

Whether artificial heating by steam has been tried
in fermenting, or whether any artificial ferments
have been used? With what effect ?

The Committee will be greatly helped in their work
of gaining knowledge of Cacao in relation t) pro-
fitable cultivation if you will make experiments
and carefully record notes of their results in the
following matters :—

The growing of cuttings,

Suggestions.

Layering.

The elevation at which Cacao will grow vigorously

By planting a few trees on spots at different
elevations and recording their prosperity.

By taking off any non-fruit producing branches
and suckers and noticing if the total produc-
tion of fruit increased,

PRUNING,

GRAFTING,

Manuaina, A. PHILIP,
Seerctary.

—— SE

GRAFTING ExPERIMENTS.—According to a recent
number of Le Jadin, M. Lindemuth lately showed be-
fore the Prussian Horticultural Society some interest-
ing specimens of grafting, in which the graft had
exercised a more or less marked influence on the stock.
The plants were:—Ilst, Yellow Wallflower on Red
Cabbage, in which the plant had developed below
lateral branches of Wallflower, with a shoot of cabbage
and a head of Red Cabbage. 2ndly, Brussels Spront
on Yellow Wallflower. 3rd, Abutilon Thompsoni on
Althea naabonensis. The former is a shrub, the
second is a herbaceous plant. Owing to the influence
of the Abutilon the branches of the Althwa became
persistent, and indeed, are two yearsold. 4h, Solanum
erythrocarpum on Tomato (S. Iycopersicum), The
Tomato being the more rapid grower, communicated
this property to S. erythrocarpum. 5th, Malvastrum
capense became variegated by grafting with Abutilon
Thompsoni. Sth, Hybrid Petunia on Nicotiana glauca.
If Petunias are grafted on the stems of Nicotiana of
rapid growth, fine shoots of Petunias on the stems can
certainly be obtained. Mr, Winter, of Bordighera, has
already made this experiment, and has grafted Petu-
nias on many branches of Nicotiana glauca, which in
that district grows as ashrub. ‘The effect should have
been very fine, but a storm bruised the heavy branches
of the Petunias. 7th, A new plant, with variegated
foliage, Sida Napa, obtained by grafting with
Abutilon Thompsoni, was a success in one instance,
while another specimen remained green, 8th, Althwa
rosea (Hollyhock) became variegated by the influence
of the graft of Abutilon Thompsoni, Young seedlings
of Althwa rosea, of Malvastrum capense, and
variegated Anoda hastifolia have, so far, remained
green.— Gardeners’ Chronicle.

122
THE DATE TREE.

A writer 50 years ago stated thatthe date tree was
the only tree whose cultivation was not neglected in
Egypt. It might truthfully be said now that it is
more neglected than any other tree. The cause is
obviously due to the introduction of other staple foods,
formerly unknown or rare, such as maize, beans, sugar
cane, and many vegetables, especially the tomato and
onion. Bread is now very cheap and the poorest
beggar can buy it. Huropean immigration has directly
brought about the bettering of the lower and working
classes and wages have gone up in many cases twenty-
fold. The Berberee, especially, who formerly con-
sidered himself quite wealthy with the possession of
pa hundred date trees, now assesses thair yearly profit
at as many shillings, and finding the comparison
between £5 per year and the wages and food received
by his relations as cooks, bowabs, servants, etc., in
_ Oairo, very unsatisfactory for himself, leaves his date
trees to his wives and fathers-in-law and seeks work
in thelarge towns. The characteristic national love
of economy of effort has also greatly contributed to
the neglect.

It is very interesting to read of the incidents which
attended theintroduction of many parent trees into
this country. Rich and notable sheikhs made it a
rule to bring back, if possible, on their return from
the pilgrimage to Mecca, a young date tree taken
from the base of some good tree en route. The usual
chapter of accidents, as well as the ordinary mishaps,
such as disease, plague, highway robbery, want of focd
and the death of the camel or the tree on the way,
reduced the number of trees successfully introduced
‘to aminimam. The species generally received either
the name of the sheikh or the place of origin, It is
probably owing to this custom that whilst there are
only about 22 different varieties of date palms in Egypt
the trees comprising them have about 250 different
names. Oflatethe pride taken in their cultivation
and the feelings almost of veneration for them have
died away. The five commonest species grown in
Egypt and the Soudan are probably ; the Bedreshin,
Cairo, Rasheet, Rasson Wadi, and the Fayoum date
trees. The Bedreshin tree is very common, fruitful,
and very high; its fruit is good and is ready about
September. The Rasheet, largely grown in the Delta,
is about half as high, has spreading leaves, and its
fruit is large and lime-shaped and isnot ready until
the winter. The Cairo tree is also a smaller one and
has smaller but sweeter fruit. The Rassan Wadi is
said to have been brought from Arabia by a Moudir of
Zrgazig. It is like the Bedreshin date but has inferior
fruit. Tbe Fayoum is a smaller variety, has many
spreading leaves, and its fruitis thin but very sweet.
Some dates are only fit to dry, others to press, and
others again to be eaten fresh. To cater for the
native requirements is altogether unnecessary, for not
only do these trees yield their supplies for local con-
sumption but several hundred tons of inferior dates
valued at about £7 per ton are imported yearly from
Turkey. Au adeqnate financial return for trouble
and expense can easily be gained in Egypt by all
cultivators who will extend and grow the better kinds
‘of date, The Basha or Vanille date tree, the Sultani,
and the Rasheet are excellent varieties and pay well.
That superior fruit gives best returns can be seen by
reference to the reports of the British Chamber
of Oommerce of Egypt, which give the annual
average export of dates from Egypt for fifteen years
as 645 tons, valued at about £18 per ton, For 1899
and 1900 the value wasonly £16 per ton, »nd yet the
guperior quality of Tunisian dates of the best kind im-
ported was valued at neatly £32 per ton, “ nearly
double the price’? f

From oneortvoimportant grocersin Cairo it has
been learned that a Greek merchant has taken the
trouble during the last two seasons to buy and neatly

ack in 8-oke boxes some of the best and largest

ates, which he has supplied to the grocers for sale

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

[May 1, 1902.

at the retail price of 5 piastres per oke. Last year
he only put on the market about half aton, but all
were very quickly sold. This year he has been able
to procure about 4 tons and has alrea@y disposed of
them all. This should be extremely encouraging to
those who intend growing good trees. A few years
ago England had only the boxes of preszed dates sold
retail by street-hawkers on trucks at abont21. per Ib
and by grocers at perhaps a penny more. Imme-
diately the import of dates in fancy half-ponnd
and pound cardboard boxes from Algeria began,
fruiterers, although at first over-cautions because of
the price, found the sale quite easy and the demund
increased enormously. Now, on account of their good
appearance and superior flavour. they are becoming
generally popular even with the middle classes. Much
of this trade could be captured by cultivators in
Egypt, for innoother country of the world is the
climate so suitable for the date. Other products of
the fruit and the tree might also be supplied, espe-
cially vinegar (similiar but superior to that made by
the fellaheen), wine, preserve, brandy, and brooms.

There are many faults committed in the cultiva‘ion
of the date palm in Egypt. Not only is wiuer a
necessity, but manure also, andso many of the trees
which do not bear cannotdoso simply becaus-+ the
roots hive taken from the ground all available
nourishment. The bases of the trees also are yearly
left more exposed owing to the contact of the water.
A good grower sets his young trees in a trench whica
is gradually filled up with fertilisers or good soil.
The roots should never appear as they du almost
everywhere in Egyptin old trees, Another serious
fault, sometimes causing the same effect. is the want
of sufficient root space. Cases could be mentioned
where Arabs have taken the trouble to dig in the hard
rock ‘‘ with a pick-axe holes about three-quarters of a
metre square, and set in these young young date-
trees. On the premature deathof these trees after
an initiatory growth of promise they would probably
sum up the cause bythe ejaculation, *‘ Wallah ”’—It
is the will of God. Where the roots encounter re-
sistance of the subsoil they will often push the tree
out of the ground for several feet, and thisis by no
means an uncommon sight. Thinning fruit
in its earliest stage is often very necessary. Natives
generally allow it to fall but each fruit has robbed
the tree of a certain amount of nourishment which
might have been given to the remaining dates. Not
many growers are willing to understand tha‘ 30 okes
of Jarge fine dates will bring in three times as
much money asthe same weight of small and ordi-
nary ones. Yet many trees properly cared for can,
and do, produced fruit as large as lemons or bana-
nas if thinned in the same way as we thin grapes in
our English vine-houses.

Young trees should be taken from the basesof the
best varieties when 7to 10 years old) They should
be set in trenches about a metre wide where there
is plenty of good surface soil. Theyshould be put
in the ground up to the leaves, which should be
wrapped round with matting or straw. This favours
the growth of the roots. Care should be taken to
provide free exit forthe new leaves at the stem.
They should begin to bear fruit in three’ years end
be in full bearing in 10 years. Trees grown from
kernels are more healthy and vigorous and muy
live for 200 years. They are however a very long
time growing to maturity and it is impossible to tell
before flowering whether they are male or female.
The yonng shoots at the stems, on the other hand,
arealways ofthe same sex as the parent. As the
trees get old the lower partsof the trunks are in-
clined to become stony and the sap is unable to flow
through them easily. It is wellin such cases to apply
a fertiliser in which nitrogenand phosphates predo-
minate ; the former toaccelerate the movement of the
sp, the second to promote the formation of new cells,
and new tissues, and tg facilitate flowering and fructi

May 1, 1902.]

fication, When the new tissues have gained a predo-
minance over the petrified ones, the vital activity is
strong, and the tree growsagain under normal coudi-
tions. Mangansse applied as a fertiliser exercises its
oxidising action and procures the free circulation of th
sap- Thetree can also be beheaded but before doing
this a hole must be made through the trunk about
twelve feet from the sammit and a cylinder of wood in-
serted soas to protrude on each side, Round this
must then be fixed plenty of soil and manure which
must be kspt coutiaually moist forabout ayear. The
top part wilithen have sent out roots and can be
planted just in the same way asa youngtree. Should
a date tree by any accident have its crowa broken off or
core damaged it may shoot out again if the top be
covered with clay to keepin the sap. The process of
grafting described some time ago by “ Appella ” in the
correspondence columns of the Hyyptian Gazette, does
not seem to be kuown either in Egypt or the Soudan,
though trees have been kuown to bear branches and
shoots throughout the stem where they have been
neglected. Some are to be seenat Ab Ainel Wadiin
the Iddaila Oasis,—Lgyptian Gazette.

a ee SS

THE VALUB OF CHEMICAL
MANURES.

Under the auspices of the Bristol and a District Gar-
deners’ MutualiImprovement Association, a mo: ins-
tructive lecture was given in St. John’s Rooms on
Thursday, January 9, by Mr. F. W. E. Shrivell, F.L.S.
F.RH.S., of Golden Green, Tonbridge. His subject
was * Chemical Manures in the Kitchen and Fruit
Garden,’ and was based upon the results of seven
year’ sexperimental work carried out in conjunction
with Dr. Bernard Dyer, E.1.C. F-L.S. F.0.S. Uf. Cary
Batte Esq. President of the Association, presided over
a good attendance, and wasaccompanied by Mrs. A.
Cary Batten, whoalso takes a deep interest in the
work of the society. The president, introducing the
lecturer , alluded to the great importance of the subject

to the district, where so much attention was devoted
to agriculture and horticulture.
Mz. Shrivell, who illustrated his remarks by a

series of diagrams, explained that for many years dung
was the chief manure both for the farm and garden,
but they were now trying, by means of a series of
experiments at Tonbridge, to discover whether it
was better to use large quantities of dung. orto use a
smaller quantity with chemical manure, or to use
chemicals entirely. With regard to the system upon
which their experiments were condusted, the land on
which eash vegetable or fruit was grown was divided
into sections, each being in area a fiftieth of an acre.
One section was mauured with heavy dressing of dung;
a second with light dressings of dung;a third with
chemicals only; and the other thre witn a light
dressing of dung,an ordinary dressing of phosphatic
manure jeither basic slag or superphosphate of lime)
and varying quantities of nitrate of soda, Diagrams
were shown, proving that after seven years’ experi-
ments, the best result was obtained by employing a
small|quantity of dung with the use of chemical manure,
this being specially noticeable in the case of Broccoli,
Potatoes, &c. Nitrogen, phosphates and potash were
the elements of farmyard manure, The value of
dung was thatit was such a marvellous mechanical
agent. On light sandy oil, for instance, in dary
weather it tended to keep moisture in the ground and
prevented evaporation, Intheclay soils it tended to
lighten it and aerate it toa very considerable extent.
That was the great advantage of farmyard manure or
what was ordinary called dung. But it had a great
disadvantage, and that was its cost, Speaking.
WITH REGARD TO FRUIT

the lecturer said experiments hud been made by treat-
ing itsculturein the same way as the vegetables
were treated—heavy dressings of dung, light dressings
of dung, plus chemicals, and chemicals alone, He

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

723

had experimented on Gooseberries, Black Currants
Red Currants, Raspberries, and Plums with light
dressing of daag, plus chemicals, and with chemicals
atone; aud inlused soin3 interes:ing information upon,
tha effs +63 on the different fruits. For the purpose of
bash f:u'ts—O arrants, Raspberries, Gooseberries, &c.,
ths qiantities for 100 square yards (broadcast) should
ba 10 1b. superphosphate, 10 lb kainit, to be applied
during autuma or winter, and in early spring 7 lb to
10 1b nitrate of sody. With regard to strawberries.
experiments showed that they could not grow Straw-
berries entirely by the aid of chemicals, but tbat
with a light dressing of dung added to chemicals, they
would be much mora satisfactory to the grower.
Chemical manures were also useful for the purposes
of growing Onions, Beet, and Oelery. With regard
to the latter, he knew thit most gardeners were much
in favour of sewage, wheua they could obtain it,
but he strongly advisad them never to use sewage,
for there was a great objection to its use in growing
any vegetable that was eaten raw. Sewage should
never be used for anything that was not cooked. By
its use in this respect, they were apt to spread such
diseases as typhoid and diphtheria. In the use of
chemical mannre for Celery, they would have to use
discretion, but they would find that a small quantity
judiciously used would ensure a splendid crop. Then,
again, they could make a good liquid manure for
Cucumbers and Melons. One ounce of nitrate of
soda in a gallon of water used once or twice a week
would considerably assist them in growing these,
Chrysanthemums again were the most difficult plants
to deal with; alight liquid manure of half-ounce of
nitrate to one gallonof water, might be used when
the buds began to form, but they should stop to use
it when the buds began to break, 1n the kitchen gar-
den, chemicals for 109 square yards, with half a load
of farmyard manure, should be used thus : Superphos-
phate, 14 1b. kainit, 101b. Thisshould ba dug in with
the manure in autumn or early spring ; and later on
they should sow on the surface 10 lb of nitrate soda in
two or more dressings.

After referring to the dressings for herbaceous bore
ders (basic slag, 14 lb; kainit, 8 lb, pricked in in
autumn ; and nitrate of soda 8 lb, in March and April
to the 100 square yards, Mr. Shrivell spoke on ancther
subject which he said was important, and especially
tothe professional gardeners. This was

THE SUBJECT OF LAWNS.

He knew that many gardeners were troubled with
Daisies and different weeds on lawns. He thought
that wherever they had got aground with a tremen-
dous quantity of weed on it, that told the tile that the
ground was really very poor. Ifhe gave them some-
thing to make their lawns grow, they should not
grumble at him if they had to cut the grass more often;
There was a suggested dressing for a lawn of 100
square yards—l14 lb of basic slag with 9 1b kainit, and
a later dressing of 51b of nitrate of soda. This com-
bination wasa plant food to produce the finer Grasses
and Clover, while it would do away with the Daisies
and commoner weedsin a lawn. It did not follow
that if they put this on one year that they need put
it onthe next, The basic slag and kainit had a tense
dency to stimulate the growth of Clovers: and if they
did not want Clovers, they must keep these two away ;
but if they wanted a little Clover or Trefoil, put it on,
That would do away with the Daisies. Whenever
they saw a meadow full of Daisies ana Buttercups
they kuew perfectly well that, asa rule, it was a poor
meidow. They must use nitrate aloneif they did not
wish to grow Clover. His own feeling went to the
balanced manure. It was very rarely that lawns had
a dressing, the only thing they ever got was a little
lawn manure, which was simply sand plus nitrogenous
manure. The lectarergave many other instances of
the value of chemicals, and concluded his address
amid applause,

(We must apologise to the Bristol gardeners for
haviog held over this interestingjand valaable reports,

724.

Necessity has no law !—Ep.)—Journal of Horticulture
Cottage Gardener.

ee

PINEAPPLES AND THEIR VARIETIES,

We have received the following letterfrom Mr.J. C.
Harvey, of ‘Buena Ventura” Plaatation, Isthmus of
Tehuatenpec, San Juan, Evangalista, P.O. V.C. Mexico
Dated 25th Nov., 1901, and which is worthy of publi-
cation :—

In the October issue of the “ Tropical Agcriculturist’,
I note an article signed J. B., copied from the Journal
of your Society, ve Pineapples, and although my
principal interest here is Rubber and Cacao I take a
special interest in all fruits, if only for home use, and
have according to invoice of some two years ago some
(2) varieties of pines—besides two sorts which I know
nothing of. Asa Britisher I hope I may be privileged
to ask you a few questions, and also desire to submit
a ‘proposition. First, however, is there any difference
between Smooth Cxeyenne and Kew Giant? also, as
between Golden Qacen and Egyptian Queen ? Do you
know anything ofa pine called Black Antigua ? also
Mauritius? What is Ripley Queen as against Jamaica
Ripley? Istheresucha pine as Trinidad? To my
mind, pine nomenclature seems very much mixed,
What ia Black Jamaica ? Allthese pines I have at
least sent to me bya Florida specialist. Now as to
my proposition. [ haveapine here embracing in my
opinion every good quality a pine should have, it was
introduced four years ago. direct from Guatemala—

or lack of a name I ca)Ifit “White Guatemala Spinleess”’
—it is absolutely smooth and has much the appearance
of Smooth Cayenne, that is to say, the plant. You
doubtless are aware, that smooth Cayenne, has a very
few short spines at the extremity of every leaf, and
that the fleshis yellow, this plant has absolutely no
spines whatever, and the flesh is almost snow white—
sweet yet with a sprightly subacid, yet not stinging
taste as some have—the fruit is teshnically smooth,
not shouldered, nor yet conical—in fact, perfect in
form—reaches with me with practically no cultivation
7 \b., if the suckers are taken at the right size ripens
from end of January toJune, and even July according
to planting, core never woody—from the fac: that I
have had them inthe house 10 days for perfect ripan-
ing should be agood marketer; it isa vigorous plant
and makes plenty of slips or offsets -thoagh not such
a great number as Golden Queen does—anyway, a
strong plant that can be calculated to give from 8 to
15 for propagation annually, I canot find any account
of a pine in either Florida or the West Indies,
agreeing with these characteristics, andI feel sure it
would be ® most valuable addition to your list of
pines, I may say as_ regards soil that this pine
seems to grow remarkably well in heavy soil, and in a
much damper situation than many others I have,
indeed some rot away completely at the roots under
similar conditions, and have to be planted in selected
situations—it also appears to do well in moderate’y
dry places, though I think on the whole it is best
adapted to moderately damp situations in rather
heavy rich soil. Our rainfall here is 100 inches distri-
buted over eight months, the bulk of the rainfall how-
ever occars from May to October after which occasional
rains till middle of February. March, April, and the
most of May hot and dry.

Now what 1 desire to say is that I should like to

et the following:—2 Rothschilds, 2 Ripley (red), 2

Ripley (green), 1 Sugar Loaf, 2 Bullhead, 2 Black, 2
Cowboy, 2 Cheese, 2 Sam Clark, 2 Jerusalem—19 Slips
for which I will send an equal number of offsets of the

White Guatemala Spineless, they can be sent either

way by mail—that is between Mexico and Jamaica.

I, of course, do not know whether you can attend to
this yourself personally, if not, will you kindly com
municate with some grower that would care to doso,
and advice at the earliest opportunity as I should
greatly like to conclude the transaction before the dry

seasons,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May 1, 1902.

Are your publications for sale, if so, kindly advise
cost of subscription.
We have replied as follows :—

We are in receipt of your letter of the 25th Novem-
pet, and have pleasure in replying to your queries as
ollows ;

1.~The Smooth Cayenne Pine Apple and Giant Kew
are the same.

2.—The Golden Queen and Egyptian Queen are two
of the Queen varieties, (the Ripley .being a third.)
They present similar characteristics but are not the
same.

_ 3.—The Black Antigua is the common pine shipped
in quantities from Antigua.

4.—The Jamaica Ripley is the same as the Ripley
Qveen, the Ripley being one of the Queen varieties.

5.—We have never heard of any distinct variety
Called ‘‘ Trinidad.”

6.—It is indeed very desirable that pine nomenclature
should be bronght to some uniformity, now that in so
many places pine culture is heing put on a commercial

asis.

7.—Black Jamaica is often called Black Spanish. It
has dark green leaves, shading toa darker hue, almost
a blae-purple in the centre, and the leaves are hollow—
not open and flattish. The fruit is dark green, and
is fit to eat before it shows any yellow or red. The
leaves have little hooked prickles, not spines like the
teeth of a saw, but set distinctly from each other,

8.—We donot know the White Guatemala Spine-
less, but all smooth-leaved varieties, so long as they
are hard-fleshed and can carry well, are worth cultivat-
ing, because of the facility for working when close-
planted. Your description of this variety almost fits
our “ Bull-head,’”’ but our variety, although sometimes
having entirely smooth leaves, has generally some
prickles set irregularly on the leaves; sometimes jn-
deed the leaves are almost all prickly. The flesh of
the Ball-head, when the pine is cultivated, is smooth
hard and white. with hardly any eyes, and hasa sweet
acid flavour much as you describe. The “ Bull-heaq ”
also grows well in heavy soil, and though some Florida
men have said it is the same as the Red Spanish, others
have said it is not,—and we do not think it is.

9.—We will send you three or four of the varieties
you name, but Bull-head and Cowboy are the same
and so are the Cheese and Sam Clark Pines. We shall
attend to this personally,{not knowing any one who will

.take the matter up in the spirit of an exchange. Tho

subscription to our Agricultural “ Journal ’’ (copy sent
herewith) is 43. per annum, and one shilling extra to
foreign subscribers.

We have here :—

Ripley— Red and Green.

Golden Queen (which might be called Yellow Ripley.)

Bull Head or Cowboy, (which is sometimes called
Red Spanish, but is not.)

Sam Clark, Queen, Cheese, Goffe Pine, Red Pine;
which we have called ‘ Red Jamaica.”

Sugar Loaf which you know.

Black Pine or Black Jamaica.

China Pines, very similar in general to the Black
but presenting some difference when examined closely
in shape and colour of leaf, in placing of spines, and
in colour of fruit. These characteristics of China
Pines will be closely noted during the coming fruiting
season.

Abbakas and Smooth Cayenne, imported from
Florida and grown to a good extent here during these
last few years,

Rothschilds and Envilles, only grown here to the
most limited extent as specimens,

We have arranged tc get the pine suckers asked for
sent,and on receiving the ‘‘ White Guatemala Spine-
less’’ suckers, will send them to the Public Gardens
te Fe tried.—ZLhe Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural

ocvety.

May 1, 1902.]

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

725

Wilson, Smithett & Co’s Ceyion Tea Memoranda for 1901.

Lonvon, Marcu, 1902.

A review of the course of the Cryzton tea market
during the year 1901 is somewhat depressing, and is
only relieved by the hope that the experience gained
by the crisis, through which the industry has been
passing, may prove of real and lasting benefit in the
future. The eyils caused by the oyer-production
which resulted from the extensions indulged in, both
in Cryton and Inpia, during the era of prosperity
enjoyed by tea-growers afew years ago, were con-
siderably aggravated during the past two years by the
disorganization of the home trade in the early months
of each year, occasioned by the anticipation by dis-
tributors of an increased Duty in the Budget pro-
posals, resulting in a large volume of artificial
business for the purpose of duty paying, and corres-
ponding heavy capital expenditure, which reduced
purchasing powers and affected trade in the country
for a considerable time at a period of the year when
the arrivals from CryLon were heaviest.

The average Price of all Ceylon Tea sold on
Garden Account in 1901 was 6.80d per Ib.,
against 7.25d in 1900 and 8d in i899,

During the year under reyiew the ill-effects of the
Duty seare were even more marked than in the pre-
ceding year. The full effect of the coarser plucking
resorted to both in Cryton and Inpra, after the
period of high prices in 1899, was not experienced
until the early months of 1901, when the heavy
arrivals of inferior to common tea were neglected in
the rush to pay duty on previous and current pur-
chases of more desirable qualities. At the commence-
ment of the year the quotation for commonest Sou-
chong stood at the very low figure of 4d per lb., and
during the following two months it gradually declined
to the hitherto unrecorded leyel of 3d per 1b., whilst
the coarsest qualities, of which unfortunately there
was no small supply, sold at still lower rates. Had
these ruinously low prices been confined to the
abnormally coarse leaf, which was primarily respon-
sible for the fall, there would have been slight occa-
sion for regret, but the establishment of such low
quotations had the effect of reducing the values of the
necessary grades of useful Pekoe Souchongs and
Pekoes to 4d and 44d per 1b,, and several months
elapsed before any distinct recovery set in, too late to
save many gardens from incurring actual loss in the

year’s working.

The serious crisis with which planters were con-
fronted and the obyious nature of its primary cause,
ensured such steps being taken, without any collective
action, as fo modify to some extent the output of the

on

season 1901-2. Manuring operations were to some
extent restricted, coarse plucking was reduced, and,
finally, Nature herself interyened with climatic con-
ditions unfayourable to heavy flushing, and assisted
in putting the industry again ina slightly more satis-
factory statistical position, thus not only limiting tho
supply, but giving the bushes a much needed rest,
which should be compensated for by improved body
and flayour in the near future.

Jf, however, a system of rather finer plucking was
adopted during the past year on those estates most
responsible for the commonest leaf in the previous
season, it does not seem as if that policy was uni-
versal, ab all events on those estates which were
remarkable for good tea during that peroid, and
which then actually benefited by the inferiority of
the bul of the crop. The quality of the great
majority of up-country teas was distinctly inferior
in the autumn of 1901 to that of the previous year,
and owing to the improvement in the classes below,
the crack marks were considerably less prominent
for quality, and consequently commanded less com-
petition and realised lower prices, The district of
Ups PussELLAWA was most remarkable in this
respect, the teas of this district being much less
distinguished for their usual characteristic point
and flavour ; possibly the cause may be attributed
to climatic exigencies unlikely to be repeated in the
ensuing season, with which we are not acquainted.

The rest, to which the bushes have for some time
past been inyoluntarily subjected, will, in the or-
dinary course of events, be probably followed by
prolific flushing, and it seems advisable therefore
that consideration should be given this year to the
expediency of resorting to a system of plucking,
more like that which used to obtain in the earlier
days of the industry, when a maturer leaf was
gathered, moxe especially in the case of those high-
country estates to which we have been accustomed
to look for a supply of fine CryLon tea, but which
have of late produced so much ordinary quality leaf.
Although, owing to unfavourable climatic con-
ditions, the actual output from Crynon has, during
the past few months, fallen considerably short of
estimates, Srock om Anu GnowrHs, visible and
invisible, remains very large—some 30,000,000 lbs.
in excess of that existing three years ago, when the
important advance in the price of common tea took
place, and it seems reasonable to expect that by
Midsummer, unless ~ery unlikely circumstances
should arise, an ample supply of common CEYLON
will be assured, to provide for the requirements of

726

the dull summer season, followed by a plentiful
supply of low-priced Inp1An leaf in the autumn. If
this should prove to be correct it would seem to be to
the advantage of the high elevations to check the
desire for large yields, and to produce a more mode-

rate quantity of really good tea as in earlier years,
jeaying the supply of ‘: g good comimon’’ tea—not un-
duly coatse leaf—to the low- country and medium
elevations. It must have been apparent to the pro-
ducers of a good deal of up-country tea during the
past season that their manufacture did not compare
satisfactorily with the most useful type of thick plain
liquoring tea of the lower elevations, by reason of the
character of their liquers which were so generally
wanting in body and, insufficiently characterised by
point and flavowr, as well as on account of their lack
of distinction in make and appearance.

Home Consumption of Ceyton Tra during 1901
fell short of that of the previous year by 1,500,000 Ibs.
and declined in the year to 35.55 per cent. of the
total, from 37 per cent. in 1900. This may be attri-
buted, not to any decline in popularity of the leaf at
homie, but to the encouraging fact that the nu-Ex-
ports showed a remarkable expansion. The total
DELIVERIES, Home ConstumMprion and RE-EXPoRTS
together, exceeded the Lanpiycs by 3,600,000 lbs.
This inroad on the Srock unfortunately did not pre-
vent a decline in values owing to the excessive supply
of INDIAN tea.

Forricn ‘TRapE,—The steadily increasing hold
that the Cynon growth is obtaining in the extra-
neous markets of the world forms at least one subject
for congratulation. The r-Exports from Lon-
pon to the various Foreign markets during 1901 were
4,300,000 lbs. in excess of those of the previous year,
notwithstanding the fact that the Imports showed a
falling-off of 9,200,000 1bs., and formed 41.70 per cent.
of the Exporrs of all growths, against 32.56 per
cent, in 1900 and 6.30 per cent. ten years previously.
A reference to the table we give of the Disrrisurion
or British Imports or CryLton TEA will show that

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May 1, 1909.

the increased demand for CreyLon tea has not come
from one or two quarters only, but was practically
universal,

The development in the direct trade from CoLomBo
to the different tea-consuming countries of the world
is also very encouraging. AMERICA and Canapa took
rather Jess in this way than in 1909, but the fact that
Aus@RALiA last year absorbed nearly 21,000,000 lbs.
is a most satisfactory feature.

GREEN TrAa.—This new feature in CeyLoN manu-
facture has attracted a fair amount of attention.
The demand for Cryton GREEN TEA was not un-
vaturally somewhat spasmodic and quickly satisfied,
but, on the whole, satisfactory prices were realised
for the best samples. As was generally anticipated
it was in AmeRtcaA that this class of tea enjoyed the
readiest market, and there seems to be little doubt
that in time it will prove a formidable rival to the
Japans and Curnas, which have for so long held the
field in the SrarEs and Canapa. At home, especially
quite recently, the scarcity of Cumya Green Teas and
their consequent important rise in yalues caused
Lonpon buyers to turn their attention to the CeyLon
variety, it being thought that the fact that it blended
less ostentatiously with Black Tea would make it
acceptable. So far, howeyer, this characteristic
seems to have proved a bar to its finding fayour with
the old-fashioned consumers of Green Tea in this
country who apparently prefer the unmistakable
presence of the Curna sorts in their blends. The
demand for GREEN Tea in this country is, however,
so unimportant that Planters will be well advised in
confining their attention to the requirements of
AmBRICA and CANADA with regard to this description.

Our Summary of CryLon tea sold at auction during
1961 comprises 606 marks. Owing to the endeavour
to establish ‘‘ unreported sales ’’ last summer a good
deal of tea was disposed of privately for a time, and
it was frequently difficult to obtain authentic prices.
We trust, however, that our statistics are not affected
by this to any important extent and we can only hope
that these Memoranda will proye as useful and
correct as it is our constant endeayour to make them,

Ustimated relative Yiuup and AVERAGE Prion realised for the. different Cevuon Tea Districts,
compiled from the Public Auctions held in Lonpon between January 1st and DecemBeER 31st, 1901 :—

Ay. Price Ay. Price Ay. Price
per lb. per 1b. per lb.
1901 ° about 1900. about 1899. about
lbs. about 1901. |lbs. about 1900. |Jbs. about 1899,
Nouwara Whivs, Marurnatra & UDA
PUSSELAWA as «| 4,550,000) 8.354 4,500,000} 9.10d 4,000,000} 9.25d
DIMBULA aie oe | 19,825,000), 8,95 18,250,000) 8. 17,000,000} 9
Drxoya 66 66 «| 5,950,000 Ths 6,000,000! 8 6,900,000) 8.50
BOGAWANTALAWA ab «-| 4,250,000] 7.50. 4,500,000) 7.90 3,000,000} 8.60
HAPurALE He 3,450,000) 7 3,250,000} 7.90 2,500,000] 8.50
PussEeLawa, Korman, Pu INDALOYA &

RAMBODA .. re 5 8,360,000). 6.75 8,500,000) 7 8,000,000) 7.60
MAskmuryaA {i a0 --| 4,100,000; 6.50 4,000,000) 7.45 » 3,000,000 8.40
HEWAHETA fs «+| 2,350,650! 6.50 2,500,000] 6.90 2,000,000] 7.60
AmpeGamuwa and Lower Dixova . 2,900,000] 6.95 8,500,000] 6.60 3, 000,000) 7.50
NinamMBr and Hanrany 3,350,000] 6.25 4,000;000} 6.50 3,500,000} 7.50
KADUGANAWA, ALAGALA & KURNEGALDA 2,000,000) 6.25 2,500,000] 6.40 2,000,000} 7.40
Marans and Hunascpnta .. 5,700,000] 6.25 5,750,000) 6.35 5,000,000 7.40
Kyvckues, Keuuseoxxa & RANGALD,. 3,950,000) 6.15 4,750,000} 6.35 4,000,000} 7.25
Uva ake «-| 6,750,000]. 6 6,750,000) 6.90 5,000,000) 7.10
SABARAGAMUWA 1 7550, 000) ¢ 1,750,000) 6.55 2,000,000) 7.50
KALUTARA, AMBLANGODA & UDAGAMA.. 3,250,000] 5.90 3,000,000) 6.25 3,000,000) 7.40
Dorospace, and YAKDUSSA «-| 4,700,000) 5.75 6,000,000) 6.20 5,500,000) 7.25
KeLANI VALLEY and KuGanua «-| 8,800,000] 5.65 10,000,000] 6.10 8,000,000] 7

Untraggable marks and tea sold on ‘purchase account” to the extent of 6,600,000 lbs, are not
included in the aboye estimate, ‘

Ma¥ 1, 1902] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 797

Summary of Ceynton Tra sold at public auction in London between January ist and
December 31st 1901. Hstimated quantity in lbs. and average prices realised ;—

Average Price for the Year was 680d per ]b., against 7:25d in 1900, and 8d in 1899,
The initial letters following the estate names refer to the mean elevation, as follows :—

L (low) sea level up to 1,00 feet HM (high medium) 2,500 to 3,500 feet TH (highest) aboyc 5 0CO fe
M (inedium) 1,000 to 2,500 fect. H (high) 3,500 to 5,000 feet SRY Cee teey

1991 Ay. 1800 Ay. 1804 Av. g 7

4 About price About price About price ine ee
lbs. per lb, lbs. per lb. Ibs. perlb. lbs. per Ib.

Over 1,000,C00 Ibs. @alsayenih. .secterr MH 200,000 7{d 175,000. sya

Diyagama ... H 1,247,000 944 1,066,000 9a Ei Seveeseerees e 860,500 Sid. 324,500 sya
napelton-.... .....ff 307,000 73d 304,000 72a

Over 500,000 ibs. Concordia... .. HH 215,000 1044 580.000 114

Campden Hill.. M 505,000 64d 501,000 63d Clydesdale... ......H 304.500 gid 959°500 sad

Culloden........... L 505,500 6d 589,000 64d ~ Cocagalla..... .... HM 253 901 ans
Demodera....... H 705,500 7d 605,000 Tid Cranley... H Geo cop aa eee ie
Dunsinane........ H 564,000 83d 431,000 928d = Dartry............... M 312.500 ld 570,600 f
Gonakelle ......... HM 508,00 62d 469,000 73d Delmar... .....H 303,600 9id 989°099 } 64d
Hemingford.........L 543,5°0 5d 483,000 54d Dessford.......-+..-H 209/000 BAA i7xcop 10d
IVER, «35 »-H 510,000 63d 345,500 64d Digalla.. ......-.- 214.00 Bhd 202000 4 ad
Kurugama............ Le 610,000 53d 675,000 64d = Duckwari... AM 312050 6rd aaa 6d
Mattakelly........H 685,000 78d- 712,000 83d Bderapolla..........L 914,000 62d dar’ene 62d
Meddecombra..... H 731,000 6jd 756,600 74d Ellekande.......... Ts 93) 600 52d 246,00 bd
St. Leonards.....HH 571,000 94d 483,000 104d Wikadua ...... HAL 946'00 BhA arelecd 8
Suntiyeroft....1.....1/ | 598,000 544. 585,000 Gid Hl Teb... ..... M 303°500 6d gog'oun, oo
360, 000 lbs. to 500,000 ibs. eis AR oes oh L 296,000 sid 575-000 an
Badpllaens..d-.5-H. 403,500; 64d... 540,000;.62a Brnan..........-......I0 267,000 54d 310,500: 64d
Cannavarella,.......H 386,000 8d 307,000 gd — Gallebodile .......... TH 283,000 Tad 251,000. gd
Castlemilk .......... Mi 363,000 63d 428,000 gd Gana 203)000 Sed, 316,000 53a
Craighead........... M 493,000 64d 400,500 744 e een a ee Seas bas 316,000 63d
aleSSA.\... ... «Lu 433,5004 53d 455,000 Ggd ZeHCaIFN............ 414,000 63d 197,500 74
meee Pyke A 378°600 ofa 984-500 Bid RoR. pacer. 20ce a 202,000 pad 208}000 fee
Fordyce .......... ... Hi, 395,500 73d, $87,500, 74a * Glenugie Petes: 249,000 83d 994,509 gsa
Great Western... 461,000 94 370,000. 94d Glenlyon 7.107.) H 287,000 Std 202,000. 92a
Hauteville.......... H 415,000 82d 590,000 92a Goorookoya ., MT 319,500 6442 342,500 64d
Holyrood Hast....H 357,G00 Sd 284,000 91d Cove EBs ee po2 000 a 335,000 74d
0.50/68 90,000 6 421,000 63 OO ocondeppaa te 1 230,000 78d 259,000 g
ere a 450,600 aa 479,00) Be Sie ea Sree tier poh ae 315,000 id
Le Vallon.. ...... HM 458,00) vga 492,500 73a Gallamudina.......M 358,060 6g 367,000 74
New Peradeniya..M 441,500 54d 618,000 64d Fee pee ae 266,000 53d 235,500 584
Rangdodde .. ....... H 352.500 64d 375,500 63d emfold..............H 258,000 104d 260,500 114
Spring Valley.......H 381,500 73d 429,090 74d Hoonoocotua......M 309,500 64d 289,000. 6ga
Talawakelle ...... H 467,000 104d 402,500 lita lone viieee cues --H 318,500 63d 317,500. 7d
Tangakelly........H 383,000 93d 404,500 gid Elopewell...........M 268,500 5#d 116,000 6#a
Willicoultry ......... H 417,000 ai 430,500 gid Halgolla.......... $13,000 5g 141,500 6d
Ukuwella.:....0....M 350,000. 53d 355,500. 53d eee a HT 308,500 5d 47,000. 6a
Vellai-oya..........H 393,000 Ged 441,:00 63d oe EEO) Go'taio Ostiaa3 HT 214,000 Sid 188,500 104
Wanarajah .......... H 437,000 9d 383,000 94d Tmbolpittin i cote gus 000 id 276,000 74a
Waverley........+5.. H 400,000 98d 401,500 10d M 351,500 63d 381,500 Gta
Wattegodde.........H 406,600 s#d 405,500 Sid Seca deal 227,000 Gd 167,000 G}a
Walpola............l: 388,000 5#d 537,500 6d Kadien Lena... M ier Oe ea 344,000 61d
a ewera. .. 288,0 ave 27 214
200,000 to 359,000 Ibs. Kehelwatte....+..M ’ 267000 Gad San ean eid
Abbotsleigh....... H. 259,000 Sd 251,000 Sid Kelburne............1T 296,500 74d 2987000 "ha
Allacolla..........HM 200,000 5fd 203,500 54d Kellie............. M 295,.000. 52a: 9R9 BO uh
itiageniat. 2 .M 200,000 64d 1317500 74d Kelliebedde ...... H 338,000 Bid 211500 104d
Ambatenne .... ..... TL 243,500 53d 240,000 S5gd — Knuckles Group.HM 251,000 52d. 3¢3500 ie
Antony Malle....... M 291,500 63d 239,500 62d peeeolla. Ssjisheghis HT 338,000 eed 343.500 gid
Bambrakelly & Dell.H 315,090 73d <atooloya..........H 252,000 68d - 999. iP
Bandarapolla..... HM 291,000 bid 494,900 52d Kottagodde...... HH 250,060 md Pal ono a
Battagalla........ ~M 205,500 ox 221,500 64d Ledgerwatte........ M = 330,000 7d 300,000 7d
Beauinont........, »>M 318,£00 ee 241, y eos 64d peamncr cio tao Ht 261,000 744 963,500 72d
Belgravia...........+ H 344,500 Sd 432,00): 83d - Laxapana oe BOA 27 7.500) des a5! 7
Binoyae |. at HM 209,000 634° 184,000 644 Lippakelle ........H 9101000 gaa 90°00 16d
Bogahawatte........ H 221,500 74d 175,000 74a Loolecondera.....H 323,000 Tid 379,500 73a
Bogawantalawa....H 827,600 7id 313,100 74d Mahadowa....... H 305,000 72d 348.000 gid
Bogawana.. ..... .. H 245,500 ‘Jd 251,000 74d Mahaoya........HM 276,000 gd 290,000 Bid
TSH): paogadee wosadade HM = 239,5¢0 62d 195,060 64d Mariawatte.. BRR EH 260,060 63d 377,500 63d
Burnside Group...M 261,500 54d 307,000 64d Melfort... -M 252,000: 7d 200,000 524

Bridwell,...,. ,..0.5 HH 235,000 74d 269,500 72d Meeriabedde...... II 288,500. 6d 256,000 68d

728

Mayfield. ..ss.0 Ho
Mooloya .....
WORE 6 dgo0bnooo06
Mossville .........

Mount Vernon .... H
Mudamana........ L
New Rasagalla.. HM
Nilambe........ HM
Nayabedde........ H
Nayapane...... HM
Needwood.......-H
New Peacock..... H
Nicholaoya...... UM
Norwood .........4... H
Ouvahkellie ........ H
Pambagama.......1
| Parragalla........ HM
Penrith seers: L
Pen-y-lan .......5.:.. M
Peradeniya .......... H
Pitakande......... AM
Portmore..... npaeene H
Poonagalla........ HM
Pussetenne........ .M
Queensberry........ H
Ragalla .........n0--- TH
Rangalla .......... AM
Rothschild .... .... H
Rutland ........4.... ish
Sandringham ...... H
Sanquhar ......... HM
SuiClainkeeeeaeane. H

St. John del Rey...H

SHC eeencrsevsce H
Sogama........... HMI
Stonycliti 7... .2c0.. Ht
SYovez OG) 5G Oodsohon ano!
Thornfield........... H
Udaradella....... Ad
Ury.. rool
Upper. Haloya. dM
Verelapatna........ EH
Wangie Oya...... AL
Warriagalla........M
Wereagalla,.......... L
Windsor Forest....H
Westhall .. HM
Wavelkelly .. Oddo ncoil
Yataderia............u
Ythanside.........H

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

100,000 to 200,000 ibs.

Abbotsford ....... HH

Adam’s Peak.......Hf
ree Boo BERD bap H
Albion . peapesell
Aldiourssesten due H

Altomessitnsitleter

Ibn op onto sealal
Amherst... inplsl
ALLOSS#: seu nrotree L
Arslend,,.... .:.0: FIM
Asgeria , son NIE
Atgalla .. oleate VL
Augusta Tea Estates

Colne acies HM
Ayr. pees PpAls,
Abamalla Sato Mee 7

Appachy Totam....H
Lathford COU I) ni!

THE

1901° Av. 1900 Ay.
About price About price
Ibs. perlb. Ibs. per Ib.
275,000 7kd 993.500 74d
328,000 72d 387,500 73d
237,000 63d 163,000 7d
277,000 Tid 304,000 63d
248,500 93d 368,000 83d
202,500 53d 193,500 52d
254,000 62d
323,000 64d 365,500 63d
223,500 &td 900,000 94d
218,000 534 959,500 6kd
279,000 Gd 339,000 6Za
306,000 7d 980,500 Tid
231,450 Gd 917,500, 7d
302,000 84d 346,560 vid
214,000 $d 209,000 93d
290,000 5d 964.500 bed
262,000 6% 965,500 Ged
293,000 5% 938,500 6id
246,000 52d 988.000 Gid
243,000 62d 992 5¢0 7d
245,506 54d 594,000 53
241,000 103d 263,500 10gd
303,000 @2d 397,000 62d
251,U00 63d 249,000 5id
242,500 8d 338,500 72d
304,000 93d 384,500 9%
255,090 74d 949,500 Tad
342,000 62d 364,000 68d
298,000 64d 989,500 62d
314,500 7d 340,000 9d
263,500 Gid 249,000 68d
289,000 Szd 989,500 8ed
309,000 84d. 311,500 83d
216,000 94d 911,000 98
265,500 64d 314,000 63d
283,500 64d 949.500 8d
279,300 53d 221,400 6a
226,500 82d 979,000 84d
224,009 9d 211,500 94d
263,000 68d 303,500 7d
207,000 523d 186,500 6d
261,080 78d 220,000 Sid
202,000 Ted 171,000 62a
254,000 52d 250,500 64d
eS 000 Sed 237,000 5zd

27,500 63d 219,500 7d
Fe ae 63d 355,000 62d
335,000 51d 269,000 64d
252,500 44d 672,000 52d
242,500 62d 216,000 78a
179/502 84d 196,000 8d
217,500 63d 219,500 78
114,000 Td 148,000 73d
134,500 8d 128,000 9a
185,500 88d 197,500 92a
177,000 Sd 139/000 Sid
128,500 84d 113,000 85a
173,000 944 182/000 95d
139,000 52d 137,000 64a
141,000 53d 113,500 6d
108,500 52d 101,000 62a
192,000 74d 248,500 64d
116,500 61d 146,000 614
208,500 5d 243500 6d
208,500 5d 905,500 6d
170,000 73d 146,500 83a
100,000 74d 85,000 73

Be se799 doneatll

Berat.. pan ial 8
Bell woods Pssaveees HM
Berragalla .. slat
Blackburn 7.70... M
Blair Athol......:.2. H
Brvokside.... H&HH
Braemore ......... ie
Bowilanayen.p ase MW.
Beddegama.. .... HM
Bearwell .. apple L

Cairn-mon-earn .HM.
Caledonia ...........H.
Garlabeclk...... 4b.
Cattaratenne..... HM
Chrystlers Farm..

Dalleagles ........ - M
Dangkande .....,.HM
Deesidep aes. -e-taen H
Dehiowita ..........- M
Delta sae. spine tl:

Deltotte .......... HM

Denegama ... nse.» H
Densworth., ........ i
Derryclare...........t
Detenagalla........H
Deviturai ....... HM
Dewalakanda...... Iu
Wimibwlaeeas sees
Diyanillakelle ....H
Donside.... AM
Doteloya.. Beane
Drayton... see ke
ure digthra. ceceeiae ote
Bllawatte........ M
Edinburgh... ..... H
Hildon Hall........H
Mifindaley, ..2.. H
Hilagalla.......%. M
ETI DOLUS ereleleerssree bre £

Aime ye... «ely ee EL
Ellamalle.....:.. HH
dNarI rh eeete coeeteree M
Hermanas.) sect H
HKetteresso........ HH
Meramec. ... 62. Eh
Galkandewatte..... H
Gartmore ............ H
Glenloch .::......... M
Goaitfell.......... ies dal

Gonamotaya...... .

COHN MO ssdaosex 3 2 H
Gonambil......... HM
Gowerakelle... ......M
Gona Adika Coy.. M
GroulOmeean tienes M
Hantane .. A
Happugahalande M
IBLE Gs se Saoasdnbes5: H
Heatherley ....... AM
Hethersett........... Ho
Hindagalla ,......... M
Holimyvood........... H
Holyrood West.....H
Hunugalla,.... as... as

Hyndford .....,.... M
Hunasgeria....... HM
Tndurana..... see.

1901
About
Ibs.

164,500
116,000 74d
155,090
142,500 72
109,600
154,500
106,500
958,000
103,000
135,500
200,U00
155,000
155,000 7id
112,080 83d
110,520
182,699
110,500 53d
110,000
179,650
123, 500
155,000 72d
126,000
168,500
182,000
106,500
170,090
145,500
101. 600
138,500 74d
167,500
199,009
129,000
104,500
185,009
161,500
188,009 52d
168,500
129,500
195,090
148,500
131,500
169,000 7d
128,500
152,020
145,609
101,500
159,609
121,000
191,009 74d
150,500
138,000
100,000
178,000 72d
170,090
157,000
146,000
113,090
114,000
163,000
122,500 54d
205,000
314,000 53
111,990
146,000
120,003 163d
197,500
166,560
162,060
140,500 ded
125,500 6d

Ay,
price

per lb.

1900

[May 1, 1909,

AY.

About price

lbs.

205,500
118,000
139,000
135, 00
418,5C0
200,000
117,000
166,090
107,000
149,000

94,500
142,600
123,500
120,500
183,000
421,006

72,090
185,500

95,500
176,000
152,500
248,600
176,000
133,509
182,500
125,500
126,500
200,500
276,500
158,509
119,000

95,500
269,000
379,500
233,000
135,500
106,000
159,500
137,000

95,000
166,500
120,500
163,000
166,600
141.009
168,560

£9,500
166,000
128,000
140,500
115,000
121,000
166,500

179,500 |

121,500
153,500

209,000
186,500
251,000
268,000
186,500
147,900
147,990
177,099

71,500 |

145,000
185,500
166,500

per lb.

Mav 1, 1902]

[ngoya ......000 wees
Kaipoogalla .........

Kaloogala. ......,.. M
Kalupahani......... H
Kataboolay......0...: H
Keenakelle........ ..J
Kelliewat te... sonese00oE Jel
Krelivainiastiss cis «0 ain seo) ME
Keinbyney.:-.... te» 0. ft
Kirrimittia .........M
Kowlahena..........H.
Kottagalla.. ........ H
Kuda Oya............H
KREWARAScnhide vee «efiele HH
Knavesmire....... L
TLagalla... ........ HM
Lamiliere............ {gL
OSV Gets d > sols tedec L
Lawrence...... opsiael
Lindoola...........H
Luccombe ........ HM
Lynford.. = eal
Leanga well... HM
IDOWNEO) al Gsaceenouens HM

Medenpennakande L
Medampe.. ...... HM

Miaiedatiyssceset ot
Maddagedera........u
Makagalla........... H
Mahagastotte.......H.
Mahaousa.........0 M
Maratenne .......... H

Meria Cotta.......
Midlands ......... HM
Minna
Mipitiakande..,.....L

-Mottingham........H
Moolgama............ M
Moralioya . JL
Mount Pleasant. HM
Memorakande .,....H
Meddakande ...... M

Nikakotua ........L
Na plerie aces.
Narangalla ........

New Forest ... H
Newton ..........5. H
North Matale ....., M
Nawalakande .........
Oononagalla ...... H
Opalgalla .. .. .. HM
Orion SE
OSbOENE..........0000+ H
IEECHKO): Sos asnbosoe HH
Pansalatenne ,..... M
IP AIG TY A). secs cers ae L
Rarkseencsr anna HH
Pingarawe ...... AM
Pita Ratmalie ...... H
Ponbreerwey esc ae H
Portswood Asish
IBOVSLOM | asneamate: H
Pundaloya ......... H
IRD? Soneeopedebadon M
WRadellany case aeenee H
Rappahannock ...H
Ravenswood ...... H

THE TROPICAL

1901 Av. 1900 Ay.

About price About price
lbs. perlb. Ibs. per lb.
129,000 427d 256,000 53d
113,000 74d 98,500 734d
107,500 62d 119,500 78d
114,500 7d 154,000 74d
192,500 7id 203,500 7d
157,090 68d 217,590 sed
129,000 8d 188,500. 7d
102,500 64d 112,500 6fd
140,090 64d 115,090 7d
187,909 64d 183,500 7d
100,50) 8$d 129,000 83d
104,500 73d 68,500 Tid
187,000 63d 193,090 6d
155,090 74d 173,500 74d
101,500 5h

117,000 52d 136,000 53d
141,500 63d 96,500 7d
161,000 5id 258,000 53d
198,009: Gad 222,000 72d
177,009 81d 205,090. 82d
191,700 64d 238,600. Ged
129,599 83d 345,000 8d
136,900 Tid 133,500 8d
32,000) dfd 323000... 6d
143,000 5gd

188,500 52d

152,000 7#d 128,500 8d
218,059 5d 82,000 53d
139,600 7d 142,000 728d
146,500 82d 121,590 98d
197,500 52d 221,000 52d
128,500 8d 128,500 74d
182,009 ocd 170,090 94d
156,009 52d 123,009 6d
175,099 nl 199,000 78d
203,250 53d 184,590 6d
106,500 64d 95,000 Td
“117,000 6§d 115,500. 63d
104,000 54 98,500 53c
137,500 62d 133,000 64d
163,500 64d 133,000 63d
193,500 64d 97,500 6xyd
170,009 53d 257,500 6d
130,000 7id 7,500 73d
102,500 43d 125,000 64d

180,009 to 200,000 ibs.

113,009 Tid 122,000 73
133,100 7£d 155,50 74d
169,000 6d 133,000 64d
138,000 7d 142,000 6gd
113,000 6d 155,509 73
118,000 52d 138,500 63d
197,500 58d 202,000 63
191,000 78d 141,590 83d
126,000 84d 123,500 9d
129,000. 5%d 135,500 64d
105,500 44d 268,000 6d
125,000 9d 123,000 102d
184,000 74d 140,500 74d
139,000 93d 166,590 9d
164,500 Gad 175,500 Tid
176,000 gid 94,500 92d
119,500 61d 130,500 7td
180,099. 88a 173,000 94d
198,500 64d 156,500 Tid
115,500 72d 110,500 64d
120,000 7d 111,990 82d
125,090 63d 123,500 62d
177,000 5d 156,500 64d

Relgas vivsevceeee ELM

AGRICULTURIST,

Riverside ........ vee. M
Rickarton.......0.. Hi
Ritnageria ......... ict
IROSIb Ai sacenGls wala: H
Stirstordaiss tence da
St. Helens. ....:0... M
Shamptoelke * siiisese. M
Sarnia NE
St. Andrew’s (Mask)

Soe Chivers acces M
Silver Kandy HH
Somerset .. ........H
South Wana Rajah H
Springwood ......... M
Strabhdone= ans HAL
Stockholm det
Suttons. sane ist
Sumtravalle .........H
SUIStedy ta renin oer L
Sapz ‘emalkande .. i
Tallagalla . Fé bo
Taurus Narre Sa acre HW
Fibveregianen var home
AUT bab Laey Sa see ast ating H [
MOV Ne shits
MOU eset camstecena: ral
Tyspany iol
AUIS sahaisphnbeee Ap men en fad
Telbedde ......... HM
WGICSIAG iets se asenan NL
GALS ea na a SRNR nueres ae
Uvakellio. dedeantsene Bit
Wartihalanay osc. HM
Valamaly Agiel
Wen Gives. con ustes H
Verelupitiya.........
Waldemar,........... H
Wallaha sSeleal
Waltrime soi. H
Wattakelly .......H
West Haputale .. M
Wewelmadde ...... M
Wewesse... ..-... AM
Wiis tomye ee. awecstios: H

Wihiragalla ........
Wootton en.c eee
Walhandua .......:.

Yahalakela .../:.... L
Yoxford.cecccecccecee H
Yahalatenne...... HM

50,000
Acrasvatte ....0.... HM
Abergeldie......... HM
Attabagie ......... M
Aigburth ..... ...HM
Ampittiakande .. H
Ambawella ......... H
Anant el dies: seis es scons H
Atherfield ........0.. L
ING OM Re enc asieetcesaes M
Atherton ....... ..M
Ambanpitiya ...... L
IBaAbsOdde vase reccns AH
Battalealla ... .....
Berrawella ........ M
Benvewla....scseceee M
Beaconsfield ..... H
Beverley ... ...s..0 L

Blackstone ...i... H

). Ho

1901 = Ay.
About price
lbs. per lb.
157,000 53a
150,099 6d
109,500 83d
190,090 74d
104,500. 52d
136,09) 514d
162,000 5d
131,005. 74d
195,584 63d
oe O09 -4%d
33,100 74d
ioe 500 73d
121,000 74a
131,000 53d
183,009 64d
184,690 74d
108,500 11sd
145,000. 84d
101,500 64d
120,000 54d
994,200 63d
156,090 84d
£35,000 gid
126,500 74d
131,000 5d
146,500 82d
ae 090 63d
142,000 73d
308 990 6d
Os 5ad
if Bid
J. He 60H) 8d
$000 53d
135,500 74d
i 196, O69 Fd
144,000 658d
140,959 72d
111,000 81d
133,500 qid
157,500 68d
110,500 64d
113,5%) 64d
114,00) 63d
162,000 63d
198,000 id
156,500 7id
105,500° 6d
115,109 54d
155,800 84d
115,000 62d
to 100,000 Ibs.
54,500 Tha
72,500. 63d
80,400 54d
88,500 54d
89,500
67,505 Tid
99,500 84d
105,009 53d
81,900 54d
55,009 53d
55,000 54d
75,000 Tkd
75,500 Sid
51,006 Gad
89,500 43a
53,500 sid
84,000 6d
81,500 5$d

729
1900 Av.
About price,
lbs. per lb.
147,009 6d
150,510 73d
83,000 9d
288,009 73d
104,600 644
134,000 64d
529,059 83d
164,000 62a
254,509 hd
254,000 bad
127,000 94d
154,500 73a
110,509 74d
174,009 6d
157,090 62d
193,500 $84
78,500 114d

133,500
45,509

216,000
114,689
144,609
250,500
154,500
136,500
190,500
144,000

158,500
184,590
155,500
106,500
119,569
195,000
145,009
172,0°0
192,500
158,500
165,650
89,000
141,500
173,000
132,059
163,590
133,000
77,090
287,000
129,000

83,500

107,000
124,500
62,500
91,060
121,500
112,000
29,500

82,090
210,590
92,090
211,050
85,090
85,509
218,500

730
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [May 1, 1908

age Ay. 1900 «Ay,
pou rice. Ab ic ,
Ibs. De Ib out price. neor “i 1900 Av.
is Pp . lbs. per lb. bout price About pric
ne yaaa ce H.,, 24,900, 63d 92,800 aa Orwell 2 ibs! per Ibe th pe te
DL seonsees 79,509 ma 830° {4 O A ae 72,060 53d Ee P
Bon Accord ......+.. H 75,000 72d Selbp ie aS 2. bt HOO Ree 506 934 58,560 6d
Bramley ... H «62,0 B 509 ‘Td ita Rajah ...... M x ~o 95,500 93d
ee EL (e000) Bad 106.000 gid Panmure... ean i a sl Ghd
deepooeds : 5 20°F Se eae Re 2 +3 oe
aoa ee 7500 Oya 88,500 8d Peacock Hill ...HM 84,000 ee a aM
Cc Galla ....-.s0000-- M 74,500 72d 93.500 74a R on Doan tees 64,000 62d 7,000 64d
ierele ees 62.5 8 Dy 7id ajawattee ..... ... M ” 8 145,509 63d
Condegalla pete 2,500 6d 37,000 63a Rahanwatte .. H 57,000 53d 76,500 68d
Gules Bi seeds Eh eg 102,000 jd 144,000 ged Rangweltenne .. “ED 99,000" 734 79,500
Gee Pal cosoconoongs M 86,500 63d 123,500 ee4 Rillamulle - 66,600 54d , 73d
VOLE sececeeeesersreees M 70,000 83d 74,000 93 t Uieonatotne ee 89,500 74d 110 :
Cullen ..... Te 7a , ac AtELNE ...1.4.0. M 97 f 10,500 Tad
eRe 74,000 64d 149,500 64d Sirisande 97,000 62d 92.500 7
Daakoya verre Hoe e58 000, esd 24 Sonat aE L 78,600 5$d 111/500 iia
ee ae Fei GAONOUO I Pvalioey a7fUtn ily GS RE be AMES Ee 64200" bid
e abgames sunnee. M 91,000 4%a 209,000 6d St. Lees (Dimb) H 57,000 83d 64,000 8h
ian oN Bae i foe oe eee Be a com
beige te i, 6id 73,500 Gad St Vigeam’s S seers 3, 8d 5
Deyanclla ~HM 91,090 TA 116,509 ai DS oteaaio., Dane lee ont 88500 Tia
ee astalawa BM 88,990 6d 65.509 6 1d eS eee a ; es e008 3fd 127,000 =
enohals, soo 00 soonnobG0 H 102,000 82d 4 i have Se IOS 91,500 62d = os
Blaneeniye foo INL 79,509 43d 213,500 53d eG gies 86,500 64d ne at
ace SSB eoon0oe00 as 2 B08 ue 141,000 163d Shrub’s Hill ...... HM 7 300 a 84,500 6jd
ELE wceseeereresneeee: 97,50. 4d 58,500 bad Tebuwana . en v1, 3d
Farge oo ee a ebuwana westsiee 69,000 53d - 102,500 53d
Perro Dene oe yf ee 8id 185,509 74d Torrington .........H apse 1u4d 99,000 oad
ass Dee vee toed 9,500 78d 61,500 84d Tuniseall: gy ice © yf 61d “ -
Taare SHUI agp pagaolels SSO) Geel 500 84 Balai es-eaaee: H 73,00
99° , § 76,000 73 Udabagie , aoe, 00 5d 116
uous Mescecicne tone H 97,500 74d 123 a a Uma Gua : aoe 64,500 54d ate pa
Ce camate seoteveeeM. 94,500 -63d 102,500 64d Vicartous:..:.. /.. oe 54,500 72d : 64,000 72d
Goa ae tht 98°500. Tid 667000 Bhd Wave Ressifein”. Hl -69/000. Ti 65,500 6d
do goo 19, 720 66,000 sid Vavena a 7 4 H Ted t
Glonoschy ros BLO Fd Se gf Wines Ne Gre oe. agree aed
asa. b00 L, 73d 74,500 “34 VSR ESN aoe naa ’ 5 287,50 E
Goons Sen cain au 28,000 aia 164,009 sid Wentwad te ea oad os : ee oe
renee: ),. 52 100 6 abtawell: , 7. fd 48,000 73
Gonayy -- 1gte 2s) 500 fj 96,000 63d x Ld seesse:e Mi 71,000 6 : iod
ste ),500 64d Wewebedde 000 63d 82,000 73
Halloowellah. H 58 500 Md p dae Ae DUBOIS H 54,56 z =) 00 j3d
oe coon md meoooN Grd . wecvekel 500 63d 56,500 74
eee ei 1200 aid 107 000 ea Way ieltaluwve ee i Coon 64d 62 ‘000 oA
pen orion. dae Sat HM 67,000 6d 81500 62d Wellington ......-.. a 911,500 gd 155,000 aa
Pibnogs os Bae H 89,000 84a 65,500 9d Weddemulla.........H 58,500 Téd 62,000 ea
aaa ele heb Ft FANON aya 64.500 Gd Weygalla ..... ... He 98,509 7d 85,500 7d
avilland ... ..M 52,500. 48a" Brae ootecd Werniuth spa) 90 58,000 6d 67.500 idz
Harrington ........H 83,500 Tad , Yapame tesseeeLi 64,50) 53d 87,500 a
Myles cae tecee H oc OOURERES aa maancead | FS" M8. 38g lie H 97,500 64d — 75,00 pad
Indian Walle... 62,500 5d 16°00 oe 20,020 to 50,5 en
Ingurugalla ........ “M 99,000 5d 63500 le - Avington ..... . ~ 206 Ibs.
Tgalkande aes: HM 64,C00 534 we Allerton sss. M eats 43d
AlleDOK KA «eoseees M 88,500 «4 K Ankande ee fe reese- ak 8, 4id 103,5 ee
Henityonin spe HM 71,009 sig eeeng he ‘Anchainkatte ..... i pthc 53d se Bg
Kalugama ...sss0e H . 67,000 72d 44.000 4 aloe eaters. 20,000 53d 63,500 68d
Tanderdale . CHM 94,600 Sad 128,500 Sid 9 Avoca gn, wet T, 30,300 48d 95,000 Gd
Leangepella Td 99,000 5gd 108,090 ea ae aN oo) Ae id 24,010 84d
BOL) 5oqc00¢ Dec 94,00 3 ye Y erdeen =e)... “I aes 2
Lawrencewatte . M peleod tea Rage eae Beauvais ...... su bot 4hd
Moco tee eats He 96,300 73d =6'000 73 Bunyan & Ovoea...II 34,(00 6d 27,000 7gd
Malvern... .-. esses H 94,500 Ghd 76, 744 Broadlands .... alt ae Tad 8
Mobarecree™ “HE 80,000 88a 150,500 94d Bandara Tea emeeen gene Bid
farakona .. .-....M 54,500 64d 79,090 ~e Bluefields.. ... at 000 74d
Marlborough .....H 54.500 Gad 79,000 52d Bothwell .........H tee 5fd
Maymolly ........ BH 70,000 71d 80,500 74 Cholankande Ee 3 te Breas «2d
Mincing Lane ......H 83,000 Fevibs a Si DAD aad Giunesyt oes id 00 84d
Monsen Besa “H 50,000 64d 190 74d Claverton ......0...-_ MM Bhecg gd
Meddctenne.. ...... M 75,500 Goodagalla. ........ i =) 48d 72,00 1
Niky eek AB SN Se M aLoe 4d Seg Si
orth Cove .....++.. H 78,000 $d Or a he Joreen ens £6,500 GXc 25,000 75
orton vorsee-e-e HM 53 a g9.50) 93d Damblagolla ... H 23,000 7d d re
Wutbourne ........ H 80, ate Pas oa ee 1) Gad PE eee, ee 35,000 53d 73,500 64d
North Pundaloya H 82500 al jeceos 82d Doragalla ..... «-. HM 27,000 63a 61,600 id
Nahaveena ...... HM ‘51,500 Rid pean 63d Deniyaya eeeg HM 21,009 gad Ms
5h 31,000 6d Wastlands............ i Ben 5d
000 63d 40,500 74d

Oolapane sip cesvens uf 5
apane M 77,500 574 55,000 63d ila Line ee
ntiwnastodnce andar 9,000 4#d 67,0
1000 53a

May 1, 1902.]

Hlemane ....0..0000 H
Mirrachtinee ssc actooock L
laduwai secre 25-4
Ella Oya -......... HM
Wairlayane estes. H
Galkande ........ HM
Gantenne ws........., M
Gallahertar .cc.cs-.. H
Gangwarily ......... M
Gilenallay er cendcnece. L
Glendevou ..,.... H
Glenanore............ i
Galphele .,..........M
Glenesk |. .........56. L
Galata ve snate ie H
Hakurugalla..... ... L
Elon toners. HM

Hornsey Mstate Co, EH

IEDC Sa ceenenace M
nicawattionmiecc. cs: M
liGtae) ra eAreane entices H
Kallugalla,. ...... HM
Kahawatte ..... HH
Koladenia ..... ...M

Kurulugalla......,..M

Karandupona .... L
Logan ........ nooages L
Lauriston ...... . HH
Lovers’ Leap HH

Ladbroke ......... HM
Lochnagar
Manickwatte ......
Mandara Newera H

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.
1901 Av. 1900 Av,
About price About price

Es ae ee ee a Meltbonbiteese secs eee H
47,000 64d 66,000 62d Midlothian ......... H
29,090 434d Myragauga: oe... secs
25,009 42d Mousa Hliya ...... H
43,590 54d Mahakande .........H
34,000 5a Monte Christo ...M
20,500 83d Nakai Denia. ...... L
20,500 4id INellarOolavissseceeeena.
42,500 53d 86,500 7d Olivain ics. slseese weed
39,500 42d 139,500 64d Old Haloya......... M
25,500 5d 113,000 52d Oaklands ..........- L
26,509 94d Oakwell ceisscceplss H
32,500 83d Pathregalla ......... M
20,500 52d Pondappe ......... HM
49,090 52d Putupaula au
33,000 7ad Poolbanles: 2.05.2 H.
27,000 72d Rasagalla......... M
41,000 53d 105,000 64d Rassagalla ..... HM
25,500 84d 27,500 10d Rajawella ........ .L
23,090 774 Richlands......... HM
27,000 34d 255500). 48d,< Robpille ees eo... 2. EL
44,500 9d Sinnapittia .. 0.0... M
36,000 4id 44,090 53d. Stellenberg ......... H
41,609 54d 38,000 74d “Stubton :........... M
23,000 43d 57,000 6d Savernake ...... HM
24,000 58d Summerville ..... H
43,000 53d Syston “257.4... HM
31,500 54d 152,500 53d Taprobana ..,. ..... Int
35,000 Tid 55,000 838d Templestowe ...HM
25,500 9d 62,000 94d . Udaveria .........-.-H
49,000 Sid 32,500 63d Warleigh ........ HM
40,500 63d Warwick ............H
20,500 6d 24,500 62d Woodend ............ L
34,000 68 51,000 73d Yuillefield......... H

731
1901 Av. 1800 Av.
About price About pree
Ibs. per lb. Ibs. per Jb.

40.000 72d 69,000 Tad
33,950 72d 73,500 73d
46,0600 4ad 71,500 63d
24,000 64d 87,500 64d
22,500 7d
36,000 53d

- 41,00) 44d
32,000 42d 35,000 5fd
41,450 6fd 45,000 74d
32,509 d#d 40,500 59d
41,500 53d
21,500 63d
29,000 5d
33,000 53d 39,500 6d
27,090 54d
37,009 72d 68,500 73d
49,509 62d 136,000 63d
33,000 54d
43,000 5% 29,000 6d
34,000 54d 23,500 64d
37,500 7gd 76,500 84d
3),800 6d 186,009 6%d
28,009 63d 102,000 74d
42,000 444 55,500 dgd
36,500 5$d
49,000 54d 87,500 7d
26,500 Thd
47,500 54d 77,50) 63d
37,000 63d
48,500 64d 50,000 73d
34,000 74d 65,000 Ted
48,500 62d 40,500 74d
22,500 49d
47,500 Tad 91,000 72d

5,800,000 los. comprising untraceable marks and tea sold on ‘‘ purchase account ’’ are not included in the
above returns.

Weekly Public Auctions of Ceylon Tea during 1901 with average price realised :—

Av. price Avy. price Av. price
: Number per 1b. for} Number Ay, [Der lb.for Number per lb. for
Week jof Pkgs.|.“. ° | corres- | Week |of Pkgs. * | corres- | Week | of Pkgs. rice, | COrres-
ending. |offeredin| P ae ponding] ending. jofferedin es ponding} ending. jofferedin ee Ib ponding
auction. |P°* °°") week auction. |P°r "'|" week auction. | } “| week
1900. 1900. 1960.
Jan, 5 | 22,195) 7:10} 7:75 |May 4 | 25,641 | 6-65 | 7:25 | Aug. 31 | 25,976 | 7-00 6°85
», 12] 29,289 | 6:75 | 8:00 » Il} 19,508 | 6:55 | 7:25 | Sept. 7 | 24,590 | 6:95 6°85
», 19 | 30,314 | 660} 7:75 » 18.) 19,968 | 6:45 | 7:15 5 14] 22,966 | 7-15 6°85
», 26 | 28,086 | 7:00 | 7:40 », 25) 24,761 | 6:60 | 7:00 yy 21 | 21,015.) 7-69 6°85
Feb. 2 | 39,703 | 6:50 7-25 |June 1 |nosales|» — 6:75 HOOD 6 19,551 7:95 7-00
xf 9 | 28,979 | 6°30 | 7°50 5, 81] 28,089 | 6-5é ~~ Oct. -5 | -19,207 | 8-09 7°20
» 16) 31,521 | 6:00 | 7-60 » 15} 32,045 | 645 | 6:75 5) 12°) 21,254 | 7°80 7°50
»y, 23 |} 21,081 | 6°30 | 7:75 5, 22 | 29,861 | 6:35 | 6:50 », 19 | 16,735 | 7:80 7:70
March 2 | 30,376 | 6:50 | 17:69 5, 29 | 24,776 | 6:35 | 6°50 », 261 19,660 | 8-05 7-55
xe 9 | 34,903 | 6°50 |no sales| July 6 | 33,108 | 6:30} 660 | Noy. 2 | 16,926 | 8:20 7:60
5» 16 | 29,052 | 6:50 | 7:50 5, 13 | 16,189 | 6:45 | 6:90 » 9 | 18,135 |. 7:90 6:90
», 23 | 25,578 | 6-70 | 7:60 » 20] 31,749 | 6:25 | 7:15 » 16 | 18,409 | 7-65 7:40
» 30 | 24,790 | 7:00 | 7:50 », 27 } 29,687 | 6:50} 7:80 5, 23 | 19,839 | 7-60 7°50
April 6 | 25,479 | 7-40 | 7:50 Aug. 3 | 29,809 | 6:50 | 7:30 5, 30] 16,899 | 8-00 7°65
», 13 |no sales} — 7°50 »,. 10 |no sales} — == Dec. 7 | 29,710] 7:55 7°55
yy 20 | 32,069 | 7-35 |no sales} ,, 17 | 30,614 | 6:70°}.-:7°10 » 14 | 21,033°| 7:55 7°40
» 27 | 33,329 | 6:90! 7:50 » 24 | 28,175 | 6:65 | 6:90 » 21} 20,0382 | 7°55 715

Ny {Lassen ata a aT RSet cad VT ch cE CAB Bl he nd hhc Mca cmd SE PA an i eal «ao eae ed anette ae staan |)

Distribution of Brirish Imporrs of CuyLon Tea during the past three years,

the Boarp oF TRADE RETURNS .—

Pe,
To Countries

Home in Murope

Consimpticn.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

{May 1, 1902.

taken from
Se
To To British To Other
U.S. of America.| IN. America. Countrics.

|
| (chiefly Russia).

1901 _ |-G0,825,519 Ibs. | 10,023,263 Ibs.
1900 92.470:009 ,, | $487,963 ,.
1899 85,137,945 ,, | 7,265,266 ,,

2,504,299 lbs. 2,390,894 lbs. 3,154,250 Ibs.
987,599 2, 1815367 ., 2,168,585 ,,
1,391,931 2,084,865 ,, 1,402,361 ,,

Sc TT nn nnn ne eT aan

Home Consumption of Inpran and Crytow Tea compared with that of Cumxa and OTHER
Countrins last year, five years, and ten years previously taken from the Boarp or TRADE RETURNS :—

19O!. 1896. 1891.
Percentage of total. Pereentage of total. Percentage of total.
INDIAN 148,000,000 Ibs. 57°81 123,000,006 Ibs. 54- 99,009,690 Ibs. 48-9
ChyLon 91,090,099 ,, 35°55 80,590,000 ,, 35:2 51,000,009 ,, 95°3
Cuina, &c. 17,000,900 ,, 6°64 24,500,000 ,, 10°8 52,500,009 ,, 25°8

Total’.. 256,090,090 Ibs.

Re-]exports
last year, five years

228,000,003 Ibs.

292,509,000 Ibs.

of InpIAN and Cyynon Tea comparcd with that of Curya and OTHER CouNTRIES
and ten years ago taken from the Boarp or TrapE RETURNS :—

1OOH. 1896. 1891.
Percentage of total. Percentage of total. Percentage of total.
INDIAN 18,226 367 lbs. 39°59 4,399,640 lbs. J3° 3,419,533 lbs. 10-15
CrYLON 0 18,072,796 -,, AV-79 8,496,663 ,, ZD* 2,121,446 ,, 6°30
Cun, &. a0 12:089,772 -;, 27°80 Sella fas 44 62: 28,171,164 ,, 83°55

Total .. 48,388,845 Ibs.

34,027,806 lbs.

33,742,143 lbs.

FORESTS AND CLIMATE.

Tripoli wae formerly a land of crops and woois, Now
it is a desert containing ruins of the Punic and
Roman periods. M. Mehier de Monthuisieulx, after
traversing deserts of moving sand and awful stony
roads, has visited Jebel Iffren, a mountain rich in
traces of the Roman occupation, otherwise poor indeed
—not a tree, not a blade of grass. The principal ruins
ure those of the ancient town of Sabratha, and those
Of Leptis Magna, the old Punic and Roman capital.
Vhese ruins show the former importance of the great
emporium, ‘The dead cities, formerly superb, are now
humbled beneath the sands of the desert, During th,
Punic era the sands were not given to wandering,
the earth was teeming with vegetable life. More
in the interior may be found interesting remains of
the old Roman towns on the plateau of Torouhna; these
contain numerous constructions somewhat in the form
of a portico, and with considerable certainty may be
described as oil factories. The country was formerly
covered with olive trees ; Tripoli was one of the great
granaries of the Roman Empire, an abundant source
of corn, of oil, and of wine.

“ To-day the whole region has become sterile, be-
cause of the disappearance of the great forests in the
interior which held up the water and distributed it by
the river-full.” At present this former granary of
Europe contains a miserable and scattered population
living or starving, on a few lean patches of barley
or alfalfa. M. Mehier thinks that the rest of Tripoli
will soon be inthe same state as Sabratha, Leptis,
Oca, and the rest, for without forests water disappears,
@nd without water man disappears,—From an article

o

y Rocrer Ducane, lead of the Cochia-China Forest
Department, in the “Revue des Eanx et Forests.’--
Indian Lorester.

ee
PLANTING NOTES,

Cotp StoRAGE or FrvuiTt.—Various experiments
have beenmade in France as regards storing fruit,
flowers, and vegetables, in ice chambers. M. Loiseau,
President of the Montreuil Seine Societe d’Horticulture,
showed at the autumn exhibition of the National Hor-
ticultural Society at Grand Palais some Peaches that
had kept perfectly in a refrigerator built’ according to
the plans of M. Douane, of Paris. The Peaches had
been kept in the chamber fifty-three and fifty-eight
days, and represented the varieties Mignonne, Bonouy-
rier, Belle Beauce, Imperiale, Alexis Lepere, and
Galande. A wholesale dealer offered four francs each
for them. The experiments will be continued.—
Gardeners’ Chronicle,

‘* RuBBerR OULTIVATION In West Arnici.'’—This
handbook is by Mr. J. H, Holland, Curator of the
Botanic Gardens, Old Calabar, Southern Nigeria. It
contains mention of six of the principal .tubbers of the
world : Para, Ceara, African Vine, African Tree, Cen-
tral American, and Assam, representing the three
natural orders Huphorbiacew, Apocynacex, and Urti-
cacesw, Pararubberis not successful in West Africa;
Ceara grows in some districts, but isa failure as a rub-
ber producer, az also is Central American. Assam,
after ten years’ trial, does not yield so well as when
growing naturally. Landolphias, from their climbin
habit, are not well adapted for cultivation. The
native tree (Funtumia clastica) possesses many qualties
to recommend it. The rubber is of good quality. The
book before us includes five large and neeful plates,—
Gardeners’ Chronicle, at

May 1, 1902.]

AMERICAN VS. ENGLISH MACHINERY
IN CHINA.

Apropos of the frequent announcements going the
rounds of the newspaper press, anent the capture of
machinery orders by American firms in markets
which the British manufacturer had previously domi-
nated (certain identical reports being frequently
repeated ad nauseam in the same journals in different
forms), it is refreshing to get a glimpse ef the other
side of the question, and to find that one, at least,
of the representatives of our chief staple industry
requires not the admonition to ‘‘ wake up.’’ An old
established firm of English Flour Mill Engineers have
just secured the contract for the supply and erection
of a large flour mill on the most modern system in
North China. More than one firm of American
makers were competing for the work, and, although
they claimed to produce by their process better
qualities and higher percentages of flour, the English
firm in question was able to satisfy the buyers as to
the superiority of their machinery, and its ability to
produce qualities and percentages equal, or superior,
to the Americans, This English house takes the
contract at a price below any of the American houses,
and has undertaken to ship the whole plant in ten
weeks from date of acceptance of order. The firm in
question is Messrs. E R & F Turner, Limited, of
Ipswich, who, some months since, shipped a similar
compiete flour mill to China, the order for which was
also secured in competition with America,

SS

EXPORT OF JAPANESE THA.

(To the Editor ‘*‘ Home and, Colonial Mail,)”

Dear Sir,—The, producers of teain India and Cey-
lon are now endeavouring to copy the Japanese in
their methods of manufacturing unfermented teas,
and they may also take a lesson in another direction
from the clever and capable people who have forced
themselves so far to the front as tohave become allies
of Great Britain itself. Growers in Japan have as-
certained that quality, not quantity, in production
of tea is what pays, and it is a very significant fact
that the exports have fallen from their maximum
point in 1891 to the extent of 20 per cent reduction
in 1900, but the valuation of the smaller quantity
in the latter year was fully 30 per cent above that
of the larger in the former year.

The moral isaplain one. If India and Ceylon
can keep down their quantities, improve their quali-
ties, and gain an increased 30 per cent on the
selling values, the crisis in tea production will soon
be a memory only.

Japan tea in the United States and Canada has
fairly well held its own in consumption because of
the very great attention and careful preparation
given tothe production for its principal foreign
market, avd all this in spite of the libellous and
misleading advertisements regarding it formerly
widely circulated in the interests of India and
Ceylon tea. Those really did more harm to the
latter than to Japan teas in disgusting the regular
traders, who were trying to sell both, and they have
done further harm in inducing the Japanese mer-
chants to advertise very successfully the purity and
merits of the tea they produce and sell. Indian
and Ceylon teas, if of fair quality, well made, and
sold at reasonable prices, should be their own best
advertisements.—I am, sir, yours, &c.,

: JOHN McEwan.

10 and 1), Lime Street, E.C., March 6th, 1902.

THE SETTLEMENT OF THE COCOS

ISLANDS.

Tt would be hard to match for qualities of

yomance the story told in Blackwood by Mr

_ =: o> hs

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

733

Hugh Clifford of
Islands. This real Viking Sage.
Orkneys in the first years of the

ther seeing
, an open-
The scene is then changed to
aler is filling water.
d captured suddenly,

cholera, and substitutes

somewhere. Finally, the Ork
A rkney lad, G
was handed over—he had a capacity Be

misery at giving up
Had the officials j ae
Bergen eee in London troubled to acon ae
gt to) allles’s despatches and read them, it is
Sees have occurred,
Ive life the Viki
longed once more to return to the ete tig

0 nee ne, TI d
ship, whose building he had ees

of pay, manned her wi
Tie ler with

Nothomiiieeere brought there all his

have abandoned polygamy; and though nape

Wondered noes ce es the outline of this

story 3 the detai rer i

alg and Mr Clifford’ has telat the aS eae
pectator, March 8, ee

Le
NEW SELANGOR COMPANY,

The Kajang Coffee and R
L c d Rubb
been registered in London, swith

to acquire three estates in Selangor

itherto by Allen
d the Weld’s Hill
new Company will
n coffee, tea, india-

Estate. The business ot the
include growing and dealing j
rubber, and fruit, and D

Toi cy apa Prospecting for minerals.
A Allen, E Field, and F H Hieke. rosser, A

— Straits Times,
NRE etree
MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT

March 18,

in Japan is rising,

have been magg

734 THE TROPICAL

there, as the ultimate effect of this monopoly must be
an advance in all markets. This annonncement
has, of course, led to an advance also on the London
market, and sellers now ask 1623 6a per cwt, c i f,
for crude Japanese for March-April shipment; but
business is reported at slightly under this figure,
and market here is quiet.—Camphor. (Refined),—
English refined is so far unchanged at 25 14d for
ton lots of bells and flowers, but market is firm in
view of advance in crude, and should the German
refiners raise prices, the English will in all prob-
ability do so. |

Coca Lrayrs.—Green Truxillo leaves are quoted
at 103d per Ib spot. In auction 8 bales of thin
green Truxillo sold at 10d perlb.

O1L, CrrroNELLA,—Small sales on the spot have
been made at 103d per lb.

Oi, Lrmonerass is quiet, at 7d to 74d per oz.
on the spot. A case of Hardouin’s brand from
Penang sold at 4d per oz, subject to approval.

Croton SEED sold at lower prices, 253 6d per ewt
being paid for fairly bright seed, but about half
mixed with dark.

! Kozta.—tor African quarters a bid of 14d is to be
snbmitted.— Chemist and Druggist, March 8.

MARKETS AT HOME.

Lonpvon, March 6.

AnnatTo Srpp,—Offered, 42 packages. Sold, 0,
Bought in at 2a.
Aruca Nuts.—Offered, 42 packages. Sold.6. These

were of good good quality, and realised 20s, being
lower.

CocA Lxwavus.—Offered, 86 packages. Sold 16.
Fine Ceylon Huanoco character sold at 9d to 94d
and damaged at 33, and broken green Truxillo
at 10d. i

Kouta Nurs,—Offered, 37 packages, Sold. 6. Bought
in at 23d to 6d according to quality—B; & OC.
Druggist, March 7,

INDIAN PRODUCTS.

Major W Malleson bas the following deliver.
ance on this subject in Murray’s ‘* Review” ;—

The chief existing organic products of India other
than food grains are cotton, jute, opium, tea, coffee,
indigo and tobacco. The demand for Indian cotton
must always remain somewhat limited on account
of itsshort staple, and efforts to acclimatise other
descriptions in India have not yet met with much
success. The Indian cotton mills, especially those
in Bombay, ore at present greatly depressed, partly
on account of the recent complications in China, partly
because of low prices and competition. Moreover the
eoiton crop is largely grown in the districts which
suffer mest from famine, and a failure of the rains
would effect it just as much as the crops of fuod grains.
The further extension of cotton growing is therefore
no remedy. Jute is growing in deltaic lands, and is
consequently practically unaffected by the vagaries of
the monsoon. The industry, however, is probably
as well looked after as any in India, and needs no
special encouragement. Opium is a Government
monopoly and need not be further considered. The
tea iudustry has suffered considerably of late years
from cver-production, thedemand not havingkept pace
with the supply, chiefly on account of the neglect to
open up new markets, Gut efforts are now being
ynade to introduce the tea-drinkiug habit amongst the
natives of India, and energetic measures for pushing
the ssle of Indian tea in countiies such as Persia and
the United States are already showing signs of
promise, Coffee is a comparatively small and un-
certain crop, only grown in the hills of southern India,
and cffering no solution to the problem before us.
Indigo has been much depressed of late, owing to
low prices and the competition of the synthetio sub-
stance made in Germany. here is every hope,
however, that improved methods of cultivation and
production will once moze place the indigo industry

AGRICULTURIST. {May 1, 1902.
on a satisfactory basis. Tobacco is largely grown
throughout India to meet pative requirements, It is
only in southern India and in partsof Tirhoot that
any effort is made to cater for Anglo-Indian and
European tastes. The time-honoured ‘ J'richy,” so
beloved of the Anglo-Indian of a dead and gone
generation, is now seldom seen, Since the manufac-
ture at Dindignl and other southern centres has been
largely tuken up by Euvglish firms there has been a
very great improvement in the quality of the out-turn.
Indian cigars and cheroots are now held in wide
esteem, couside:able quantities being sold in Eugland
and elsewhere. But there is ample room for further
improvements, and only capital is needed to make
India a very formidable rival to the chief tobacco-
growing countries of the world. Thesoil and climate
of certain selected parts of India are admirably
adapted for the growing of the best description of
tobacco, and there is little doubt that if the cultivation
of the varictics at present grown in Cuba, America
and Turkey was seriously undertaken the result would
be more successful. Within quite recent years the
native of India has taken largely to cigarette smoking.
Most of these cigarettes are of American origin, but
there is no good reason why India should not supply
her own requirements in this respect.

Se
OUTPUT OF THE AMAZON
VALLEY.

Writing from Para at the end of December, the
U. 8S. Consul says about 700 tons more rubber than
had ever before ‘been shipped from the upyer
tributaries of the Amazon in one season was then
on the way down the river, aud at least 200 tons
more was expected to follow. After reviewing tne
situation in the markets, he concludes that there
is every reason to believe that this season’s rubber
crop will exceed that of the previous year by a
very considerable margin.—Sell’s Commercial
Intelligencer.

RUBBER

—$_§£$__2___

INCREASE THE ATTRACTION
OF SHOWS.

It is recognised by many, says the Live Stock
Journal, that larger attendances of the general public
are desirable at agricultural shows in order to meet the
increased expenditure which the growth of these exhi-
bitions has necessitated. ‘There is a feeling also that
the former attractions are not now sufficient to draw
all the visitors, not directly associated with agricul-
ture wh) used to attend the meetings, because compe-
tition has become keener, and other bodies who cater
for the public have displayed greater enterprise in
providing what is wanted. The agricultural shows are
to a certain extent the modern substitutes for the
ancient fairs, which have been in many places also
superseded by auction marts. The old fairs had
several days which were devoted to business, and one
was given up to pleasure. This latter element, it is
thought, has .not received sufficient attention from
the managers of all our shows,

The object of an agricultural show is the thoroughly
practical one of improving the live stock and agricul-
ture of the country. It would be a regrettable cir-
cumstance if this fact were ever to be overlooked in
the slightest degree. Consequently, no one would
suggest any curtailment or modification of the existing
full classes for all varieties of breeding stock. Ad-
dition rather than supersession ought to be the

policy in increasing the attractions of shows fo the
public, Z

The horse department is that which is most likely
to provide attractions for the gate-money public. The
sections for breeding animals should be maintained
as at present, or extended where desirable, and if the
example of the Shire Horse Society in giving prizeg

Mav 1, 1902.]

to breeders were followed, it would add to the interests
offarmers, The group classes also give a new and
useful feature, é

Prominent amongst the recognised attractions of
many shows are the jumping competitions, which
with their regulation single hurdle, gate, double
hurdle, wall and water have become well-known insti-
tutions. The greatest credit is due to the originator
of the bending competitions for pelo ponies which
have deservedly become popular since they were first
institnted. Occasionaily, too, public interest is sti
mulated bya driving competition, but for this a large
area of ground is required to doit well, such as the
big ring of the R AS EH. It goes without further
eaving that in sport-loving England such competitions
ought to be keenly contested.

Among other suggestions a correspondent says that
bare-backed riding competitions would be likely at-
tractions, even though they might be characterised
by some critics #s circus performances, though why a
man’s ability asa bare-backed rider should be derided
whilst his seat in the saddle is applauded, no one who
has witnessed the ride of the cavalry-men frm the
Canterbury Depot at the ‘Military Tournament ia
likely to understand, Pursuit races, embodying
mounting and dismounting, saddling and unsaddling
tests, should surely be the means of assisting “‘ gates’’:
and, should it be desired to combine instruction with
entertainment, an exhibition of breaking unmanage-
able horses might be appreciated by a good number of
visitors whose duties bring them into collision with
evil-tempered beasts, Then the parades of cart
horses in gear might be increased and enlist the
interest of the users of horses in towns and lead to
further emulation amongst them, with the result that
they desire to possess superior teams.—Agricutwural
Journal and Mining Record.

i
PRODUCH AND PLANTING.

The usual monthly statistice of the values of the
repiesentative group of Indian and Ceylon

TEA PLANTING COMPANIES’

shares, compiled by Mr. George Seton, of the
Indian Tea Share Exchange, 120, Bishopsgate
Street Within, E.C., show that the market value of
forty-five companies (thirty-six Indian and nine Cey-
lon) remained atmos’ exactly as it stood a month
previously. In a few cases there was a slight fall,
but this was rather more than counter-balanced by a
corresponding slight 1ise in others :—

7

Face value of forty-five companies .. £9,500,000
Market value July 1, 1897 highest 2. £12,000.000
3 January 1,190) .. O60 8,550,000

= July 1, 1901 fers 7,000,000

es January 1.1902 .. .. ~~ 6,990,000

Bs February 1, 1902 .. ve 6,880,000
March 1, 1902 So 6,890,000

The grand total of the share and debenture capital
of 152 companies (86 Indian and 68 Ceylon) of which
particulars are obtainable amounts to nearly £18,000,000
so that, on the basis of the above figures, it is esti-
mated that the fluctuation in value for the whole has
been approximately as follows :—Face value of capital
of 152 companies £18,000,000 ; market valueas a Jaly
1, 1897. £22,750,000; market value as at March 1, 1902,
£13,000,009 + or a depreciation of nearly 43 per cent,
in less than five years’ time,

There is no doubt thet the work done on behalf of
Tadian and Ceylon tea in connection with

EXHIBITIONS
is most effective. The Paris correspondent of the
Pall Mall Gazette, bears testimony to this in referring
to tbe development of tea drinking in France. He
says :—‘‘ Ore of the most striking of recent innovations
in Paris is the number of tea-rooms that. have eprung
up. They nearly all date from the Exhibition, where
there was much selling-and drinking of tea, principally
Ceylon teas. Most of the tea now drunk in Paris comes

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 73

5

from the British Crown Colony, and should therefore
bea subject of gratification to Hnglish people, While,
of course, the five o’clock tea in the home circle is not
new, this foregathering in restaurants for the consump-
tion of tea and toast is quite a recent development, A
fashionable rendezvous is a large hotel in the Champs
Elysées, where the Parisian comes of an afternoon
with his women-folk to drinktea and listen to the
strains of an excellent band. Most of the great hotels
have a» institution of the kind, and certain of the most
popular tea-houses have a passable orchestra. biusic,
possibly, is regarded as a sort of compensation for poor
toast and muffins; that is one- of the secrets that the
French have not Jearned..... ..The vocabulary of the
tea-house, like that of football and ping-pong, is Hng-
lish. One easily slides into ‘tea and toast’; it is a
good working formula, and, if you draw near, you may
hear Monsieur trying a little Hnglish on his female
friends who seem to stand it remarkably well or cast-
ing asemi-critical eye over the New York Herald. The
tea-hour will not displace the hour of the apéritiff
because that comes at the end of the working day, but
the new-found devotion of the leisured classes to tea
drinking is a most notable social change.

The New York journal, ‘‘ Tea, Coffee and Sugar,” is
optimistic about the prospects of

TEA PROLUCTION

in the Southern States of America. It says: “The tea
producers and shippers in China and Japanave watching
with interest the experiments of Dr Shepard at Suam-
werville in the growing of tea and the development of
the commercial possibilities of the industry as shown
by the establishment of the gardens of the American
Tea Growing Company near Charleston, The Agri-
cultural Department of the United States has an
agent in the Orient, studying conditionsin that section
of the world, and in a report he has made to Secretary
Wilson he calls attention to this matter of the tea
growing industry of the United States and the interest
taken in it in the Far Hast. The Chinese and Japanese
growers express the opinion that the undertaking
will not be successful because of the difficulty of
securing cheap labour, but this problem has been
practically solved by Dr. Shepard, as perhaps they
do not know. If they were more familiax with the
conditions that have been developed here as to the
possibilities of tea production, they would prcbably
understand that their monopoly of this trade cannot
longer be maintained in the American market.” China
and Japan tea growers may be watchful, but we
doubt if they are anxious. If so, they are easily
alarmed. As Indian and Ceylon growers are not
mentioned in, this connection, perhaps they do not
count. Anyway, they are accepting the situation
philosophically at present.

The March cireular of the British Chamber of
Commerce, Paris, has the following with reference
to the protracted question as to the French duties
on colonial produce: ‘The Bill to which we referred
in our monthly circulars for January and February
has now been voted by the Senate and promuai-
gated as a law under date of February 22, 1902.

In this connection decrees have been issued
to the following effect:—The duties provided
for by the minimum tariff will continne to be

applied provisionally to colonial produce mentioned
in article 1 of the laws of February 24, 1900, and
July 17, 1900, coming from China, Corea, Ethiopia,
Siam, the Republic of Liberia, Muscat, Straits Setile-
ments, Malay Federated States and Hong Kong.
The duties provided for by the minimum tariff wili
continue to be applied during six months from
February 24, 1902, to colonial produce mentioned
in article 1 of the laws of February 24, 1900, and
July 17, 1900, coming from the United States of
America, Porto Rico, Peru, Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Honduras, British India, Ceylon, Mauritius, the
Seychelles Islands, Jamaica, Dutch Indies, German
possessions in Africa, Spanish possessions of Fernando
Po, Annobon, Corisco, Hlobey, and on the west coast
of Afiica.”

THE TROPICAL

136

1 Richards, M.P., writing from Darjeeling,
aha ghee ay was in Calcutta when the tele-
gram came out recording the production of the Giffen

“suggestion to still further tax tea, whilst leaving an;
touched the hundreds and thousands of foreign pro-
ducts ‘ made in Germany ’and manufactured in France
or the United States. Iwas asked by some of the re-
presentatives of the great tea industry in British India
if I would help to lay their protest, accompanied by
statistics, before the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
and this I did by the second January mail, since
which time I am glad to say that His Excellency
the Viceroy has telegraphed his support of the prayer
of the Chambers of Commerce. I have by last week’s
mail sent to Downing Street the accompanying
statistics, which prove most conclusively that each
penny increasing duty renders the work of the British
tea.grower in India less remunerative ; and I trust
that my many grocer supporters will recognise that
in my visit to Darjeeling I am seeking-on the spot
the necessary statistics to oppose this latest sugges:
tion to further tax them. Average rate of dividends
on the sixty tea-growing companies which appear
in the Calcutta share lists: 1898, 3°75 per cent ;
1899, 4:70 per cent; 1900, 2°42 per cent., represent-
ing © capital of R20,169,300, equal to £1,344,620,
Average rate of dividends on sixty-two Tadian
tea-growing companies registered in London:
1898, 4°04 per cent; 1899, 5 per cent ; pene,
8 per cent., representing & capital of £5,422,829.
Again : Exports from India and Ceylon during 1
334,000,0001b ; world’s consumption during a000
314/000 000d; surplus, 20,000,000 1b; add excess 0
production over Gonsumption at end of 1899. 14,000,000
ib: total, 34,000,000. During 1900, consumption ex-
ceeded production by 9,000,000 lb owing to, the ppet
ing up of new markets, but there still remains a surplus
in London of something like 23,000,000 Ib. ane
above figures show clearly that any curtailment oh
consumption, such as would result from an increase
duty would be fatal to the industry and would not
only involve the loss of capital, but would throw out
of employment thousands of natives of India.

Mr Henry Cooke, of Moscow, the British Commer-

cial Agent in

RUSSIA,
i i his best to promote trade between
noe countries. He addressed a meeting

nchester Chamber of Commerce on
Ce oeee Ravages he set forth the obstacles and
encouragements to British trade with Boars a
partially developed country presenting to us, he pe ,
in some senses, greater possibilities than more fully
regions.
See aenea in our issue of February 14, wae
approached on the subject of the probability of the
Russian Government reducing the high dnty levied
on tea from India and Ceylon, and he urged that oe
efforts should be made by those intereste “
secure representation on the eupie ele. fae
Manchester Mr Cooke referred to the tari ee
culty as regards general trade, but in view of ne
desire frequently expressed recently in Russian circles
for a further and fuller development of trade between
Russia and Great Britain, he thinks that some ee
tempt should be made here to remove obatacley
He saidthat Russia was in some respects more like
a vast colony that wanted opening out. Ae was
mainly owing to foreign capital, foreign machinery,
and foreign skilled workmen that Russia had pean tS
some extent opened out. Officially foreign capital an
industry were welcomed in Russia, although se
fuller development of her own industries many ob-
stacles were placed in the path ‘of foreigners.
Apropos of Russian trade, we notice that Mr picores
Gollins Levey, the British Commissioner ee ()
British Exhibition in St. Petersburg, has made arene
statement in reply to the criticisms of the Lor
Mayor of London and other gentlemen who have
withdrawn their support from the exhibition, In this
he says: In reference to the recent withdrawal by

AGRICULTURIST.

. St. Louis,

When in London Mr Cooke, ag.

[May 1, 1902.

the Lord Mayor of Londonand Lord Avebury, from
their positions as members of the British Advisory Com-
mittee for the St Petersburg Exhibition, I have to
state that the Russian Administrative Committee
would have felt the action of their lordships very
strongly if they did not feel convinced that it was
taken on erroneous information forwarded by British
subjects resident in St Petersburg, whose trade in-
terests, either as manufacturers or merchants, make
it quite natural for them to be unfavourably disposed
towards the exhibition.—H, and C, Mail, March 14.

THE WORLD’S FAIR IN ST. LOUIS,

The International Exposition to be held in
Missouri, next year, will, as is
common with Americans, recognize a senti-
ment. Having in 1876 commemorated Inde-
pendence, and in 1893 the discovery of America,
they now choose the centenary of the pur-
chase of Louisiana as the occasion for their
third World’s Fair. As this was, perhaps,
the largest peaceful transfer of productive
lands known to history, it commends itself
from apractical as well as from a sentimental
point of view. Its political effects are scarcely
less in evidence than those of a material
character. But the latter challenges atten-
tion by the fact that the 12 States and two
territories carved out of the purchase now
have a population of more than 15 millions,
and that they have become a granary for
the world, and alsosupply much of its minerals,
so that its property and annual products
exceed those of many of the old kingdoms
which have played a great part in the world.
The price paid for this tract, just exceeding
a million square miles, was the equivalent of
£3,000, 000.

Preparations have been made upon a scale
hitherto unknown. Congress has recognized
it as amatter of interest to the whole country,
and not merely to that portion included in
the original transfer. The Federal Goyern-
ment has contributed $5,000,000, or one-third
of the capital sum deemed necesary. St.
Louis, as the largest city was chosen as the
place, and the duty of providing the re-
mainder of the funds has been accepted by
her people. A second $5,000,000 has been
raised by an issue of municipal bonds, while
the third $5,000,000 was subscribed to a com-
pany upon which is laid the responsibility,
under rigid laws and regulations, of organ-
ising and carrying on the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition. This body includes 93 of the
leading professional and business men. At
their head, as president, is ex-Governor David
R Francis, who was Secretary of the Interior
in the Cabinet of President Cleveland,

The chosen site appropriates about ones
half of the 1,300 acres which make Forest-
park, with enough adjoining land to cover
about 1,000 acres. Fortunately it was pos-
sible to make arrangements by which the
grounds of Washington University, with its
110 acres and new building, to the value of
more than a million dollars, were acquired
temporarily for the use of the fair. ‘These

grounds are within the boundaries of the
city, closely related with one of the most
comprehensive systems of internal traction
known even in America. Some railways al-
ready run through these, and all others

May 1, 1902] THE TROPICAL

will be connected. The fair will thus be
within easy reach at small cost, whether in
money or exertion.

The plan and scope adopted contemplate
“the presentation of manufacturing indus-
tries in actual conduct as well as of the
machinery out of action; the exhibition of
processes as well as of completed products.”
As many nove! features as possible will be
shown, but nothing will be sacrificed to them.
As it has larger capital resources than any
previous exhibition, its managers have pro-
cured the best and most experienced men
available, and are themselves working with
much spirit. In addition to the amount al-
ready mentioned it is estimated that the
various States will appropriate sums ranging
from $50,000 to $1,000,000 each, so that these
sums will aggregate about two-thirds of the
capital sum. Foreign Governments, which
spent about $6,000,000 at Chicago, are ex-
pected to do as well at St, Louis. It is esti-
mated that the public money drawn from all
sources, together with that raised by the St.
Louis subscribers, will reach about $30,000,000.

Work is going forward as rapidly as is
possible in the formative period of an under-
taking of such magnitude. Buildings and
sewage systems are under contract, Jakes
and other landscape features are in course
of construction, and branch railways are sur-
veyed, Invitations have been extended to
all foreign countries, and many of them—
about 12 or 15, including France and Japan
—have heen accepted. Diplomatists are in
negotiation with Governments, representa-
tives are busy over new schemes, and exhibit
agents are devising plans in every part of
the world. Among novel features a balloon
tournament has been provided for, upon which
it is proposed to spend $200,000 in expenses
and prizes. Congresses, drawing their dele-
gates from all over the world, are being
arranged, and patriotic, religious and_ social
bodies are preparing to hold conventions or
to make exhibits. Energy and bustle, with
a desire to rival or excel all previous efforts
in this line, are everywhere evident.

As a part of the work, and from a desire
to interest visitors and exhibitors from the
United Kingdom, offices have been opened
at Sanctuary-house, Tothill-street, Westmins-
ter,S.W. The representative is Mr. George
F Parker, formerly United States Consul in
Birmingham.-—London Times, March 18.

en

PHILIPPINES : THE FAVOURED LAND.

Luzon, on which Manila is located, contains
an area of 47,238 square miles, which is nearly
2,000 square miles larger than Pennsylvania and
3,000 square miles larger than Ohio, It ; ossesses
millions of acres of land awaiting the coming of
the American husbandman. Its minerals com-
prise coal, gold, lead, copper, iron, sulphur, mar-
ble and kaolin.

The area of the Island of Mindanao is 36,237
square miles. This island alone possesses enough
wealth when utilized to make it a world power.
On the gulf of Sibuguey there are practically in-
exhaustive deposits of coal; in Cagayan de
Misamis and Surigao, as well as on the head-
waters of the Rio de Grande, gold is found, while
copper in large quanticies abound,

AGRICULTURIST., 737

_ OF several of the larger and more prominent
islands very little outside of their fertility is
known, This is true of Negros, with an area of
4,854 square miles, Paragua 3,937 square miles
and Mindoro 3,972 square miles.

The combined area of these three islands is
12,763 square miles. The combined area of the
Hawaiian group is 6,740 square miles. The esti-
mated value of the sugar crop of Hawaii this
year is placed at $28,000,000. What would be
the estimated value of the suzar crop and other
crops of Negros, Paragua and Mindoro, possessing
nearly double the area of Hawaii, if the soil were
cultivated by American intelligence ?

_ The area of other islands of destined importance
is_as follows :—Samar 5,040 square miles, Panay
4,708, Leyte 2,713, Cebu 1,742, Bohol 1,439,
Masbate 1,290. Each ot these islands is teeming
in riches. Each possesses vast areas of timber,
agricultural and mineral lands, which make ex.
agegeration puny in describing.—Manila Volcano
March 8, ;

—_—_—__——_____.

COMPETITION OF INDIAN COAL
IN CEYLON.

In view of the fact that Colombo is one of, if not
the most important British coaling station in the
East, it is somewhat disconcerting to find that Ceylon
is becoming so large a user of Indian coal. This
coal imported into Ceylon is drawn from Bengal,

and the quantities imported since 1894, according t
Prof. W * Dunstan’s report to th 50i ees
have been as follows :— : Sy Soslehyol Arie,
Tons.
i os od «- 61,586
ieee veo OG eo 47,566
6 tae se sapRiOlaly
1897 ot on -. 105,213
1898 wo 60 «. 213,852
1899 a : .- 163,908
900 ee sie +» 335,846
1901 (For 9 months, Jan. 1 Sept. 30) 260,869

From this it appears that the tonnage is inereasi
rapidly, the greater part being for the supplied of
steamers calling at Colombo; but about 40,000 tons
@ year are now being consumed on the Ceylon Govern-
went Railway.

The chemical analysis of some well-k
coal is as follows a et ut

se Per Cent.
arbon fixe 65°
Volatile matter ae sos
Ash ans we oe 6'55
Moisture oe ap pr lah
100-00

The objections to Indian coal as compared.t

coal are that the former leaves more eel Sane
quently about 25 per cent more is required to
accomplish the same amount of evaporative work
but steamers are finding it so much cheaper than
Welsh coal that it is being more largely used every
year, and there is every likelihood of it coming into
general use for all but mail steamers, which require
Welsh coal on account of the speed required to be
maintained. Indian coal is used by _ industrial]
establishments in Colombo, such as ice factories, the
electric car generating depot, &c., but the quantity
thus consumed is not large,

The consumption of Indian coal by steamers i
likely to expand rapidly, for, as rede eteatvers ate
built, provision is made for draught in the furnaces
wack as will admit of its being used more generally ;
and, ina measure, this will tend to the displ
of Welsh coal. prac

738 THE: TROPICAL

The following remarks are taken from the reports
of locomotive evgincers of the Ceylon Railways, which
have recently largely used Indian coal:—

“Jn 1897 the increased expenditure was chiefly
brought ebont by the cost of Welsh coal having jumped
from an average of R18°50 per ton in 1896 to R27°62
in 1897. This tremendous increase in the price of
British conl would have had a still more serious
effect upon the working, hed it not enabled Indian coal
to compete successfully with it, and doving the year
8,081 tons of Indian coal were consumed at an average
cost of R13°09 per ton. Indian coal, under the most
favourable conditions, shows an inferiority to the best
Cardiff coal of 17 per cent on the low-country main
line, and on the upper main line sections on the grades
of lin 44, from 30 1033 per cent inferior. The use
of this coal on these grades gave considerable trouble,
as the large consumption per mile on the up journey,
pamely, 1401b per mile, left so much residue in the
fireboxes after a 20-mile run, that it was absolutely
necessary to clean the fires to such an extent that
time was invariably lost,

“The altered grate arrangements also permitted con-
siderable quantities of burning coal to drop into the
ash pans’ and from them on to the sleepers, which
gave rise to several complaints from the permanent
way staff. The coals burned were Borrea, Anthracite,
Giridih and Singareni, the most economical and
suitable being Gividih, but the continued use, even
on the lower sections, will to a great extent be gov-
erned by its relative cost compared to Welsh coal.
At the price paid for it during the year it is in very
close competition with firewood. .

“A saving of RI13,000 was effected in the running
charges by the use of Indian coal during 1898. The
general adoption of Indian coal instead of We'sh coal
has very considerably reduced our locomotive ex-
penses; so much so ia fact that the consumption for
the year shows an increase of 3,800 lb per train
mile, yet in consequence of the cost of Indian coal
(including handling) having been less by 10 per
cent per train mile, the result has been a saving of
R113,000.

“Tn 1898 fuel consumption increased to 99 1b per
English mile and 5-30 per train mile. This increase
was due to the large use of Borrea coal, which gave
considerable trouble throughout the year.”

Indian coal at the pit’s month is probably lower
in price than in any other country, often reaching
2 rupees a ton. The local wholesale selling price of
Bengal coal was 4s. 5d. a ton in 1901, as against
4s, 2d. in the previous year. The wholesale price
for imported coal in Calcutta averaged 32s. ld. per
ton.—Iron and Coal Traders’ Review.

Sooo
PROFESSOR HERDMAN IN CEYLON.
(To the Editor of the Liverpool Daily Post.)

Srr,—Enclosed is a third letter from Professor
Herdman, just received, as full of interest as the
former ones,—Yours, &e. ;

2 Isaac C. THOMPSON.
53, Crexteth-road, Liverpool.
Gulf of Manaar, January 30th, 1902.

My dear Thompson,—I have now been ten days in
Ceylon and, although first impressions are not always
correct, still I should be ungrateful were I not ro say
how interesting everything ts, and how exceedingly
kind and helpful I have found everyone from the
Governor downwards. They all seem to take a per-
gona) interest and pleasure in facilitating my arrange-
menvts and, as the result, the Oriental tendency to
delay, and difficulty in getting unusual things done
in ahurry, of which I had heard so much, has been re-
duced to # minimum. They have chartered a fine
steamer for my work—the ‘‘ Lady Havelock’—of over
300) tons, with a crew of 4),and we have made a start
today. We dredge from a boom lashed to tho boat

AGRICULTURIST. [Maw 1, 1909.

davits at the stern, and trawl from a derrick on the
fore-mast. I look after these ‘operations, and Mr
Hornell works the tow-nets. We have a laboiatory
with twogood work-tab!es on deck under an awning,
and the microscopes, dissecting instrument3, tanks,
jars, note-booksand specimens scattered about give
the place a familiar and home-like appearance, re-
minding one of thedeck of the old ‘‘Hyzaa,’ ex:ept
tee most of the facesround me are black instead of
white.

After a couple of days spent in cffizial visits and
business in Colombo I found that the necessary are
rangements on ths steamer would take a week to
complete, so, lez:ving Mi Hornell to sunerintend these,
and see to the unpacking of our scientific gear, I set
off to find several men in the island from whom I
knew I could get important information bsaring on
the pearl-cyster work, First, there were two former
studen's of mine at University Coll-ge, both now
occupying important scientific positions here, viz.
Dr. A J Chalmers, Registrar of the Medical College
and lecturer on biology and allied subjects, ana Mr
J C Willis, Director of the Botanic Garden3 at Pera-
deniya. Both those gentleman kindly met me on my
arrival, and have been most hospitable and helpfal.
Dr Chalmers has given me the use of a room in hi
laboratory at Colombo, and Mr Willis has offered a
work place in his laboratory at the magnificent Pera-
deniya gardens. I went to Kandy and Peradeniya to
see what use could be made of the laboratory, and to
meet Mr Oliver Collett, who has written on the pearl
fisheries, Then I found upcountry, at Anuradhapura,
(one of the ‘ buried cities’ of Ceylon) the two Ger-
mans, Dr Paul and Dr Fritz Sarasin, who have been
exploring for years in Ceylon, and were the only
people who could give me information about Trin-
comalee, where I wish to dredge. Finally, I met
Professor Alex, Agassiz, Just returned from his ex-
pedition to the Maldive archipelago, and he kindly
lent me 600 fathoms of especially strong and flexible
steel rope, which will be a valuable addition to our
tackle, Professor Agassiz, you will be interested to
hear, says he has had a most successful trip, and
has secured all the information, photographs, and
specimens of the Coral Reefs that he desired. He
says the Maldives is the last of the great coral
archipelagoes which he had set before himself to
examine and thet now he is prepared to write hia
book on the general subject, ‘Coral Reefs and
Islands.” There can be no doubt that he has a
much more extended personal knowledge of the reefs
of the world than Darwin, Murray, or any other
previous writer.

Anuradhapura, where I met the Sarasins, is an
extraordinary place, censisting of the magnificent
ruins of a very ancient city, which until a few years
ago was buried in jungle. Many miles of it are still in
the jungle and unknown, I was told by the Archmo-
logical Commissioner, who is digging it out with about
Dinety coolies, half of whom are down with malaria
every day. [I noticed that my mosquito curtains at
the “‘ Rest House” had large holes inthem.] This city
was the capital of the ancient Cingalese kings, and was
commenced, | believe, in the third or fourth century
B.C.—let us say the time of Aristotle. It was deserted
when the Tamils invaded the northern part of Ceylon.
The most remarkable pieces of work are the enormous
temples, the bathing tanks, and_ the beautifully-carved
stenes, showing kings, queeng, Buddhas, seyen-headed
cobras, and curicus little fat dwarfs. who may be meant
to represent the aborigines—the Veddas. One of the
temples (Digobas) is said to contain enough bricks to
build a wall ten feet high and one foot thick from
London to Edinburgh.

The last matter I can mention now is the jungle,
and Ihave found my first experience of it most fasci-
nating. I wish the Biological Society could come and
have a day of it with me, and see the Wanderoo
monkeys come crashing down from the tops of the
trees one after another, swinging themselves up again

May 1, 1902.}

by a slender branch just when you think they must
certainly come to grief on the gronnd, I had three
hours’ drive through a jungle road in a bullock cart
after dark, from Anuradhapura to Mihintale, with two
men who were able to tell me about most of the
souuds we heard around us.

Now that we are at sea again our hands will, I hope,
be kept very full of work; but I sba}l try to write to
you soon something about the marine zoology of the
Gulf of Mauaar.—Yours &e. W. A. HrrpMan.

—_ >

‘POOR’ COFFEE, RUBBER, COCO-
NUTS, &C.
(Extract from Selangor Planters’

Annual Report for 1901.)

PLANTING Propucts: Corrrr.—Prices ruling during
the year have shown a decrease from those of 1900
an average of $18.29 per picu!, or $2°60 per picul less
than the average for last year, which was $20°89. Not-
withstanding these low prices, which necessitated the
strictest economy, the estates are almost all in good
order, and planters are showing great determination
to tide over the present crisis which has lasted so
long. The reports from coffee brokers are so con-
flicting that we consider it best to quote from none
of them: but the following is an extract from one
of the le1ding merchants in Singapore in answer to
a letter written by one of your Committee :--“ I would
be delighted to assist you with my views on the future
of coffee in Brazil, if I had any, which, however, does
not happen to be the case. I had a talk with —the
other day, and he told me that no fresh planting had
been reported from Brazil for some years now: and
that there was no doubt but that the trees were
getting old and worn ont, and that it was very
improbable that we should see such large crops again.
The fact remains, however, that the visible supply is
simply enormous, as you will see from the Circular I
send you.” The following is an extract from a letter
from Santos, in answer to some questions made by one
of your Committee, received on 13th February, 1902.
“Tell———that the coffee crop for next year is very poor,
and will only be about half its usual size, so that prices
are sure to goup. I hope to get up to San Paulo next
year,” etc. It will be remembered by many of you that
Ceylon’s greatest crop was its last big one. Galsha in
that year topped all estates by giving 173 cwt. per acre,
but never gave 4 cwt. per acre again. Thereis at least
something to hope for in all the above. Crors.—The
crop realised for last year was 19,365, and the estimate
for 1902 is 27,146 piculs. Your Committee consider
that the sample of your coffee has improved on almost
every estate, and they urgeon you the importance of
doing everything in your power to continue to improve it.

Para RupBer,—We can now speak with great con-
fidence to you, for during the year vast strides have
been made in this cultivation, the acreage planted now
being 7,487, 247,458 trees baving been planted during
1901. This isnot so much to the point as the fact that
careful and detailed experiments have been made in
tapping our trees of all ages, not only by such men as
the Directors of the Botanis Gardens of Singapore,
Penangand Perak, but by many of the planters now
present, who have proved their figures to be correct.

*‘T have not seen any published accountson Hevea
(excepting Brazilian) where as good results are
obtained as in Malaya, either in rate of growth, seed
production, dimensions, yield and adaptability.” The
most casual observer must notice the magnificent
growth of nearly all the rubber planted in the Malay
Peninsula, and especially that on the well-drained
alluvial soil of which we have so much, During the
year two well-known rubber experts from Ceylon
visited Selangor and Sungei Ujong, and they stated
that. they had never seen a better growth, and they
. Beemed astonished at the large returns per tree got
by Mr Derry and others and at the free flow of latex
from our young trees, We think there can be na

Association

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

739

doubt that a paying future is before the industry,
and that ultimately the Malay Peninsula will oust
Brazil from her present position as the premier
rubber-producing country of the world. This is a

bold forecast, but not an unreasonable one. Before
it comes aboat there will, of course, be a heavy
drop in the price of the product, and we would put

before planters afew facts to enable them to judge our
ability to hold our own in competition with Brazil,

RampBone.—The planting of Ficus elastica has
been considerably extended during 1901, 34,804 trees
having been planted, or equal to say 70@ acres.
Rambeng is growing magnificently and promises to
give quite as good returns as Para, the yield per tree
being much larger, which makes up for the lesser price
and a smaller number per acre.

Coconuts.—The area under coconuts is 3,008 acres.
There is no doubt about the success of this product
if the ravages from beetle-could be checked, and we
think the matter so serious that we consider the
Government should be strict in carrying out the
powers they have under the Hnactmen:. Somewhat
pessimistic views have been expressed by men qualified
to pass an opinion as to the crops which our coconuts
on the rich alluvial are likely to yield. On a srftall
holding in Klanang district, now about 10 to 12 years
old, the average yield per tree amounted to 51°5 nuts
in 1901, and for the first eigkt years of its existence
this little clearing never had any sort of intelligent
supervision. Your Committee, therefore, think that
it is not unreasonable to hope that returns over &
large acreage may be such as will astonish those
who hold that the maximum yjield will not amount
to more than 20 to 30 nuts per tree.

Minor Propucts.—The planting of catch crops is
chiefly done in the coast districts: but it has been
fuund that the planting of small catch crops, such as
pumpkins and kladi, do not pay, as it is almost
impossible to make the Chinese keep the land clean
during their growth, and the whole of what is gained
by the catch crops goes in what it costes to put the
land in order after them—to say nothing of what the
soil loses by them,

It is generally recognised that coffee, even at the
present low price. is the best catch crop, and a large
acreage is likely to be planted up with Para rubber
clearings next year.

a ee
SIR EH, N. WALKER ON JAMAICA.

At the Society of Arts after the reading of.a
paper on Jamaica, our fermer Lieut. Governor
said :—

As it was more than 14 years since be severed his con
nection with Jamaica, he could not speak with anthority
on its present condition. Like Mr Thomas, he had been
surprised that Jamaica fruit had not found a firmer
and wider hold in England. He had brought pines
from Jamaica and distributed them in Devonshire
amongst people who were accustomed to hot-house

‘pines and the remarks they had made after the practie

cal experience of eating them were very favourable to
the fruit, One thing in favour of the Jamaica pine-
apple was that one never committed the offence of
eating sugar with it and he thought that proved the
superiority of the Jamaica pine. The enterprise of
introducing the banana into this country had not
reached the success which he thought it certainly
deserved, owing to its excellent character. In ap-
pearance it certainly did not compare favourably
with its rival which was exported in large quantities
andin excellent condition from the Canary Islands,
He thought the shippers had not yet hit off the
precise condition of ripeness in which the fruit
should be shipped. With a friend he had purchased
in the City of London a Canary Island banana and a
Jamaica banana, and they were both of the opinion
that the Jamiica banana had the better flavour. Une
fortunately it did not possess the fine, almost goldey

740 THE TROPICAL

bloom of its Canary Island rival, and therefore,
housekeepers in purchasing the fruit for table were
liable to overlook the Jamaica banana. He could
also bear testimony to the worth of the Jamaica
cigar and had heard on very high authority that
there was no reason why Jamaica should not grow
as good tobacco and turn out as good cigars as Cuba.
He was pacticularly pleased to hear the tribute Mr
Thomas had paid to the Jamaica Negro who was not
such a bad fellow as he was very often made out to
be. In support of that contention one simply had to
ask, Who did all the hard work in the Panama
Canal? It was done by the Jamaica Negro, The con-
tractor for one of the smaller railway extensions
carried out in the Island of Jamaica, Mr Murray
Campbell, had said that in a large experience with
various clasees of labour he was perfectly satisfied
with the Jamaica labourer at 1s. a day. In the
past difficulties had arisen which had stood in the
way of better relations between the employers and
the employed; but that was not to be wondered at when
a similar state of affairs had existed between the
employers and employedin England. He felt extreme-
ly grateful to Mr Thomas for his extremely interesting
peper.—Journal of the Society of Arts, Feb. 7.

oe
PLANTING NOTES,

THe TAMED ZEBRA A_Success.—Evidently
the taming of wild zebras is proving successful.
The ‘ Official Gazette’? (Mombasa) contains an
advertisement that Baron Bronsart yon Sheblen-
dorff, of Kilimanjaro, is prepared to supply
tamed but unbroken zebras at 200 to 300 rupees
each, and tamed and broken-in animals at just
twice that price. Orders can be executed in nine
months,— Daily Mail, March 11.

A Raitway TO NYASSALAND.—It will be
seen from the following paragraph from a
recent number of the ‘Scottish Geographical
Magazine,” that the time allowed the Shire
Highlands Railway Nyassaland Company,
to raise its eapital expired on the 3rd
instant :—

“The Shire Highlands(or Central Africa)Railway.
—Many of this Society and readers of this Maga-
zine will be gratified to learn that an agreemenb
has been concluded, on the 3rd of September be-
tween the Government and the Shire Highlands
Railway, Nyassaland Company, for the construc-
tion of a railway in the British Central Africa Pro-
tectorate. If the Company provides within six
calendar months from that date a certain sum of
money to be devoted to the construction of the
Central Africa Railway, the Government by the
Crown agents will enter into a contract with the
Company. The prescribed sum is to be raised by
an issue of Debentures of the Company constituting
a first charge on all the present and future assets
of the Company. The railway is to start from
Chiromo and thence proceed to Blantyre, and
subsequently to Lake Nyassa. The Company is
to have the use of plans, surveys and reports in
the possession of the Government, but the Gov-
ernment may require an additional survey to be
commenced within three months from the date of
the contract and completed within nine months,
and the railway commenced within fifteen months
from the same date. The railway is to be built in
sections of twenty miles,”

We cannot tell yet if the Company had
heen successful, e hope so,

[May i, 1902,

District PRicks AND REDUCTION OF TEA
OurputT.—Itis worthy of note—says India”
Gardening and Planting—that Dooars, th®
only Indian tea district that does not show
a reduction in the crop of 1901, is the district
which has obtained the greatest benefit from
the rise in prices at home since the middle
of last year. Up to the beginning of February
the average of all Dooars tea sold on garden
account this 1901-02 season is 684d, a full
penny better than in the corresponding
period in 1900-01. The average of all Indian
teas sold on garden account during the same
period is only a half-penny better than in the
previous year, so Dooars has done the best
of all districts in this respect notwithstand-
ing a bad start.

A State LABORATORY FOR STUDYING
PLAnT DiszAsEs.—A correspondence has been
taking place in ‘‘ Nature” between Mr, W.
Carruthers of the British Museum and Sir
W. T. Dyer of Kew on the need for a State
Agricultural Laboratory where the diseases
of plants can be investigated and remedies
found by experiment and other means. The

uestion arose in a statement made by Mr.

arruthers at the Royal Microscopical Society,
of which he is President, as to this national
want. Sir William Dyer considers that Kew
already fulfils this want by naming fungi
which are sent to them, but Mr. Carruthers
refers to a recent case of cherry disease in
which the steps which prevented the spread
of the evil, were taken by the Royal Agri-
cultural Society and by private individuals,
and not by Kew or the Board of Agricul-
ture. As a colony we are ahead of the old
country in employing Government offcials
to devote themselves to these important
matters.

OPHIR AND TARSHISH.—In reviewing a new
book, ‘‘ The Gold of Ophir,” by Professor A H
Keane, the London Times says :—

The site allotted to Ophir must stand the test of
many conditions. Professor Keane decides, we think
rightly, in favour of the south of Arabia, the country
known as the Hadramant, the ancient Himyaritic
territory. Ophir was a great city or emporium of
which Moscha, about half way along the southern
coast of Arabia, was the port. It was not the place
at which the gold and other products to which it gave
its name were found; it was the emporium to which
the products of the East and the South were brought
and from which they were distributed by the enter-

rising Yemenites through the medium of the

hoenicians and other navigators who made use of the
Red Sea as a great trade route. Professor Keane
in coming to this conclusion, agrees with some dis-
tinguished predecessors, though no one before him
has adduced nearly so much evidence in support of
it. The same may be said of the arguments by
which he proves that the gold imported into Ophir
and re-exported for the use of Solomon and other
potentates could only have been furnished by the rich
gold-bearing country lyiug to the south of the Zambesi
which Professor Keane identifies with the Scriptural
Havilah. Recent explorers of this territory, which is
now British—especially Messrs. Hall and Neal, to
whose work Professor Keane expresses himseif as
greatly indebted—have satisfied themselves that gold
equivalent to many millions sterling must have been
extracted from these mines by the Sabzaan Arabs and
the Phoenicians who succeeded them. Tarshish Pro-
fessor Keane identifies with the modern Sofala
though here his evidence is mot quite so strong ; while
the land of Punt he locates with much probability ig
the north-cas} horn of Africa,

AGRICULTURIST:

May 1, /1902.]

ORIGIN. OF PEARLS.

William Bateson, Esqr., F RS, Vice-President,
in the Chair.

Dr H Lyster Jameson, MA, read: -a..paper ‘‘ On
the Origin of Pearls.” The author’s observations re-
ferred especially to Mytilus edulis, the Commen
Mussel. The Pearls were found to be due to the
presence of. parasitic Distomid’ larve, which
entered the subcutaneous, tissues of the mussel and
became surrounded with an. epidermal sack
similar in its character to the outer ‘shell-secret-
ing epithelium of the mantle. If the Distoma
died in the sack it became calcified, and formed
the nucleus of a pearl; the pearl arising, like the
shell itself, from the calcifivation of the cuticle
of the epithelial cells. The parasite sometimes

migrated out of the sack, in which case the nucleus
of the pearl was inconspicuous: [

Dr Jameson had investigated the ‘life-history of
this parasite, and found that it arose as a. tail-
less Carcarian larva, in sporocysts, in Tapes de-
cussatus and Cardiwm edule. , He had succeeded
in infecting Musselsfrom Tapes in an aquarium.
The adult stage of this parasite was apparently
Distoma somatine uevinsen, which occurs in
the intestine of the Eider Buck, and which the
author had found in the Seoter or Black. Duck
(Edemia nigra.) : :

The complicated life-history of the parasite,
“and the absence of organs of Tocomotion in the
Cercaria-stage, sutiiced to: account for the ano-
malous and hitherto inexplicable distribution of
pearl-bearing Mussels. a

Dr Jameson had found» that pearls were
caused by similar parasites’ in several other
species of Mollusca, including some of the Pear!-
Oysters; and he believed that the artificial in-
_ fection of the Pearl-Oysters could be eftected in
-a similar manner to that which he had» found
successful in the case of the Common Mussel.
-When-this was achieved the. problem of arti-
ficially producing pearls would be solved.—
Zoological Society of London, March 14, 1902.

CEYLON GREEN TEA VERSUS CHINA
ND JAPAN. § «+ »
THE MARKET IN CANADA : GREEN TEA
WITH A GREEN COLOUR WANTED,
CANADIAN CRITICISM AND CEYLON OPINION,

“In the last issue of the Canadian Grocer which
reached Ceylon some astonishing statements are
made in commenting upon the views of Mr Galt
on Ceylon Green Teas,» The writer,who it would

appear poses as an authority on the Green Tea.

Trade in Canada, refers to Mr Galt as ‘‘ A Mr
Gault,” as if hé were some obscure
of Green Tea, whereas as!we' understand Mr
Galt direéts the management
Indian and Ceylon Tea’ business in America—

the Anglo-Américan direct Tea’ Trading Company.

At the outset’ this
eate malice

would appear to indi-
or ignorance on the part of the

writer, who then’ goes on to state:—Mr Galt de

‘claves that green tea as’ turned out by the
factories in’ Ceylon is not properly made.»

93

THE TROPICAL: AGRICULTURIST.

i . the
retailey =

of . the: largest |

It is, Japan green teas.

741

he says, “neithera green nora black tea.’ And
again in answer to a question regarding the de-
mand in the United States and Canada, he adds:
—‘* Not a pound of Ceylon green tea would-be
sold in America at present were it not bolstered
up by money and other presents given away with
a pound of tea.” Mr Galt’s remedy for the de-
fects which he alleges to exist is the firing and
packing of the green teas after the manner of the
factories in China and Japan. We gather this nob
only from the reading of the interview with himbut,
from a conversation we have had with a teamen who
in turn, nob long since, discussed the subject with
Mr. Galt himself in), London, prior to his de-
parture for Colombo.. The. firm with which Mr
Galt is) connected has arranged to. manufacture
and pack Ceylon green tea after the manner ot
Japan and China, and the result of, the experi-
ment will-be watched with a, great deal of interest.
As far as we can gather, opinion is divided in
both Canada and the, United States in regard to
the wisdom of, the new departure which the
Anglo American Direct Tea Trading Company is
taking. To the tea, manufactures in Ceylon,
and those dealers in the United States and
Canada who are ardent champions of Ceylon
greens, the proposition to adopt the — tea-
making methods of the competitive cvuuutries
is no doubt somewhat humiliating, . And further-
more, to, make the leaf after the styles of
China and Japan would certainly tend to deprive
the Ceylon article of its individuality, as far as
appearance at any rate is concerned. But looked

at from the standpoint, of utility, the question

seems to resolve itself into this: Which method
is going to: be, in the long run, most conducive
to the welfare of the tea industry of Ceylon?
And, this can only be ascertained by experiment.
The logicul conclusion, therefore, appears to be
=go ahead withthe experiment. We cannot agree
with Mr. Galt’s statement that ‘f not a pound
of Ceylon green tea would be sold in America
were it not bolstered up by money and other pre-
sents given away witha pound of tea. -We are not
prepared to speak for the United States. But, as

far as )Canada_is concerned, theyare simply exag~

gerations,, And, according to Talleyrand’s maxim,
“ Eyerything which is exaggerated is insigni-
ficant;” /A year ago the Sale, of Ceylon Green

Tea was undoubtedly stimulated by the fancy 60 ©

lb canisters given to every. retailer who perchased
a certuin; quality of the,tea. But we are not
aware of any prize or consideration of any kind
being given to, constimers. At, present there is
quite a scarcity of Ceylon green tea on the
Canadian market and the demand being in excess

of thesupply, prices are much higher. than they..-
swere & month or two ago. No doubt the demand is
»to some extent stimulated by the extraordinary
» searcity and dearness of China .green teas.
that does not alter the fact that’ the teas are _
selling andthat without prizes attached thereto. , |

But

Nor does it strengthen Mr Galt’s case, because
tea package firms are. by far the
largest. purchasers of Ceylon green teas, Whe-
ther Ceylon green, teas will ever take the place
of Japan and China greens remains to be seen.
There are some who strongly maintain that they
will, Others again are, just. as strong in the
contrary ‘view. Although there was_a large in-
crease.in the importation of green tea of Indian

-and Ceylen growth last. year, the, quality is still

relatively small when compared with China and
The importation of Ceylon and

“a
.

742

andi green teas into Canada during 1900 and
1901 were as foilows :—

1900. 19C1.
Indian green, lb. 23,214 81,578
Ceylon _,, 97,175 334,634

Japan and China greens imported during the
same periods were as follows :—

1900. 1901.
Japan greene, lb. 8,520,781 6,645,337
China y 1,235,197 863,586”
MR. GALT’S VIEWS ON THE CANADIAN
CRITICISMS.

Seen by a representative of the Observer this
morning Mr, Galt said that he had read over the
criticisms of the ‘‘ Canadian Grocer.” He was of
opinion that the article had simply been inspired
by one of the ‘ardent champions” which it
referred to. The writer was

UNABLE TO REFUTE A SINGLE STATEMENT
he had made in connection with the manu-
facture of Ceylon Green Tea. It seemed
that the ‘*‘Canadian Grocer” had _ stooped
to a purely personal attack. With regard
to the remarks which that paper described
as ‘‘exaggeration” Mr. Galt has no _ recol-
lection whatever of making so broad a state-
ment as is attributed to him. He is, however,
in possession of a letter, received last mail
from Toronto in which the writer states that
after making careful enquiry he finds that no
wholesale Grocer in the city of Hamilton handles
Ceylon Green tea and that only two wholesale Gro-
cers in Toronto make a practice of handling it,
while their outlet is but for a limited quantity at
from 54d to 6d. Mr Galt’s correspondent also
informs him that about a year ago the wholesale
grocers of Toronto and Hamilton were each in-
duced to handle 200 to 300 half chests of Ceylon
Green Tea

BY PRESENTING THEM WITH CANISTERS
which were again in turn handed over by them te
the retailers as an inducement to the retail trade te
purchase the tea. Since the canisters have stopped,
the sale of the Ceylon Green Tea has stopped. The
package tea eoncerns in Canada put up what is
called a mixed Ceylon Tea. Mr Galt thinks
that possibly a good deal of the so-called Ceylon
Green Tea is cisposed of in this way. (The
‘ardent champions” probably drink the rest
tliemselves.) The Vadnadian Groéer states that
the manufacturers in Ceylon will be humiliated
by the introduction of such machinery as would
enable them to make

TEAS THAT WOULD COMPETE SUCCESSFULLY
with those made in China and Japan. Such is
surely an erroneous idea. The object of the
manufacturer is surely to produce a Green Tea
acceptable to the taste of the people: and which
will get a market on its merit and not require
to be bolstered up by canisters or forced upon
the people. So far as the ‘‘ ardent Champions”
are concerned Mr Galt thinks they have been
well-paid for their work and, therefore need not
be seriously pitied. It is, he says, a generally
accepted principle among business-men to give
people what they want instead of trying to make
them buy something else. The demand is for

A GREEN TEA WITH A GREEN COLOUR
and it is only such a tea that is likely to find
a ready of market in America. Whether Ceylon
will, eventually, be successful in introducing its
present style of mauufacture remains to be seen,
ut Mr Galt thinks it will furnish employment
to Commissioners for many years to come before

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May 1, 1902.

such an end is attained. In conclusion Mr Galt
said that the only point of importance which he
observed in the article in question was that after
weighing all the pros and cons the ‘‘ Canadian
Grocer ” came to the conclusion that the Anglo-
American Tea Trade Company were doing the
logical thing in carrying on their experiments
to make a Ceylon Tea that people will buy.

ee
TEA SALES.

PUBLIC SALES OF TEA IN COLOMBO.
FoR THE IsT QUARTER ENDING MARCH 1902.

Exchange,
Demand
Offered Sold Avg. Avg. Drafts
Date. 1902. 1901. 1902.
Ib. Ib, u, D. Be at, ‘
Jan 3 1,493,593 1,020,013 3 27° «1/41.32
” 8 646,988 565,268 36 31 1/4 1-32
» 15 1,120,182 752,067 34 29 1/41-32
» 22 1,875,393 1,050,692 338 27 1/41-16
FS 29 930,113 600,060 32 27 1/41-16
Feb, 5 784,641 591,461 33 30 1/41-32
a9 12 768,910 651,783 34 929 1/4 1-16
+ 19 1,011,108 775,306 34 29 1/41-16
5 26 891,360 680,597 35 30 1/41-32
Mar. 5 847,998 684,470 386 34 1/4 1-39
5 12 839,768 685,687 37 35 1/4
5 19 1,176,128 941,572 36 36 1/4
» 25 1,097,693 813,938 35 387 1/4
Total } 1902 12,983,825 9,812,209 344 31 1/4 1-32
Do 1901 12,531,942 9,604,377 Pgs. | Aree

PUBLIC SALES OF TEA IN LONDON.
FOR THE IsT QUARTER ENDING MARCH 1902.

a ¢ Gow, Wilson
Packages Packages 92 and Stanton’s
Offered. Sold. && Average,
Date. i] 2 gas
1902. 1902 1901.
Jan. 2 11,000 9,000 74 7k 7
hei 21,000 20,000 7% 7 6%
Side 32,000 29,000 7 78 64
Hh 00M. 26,000 24000 7 74 7k
eal) 27,000 25,000 7 74 63
Feb. 6 28000 24000 7 7 6
Wi his 26,000 23000 7 7 6
ene 23,000 22,000 6. 63
ee 26,000 24000 7 7
Maer. 6 21,000 20000 7 7
pk 25,000 23,000 7. 7 6
” 20 23,000 21,000 7 Lf
sie cae 25,000 22,000 7 7
Total } 1902...314,000 286,000 72 7 64
Do 1901...375,000 388,000 ya ate

[The figures for Loca] Sales are compiled from the
weekly circular of Messrs. Forbes & Walker, while
those for London Sales are from the telegrams reeeived
weekly. | :

THE NEW CEYLON GREEN TEAS.
7th April, 1902,

Messrs, Forbes & Walker; Colombo, have
furnished us with the following opinion, at our
request, of the green teas being produced under
Mr. Galt’s direction, as alluded to in our inter-
view with Mr. Galt on Saturday ;—

“The favorable opinion we have formed of the
samples of ‘finished green tea’ made by Messrs.
Finlay, Muir & Co’s factory and shown to us_
from time to time by Mr. Galt will, we think
be shared by most of those who carefully conside

May 1, 1902,] THE TROPICAL

he subject. These teas are made to closely
imitate China and Japan greens, in make, color
of leaf, and style of liquor; young Hysons (in-
cluding the small leaf Sow-Mee), Hysons and
Gunpowders being cleverly copied. In liquor they
compare most favourably with Chinese and more
than favourably with Japans, the crowning point
being §their purity and freedom from scum or
coloring matter; and we feel. confident that
such}jteas; will:havegthe effect of overcoming a
great difficulty now existing in bringing Ceylon
Green teas into consumption in places where at
present Chinas and Japans are used; for it stands
to reason that it should be a comparatively easy
matter to introduce teas whose character is so
akin to those of our Eastern rivals into such
countries, “jand when once adopted they will doubt-
less be preferred by the consumers in the same
ratio that our black teas are in ether parts of
the world.

‘‘Green teas now being made in the various
factries of Ceylon are generally speaking sound
andegood, particularly in cup; but they are un-
doubtedly at a disadvantage as regards appearance
of leaf when competing with China greens—a dis-
advantage which should not be experienced with
the finished green teas.

‘* Ags far as we know this is the first attempt
made in Ceylen to produce a tea of true green
eharacter in the full meaning of the term, and
we cannot but think it will be attended with

success.”
-— ++ ~<P-—— —---

COCONUTS AT PENANG.

Mr. Curtis writes in his report on the Botanic
Gardens, Penang :—

The cultivation of Coconuts is one of the most
important and profitable industries in this part of
the world, and one in which perhaps a greater
number of individuals are interested than in any
other. A fev Europeans in this Settlement own
large plantations, and inthe Native Malay States
some have planted on a considerable scale ; but on
the whole it must be looked on mainly as a native
proprietor’s crop, and in their interests it is im-
portant that the destructive beetles be keptin check.
When I first came to Penang $10:12 was about
the price per 1,000 nuts and this was then con-
sidered a paying price. In recent years the price
has ranged from $25°30 with a ready market for
any quantity. A large proportion of the Penang
and Brovitice Wellesley crop is shipped to Ran-
goon, where the product is used as food in the
form of curries, sweetmeats, ete. Both in Eng-
land and Germany coconut butter is being manu-
factured on an extensive scale, but the low tem-
perature at which it becomes liquid militates
against its introduction here.—Singapore Free
Press, March 26.

——EE—EE

THE FOREST WEALTH OF
TRAVANCORE.

Trevandrum, Mareh 18th.—Mr T Ponambalam
Pillay, the Acting Conservator of Forests in
Travancore, delivered a very interesting lecture
on the ‘‘ Forest Wealth of Travancore” a few
days ago.
FOREST PRODUCTS.

Major and Minor produce was the definition
which embraced all the produce obtained from
our forests, Timber and fuel were the two that

AGRICULTURIST. 743

were classed under Major produce. Th i
Conservator estimated That there wate aeeae
1,000 different kinds of trees and shrubs which it
was worth while to study. So finely was this
distributed that on an examination of a particular
Reserve he found that there were the 24 species
of the trees reserved in Travancore in each square
mile, To reserve 24 trees was not an exorbitant
demand on the part of the Government, The fact
was that only a few kinds of timber were exploited
and used in Travancore. There were several
valuable species—valued in.other lands which
are not noticed here—notably iron wood
(Xylia delabreformis). There were enor-
mous quantities of firewood to be had for the
mere transporting charges, and yet no one cared
to do a business in it. In the towns of the State
fuel was so scarce that coconut sbells and the
leaves of trees, etc., were being utilised as fuel
and if depéts were established by private persoas
a profit of 10 per cent could be fully depended on.
Again, enormous quantities of timber in the
shape of waste, from fellings by Government con-
tractors, and chips were allowed to rot. The
sapwood of all coloured trees and the entire
volume of all colourless trees. provided they con-
tained cellulose, could be utilise’ tor wood pulp
which in its turn was suitable for paper making.
Roughly speaking, one quarter of the original
weight of timber could be obtained in wood pulp
by a process which the lecturer described. It
was largely in demand and Great Britain and
Ireland annually imported the material for 4
millions sterling,

OTHER PAPER-MAKING PRODUCTS.

First there was the fibre of the bamboo, the
Eta or Vai, the wild sugar-cane (Saccarine arunda-
riacee), the refuse of sugarcane mills, the aloe
the plantain, also a number of palms and eycads
which could be utilised, and which were now abso-
lutely rotting away or burnt for manure. The
common dhoby’s earth was to be had in abundance
in the country, and from it could be obtained
the caustic soda so essential in paper making,
Thus, there were in the country two of the most im-
portant materials required for paper manufacture.
The locally established paper mill was not success-
ful owing to inexperience and scant knowledge of
the surroundings. Expensive English chemicals
had to be obtained. In North India some of the
paper mills made their own caustic soda,

OILS AND RESINS.

Enormous quantities of the heart wood of teak
were wasted annually, and yet from this an
essential oil much in demand was obtainable
Sandaiwood oil was apother valuable product if
Suflicient attention was paid to it. Among other
trees from which resinous matter could be obtained
with profit for local or Indian consumption were :—
Odina wodier, the dhoby’s nut (Semicarpus
anacardium), Acacia Arabica, Albizzia Sebbeck
Vateria indica, Ailanthus Malabaricus Ailan-
thus eacelsa, Petrocarpus marsupium. From this
last the well-known gum kino was obtained and
though the tree was felled in abundance, no
SE een ie branch of trade existed in the
TANNING AND DYEING.

There were openings in these ind i
ere i . dustries for
enterprising people. They were very profitable
industries, and there was a large quantity of
tanning products in the country which remained

744. THE, TROPICAL

unutilised either in tanning in the country or
in exporting the tanning agents, The same could
be said of matter suitable for dyeing and for
varnishing.

ROOTS,

Ginger, turmeric and the kina (Curcuma
angustifolia) were plentiful in parts. There was
not much difference in the product known as the
arrowroot of commerce which was exported trom
Europe and the arrowroot made from the kina
coutiyauion would improve the quality of the
bulb.

CARDAMOMS AND CINNAMON.

These were valuable products, and there was a
host of others (some of which were mentioned)

which could be traded in. The importance of
obtaining useful botanical specimens was dwelt
upon.
SOAPS,

There were things requisite for the manufacture
of soap; viz., fats, oils and alkaline, all three
obtainable in Travancore. Lemon grass oil was
in ‘great demand, and though there was some
business. done init, it. was not nearly so large
as it could. be made,

MINERALS.

There was. gold in Travancore, but not in
paying quantities, At Shencotta, there was irop
ore, and pigiron could be made, for there was
an abundance of charcoal. Mica abounded and,
lastly, plumbago, which was so successfully worked
by the Morgan Crucible Co.

ANIMAL PRODUCTS.

Honey was abundant and apiculture was a
field for a new departure, as well as that of
the rearing of silkworms. There were a large
number of trees on which silkworms fed.

The lecturer said Travancore was unique, inas-
much as she contained within her boundaries
variations of climate and soil in which most
things wanted by the civilised world could - be
obtained. Rubber had thrived in Travancore,
and new varieties were bi und todo well. Camphor
cultivation was worth a trial. The lecturer
concluded by saying thar the rising young men
of the day should try and strike out a new
line for themselves in industrial matters. Govern-
ment service was a good thing, but all could
not be Government servants.—Cor.—M. Mail,
March 21,

RUBBER DEVELOPMENT IN BOLIVIA.

During the year ended Ist July 1900, the go-

vernment of Bolivia granted new concessions. for

working rubber as follows :—

estradas
Department of La Paz ....... ..7264
Department of Santa Cruz.,. ..9590
Department of Cochabamba .. 500

Totals uayeioyorse 17,354

_ Gince each estrada,is supposed to embrace 156
rubber trees, these concessions would account for
2,603,100 trees brought ander private control
within a year, It is understood, however, that
many small rubber properties in Bolivia, are for

gale, due probably to alack of working capita
on the part of the eancesszonaires, while perhaps
some of them have been located only with a view

to selling them.
A statement has reached The India Rubber
Werld that the following amounts of rubber paid

AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1902.

export duties (15 per cent advalorem) at the
Bolivian custom house inthe Acre river district—
lately in dispute between. Bolivia and Brazil—
between January 29 and April 16, 1901, and were
shipped via Para:

Pounds

Goma elastica (fine rubber)... «.2,954,879
Sernamby (coarse rubber).,..«« 328,275

Cauchio.os.. as) .. 62.555 bids. «ap WES, 12
> T'O#AI sy ephirecastaaban SOO EOe
India Rubber World, March 1,
—_—_o—___——.
LESSER PRODUCTS OF THE COCONUT
TREE.

Thereis really no part of the coconu i
does not serve man for come economic oiaoee
the same time considerable ignorance prevails re-
garding certain minor products of this palm, and
the purposes to which the natives apply them. Fo
instance, the soft, downy light brown cotton at the
outside of the lower part of the compound leaves of
the tree, is very popular with physicians and house
wives, for there is nothing to beat it in staunching
blood froma wound. The mature cotton is a Bttone
weblike tissue of fibres, bearing some resemblance 3
coarse cloth. Toddy drawers use it as a strainer
while in some parts of country it is woven into ver )
tolerable wearing apparel, chiefly used by “Sarlechihi
Then, the roots are largely used by the natives for
tooth and paint brushes, and are also sometimes
chewed with betel asa substitute for arecanut, The
have still more valuable uses, for the native y ian
prescribes a decoction of coconut roots with in =
and jaggery in cases of fever. When fresh oil is aaa.
ed the mixture is prescribed as a gargle for sor
mouth or throat. The shell of the coconut takes 4
high polish and can be‘ turned” ina most remark-
able manner. It can also be converted into good
buttons. Another minor product is the water sede
the,kernel. Thesupply diminishes as the fruit ap-
proaches maturity. There is no more Aipsnee
summer beverage. The water may be drunk freel
without any deleterious effect, and the natives it eae
it as a good purifier of the blood. Bricklayers use itin
the preparation of a fine whitewash, and when a little
of it is mixed with the water in which castor seeds
are boiled the quality of the castor oil is highly im-
proved. For the curing of tobacco, a little of the
water sprinkled on the leaves improves them and
adds to their flavour, The spathe or tough fibro:
eovering of the blossom makes rough but Be
viceable headgear, water buckets, light loxes,
sheathes for knives, and when soaked in water,
a coarse cordage which is substituted for ordinary
rope for thatching houses. The flower, which z
esses a powerfully astringent property ia need
native medicine. We have then the cabbage ait the

summit of the tree. This is a tender vegetable whidh
may be prepared. in various ways, and is especial

good for pickle, but it can be obtained only at an
cost of the tree, and 2 native must be driven re
great extremities before he cuts down a coconnt tee

‘he finer midribs of the leaves are made into tooth

picks, coarse pins, brooms, bird cages, and neat blind

while the larger midribs of the compound leaves 2

occasionally substituted for the paddles of small eaniées

and boats Fine strong cordage is also obtained fbi
them, In short, the numerous useful products of this
palm reminds us of Ludovico di Varthema’s dicty

: Ten useful things are derived from tbis tree; the

first. utility is wood to burn, nuts. to eat, ro eae é,

maritime navigation ; thin stuffs, which aie thes

are dried, appear to be made of silk; ‘charcoal. a

the greatest perfection, wine, water, oil, and sugar,

May, 1, 1902.} THE TROPICAL

and with its leaves which fall, that is when a branch
fall, they cover the houses; and these ward off water
for half a year. Cc.
—Capital, March 27.

<——
PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

Rumour is again busy about jthe new taxes.
Twenty milliens of the deficit in the Exchequer
have, it is estimated, to be raised) by new taxation
and once more there has been

TALK OF A FURTHER TAX ON TEA.

The one thing certain is that everything connected
with taxation proposals is gloriously uncertain.
Money has to be raised somehow, and if, in the
general rake-in of funds, the Chancellor of the Hx-
chequer, as is hoped, leaves the tea duty where it
is now, there will be much ;to be thankful for.
April 10 is mentioned as the probable date of the
Budget. speech.

A new paragraph has been added to the regala-
tions for the entry and

EXAMINATION OF IMPORTED TEAS, AS ADOPTED
BY THE UNITED STATES

Treasury Departnient. The regniations are prac-
tically the same as those of last year, with the
exception of the following: ‘‘ In examining Japan’s
Green Teas and Congous, while limiting the com-
parisons in the matter of infused leaf and scum to
the specific standard called for, examiners are to
admit teas upon the question of quality, in the three
kinds above cited, provided they are equal, in the
case of Japans,to either the Pan Fired or the Basket
Fired standard; in greens to either the Country Tea
or the Ping Suey standard ; and in Congous to either
the North China or the South China standard.

' ON THE PROSPECTS OF THE THA TRADE,

the Grocer points out that the sta'‘istical position of
tea is difficult to gauge just now, in consequence of
the dislocation of trade through the exceptional cir-
cumstances under which duty payments on the article
were made a twelvemonth ago, ‘‘ Despite the false
impression which the statistics are calculated to create,
the prospecis for Indian and Ceylon tea must be pyro-
nounced,” our contemporary says, “ as very good, Al-
though much difference of opinion has existed respect-
ing the Indian crop as to shortage, the ultimate deficit
does not turn out to be so large as was thought
earlier in the season, and, according to the latest
circular issued by the Indian Tea Association of
Calcutta, the totalcrop of 1901-02 was 165,250,000 Ib
as compared with 177,560,0@0 lb in 1900-U1. it may
be added that the exports to London from April 1
last to February 28this year reached 152,251,000 lb,
in comparison with 160,830.000lbin 1901. A year
ago the tea trade wasin a very unsatisfactory state,
with prices at an unprecedentedly low point—i,e.,
24d to 340 per. lb for common sorts —owing entirely
to . over-production. Since -last August, how-
eyer,, quotations bave been at a more
normal level, with a slight upward tendency
and- occasional set-backs. Approaching nearer
to the present date, there has been an inoreasing
demand for the commoner kinds, which have become
-starcer, and are much wanted for the chief ‘canister.’
In proof of this statement we have only to add that
the value within the past fortnight has advanced
about ¢d to $d per lb., and for the next month
or two all the lower grades of tea available will be
required for immediate use. Ceylon shipments have
of iate been ona somewhat diminished scale, in spite of
a lighter quantity and outturn in 1901 as compared
with the previous season and the scarcity of finer
qualities of both Indian and Csylon descriptions
has turned out to be utmistakabie. In view of this
fact it would pay growers to make superior teas,

>

AGRICULTURIST. -

_ TAB

instead of
whereby
coarse,

resorting to indiscriminate plucking,
the markeis at times are flooded with
common sorts, which often happen to, be
far too abundant to be thoroughly appreciated,
last spring, it will be remembered, enormous
quantities of tea were being taken out of bond
to evade the payment of an extra duty, should
it be imposed, and so disarranged was the customary
order of business that if was several months
after before the rate of delivery righted itself; but
no such disorganisation of the home trade will be
experienced this year. About Christmas-time and
shortly afterwards there were some attempts to clear
tea out of bond, but they did not assume any formi-
dable shape, and since then the duty payments have
been of not more than average amount. Thus, money
in tea, which early in 1901 was practically locked np
and useless, will now be liberated, and can be applied
to the more legitimate purpose of buying and fur-
thering the progress of the trade as _ well
as protecting the interests of consumers ag a body.
By these means the tea market genearally will be
kept in s sounder and more healthy condition than it
has been for twe or there years past.”—H and C.
Hail, March 21. :

SSS

TEA IN AMERICA.

New York, Feb, 19.

There has been a little more doing in an invoice
way. Market firm and unchanged. Thesame standards
have been adopted for next season as have been in
use the past year,

IMPORTS OF TEA SINCE THE EXHIBITION YEAR.

on ao
a | $ 2.2 ad
coh) Q.2 a OB. Ber spn
g% 23 OF abe 3S
ae 28 da Gag oe
5 ryan Pa on HQ
5 a
& z <3, am
1898-88, 131,088 13,651,800 16:0 ;
1894 ~~ $1 801,565 13,857,893 15.1 tae
1895 96,457,942 13,029,868 13°5 1°38
1896 . 93,34().248 12,5%5,741 13°5 1:31
1897 112,907.548 14,737,062 1371 1°55
1898 67,697,295 9,603,530 14:2 0:91
1899 72,834,816 9,523,313 131, 6-96
$900 84,845,401 10,657,741 12-4 1°09
1801 $9,084,947 10,862,455 12:2 1°17

—American Grocer, ©

CEYLON TEA IN 1901:

HIGHEST CROPS AND AVERAGES

According to the Annual Report

Wilson, Smithett & Co, fanich, Wee ee
ducing in this issue), the Diyagama Factory
(New Dimbula Company)sent the largest quan-
tity of tea to London last year—no less than
1,247,000 Ib. realising the splendid alleround
average of 94d per |b. ; while Goatfell gave the
highest actual average 1s 04d for 100,000 Ib
The other high returns were Sutton ligd for
108,500 lb. ; Talawakelle’s 103d for 467.000 Ib. ;
Waverley 98d for 400,000 Ib.; Concordia 104d
for 215,400 lo.; Henfold 104d for 258,060 Ib. ;
Lippakelle 95d for 240,0001b; Mount Vernon
93d for 248,500 Ib. ; Portmore 104d for
241,0001b.; Ragalla 98d for 304,000 Ib, : Diya.-
nillakelle 10d “for 129,000. 1b.; Ferhata, tod
for 121,000 Ib, ; Holmwood 1044 for 120,000 Ib :
Nutbourne 92d for 80,000 ; Pitaratmalie 9 d
for 139,000 lb; Thotulagalla 104d for 95,500 1

THE TROPICAL

DO TROUT BREED IN CEYLON?

A correspondent writes to our contemporary
that a companion with him at the Horton Plains
on April Ist canght a rainbow trout 4 inches
Jong, though the last trout fry (brown) were
turned down by Mr. John Fraser in May 1901 and
rainbow fry some time earlier, and wishes to know
if iticould have been born and bred on the Hortons,
We enquired of Mr. Fraser his opinion — this
morning. and he informs us that he recently took
out trout, varying from 3 to 20 invhes in length,
from his own: stewpond, from fry put in 2 years
ago; they had grown up irregularly and their
ages could not at all accurately be told from
the size. Mr. Fraser does not share the hope
that our rivers may soon be “ self-stocking.”

—————————
THE TEA MARKETS EXPANSION
COMMISSION.

(FROM THE SIXTH REPORT. )

We have received a copy of the sixth Report
of Messrs Andrew Yule & Co., the Commis-
sioners, to the members of the Advisory Com-
mittee, referring to the operations during January
and February, 1902.

Tea contributions promised to 28th February,1902.
— Total 683,744 lb, the same ason the 3lst Decem-
ber last. Acting on the suggestion of the Com-
missioners, cash has, in some cases, been given
in lieu of tea, at the rate of 4 annas perlb. Up
to 28th February, 1902, the following propor-
tions of the promised contributions have been

received :—
: Ib.. R8.. AS, P.
In tea about 47% = 323,987 valued 81,260 9 9

Ineash do 3%= 21,760 5,510 0 0
Total 50% = 457,347 86,770 9 9

against 39 per cent received to 31st December last.
The average value of the tea is 4 annas per Ib,
against 4 annas 1 pie to 3lst December last. Cash
subscriptions received to 28th February, 1902
amount to R9,010, against R1,210 received to 31st
December last.

PURCHASE OF TEA.—To meet the demand for
classes of tea other than those contributed, to
28th February, 1902, 26,3581b of area were pur-
chased ata cost of K8,974-7-11.. The teas were
all purchased at public auction. ‘Tea stock on
28th February, 1902, is approximately as follows :—

Received into godowns from contributors 323,987
1b; Ditto by purchase 26,358 tb—Total 350,345 tb.
Tea disposed of in the seven months 160,374. Tea
in stock on 28th February, 1902 189,971, against
168,888 Ib on 31st December last.

Pick PACKETS.—The demand for these con-
tinues satisfactory, the total issued to 28th
February, 1902, being 526,015. The packets are
sold in any partof India at one pice each as in
~ Caleutta.

BREWED TEA,—The total number of cups brewed
tea sold at one pice each, to 28th February, 1902,
is 116,222. Cost of working to 28:h February,
1902, is roughly R17,000 as against 1x10,U00 to 31st
December, 1901.

NEPAUL.—The Prime Minister and Marshall of
Nepaul, in reply to a letter asking him to
encourage the efforts. of the commission in that
Dominion, stated that, while he personally wished
the movement every success, he feared not much
could’ be (done, as, the, Nepaul Governmentj had
long being unsuccessfully endeavouring to bring

AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1902.

tea into general use with a view to tostering the
tea plantations existing in the eastern part of their
territory. A case of pice packets has, however,
been sent to Nepaul as a trial.

OTHER AGENCIES.—Work through other chan-
nels and Agencies has been continued. The Dacca
Agent reports that the Commission’s tea has
gained a firm footing in Dacca, which is the main
supply station for the Districts of Dacca, My-
mensing, Tipperah and Chittagong, and that in the
more important towns of these he has established
sub-agencies§$which are under the regular inspection
of travellers, who also visit all Fairs within their
reach, An Agent of the Commission has also made
a tour through Kathiwar and Gujerat, visiting
Poibandar, Junaghah, Rajkot, Bhavanagar, Wad-
wan Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat, Karachi and
Cutch, with a view to introducing the Com-
mission’s tea into these. places. Another Agent
has been actively convassing Jubbulpore, Agra,
Delhi, Jhansi, Cawnpore, and Gwalior. Another
Agent has visited several Fairs and Melas, and held
demonstrations and sold teaat these gatherings.—
Madras Mail, April 8.

rs

CEYLON TEA IN 1901.

Extracts from Geo. White & Co.'s Annual India,
Ceylon, and Java Tea Mepurt.)
March, 1902.

We would preface our usual annual report by
offering our congratulations to those interested
in this important industry, especially the producer,
on the partial dispersion of the heavy cloud which
over-hung it when we compiled our review just'a
year ago. From various causes a marked reduction
in the output of the chief growing countries has~
been apparent, and the trade would appear to be
once again gradually emerging from a condition of
repletion to one of comparatively healthy appetite.
The all-absorbing question now is how to guard
against a relapse into the lamentable state ex-
perienced during the season 1900-1, and in this
connection we would draw attention to our remarks
under ‘‘ Prospects.”

CEYLON.—The comparative shrinkage in the
total crop gathered was less than in the case of
India, but increased shipments from both Colombo
and London to outside ports reduced the quantity
available for the markets within the United
Kingdom. Elsewhere we refer to the main question
of snpply and its effect on prices. In the case of
Ceylon it may be noted that the average in
February, 1901, was 64d per lb, while in the
October following it stood at 8d per lb. Quality,
cn the whole, was distinctly above the average,
varying a little according to season, the most
attractive reaching London, as is customary,
about October. Owing to this usual variation,
it may be here noted that seldom, if ever,
is it possible to contrast sales made simul-

taneously in London and Colombo, the high
probability being that these markets are
not selling similar tea, be it better or

worse, there having been nearly two months’ differ-
ence in the timeof manufacture, Really low-grade
tea, so often met with twelve months since, has
been conspicuous by its absence, As in India,
the prodnetion of choice quality was on a limited
seale, and ordinary fine kinds, having a better class
helow to compete with than usual, suffered to
some extent. Useful to good Broken Pekoes have
eften been below par, the fact of the important

May 1, 1902.]

export trade being so far chiefly confined to leaf,
having constantly favourably influenced the value
of such, to the seeming detriment of brokens.
This feature will doubtless become less prominent
as outside markets learn to use the whole assort-
ment.

STATISTICAL POSITION. —Shipments for the past
year to the United Kingdom totalled 107 millions
against 1143 in 1900, which, together with an in-
crease in Deliveries in the 12 mouths of 24 millions,
resulted in a reduced stock of 5 millions at the
opening of the present year, compared with Ist Jan.,
1901. Generally speaking the immediate position
under this heading is satisfactory, especially when
it is noted that the imports during the 12 months
ending 3lst December last were actually some
5 million lbs less than the total deliveries tor a
like period, For the twelve months the following
on Estate Account passed the hammer in
London :— _

1901. 1900. 1899,
1,059,800 pkgs. 1,125,100 pkgs. 1,000,000 pkgs.
*(Av. 7d @ lb.) (Av. 73d @ Ib.) (Av. 8d # Ib.)

* Includes the unprecedentedly low rates ruling

last spring.

The Board of Trade returns for all Tea (which
embraces every Bonded Warehouses in the U. K.)
for the past three calendar years were :—

Home
Consumption. Export.
1901 ... +» 255,873,000 lb. 43,388,000 lb.
1906 .. -. 249,792,000 ,, *38,907,000 ,,

1899... .. 242,561,000 ,, 32,223,000 ,,

Total Bonded Stock,

Deliveries. Dec. 31.
1901 ... «s+ 299,261,000 1b. 115,951,000 Ib.
1900 .. »» 288,699,000 ,, +119,430,000. ,,
1899 .. 274,784,000 ,, 113,010,000 ,,

* Excluding about 4} million lb. of Brick Tea tran-
shipped to Siberia. {+ Reeadjusted.

This denotes a further extension of over 6
million lb..in the use of the article at home.
It is calculated that the consumption per head of
the population of the United Kingdom, which was
44 lb. in 1880 and 5 lb. in 1890, had risen to 63 Ib.
in 1901. Exports to the Continent, &c, from
here, of British growth mark an expansion of about
7% million lb., not including ‘‘ overside”’ trane
shipments, and compare with an increase to
outside ports from Colombo of 54 million lb.
and a decrease from Calcutta of rather over 2
million Ib.

PROSPECTS.—The producer has it largely in his
power to make or mar, and we would urge upen
all interested the high importance of remembering
that- only by a rigid adherence to the policy of
keeping supplies within the limits of consumption,
can be found any hope of preventing the already
improved situation from again taking a retro-
grade movement. Finer and more careful pluck
ing, combined with climatic influences, have been
the factors at work, and together they have un-
doubtedly, at least for the time being, saved the
situation, Let it be well understood, if growers
are again placed in the position they occupied in
Season 1900—1901, when they had to force a
quantity out of all proportion to consuming possi=
bilities down the throats of the trade, they will
assuredly once again feel the inevitable result of
transgressing the laws of supply and demand.
The heavy extensions carried out about the middle
of the last decade are only just coming into full
maturity, and under normal] weather the approach-
ing crop may easily get out of hand in respect to
quantity. In spite of all warnings and the ex-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 648

perience that the contrary usually happens, the
feature of any one season as regards an enhanced
price obtaining for any particular grade has almost
invariably been reflected in the production of the
following one. Looking then at the comparatively
high level on which common descriptions have
stood during most of the past season, there is an
element here of further danger. Under similar
circumstances have we not heard the grower, who
can produce ‘* stand-out” quality, perhaps not un-
naturally, exclaim that he will make no more fie
tea, soeand-so having got within a trifle of his
average anil made many maunds more per acre.
And thus the seeds are sown for an enormously
augmented crop of an inferior article,

It was on this basis, after the wnfortwnate --
we use the word advisedly—abnormally high price
for commoa tea season 1899-1900 closed with, that
the unwieldy crop of 1900-1901 was gathered,
the disastrous results of which should still be
green inmemory. It is manifest that conspicuous
success in curtailing the out-turn must to an
appreciable extent follow a climatic condition
ot slow growth, and in the possible absence of
this most necessary factor, in order to lessen the
element of chance as regards such, all the greater
care will be called for in the direction of restrict-
ing output. The mere regulation of plucking, only
a given number of leaves and a bud in any un-
usually free flushing period will scarcely suttice ;
in the latter event it may at times be essential,
even at the expense of cultivation, to put a
larger share of the labour force to gather leaf and
so get round the garden at shorter intervals, It is
ebvious that the longer the leaf is allowed to
“run,” in Jike ratio will the income of green
leaf be increased in bulk and weight and decreased
in quality.

In our foregoing remarks we have included the
question of supply, as it is inseparably bound up
with ‘‘ prospects” and in it lies the whole crux
of the matter. If it can be more widely realised
that in the ability to show an increased out-turn
in the weekly returns from Gardens does not
alone lie salvation, the future welfare of the
Trade will become more assured In this connec-
tion we would draw attention to a most signi-
ficant letter under the heading ‘Japan Tea,”
which appeared in the Home and Colonial Mai!
of the 7th instant, and which ‘is of pregnant
interest when applied to India and Ceylon.
The writer proves by published. statistics “that
from their maximum point in 1891, the exports
from that country had fallen in 1900 to the extent
of 20 per cent., while the valuation of. the re.
duced quantity had risen by fully 30 per cent.
He summarises the position thus :—‘*The moral
is a plain one. If India and Ceylon can keep
down their quantities, improve their qualities,
and gain an increased 30 per cent. on the selling
values, the crisis in tea production will soon be
a memory only.” To grapple successfully with
disease you must strike at the root, and it needs
no special knowledge to diagnose the source of
the trouble our trade has been suffering from.
The regulating of sales, &c, may at times afford
relief, but. we must go further to find a permanent
cure. Speaking generally, no disturking feature
mars the outlook if only the market is not overfed.
The use of tea is becoming more and more com-
mon throughout the civilized world, aud some
compensation may here be found for the low
prices which have accompanied excessive supplies,
and no doubt aided the opening of new markets.
The grower has however sown freely to his cost,

748

let him now pay attention to the reaping, To
judge from Ceylon figures the determination to
limit quantity is being well sustained, India
should in the coming season see that she also
follows 2 like policy. As regards the producing
of Green Tea for America and Canada there has
not yet been anything like a sufficient supply to
test the possibilities of these. markets, The
measure of success attained should however en-
courage perseverance, bu! large: shipments should
be fortheaming, even 1! dlispos4i of at an initial
loss, to ensine,.a taneible seen'lt. An. ener-
petic cffort, is being mace in. tadia to encourage

tea drinking anongst the, nove, population,
With such, an enormous fieid- to work on
there is good hope of « s#uitful return on the
expenditure in money and kind now. beirg in-
curred in the exploitation of the different
Presidencies.

MANUFACTURE —The line we would advocate
may be gathered from the foregoing remarks.
Owners, especially in Assam, may feel tempted
to go for quantity in view of the prices other
districts, more notable for such, have realised.
May we remind them of the result of adopting
this course in 1900? If an equally good crop as
the last one from the Dooars, Cachar and Sylhet
could be guaranteed, the mattermight be different.
At times shipments have included some proportion
of dry, almost ‘‘bakey ”, Jiquoring kinds, a
baneful characteristic vot. infrequently imparted
in the final operation of firing.

PACKING.—Slack-packed chests, bearing no
sign of leakage, not. infrequently: come to our
notice, and asthey usually incur an allowance of
4d ‘per lb., are to be guarded against. This is
not claimed on the basis of irregularity of weight,
but because the package: is not full and conge-
quentiy liable to travel badly. Lo the blender a
slack packed chest can make -no (lifference, but
he seldom forgets to claim. .

Size OF BREAKS.—Remains as before, viz,:—
India, 20 chests, 30\half-chests, 50 boxes. Ceylon,
48 chests, 24 half-chests, 40 boxes. Anything under
these is asmall break and is to! be avoided as
much as possible. Ceylon stillsends a. rather
large proportion ; this might often, be advantage-
ously reduced, by, fewer grades ,.being assorted.
There is practically no object in packing in ‘boxes ;
they! cost the ga:den more in every way, includ-
ing freight, handling, &c., and seldom giye a
corresponding benefit in price.
to half-chests, the demand for which is snore
limited than formerly,; and: except in cases
where the lighter package is necessary, owing to
difficulties of local : transport,. there appears to
be no advantage in using anything but the ordinary
full s'zed chest for the usnal run of tea.

Total Ceylon.

} lb... average.
1901-1902. ... '748,900—7
1900-1901 ..: + 861,500—7
1899-1900 ., 802,400—7$
_

COTTON IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA.-

Bexvin, March 24,—-A conference of experts and per-
sons interested in the cultivation and sale of cotton
met today in the Colonial Department of the German
Foreign Office, under the presidency of Dr, Stuebel,
head of the Departinent. The following resolutions
were passed unanimously: (1) That the conference
“notes with interest the report on the satisfactory re

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

This also, applies:

{May 1, 1902.

sults obtained by the cotton expedition of the Colonial
Economic Committee to Togo, and expresses its thanks
to the Ccmmittec, (2) Provided that the necessary
funds are granted by the parties interested aud by
the Governn-ent, a commission ofagrienitural experts
is to be dispatched, under the auspices of the Colonial
Economic Committee, to the United Suates, with the
object of stadying the cultivation of cotton,in that
country, ihe xesult of the investigations is to be
turned to account by jhe establishment of experi-
mental stations for the purpose of introducing in Ger-
max Hast Africa the cultivation of cotton asa native
industry.-~ 7 and C Mail, March 28:

JAPAN AND .THE MALARIA,
MOSQUITO.

Tokio, March 19.—Extersive experiments,
which have been conducted, by the military
authorities in Formosa for the purpose of
determining the infiuence ef mosquito in
propagating malaria,show remarkable results.
A. battalion, of soldiers) completely protected
against mosquitos during the malarialseason
for 161 days, escaped the disease entirely,
whereas an unprotected battalion in the
same place during the same time had 259
cases.—London Times, March 5.

PLANTING NOTES.

STRAITS: EXPERIMENTAL. PLANTATIONS. —-
Mr. Stanley Arden would seem to have
made a fair beginning with his important
work at the Straits, to judge by the extracts
given from his Report in our daily and 7. 4. It
was hampered at first by the want.of a suitable
site; but Mr. Bailey’s Selangor Rubber Syndi-
cate came to the rescue, with an offer of 200
acres on certain terms, and these are likely
to be agreed to.

CEYLON v. JAPANESE GREEN TrA.—The
impurtant information we publish elsewhere
tonight marks a stage in the history of the
production of green tea in Ceylon. The
Ceylon article has been hitherto largely
preserved from the methods of manufacture
in. vogue further east, but it remains to be
seen whether, if the market held by Japanese
greens in Canada is to be properly captured
by us, the article from our colony is not
to approximate more closely to the Japan
pioduct than it does at present. In the
new green tea factory iu Colombo ample
provision is made for this contingency.

‘THE NEEM oR Marcoss.—The Planter
who sent us the extract on the medicinal
uses of the Neem from an -Indian paper
writes :—‘‘I am much ‘obliged to you for the
interesting information bearing on the identity
of the Indian Neem. with the local Margosa.
My ignorance has led to the publication of
information which, I am. sure, wiil be wel-
comed by a great many of your readers. I
made the acquaintance of the! Margosa tree
ona visit to the North many years ago,
and I know the natives believe in the bark
as a febrifuge. The oil is one which. .com-
mends itself specially to Tamil olfactories as
I have reason to know as an employer of
Tamil labour; but I think I would
prefer the rheumatics to the smell of. the
oil! Non tali auxilio.” Ee

May 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 749

TO THE PLANTING WORLD.

Seeds & Plants of Commercial Products.

Hevea Brasifiensis.—Orders being booked for the coming crop August-September delivery
1952, booking necessary before the end of April, quantities of 100,000 and over at jal low rates. Plants
available all the yoar round, 160,000 and over at special low rates. A loading Rubber planter in Sumatra,
who parohesed 80,000 seeds in 1898, and 160,000 in 1909, writes us, undor date 15th November, 1900 :—‘‘1
reosived yorr letter of 20th Octobor, from which I learn that you added another case of 5,000 seeds to replace
the fors, &. Tam satisfied hereby, and even after this adding I am satisfied by the whole delivery of this
year.” Special offer, powt fros on applicetion.

Castifioa PRastica.—True superior variety cultivated in Mexico, seeds from specially reserved
old untapped treos. Orders booked for August-September delivery 1902, immediate booking necessary ;
large quantities on speaial terms; Plants in Wardian cases.

A foreign firm of Plantora writes under date 11th October, 1901 :—* We beg to enquire whether you
would procure us 100,000 Oastilloa seeds, in which month we might expect them, and what would be the
average price.” Spootel offer, post freo on application.

Manthot Glaziovii.—Seads and Plants available all the year round, 100,000 and over at special
low rates. A Moxican plantec in sending an order for this seed wrote on the 22nd August, 1900 :—‘‘ Tf they
arrive fresh and germinate ensily I may send you larger orders, as they are for high ground where the
Castillon dove not thrive.” :

Ficus Elastica.—Seeds available in May-June; booking necessary bofore the end of March ;
also plants.

Mimusops Globosa (Balata) wood of the tree is much sought for buildings, fruits sweet like a plum
and eaten, oil from seeds, said to yield as much as 45 Ibs. of dry rubber per tree per annum, the milk is
drunk and when diluted with water used as cow's milk, grow from sea level up to 2,000 feet, orders being
booked for ceeds and plants, price on application.

CGinzamomum Zeylanicum (Cinnamon superior variety).—New crop of seedin April to Junc;
booking Saal ae the ene ot February ; also plants.

ee Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragogopie Hybrid.—New erop March-April;
immediate booking necessary. ch ota ap a ji
A foreign Agricultural Department writes dating 9th September, 1901 :—'*Please accept our order
for 175 Ibs. of Tea seed and for 2,00 Coffee beans. In regard to Coffee seed I would say that this will be the
first importation made by this department, and we will leave the selection of the varieties to be sent to
your judgment.”

OUR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LISTS.

The fellowing six Descripiiva Price Lists are now being forwarded with Circulars and special offer
of Seeds and Plants of Rubber and other Keonomic Products :—

1. Tropical 8eeds and Plants of Commercial Products, enlarged edition for 1902.

2. Seods and Plants of Shade, Timber, Wind-Belts, Fuel, and Ornamental Trees, Trees for Roads-
sides, Parks, Open Spaces, Pasture Lands, Avenues, Hedges, and for planting among crops (Tea, Cofiee
Cacao, Cardamoms, dw.)

3. Seeds and Plants of Tropica! Fruit Trees including Mango grafts.

4. Bulbs, Tubers and Yams.

5. Orchids—Coylon and Indian.

G. Seeds and Plants of Paims, Calamus, Pandanus, Cycads, Tree and other Ferns, Crotons,
Roses, Dracinas, Shrubs and Creepers.

Special Arrangements msde with foreign Governments, Botanical and Agricultural Depart-
ments, Planters and others for supplying seeds and plants of Commercial Products in large quantities.

‘*Soumm Arrica.”—The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says :—
‘¢ An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the Hast. It is issued by Wittiam Broruers, Tropical Seed
Merchants of Hensratgoda, Ceylon, and schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will thrive in
tropical and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Meéssrs. Williams should do good business, for now that the
great Powers have grabbed all the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove that they were
worth the grabbling. We recommend the great Powers and Concessionaries under them to go to William

Brothers.”
Agents in London :—Mussrs. P. W, WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street.

Agent in Colombo, Ceylon:—E. B, CREASY, Esq.
Agent in British Central Africa:—T. H. LLOYD, Hsq., Blantyre.
Telegraphic Address : J. P WILLIAM & BROTHERS,
WILLIAM, HENARATGODA, CEYLON. Tropical Seed Merchants,
iber's, A.l, and A,B,C, Codes used, HENARATGODA, CEYLON.
bie S35 ba pean inven: aS :

750

Coreespondence.
poe ee
To the Editor.
ERADICATION OF THE PRICKLY PRAR
IN AUSTRALIA.
6th March 1902.

Sir,—In the Tropical Agriculturist of January 1902.
p. 472 this occurs. ‘‘ The Government (Brisbane Nov.
27) today decided to offer a reward of £5,000 for
the discovery of a method of eradicating the prickly
pear,” &c., (Adelaide Observer) Before eradicating the
prickly pear tree, would it not be a wise plan to
see whether some use cannot be found for it. But
first it might perhaps be useful to try and decide
what a‘‘prickly pear” is. There are prickly pear
trees (Opuntia) in South Africa, in Australia and in
South India.. Are these three one and the same species,
or are they all three different ? The name of “ Prickly
Pear” is very misleading, In the Mediterranean
there is a fine species which produces delicious fruit
in summer. itis of three different varieties, the red,
the white andthe yellow fruited. Under cultivation
it produces fine fruit and growsintoa large bush. In
the Mediterranean it is called Fico d’ India, and
presumably it is the ‘‘Opuntia Ficus Indica.” But
in England I found it anything but hardy. So re-
cently I obtained two species from the Cambridge
Botanic Garden which are there declared to be per-
fectly hardy although their fruitis of no value, One
is opuntia bicolor, and other O. Hngelmanni. My
object in getting these, is to try and graft the tender
O. Ficus Indica on to these hardy ones; and ex-
periment with them againinthe open. The appella-
tion of ‘Prickly Pear’ is of no use, as all kinds,
good, bad and indifferent, are, it seems, called by
that name.

Now, could not the Government of Australia
import the fine and Inscious varieties of the O.
Fieus Indica trom the Mediterranean—they are grown
in Cyprus, Malta, Sicily and other places—and
see if they cannot be grafted on the Australian
Opuntia? That might perhaps be one way of uti-
lizing some at least of the acres of wild prickly
pear. It should also make useful hedges,

But there may possibly be another and more sensible
way of utilizing this flat-branched tree. In the Medi-
terranean I have seen people feeding goats with the
flat branches of the ‘‘ Fico d’ India,” cut in pieces, and
also with the fruit skins. The goats did not seem
to mind the prickles in the least. The sheep has
been largely patronised in Australia, but Ihave never
heard that the goat has been cared for there,

Yet the goat is one of the most useful animals,
both for its milk and its flesh. Kid is highly prized as
ameat. Then its skin is also vaiuable. One should
see the milk menin the south of HEnrope—in Leghorn,
Naples, Sicily, Hyeres, &c.,—going from door to
door, with asmallherd of goatsand milking them as
the people wanted the milk. It would be an in-
teresting experiment ifsomebody in Australia would
try to feed goats on this prickly pear. The way to
commence would be to take a young green branch,
scrape off the prickles, cut it in pieces, andforce a
bit into the goat’s mouth to enable it to get a taste
of it, Ifitis hungry, the chances are it willeat it,
and continue to do so afterwards.

HE. BONAYVIA, mp.

COCONUT PLANTING: TREES PER
ACKE AND NUTS PER TREE.
London; March 7.
DEAR SiR,—In your Overland Observer there
are letters from H, L. D., dated 31st Janvary
and 8rd February, with reference to Kiri-
metiana Coconut estate, which are not with-
out interest,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

‘May 1, 1902.

From the figures he gives it would appear
that last year the estate of 603 acres gave
838,970 nuts or 1,391 nuts per acre. He also
states the yield per tree was 445 nuts, so it
follows there are enly 31 trees per acre.

As I understand, Coconuts run on an
average 80 trees to the acre: so it would
appear (unless the 603 acres have an enor-
mous number of vacancies) that only some
40 per cent of the trees, which are said to
be from 10 to 30 years old, are in bearing.
Perhaps H. L. D. would kindly publish some
figures in elucidation ?

COPRA.

[An explanation is certainly needed ; for
the 603 acresare described as * fully planted,”
and if all the trees are not in bearing—as
we suppose must be the case—it was a
mistake to average the total crop without
specifying how many acres, or trees, were
in full and how many in partial bearing ?—
Kip. 7.A.]

ALKALINE PHOSPHATIC MANURES,
London, E. ©, Mareh 21,

Sir,—In reference to my lecture last week
at the Society of Arts the enclosed cutting
from the Standard cf the 20th March
shows that the new manure is favourably

regarded.— Yours truly,
JOHN HUGHES,
(Cutting.)

An interesting discussion on “The Utility of
Alkaline Phosphatic Manures” too place at a
meeting of the Society of Arts last week, intro-
duced by Mr. John Hughes, F. I. ©. The lecturer
described the several phosphatic manures, and
stated their respective degrees of solubility in
cold water, or in an extremely weak solution of
citric acid—much weaker than the acidity in the
juice of the roots of plants, or in soils that are
not alkaline. The comparisons showed that the
new manure, basic superphosphate, is much more
soluble than basic slag in cold water, or in a citric
acid solution, and that its proportions of available
lime and phosphoric acid are very much greater.
Ordinary superphosphate is still more soluble in
cold water, and tor alkaline soils it is to be pre-
ferred to the new manure; but for acid soils the
latter can hardly fail to give the better results,
The several chemical authorities who took part in
the discussion almost unanimously expressed the
opinion that basie superphosphate would prove a
great acquisition to farmers. :

PALAI, OR PALU, WOOD.
Hanwella, March 26,

DEAR SiR,—Referring to Mr. Armitage’s
letter vé sawing rate paid for Palai
(Tamil, Sinhalese Palu) wood in your paper
of the 22nd instant, may I inform you that
it is a very tough wood, not inferior to
ironwood (Na), A cubic foot of Palu wood
is said to weigh 68 lb.; hence it is only used
for heavy work, such as bridge construc-
tion and for posts in house building. The
sawing rates differ according to circumstan-

ces and localities. The rates generally paid

in the Western Province, for all kinds of —

hard wood, such as Dunumadala, Galsiyambala
Na, Palu, "Munamal, y 4

Mee, ete, are between —

May 1, 1902 ]

rupees eight and ten. None of these are used
for cabinet purposes except for curiosity, 4s
they are too heavy and apt to crack, being

close-grained.—I am, yours faithfully,
A NATIVE.

CEYLON RUBBER.
Kandy, March 27.

S1r,—As of general interest I herein en-
close extract from a copy of Messrs. Kram-
risch and Company’s annual review of the
rubber market forthe year 1901, received by
Government from the Secretary of State for
the Colonies.—I am, sir, yours faithfully,

A. PHILIP,
Secretary, P. A.

-EXTRACT FROM MESSRS. KRAMRISCH AND COM-
PANY’S ANNUAL REVIEW OF THE RUBBER
MARKET FOR THE YEAR 1901.

‘* Imports from Ceylon were again insignificant,
but whatever small quantity reached this market
proved very attractive, as the quality aud condition
continued to be excellent and many buyers were
anxious to secure even the small arrivals, owing to
the specially clean condition of thisrubber. We
confidently expect that, if larger imports could be
arranged, a great circle of consumers would come in
and pay tull prices foc these grades, especially if
the quality be kept up. It would be advisable to
encourage the planters and others interested in this
product in giving particular attention to this most
‘valuable rubber. High prices were realised and 3s
92d was recently paid for fine and 2s 4d for the
Negroheads. It is, of course, known that this rubber
should practically be of the same kind as the one
coming from the State of Amazonas, being grown
from para seed.”

KIRIMATIANA COCOUNTS.
Colombo, April 4th.

Dear SriR,—Replying to a letter signed
© Copra”, under date London, March 7, re
Kirimetiana coconut estate, appearing in
your issue of 29th ult.- the largest number
of trees yet picked from, at any one crop,
is 18,380. This includes young trees in bear-
ing with trunks of 4’ to 8’, of which there
are not less than 3,000 to 4,000 on the younger
plantations, and amongst the supplies—so
that the average from sections of fully
matured trees is much larger. Most of the
estate is planted 30’ apart, which gives 50 trees
to the acre, but some small portion is
irregularly planted. There are no vacancies,
—Yours faithfully, id bao BY,

[The number of acres being 603, we gather
from the above that only about 380 out of
50 trees per acre were picked from at any
“one crop? It is surely most unusual to
plant coco palms 30 feet apart? We had
thought few plantations had less than Tu
trees to the acre.—Ep. 7.A.]

AMERICA.
Kandy, April 7.

Sir,--The accompanying newspaper ex-
tracts, received from Mr Wm. Mackenzie, are
of considerable interest at present in re-

CEYLON TEA IN

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

751

ference to Ceylon Tea in America and are
placed at your disposal accordingly.—Yours
faithfully, A. PHILIP.

Tea merchants say the action of the Ways and
Means Committee in retaining tea on the tariff
list for another year is outrageous. ‘ The plea
that the country is so well stocked with tea that
it will take at least a year to work itall off
upon the market,’ declares G T Matthews, a
leading New York importer, ‘‘ is ridiculous. Every
one who knows anything about the business is
aware that there has not been for many years
such a small stock of tea in the country, for the
reason that the importers for several months have
been expecting that Congress would remove the
duty.” The Committee made a mistake in dis-
criminating against tea. It is the one commodity
that should have been relieved from the tariff
burden the first thing. The people have to pay
the increased expense.

The market for Indian and Ceylon teas is rather
easy. Japan teas are fairly firm. There is still
quite ascarcity on the spot in Ceylon greens, and
there have been quite a number of inquiries,
Owing to the scarcity, however, the inquiry is nob
as pronounced as it was. The price of Ceylon
greens is at least le, higher than it was a month
ago. There have been a few transactions here
in China green teas during the past week, bué
there is still a pronounced scarcity, although aé
the price now ruling not many transactions are
to be expected.

Worcester, Mass, is taking to the soft drink
habit, and the softest drink and the most popular
is tea. Dealers say the sale of tea is greater than
for years, and in every line connected with drink-
ing and serving tea there is a boom, Tea has
become fashionable once more, and that is the
reason for its popularity, [tis almost a truism to say
that fashions move in circles, that, like history,
they repeat themselves. The latest turn of the
wheel has brought the tea table into vogue, and
prospects point toa long reign of the fad, Many
housewives have ransacked the garrets and brought
out the old tea table, whieh now stands in an
honored place in the drawingroom. The hostess
who fails to offer her guests a cup of teais tar
from being the real thing, and since the revival of
the custom the graceful art of presiding over
a tea table is being practiced in many
homes. Where Dame Fashion sets the
pace all must follow, Physicians try to discourage
the practice of tea drinking, claiming that much
tea is poison to the system and that digestion
suffers in proportion to the amount of the herb
consumed. To this the fashionables are returning
that the quiet and rest of a short half hour spent
over the tea cups latein the afternoon more than

MAKES UP FOR THE DAMAGE
to the system, and that tea properly prepared
is not half so harmful as medical men try to
make out. In addition to this, they say they
are to drink tea as often and as freely as they
wish. When fashion and the doctors clash, one
party has to go to the wall, and it is not generally
fashion. So the tea table and accessories have
come back to stay awhile. The woman who
owns one of the real old-fashioned Japanese lacquer
tea caddies is 4 queen among her set. Lhe
older the better, only it must hold plenty of
tea and be air-tight. With the advent of the
revived fashion comes a scientific knowledge of
properties and constituents of tea and the

752 THE TROPICAL

its quality.
problem the

fashionables are severe critics of
Instead of discussing the servant girl
women talk learnedly of various blends, tak-
ing as much interest in the arguments as_ old
club men over the virtues of a certain whisky.
They can tell toa dot just how much green tea
should be mixed with black breakfast tea to pro-
duee the desired aroma, and Oolong, Aden and
Ceylon are becoming bones of contention as
much as women’s rights and universal suffrage,
Rare old china that has been used for decorative
purposes is now being
PUT TO A PRACTICAL USE

in the household. It is correct thing to be able
to show a varied assortment of Sevres Chini,
and all the other kinds of China, that
collectors and amateurs affect. The hall
marks of the real articles are being
looked up, and if the gnest turns
up a cup when the lady of the house is not look-
ing, it is to see whether the proper stamps is on
the China. Imitations don’t go, and the unfortu-
nate one discovered in an attempt to palm off
inferior ware is made the topic of the next
session from which she is absent. It is not at all
the correct thing to show a complete set of any
one pattern of varied shapes and sizes are desired,
the more varied the better. Old-fashioned brass
tea kettle are also in great demand. Many a
woman who cast the old kettle aside as being
useless, bitterly repents her folly, for the dented
and battered old brass is infinitely better style
than the newest and most artistic patterns from
the shops. Those who have kept their old friends
are working up a muscle by polishing their sides
to a mirror-like gloss. Usetul members of the
family who are able to embroider are at work on
huge tea eosies for the corner table, and these
are being modelled as close to old-fashioned lines
as possible. In their construction, old pieces of
brocade, fragments of old gowns of fancy silks
and satins are utilised and take precedence

OVER NEWER FASHIONS.

The new fad must bein ancient guise to realise
its greatest height. | The fashion was introduced
by one of the fashionable set, who issued invita-
tions to what she called a kettledrum tea. This
was really an old-fashioned 5 o’clock tea under
an older name. ‘There was some doubt in her
mind as to the success of her venture, but to
her great satisfaction the kettledrum ‘went
with a rush. The honored ones were charmed
with the arrangements and made mental plans
for a repetition of the function at early dates.
Since then 5 o’clocks have been the rage, and
in the church-going set, where worldly pleasure,
is at present seb aside, thetea table has provided
a relaxation in place of the gayer meetings of a
month ago. Thereare a hundred and one ways
of making tea and each has its devotees,
Russian tea, German tea, French tea and
plain tea are served, and each manner of
service finds some one to appreciate it.
The old way of taking tea, which has
been out of style among fashionable folks for
years, is back again, and crean) and sugar
pitchers and bowls are enthroned. Tea with
lemon has not been altogether displaced, but its
grip is weakening. lvussian tea, a mixture of
tei, lemon and Jamaica rum, is one of the really
new ideas, and what few

AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1902.

MEN FIND THEIR WAY

to the teas have taken to it with suspicious
readiness. If they are allowed to measure ont
their own proportions they can be persuaded to
drink several cups. Houses where Russian tea
is served get more men than others, and American
men are coming to the belief that the Russians are
better fellows than they formerly imagined. The
suspicious breath ean be easily explained by saying
that the owner had just come from Mrs W’s after.
noon. tea, An excuse is sometimes needed
in such eases, and by general consent a poor
excuse is better than none, ‘There is one essential
to a successful tea, no matter in what way the
beverage is ultimately served. Thetea must be
properly prepared in the first place. As well mix a
cocktail without bitters as tea without fresh
liquor to start with. The accepted mode of making
tea is to take fresh cold water ard fresh tea.
The water is brought to a boil, and while this is
going on the maker rinses the tea pot with boiling
water, and putsin one big spoontul of dry tea to
each cup required, When the water

REACHES THE BOILING POINT

it is powred into the tea pot, allowed to stand four
minutes and then is ready to serye. Water that
has been boiled and allowed to stand is not
good. It must be fresh originally and allowed to
come to the boiling point and no further.
The recipe is simple, and by following it the
best results are obtained. Tea is always pre-
pared within sight of the guests, and for this
reason a complete alcohol outfit is required.
Instead of having the hot water brought trom the
kitchen, it is boiled on the tea table, and the
transfer from boiler to tea pot is immediate. If
a fresh supply of tea is wanted, the process must
be repeated entirely. Fresh leaves are never
added to those already used, for if the leaves are
allowed to stand over five minutes they give out
too much tannic acid, which is the hurtful in-
gredient in their make-up. American women are
reverting to the old form of simpler food to ac-
company tea. The best thing to offer is bread and
butter, sliced thin, or a simple sandwich. A fter-
noon parties had degenerated into a sort of free
lunch, where the resources of the hostess were
drawn on largely for novelties. This is to be done
away with, and the women are heaving a sigh of
relief over the reaction.

ee EE ES
THE NEEM TREE.
Colombo, April 16,

Srr,—As some of your readers seem
terested in the neem tree, called by the
Portuguese ‘ Margosa,” they may like to
know that in India it is reverenced not only
for its medicinal qualities but by reason of
its sacred character. It is to the Sivaites
very mucn what the bé-tree is to the Bua-
dhists. Twigs of it are generally found in
their houses, they like camping in its shade
and the delicate blossoms are often seen both
at their weddings and funeral ceremonies,
Owing probably to its slightly disinfectant
properties they also use it largely for the
manufacture of the ‘‘ scrubbing sticks” em-
ployed by natives as tooth brushes.—I am,
yours truly, HILTON MERVYN,

in-

May 1, 1902 ] THE TROPICAL

THE WALAWE ESTATE COMPANY,
LIMITED.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.

Draectors :—Messrs. Edward Hlliott, and Kdward
Rosling.

The Directors herewith submit their Report and
Balance Sheet for the year ending 30th September,
1901.

The Working Account,, inclusive of R250 deficiency
from season ending 30th September, 1900, shows a loss
of R2,626:82 ; and with the liabilities for interest, &c.,
and cumulative dividend on Preference Shares, it is
increased to R4,824°40.

AcrEacs, &c.—Tbe whole acreage of the Estate is
865 acres, of which about 550 have been aswedumised ;
out of this the area cultivated in the year was 1,054
bushels (twice over), or about 527 acres. An extent
ef 100 acres has been added since the Estate was
taken over by the Company, and more would have
been done but for the want of cattle, which are be-
coming very scarce in view of the extension of culti-
Vation in the neighbourhood.

Crops, &c.—The Estate share was 5,162 bushels
paddy, which realised R7,12502; and there was a

profit of R571‘96 on the purchase of seed
paddy, makinz a gross income of R7,696°98
as against R8,419°31 in the previous year.

The decrease was due to poor Maha crop. The Yalla
was a@ fair one, aud the Virectors are glad to say the
Maha now being taken is exceedingly good, and the
Estate share is likely ‘to realise R4,500 though
the area cultivated was about 50 acres less owing
to the sufficient eupply of buffaloes.

The Provisional Directors, Messrs. Fdward Elliott
and Edward Rosling, in terms of the Articles of Asso-
eiation, retire fiom the Board,

The appointment of an Auditor for season 1901-02
rests with the meeting.

EMPIRE TEA COMPANY, LIMITED.

Registered February 26th, with a capital of
£50,000 in £1 shares. Object: to plant, manufae-
ture, and deal in any way with tea, coffee, cocoa,
and other Eastern and Colonial products ; as
brokers, importers, commission agents, wherehouse-
men, and wharfingers; to erect machinery, factories,
warehouses, &c, The signatories are ;—

Shares.

E G Le Butt, 10, Ashmount-road, Toten-

ham, N.E. pe So 50 oo

G A Pollard, Ivanhoe, Anerley-road, West-

cliffe-on-Sea

A Bates, 55,

hill, N. dD wae AbD ate

W L Simpson, 93, Station-road, Church-

end, Finchley ... ood AD coo

G PMitchell, 41, Ockenden-road, Islington, N.

J B Stewart, 4, Fenchurch-buildings, E.C.

C W Latham, Oleander Villa, Birkbeck-

road, Beckenham. aco eee) a

F Van Allen, Kandy House, Westcliffe-on-

1

Dunsmure-road, Tamford-

—

Boe See

Sea aS ove 60 Xe oo
A Hgger,, 65, Chardmore-road, Upper Clap-
ton, N.E.... 500 cco BO
No initial public issue. The first directors (te
be not Jess than three nor more than five) are to be
elected by the subscribers. Qualification, one share.
Remuneration to be fixed by the Company.

TALAWAKELE ESTATES COMPANY,
LIMITED.
REPORT
to be presented at the fourth ordinary annnal
general meeting of the Company, to be held at the

office of the Company, on ‘Tharsday, the 27th
March, 1902, at 12 o’clock noon,

AGRICULTURIST. 753

The Directers have the pleasure to submit the
Balance Sheet and Accounts of the Company for the
year ending 3lst December, 1901, duly audited.

The Mortgage has been reduced to $15,500, by
payment of the fourth instalment of £1,500 on
3lst December, last, which has been charged aga
the profit of the year,

The yield of tea and cost. of production w<re
alniest the same as in previous years «4 td
the gross average price obtained for the tex rcld
in London, though a penny less than thatr orled
last year, was very similar to that obtained 1 -{98
and 1899, and may be considered satisfacto ,,

The expenditure on new clearings, about £325 is
charged against Revenue.

STATEMENT SHEWING RESULTS OF WORKING FoR
THE FOUR YEARS ENDING 31ST MARCH, 1901.
> s

lb. Tea sold
Colomb
go per

Seld in London.
f.o.b.

Cost of Crop¥ lb,
Average Rate of

~oa Exchan
Rupee.

Ome
oe a a!
G2

Acreage Plueked
Total Tea Crop.
Yield per Acre.
Gross Average

Season

Acres. lb,
1898 802 421,284
1899 802 419,544
1900 802 419,632
1901 802 422,038 526

The net profit for the
year amounted to ..

Yo which has to be ad-
ded interest ad

And the balance from
last year of

Ib. d.
418,565
417,164
417,978
420,599

bo
QQ

Ye Hep

vee pe pe

cy
C
—
a

£7,066 13 6
68

413
£7,548 9 3

Interest on the mortgage
for the year has been
paid, amounting to ...

The fourth instalment of
the mortgage of £21,500
has been paid, viz ..

Dividend on the 6 per
cent Preference Shares
for the year, less In-
come Tax, has been
paid Bese

An [Interim Dividend of
5 per cent, free of In-
come Tax, on the ordi-
nary shares was paid
on the 1st October ..

Income Tax a

It 1s Proposrp—

To pay a final dividend
of 6 per cent on the or-
dinary shares, free of
Income Tax, making 11
per cent for the year,
which will require ..

And to carry forward the
balance of

£850 00

1,500 00

311 89

1,853 10 0
376 15 0

2,224 46
432 11 6

£7,548 9 8

—

The Directors desire to place on record their appreci-
“ation of the efficient management of the Estates

by their Superintendent and his staff.

The Director retiring on this occasion
Charles Murray Robertson,
offers himself for re-election.

Mr John Smith, the Auditor, also retires and offers
himself forlre-electioa.—By Order of the Board,

ROBERTSON, BOIS & Co. Agents and Secretaries,
12, Fenchurch St., London, £,C., Marchl9, 1903.

is M
and he being eligible

754

SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY’S ESTATES.

bo pele?) ane i vet
3 SoS hfe EBA BOF
£ fa az ad gids o4s
3 a2 Cl aRMet ey or isiaslcen) 2a a
G om $2. 6 OS aaa
ea] = H fy MQ
Talawakelle... (a) 302 38 (b) 43 (c) 22 405 acres.
Nanuoya.... 250 — 3 Oe BO geass
Katookella ... 250 30 — 8 286 ,,
Totals ... 802 68 46 39 955 acres.
(a) 8 acres leased from the P:oprietors of the
Boutiques,

(b) 36 acres felled for planting with Tea in 1902,
(c) 2 acres leased to Messrs, Davidson & Brown

TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON,
LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be submitted at the Fifth Annual Ordinary General
Meeting of Shareholders, to be held at 24, Rood Lane,
London, E.C., on Wednesday, 26th March, 1902.

The Directors have the pleasure to submit the general
balance sheet and profit and loss account for the year
ending 3lst December, 1961, duly audited. The net
amount at credit of profit and loss, after providing for
general expenses, income tax, &c., is £4,375 1ls Od, to
which should be added balance bronght forward from
last year, £684 143 11d, equal £5,060 53 lid. An in-

PORTMORE

terim dividend of 5 per cent. was paid, August 20th, ~

1901, amounting to, £2,060 0s Od. It is proposed to pay
a final dividend of 7 per cent. (making 12 per cent. in
all, free of income tax) which will absorb £2,800 Os Od,
and to carry forward to next year £260 53 11d equal
£5,060 5s 11d.

In presenting their fifth annual report, the Directors
have pleasure in recommending a dividend of 12 per
cent. for the year ending December 31st, 1901.

The tea crop from the estates has been’ 226,282 lb.,
being at the rate of 486 lb. per acre, against 353 lb, per
acre last season, the falling-off in quantity being partly
accounted for by a certain acreage. having been left
unplacked during the latter part of the year, in accor-
dance with the scheme for the reduction of output
which it is proposed to continue,

The cost of production has been £4,314 193 4d,
being at the rate of 4°57d per pound, and the crop
has netted £9,167 43 6d, being 9°72d per pound.

The average price of Ceylon tea sold in London in
1900 was 7:20d, and the Portmore gross average was
10°47d, and while the average price of Cey!on tea
for 1901 fell to 686d, the Portmore average rose to
10°66d, proving that the quulliy has been fully main-
tained, ibs

The average rate of exchange has been 1s 4°32ds,
against 1s 4 9-64ths, last year, :

Mr L M Torin retires fromthe Board by rotation,
and being eligible, offers himself for re-election.

The latest reports from the manager in Ceylon
shews that estates, buildings and machinery are in
good order, and the estates of crop and expenditure
give promise of continned svod results.

The Directors feel that great credit is due to Mr
RC Grant, the manager, and Mr H A Grigg, the
superintendent in Ceylon, for the way in which they
have cultivated the estates and maintained the high
quality of the tea during the past year.

THE CRAIGHEAD TEA COMPANY,
LIMITED.
REPORT
to be presented at tho fourth ordinary annual general
meeting of the Craighead 'I'ea Company, Limited, to
be held at the offices of the Company, 12, Fenchurch

Street, London, £.C,, on Thursday, the 27th March,
1902, at 2-30 p.m,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May 1, 1909.

The Directors have the pleasure to submit the
balance sheet and accounts of the Company for the
year ending 31st December, 1901, duly audited.

The mortgage was reduced to £3,150 by the pay-
ment of the third instalment of £450 on the 31st
December last. This sum is debited to profit and
loss account, and is an ample charge for depre-
diation.

During the year 32 more acres of land have been
purchased, the cost of which has been added to
capital account.

The total yield, excluding some 20,000 lb, mide
from purchased leaf, was 481,265 lb. tea, and the
gross average price obtained in London was 667d
per lb. Last year the crop was 395,105 lb. tea, and
the gross average was 6'85d per Ib.

oo Se cee = Saabs omy
3,034 9 0

The Net Profit for the
year amounted to
Audthe Balance from

last year to 670 4 6

= 3,704 13 6
180 0 0

Interest on the Mort-
gage has been paid ...

The Third Instalment

of the Mortgage (£4,500)
has been paid ere

Dividend on the six per

cent. Preference Shares
for the year has been
paid or

An Interim Dividend of
3 per cent. on the
Ordinary Shares, free
of Income Tax, has
been paid

Income Tax 33

It is proposed—

Te pay a final Dividend
of 5percent. free of
Income Tax, on the

Ordinary Shares, which
will require Bic

And to carry forward
the Balance of A

481 16 0

687 6 0
89 10 5

1,145 10 0

670 11 1
——__= £3704 13° 6

The Directors desire to place on record their
appreciation of the efficient management of the
estates by Mr, Ernest Bertie Hay and his staff.

Mr. Charles Murray Robertson, the Director who
retires on this occasion, being eligible, offers him-
self for re-election.

Mr. J Hamilton Alston, the Auditor, also retires,
and offers himself for re-election.

The approximate acreages are as follows as per
recent survey :—

Acres,
Tea.—In bearing “0 oon Bad
Tea.—Not in bearing .. do 62
Ravines and Waste .. a 62
Timber Clearings ue d 53
Jungle and Patana 3B . 31

1,042 acres,

THE BATTALGALLA ESTATE CO., LTD.
Twelfth annual report to the shareholders :—

The Directors regret that, owing to deficiency in
the yield in consequence of unfavourable weather, and
the continuance of a depressed range of prices for
the produce, the results of the past year have not
been satisfactory.

The quantity manufactured has declined from
274,556 lb in 1900 to 218,531 lb last year. The average
selling price in London. has been 9°34, against 8 38
in 1900, and in Colombo 37:06 cents, against 36 cents
the previous year ; the total crop averaged a selling
price of 7°50d, against 7°85din 1900,

May 1, 1902.]

London. sales amounted to 63,282 1b, netting £2,156
163 4d, and Colomto sales 154,518 lb, realizing net
R55,638°87. This compares with 169,285 lb, netting
£5,128 12s 1d, and 104,925 1b, realizing net Rs7,737°95,
sold in 1900 in London and Colombo respectively.

Exchange for drafts has averaged 1/4 19-64, against
1/4 7-16 in 1900.

An interim dividend of 5 per cent on the Shares,
free of Income Tax, was paid in October last, and
the Directors are uvable to recommend any further
distribution. A balance of £34 16s 3d at credit of
Profit and Loss Account is carried forward.

The best thanks of the shareholders are again due
to the Hstate Superintendent, Mr GC R Norman,
as well a3 tothe Colombo Agents, Messrs E Benham
& Co, for their valuable services to the Company
for the past year.

In accordance with the articles of Association, Mr
Adolf Zimmern retires by rotation, and, being eligible,
offers himself for re-election.

THE UNION ESTATE COMPANY. OF
CEYLON; LIMITED:
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS.
ACREAGE.
ete ra =
bo) mm oO .
en fe ores) Bove s
2 Q a > a3
=| q g s 5
cor tS Phi Seat
° : i a 2
iS q a iS = g a tat
a 3 o y a) ae 4
) o oO 3 ° io} °
H eal Eta FS) oS H
Hayes Grovrp 509 3 — 20 532 1,679 2,211
Dea Ella 248° — 81 — 324 162 486
752 3 81 20 856 1,841 2,697

The -Directors now present to the shareholders the
accounts of the Company for the past year.

The crops secured on Dea Ella were 77,336 lb, Tea
(including 18,207 1b purchased leaf) 164 cwts Cocoa and
small quantities of Coconuts, Arecanuts and Vanilla.
The Tea realized 30°69 cents per lb. and the Cocoa
R33'15 per cwt, as against 31:44 cents and R44°30 in
1900. The crops from Hayes Group amounted to
273,281 lb. Tea and 1,101 lb. Cardamoms, which re-
alised respectively 30°71 cents and Rl‘14 per lb. as
against 3075 cents and R121 in 1900.

The fall in prices of all the above products is ex-
tremely regrettable, and has been unfortunately the
experience of many Companies during the past year.

A loss of R6,286:26 was brought forward from 1900
profit and loss account, and this is now reduced to
R830'55 by the profits earned in the past year,
R5,455'71; it must however be noted that no pro-
vision has been made for depresiation. ‘The
mortgage of £3,500 bearing interest at 8 per cent, over
Hayes Hstate, has been paid off and the necessary
money borrowed in London at 7 per cent per annum,
The Company’s Bankers also called for payment of the
overdraft, the money for which was provided by
Messrs. Whittall & Co., on the security of a mortgage
over Dea Hila Kstate.

The only Capital expenditure of importance has
been the instalments due for the construction of the
Hayes Road, which amounted to R7,035'21: there
still remains a liability to Government on this account
of R9,261°20, which has to be liquidated by half-yearly
instalments, the last being due on 30th June, 1903.
Contributions to the extent of R1,991°54 paid by this

Company in 1896 and 1898 on account of Hean's Land, |

to ensure the construction of the road, have been re-
funded by Government in 1902.

The estimate for 1902 is 345,900 lb, Tea, 150 cwts.
Cocoa, 20,000 Coconuts and 2,000 lb. Cardamoms, on
pm expenditure on Working Account of R99,970:22,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULI'URIST.

755

In terms of the Articles of Association Mr: G H
Alston now. retires from the office of Director, but
is eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an Auditor for the current
year will rest with the meeting.

THE CEYLON THEA AND COCONUT
ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED,

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS,
ACREAGE,
Acres,

Tra.—In fu'l bearing 28 410 .2'22

Coconuts a DOO omES

Cinnamon te 21 22°30

Rubber nee 40 CO

Jungle, Patna and Scrub 375 2 38

Total 1,407 1 13 acres,

The Directors have now to submit to the share-
holders the accounts for the past year.

Tue Division.—The crop secured amounted to
158,963 lb., being 21,037 lb. under the estimate, This
is due te the extremely bad season for flushing,
and tothe continuance of the careful system of
plucking,

The cost of laying down the tea in Colombo was
23°31 cents per lb. as compared with 30:47 cents
per lb. in 1900, and the nett average price realised
was 28°86 cents per lb. against 3068 cents in 1900.
There was no capital expenditure.

Coconut Drvyiston.—The crop gathered was 516,008
nuts, of which 2,430 were sold on the estate at
R40. per 1,000 nuts and 4,351 were rejected.

The remainder were made into copra candies
409-2-0.16, and sold at a nett average of R45°58 per
candy, a8 compared with candies 444, 4. 0.18 in
1900, which realised an average of R44°93 per
candy,

The Estimates for the current year are :—Tea,
200,000 lb. against an expenditare on working
account of 42,173. Coconuts, 600,000 nuts on an
expenditure of R15,569. This crop has already been
sold at an advance of R850 per candy over last
year, Rubber. An expenditure of R750 which pos-
sibly will be covered by the yield from trees which
are now ready for tapping.

_After making the usual provision for deprecia-
tion of buildings and machinery, the result of the
year’s working shews a loss of R3,843'3 as compared
with R9,715'92 in 1900,

in terms of the articles of Association, Mr F
Crosbie Roles. retires from the Board of Directors
and is eligible for re-election.

The appointment of an-Anditor for the current
year will rest with the meeting,

THE PUNDALUOYA TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED,

Directors.—Messrs, Edward Christian, Charles
Murray Robertson and Frederick H_ Christian,
AGENTS IN CoLomBo.—Messrs. J M Robertson’) & Co,
AGENTS AND SECRETARIES,—Messrs. Robertson Boia
& Co.

Report to be presented at the fifth ordinary
annual general meeting of the Company to be held
at the office of the Company on Thursday, the 3rd
April, 1902, at twelve o’clock noon.

1. The directors now submit their report for the
year ending 31st Deeember, 1901, together with the
balance sheet and accounts of the Company made
up to that date, and duly audited.

The mortgage on Deeside Mstate has been re-
duced to £4,000, by the redemption of £3,618 7s 7d,
aid on the 7th May last.

3. The crop gathered off the 1,640 acres of old tea

~ was 679,079 Ib., against 697,359 Ib. last year, when

the weather was unusually favourable, Part of the

756 THE TROPICAL

137 acres) was plucked for the
first time and yielded 13,500 lb. tea; the whole
expenditure on new clearings has therefore been
charged to revenue. The small yield of about 100 lb.
per acre on these clearings largely accounts for the
diminished yield per acreage plucked as shown
below on para, 4. The reduced profits are due to
this smaller yield per acre, to increased expenditure
on manuring, plucking and buildings, and to a fall of
rather more than jd per lb. in the price obtained
for the tea.

4. The following statement gives
may be of interest.

new clearing (viz.

details which

Acetate Cegnes Ne
"S3 5 3 1 2 ae A 3 S38
aS) BBB ef OR OF,
=} < 25 Bw @Q al a nies
a Bs 3 HPD ss \ ge ose
25 Mio) aaa a esate new sees a
© a 3 AS CR a aa 92M oO
n 2 me 3% 26 Be 33 ih
° S fein. MOns od Pu
4 H Lal Om Lame) > oO — an
<>) bo < Aa
acres. |b. Ib. dad. da. s d. per cts,
1901 1,777 692°579 390 5°29 837 1 43-16 4
1900 1,640 697:359 425 486 868 1 417-64 6
1899 1,640 644565 393 4°81 9°28 1 49-32 6
1898 1,640 627°886 383 5:29 927 1 43-16 6
1897 1,640 623,699 380 522 952 1 33 6
6. The net profit for the year
amounted te £5,831 12 9
To which has to be
added Interest 153 10 9
And the balance
from last yearof 26415 9
Making a Total of Si £6,249 19 8

The Directors have al-
ready paid out of this:
Interest for the year
upon the Mortgage,

less Income Tax £297 3 9
Dividend for the year

upon the 6 per cent

Preference Shares,

less Income Tax 1,868 12 6
Income Tax oo 375 8 O

And they propose tc deal with the balanee as
follows :— é
To pay »# Dividend of
4 per cent, free of
Income Tax, on the
Ordinary Shares, re-
quiring ee
To Transfer to Reserve
for Depreciation and
General Purposes (in-
creasing this Account

2,640 0 0

to £6,750) -» 750 0 0
And to carry forward
the balance of he 2 3185 0

£6,249 19 8

6. The Director retiring on this occasion is Mr
Oharles Murray Robertson who, being eligible, offers
himself for re-election.

7. Mr John Smith, the Auditor, also retires, and
offers himself for re-election.By Order of the
Board, Rosxrxtson, Bors & Co.,

Agents and Secretaries.

AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1902.

SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY'S ESTATES ON
31ST DECEMBER, 1901.

To Z sc
af 3 fa 8
mon mA. BS eae
=é a= SBS 8a
pO ws. a4 cs 0
aie = oeircy 2g a5 Ha.
Estate. gg 98 e &6 os
6 e a g =A, ae °
an ae £3 8 25° &
gu $2 5H 8s Soe &
eA, ica Ho Oo a
Sheen 609 fp i. 45 52 acres
Pundalooya 462 33 15 29 9% 634 do
Wootton 306 8 _— $9 25 78 do
Deeside 400 _ 10 — 26 486 do
Total 1,777 118 137 113 198 2,348 acres
cae a

PLANTING NOTES.

CURE FOR INTERMITTENT FEVER. —Methylar-
senate of soda, injected hypodermically in doses
of five to ten centigrammes, has proved an ex-
cellent specific against intermittent fever in the
military Hospital of Constantine, Algeria. Nine
cases refactory to quinine were cured by it. The
results of the trial were communicated to the
Academie of Sciences.—Globe, March 21st.

PLANTING PROGRESS ON THE ANAMALAIB.
—We are glad to have a good account of
the young district opened on this S. Indian
range in coffee, cardamoms, cacao and tea:
all are prospering and promise well: 8 cwt.
an acre crop of coffee on an estate under
5 years is spoken of. Cinchona (Ledger) is
also being planted interspersed with camphor.
There are now 7 resident planters,

CoMPANY MEETINGS.—Three Company meet-
ings were held in Colombo today. The
shareholders of the Drayton Estates Com-
pany have, it will be seen, approved of the
sale of Yuillefield estate to Mr Charles
Shuttleworth for £9,500. For the further
working of the Plumbago Mining Company
a sum of R10,090 is required and, unless that
is secured by the end of the month, the
companv will be wound up. We regret to
notice that che result of the year’s working
of the Ceylon Tea and Coconut Estates Com-
pany is a loss of K3,843°3.

CocaAINE IN BENGAL.—The following notifica-
tion of the Board of Revenue has been published :
—Cocaine having been declared an intoxicating
drug ander Bengal Government Notification of
October 23rd, 1900, and having thereby become
an excisable article, the sale of it without a
license has become illegal under Section 11, Act
VIl. (BC) of 1878, and punishable under Section
53 ef the said Act. It is now hereby notified for
general information that the sales of cocaine will
not be allowed at all except for bona fide medicinal
purposes, and that licences for the sale of it will be
given to any persons other than approved drug-
gists and chemists. Druggists and chemists de-
siring to take out licences should apply to the
Collector, who will grant the licences, under
certain specified conditions, to duly approved
persons and firms. Druggiste and chemists will
be allowed up to March Ist, 1902, to obtain
their licences, After that date the law will be
put into operation against druggists and chemists,
as well as against any other persons, who
may be found selling cocaine without a licence.
The West-end of London is evidently not the only
place where the cocaine habit predominates,—
Chemist and Druggist, March 22, l to

May 1, 1902.1 THE TROPICAL

MORE ABOUT RUBBER.

Les PLANTES A CAOUTCHOUC ET LEUR CUL-
TURE, PAR LE PRoFESSEUR DR. O, WARBURG.
Traduction complétée et annotée par J.
Vilbouchevitch.* This translation of Prof,
Warburg's able and complete work will be
invaluable to those to whom the German
volume was a sealed book. The trans-
lator prefaces his book by stating that
M. Warburg is one of the most noted of

the botanists of the Faculty of Berlin and
is also professor of the Course on Colonial
Products in that city. He is the head of
the Tropenpflanzer, a monthly periodical. M.
Warburg has also travelled in the tropics,
and his work has been written especially for
practical men who intend to cultivate rubber,
Scientific knowledge has, however, advanced
considerably since M. Warburg’s volume ap-
eared. Thus, to take only one instance, the
sandolphiasof Africa, some of which were said
to yield good Rubberare now rejected. Again,
the statistical portion required revising.
“We have, therefore, completed the German
text and made several additions culled from
the personal experiences of such men as M.
M. Chevalier, A. Godefroi Leboeuf, J. Grisard,
Dr. Heim, A. Michelin and IK. de Wilder-
man. We have also largely increased the
number of illustrations, thanks to the loan
of several negatives. Our translation is
thoroughly faithful, the author himself
having assisted us in some doubtful parts.
Thanks to our several additions, &e., this
volume contains a0 pages as against 150
ages in the original volume.”

PN. Warburg in his Preface states that
though when he first wrote (1898), most of
the Rubber of Commerce was procured from
natural forests; yet Rubber was being planted
in many directions and the documents about
the various kinds suitable for cultivation
were scattered in such a multitude of peri-
odicals, &c., that he had_ set himself to
collect and submit to careful criticism and
analysis the information thus gained, His
statistical Introductory chapter on the pro-
duction and consumption of rubber shows
how world-wide is the problem before us.
Thus, his tables show quantities and countries
from which rubber is procured and to which
it finds its way—also the re-exportation.
Some 42 pages are taken up with this. The
other chapters are headed asfollows :—II, Para
Rubber; III. Castilloa; IV. Ceara Rubber
Tree; V. Mangabeira Rubber; VI. The
African Rubber Plants : VII. Ficus Rubber ;
VILL Various Rubber Trees of minor im-
portance ; [X. Table of Weights and Monies,
Index. 26 illustrations are included and the
above chapters occupy about 45 or 5) pages
en is impossible to give further details of
so complete a work. The book must be
possessed by those who make the subject
their life work, for it is full of interest, as
much practical_as scientific.

—— a aa ea . .
> *Paris ; Augustin Challamel, Editeur Rey, Jacob

17, Librairie Marine et Coloniale.
- 99

AGRICULTURIST.

757
FORESTS AND WATER-SUPPLY.*

(An instance srom history)

Everybody has heard of the monks of La Trappe,
or Trappist3, an order whose vows include a life of
silence coupled with 8 hours’ hard work daily, The
monastery was founded in 1140 by Rotrou II., Count
of Perche, after losing his wife and his brother William
in the wreck of ‘La Blanche nef.’ The forests with
which it was endowed were kept till the Revolution,
when they were confiscated to the State. Under
which of the ‘rights of man’ this course was justified
it boots not to enquire.

Whether the Trappists had been abusing their
forests is not distinctly explained, but it appears
that they had certainly been cutting the coppice
portion (the greater part) too young, for at the Re-
formation of 1665 an edict went out against them,
This no doubt emanated from the great Colbert, and
ran thus:—‘ The religious community, the abbot,
prior and convent of Notre Dame de la Trappe, &c,

. are hereby forbidden to cut any of the woods attached

to the said abbey before the age of fifteen years,
seeing the poverty of the soil. They shall regulate
their coupes into fifteen equal fellings, and they shall
leave standing at each felling the number of standards
required by law; they shall allow one-third of their
forest area to grow as high forest on the best soil
in proximity to the Abbey itself.’

This was duly observed till 1700, when the Abbe
de Rance died, aftew ruling the monastery wisely and
well for thirty-seven years, After his death the
Trappists thought they would launch out into great
ironworks, and the forests had to pay for the dis-
astrous experiment. An old book ‘The Life of Dom
Pierre, the Dwarf, clericand former sub-prior of the
Abbey of la Trappe,’ 1715, states the matter with
due appreciation:—‘ Iron ores have ever been plenty
about the Abbey of la Trappe, and many times had
the holy father, the late Abbe, been supplicated that
he would allow it to be dug out by private persons
who desired to establish ironworks. The abbey might
expect much profit and no expense. Never would
Dom Bouthillier de Rance yield, for he foresaw
beneath the promise of large profits the certain ruin
of the revenues of his house, coupled with spiritual
demoralisation and the relaxation of all the orderly
life which he had been at so much pains to institute.

‘But hardly was this holy man laid to his rest
than Dom Jacques de la Cour, the new Abbe, lent
a willing ear to the proposals of certain monks
whose vows of solitude, &c, weighed too heavy om
their impetuous natures. He took up a contract ta
run the iron works of la Trappe for thirteen years,
and agreed to pay 2,800 livres for every year, Their
destruction ran loose in the forests. Nobody knows
how wastefully the furnaces swallowed up wood that
might have been simply sold to far better effect.
The springs soon dried up and the ponds (they had
always depended on a series of ponds for water-power)
became unable to supply more than sia weeks’ water for
the year. The fires had to goout. The cost of ree
lighting them atintervals was prohibitive. Thus fell
to the ground all the ambitious hopes of the new
Abbe. la Trappe became desperately indebted, much
of its property had to be sold, and the monks were
often in absolute want of the necessaries of life.’
Dom Jacques de la Cour became naturally Don
Jacques de la Sacque, and the ironworks, tha
monastery, and the forest were involved in a common
ruin, So far as the forests are concerned, the State
is now working them under a plan of 1894, in three
series; a high forest under sixty years’ provisional
plan, and 2 coppices with standards.

Such is a story that was printed two hundred years
ago, long before forest officers and their opponents
began to seek for proofs of another disputed
matter.” F. G.
—Indian Forester, March,

* ‘**Ta Foret de la Trappe,” Revue des EHaua eb
Forets for November 1901. : 3

“758
“ THD UTILITY OF ALKALINE PHOS-
PHATIC MANURES.”

Mr. John Hughes calls our attention to

a paper under this heading vead by him
vt a meeting of the Society of Arts o1

12th March ult.. when Mr. A. D. Hall, Principal
of the South-Eastern Agricultural College,
occupied the chair, We shall veprvodice the
essay and discussion in fall in our Zvopical
Agriculturist ; bat meantime mary mention
that after an animated discussion, in which
neatly all the speakers—the Chatman,
Messi's. Hermann Voss, Jolin Jiuffle, I. J,
Lloyd, Dr. S. Rideall, Messrs. Mdward Packard,
Fames Hudson, Dr. Teed and D. A. louis
spoke of the great value of Mr, Haghes’s
disccvery, the latter in summing up, said :—
“He thoroughly believed in superphosphate
but its use ought to be vestvicted to soils
which contained plenty of lime, just as
basic slag was confined to soils which were
avticularly sour, and the new manure to
Intermediate soils. . .., . Tt isnot scientific,
it is not economical, that one kind of
manure should be sold for application to
all kinds of soils —Acid manures may with
advantage be applied where there is ptenty
of lime, and alkaline manures may be more
profitably applied wheve lime is deficient,”
aie Se

HUMUS AS A PERSERVATIVE
AGAINST FROST.

T have just read a Frexch translation, by m'y old
friend, Prof. Henry, of the Nancy Porest Szhool, of
Wollny’s classiz work on the decomposition of organic
mvttier. In it I find the statement that spring and
autumn frosts are dangerous on peaty soils, only
when the surface of the lit er isdvy, Wollny gives
no illustrations of this law, but LT recently observed
one in my gardep at Ooseper’s Lili,

List September, I dug up several rose beds on my
Jawn and sowed them with grass seed, whieh has
produced a flue crop of younggrass ‘Puis I carefully
watered, and the soil in the beds was well trencbed
and covered with decomposed leaf mould before the
seed was sown. Tne rest of the liwa has not b-en
trenched, probably for thirty yeurs, and ths soil under
thegrass ip itasuilish loam, isnow singnluly dry for
the time.of the year. Oa the morning of Dec. 6th there
was a slight frost, 3Lo F being regis:ered six in hes
above the grass. AtB8a.m, the luya was white with
rime, except on the new grass, wiich remtined green,
This must be due to ths frst tlt toe moist, well-
trenched humus soil under the new gvass was able
to conduct heat from below and thus kept the air
in contact with it above the. freezing-point, while
the dry, compxct loam uuder the cid tuef could not
supply sufficient heat io the old grass to preserve it
from freezing, Dey humns, according to Wollny, bas
a low specific heat, and is a bad conductor, wh le
wet humus has a Jiigh specifis heat, and is » good
conductor of beat, Oa auotirer occasion when snow
fell, it melted much sooner on the new grass than
oni the rest of the garden, As a further illustration
of Woliny’s Jnw Imuy cite the fact thxt water is let
on to cranberry swamps in Carolina when frost is
feared curing the blossoming period, wad also that
in north-\Vest India, on clear evenings when frost
je feared, vegetable gardens and sugar-cane plant-
ations ove irvigated in order to obviate danger from
frost, Jikur (Acacia arabica) plantations in the
Punjab are aleo irrigated when frost is feared.
It is also well known in Germany that, ifa sphag-
num peo beg is to be veproduced, a thin layer of

peat pinet he left af the base of the bog after the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

in the

[May 1, 1903,

upper peat has been removed, and this layer kept
carefully under water, as otherwise the drying up
end conscquent freezing of the peat will kill the moss.
Slight frosts are very prejudicial to vegetation in
sub-tropical forests, and when frest is imminent, the
precaution of trenchirg the soil, removing weeds and
lirigating cultivations is extremely importint for
young sugar-cane and other crops. W & FisHer.
Cooper's Iill, Dec. 8.

—Indian Forester.

—$—_o—____—_

TEA IN NATAL.
20) PER CENT INCREASE IN IMPORTS:
NO EXTENSIONS RECORDED.

The Annual Report of the Durban Chamber
of Commerce, shows £37,000 worth of tea im-
ported during 199las against £12,000 worth in
1900. On the other hand exports of teagrown

-in Natal show buta slight increase, under 16

per cent—£15,000 worth in 1901 as against
£13,000 worth in 190. £4,111 worth of tea was
sent from Natal into the Transvaal, £1,238 to
Orange liver Colony, £916 over the East
Griqualan 1 border (to the s uth west) and £143
over the Pondoland border.

We have also the following ‘‘tea” para-
graph :--

No accurate statisties are available of the area
under cultivation or the crop for the season. An
estimate, however, has been made that by the
end of May the output will be vot far short
of one-and three quarter million pounds weight,
say, an advance cf 250,000 lb. on that of last
year, The chief consumption is within the Colony,
but of the exports of 545,047. Jb., valued ag
£22,523, the Cape Colony absorbed 442,00 Ib.
Tne area nader cultivation may be reckoned as
about £000 acres.

oe Se
THE PEARLING INDUSTRY IN NORTH
AUSTRALIA.

Representative V. L Solomon (S.A.) has
addvessed the followiug letter to the Prime
Minister of the Commonwealth :—* My at-
tention has been drawn by iy constituents
Norihern. territory to the position
in which souie of them are placed owing to
the provisions of the Immigration Restric-
tion Act of 190i, which will render it diffi-
cit, if not impossible, for those engaged in
the pearling industry to procure the neces-
sary labour for manning theiv boats. The
magnitude and importance of this trade will
be better understood after a glance at the
following figures.. The export of shell from
Queensland for the year 190) was 1,250 tons,
valued at £128,451; from Western Australia
for the same period, 7383 tons, valued at
£85,423, and pearls valued at £20,000; from
the Northern Territory, 175 tous, valued at
£22 G74, or a total of 2,158 tons of shell and
pearls vaiued in all at £257,553. There are
a very large number of boats ‘employing
inauy thousands of hands 2s divers, erews,
é&c., in this indastry, the whole product of
which passes through the hands of Huropean
traders at our ports, and the whole of the
stores and supplies required by the men are
obtained in Australian ports, and contribute
customs duty to the Commonwealth revenue

3 , =m

May T, 1902.)
The crew of ench boat live on board the
boat, visiting the shore only for the purpose
of trade, purchasing their stores, and pack-
ing their shells for export; and, as their work
is in most instances carried on outside of
the three-mile limit, none of those dangers
which the Immigration Restriction Act is
designed to prevent can possibly be antici-
pated. This question is of such vital import-
ance to a vast number of boat-owners and
business people settled in the northern por-
tion of the continent that I feel justified in
urging your Government to give it your
earliest and most favourable consideration.”
~ Brisbane, March 25.—The Home Secretary
has veceived an important telegram from
the Government Resident at Thursday
Island bearing on the threatened removal
of the headquarters of the pearl shelling
industry to Dutch New Guinea on account
of the operation of the Immigration Restric-
tion Act. Mr. Mitchell, manager of Messrs.
Burn, Philp. and Co., arrived from Dutch
New Guinea on Sunday, and reports favour-
ably regarding the Marouky’s River. The
entrance to the river, he states, is well
marked. There is 35 fathoms of water on
the bar, and the river is navigable for 40
miles. He describes the soil as rich with
extensive groves of coconuts. The Dutch have
built spacious houses and barracks, and
have 400 soldiers besides artificers. The com-
munity numbers 600, and more are expected
shortly. There is a monthly service by

steamer from Java. Mr. Kroesen, the
President, says the port will befull. ‘The
earl-shellers here,” says the: Hon. John

Douglas, ‘fare a good deal attracted by the
prospects opened out to them. but as yet
have made no move.” Mv. Douglas’s report
was confirmed. The Premier regards it as
extremely likely that in the present condi-
tions there will be an exodus to Dutch New
Guinea. He would not sit quietly down and
see this brought about, and it is probable
‘that a direct appeal in connection with the
matter will be made to Mr. Chamberlain.—
Adelaide Observer, March 29,

CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONES OF
; CHYLON.
[From THE ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE
: GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. ]
. Mareh 12th, 1902.—Sir Archibald Geikie, D.C.L.,
LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Rev, H H WINDWooD thanked the Chair-
-man for allowing him to introduce the water-
colour drawings by. his friend, Miss Breton, of
some of the grandest canons in North America.
The geological aecuracy otf the drawings might be
attributed to the fact that: Miss Breton was the
daughter of an old Fellow of the Geolsgical Society.

The following communication was read ;—

1. ‘The Crystalline Limestones of Ceylon.’ By
Ananda K, Coomaraswamy, Esq., B. Se, F LS,
FEF GS.

The crystalline rocks of Ceylon may be divided
into three series :—

(1) The Older Gneisses.

(2) Lhe Crystalline Limestones.

(3) The Granulites (Charnockite Series)—pyroxene-
granulite, leptynite, etc. A local subdivision of this

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Kit ec

series 1s the Point de Galle Group—vwollastonite*
sci polileeneisses, ete.

The erystiline I niostones of Ceylon are inti-
mately associvted with the banded proxene and
acil granniites (Sharreekite Series). They form
bards with onterops from a few feet to overa
quarter of a mile in width, interbedded with the
eranulites ; Lhe limestones themselves have a
banded scrneture (foliation) parallel to that of the
granulites and to the houndaries. This foliation
of the limestone depends on variations in strue-
ture, amount of aceessory minerals, and relative
proportion of calcite and dolomite. The grain is
coarse, sometimes exceedingly so. Parallel and
graphic intergrowths of calcite and dolomite are
very characteristic. The niosh abundant accessory
minerals are olivine, phlogopite, pink or violet
spinel, diopside, pyrite, and blue apatite; less
common are amphiboles, clinuohumite, green spinel,
ete. The most characteristic contact-ininerals are
diopside, amphibole, green spinel, and greenish
mieas; and, rather in the granulite than the
limestone, seapolite, phlogopite, opside, sphene.
There occur also in the limestones, nodular
mineral aggregates composed of characteristie
minerals such as diopside, phlogopite, blue apatite,
and spinel,

There are often transitions between the lime-
s'ones and granulites... In some other cases a zone
of green rocks (with diopside, dark mica, amphi-
bole, and green spined) intervene:, Bands (sills)
of granulite of various width, down to less than
a foot, may cecur in the limestone, and are parallel
to the foliation and general strike. They
show. peripheral transitions to the limestone by
incoming of original ealcite and the appearance of _
lime-silicates, or are separated from ib by a zone a
few inches wile, in which the minerals diopside,
aniphibole, and @reen spinel are characteristic.

Some interrupted sills are described, and ecom-
pared with the interrnpted dykes of nepheline-
syenite in the erystalline limestones of Aln6,
described by Professor Hégbom, A sill may thus
be continued alony the strike as a series of lenticles.
Klsewhere quite isolated masses of pyroxene-
granulite oceur as inelusions in the limestone,

Although the re’ation of the granulites to the
limestones is on the whole intrusive, the two rocks
in their present condition are essentially con-
temporanecns, and seem alike to have consolidated
from amotten magma. The calcite occurring in
the granuliles near the contact has all the a; pear-
ance of an original mineral, The foliation of the
limestones is regirded as a sort of ftlow-structure,
and corresponds wiih that of the granulites to
which it is always paralled. That the foliation
does not result from the action of earth- movements
on a solid rock is shown by this, that the very
minerals whose variable distribution is ove of its
chief causes, have certainly not been affected by
deforint»e earth-movements, nor are they suctr as
to hav. been produced by these; moreover, in this
respect a distinetion cannot be made between the
limestoncs and granulites, which would necessarily
have suffered alike had they been subjected to de-
forming strains since the consolidation of the latter,
The original nature of the limestones is less evident:
they nay bave been sedimentary or tufacecus, and,
if so, subsequently softened aud metamorphosed ;
or possibly ab initio truly igneous rocks, and re-
lated to the charuockite-magma, Reasons for and
against these views are given. The relations be-
tween the crystalline limestones and nephelines

760 THE TROPICAL

syenites of Alné have suggested to Prof. H6gbom
that perhaps the limestone may have been a pro-
duct of the nepheline-syenite magma there.

The author feels sure that the crystalline lime-
stones of Ceylon have not arisen by the alteration of
the basic Jime-silicates of the pyroxene-granulites,
although Prof. Judd has advanced this theory in
connection with the crystalline limestones of
Burma, which seem to resemble those of Ceylon in
many ways.

DISCUSSION.
“Mr. PARKINSON, after expressing his sense of
the value of the paper and the care and elabora-
tion with which the details had been worked out,
described the contact of granulite and limestone
which he had seen near Matale, and remarked that
he believed that this section proved, firstly, that
the granulite was intrusive, and, secondly, that
. the intrusion had been attended by absorption of
the limestone, which had locally modified greatly
the composition of the granulitic magma. As to
the original nature of the limestones, he could
say nothing ; the interrupted sills and isolated
masses of the granulite which had heen described
were very puzzling facts, and he inclined to the
opinion that the author's contention that ‘ the
two rocks in their present condition are essea-
tially contemporaneous’ was the hypothesis most
nearly in accord with the facts.

Mr, HOLLAND thought that the author’s self-
imposed task of attacking the crystalline problems
of Ceylon deserved the highest commendation of
the Society, and the additional facts now published
formed a great advance on previous workin that
area. But he considered that the evidence offered
_was utterly insuttizient to establish the Author’s
cuntention that the crystalline limestones had
liehaved as igneous rocks, and formed part of the
magma which gave rise to the associated Char-
nockite Series. He (the speaker) had described
primary and original calcite in a nepheline-syenite
from Southern. India, as Adams had done for
Ontario and Hégbom for Alné ; and though he
was convinced that calcite might be dissolved with-
oub decomposition, and subsequently separated
from a nepheline-syenite magma in which there
was no free silica and an excess of electropositive
alkali, it would be impossible for a limestone and
charnockite to come into igneous
without a chemical reaction which
result in the alteration of both rocks.
phenomena described by the Author
precisely those which would be
theoretically from the intrusion of a
charnockite into a pre-existing limestone. The
limestones had been as a whole raised to a high
temperature, and (as he had previously suggested
from other evidence) had been brought to a con-
dition probably akin to fusion, in which condition
‘there would be a sufficient freedom of molecular
movement to account for all their structural pecu-
liarities—the inter-growths of calcite and dolomite,
the flow-structures, aud the occurrence of large
phenocrysts of accessory minerals, which did not
indicate an igneons condition any more than the
large chiastolites of chiastolite-slates. The absence

‘of cataclastic structures did not indicate freedom
from deformation after solidification, as Adams and
‘Nicholson had proved that marble, under differen-
tial pressure and at a temperature no higher than
400°C., could be made to flow like glacial ice
without the production of cataclastic structures,
_ The plasticity of thelimestone at temperatures well

would
The
were
expected

contact -

AGRICUL.TURIST. |May 1, 1902.

beluw the fusing-point of any rok was sufficient
to account for the steam-like disposition of the in
clusions, as well as the dislocation ot the echar-
nockite-sills without internal deformation. In
India are seen corresponding contact-phenomena
where the charnockites invade aluminous rocks
(the kiundalites of Walker) and siliceous rocks
(quar'zites of various kinds), and these, like the
limestones, have tueir nearest chemical equivalents
among known sediments. In places these para-
schists and paragneisses predominate over the
orthogneisses ; while in the south, where denuda-
tion Las proceeded to greater relative deptlis, they
are suborlinate in quantity, and in Ceylon the
limestoucs now exposed are apparently mere in-
clusions in the Charnockite Seiies.

Prof, JUDD expressed his gratitude to the Author
for bringing forward adeseription of a district so in-
teresting to geologists. The rocks described were
similar to those of Burma, excepo in the remark-
able absence of certain minerals, such as corun-
dum andits derivatives. He found great difficulty,
as the author did, in realizing that the
charnockites could be intrusive in the limestones.
Tn Barma and Ceylon alike, whatever might be
the case in Southern India, the limestones were
rewarkably subordinate to the silicate recks,
instead of the reverse being the case (as we should
expect, if the latter were intrusive in the former),
He agreed with the previous speaker as to the
difficulty of imagining the limestones to have
behaved as igneous rocks, and yet their relations
with the igneous rocks were puzzling in. the
extreme. He referred to the occurrences of Glenelg
and Tiree asaffording fine illustrations of the
part played in such a complex by calciplyres,

Mr, GREENLY remarked thatin the Hebridian
Gneisses of the North-west of Scotland there was
also a great preponderance of igneous over what
appeared to be sedimentary material. ‘The Loch
Muree Group was now generally regarded as sedi-
mentary, but it was a comparatively narrow zone,
while from Loch Maree to Cape Wrath all appeared
to be igneous. Limestones were a conspicuous
feature of the Loch Maree Group, but they were
accompanied by graphite-schists, miea-schists, and
other probably sedimentary rocks,

The author, in reply to Mr Holland, said that
no donbt in most cases crytallines were a re-
sult of the recrystallization of caleareous rocks
under pressure ; behaviour asa plastic medium did
not involve a very high temperature, as had been
proved by the work of .Adams and Nicholson.
But the limestones of Ceylon posssessed a num-
ber of peculiar characters which, taken together,
suggested to him that they had existed in ‘a
state akin to fusion.’ With regard to the interrup-
ted sills, if this phenomenon was due to ‘ pinching’
while both rocks were in a solid state (as Mr
Holland had suggested), why did the narrow
lime-silicate contact-zones completely surround the
lenticles, instead of occurring only on two sides
of the granulite, as in the sill itself 2? Moreover,
the accessory minerals in the lime-stones would
show some trace of deformation if such power-
ful earth-movements had affected their matrix.

In reply to Mr Greenly, the author said that
rocks composed mainly of biotite and garnet,
which he regarded as of sedimentary origin, were
scarce ; no rocks with kyanite, andalusite,
or sillimanite were known in situ. Even if
such exist, and are the remains of sedimentary
recks, the igneous rock must greatly exceed

_May 1, 1902.] THE

them in amount. No grapltitice schists had been
found. Fivally, the author said that he had
nowish to lay great stress on his ‘igneous’
theory, and he regarded the descriptive portion
of his papers as of much more importance than
the theoretical.

DEVELOPMENT OF WASTE LANDS
IN THE NORTH :
TRAFFIC FOR THE RAILWAY ;
COTTON—SUGAR--TOBACCO.

The rumoured poor traffic returns from
the Jaffna vailway section have brought
‘prophets of evil” once more to the front
and one of them has been saying that the
man who believes in our great Northern
Railway being profitable, may be compared
to the sailor who, bearing that parrots
lived for a hundred years. bought one in
order to test the truth
For ourselves we shall be much disappointed
if at least the Jaffna section of the Rail-
way does not prove profitable, in the face
of the dense population of the Peninsula.
But, of course, there has hitherto been no

experience of how a purely Tamil com-
munity—‘‘ the Scotchmen of the Hast ”—
may care to spend money on_ railway

travelling. In the case of the Sinhalese
Gt has been demonstrated that the villagers
almost too freely patronise the comfortable
third-class carriages, making this branch
the most profitable of passenger traffic. It
is, however, too soon to judge of the Jaffna
Tamils.

But in any case, the opening of the _ first

section of the Northern Railway should
direct more attention to the exploiting

and utilising of the North-Central country,
‘ut least along the railway route. No one
expects that trains will run ‘ full up” when
the whole line is open to traffic—not even
the warmest advocates of the extension
without reference to route or gauge; and
Sir West Ridgeway will prove himself a
far-seeing administrator as well as a vigorous
and earnest advocate, if he begins to
‘encourage cultivation by exceptional in-
ducements, if he wishesto see the line be-
-eome a financial success within the time of his
‘successor. And cotton is one of the products
to which both climate and soil over a great
-part of the route, point «s one likely to be
successful. Let the Revenue Officers along
the line be instructed to start experimental
“stations, under the guidance of the Director
“of the Botanical Gardens, and let the best
“seed available be procured; and_ that
romptly !
Pirhis x neither the first, nor the second,
_time we have counselled the importance of
taking time by the forelock, if the North-
ern Railway is not to prove a burden on
the revenue for an inconveniently long
period. We should be only too glad if the
event convict us of pessimisin in expect-
ing an initial loss. There are few, we
imagine, who expect the line to do more
than pay working expenses for a time ;

TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 764

ot the statement! >

A

but even assuming that the Railway may
prove financially satisfactory from the start,
there would be no harm in the adoption
of measures calculated to develop traffic
and to. promote the prosperity of the
eountry. Admittedly, the population of the
interior parts is both scanty and poor, and
admittediy the climatic conditions are not
such as to attract Europeans ; but European
capital is essential for operations which
would contribute appreciable traffic to the
new line. [tis in the power of the Govern-

ment—if not alone, at any rate more
quickly and more certainly than private
individuals, —to demonstrate the — suit-

ability of the country for remunerative
cultivation, in order to attract capital. We
have before now drawn attention to the
probability that part of the country will be
found suitable for Sugar, in the opinion of an
expert of our acquaintance with large
Eastern experience. More recently still we
introduced to public notice Mr. MacDougal

Gibson who is. very hopeful of a great
future for the country through ‘Tobacco.
And now we desire to emphasise the

absolute need of early and thorough ex-
periments with Cotton, At the recent
annual general meeting of the Upper India

Chamber of Commerce, some _ facts were
brought to light which should receive

earnest attention here, and lead to_ profit-
able imitation. It was stated that the ex-
perimental cultivation of American Cotton
at the Cawnpore Agricultural Farm proved
that Cotton: can be acclimatized in a
few years by a system of cultivation which
ean be adopted by any intelligent ryot, and
that the results are a yield five times in
weight of that obtained from the local
product, and of a fibre suitable for spinniag
up to 60s instead of 29s. If, as the President
stated at that meeting, ““a mine of wealth
lies literally at the feet of the cultivator ” in
India, why should it not be so here, too ?
Let our local Department of Agriculture
answer.

-—-~<>

INVESTMENTS.

TEA SHARES AT THE LOWEST POINT YET TOUCHED.

CEYLON

Out of twenty-seven Companies, in the shares of
which there have been dealings during the quarter,
only six have secured © more favonrable price,
whilst in the remaining twenty-one cases tie fall
has, in some cases, been serious. Jt must be
remembered, however, that this, the first quarter
of the year, with Rupee as with Sterling Cem-
panies, is the period for dividend paying and the
large drop of Rs 552,720is partly to be explained by
some of the sales having been made after the
paymene of the dividend; but it is, in any ease,
decidedly disappointing that the continued favour-
able state of the tea market has had so little effect
upon the quotations. Since last return we have
included Rs 5.000 added capital, issued by the
Pitakande Company, and Rs 25.000 by the Reut-
watte Company. Commercials have, largely by
the increase in the quotation for Galle Fice
shares, recovered from the set-back they
experienced Jast quarter, allhough ‘* Steams” and
“Tees” are still on the down-grade. Hotel shares,

762 THE TROPICAL

with the exception of the Galie Face, the Kand~,
and a smalLrise in the Nuwara Eliya Hotels have
not had a favourable quarter, and indeed, it may
be saia of the whole state of the share market
that the prices for the quarter show that investors
are ‘sitting very tight” indeed. The list of Com-
mercial undertakings lias reecived three additional
companies, viz., those of the st uugangr Naviga-
tion Company, the Ceylon Iee and Cold Storaxe,
and the Colombo Brick and Tile ‘ ompany. We
may mention that the share list. of the last-named
Company was subscribed immediately, an unusual-
ly successfu) flotation, which has no paralle
_during the past two or three years.

AGRICULTURIST. |May 1, 1902.

RuP2% COMM RCI\L COM PANIF?.
Market Value of

The tables are as follows :—

RUPEE PRODUCE COMPANIKS.
RISE AND FALL IN THE FIRST QUARTER 1902.

Market Value of Rise.

Ord na-y Shores, Yr

Capital. Dee 31 Maret Hall

Iv
Ouvah ..375,000 675,000 600,000 — 75,000
ae reagh 240,000 180,000 228,000 + 48,000
lon Prov:n-
Lae é ooo ee 666,000 666,000 _
eylon Tea an

i esconats ... 318,000 848,000 348,000 —

C'aremont see 65,000 16,250 16,2'0a as,

Olunes ...832,000 166,000 166,000 --
Clyde “970,000 135,000 81,000 — 54,000
Doomoo . 400,000 260,006 230,000 -+ 20,000

Drayton 10715,000 1,072,500 1,072,500a =
Eila ... 300,000 90,000 82,500 — 2200
Estates of Uva...710,500 293,410 269,990 = 28,420

waite «178,100 — — =
Clowes 825,000 617,500 614,250, — 3,250

eat Wester ...584,000 712,4 Py —

eeeeganarsnde 170,000 170,000 170,000 See
High Forests ...750,000 825,000 750,000 — 75,000
Do. Part Paid 200,000 223,000 180,000 — 45,000
Horrek lly ..400.000 330,000 320,000 — 10,000

Kalo ara ..- 400, a a 2 One —

\ iwatte...334,00 £83,$ 3,90 —
Saleen 5 125,000 59,000 56,250 + 6,250
KelaniT.Garden 300,000 75,000 105.909 + 30,000
Kirklees ..100,000 120,000 50,00) — 7,000
Knavesmire _ ...415,000 998,250 166,000 — 62,250
Maha Uva 4..300,000 240,000 210,000 — 30,000
Mocha "404,000 535,800 565,600 — 20,200
Nahavilla . 396,500 287,900 287,900 —
Neboda ...261,000 261,000 261,000 —
Palmerston RCE era 328,009 328,000 —

iag ..- 80,00 = — ne
eae ** 150,000 135,000 127,800 — 75,000
Pine Hill ...208,740 139,160 139,160 _
Pitakanda .. 310,000 310,000 310,000a =
Putupavla 200,000 210,000 240,000a =
Ratwatte "125,000 62,500. 60,0008 — 2,500

Do added C’t..1 25,000 25,000 25,000 =
Rayigam 600,000 240,000 195,000 — 45,000
Roeberry ...300,000 210,000 210,000e — —
Ruanwella . 265,009 92.750 105,000 + 13,250
St. Helier’s ... 50,000 50,000 50,000b —
Talgaswela _ ...200,000 55 000 40,000 — 16,000
Nonacombe — ..-280,000 182,000 168,000 — 14,000
Udabage "170,000 68,000. 68,040 oat
Udugama ...315,000 63,000 63,0004 _—
Union ""7300,000 80,000 70,400 ~— 9,600
Upper Maskeliya350,000 297,500 350,000) + 52,500
Uvakellie 1..240,000 156,000 144,000 — 12,000
VYogan 720 000 378,000 270,000 —108,000
Wanarajah ...373,000 756,000 756,000 —
Yataderia 190,000 570,000 541,500 — 28,500
Total 15,951,240 13,506,900 12,954,180 —552,720

@ No quotation «uri g quarter. : ; :
b Latest pr ce daring quarter, n> q iobution in latest

ict. {
ni Buyers’ prices have been tiken in the absence of

transactions or sellers’ quotations,

Ordi- Shares.
niry Dec.3l Mar. 31. Rise or
Cupitil. 1900. 190L. Fail.
Adam’s Peak ig IK. R. R.
Ifotel 113,800 34,140 35,670 +1,530
Bristol Hot 1 315,00) 330,750 283,500 —47,250
Ce lon General
Steam Naviga-
tin —_ a 75,000 168,750 165,000 —3.750
Ceylon Ice and
Cold Storage... 450,000 450,000 450,000 a
Colombo Apothe- :
¢ ries .. 400,000 550,000 589,000 4-30,0C0
Col m!o Assem-
bly Rooms... 27,520 21,570 20,640¢ —930
Colombe Brick &
Tile Co, .« 150,000 150,609 150,C00 _
Co'omb» Fort
Land & Bvilding 369,000 3.6000 306,000 —
QO lembo Hetels 500,000 1,487,500 1,375,000 —112,500
. Ga le Face Hote] 659,000 900,090 1,300,000 +400,000
Kaluganga Navi-
gaton «» 50,000 50,000 50,000 —
Kandy Hotels... 200,000 275,000 300,000e +25,000
Mount Lavinia
Hotel . 350,000 245,000 210,000 —35,000
NewColombolce 210,000 267,500 330,750 —36,750
Nawara Eliya
Hotels «» 42,000 38500 42090 +8,500
Tublic tall 05,030 24,500 23,000 —8,500

Total 3,978,320 5,399,210 5,619,560 +220,350
—Local ‘‘ Times,” |

THE BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS.

The report of the Resident Commissioner of the
British Solomon Islands for the past official year
gives the white population of the archipelago on
March 31 last as 76, of whom 50 were British. Forty-
eight were engaged in trading. prospecting, and pearl-
shell diving, 18 were members of the French Marist
mission, and most of the remainder were in Govern-
ment service or were women and children. For the
third year in succession no death was due to attack
by natives. The revenue has steadily increased from
£957 in 1897.98 to £1,9'3 last year. Trade also has
increased. The exports last year amounted to £28,260

COPRA IS THE CHIEF STAPLE,
and it is likely to go on increasing as the plantations
now forming by the whites come into bearing ; pearl-
shell, ivory nuts, turtle shell, and beche-de-mer are the
other exports. The area under cultivation by white
owners is increasing annually, and the planting
industry is likely to develop rapidly, and should
the Commonwealth stop recruiting altogether the
supply of labour would be utilised for local re-
quiremen‘s. The immediate result of the Queens-
land Jabour trade would be a loss of revenue
to the islands from the licences granted to labour
ships, but this would be met eventually by increased
local revenue. There is now regular steam communi-
cation with Sydney, but the Commissioner complains
that it is not direct, and argues that the
growth of the Solomon Islands justifies a direct
steamer, and makes the archipelago worth the atten-
tion of the Sydney merchants, for the export trade
now is larger than that of the New Hebrides or of
New Guinea (excluding gold). All the

COPKA 18 NOW CONVERTED INTO SOAP AND |

OIL CAKE

in Sydney itself, and that port must long continue to be
the base of the Pacific island trade, The settlement of

- outstanding land claims also is a matter demanding

attention in the interests of progress in the islands,

May 1, 1902.1 THE TROPICAL
Before the declaration ofthe British Protectorate trans-
actions, alleged to have been purchases of laud, took
place between whites and the natives. In some cases
these were rexsonablein their nvture, and the parcha-
sers have subsequently by occupation acquired what are
presumed to be indefeasible titles. In others, however,
the claims of the alleged purchasers have been
extravagant, Square miles were obtained at « small
fraction of a peony per acre, without any inquiry
into the title of the vendor, who was frequently the
first native met on the beach, and there has been no
occupation. Until all the claims have been dealt with,
once for all, the agricultural progress of the islands
will be retarded.—London Wimes, Maich 15,

pee
GEM MINING IN CALIFORNIA.

The recent deposit of a specimen cf California
jade in the park Museum directs attention to Cali-
fornia as afield tor gem mining, observes the San
Francisco Chronicle. ‘ Excepting a tourmaline
mine in San Diego county, and a turquoise mine
near the southern Nevada border, we beleve vo
systematic effort at mining for gems has ever been
made here. The pebble beach near Pascadero has
yielded at times some valuable stones, but whether
they caine from the neighbouring formation, or were
cast up by the waves from the bottom of the sea,
has not been ascertained. Opals have been found
on the beach in the neighbourhood of San Diego,
and diamonds of good quality have occasionally
been picked upin the sle ces of some of the placer
mines in the nerthern counties.

— The turquoise and tourmaline deposits are
specially valuable. Handsome gems are made from
both. ‘The latter is found in the form: of variegated
erystals, and’ gems have been produced from them
which were splendid imitations of diamonds of the
purest water, pigeon-red rubies sapphires, emer-
alds and piuk and yellow topiz:s. Monsana con-
tains large deposits of sapphires of splendid quality,
but no deposit of any consequence of that gem
has been found in California, 1 is offset, perhaps,
by the turyuoise deposits, especially as this
stone is now popular. But the California deposit
isso large thatthe market could easily be broken

by an excessive ontput, so the production is
regulated to suit the wants of Japidaries and
jewellers.

“€In Calaveras county there is a mine which is
worked expressly for the quartz srystals it contains.
These are not exactly gems, but the crystals are so
Jarge that enormous ornamental globes of excep-
tional value are obtainable from them, and these
are in hign demand. Japan had formerly a
‘monopoly of this business. But the largest quartz
crystal ever found is saidto have come from this
California mine. Another variety of quartz used
for gem-making found in this state is chrysophrase,
which takes a beautiful polish. Its coluris usually
a pale apple-green. Some attention is at present
being given to the development of this material in
this state for gem-making purposes. Ib is allied to
nickel and usually associated with it, and it is
believed to be present in the nickel deposits found

near Kiddies, in southern Oregon. Valuable
deposits of it have been found in California recently.
But the most valuable of all recent discoveries of
precious stone deposits in California is said to be
that of the jade, which was lately added to the
Park Museuin collection. Its quality is of the
‘finest character, and the deposit is said to be large
‘enough to be quarried in blocks big enough for
qonumental purpose.—Bradstreets,

fs

AGRICULTURIST, 763

PEARL FISHERIES IN BENGAL:

HANDSOME RETURNS.

Calcutta, April $.—Some valuable pearls,
some of which are being sold tor R400 and
R600 each, bave been obtained at the fisheries
on the Ichamati River, where pearl fishing
is carried on. The yearly return has been
so good that the fishermen have stopped
selling fish.—Jadras Mail, April 10

<>
“NEEM” OR
TRHE.

Melia Azadirachta.

A planting correspondent writes :—

* Whatis Neem? Can any of our readers enlivhten
us as to the identity of the neem leaf, and tell us
whether there is any plant allied to the neem in-
digenous to the ssland or cultivated here? An
Indian paper has this:—‘ With regard to the
efficacy of neem leaves as a disiufeciant, it is in-
teresting to learn that Baroda, which is
situated between Borach on one sile and
Wasad and Nadiad on the other, and where hun-
dreds of people go daily from paces infected with
plague. is free from the epideinic. In this con-
nexton itis pointed out that until recently there
was a special agency employed in Baroda for daily
burning, for about an hour, fresh neem leaves for
ten days in those houses in which deaths had
occurred, no matter from what cause, and also in
the neivhbouriny houses.’ ”

Our correspondent will no doubt recognise
the tree by its other name ‘ Margosa”
Telkohmba ofthe Sinhalese and Veppamram
of the Tamils, we believe) We have a
specimen in ot garden at Turret Road,
which got so hacked, through native
neighbours begging pieces of the bark or
branches and leaves (as incedicine) that we
had to forbid access to it for a time. The
tree is common in the Northern forests
where Mr. Dyke found it to be indigenous,
Balfour's ‘* Cyclopedia” tells us :—

“Tn appearance the wood is much like mahogany,
and is used by the natives for gencral purposes. Its
bark is bitter, is considered a valaab'e tonic, and
has been tried by European p'ysicitus witha
success nearly equivaleut to whit might have been
expected from cinchona bark. O:lis obtained from
the seeds by either expression or boiling, and is
much used medicinally. The fruit is nob unlike a
small French olive in size and appearance. The
oil-is of a deep yellow colour, has a strong smell
and an unpleasant bitter taste; is much esteemed
by native doctors asa warm medicine, as an ex-
ternal application in foul ulcers, and as a liniment
in rheumatic and spasmodic affections, ete. It is
frequently burntin lamps, and is sold in the bazaar
under the name of bitter oil, also black oil, Dr
Maxwell found this oil equally efficacious to cod.
liver oil in cases of consumption and scrofula. He
began with half-ounce doses, morning and evening,
which were gradually reduced. Margosa, as well
as illipoo oil, mixed with an equal quantity of cold-
drawn castor-oil, produces a hard vegetable wax of
an agreeab'e roseate colour. The leaves uf the
genera Melia and Azadirachta, dried and kept in
books, are much used by the people of India te
preserve furs, feathers, books, papers, and clothes
that are lodged in trunks, book-cases, ete., from
the attacks of insects. It is useful to place along
with them small packets of camphor, or little cups
of camphor dissolyed in alcohol,”

THE “MARGOSA ”

764 THE TROPICAL

Dr. Geo. Watt has much to say of the
tree, but we need quote only one passage :—

“ Lhe mim tree is generally supposed by its pre-
sence to materially improve the health of a neigh-
bourhood, Believed to be a prophylactic against
malarial fever, and even against cholera, it is fie-
quently planted near buildings and villages. Even
Kuropeans believe in this property to some consisder-
able ox: est, espectally in the North-West Pro-
vinces aud Oudh, and villages surrounded with
nti trees are frequeutly cited as proverbially free
from fever, when neighbouring villages suffer
severely. It is extremely doubtful, however,
whether this tree exercises a beneficial effect to a
greater extent than any other,”
—<—__ - -—_-—

THE SWEET CASSAVA.

According to a» communication from the President
of the Chamber of Agriculture at Pondicherry, pub-
‘lished iu the Journal dd Agriculture Tropicale, the
cultivation of Gassava is an important industry in
the whole of Southern India, It is a very remunera-
tive one, with very little risk attaching to it. ‘The
variety cultivated in Fvench India is the sweet
Cassava, which adapts itself to all varieties of soil,
but prefers a sandy, slightly clayish soil to a heavy
one. Generally speaking, the cultivation is carried
on. in laud .that can be irrigated, and, indeed, it is
only in such cases that cultivation can be advan-
tageously carried on at all. The Cassava plant takeg
ten months to arrive at maturity, and during a perio g
of drought from five to six processes of irrig. io
every month are necessary, ‘he system of dryin
the roots to preserve them is not adopted in Pond®
cherry. Cassava, cultivated under good conditions
with good manure, gives from three to four pounds»
of roots pez plant, and is sold at the rate of 60 rupees
per candy of 240 kilogs (528lb.) on the field. The
President of the Chamber of Agriculture thinks that,
if a factory for the mauufacture of ‘‘fecula’”’ were
installed in Pondicherry, the production would in-
crease so as to supply several millions of tons per
annum, as from 2,500 to 3,000 plants can be planted
in a hectare (2°47 acres).—/7riend of India.

M —————
PLANTING NOTES.

PHOSPHATES IN TEA Soin.—Mr. John
Hughes bears out, in his letter published
elsewhere, the view taken by Mr.
Mann and generally established, of the
necessity for the presence of phosphates in
tea soil, the best tea being richest in
phosphoric acid. We have already quoted
largely from Mr. Mann’s most useful booklet,
the tea soils of Assam.

Mexico.” —There is a proper in the Forwm, by
Professor Reinsch, entitled ‘* A New Era in
Mexico.” ‘The article deals with the agricultural
and commercial resources of the country, and its
value as a field for capital. Mr. Reinsch expects
that the next decade will witness great progress
in Mexico’s industrial life, and thinks that the
political and legal conditions of the country give
air security for investors. Most of Mexico’s coms
merce is in the hands of foreigners—Germans,
French, and Spanish, while the largest banks are
managed by British capitalists. The development
of the tropical agricultural belt is one of the great
opportunities of the country, land being cheap,
and coffee, sugar, and rubber being easily grown.
The labour question is the great difficulty, as
the natives are shiftless and unintelligent. At
present Chinese coolies have to be imported.
Mexico, however, is not a land for the investor
with small means, as expensive machinery is
needed to prepare most of her products for the
market,

AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1902.

THE ANNAMALAI PLANT&ERS—have been
favoured with a visit from Lord Ampthill
the present Governor, at an early stage of
his administration. The bulk of their ad-
dress to His Excellency, together with the
essential portion of the Governor's reply,
appear in our daily and 7A. :

** CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONES OF CEYLON.”--
The abstract of what is evidently an able
geological paper on the above subject by
Mr, A. K. Coomara Swamy, B.sc., LS.
F. G. Ss, will be found on page 759,
It was read before the London Geological
Society on March 12th, the veteran: Sir
Archibald Geikie, F-R.S, being in the chair,
while an_ interesting discussion followed in
which Mr. Parkinson (also recently in
Ceylon on a geological visit), Mr, Holland
Prof. Judd and Mr. Greenly took part. It
is cuvious and interesting to find compari-
sous made between “our limestones and
those near Loch Maree and at other parts of
the North-west coast of Scotland,

WaTiLp Bark.—South Australian wattle bark has
always held a high place in the market for tanning
materials. Until prices became greitly reduced some
ten years ago, large quantities were stripped end
exported. For a long period the industry in Sozth
Australia has been depcessed, but of late better values
have induced greater activity, giving employment to
numbers of strippers, and a welecme contribution to
the farmers’ income and to our staple exports. Plan-
tations have been formed successfully, and more
steam grinding mills have been erected, employing
many hands. The quantity of bark stripped was
8,330 tons compared with 8,033 tons ia the previous
year, and 3,131 tons in 18)2-3, The quantity ex-
ported in 1900 was 8,385 tons, value £63,732; in 1899,
8,953 tons, value £69,935, ayainst 8,206 tons valne
£62,132, in the previous year, During the decade
1391-1900, chipments amounted to 60,166 tons (the
value being £478,433), of which 21,586 tons (valued
at £191,237) were exported during the first, and 38,580
tons (value £287,196) during the second fivs years of
the period.—B. Trade Journal.

GAME PROTECTION SocIETY oF CEYLON. —
Our columns are largely filled with

the annual meeting of this Society at
Nuwara Eliya last month and it will be seen
that the Society is very much alive, although
some complaint is made on the score of
insufficient monetary support. Mr. Fatr’s
report is a record one and will provide
interesting reading to many sportsmen
desirous of putting themselves au fait with
current sport in Ceylon. Weare inclined to
support the appeal to sportsmen to do their
duty by the Society and avoid the lapse of
the protection of game entirely into the
hands of Government. The announcement is
made that a new sanctuary is to be formed
inthe Puttalam district; news which'should be
welcome to all huntsmen. One _ district
which needs attention is that of Trinco-
malee where our military friends do most
of their shooting, but unfortunately do not
too well consider the claims of the Game
Protection Society. It was natural that the
shooting of the rogue elephant at the Kraal
should not go unnoticed and the secretary, in
general terms, condemns the episode; though
‘‘inexperienced sportsmen,” a somewhat
strong term, perhaps, is used to include the
gentlemen who undertook the shooting. These
are the main points in ‘the report, but it will
be seen that a good deal of discussion followe
for which we direct our readers elsewhere,

3 Taal

May 1, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

PROSPECT OF PEARL FISHERIES.

It is reassuring to learn that Capt. Donnan
with his great experience has found no
reason during his recent visit, to alter his
expectation of a series of three or four
successful Pearl oyster fisheries beginning,
say in 1905. Of course, it is impossible to
make sure until the oysters are older—
indeed until the very season of the fishery—
but it is very much in_ accordance with
the past history of our Fisheries that there
should now be a successful resumption
after so many blank years. ;

This is, of course, entirely apart from
what may come of Professor Herdman’s
Inquiry and experiments. One _ proposal
arising out of the latter is the transplanting of
young oysters from a fully occupied, or even
overcrowded Bank, to another Bank not far
off where the ground is quite clear. But
the difficulties in the way of successful
transplanting and culture in this way are
we believe, considered by Sir Wm. Twynam
and Capt. Donnan to be very great indeedl
Still, there can be no harm in a 6 trial,
native divers and their boats being utilised.
As by 1905, the Colombo Harbor and Dock
works should be all completed and witha Port
Trust in full sway, the Master Attendant
or Port Officer will be one of the busiest
officials in the place—not likely to bespared
to go after the superintendence of a Pearl
Fishery, however important. ft may, there-
fore, be a question to be considered when the
day approaches as to whether Capt. Donnan
should not be induced to re-visit the Hast
and give two months’ special service to the
first Pearl Oyster Fishery since 1891?

—E—EE Se

THE EXPERIMENTAL FARM AND
GARDEN AT GANGAROOWA,

We are pleased to learn that this latest
experiment on the part of the Government
is now fully entered upon. The purchase
was effected (through the good offices of
Mr. T. H. Uuxley) to the satisfaction of all
concerned :—the Horsford family, Mr. EK.
Jeffries (who is shortly leaving the island)
andGovernment. Mr. Herbert Wright, as As-
sistant to Mr. Willis, has entered on the charge
of Gangaroowa; and we are glad to learn
that this hard-working officer has made a
specially good impression on all planters with
whom he has come into contact, for his prac-
tical good sense, as well as scientific knowledge
and personal energy. We trust Gangaroowa

Experimental Station will prove a great
success,
eee ee

RICE LANDS AS INVESTMENT,

[What do Ceylon experts say to this?—Ep, 7. A.]

The splendid crops of the past few years have
drawn a considerable amount of attention to the
value of rice lands in Texas and Lonisiana, Many
years ago rice was cultivated on the great prairie
stretching between St. Mary and the Texas line;
but as it was treated entirely by Oriental me-
thods, the returns were so poor that the crop
was considered hardly worthy of attention, In
years of drought, especially, the cultivation was

hf

AGRICULTURIST. 765
liable to total loss, and after a few dry seasons ©
the area under rice fell to almost insignificant
proportions.

Some fifteen years ago farmers*from the North-
West began to pay more’ serious attention to
rice, and more scientific and modern methods
were adopted. Irrigation was properly undertaken
and proper plant and machinery erected. The
experimental stage has now long been passed, and
today there is something like $20,000,000 in-
vested in the cultivation of 400,0U0 acres.

Careful comparative tests have proved that a
grower can raise a larger yield in Louisiana and
Yexas than in any other part of the world, even
China and Japan, noted as these countries are
for rice-growing. It isan actual fact that where
the Japanese grower can cultivate half an acre at
a cost of from $10 to $!8 per year, the planter
in South-Western Louisiana or Texas ean raise
a crop of 80 acres at a cost of from $180 to $216
per year; consequently, he can raise 160 times the
prosuct of a Japanese grower, even though he
pays fron eighteen to twenty times the amount
for labour.

The cost per acre of the various operations con-
nected with the raising of the cereal in Texas
has been carefully estimated as follows :—

Per acre, Per acre.
Ploughing sod .. $200] Brought forward $8:25
Discing twice ... 1:00] Water »» 6:00
Harrowing twice... 1:00 | Cutting .. 2:00
Seeding -. 0°50 | Shocking 2. 050
Constructing levees 0°50 | Sacks +. 1:00
Seed -» 330] Threshing ... 1°00
Tendering levees 0°25 | Hauling to warehouse. 0:50
Carried forward ... $8.25 $19°25

An average rice crop produces 10 sacks per
acre. A sack contains from 160 1b. to 210 1b.,
averaging about 1801b. or about 11 barrels to
the acre.

Average market price per barrel oe $325
Eleven barrels, at $3:25 oe oe =6§35°75
Less cost of produetion is oo §=919°25

Net income per acre ore «. $1650
Assuming the cost of land (improved) at $30 to
$35 per acre, interest onthe investment works ou
at 50 per cent. The crop is a very certain one,
the cereal being easier to raise than oats or wheat.
Is should also be remembered that the rice itself
is but one product of the crop. Taking an average
barrel of Texas rice, it is found that it will pro-
duce 40 lb. of the highest grade, 25 1b. of head
rice (the second quality,) 25 1b. of screenings, and
10 1b. of grain suitable for brewers’ use. Every
portion of itis available, even the chaff, which is
burned as fuel in the mill.—H and C Mail,
March 28,

—_—__<>____.
BRAZIL AND ITS AGRICULTURAL CRISIS.

The Rev Joseph Orton writes to us from the
province of Rio de Janeiro on the subject of British
trade ia Brazil. We give the following extracts
from his letter :—“ It is true that at the present
time the country is in the throes of the most
serious agricultural and commercial crisis it has
ever known, due to the fall of prices in the coffee,
sugar, and india-rubber markets ; but this is a
temporary state of things, and the country will
soon resume its true nature as an earthly paradise,
With this preliminary I will point ‘out three
methods by which British trade can benefit itself,

766 THE TROPICAL
and at the same time be a help to the country :
»—1. Iron bridge-building.—There is an immense
field over nearly the whole of the country for

bridges, strong, well-built, safely set, and
eheap. A good firm in this line, turning ont
quickly well-made and cheap work, having its

central office in Rio, and houses in tbe capitals
ef the different States, would beable to make a
good trade. Tropical floods are very disastrous
for the wooden bridges commonly in use, and
numerous accidents happen through the planks
petting rotten. The financial consideration in
wooden bridges is that they arecheap. 2. Mineral
mining.—At present English mining companies in
Brazil confine themselves almost exclusively to
that of gold. The country, especially the States
of Minas Geraes and Bahia, is, however, so rich in
nearly all kinds of minerals, untouched, that there
is here a vast field for capital, which, well managed,
‘would bring in good returns. 3. Timber forest
exploring-—The three States of Para, Amazonas,
and Matto Grosso have thousands of miles of virgin
forest timber, for which a market is urgently
needed. . . . Sinceagriculture, sooner or later,
will make inroads, and therefore these forests have
to come to an end, the best thing to be done is
to start companies that could put these timbers
on the English market. . . The three timber-
covered States just mentioned have particular
advantages for the timber trade, since deep rivers
form acomplete network all over them, thus ob-
viating heavy road expenses. The lower reaches
of the river sides could only be worked six months
of the year, owing to floods; but the higher reaches
could be worked the whole year.”—-London Times,
March 24.

eee Ga
MINERALS AND OIL IN PERSIA.

On Persian soil there are many undeveloped
treasures. There are numerous large petroleum
fields in the country, not one of which is worked
to any extent, much Jess in a systematic way. The
petroleum fields in the provinces of Nazanderan,
Gilon, Chamsee, Kerman Lauriston, and Arabi-
stan are hardly touched, and render no_ profits
worth mentioning. In those mountainous regions
naphtha is also said to exist in considerable
quantities. According to Consul-General Hughes
experts on this subject believe that the two cities,
Sohab and Schuster, would serve best as central
Stations from which to work the fields. Sohab
can easily be connected with the Dijalah River by
means of a navigable canal, by a narrow gauge
railway or by pipelines, so that the oil could be
conveyed via the Dijalah and Tigris rivers to
Mohammere without heavy freights. From there
it would have to be transported by special vessels
to India, Egypt, China, and Europe. The natural
transportation route from Schuschter is along the
course of the River Karun. ‘The environs of
Schuschter aie particularly rich in petroleum and
naphtha. At present nearly all the petroleum
consumed in Asia and Africa (particularly in Japan
China, India, and Egypt), is furnished by the
wells of Baku and Pennsylvania. Persian Petro-
Jeum with Jess cost for freight could, it is said,
doubtless compete successfully in neighbouring
countries, The rich Persian coal veins are not
properly appreciated. They cover wide regions,
and are worked in a very primitive way. There can
be no doubt that, if vertical and horizontal shafts
were driven into the veins, and the water pumped
out, quantities of good coal could be brought to

AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1909.

the surface, The Persians dig unsupported shafts
notinere than 20 or 30 feet deep, and abandon
them as soon as water makes the work difficult,
re-opening the vein at another spot. Only the
surface coal is utilised. Copper, argentiferous
lead, Iron ere, arsenic, suiphur, cobalt, antimony,
borax, tin and other minerals are also found in
Jarge quantities in the Persian mountain districts,
All these resources must remain undeveloped so
Jong as Persia possesses no transportation facilities.
Even the well-known turquoise pits of Persia, the
nost important of which are those of Nishapur,
in the Province of Khorassan, yield so far very
little good material, owine to the fact that they are
owned by natives who cannot work them by the
modern system.—Journal of the Society of Arts
February 7, :
ee

THE PAPER MULBERRY IN JAPAN,

The Government of India haye made sporadic effor
to cultivate the Paper Mulberry (Breas ni 9
fera) tree in this country without much success, as
far as we were aware, from an economic point of
view, though the tree has been found to grow well
enough in several parts of this country, It may
Interest our Government officials to know to what
varied uses the Japanese put the bark of this plant.
We quote below an extract from au informing lectnre
delivered by Dr. H. Kempte before the Society of
Dyers and Colorists, Bradford, last November, and
which appears in the Journal of that Society for
January, 1902. Dr. Kempte said :—

‘Permit me to say a few words abont Japanese
paper in general and about the making of these
paper stencils in particular. This wonderful paper
with its admirable strength is made of the bast of
the Paper Mulberry tree (Morus papyrifera), originally
a Chinese plant, which is now cultivated all over
China and Japan. A mulberry plantation resembles
very much a grove of our willow trees, the mulberry
having a very short thick stem with manv branches,
In November, when all the important prodacts, such
as tea, rice, beans, etc., haye been harvested the
Japanese farmer finds time to cut the branches of
the mulberry tree. The first operation is to boil
these branches in a weak wood-ash bath in order
to loosen the outer layer of bark. After the latter
is removed, the bast is peeled off and thoroughly
washed by suspending it in the river. The bast is
then dried and sold to the papermaker In our paper
‘mills the pulp is prepared by grinding almost any
fibrous material in the beatirg machine until sufficiently
fine, whereby it cannot be avoided that the fibres
are cut short. The Japanese, on the contrary
are very particular about treating the mulberry
bast in such a way that the fibres retain as much
as possible their original length, and this, of course
is the reason for the excellent strength of their paper,
The bast is placed ona flat and level granite stone
moistened with water and beaten with wooden hammers
until thoroughly fine. The paper is, of course, made
by hand, and by shaking the sieve only in one direction
which is almost the rule in Japan, the fibres place
themselves nearly parallel. This accounts for the
fact that the Japanese paper can only be torn straight
in one direction, at the same time possessing a re.
maryeble. sbenrth in this direction.

nvhina and Japan paper is a far more imp:

and far more generally used article chad aah
owing to its superior quality and strength, The
Japanese always has a supply of paper sheets in his
sleeve pocket. If he has to wipe his nose he doeg
so with a sheet of paper. If he wants a bit of strin,

he twists a strip of paper together. I have had ag
opportunity in the railway carriage of seeing aJapanese
do almost the impossible with a bit of paper string
such as tying up his trunk with the remains of a
letter. In Japan, paper not only takes the place of

May 1, 1902 | THE TROPICAL

our window glass, but even of our doors and walls.
Considering that the climate in the provinces north
of Tokio is colder in winter than in England, and
that the Japanese have no stoves, only some burning
charcoal in the hobachi, a kind of brasier, you will
understand how little at home the Huropean traveller
feels under such circumstances. I had exactly twelve
months ago, when I was in Nagaoka and Nigata, to
suffer very much from these primitive arrangements.

“Tf the Japanese or Chinese paper is impregnated
with Ye-no-xbatra, the oil from Perilla ocymoides, the
Japanese substitute for boiled linseed oil, it becomes
perfectly waterproof. It is used for making umbrellas
and macintoshes. Perhaps it wiil interest you to
know that during my stay in Japan I never had an
wmbrella or a macintosh. If it happened that I was
caught by a sudden shower, and this happened very
frequently indeed, 1 went into the nearest paper
shop and bought a macintosh of oil paper for 2d
(8 sen). The same with umbrellas, If the paper is
oiled and varnished, then it takes the place of
leather ; the roofing of the jinrickshas, the little
hand carriages, is often made of paper, even the
Japanese ‘‘ tab” for rainy weather, the equivalent
for our water boots, are made of paper.

“As the paper for the stencils as used iu cotton
and muslin printing must stand a good deal of
han dling, moisture, and chemicals, it is treated
‘specially for this purpose. A very long fibrous paper,
made of unbleached mulberry-bast, is impregnated
with ‘“‘shiba,”’ which is an astringent milky extract

the Kaki fruit, Diospyros kaki. This extract hag
the properties of varnish, it dries in the air, stiffens
the paper, and makes it very resistant to water.

“ The cutting of these stencils is a special industry,
It is mostly done by hand ; at the most, the stencil
cutter prints the outlines on the paper before
ccuting it.”

Dr Kempte called: the Paper Mulberry tree Morus

papysrifera, Its present name is Broussonetin
paptrifera. It is closely allied to the ordinary
Muy erry, and belongs to the Natural Order

Morleee. {t grows wild in China and Japxn and
alsobin many of the islands of the Pacifiz Ocean,
wheae the natives manufacture a large part of thoir
clotring from its bark. It forms a small tree,
attahning about twenty or thirty feet high, with a
trunik seldom more than a_ foot in diameter, and
generally branching at a short distance from the
ground, The young branches are covered with short
soft hairs, The Japanese cultivate this plant very
much in the same way that we grow osiers, and they
use only the young shoots for the manufacture of
paper; these are cut into conveniently sized pieces,
and boiled until the bark separates readily from the
wood, when it is peeled off and dried for future
use. ‘I'o convert this bark into paper, they proceed
in the following manner:—The dried bark iv first
moistened by soaking for a few hours in water ; all
superfluous matter is then removed by scraping with
a knife, after which the bark is boiled in a ley of
wood asbes untilits fibres are thoroughly separated,
when it is reduced to a pulp by beating with wooden
batons ; this pulp is then mixed with mucilage and
spread upon frames made of rushes. The paper
thus made is of a whitey-brown colour, and very
strong; it is in commoa usein Japin. Instead of
paper, the natives of the South Sea Islands mann-
factuve from this bark an exceedingly tough cloth,
called tapa or kapa cloth, which they commonly use
for clothing, either plain or printed, and dyed of
various colors. This cloth is principaliy made by the
women, who adopt the following method ot manufac-
ture :—The bark is first softened by being soaked in
water for a considerable length of time ; it is then
placed upon a leg of wood and beatea out with a
baton until it is of the requisite degree of fineness.
The baton is made of very hard wood, and has four
flat sides, each of which is sharply ribbed. ‘wo
or four women usually work together, and as they
eep time in beating, the noise they make is loud
and musical. In some islands, however, another and

AGRICULTURIST, 767

inferior method is adopted, the bark being placed upon
a flat board and scraped with different kinds of sharp-
edged shells while kept constantly wet. By employing
mucilage obtained from the arrowroot, the natives
join pieces of cloth together, and Admirai Sir
Everard Howe states that the King of Tongataboo
(one of the friendly {slands) had a piece made which
was two miles long and 120 feet wide,—Indian
Gardening and Planting.

ee < o ———

EGYPT FIFTY YEARS HENCE.

This was the subject of the lecture which Mr
Willcocks gave at the meeting of the Khedivial
Geographical Society in the hall ot the mixed
Tribunals on Saturday afternoon.

The endeavour to pierce the veil which clouds
the future is an unsatisfactory task however one
may contemplate it. But few of those who listened
to Mr Willeocks’s glowing description of the
Ezypt of the futare will be alive 50 years hence
to bear witness to the value of his predictions,
and nose we may peilaps say present were so
qnalified as the lecturer tojudge of the possibili-
ties of the country. Mr Willcocks, besides being
endowed by nature with a vivid imagination, has
an almost unrivalled knowledge of Egypt, and
especially of its capabilities under a perfected
system of perennial irrigation. Mr Willcosks
foresees an Egypt in which

IRRIGATION WORKS

will have been laid ont with a most lavish hand.
Dams and weirs at the Ripon Falls, where the
Nile Jeaves the Victoria Nyanza Lake, at
Fabougo south of Wadelai, at Senaar, at Abou
Harez, at a point near Esna, at Keneh, at Sohag,
and atthe mouth of the Nile, come within the
sanguine view of Mr Willcocks’s imagination.
Apart from these expensive works all the canals
which are to provide flush irrigation to the
Meroe and Senaar peninsulas, to a district of
150,000 feddans at Kom Ombos, to 400,000 feddans
in the Fayoum, have to be constructed. Dykes
will be made to provide an escape for excessive
floods, and, most expensive of all perhaps, a
Ministry of Agriculture with bureaux to deal with
forecasting the weather, animal industry, chemis-
try, soils, forestry, experimental stations, foreign
products, foreign markets, pisciculture, statistics.
It is true that every new irrigation work pays for
itself within a comparatively short number of
years, but we cannot seriously consider that the
country could possibly digest such an enormous
programme within 50 years.
Mr Willcocks foresees the permission of the
TOBACCO CULTIVATION

and draws astriking picture of the fellah discour-
sing uponthe qualities of his home-grown tobacco
beneath the shade of his. date palms and vines.
Khartonm is to be one of the greatest cities of
Africa, the centre of trade through which the pro-
ducts of the Meroe and Senaar peninsulas, the
New Egypt, will pass by railway. The extensive
marshes of the Bahrel Ghazal are to be drained
and the White Nile confined within its banks and
this sarge district will be cultivated with rice and
the Iudian water nut. The rivers will furnish
water-power whereby electricity will be furnished
to supply power for innumerable factories and for
railway locomotion. Those factories, run by the
power obtained from the Ripon Falls, will be
employed in

THE TROPICAL

GRINDING THE DRIED BANANA

fruit, which forms, according to Mr. Willcocks,
a most nutritious diet. The Wady Ryan is to be
used as a basin for the escape of an excessive flood
and is to become a fashionable inland sea resort,
The Nile-bed itself is to be looked after, and by
the help of spurs, ete, the river will be navigable
from Cairo to Assonan and in Mr. Wil'eocks’s mind,
will be covered with the pleasure boats of tourists
who will flock to Egypt then as they do to
Switzerland now.

—Egyptian Gazette, March 17.

—_—__@—____—_

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

The handling and distributing of tea after it is
produced, by those who know their business, is,
as we have frequently pointed out, more profits
able than growing it. The distributing firms play
an important part in popularising tea both at home
and abroad; and some of them have rendered good
service to India and Ceylonin this respect. The
wholesale tea trade has become a vastly important
business of recent years, and has developed on
broader lines since the rise of the Indian and
Ceylon tea industries. Some ofthe old advertis-
ing firmsof the days of China tea have either
dropped out orrestricted their operations, while
other enterprising people of more recent times
have launched out with vigour, and have reason
to feel well satisfied with the result. A history of
the tea trade to date, with the story of the rise
of the large distributing concerns, whose expansion
seems to know no limits, would be interesting
reading. The Mazawattee Company, with their
huge tea and cocoa business, afford a remarkable
example of the fruits of judicious enterprise, and
there are other firms the history of whose rise and
progress borders ov the romantic side of things
commercial. The successes of the planter on the
other hand, atany rate of recent years, do not
seem to offerany striking examples of the reward
which shouldattend merit. He suffers both from
pin pricks and more poignant wounds, and finds
it difficult to develop atall, because if he should
Co so lie will be accused of over-production. He
hopes for better days, but doubts if he will ever
loom very large in the chronicles of those who
write the history of millionaires and how they
made their money, except as secondhand.—
Home and Colonial Mail, March 28.

—————_— ——_—___—
GREEN TEAS AND—GREEHN TEAS.

We are disappointed with Mr. Drummond
Deane. It is very natural, and only to be
expected, that he should stand up for his
own make of ‘‘green teas’ and the more
he tells us about his plans, his new invention
and the appreciation felt for his samples
or samples made according to his system
the better pleased we are. But why in the
world he should drag in the ‘‘ American
Commissioner” into a discussion over
different makes of green tea, puzzles us in
the extreme. We can see no more con.
nection than between the proverbial ‘* Good-
win Sands and Penterdei steeple.” Indeed
this diversion looks like a ‘red herring
drawn across the scent.” As if, conscious
of aweak, case notwithstanding all he had

768

_AGRICULTURIST. (May J, 1908.

written, Mr. Deane in conclusion, wished
the planters of Ceylon to understand :—‘‘L
and the old school of green tea makers
are working according to your ofiicial Am
erican advices, while the Observer is back-
ing-up a new-fangled system which is cal-
culated to discredit your representative in
America, ~therefore, on the personal question
if on no other, I claim your support”! Now
any such argument is a simple absurdity.
In the first place—though we do not usually
reveal secrets of the sanctum—the senior
editor (who was the subject of such virulent
attacks from the American Commissioner
as showed the latter to be unfit for his
semi-official position) has not hitherto written
on the subject of “green teas” at all. (He
has had a very busy three months chiefly
with book work, for home as well as local
publication.) This may possibly at once dis-
sipate Mr. Drummond Deane’s suspicions. But
a little reflection should show any impartial
reader how utterly far fetched and un-
grounded such suspicions are. Our coadjutor
had his information at first hand from Mr,
Galt; but he also had it corroborated by
the recognised agents of the Planters’ Asso-
ciation (the employers and patrons of the
Commissioner) and if ever therefore an
editor was justified in thinking he was
writing for the benefit of the tea-planting
industry as a whcele, and in accordance
with the views of the Commissioner, it must
have been in the present case, although,
sufficient allowance was not made for the
need of continuing the estate manufacture
at any rate uutil it was seen how the
superior ‘‘ greens” meet the requirements
of the American trade and what prices they
realize, Itis a fact that Mr. Wm. Mackenzie
advised that Ceylon planters should turn their
attention to ‘‘ green teas” almost from the
first. day he want to America, though his
information was far from being as full on this
point asit might have been, Now green teas
to suit the people of the United States,
we are bound to believe—until the contrary
is proved to us—must be teas much more

-after Mr. Galt’s, than Mr. Drummond
Deane’s, system if we are to accept the

loeal report of experts who have seen and
tasted both.

Let us, however, come to closer quarters
with Mr. Drummond Deane. By what right,
or on what authority, does he assume that
the teas made under Mr. Galt’s direction—and
on the system which will be eontinued by
his trained Chinamen at Ambewatte Mills—
are or need to be artificially colored ? He might
just as well assume that teas made on Bruns-
wick, or any other estate, are colored. We of
the Observer have alwaysdwelt onthesupreme
importance of Ceylon supplying ‘pure
teas” and what said Messrs. Forbes and
Walker in their Report on Mr. Galt’s teas :—
“the crowning point being their purity and
freedom from scum or colouring matter” and
the same Broking firm were very careful
in theiy comparison’with estate-made greens,
thus:—‘* Green teas now being made in the
various factories of Ceylon are generally
speaking sound and good, particularly in cup ;

_ May 1, 1902.)

but they are undoubtedly at a disadvantage
as regards appearance of leaf when coim-
pared with China Greens.” But says Mr.
Drummond Deane, “this is merely the
cpinion of a Broker, not a Buyer.” It isan
expert’s opinion and we have always thought
that buyers paid special attention to such
reports. At the same time it may console
our correspondent and. other critics—who
have thought that in making known Mr.
Galt’s special success (basing our opinion
on the expert Broker’s report) we were
giving an unneoessary advertisement to the
new process,—that it is not at all the wish
of its promoters to see the ordinary factory
preparation of ‘‘green tea’ cease. On the
contrary, we believe, the owners of Ambe-
watte Mills are considerable purchasers of
our ordinary ‘‘ green teas,” the bonus, how-
ever, in such cases falling to the estates from
which they come. Nor will such teas be shut
out from the American—and especially the
Canadian market—so long as they can be
supplied cheaply. They are most useful
for various purposes we are told, chiefly
for ‘‘ mixing”; and in this connection we
would ask the ‘Thirty Committee,” if
they can say, or can procure the information,
as to how much, approximately, of the
Ceylon ‘‘ green tea” shipped last year, got
into direct consumption? Our object is to
get reliable information on all points con-
nected with the subject; but by no means to
discourage estates which have been making
‘Ceylon greens” from continuing theiz work
so long as the bonus is available. The more
*“ereens” of all kinds made, the less leaf
there will be for black tea. At the same
time there is undoubtedly one risk to be
borne in mind, namely, that American
buyers may get it into their heads in some
cases, that the low-priced ‘‘Ceylon greens ’
which we are told they use chiefly for
blending with higher-priced and therefore
presumably better teas from China or Japan
in order to reduce the price of the latter ?)
are the best we can do in this island in
respect of green tea. It is surely an ad-
vantage if Mr. Galt and Ambewatte Mills
{according to the P. A. Brokers’ report) are
to show them how mistaken they would
be in adopting this opinion ?

At the same time, let us do justice to
the local enterprise in “ greens” so far as
it has gone. In our editorial of the 7th
instant, a mistake was certainly made
when it was stated that “the progress
made has been slow and sinall.” Considering
the circumstances, the figures work out very
satisfactorily on the whole. In 1990, bonus
was paid on 472,29! 1b.; in 1901 on 1,589,929
Ib; and this yeir the prospect is of the
latter figures being doubled,—indeed at the
present moment, it is estimated that-+400,020
lb. *‘ greens ” per month are being turned out
from Hstate factories. From the Ambewatte
Mills asa present maximum, the outturn could
not exceed 2,060,000 Ib. a year, and it sould
make very little difference inthe price obtained
for this snperior kind, if the manufacture of
3,000,00) Ib. of ordinary ‘Ceylon Greens ”
were stopped, for, the true competition
is with Japan and China “ Greens.” On the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

769

other hand, Mr. Galt believes, if his Ceylon
made green teastake as he éxpecis in America-
that the Japan trade in this article with,

the Western Continent will disappear in
about six ysars. No doubt, Mr. Galt in-
cludes al! the green tea from Ceyloa as

helping to this end ; for, whether for blend-
Ing or other purposes, there can be no
doubt that the produce hitherto shipped
has been affecting imports from Japan
into Canada as shewn by our correspon-
dent signing ‘‘ A Friend of all Green ‘Tea,’
whose letter adds a good deal to our informa-
tion und offers some needful corrections on our

revious remarks without any unworthy
Insinuation.

To sum up, it seems to us that the
great importance of Mr. Galt’s improved

process is that by its means a green tea is
turned out that can obtain a price in the
United States sufficient, even with the
extra cost, to make if independent of the
local bonus; whereas the profit on most of the
factory-made teas would seem at present,
to be due to that bonus? Of course, so
long as_a bonus is available, all ‘‘green”
tea made will be entitled to share in it.
Be that as it may, we can see ro reason
—basing our opinicn on the expert report
of Messrs Forbes and Walker—to doubt the
superiority of Mr Galt’s system, and while
wishing well to all ‘Ceylon green teas’
we should be especially proud of a product
that is likely to hold its own with the very
best make of Japan or China greens.

A FRENCH REVIEW OF THE CEYLON
HANDBOOK AND DIRECTORY.

Hicu APPRECIATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL
AND PLANTING REVIEW.

From the Journal D’ Agriculture Tropicale
we givea translation of part of areview of our
« Handbook,” etc,, as follows :—

This big volume frightens one by its very rich-
ness; it isstuffed full. Butonce baving expressed
areservation as to its over-fulness, we do not
hesitate to declare that this Ceylon aunual isa
work of prime value and that it should not be
wanting in any Colonial Library,

Leaving aside the Directory and whatever con-
cerns purely local interests, we would einphasize
particularly the chapters entitled ‘* Review of the
Agricultural and Planting L[udustries of Ceylon.”
It occupies with the allied statistics more than
200 pages anil deserves the highest praise for the
critical spirit, the accuracy and the earnestness
or seriousness which characteiise the author’s

work. It is not all at onee that one comes to
establish such a monument -of research and
patience, The first review of this hind was pub-

lished in 1877. Since then the work has been
renewed in 1881, 1883, 1885, 1888, 1890, 1891, 1893,
1895, 1898 and finally in May 1901.

* J, Ferguson, Ceylon Handbock and Directory,
1901. In 8° 1780 pages, imprimées en tres petits
caractéres. Chez FERGUSON & Colombo, et chez
tous les agents du ‘* Tropical Agriculturist,”

770

The author gives in succession the history and
the statistics of all the great planting industries
of the islands; he also draws up a summary of
all the efforts at introducing new preducts, at-
tempted whether by private persons or public
institutions, Each paragraph closes with a rapid
glance at rival countries and their produce or out-
put. One also finds numerous bibliographic indi-
cations and suggestions.

In most cases, the documents quoted or referred
to, whether in the text or in @ note, appeared first
in the Tropical Agriculturist and Mr, Ferguson
never fails toemphasise the fact with legitimate
pride. Some of the paragraphs, which thus set forth
tue planting industries which have made the
prosperity of Ceylon, are truly most remarkable ;
nothing of the kind could possibly be better doné,
We shall, perhaps, some day be able to give a

‘more complete idea ef the way in which Mr.
Ferguson publishes in his journal a translation of
articles concerning various cultivalions of parti-
cular interest for the foreigner.

One must also take note of the commercial

studies and World’s Statistics of the different great
agricultural products ; this chapter forms a sort
of complement to the preceding one ; the list of
the authorities consulted for the review, quoted on
page 184], gives some idea of the enormous labour
involved in collecting all these figures.
- The volume contains also, like its predecessor, a
list of Ceylon patents (pages 369-3872). This will
be invaluable tor inventors of all countries who
have todo with machinery for tea or other tropical
products as well as for anyone interested in tools
used on plantations.

Between the Tariff of Batta or Allowances to
Witnesses and Jurors and the legislation relating
to coolies there isan excellent Report on Ceylon
Woods and their adaptability for Tea Chests.
Also, some hundreds of pages further on, comes a
General List of Ceylon Woods, inserted just
before a very useful little study on the Coconut
Oil Trade from 1860 to 1901.

THE PLANTING INDUSTRY AND
THE PEOPLE OF INDIA.
[The following appears in the London Times
of March 29th.—Ep. 7.A.]

(To the Editor of the Times.)

Sir,—Will you allow me to mention one
fact, overlooked by the recent tea-planting
deputation to jSir M. Hicks-Beach, that is
calculated to give the Government and
people of the United Kingdom a greater in-
terest in the planting industvy of India and
Ceylon than anything hitherto advanced ?
It is that every acre opened by British capital-
ists in ten, coffee cacao, &e., means the
support, directly or indivectly, of not fewer
than five native men, women, and children.
Tea alone affords, therefore, a livelihood to
between 45 and 5 millions of the people in
India and Ceylon (almost entirely India,
hecause the latter drawn its estate coolies
from Southern India) This should afford
the best justification for the Viceroy and the
Governor of Ceylon deprecating an increase
in the tea duty, which would inevitably
vesult in a great many acres being thrown
out of cultivation. The Secratary of State

THE .‘TROPIVAL AGRICULTURIST.

(May i, 1909,

for India and his advisers should specially
note this fact.—Truly yours,
J. FERGUSON, of the Ceylon Observer
and Tropical Agriculturist,
Colombo, March 6.

———____——_ ¢

INDIARUBBER IN NATAL,

ITS CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION.
Y ANTHONY WILKINSON IN THE *f NATAL
AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL,”

Some years ago I tried the experiment of planting
an acre of ‘‘ Manihot Glaziovii, or the Ceara rubber
tree of South Ameria. Mr. Medley Woo', curator
of the Durban Botanic Gardens, was kind enough
to furnish me with roots and cuttings of Ceara
from trees he had growing in the Gardens,
and wished me to try an experiment on a larger
scale. I planted an acre of Manihot with coffee
plants between. The rubber trees grew well and
seeded abundantly, and at four years old, when
the trees got to a good size, 4 to 5 inches in dia-
meter, on scoring the bark to extract the rubber,
although the rubber was of“ good quality and very
elastic, the collecting or getting of it was slow and
costly. Accordingly, I came to the conclusion
that the experiment would not pay, unless the
trees could be tapped and the juice collected in
quantity, as is done in South America, and fur-
ther that Natal was not sufficiently tropical to
make good flow of sap. Coming to these conelusions
T cut the trees down, but still the trees come up
again from the seeds every year, and grow luxu-
riantly 5 or 6 feet high in the first year, showing
the climate to be suitable for their growth. Among
my coffee I have a_self-sown Ceara only three
years old, and over 20 teet high. The red sandy
soil of the coast such as that of Berea, Durban,
would be the most suitable. The seeds left to
mature do not come up for a year or two. By
some, filing is recommended, but this is a tedious
process ; tapping them with a smal! hammer until
they crack serves as well, and is much quicker.
The plan adopted to collect the rnbber, with the
Ceara rubber trees, is to strip off the thin outer
bark, which is like brown paper, and expose the
green bark. This inner bark is then scored across
with aknife at an angle, and the inilky juice or
sap then exudes and dries on in an nour or two,
and can be peeled off and wound up in balls, but
the process 1s so slow with thecoolie women em-
ployed at 61 per day that 1 found it would cost
about 5s per pound for the labiur of collecting,
and the. product would be woith only about 2s per
pound. Now it strikes me very foreibly that, if a
cheaper way of extracting the rubber were adopted,
itv would pay well. The rubber is there, of good
quality, but the qneslion is how to get it out.
My idea is this: to plant the trees in rows, 12
or more feet apart, like large hedges, and at two
or three years o'd, when large enough, in the spring
or early summer, when thesap is rising, to slash
off the small branches and leaves, and erush them
in asmall steam sngar-mill, and let the juice run
into a tank of water. The residue of branches
and Jeaves wonld then be put into a hydranlie
press, with steam outside, and pressed as long as
the sap would flow, The rubber juice would coag-
ulate in the water, and iubber raked ont
and squeezed by hand into balls and dried. By
this method the trees would be pollared and
dwarfed, and could be cut and trimmed once or

May 1, 1902.]

twice a year, as found advisable. It would be
necessary to keep the land well-ploughed and
scarified between the rows, for all would depen l
on the cultivation received. The rows, if in tilly
land, would require to be run oa the level, so as
to cultivate cheaply with horses or mules. There are
several other plants which would vive good rubber,
if treated in this manner and well cultivated. The
Bzeaunmantia, a white-flowering creeper of the
order ‘* Apocynaceer, ” the Borneo rubber creeper,
grows well here in Natal, and [ have no doubt
many native plants would be found to produce
good rubber. If this plan of extracting rubber
from the plants were found to answer, it would
revolutionise the rabber trade ina few years, ard
rubber could be grown to any extent, like sugar,
Moreover, the supply of rubber, owing to the de
struction of the trees, is decreasing, whilst the de
mand for the article, which is now being appiied
to somany different purposes, is steadily increas-
ing, and therefore there is no fear of the market
being over-stocked, India-rubber being so valua-
ble an article, worth £200 to £300 a ton, there is
a lage margin tor profit. For an energetic young
man wanting something todo and to trya new
industry, [ would recommend it, but remember
the old American sage’s saying: ‘‘ Be sure you
are right, then go ahead.” I[ feel pretty sure there
js money in it.

Mr. James Gregson, writing in the same journal
with reference to a former and more enthusiastic
article, says:—‘‘In 1895 and 1896 [I had Natal
rubber offered me repeatedly at 1s 81 per lb., but
Talways thought it too dear at the price. LIre-
member Para rubber going up to 43 91 per Ib.
just before the Baring Bank tailure; and at that
time there was some splendid Madagascar rubber
on the market, for which they were asking 3s.
per lb., but it would not sell at the figure, although
it is the cleanest and strongest rubber next .to

Para I have bought tlake rubber as low as 6d.
per lb. I do not know any African rubber which

does not lose from 25 to 3) per cent. in washing
and masticating. I have known Mozambique rub-
ber to lose 60 per cert. in washing aud masticat-
ing, and all African rubbers lose from 25 to 60 per
cent. I was never asked above 2s per lb. either in
London or Liverpool for Copvgo Ball, andit is one
of the cleanest: and strongest. African rubbers
known. Lethim (the Professor) send a sample to
Moseley’s of Manchester, or Machellan’s of Glas-
gow, or W Waruer of ‘Tottenham, and they will
give its proper market value. Rubber-growing
ought to pay in Natal, if kept clean, and not
tuo much sand is put in.”—Zhe India-Rubber
Trades’ Journal, March 31.

Hvek 3s MrT EY SG8 SOU BINE
THE MYCOLOGIST’S REPORT FOR 1901 ,
DEVELOPING NEW ORANGES.

AMERICAN EXPLRIMENTS.

A large crop of paper bags seems tobe the yield of
‘a little tree which stands. n the grounds of the
Department of Agriculture at Washington. There are
about 50 of these bags, each with the neck tied firmly,
as close inspection discloses about one of the terminal
twigs. The effect, writes a contributor to the ‘‘New
York Sun,’ is rather grotesque. The tree is the parti-
cular charge of Professor Herbert J Webber, who
with his assistant is responsible for its bagging. It is
a species of orange tree, the variety having been
brought to the United States from China about ten
years ago with the idea of using it for hedges, It is
evergreen, grows about 30 feet high and has sharp

THE TROPICAL AGRICULITURIST.

771

thorns, The fruit is small and runty, and quite unfit
for food. Bat the fact that it flourishes as far north as
Maryland, Keutucky, Indiana and Missouri, gives it a
great value to scientists, who are experimenting with
a view to securing amore hardy breed of orange;

And this is the explanation of the crop of paper
bags. The blossoms of the tree have just beed
crossed with the Si Michacl and Siguina oranges,
which are the standard varieties cf sweet Florida
fruit. Professor Webber is trying to secure a hybrid
which will retain the edible qualities of the sweet
Florida orange and at the same time preserve the
hardiness of the Chinese mother tree. The paper bags
are used to protect the flower which has been
fertilised with the pollen of the sweet orange. The first
step inthe operation of cross-fertilisation is the re-
moval of the polien-bearing stamen from the. blossom.
This is done with small scissors and pincers. The
petals are also removed, leaving the stigma exposed.
This is all done before the blossoms are fully opened,
for by that time there is danger that bees or other
insects might have carried the pollen from some open
blossoms and deposited it on the stigma. When the
stamen has been completely removed pollen gathered
from the blossoms of the trees in the Government
green house are shaken lightly upon the prepared
flower. Then the bag is tied,tightly in place to make
sure that no pollen from the same tree becomes
mingled with thatalraady used. After the fruit has
had time to begin forming the bags are removed and
the twig marked with a tag, giving the name of the
other parent. —Welbourne Leader, April 5.

oA a
ELECTRIC-MOTOR TEA.WHiGHING
MACHINE.

16 POUNDS A MINUZE.

A novel and intricate apparatus has been in
stalled in the tea warehouse of T H Estabrooks,
St. John, N. B. This is nothing less than an
automatic weighing machine capable of weighing
oat 16 separate pounds of tea per minute. I[t is
an ingenious contrivance. Krom a hopper in the
floor above, the tea is conveyed to the machine
by a funnel fitted with automatic jaws, which
close the moment 1 lb, of tea is deposited on the
pair of scales, In the meantime a bag is being
pressed up beneath the pan, which revolves, and
into this package the tea is dumped, while an-
other pan takes the place of the first (there are two
pans). The whole contrivance is run by a small
electric motor, and it can be adjusted to any weight
and regulated. It is saidto be the first machine of
itskind in Canada, and was madeby Driver, London,
Englanid.—Indian Planters’ Gazette, March 29,

MR. CARRUTHERS ON FUNGAL

DISHASES.

It is an evidence of how the work of the
Scientific Staff at Peradeniya is growing
that the report of the Assistant Director
this time, in place of following that of Mr.
Willis in a sessional paper, is given publi-
city separately in one of the | circulars
issued by the Botanic Gardens. This circular
we will, as usual, reproduce in full in. our
7. A. and need therefore only mention here
that Mr. Carruthers supplies a very interest.
ing, as well as adequate, report dealing with
Environmental as well as Fungal Diseases,
with ‘* Leaf, Diseases of Tea,” with “Spore
Distribution Experiments,” gives hints as
to Tea Blight Investigation,” « Gray

772 THE TROPICAL
Blight on Young Shoots,” ‘* Root Disease
of ‘Vea,” ‘* Cacao Canker and other Diseases,”
“ Grevillea Disease,”—for which « special
circular is later on to be issned,—“ Finger
and ‘Toe Disease of Cabbages, ete.” ‘ Fungi
causing Rotting of Timber,” “ Fungus on
tubber,” [this refers to fungus which grows
upon samples of Para Rubber—it does not
seem to be of much importance], * Other
Disenses of Plants,” ‘“ ‘Bluestone’ as a Weed-
killer,” “Grass Seeds for Pastures and Lawns,”
* Cacao Cuttings,” ‘“ Measurements of Cacao
Pods,” with illustrations, which Mr. Carruth-
ershad previously frunished to our monthly ;
“Selection of Seed in Cacao Pianting,” ‘Polli-
nationof Cacao,” and “ Tours and Planters’
Association Meetings.” These allshow that Mr,
Carruthers has a good many subjects under

his observation and we may make sure now ©

that no new trouble or what may appear
to a planter to be a new disease, will be
allowed to escape the notice of the Myco-
logist. In the matter of greatest importance,
diseases affecting tea, Mr. Carruthers reports
that tea has been throughout the year 190)
less affected by leaf disease than during 1900.

——-——=

PLANTING NOTES.

A Lucky Orcuip PurcHASE.—An_ orchid
crower at Kenilworth has had a piece of good
inck. Some timeago he boaght for a few shillings
from a dealer abroad an orchid insheath. This
turned ont to be a rare specimen of the Odonto-
glossum Crispum. He gave it the name of ‘* Mabel
Whateley,” and the plant gain'd the award of
merit at the last show of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society in London. He has just succeeded
in disposing of his treasure for the sum of £220.
—-Home paper, March 11.

To INDIAN TEA EXPANSION COMMIITEE.—
We quote the chief details from this Com-
mittee’s latest report, which shows that
subscriptions and the sale of pice. packets
continue satisfactory. As compared with
64,327 packets issued in December last,
j11 640 packets were issued in January and
135,038 in February. This is a notable increase.
Similarly the number of one pie cups of
tea sold almost doubled itself within the
three months in question. The sale of the
pice packets and the brewed tea, we notice,
does not yet cover cost, so the working ex-
penses of the Commission have been some-
what increased. The Commissioners, how-
ever, hope that these methods will prove
a valuable means of fostering the habit of
tea drinking amongst the people of India.
An outside opinion of the Commission’s work
that is very encouraging recently appeared in
the British Medicai Journal. ‘* When one
comes to consider,” says that journal, “the
awful death-rate among the Indian poor
from such diseases as cholera, bowel com-
plaints, and malignant fevers, all of which
owe their origin to the drinking of impure
and unboiled water, one is struck with the
life-saving prospect of a scheme such as that
of popularising the drinking of tea, since
teaemaking entails water-boiling, and this
kills all germs that produce disease.”

AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1902,

MALARIAL FEvpr.—An Indian contemporary
writes :—It is satisfactory tosee that the Italian
Government and Italian men of science are ener-
getically following up the question of the connexion
between mosqnito bites and the spread of nialaria,
They are now specially working at the question of
what practical measures can be taken to destrey
mosquitoes, It has been discovered that there is
apacticular aniline dye which, even when very
dilute, will kill the larvee of mosquitoes. There
is also a powder made from the flowers of the
Pyrcthrum Roseum which is said to be very
efficient against mosquitoes when burnt ina room
or distributed through the air by means of bellows,
Experiments ina slightly different direction have
been conducted by Professor Grassi during the
past summer, with a view to ascertaining what
drugs are most efficient in destroying the malarial
poison. Be selected one of the most malarious
places in Italy—Ostia, at the mouth of Tiber—and
administered te a number of persons pills composed
of qninine, arsenic, iron, and a further ingredi-
ent which is somewhat unscientifically described
in the Consular Keport as “bitter herbs.” The
resnits seem to have been satisfactory, and Dr.
Grassi is preparing a full report on them, which
will be published in English? well as Italian.

THe TEA INDUSTRY.—Speaking at the Society
of Arts in a paper by MrF H Skrine on * Bengal”
some interesting remarks were made by Mr. T.
Durant Beightonwho said that the two subjects on
which he wished specially to speak were tea and
famine, No doubt the reader of the paper wae
accurate in saying that Mr W H Verner was the
first. person to introduce tea into Jalpaiguri, but
in justice to himself he (Mr Beighton) wished to
say that who when he joined that: district of
the Duars as Deputy-Commissioner in 1876 the
number of tea gardens was only six or seven,
but Curing his incumbency they increased to
50 or 60. The present condition cf the industry
was very serious. Over-production had glutted the
‘markets of the world, particularly the British
markets, and the planters had not the power
of combination of which he should like to see
them possessed. They should borrow a little of
that aptitude from the other side of the Atiantic
for the making of trusts. The tea planters of
Ceylon and the tea planters of the Tea Asso-
ciation of Calcutta ought to combine and take
some steps inthe direction of effectively limiting
the output especially of low grade teas and of
getting rid of some of the evils which un-
doubtedly now affected the conduct of the
business. He wished to enter his emphatic pro-
test against any further burden being put upon
tea. Of all the industries which had flourished
since our rule had commenced, that of the tea
plantations had been upon the whole of the
greatest good to the over-weighted population of
that country. No doubt, when the gardens were
first opened up, there was a certain amount of
deadly malaria, but after that he believed there
was no healthier occupation or an occupation
more conducive to long life and prosperity of
the coolie, his wifeaud family, ali of whom found
remunerative employment, than employment in
tea gardens and tea estates. There was the
further great advantage that it removed the
population trom congested areas and permanently
settled them where their labour was required
for the development of the country, a.

May 1, 1902.]

THE GAME PROTECTION SOCIETY.

THE REPORT. Saleh

In submitting my report for the year 1901, it is
expedient that I should notice briefly the work done
by the Society during the year, Mr North ©
Davidson’s last annual report, embodying ail ordi-
nances, enactments, and proclamations relating to the
‘protection of game in Ceylon, was_ circulated
amongst members of the Society early in 1901, but it
fails to record the proceedings of meetings held during
the latter portion of the preceding year. Two general
and three sub-Committee meetings were heldand at
these, certain schemes for the better protection of game
were discussed and eventually a definite scheme was
elaborated’ and laid before Government. It dealt
with that very difficult question, the native trade in
deer horns, and recommended that a strict censorship
be placed by Government upon this traffic through
the officers of the Public Works, the Forest and the
Survey Departments, as well as throngh the Presidents
of Gansabhawas, suggesting that all these be armed
with the powers of Itinerating Police Magistrates
Government replied on August 14th, 1900, that the
suggestions laid before them by the Ceylon Game
Protection Society were incapable of being put into
practice, at the same time undertaking to carry ont
a proposal to register and license professional game
trackers,

The Society also expressed its approval of the
Draft Firearms Ordinance as published in the Gov-
ernment Gazette No. 5649 of 29th September, 1899.
The Sub-Committee drafted during the year an appeal
to visiting sportsnien, inviting dunations to the C G.
P Society. [his was duly circulated through the
Government Agents of the various provinces but
appears to have been but feebly responded to, and the
revenue of the Society from this source may be
quoted as too insignificant to be worthy of notice,
Ata general meeting in June, 1900, the introduction
of Indian antelope (Black Buck) was proposed and
duly considered, and at a general meeting in July a
sum of R1,000 was voted for this purpose.

The Hon. Secretary (Mr Davidson) forthwith put
himself into communication with His Excellency the
then Governor of Madras who most kindly and liberally
offered to the C. G. P. S, a number of antelope from
Guindy Park. Nutserous suggestions were made as to
the best localities to stock with these animals and
the hearty co-operation and support of our Govern-
ment Agents in the North and South was promised.
Everything in fact was in train for establishing them
in the island, but unfortunately they had to be caught.
From correspondence submitted to me this difficulty
appeared so great and so likely, in conjunction with
the transport of these fragile animals over sea, to be
attended with loss and considerable cruelty that
upon my assumption of office as Hon. Secretary of
this Society I suspended negotiations with Madras.
The acclimatisation of game is a costly undertaking,
if the efforts made are likely to be crowned with
success; and in my opinion the Society is not suffi-
ciently wealthy to expendsuch a large sum of money
in the face of such doubtful results. Previous ex-
perimental efforts to introduce feathered games
have failed completely, and before any more are
undertaken our list of members as well as our annual
subscriptions should be doubled. Before closing the
resume of the year’s work, I must allude briefly to a
rule that was framed by the Society and put into
operation by Government in 1900-1901. This rule pro-
hibits all shooting of deer and sambur in the Hill
Reserves above an elevation of 4,000 ft, except by
special permission of His Excellency the Governor.
he concession was asked for by the Society with
the object of protecting sambur in those portions of
the Hill reserves where elk-hunting could be in-
dulged in. The subject was freely discussed and it
was competent for eny member of the Society to
oppose the rule or to propose a modification of it,
Unfortunately the Province of Uya does not appear to

97

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

773

have been represented at the meetings, or if it wa

the voice of protest was not raised and the rule passed
into practical law. I say ‘‘unfortunately’ for it has
given rise to bitterness on the part of certain Uva
members who had been in the habit of shooting red
deer and who complain that they are debarred by this
rule from a sport they had hitherto enjoyed on their
patnas, at elevations exceeding 4,000 feet. The resigna-
tion of the Honorary Secretaryship by Mr. N.C

Davidson occurred during the year and in January,
1901, I was elected to fill the post. The year 1901
was not remarkable for any great change or im-
provement in the constitution or scope of the Society,
Three general meetings were held in Nuwara Eliya
and the Sub-committee had under consideration two
importint papers from Government, dealing (1) with
the Yala Sanctuary and (2) with a proposal to enforce
old Forest Laws, The recommendations by the Sub-
committee with regard to both these have been
approved by the Government. I. In Mr. Horsburgh’s
report on Sanctuary that gentleman made certain
suggestions in paragraphs 24,25 and 28. These wereap-
proved of by the Committee and subsequontly adopted
by Government. II The application of sub-sections

D of section 26 of Ordinance 10 of 1685 was recom-
mended by the Assistant Government Agent of
Nuwara Eliya to Reserved Forests and it will prob-
ably be put into effect.

SUBSCRIPTIONS AND MrmBurs.—It is a great pleasure
to me to be able to report that many subscriptions,
which had remained unpaid during the two or three
preceding years, were paid up during 1901. A few
resignations, hitherto urrecorded, were received from
members who had ceased to subscribe for some years
and a few members were lost by their leaving the
island. It is a matter for regret that the new mem-
bers who have joined during the year fail to make
up the deficiency in numbers due to the causes above-
mentioned. It isalso regrettable that more pecuniary
support is not forthcoming and, if in future years it
is found that some of the old sporting centres are
played out and barren ofgame, the younger generation of
sportsmen will bave only themselves to blame for their
apathy.of today. Moreover, should the C.G. P. S. lapse
and allow its duties and responsibilities to be absorbed
by Government, there will be uo reasonable ground
for surprise if it be found that Government, having
paid for the protection of game, shows a disinclination
to grant practically unrestricted sporting rights such
as we epjoy today. To maintain our position and
to ensure a hearing for our suggestion3, the Game
Protection Society of Ceylon should be a stronger and
@ more representative body than itis at present. We
should not lose sight of the fact that its scope is
exceedingly limited and restricted by the laws of the
land, and that the power the Society possesses is
measured by the length of its purse or in other
words by its balance at the bank. To enable us to
wield this power effectively, we must devote most of
our resources to the payment of game watchers,
Under this heading progress is being made
and much good is being done in the hills,
The destruction of sambur by cooliesand by poaching
gangs generally has almost ceased. ‘’'wo watchers,
paid by Government at the rate of R15 each per
month, are subsidised to the extent of R5 each out
of the Society’s funds, Twoforest peons are also in
receipt of the same sum monthly from the same source,
In the low country the Yala Sanctuary is watched
by night watchers employed by Government and in
the proposed new Sanctuary in the Puttalam District
four men are to be employed.

The Society pays R30 per month for two watchers
in the Meda and Kadawatte Korales under the super:
vision of the Madawelletenne Ratamahateya. During
the year under review a sum of R20 per month
was applied for by the Haputale Branch Society and
in my opinion this should be disbursed from the
Society’s tunds. I would further suggest that four-
fifths of the Uva subscriptions be added to this
amount, so that an efficient system of protection

774

may be established over a wide area of country, extend.
ing, if possible, south to Tanamalvila and across to the
northern limit of the Yala Sanctuary. ‘This would
provide at least a measure of protection to almost
the whole of the Uva Province. With a careful selection
of watchers and some supervision from the Honora:y
Secretary of the Haputale branch there is no reason
why the Game Centres of Uva should not receive
a large measure of protection by these means. The
subject of Branch Societies was again brought up
at a general meeting held on May 8:h 1901 and the
distribution of game watchers was discussed. It was
eventually resolved that the latter should be post
poned until Branch Societies had been formed.

Onthe17th October, 1901, the Hon. Secretary of Hapu-
tile Branch introduced a resolution against the rule
prohibiting sll shooting of game over 4,000 feet

This resolution was eventually withdrawn in favor
of an amendment to the effect that it should be
permissible to stalk sambur with the rifle where
registered packs are limited and at any elevation.
‘It was also resolved at the same time that red deer
be removed from the list of protected game, A
copy of the above resolution was forwarded to Gov-
ernment by the Hon. Secretary with the expression
of a hope that they would be favourably considered.
The Hon. the Colonial Secretary replied as follows :—

Colonial Secietary’s Office,
Colombo, November 20th, 1301.

Sir,—With reference to your letter of the 30th Octo-
ber, 1901, regarding the shooting of sambur and deer
in the Hill Districts above 4,000 feet, I am directed
by His Excellency the Governor to explain to you that
the ‘‘rule’’ referred to by you is enforced solely by
an instruction to the Government Agents to refiain
from issuing licenses to shoot game in any district
above the elevation referred to.

9, It would be impossible to grant a license in
respect of any special class of ‘‘ game.”—I am, sir
your obedient servant.

(Signed), A. G. Cuayton, for Ool. Secy.

The Honorary Sec., The Game Protection Society.

BRANCH SOCIETIES.

I regret being unable to report any addition to
the number of these during the past year but I
do not abandon all hope on this point. Mr.
p. R. Shand, the erergetic Honorary Secretary of
the Nawwalapitiya Branch, sends me the names of
16 members who have paid their subscriptions for
1902 and writes hopefully of future support;—

‘On information received from our local watcher
on 3lst October last 1 wrote to the Government
Agent, Kandy, that an ell had been killed at
Padupola for a former Aratchchi of that place.

“The Ratemahatmaya of the district was in-
structed {o prosecute and the man was fined R25,
which seems little enough as he killed the elk in the
close season. The Branch Asscciation or Society
started here has brought in a lot of new members.
There were 17 on my old list and there are now
over 40 on the new one.

P. R. SHAND.”

Not having received any financial report for
1901, I am unable to give any information
as to what work has been done. In Ilaputale
LT eannot help feeling that there is a slightly re-
viving interest being shewn in the matter of game
protection, and it is to be hoped that the Branch
sociely there will be able to show a good record
of work doue this time next year. There is ample
scope for hearty and undivided efforts.

Since writing the above, I have received from
Mr P R Shand a list of members for 190] and
u statement of expenditure for that year.

Mr SuAND proposes handing over to the Parent
Society 25 percent of his total subscriptions and
retaining the balance (after providing for last

THE TROPICAL AGRICULLURIST.

\May 1, 1902.

year’s expenses) asa nucleus for further needs
nd requirements. This arrangement, I think
would work quite satisfactorily, provided ,the
estimate of requirements were sent in to thie
Parent Society in timefor the annual meeting in
March or April.

It would I think, be only right and proper that
the Committee of the Parent Society should pass
the estimate and sanction the expenditure.

SANCTUARIES.—During 1901 the Yala Game
Sanctuary was visited officially by Mr Hosburgh the
Assistant Government-Agent at Hambantota and
his very able and exhaustive report was doubtless
read by all members of the Society. There are
certain paragraplis in that report—viz. : 24, 25, 28
—which were suggested by Mr. Horsburgh and
which were subsequently approved of by His Ex-
cellency the Governor. The two former recom-
mended that houses be provided for the three
newly-appointed watchers and the clearing of one
of the boundaries. The latter suggested that the
country adjacent to Kirindi, Tissa and Palutupane
be closed to all non-resident sportsmen. ‘This is a
concession that might well form a precedent in the
case of other tracts of game country in the is!and.
Through the cou:tesy of the Hon. Mr Fowler I
have recently learned that an efficient water sup-
ply has been provided for within the sanctuary and
a proper system of patrolling has been estab-
lished. Game is reported as very plentiful, tame
and in good condition. I am also indebted to
Mr. H, R. Spence, the Assistant Conservator of
Forests, North-Wes‘ern-Province, for the follow-
ing information with regard to the proposed new
Sanctuary in the Puttalam District of the North-
Western-Province. Lt will consist of all the
country lying north of the Kaluoya,some 112,600
acres in extent. It will probably be placed under
the charge of the Assistant Conservator of Forests
and four watchers who will be paid by Govern-
ment. All the reportsI have received from the
Yala Sanctuary clearly set forth the benefits deriy-
able from these protected areas and the Society
should now approach Government with a view to
obtaining sanction to form sanctuaries of its own.

Complaints have reached me from Trincomalee
from time to time of a vast amount of poaching
and game slaughter in that and adjourning dis-
tricts both in and out of season, but unfortunately,
in spite of the quantity of game killed by the
officers of His Majesty’s services in that neighbour-
hood, the C G P Society receives no pecuniary
support from that quarter,

DONATIONS.

I am glad to be able to report the receipt of two
handsome donations to the Society during the past
12 months : one of £10 from that well-known sports-
man and member of this Society, Mr H A Oliver-
son; and one of R100 from Sir Edward Kinahan,
who has recently been on a shooting trip to the
island. Three others of small amounts have been
received from Messrs. Jowitt, i R Findlay and H
Storey. These donations are encouraging to an
Hony. Seceretary, and I cannot too heartily express
the thanks of the Society for them, nor can I too
emphatically commend them to tle notice of others,
Before closing this paper, I feel it to be my duty as
Hony. Secretary to enter a protest on behalf of the
Seciety against the practice of allowing inexperien-
ced sportsmen to destroy elephants that may prove
themselves troublesome within the scockade of a
Kraal, and the recent instance at Kurunegalaem-

\

May 1, 1903] THE TROPICAL

phasies the necessity for this in a marked degree.
It was not an edifying spectacle fur crowds of
natives to witness, nor a credit to those engaged
in it,

PRODUCE AND PLANTING.

Mr. J. Ferguson of the Ceylon Observer
writes :—Certainly it is well to rub in the labour
view of the question, and the figures given are
very much to the point, but presumably Sir M.
Hicks-Beach and the majority of thinkiug people
at home are aware that natives are employed in
large numbers on Indian and Ceylon tea gardens,
and that these will suffer if the industry be
restricted. The Secretary of State for India and
his advisers can hardly be ignorant of the fact
either, althongh the figures given by Mr. Fergnsoa
may come as a surprise to them. [Our contem-
porary forgets that the London Yimes editorialiy
asked by what right the Viceroy of India and
others interfered in the financial arrangements
ot the United Kingdom. We think our figures
give the best reason and justification.—Eb. C. O.

The annual general meetings of the following
tea companies bave been held in Colombo and
dividends declared: Castlereagh Tea Company
of Ceylon, Limited, final dividend of 3. per
cent., making 8 per cent. for the year ;
Drayton (Ceylon) Estates Company, Limited,
5 per cent., making 8 per cent. for the year ;
Uvakellie Tea Co:npany of Ceylon, Limited,
7 per cent.; Palmerston Tea Company of Ceylon,
Limited, 24 per cent., making 5 per cent for the
year; Yataderia Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited,
20 per cent. Discussing the

INDIAN TEA CROP

for 1901-02, and commenting upon the estimates
of the Indian Tea Association, the
says: ‘To form some approximate idea of what
was about the quantity of Indian Tea grown in
1991, we must take into account the amounts
that were probably raised in the ‘ private’
and other gardens, which, we venture to say,
were of too great importance to be entirely
ignored. These, it is not unreasonable to
assume, conld hardly have fallen below 10,000,0001b
of tea, equal to nearly as much as was gathered
of the last scason’s combined crops in the Dar-
jeeling and Terai districts. This quantity, added
to that returned for all other centres of tea cul-
tivation in India, would bring the grand total
crop fer 1901-2 up to 175,263,453 |b, as against
188,937,257 lb (including every kind and place of
growth) for 1900-01, Here 1s plainly shown a
difference or deficiency of over 13,703,0c0lb in the
crop now coming to a finish, Treated another way,
by reckoning the yields in regions where precis
returns are easily obtainable, the decrease is almost
as great, viz., fully 12,415,000 lb. Such an abridg-
ment in the general supply of tea fromone par-
ticular source in a single season could not fail,
as we have seen, to exercise a very favourable
influence on the market for importers, raising
prices for the common sorts by 21 per lb from the
lowest point in their favour. A well-xuown Mine-
ing Lane authority observes that ‘ the producer
has it largely in his power to make or mar.’ It is
certain, atany rate, that, if growers are again placed
in the position they occupied in 1900-1, when they
had to force a quautity out of all proportion tocon.
suming possibilities down the throat of the trade
they will again feel the inevitable result of
transgcessing the laws of supply and demand.
The heavy extensions carried oub about the

** Grocer” -

AGRICULTURIST. 775
middle of last decade are only just coming into
full maturity, and under normal weather the
approaching crop may easily be got out of hand
Speaking generally, no disturbing feature mar
the outlook ,if only the market is not over-fed
The use of tea is becoming more and more com-
mon throaghont the civilised world, and some
compensation may here be found for the low
prices which have accompanied excessive supplies,
and no doubt aided the opening of new markets.
The grower has, however, sown freely to his cost:
let him now pay attention to the reaping. To
judge trom Ceylon figures the determination to
limit quantity is being well sustained. India
should in the coming season see that she also
follows a like policy.” —H. & C, Mail, April 4.

PEPPER [N WYNAAD.

Wynaad, April 15th.—Considerable uneasiness
has been felt, during the past year, at the blights
which have worked a certain amount of damage
amongst the vines in parts of the district, and
hitherto no specific prophylactic seems to have
been discovered, On the other hand liberal eulti-
vation including the application of plenty of
farmyard comp st, has been followed by most
satisfactory results on the vines raised through
fields of Arabiea coffee, and on one estate the
yield this season where such conditions obtain
has been phenomenal, and is estimated at con-
siderably over 12 ewts. of the dried spice per
acre. Whenit is borne in mind that 5 ewts. per
acre is deemed a good pepper crop, the above
return will appear to be the more striking. Ou
the yarden_ referred to little, if any, disease has
shown itself, though the property has been under
coffee and pepper for somewhere about 30 and 20
years.—VWadras Mail.

———————~—____.
RHEA FIBRE SYNDICATE.

A Company is being formed under the name of
the Bengal Rhea Syndieate Company for the
purpose of supplying machinery and aiding the
planter in the cultivation of rhea. This beautiful
fibre, unlike the aloe, which is grown only for
ropage, can be used for a variety of purposes, from
the manufacture of a silk pocket handkerchief to
a hawser, and as it bas been conclusively proved
that it can be successfully grown in this district,
rhea should have a future before it in Behar.
The Syndicate’s object is to facilitate the eul-
tivation and manufacture of rhea aud, although
they are fully engaged for some time to come,
applications have been received to extend their
terms ‘oanumber of other concerns, should the
Syndicate decide to increxse its ecapital.—Indian
Planters’ Gazette, April 26.

eS

A PossiI3sLE RUBBER YIELDING PLANT.—The
Governor of Zanzibar has sent seeds of Taberance-
montana wsambarensis to the Agri-Horticul-
tural Society of Madras, with a note that the
fruit attains the size of an ordinary melon and ex-
udes a juice very much hike rubber. Mr. Ca-
vanagh notes that the whole plant appears to
contain a gr2at amount of white milky fluid which
flows from the slightest bruise on the bark, or
from a cracked Jeaf. About sixty per cent of
the seeds have germinated, and are looking strone
and healthy.—Indian Gardening and Planting,
April 17.

776

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS.

REPORT FOR 1901. i

We are enabled, through the courtesy of
the Acting Government Printer, to give
the greater part of the Report of the
Director and of his Assistints as a Supple-
ment, and we need here only call
attention to a few salient points. It
is satisfactory to learn that last year, so
depressing in respect of the price of our staple,
was free from any serious epidemic of
‘plant diseases. The success of ** camphor ”
as a minor product,--we hear of distiiling
being successiully carried on by private
parties, notably on a Kotmale estate, —and
the discovery that we have in‘igenous
guttapercha trees, which yield « gutta in
fair quantity by simple tapping, which,
though not of good quality, may prove
commercially valuable, are two very inter-
esting facts, Indiarubber being now an
established planting industry within the
certain limited area adapted to its culti-
vation, the export of appreciable quantities,
much valued in the London market, has
begun and may be expected to increase very
steadily. There is also much to encourage
the extension of Cinchona planting—which,
by the way, must be in districts too high
for Rubber—and there is room probably
with judicious selection of the land, to add
to the area under Cacao; while most cer-
tainly more should be done in Pepper. Mr.
Carruthers’ Report has already been. the
subject of notice. From the Mycologist’s
Report, we are glad to see that there is some
hope of successfully introducing Sericulture
—so frequently the subject of spasmadic
experiments in Ceylon—and of getting the
Sinhalese to take it up in certain rural
districts. And why notalso Apiculture ?—we
would ask Mr. Green, this being another
industry well within his province. He will
know that we have two honey-making bees
peculiar to Ceylon; but we are unaware ofany
local attempt to domesticate them, though
an American Apiculturist (now Professor
in the Agricultural Department at Washing
ton) took away colonies of these bees to
try in Cyprus and Michigan, with what
result we have never definitely heard. Mr.
Green’s Report shows that he has had a
thoroughly busy and useful year. In the
opinion of many planters Mr. Herbert
Wright, ‘‘ the Scientific Assistant” is ‘‘the
coming man,” and on the Experimental
Station at Gangaroowa, he ought to have
abundant scope for useful work that may
have important results. His investigations
into gutta-yielding trees are likely to add
anew export erelong. His Report as Acting
Curator also shows much useful work. Mr.
Nock has, as usual, a very interesting
Report to furnish of the Hakgala Gardens
and connected work: 2,000 camphor plants
have been distributed and 4,0L0 more were
being got ready to send ont. An experi-

ment in growing Mango trees (seeds got
from trees growing at 4,200 feet above

serlevelin Madagascar) at this high eleva-
vation will be watched with interest. We
ave not told much of the subordinate
Gardens wt Henaratgoda, Anuradhapura and

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[May 1, 1902.

Badulla—save that the latter is now a great
ornament to the town and that Pimento
has there fruited well and should be worth
a trial as a minor product throughout Uva;
while a new Australian fodder grass is also
growing well.

——__—__$_——$_§_<_<§_

THE COST OF PLANTING RUBBER.

Many inquiries are made as to the cost per acre
of planting rubber trees, which work, to the nnini-
tiated, doubtless seems a very sunple matter. But
it is evident, from the priated reports of some of
the large plantation compenies, that the mere set-
ting out of the young secdiings must represent but
a small part of the work necosary in forming a
plantation on land just reclaimed from the native
forest, Before there can be any planting, must
come the establishment of a community of laborers
—which does not, of course, exist in a forest-
covered region. The work of clearing is no small
matter, aud this is followed by the planting, con-
tinued probably throngh several years, with simul-
taneous care of the trees already set out. It seems
to be the part of economy to produce on the plan-
tation, as far as possible, crops necessary for the
subsistence of the men and animals employed, and
not a few companies are engaged also in the culti-
vation of “ side crops” for market, such as will yield
an income while the rubber trees are reaching «@
productive age.

On one plantation in Mexico, a report of which
has reached us, although the greater part of the
projected rubber planting remiins to be done, a
village has grown up, with a population varying from
250 to 500, a municipality has been organized and
a post office established. There is a company store,
carrying a stock of goods valued at $03,000 Mexican ;
a meat market, blacksmith’s shop, laundry, saw mill,
brick-making plant, and lime kiln; and also a school
for the children cn the plantation and a salaried
plantation physician. There is even a police force—
paid for, like everything else mentioned above, by the
company. Itis only by making an outlay for these
various purposes that a supply of labor can be in-
sured for the coming years of development which
must precede the first yield of cultivated rubber
from this plantation. There must be labor for con-
structing buildings, laying out roads, building
numerous small bridges, and for planting the various
quick producing crops—all of which work is carried

. on while other laborers are clearing land, making

rubber nurseries, and transplanting rabber seedlings
and caring for them for the first few years. More-
over, some outlay is often necessary for creating
means of transportation to the nearest railway or
seaport.

Of ccurse the plantation referred to is one of the
larger enterprises of this class in Mexico; but even
on the small private plantations the owner does not
calculate to plant or live by rubber alone. There
are, on the small as well asthe large estates, many
items of outlay beyond the mere setting out of
rubber trees, so that the prospective planter who
confines his estimates to this one feature -alone is
likely to be doomed to early disappointment, All! of
which would indicate that the question so often
heard, as to the cost per acre of ‘* planting rubber,”
is much easier asked than answered.—India Ruhher
World, Maich 1.

oS
TWO DISEASES OF CACAO TREES.

The occurrence of the disease known as ‘ thrips’ on the
cacao trees cf Gaadeloupe has been reported upon by
M Ang. Hiot, who stateg that the insects causing the-
disease is widely distributed amony the cacao planta-
tions. The pest was the subject of an article in the
West Indian Bulletin, Vol. 11. pp. 175 190, where its
occurrence in Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia and

May 1, 1902.]

Dominica was noted, witha description of its habits
and distribution in Grenala. The damage tothe cacao
tree is somstimes insignificant, sometimes great,
according to the climate, conditions, drought and neg-
lect rendering the trees very liable to an attack. Expe-
rience shows that, while proper care ofthe trees will
do much to avert the disease, ultimate reliance must
be placed on spraying the tress with kerosene
emulsion, The insect sppearsto be closely allied to
the ‘thrips’ affecting cacao in Ceylon, both the Gre-
nada and Ceylon larva being sharaciorised by a
transverse crimson band.

Prcfessor Giard,to whom a ct his been sent,
has named it Physopus rubrocinc though it has
bes hitherto regarded as b-longing to the genus
Heliothrips, The Geographical distribution, as kaown
at present, is Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia,
Dominica, Guadeloupe and Ceylon. It is not improb-
able that the insect willbe fonnd to occur in the other
parts of the West Indies and South Americ.,

Ashort time ago, attention was drawn to another
disease which attacks cacao trees in Surinam,
producing bunches of malformed twigs called ‘ witch
brooms.’ 1n1900, Professor Bos. of Amsterdam, dis-
covered asci, or fruiting organs, of the Hxoascus type,
on the underside of two rudimentary leaves on the
twigs of the ‘ witch brooms,’ from which he concluded
that the disease was due to a new fungus, related
to those which produce ‘witch brooms’ in other trees
and which he named Hzoascus theobrome. Professor
Went, of the University of Utrecht, has found that in
cacao trees containing ‘witch brooms’ the pods are
attacked by a fungus which causes a swelling at the
side, and finally produces a worthless, hard and
woody pod. He considers that the fungus causing
this malformation, may be allied to that which
produces theswelling, but since, up to the present, no
spores have been observed, the identification of the
fungus has been unsuccessful, The planters in Surinam
findit advisable to cut out the ‘ witch brooms ’ as.soon
a3 they are observed... ‘This metiod is sufficient to keep
the disease from making much headway, but, if carried
on to a large extent, will undoubtedly impair the pro-
ductiveness of the trees.—IJmperial Institute Journal
for April.

ee

PLANTING NOTES.

‘© GREVILLEAS ’ DoomMeEeD?--What is this
news we hear of grevillea trees on estates
in Uva dying out trom a fungus attacking
the roots? Mr. Carruthers has been to see
the evil when it was first observed and, we
believe, approves of the trees being cut
down and dug out. How about grevilleas
in other districts—in Dimbula, for instance ?
We ‘vould strongly advise .a careful in-
spection. There is always the danger of
such disease spreading. Who can tell us if
the “silky oak” (asit is called) is affected
in this way in its native home of Queensland ?

SALE OF DWARF TREKS.—A number of Ja-
panese dwarf trees, and a collection of miniature
British and foreign woodland scenes, belonging
to Mrs. Ernest Ilart, were offered at auction on
Thursday by Messrs. Knight, Frank and. Rutley,
Conduit-street. Several dwarf cedars sold at vood
prices. One, which was catalogued as 10) years
od, with thick twisted t unk and well-balanced
branches, fetched £20. A second, also 10) years
old, and measuring 22in. in height, was sould for
£14 14s. The demand for miniatures was less
brisk ; the prices ob!ained ranged from £6 6s: to
£3 33s. Several lots were purchased on behalf o
Royalty. —Daily Chronicle,. ;

THB TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

by
add

Rupeer, Corer’, &c. tN Anysstnta.—In the
Century Magazine for April there is a paper
py H Le Roux which gives a striking picture of
Menelik’s country. As regards products, here 1s

what is said :—

On the varied levels of the Abyssinian table-land
everything may be cultivated in the way of luxurious
products—rubber, coffse, cocoa, vanilla, spices, mul-
berry, ete. As a matter of fuct. the combination of

tropical heat and au Alpine aititude, so to speak,
produces in Abyssinia climutic conditions which are
cevtainty unique. Thess different plateaux resemble
nothing’ so much as a series of greenhouses placed
one above the other—cold, temperate, and hot. No
matter what the altitude, the temperature is remark-
ably fixed. I was able to live in Abygsinia for
six months, under a tent, at an average of sixty-
five hundred feet, without ever being inconvenienced
by the cold, Wherever I went I met with vineyards
and palm trees, growing readily even at an altitude of
eight thousand feet.. It is true, also, that these
unusual conditions have made Abyssinia an inex-
haustible coffee-granary. The fact is now established
that this precious plant is not only abundant in
Abyssinia, but that it is native to this plateau, It
was from the Akyssinian province of Kaffa that coffee,
hitherto unknown, was first carried into Arabia.
This gave it its name. HKven nowadays the inhabitants
of Kaffa do not take the troable to cultivate the
coffee-plant; they are satisfied to gather coffee wild
under the trees—coffee trees of a size so prodigious that
the natives cut. them down and out of the trunks
mike boards thick enough to build their houses.
The quality of the aroma-is so superior that the
English decidedly prefer it to the true Arabian Mocha,
or, tospeak more literally, to all the Red Sea coffee
which goes to Mocha and there receives a baptism
of good origin. .As things now stind all these products
are raised by the Abyssinians only in proportion to
their limited needs. They are spoiled by this land
of unrivalled fertility, which, in certain places, gives
as many as four harvests a year. They ask of it
merely the cotton necessary to roll themselves in
gay-colored coverings which, when they tr.vel, pro-
tect them against the night chill. They sow just
enough corn, wheat, durra, sorghum, and canary-seed
to live on, and they leave the stretches of land that
fire or continued occupation have devastated to grow
wild as prairie-lands, which serve as pasture for quan-
tities of goats and enormous sheep, who3e wool becomes
a long, shaggy coat, and especially for fine herds of
cows and zebus with humps on their backs which are
luscious eating.

The paper closes as follows :— _

Emperor Menelik gave the definite pledge of hia
esteem for Western civilisation in renouncing with
iron will the isolation wherein his predecessors had
placed all their confidence. In 1882 he addressed to
the President. of the French Republic a letter drawing
up in these terms of his plans of reform: ‘I wish to
open up, to make safe for science, commerce and
industry, the routes which lead from Shoa to the rich.
southern countries.” In order to attain such civilised
ends, the emperor has given his faithful friends, M.
lig and M Chefneux, a grant for all the railroads
which, starting from the French harbor of Jibati, on
the Indian Ocean, at the entrance of the Red Sea,
must in time unite the rich provinces of the west, the
land of gold and coffee, with the shipping-dock where
all the vessels of the world willtouch, Already the
first branch of this railroad, that which connects the
harbor of Jibuti with the mountains of Harar, is
almost fiaished; the deserts cf Issa and Dankali have
been traversed; and the greatest nptural difficulties
presented by the soil have been overcome,

Some allowance must be male for overesanguine
expectations ; but, no doubt, the deve'opment of
Abyssinia is bound to go ahead,

~F
=F
io 5)

SHARE LIST.

ISSUED BY THE

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. — [May 1, 1909,

LONDON COMPANIES
paid. Buy- Sell- Tran-
Company p. sh. ers. evs, saction,

Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 os 8—9
Anglo-Ceylon General Estates Co 100 .. 55-60
Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon ie is 14—24

Do 7 per cent prefs, 100 Ms ne
Public Hall Co., Ltd, 10 ©6110 ah

* De 6 per Ge prefs 1 BA 3—5 a
’ eylon Proprietary Co. 1 A ¢- =
COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS Cron Gea Ons Lid. lv oe 234-34 —
: a Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd. 6 oe 5-5} —
ASSOCIATION, Do: bniata aie Migpecirt age
Revere Lae < asta Co. Ltd, 5 sos 34-32 —
\ erapclla Tea Co., Lt NPB SA 6-8 —
CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES Imperial Tea Hstates Co, Lta. aH vt i eee
i elani Valley Tea Asscn., Ltd. 5 oh 8-5 —
paid Buy- Sell- Trans- le Eblates Co., Be 10) 3, 6-8 —
: anka Plintations Co., Lt 10 ar 4 —
Company p.sh, ers. ers. actions, Nehalus Estates Gita. 4 BM aemelaass
h Estates Co., Ltd. 500 .. 850 825 New Dimbula Co., Ltd. 1s, 2E—B i, ge
eet cires and Coconut Estates 600 ain _— _— Nuwara Kliya ‘lea Estate Co., Ld. 10 —_ %%0=CO
castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100 —_ 95 — Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd. 10 oa 6—7 —
eyion Provincial Estates Co. Ltd.500 500 .. +0 Ragalla Tea Estates Uo., Ltd. 10°. 11-138 —
Glareront Estates Co., Ltd. 100 — — _ Scottish Ceylon Tea Co., Ltd. 10 -j 10-1 —
‘Clunes Tea Co., Ltd. 10045 «80 Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 10)1/ 4...09e=5 ee
Clyde Estates Co., Ltd. 1c 060U ll = Standerd Tea Coc., Ltd. t 6 at O98) on Se
Doomoo Tea Co., of Ceylon Ltd. 100 a 70 8673 The Shell Transport and Trading 4
Drayton Itstate Co., Ltd. LOO). a=nattcs =- Company, Ltd. zl Low 23—34
Eila Toa Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 25 — — Ukuwella Estates Co., Ltd. Che ee par
Estates Co of Uva, Ltd. 590 .. 205 200 Yatiyantota Geylon Tea Co., Ltd. 10 — EAT “yess
Gangawatte Tea Co., Ltd. 100 — - = Do. pref. 6 o/o 10 : 9-10 ae
Glasgow Kstate Co., Ltd. 500 925 =- = 95} : BY ORDER OF [HE COMMITTEE. ale
Great Western Tea Co., Ltd. 5 610 — 610 Colombo, May 9th, 1902.
Gapugahalande Tea Estate Co. 200 — 150 — atest London Prices
Gigh Forests Heatates, Co., Ltd pon wp ea ip Re Bae ah 5
Oe ee Reso Led awe a eau Se RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO.
Kalutara Co., Ltd., 500 — 225 _ rites
Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 100 = 4000 =
Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100 = — 50 (Supplisd by the Surveyor-General.)
Kelani ea Garden Co., Ltd. 100 63 35 -
Kirklees Estate Co., Ltd. 10 «650 — op 1897. | 1898. }1s99. j1900 |A¥ of 19C1 1902
Knavesmire eae Coes Ltd: Ae oe ae — 32yrs.
Te Ure Cae GROESION: Ltd. 500 675 on) is Inch | Inch | Inch. Inch.| Inch.| Inch. Inch
Nahavilla Estate Co., Ltd. £00 -- 800 _— January ..| 3°81 | 2°32 6°98 3°72) 3°24 ]11°91 |" 1°95
Nebcda Tea Co., Ltd. 500 — we — February ..| 1°68 | 1°98 | 2°78] 0°63} 1°89 |] 3°55 | 4°57
Palmerston Tea Co., Ltd. 600 ws. 400 - March «-| 3°66 | 4°21 | 0°88 | 3°71] 4°75 | 5:12 | 6°85
Penrhos Estates Co , Ltd. 100 — $7} _ April -- {10°97 | 22°81 6°66 | 15°12}11°43 | &°71 | 10°OL
Pitakanda Tea Company 600 _ aon - May --| 8°30 | 5°80 |17°73 | 10°63}12°04 | 6°28 | 0°S2*
Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60 soe 40 — June -- {10°14 | 10°94 9°2: 7°83| 8°35 | 5°93
Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 100 ee ae — July ..| 5°24 | 6°15 111 6°77| 4°30 | 4°52
Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd 500 * — —_ August --| 9°09 | 0°97 | 0°62 7°35) 3°79 | 0-46
Rayigam Vea Co., Ltd. 100 Be 49 — September ..| 4°58 | 6°90 | 1°48 4°00} 4°98 | 3-93
Rosborsy Yea Co., Ltd. 100 80 — 7% October ...| 4°71 | 20°60 |1299 | 9:47/14:36 | 3-91
Ruanwella Tea Co., Ltd 100 ee 30 November ../11°65 | 17°38 | 8°58 9°25) 12°55 | 19°84
St. Helier’s Tea Co., Ltd; 500 ae — — December ..| 8°89 | 3-05 | 4°44 5°20} 6°35 | 1°70*

i ¢ ., Ltd. 100 - 12 20 — ———|— —-| ——_. ——| —— | ——
Fe Tau Bree 100 2 _— — Total../82°73 }103°11 {73°48 | 83°68|88°03 |75°86 | 24°20
Tonacombe Estate. Co., ean pat lout BeeD =—

Le tee be rbaeme alien We ee gs MBN tore al * From Ist to 6th May, 0'S2 inch, that is up to 9-30 a.m
Upper Maskeliya Estates Co., on the 7th May.—Ep. CO.

Ltd. ane BOO WS oer cas

akellie Tea Co., of Ceylon
ret, ; ‘ : 100-60 oa CEYLON TEA: MONTHLY SHIP-
Vogan Tea Co,, Ltd., 100 ano 50- --

Wanarajah Tea Co., Ltd. 500... 3990 - MENTS TO UNITED KINGDOM
Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. 100 —, 30 69 ;
AND ESTIMATE.
OrYLON OommeEroraL OomPanigs.
Adam's Peak Hote! Co., Ltd. 100 ae 380 a ;
Bet oe Cee ee bwes Ol 1b AaH, aera Estimate for April 1902—9 to 9} mil. lb.
Ceylon Gen. Steam Navigation: ark Total Shipments Do 1902—9,000,000
Ceylon Ice & Cold Storage Co. Ltd. 100 — 115 .. Do Do Do 1901—8,474,940
Ceylon Bupersenaviont Widices 1 oil mo it galas om Do Do Do 1990—8,924,218
ies’ Co. . Ss 5 7 fe oe
corohe aoa Boome Co., [Estimate for May 1902—10} to 11 million Ib. ]
td 20° 15

te prefs. - 20 . oe = Ne ——
reais, dui dacs bagi olde ao me aa & Tun Dear Hear.—No. 479 of the Illustrated
PaiabD Hotels Company 100 = =— 280 — World of 628, Chiswick High Road, London, W.,
Galle Face Botel Co., Ltd. 100 ne 20 195 England contains a description of a remarkable
Kandy Hotels Co., Te tan TBS og Sein sea Cure for Deafness and Head Noises which may be
Balog ante evel Go., Ltd. BOO 2 24 Ysqoe tes carried ont at the patient’s home, and which is
New Colombo Ice Co., ltd. 100 4. 138 e said to be a certain cure, This number will be
Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd, 86 -- = =

sent free to any deat persons sending rheir ad-
dress to the Editor,

May 1, 1992] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.)
EXPORTS
Colombo, May 5th, 1902,

CanpAMoms !—
All round parcel, well bleached perlb. R1-05
Do. dull ynedium do. R090
Special assortment, 0 and 1 only do. R140
Seeds do, R110
CincHonA Bark :—
Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine 10c—li at 3 per

cent,
CINNAMON :—
Ordinary assortment per lb, 53c.
Nos, 1 and 2 only per lb. 58c,
Nos. 3 and 4 only per lb. 470.

CINNAMON CHIP3 -—
Per candy of 560 lb R70°00
Cocoa :—
Finest estate red; unpicked percwt R42°50
Medium do do do R35°00
Bright native unpicked and undried R32°50
Ordinary do do do R25'00
Ooconuts—(husked).
Selected per thousand R57°00
Ordinary 0 R47:00 -
Smalls pA R40°00
Coconut CakE—
Poonac in robins f. o. b. per ton R82'50
Do in bags none.
Coconut (Desiccated).
Assorted all grades per Ib 21c
Coconut O1.—
Dealers’ Oil per cwt R20:00.
Coconut Oilin ordinary packages f. c.b. per ton
R425'00. Sellers R415 refuse
CorFEE.—
Flantetion Estate Parchment on the spot per bus,
L%
Plantation Estate Ooffee f. 0. b. (ready) per cwt.—
None.
Native Coffee, f.0.b per cwt.—None.
SITRONELLA O1L—
Ready do per lb.—d4ic

Corra—
Boat Oopra per candy of 560 lb. R62-00
Calpentyn Copra do do R63 00
Cart do do do R58-00

state do do do R63:00
Croton SEED per cwt—R11'00
Esony—

Sound per ton at Govt. depot—R180°00.—Sales of the

7th April.

Inferior R90°00.—Sales of the 7th April.
Firsres—

Coconut Bristle No.1 percwt None

Do ae) None
Do mattress ,, 1 None
Do Sue None
Coir Yarn, Kogalla ,, 1to 8 16:00
Do Colombo , lto 8 10°50
Kitool all sizes None
Palmyrah None
PxrpreR—Black per lb None
PLcumBaco—
Large lumps perton R675
Ordinary lumps do R650
Chips do R450
Dust do R300
Do (Flying) do R150
SapaNwoop— per ton R35:00

Satinwoop (ordinary) per cubic ft. R4:00
Do (Flowered) per cubic ft. R17:00
High Grown Medium Low Grown

Tra— Average. Average. Average.
a cts cts ots
Broken Pekoe per lb 63 48 39
Orange Pekoe do 52 38 34
Pekoe do 46 37 80
Pekoe Souchong do 44 33 29
Pekoe Fannings do 32 30 27

Broken mized—dust, &q 26 24 a4

AND DISTRIBUTION

FOR SEASONS 1901 AND 1902.

“og71

191
cwts.

Plumbago.
“i240
103822

1902
cwts

335581]

Coconuts.

1

cwts.

Desic-
cated
Coconut Ib.

Coconut Oil
3364

E600

Cinnamon

%5800

Ibs.

Cccoa,C moms

ewts.

4274) 21185)

Cotfee—cwts.
Plan- N’tive} Total.

4274

witiaitislie jieiie! elie el. «iN:
ete etstush vel isajei seat

210,

£736] 12010

Green Tea.

1€975

924690/25

3} 48749441/415061) 15850

Black Tea,

7148

4590)
3417878 3312976} 32

32438218) 36232855)117336
5521015) 6519401

4481148

«ge 2 © © we ow

lia

America
Africa
», China

COUNTRIES
>) Austra)
>> Singapore
>, Mauritius
a Malta

bd)
oe

Jan to 5th May 1902

Total export from 1st

80

THE TROPICAL AGRICGULTURIST.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS.
(‘rom Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, March 26th, 1902.)

ALOES, Soccotiine cwb.
Zanzibar & Hepaiic ,,
ARROWEKOOT (Natal) lb.
LEES’ WAX, cewt,

Zanzibar & | White ,,

Bombay Yellow,,

Madagascar
CAMPHOR, F rmos2

Japan eS
CARDAMOMS, Malabarl >

”

Ceylon. Mysore ,,

es TYellicherry ,,
Long i
” Mangalore ,,
CASTOR OIL, Calcutta ;,
CHILLIGS, Zanzibar cwt.
CINCHONA BARK.— Ib.

Ceylon
CINNAMON, Ceylon Ists
per lb 2nds
3rds
4ths
Chins
CLOVES, Penang Ib
Amboyna 9
Zanzibar |
and Pemba
Stems -
COFFEE

Ceylon Plantation ,,

Native
Liberian
COCOA, Ceylon

2”
”

COLOMBO ROOT BH
COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton
Cochin ,,

FIBRE, Brush ee
: Cochin ,,
Stuffing ,,
COIR YARN, Ceylon ,,
Cochin ,,

do. ,,

CROTON SEEDS,sift. cwt.
CONGER Ben al, rough,,
GE engal, gh,,
ET OS ENG GES
B&C,,

Cochin Rough ,,

Japan x
GUM AMMONIACUM,,
ANIMI, Zanzibar ,,

Madagascar ,,

APRABLC F.I.& Aden ,,
. 'lurkey sorts ,,
Ghatti ,,

Kurrachee ,,

Madras
ASSAF CETIDA

KINO i ee
YRKH, picked
us *" Aden sorts

OLIBANUM, drop

QUALILY.

Fair to fine dry
Common to good
Fair to fine

Gocd t» fine

Far y

Park to xcod palish
Crude and semi-refined |
Fair average quality
Clip; ed, toll, bright, fire
Middling, stalky & leas!
Fair to fiue plump |
See is

Good to fine
Brownish =
Shelly to good :
Med brown to good bol
1sts and 2nds
Dull to fine bright ae
Ledgeriana Orig. Stem

d

Crown, Renewed
Org. Stem

Red Org. Stem
Renewed
Root

Ordinary to fine quill
” ”
”

”
”

-|Dull to fine Dright bold
-|Dull to. tine

Good and fine bright
Common dull to fair

-| Fair

Bold to fine bold colory
Middling to. fine mid
Low mid. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary

Small to bold

Bold to fine bold
Medium and fair
Native

Middling to good

Ordinary to fair
Ord. to tine long straigh
Ordinary to good clean
Common to fine
Common to superior

AA », very fine
Roping, fair to good
Dull to fair
Fair to tine dry
Fair
Good to fine bold
Small and medium
Common to fine bold
Small and D’s
Unsplit
Sm. blocky to fine clean
Picked fine pale in sorts

Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and dk. red bold
Med. & bold glassy sorts
Fair to good pale

” Si eae CC eames ae
Ordinary to good pale

Pickings to fine pale ...
Good and fine pale
Reddish to pale selected
Dark to fine pale ;
Clean fr. to gd. almonds
Ord, stony and blocky
Kine bright

Fair to fine pale
Middling to good

Good to tine white
Middling to fair

pickings ,,
siftings ,,

Low to good pale
Slightly foul to fine

INDIARULBEK,Assamlb| Good: to fine

Rangoon
Borneo

Common to foul & mxd.
Fair to good clean
Common to tine

oor

Part yellow and mixed|£

QUOTATIONS

7€saz0s

+ 20s a 608
[53d a 65d

£6 a £7 108
£6 a2£6 12s 6d

165s al&5s
lids a 185
's9d a-2s

is 2dals7d
ls 2d a 3s 2d
's 6d als 9d

ti 1s 6d a 2s

is 8d a 1s 6d
9d a Is 9d
2s 3d. a 383d

.. (34d a 33d

383 6du 46s
6da 9d

5d a 7d

33d a 7d
3gda 4)d
dda 53a
34d a 4d
84d a 1s 6d
eda 1s 6d
74d a 1s 4d
7d a 11d
23d a 10d

4

£6 1(s a £6178 6

QUALITY.

INDIARUBBER (Contd.)
Java, Si.g. & Penang lb.'Foul togood clean
{Goo to fine Ball
Ordinary to fair Ball
|Low sandy B-1l
Sausage, fair to gocd .
Liver and Livery Kall .
Fair to fine ball

Mozambique a

Nyassalan 1

Fa‘r to g od black
Niggers, low to fine
Bengal--

Shipping mid to gd viole
Consuming mid. to gd
Ordinary to mid.

M: dagascar
INDIGO, E.I,

at

Mid. to good Kurpah
Low to ordinary
Mid, to good Madra

MACE, Bombay & Penang Pale reddish to fine

per Ib. Ordinary to fair
Pickings
MYRABOLANS, Dark to fine pale UG
Madras } owl a et
Bombay Jubblepore
ney “~” |Bhimlies

Rhajpore, &c.
Calcutta

64's to 57's
110’s to 65’s
160’s to 115’s

Bengal ,,
NUTMEGS— Ib.
Bombay & Penang ,,

. |Isl0da 2s 4d

Fr to fire yinky & white

[May I, 1909.

| QUOTATION.

—_—_— —_ =

8d a 2s 3d
2s 6da 3s

ls 3da 1s 6d
Zs a 2s 1¢d

1s 9da2s1}d
¥s 3d a 2s $id
Ipar2s 53
Istda 1s 2d
ida 2%

1/38 4d a 4s
3s a 88 3d

28 10d a 8s

Is 64a 26 1d
Is als 5d

Is 10d a 28 3d
’s a 3s

Isida lsl'd
Is 3d ale 44
58 a 6s

4s 6d a 5s

is 6) ab5se€d
isa 7s

3s 61 a 5s €d
3s €d a as

2s @d

1s Id a 23 £24
6dals

54d a 04d NUTS, AREGA ewt,.|Ordinary to fair fresh |20s.a 25s
jada 6d NUX VOMICA, Bombay |O'dinary to middling 3s 6d a és
313-1¢d a 43d per ewt. | Madras (£airto good bold fresh |784 10s
Bida 33d z ‘ aGnge Small ordinary and fair|&s a 6s 9d
1d OIL OF ANISEED _ ,, |Fair merchantable 4s 4d a 4s 43d
CASSTA ” |According to analysis |2s 6d a 2s 10d
ice! | Ge ees a ae ae
80s a 10fs" ME ingy to White aé
CINNAMON ) Ordinary to fair sweet /32d a 1s 6d
40s a 60s Gnomon ., | Bright & good flavour |95d a 10d
40s a 55s CHELL {ED—ewt :
36s a 108 EN ent Mid. to fine not woody.. |]0s a 12s 64
62s a 80s Zanzibar. ” | Picked clean fiat leaf .. |1€s a 14s
5£s a 62s », .Wiry Mozambique] !0s a 11s
dls a 60s 6d PEPPER - (Black) | | 234
sa re Alleppee & Tellicherry| Bae to bold heavy .. paee 6d
£13 1Us a £18 Mena eae C. Penang pa “9 fine ‘ 56 sia a Sad
£16a £19 |PLUMBAG |Eair to fine bright bold|30sa 35s
20a £24 MBAGQglaDP Aexit, Middling to good small 2s a 2s
£70 £9 chips Dull to fine bright ../98 a15s
£15 a £30 ; dust Ordinary to fine bright/4S 6da 8: 3d
£12 a £32 SAFFLOWER Good to finepinky 958 a 75s"
€10 a £14 10s Inferior to fair 40s a 60s
lis a 25s 6d SANDAL WOOD— 3
23s a 358 Bombay, cE ton,|Hair to fine flavour .. ee mel
40s i oe fee eee --
80s a 90s Madratithes $ Hae #0 Eoas flavour .. ray eye
48s a 70s Chi nferior to fine os ( =F a
35s a 42s6d |SAPANWOOD Gey », |Eair to good -.|£5 & £5 10s
ae te seat Booth Sou gga ote
sé6da sia ooth... ;
Issa 30s |SEEDLAC vem yet, |Ord. dusty to gd. solubie| MFS a 120s
£10 7s 6d a £18/SENNA, ‘linnevelly 1p poe fee Bae Boke Ss
az air greenis [84
70sa £9 23 6d. Common dark and small/3d a 3d
£510s a £6 7sCd|/SHELLS, M. oo PEARL—
ae 4 1208 Bombay ewt. aa A’s oz
“led 9 a £7 10s Small a eahieaits [6d
Seen Maced” (Stall to boa “|S 788d ert
10s a 228 6d _ | TAMARINDS, Caleutta’,.|Mid.to fine blk not stony|gs a 10. |
..}878 6d a 42s ¢d per ewt. Madras |Stony and inferior _1 |45, 6q a 6s
308 a 35s TORTOISESHELL—
& rb 2 ous Zanzibar & Bombay Ib, Tote seek 16s a 22s6d
9s a 303 TURMERIC, Bengalewt.|Fait ... 163. a 16
Is Ba sm Mi adied th paces to fine bold r a lés 6d
508 a 70s Do ,, [Bulbs = is ile : sie
458 a 478 6d Cochin ,, | Finger -- |J6s 6d a 18s
3C8 a 42s bd CS GEL ia Bulbs + {11S a 11s 6d
21s a 32s 6¢ VANIL s— Ib. y
193 a “83 Mauritius ,, Ists/G4. crysallized 33a 9 inl5s.3q
23.028 3d Bourbon «J 2nds|Foxy & reddish 34.4 8 ,, rae a :
7d als 6d Seychelles 8rds Lean and inferior «(83a 4s 9a
2s a, 2s 4d VERMILION Ib,|Hine, pure, bright ../3s Ida 3s 3q
1s a 26 ea Japan, squares cwt|Good white hard Fee (3s Gd a. 355

a Ss Bl ay

AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE, —

COLONIBO.

poem

Added as a Supplement Monthly to

the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for

May :—

Tol, agoue

TWO USEFUL VEGETABLES.

ee ¥-3| HERE are being introduced into our
} A villages through the School Gar-
Ns dens, two useful and wholesome
vegetables which, though com-
mon enough in India, are not
grown in Ceylon; and as little is
known about them, we append the following
notes regarding their uses for the benefit of our

readers :—

1. Rumer Vesicarius.—Sorrel, Bladder Dock
(Polygonacee). This is an annual monecious her-
baceous plant, 6 to 12 inches high, with succu-
lent leaves and leaf-stalks, inclined to branch
moderately, with a characteristic acid sour taste,
and a flavour of rhubarb about it,

Watt gives the following note regarding the
medicinal properties of the plant :—-

“The juice of the plant is considered by natives
to be cooling and aperient, and, to a certain
extent, diuretic (Azmsie). It is used to allay
the pains of toothache, and from its astrin-
gent properties it is supposed to check nausea.
The whole herb is given internally to allay
burning at the pit of the stomach and to im-
prove the appetite. Externally a pulp formed
of its bruised leaves is applied to the skin to
allay the pains of bites of reptiles and the stings
of scorpions. The seeds are said to have similay
properties, and are besides prescribed roasted in
dysentery. The root also is medicinal (Dym-
eock).”

The plant is cultivated as a vegetable almost
throughout India, and is used by the natives

MAY,

1902. [No. 10,

both in the raw and cooked state. It is
usually grown in patches near wells, and may
be procured almost all the year round.

We are inclined to think that the plant will
prove of great value to the natives both owing
to its manner of growth and its uses, Watt
gives the word Sz as its Sinhalese name,
but we can find no reference to the plant in
any local works on Botany, nor can we give
any explanation of the origin of the word Sdéri,
One thing is certain, however, and that is that
the plant is not found in use nor under culti-
vation in the Island.

For native preparations both leaves and stalks
are well suited, a vegetable curry made of the
latter being particularly tastety.
may also be used to take the place of rhubarb in
tarts, as the rhubarb flavour, previously referred
to, predominates in the petioles. The leaves them.
selves go to makea really excellent jam,

The plant in its early stages adopts the rosette
form of growth, as in the lettuce, though the
leaves always have fairly long petioles—the
leaves themseives being somewhat cordate in
shape. Later on, as noted above, a system of
branching follows, the branches being consider-
ably thicker than the leafstalks and possessing
‘more of the sour taste and rhubarb flavour.
When the leaves are cut for use, the plant con-
tinues to put out a fresh growth, a character-
istic that goes to enhance the value of the plant
which may be described as ahardy grower.

Altogether we consider Rumex vesicarnis a great
acquisition, and trust that our village popula-
tion will take to it without prejudice, and soon

The same parts

782 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

come to recognize its dietic value and medicinal
virtues. The plant has not flowered with us yet.

2. Chemopodium album.—The white goosefoot
(Chenopodiaceae).

The plant is found growing in the tropics at
sea-level, as well as in Tibet at a height of
14,000 feet. As seen growing here it reaches
a height of about 3 feet before producing its
inconspicuous imflorescence.

In India the leaves and twigs are eaten as a pot-
herb like spinach, but the plant is there chiefly
cultivated for its grain, which is considered
better than buckwheat. When cultivated during

the rains it is said to attain a height of 6 feet, -

the seed ripening in India in October. Prof.
Church says of the leaves of this plant: They
are rich in mineral matters, particularly in
potash salts. They likewise contain a con-
siderable amount of albumenoids and of other
compounds of. nitrogen.

Watt refers thus to the medicinal virtues of this
lant:—Said to be used in special diseases, and
as a laxative in spleen and bilious disorders
(Atkinson), It is also given in bile and worms
(Baden-Powell), It is diobstruent and diuretic.

In the form of the favourite native dish
called “mellun” it is very palatable, and would
be very welcome in village households. We
have no doubt it will be equally suitable for
vegetable curry,

The plant is already being grown in School
Gardens, and the produce formed one of the
vegetables exhibited at the Danowita Village
Show held on 22nd March.

———
OCCASIONAL NOTES.

_A Boad of Agriculture and Industries has been
‘formed in British Guiana, with the object of
facilitating the work of fostering Agricultural
industries other than that of Sugar-cane, of extend-
ing agricultural instruction to small farmers and
settlers on the land, of imparting agricultural
instruction through the Primary Schools of the
Colony, and generally of developing the agricul-
tural resources of British Guiana.

The consignment of Banana plants referred to
in our last issue duly arrived from Queens-
land, and have already been planted ont. It
includes two plants of each of the following
varieties :—Ladies’ fingers, Sugar, Butter, Dacca,
Barrego, Cavendish, Moku, Delena.

Professor MacOwan, Government Botanist at
the Cape, has been invested with the degree of
Doctor of Science by the Cape University. Prof,
MacOwan’s work in South African botany his
of o valuable character, and Prof. Harvey
of Kew has borne testimony to this fact
by stating that but for Prof. MacOwan’s great
work at the Cape the “Flora Capensis” would
have been miserably incomplete. We offer our
hearty congratulations to Dr. MacOwan.

We are glad to find the Agricultural Journal of
Cape Colony reprinting the Handbook on Practi-
cal Orchard work by Messrs, P. MacOwan and

(May 1, 1902,

Eustace Pillans. We formed a very high opinion
of this little work when it was firat published, and
consider it well worth bringing within the reach of

all who have anything to do with the cultivation
of fruit trees.

The cultivation of Cassava or Manioe ( Manihot
utilssima) is spreading rapidly in Florida and
the neighbouring States. One great advantage
is that the plant grows in sandy soils unsuited to
most crops, and can be fertilized by means of
leguminous crops without the aid of other
manures. The acre is said to yield 8 tons of
roots, and the starch got from it is sold for 24d. per
lb., while it goes six times as far asthe best wheat
starch at dd. per lb. Asa cattle food it isa great
acquisition, making it possible, so it is said, to
put on a pound of carcase at the cost of a little
over a 4d,

We are glad to learn that Messrs. C. C. Barber’s
Cocoa (see advertisement on back cover) has
‘“‘taken” in Australia. It has been aacepted
by approved Agents in Perth, Sydney, and New
South Wales, and its introduction into Queensland
and Tasmania has been entrusted to good hands,
The first orders received from various quarters
have been substantial and promise well for the
popularizing of the excellent article turned out
by the pioneer firm of Cocoa manufacturers in
Ceylon, where Barber's Cocoa is steadily taking
the place of the older “ brands.”

The following Ceylon plants are gall-bearing :
Eugenia Jambolana, Areca Catechu, Cinnamomum
Zeylanicum, Pongamis Glabra, 'Terminalia Chebula
and Acacia Leucophlea. The fruit of Terminalia
Chebula and TT. Belerica constitute the “ Gall-
nuts” or Myrobalans of commerce, valuable in
tanning,

A correspondent, writing on 20th March from
Adelaide says:—The land is most fertile and the
climate, except fortwo or three months, equal to
that of the countries washed by the Mediterranean.
During the summer, which we have just passed,
the temperature keeps often over 90 ° F., and some-
times, for a day or so, it goes up as high as 108°;
but by the laws of compensation, the Mercury
falls to a temperate heat for a day or two alter.
There is plenty of good land to be got from
Government at a rental of 2s. per acre per annum,
and twenty years to pay the value in, oron a lease
of 999 years at 2s. This is the paradise of the
working man. Every man and woman must
work, and the dignity of labour is understood here
as nowhere else. Farmer and labourer have equal
rights, and the man in Parliament is dependent
chiefly on the working man for hiselection. This,
in a measure, enables the working man to rule
the capitalist and to control the laws of the
country.

The sentiments embodied in the article on. Town
and Country Shows which appeared in the last
number of the Agricultural Magazine are echoed in
the Cape Agricultural Journal. Says our contem-
porary ; “ Let it be prominently borne in mind that

May 1, 1902.]

Agricultural Shows, while run in the interests of
the general sight-seeing public, are especially
désigned to benefit and promote the farming
industry. The question is, do the Shows fulfil
their object in this direction?” and so on in the
same strain.

We read in the report of the Government Agent
of the North-Western Province (Mr. L. W. Booth)
for last year, that two Cottagers’ Shows were held
during the year, one at Hubarana and the other at
Rambewa, where both attendance and exhibits
were numerous. The oppcrtunity was taken to
distribute seeds to all who cared to take them.

RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH
OF APRIL, 1902.
1 Tuesday Nil 17 Thursday... °21
2 Wednesday .. Nil 18 Friday easels
3 Thursday ... ‘05 19 Saturday»... °82
4° Briday Nil 20 Sunday to Nol
5 Saturday te Nily 2) Mondays; .:.)4) Nil
6 Sunday perc NUL 22. Buesday vr seie Nil
7 Monday ... ‘20 23 Wednesday... 1°66 -
8 Tuesday Nil 24 Thursday Nil
9 Wednesday .. Nil 25 Friday noc
10 Thursday ... 03 26 Saturday .. ‘44
1k Friday bene OL eo 2teaiS unidayes psc a04
12 Saturday na ells 28) Monday yc); 320

13 Sunday yeurecOle 205s Ruesday;. 4 she
14 Monday ... Nil 30 Wednesday ‘70
15 Tuesday i 1. Thursday j...-. °18
16 Wednesday

Total... 10°50

Mean... °35

Greatest amount of rainfall registered in any
24 hours on the 29th April, 1902, 5°65 inches.
Recorded by ALEX. PERERA,

eee
COTTON.

Some years ago a good deal of attention was
given to the question of Cotton Cultivation in
Ceylon, but though a number of small experi-
ments were started at the time, we are not aware
that a proper trial under the most favourable
conditions was given to the cultivation of the
plant. With the opening cf the Northern Rail-
way the subject is once more being discussed in
view of the possibility of suitable areas being
found in the regions through which the new
railway runs.

The amount and distribution of rainfall has
much to do with successful cotton cultivation, and
this fact must be borne in mind in selecting soils.
The plant thrives in a very warm atmosphere,
provided the latter is moist and that severe
drying winds are not prevalent. In the typical
cotton climate the mean daily temperature
increases from the time of seeding till the plant

as reached its greatest vigour and stored up all

tie reserve food it needs for the production and

Mturing of fruit, The best type of soil for

Prducing favourable results is a clay loam or

Supplement to the ‘* Tropical Agriculturist.”

783

medium heavy sandy loam. The soil should be
deep and the. sub-soil not heavy and compact.
The cotton plant has a well-developed. tap-root
extending according to the vigour of the plant
and the character of the soil, to a depth
of three. or more feet. The lateral or feeding
roots begin usually within three inches of the
surface and seldom extend beyond a depth of nine
inches. It is a question whether the practice of
planting on ridges is as good as_ working up the
land deeply and -then sowing the seed on the
level ground. The ridge system grew out of the
practice of shallow working toa depth of a few
inches, though the seed bedis deepened by trow-
ing up the soil till a depth of ten inches or more
is obtained. A good seed bed is thus formed it is
true, but it will not resist drought as woulda
level culture accompanied by deep working.

The object of cultivating the land during growth
of crop is to prevent loss of moisture in the soil.
This is accomplished by maintaining a surface
layer one or two inches thick in a thoroughly
pulverised condition. At the same time and by
the same means weeds and grass are kept down.
It is very important that the surface layer of
loose soil Should be constantly maintained. H-pe-
cially after rain when the soil tendg to settle
and form a compact surface, a stirring of the
top layer should take place, With the production
of crop, cultivation should cease, and the plant
helped by reducing water supply by preventing
surface evaporation. it is precisely reversing
the process desired in the early stages of growth
with the object of checking further developement
of foliage and directing the energies of the plant
towards making use of the materials it has already
accumulated for the production of fruit.

As regards time of planting &e, local conditions
must be consulted before deciding these points,
but the object should be as far as possikle to
secure for the plant an early start and a long
season in order to successfully mature its fruit
and enable the crop to be gathered in good
condition,

On the question of fertilizing or manuring we
do not propose to enter, but a good deal of
useful information under this head may be derived
by a handy pamphlet on ‘ Cotton Culture” pub-
lished by the German Kali Works for which
Messrs, Freudenberg & Co. are the local agents.
This publication should prove useful to intending
cotton growers as it has proved to us in collating
the foregoing information.

We are hopeful of suitable land being found
for raising cotton as well as tobacco, which is
just at present also being much talked about, in
the vast areas now made accessible by the open-
ing of the Northern Railway. With this idea
we are making arrangements for trials of suitable
varieties of cotton, of which a small supply of
seeds has been indented from Heypt.

We have already a local Spinning Company
which ought to be some encouragement to intend-
iug growers. There is alsoaSinhalese pimphlet
on Cotton Cultivation compiled by Mr. W. A. de
Silva which should serve to bring the subject to
the notice of the natives. A. revised edition of
this pamphlet—brought up to date—and a Tamil
translation of the same,-might be published with

784

advantage for free circulation by the authorities
‘interested in the developement of a local cotton-
growing industry and in the opening up of the
areas through which the new railway will run.

es
TO PRESERVE MANGO CUTTINGS.

In our February number (wde first article) we
gave some directions for packing Mango cuttings
soasto keep them fresh for budding purposes.
In the Agricultural Journal of Natal tor March
the following further information on the same
subject occurs :—

Mr. H. Knight, aecording to a recent issue of the
“Queenslander,” has received a report from the
Department of Agriculture (Queensland) with re-
gard to the cuttings of mango he packed at the
City Market here on the 7th of September last,
There were four tins. In two were eighteen cut-
tings packed in moist sand; in the other two were
six cutlings, packed in coconut fibre, which had
been boiled and washed and squeezed dry. One
of the big tins was opened on the 15th of October,
and it was found that fourteen of the cuttings
were dead, two partly alive, and two fairly heal-
thy. The second big tin was opened on the 12th
of November. All the cuttings were dead except
the largest, which was covered with nodules, but
had no appearance of any buds swelling, The
first of the small tins wag opened on the [2th of
November, and all six cuttings were alive, with
numerous buds ready to develop or grown out
from 4 in. to 2in. in length, the weed covered
with white nodules, and the base of the cuttings
well calloused. The last tin was opened on the
19th of December, In this case, also, the whole
of the cuttings were alive. They had made
shoots of from 2 in. to 4 in long, and alt the buds
appeared to have developed. though it would have
been possible to get adventitious buds from the
base of the larger shoots. The base of each cut-
ting was almost completely calloused over, Mr.
Benson, who examined the cuttings, states : “1
consider the two large tins a failure. Both the
small tins were a complete suecess, and proved
conclusively that mango wood can be success-
fully sent long distances if carefully packed in
tight tins filled with coconut fibre, as used by
Mr. Knight.” Mr. Knight is quite satisfied with
the result of his experiments; but he is hopeful,
now that he has demonstrated the possibility of
keeping mango cuttings alive for a good length
of time, that something may be done by the De-
partment of Agriculture in the matter cf introduc-
ing into Queensland some of the finer classes of
the fruit that are grown in the East.

nese ee
A VALUABLE TIMBER TREE.

The Editor of Indian Gardening referring to
Mr, Herbert Stone’s paper on ‘Tie Edentification
of Vimbers” read before the Society of Arts,
London, says :—“ That our Indian timbers require
to be more closely studied is evident. How many
people, for instance, know the value of ‘Gumbar,’
the wood of Gmelna arborea, and its peculiarity

Sunplement ro the '‘ Tropical Agricwliurist.”

[May 1, 1909.

of resisting the effects of time, wind and water,
and its complete immunity from the attacks of
insect pests? Even the voracious white ant will
not touch it.” The tree known as Dtdemata is
rather common in Ceylon, and its wood is deseri-
bed by Trimenas “ yellowish-white, even-grained,
light, strong, tough and durable; an excellent
timber.” The following note given hy Dr. Watt
in his Dictionary of Economie Preducts supplies
fuller information regarding this timber which
is not known popularly. Colour yellowish,
greyish, or reddish-white with a glossy lustre,
close and’ even-grained, soft, strong, does not warp
or crack in seasoning, weight from 28 to 35 Ibs.
per cubic foot, breaking weight of a bar 6 ft. by
2 in. by 2 in., 580 lbs. (according to Baker). [t
is light, has a good surface, is very durable, is
easily worked, and takes pring and varnish
readily, and is therefore highly esteemed for
planking, furniture, carriages, deck boats,
panelling, and ornamental work of all kinds.
(Gamble.) Mason states that itis largely emplcyed
by the Karens for canoes, and by the Burmans for
logs.. Owing to its extreme durability, it has
been: recommended as an excellent timber for
making tea boxes, and has also attraeted much
attention as a very suituble wood for furniture,
picture frames and similar work in which shrink-
ing and warping has to be : voided.

Buehanan mentions that it is mueh employed for
making native instruments of music. Roxburgh
appears to have first noticed the excellence of tha
timber. He applied various tests to prove this.
In one case he placed an outside plank in the
river, a little above low water. mark, where the
worm is supposed to exert its. greatest powers.

After three years in this position it was ent and
found to be sound and in every way as perfect,
throughout as it was when first put into the
river. Amongst other things a flood door was
made of it to keep the tides owt of the Botanic
Gardens. Seven years and a half after the door
(4 ft. square). was made, it still remained good
though exposed to sun and water, while similar
doors of teak were much decayed after six years”
use.

Dr. Watt mentions that the wood has come
prominently into notice and is in considerable
demand in Calcutta for furniture making.

We have no doubt that Mr, Predrick Lewis”
forthceming work will contain a reference to thia
tree, and supply all the information that may he
desired from a loeal point of view:

ee he Ss
VETERINARY NOTES.

Fixperiments are in progress in the treatment of
Tetanus by subentaneous injections of fresin
nervous substance, Prof. Shindelka, after having
unsuccessfully exp2rimented with rabbit brat
tried sheeps’ brain.. The fresh cerebral substance
was triturated ia a strong proportlon of steril-
ised water and the emulsion injected under!
the skin. This treatment was applied to eighy
horses suffering from tetanus, and seven
these recovered; one died on the fourth day
Prof, Snindelka intends to continue his expe

May 1, 1902.]

ments, and as soon as he has tried them on
a sufficiently large numbér of animals will com-
~ municate his results,

In spite of the doubt cast by certain practi-
tioners on the efficacy of iodide of potassium,
Mr. Hauptmann is firmly convinced of its good
effects. He does not favour injection in the
udder chiefly owing to the difficulty of managing
an antiseptic solution, but recommends adminis-
tration by the mouth. Injection of an iodide
solution into the uterus produced the same
good results, lodide of potassium, according
to Mr. Hauptmann, exercises its specifie action
on milk fever as soon as it reaches the blood
current.

Professor Mucki reports good results with the
treatment of a severe case of strangles by
“means of corrosive sublimate. He used the drug
intravenously, and first made an injection of
30 grammes of a solution of 1 in 1,000 in
the left jugular. ©On the following day the
temperature fell, but the hyperthermia returning
two days later, the Professor adwinistered 40,
50, and finally 60 grammes of the same solu-
tion daily. In a few days the fever finally dis-
appeared, the local injuires improved, and the
horse became quite convalescent.

The Veterinary Journal for February _ last
contains a reprint of a lecture by Prof. Mac-
queen in which reference is made to, what
we might call for the want of a better word
upishness’”” of young Veterinary Surgeons. The
Professor objects to the insertion of the letters
‘OM.R.C.V.S. 2.” after a Veterinary Surgeon’s
name, as suggesting something more than non-
sense, and states that the final ZL. should be dis-
pensed with on the ground of bad taste and
of being altogether superfluous. Another thing
objected to is the use of the word ‘* Professor,”
‘©So for as I am concerned,” says Prof. Mac-
queen, ‘‘the name of Professor is not pleasing,
and. 1. should certainly live quite happily in
this world if there wag no such title. My
conception of a Professor is a man of about
80 years of age, with a head like Lord Kelvin,
with flowing locks like those worn by the late
Joseph Gamgee, a man who has lived through
various places in a profession, whose experience
is beyond question, and who is entitled to the
real dignity of being called a Professor, What
would Prof. Macqueen say to the local abuse
of the word “Doctor” in describing a Veteri-
nary Surgeon?

Even the Veterinary profession is threatened
with an invasion by the weaker sex. In 1897
a lady sat for and successfully passed the pre-
liminary examination and entered asa student of
a Scotch College with a view to being enrolled
on the register of the R.C.V.S. She, however, found
that the Council declined to admit herto examina;
tion. Legal proceedings followed against the
R.C.V.S. in the. Scottish Courts, but the case
was dismissed with costson the plea that the
Scottish Courts, had uo. jurisdiction, So ended

Supplement to the “Tropical Agricutturist."

785

the episode of the lady student. There is
said to be only one qualified lady Veterinary
student in Europe, viz, Mdlle. Kepereaitsch,
member of a wealthy Russian family, In
America, however, five ladies were enrolled as
students in 1897 by the New York Veterinary
College. More ladies are seeking admission, with
a view it is said of qualifying to treat—House-
hold Pets!

AN AGRICULTURAL PAPER.

We give below an Agricultural Examination
paper with answers—something for our readers to
think about.

Q. Are you aware that plant food exists in
the soil in both available and unavailable forms,
and that when plants have used up most of the
available portion we call the soil “ worn out?”

A, Yes, That soils, though unproductive,
contain plant food in large quantities, but it is in
such condition that plants cannot get it,

Q. Isit true that a soil is capable of being
made a laboratory in which changes will take
place, and some of this unavailable plant food be
made us available?

A. It is only when the soil is in such condition
that certain changes can take place, that the un-
available plant food becomes available to the
plant.

Q. Are you aware that when the texture of

your soil is poor, or, in other words, when your
laboratory is out of order, the best manure will
not give satisfactory results ?
. A, ‘The texture or physicial condition of the
soil is of the first importance. A rock contains
plant food, but it will not grow crops because of
its physical and chemical condition.

Q. Do you know that heat and air are impor-
tant agencies in the changes going on in the soil
as they are in ordinary fermentation.

A, Chemical changes in the soil cannot take
place to the best advantage when air is excluded,
or when a favourable temperature Cannot be main-
tained.

Q. Does standing water have a detrimental or
beneficial effect on the heat and air, Why?

A, Detrimental because it keeps the tempera-
ture low, and at the same time excludes air ; while
the soil texture is also impaired.

Q. How canjyou make the soil laboratory do
the best work ? .

A, By making and preserving the best physica}
conditions possible.

Q. Have you realized what an inch of rainfall
means ?

A, It means about 113 tons of water supplied
the acre.

Q. Ave special precautions necessary for pre-<
serving the moisture in the soil? Why?

A. Most decidedly. It requires about 300 tons
of water to produce one ton of dry matter. A good
deal of rain water flows away over the surface of
land, and a good deal is evaporated. On this
account only a part of the rain is available for

786

plants; so we must try to save what moisture is
already in the soil through previous rains. :
Q. How can we make soil moist or keep soil
moist ? : ;
A. By surface tillage. Itjkeeps a soil moist
by preventing it from drying out, When soil is
left undisturbed for a long time, and becomes
packed down, the moisture in the soil works
towards the surface and is evaporated, s0 passing
off into the air. Tillage, or stirring the top layer,
make a surface soil mulch through which the soil
moisture cannot pass. It is really equivalent to
covering the soil with a layer of straw or board.
Every cultivator knows how moist it is under a
pile of straw which has remained in a place for
some time, or under a board. The straw or board
does not make the soil moist but prevents 1
from drying. This is what surface tillage does.

——

THE ENTOMOLOGY OF THE HOUSE FLY.

The house fly, like the poor, is always with us,
and it would be to the advantage of everyone to
know all about so familiar un insect, and what
its power for good and evil are. f

In the Agricultural Journal of Cape Colony
Mr. Charles Loundsbury contributes, under the
head of Entomology, an interesting paper on ‘‘ the
house fly,” containing a good deal of information
which it is desirable we should add to our
knowledge of human things.

Mr, Loundsbury gives us an instunce of the
ignorance prevailing on such a common subject.
He says: I once met a man who was kindly
disposed towards the house fly, who confessed to
a fondness for its company akin to that felt for the
trusting robin red-breast that comes to the
door-step at home when snow covers the ground,
who was not annoyed when an over-adventurous
fly dropped into dbis coffee, and who never exerted
himself to destroy the busy ones which strove to
share his sugar. His house was kept scrupulously
clean, and flies consequently were not numerous
therein, ur he might perhaps have held different
views concerning these little buzzing guests. He
told me he honoured the fly for its intelligence,
for its extraordinary vision and the beauty of its
complex eye structure, and, most of all, for its
peculiar attachment to the habitations of man
throughout the wide world. He seemed well
acquainted with the creature as a fly and in the
tvouse, but, strange to say, he had never probed
its earlier history or enquired into its out-door
habits; and his respect for the little insect seemed
go genuine and unaffected that I forbore trom
enlightening him. Ignorance to him was indeed
bliss, And if any of my readers hold similar
views, if they have any affection at all for the
house fly and desire to retain it, they had best
read no further. My design in penning these
notes is to malign the little pest, to lay bare its
iniquity, to brand it an abomination of the vilest

type, and to instil loathsomeness toward it. I
have only one pronouneed feeling for the house

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

[May 1, 1902.

fly, and that is of deep disgust. Other creatures
there are plenty of an equally offensive production,
but the house fly is pre-eminent for habitually
insinuating its low-bred filthy self into man’s
abode, ly fouling our food and drink with its
dung-stuined feet, by soiling our all with its
flecks of excrement, scattering germs of foul
disease for our injury,

We are reminded of the fact that though we
abhor many an insect with little reason, chiefly
on sentimental grounds, we are in a great
measure indifferent to the filth-bred house fly
to comman iu our dwellings, thronging eating
rooms, swarming in baker’s shops and meal
stalls, and blackening over the baskets of sellers
of sweet meats which our children are permitted
to eat.

The number of distinct (described) species of
flies is said to be 40,000. Of all the nnmber, only
about half a dozen habitually enter. dwellings,
but the most abundant by far is the one species
Musca domesttca—the universal house fly, indeed
the ‘* fly.”

The only part of the house fly’s anatomy worth
describing is its mouth. This organ is described
as thick throughout, extending down from the
head to the ground asthe fly stands in feeding,
but at other times retracted out of sight. It is
expanded at the end and adapted for lapping and
sucking, not for piercing.

The house fly is first an elongate white egg,
which hatches very quickly, sometimes in Jess
than 8 hours, into a footless white maggot. This
grows rapidly, and in about a week in warm
weather is about g inch. in length when it is full
grown. The maggot retracts in length, and with
hard and darkened surface enters into the quiescent
pupa stage. In from 5 to 7 days the fly is
developed and set free.

The house fly is an all-the-year pest but is
more numerous at certain seasons. The average
number of eggs laid by a female is 120 per diem.
The mission of the fly is that of a scavenger, and
particularly so in its larval stage, but strangely
enough though the fly is so common, little of an
exact nature is known of its breeding places.
Horse dung is believed to be the chief fcod of the
maggots, but the dung of cattle and other
animals is also freely resorted to. The maggots,
not being hardy, succumb as the food dries out.
They appear to thrive in pure horse dung, other
forms of ordure being too compact unless broken
up or mixed with straw. The ideal breeding place
would appear to bo manure mixed with bedding
and saturated with urine, especially if such a
mixture be found ina cool shady place. Badly
kept stables are their favourite haunt, and almost
all stables serve as breeding places, while places
where scavenged rubbish is thrown (such as over-
cultivated grass fields) are very suitable. It would
be well here to add that kitchen waste so come
monly allowed to accumulate near dwellinge is
well calculated to breed the house fly.

The relation of the house fly to disease and the
remedies against the pest will be referred to in

our next issue,
(Zo be concludedy)

May 1, 1902.}

THE ADVANTAGES OF MULCHING.

[The appended lecture was delivered by Dr.
Lehman, Agricultural Chemist, Mysore, before
the United Planters’ Association, and clearly
explains the advantages of a practice too little
adopted in countries subject to drought. The
lecture ig reproduced in Bulletin No. 2 of the
Department of Agriculture Mysore, entitled
‘‘Notes on Coffee Cultivation,” which in Dr.
Lehman strongly recommends mulching instead of
digging round the bushes.—Ep. 4.M.]

The subject is a very large one, but I shall only
touch on four of the most important points. These
are :—

(1) The tendency to preserve the soil moisture.

(2) The tendency to prevent the formation of
a crust on the surface.

(8) The tendency to preserve the soil in a loose
and open condition and retarding the
growth of weeds.

(4) Allowing the rain to enter the soil more
easily and preventing the surface washing.

The tendency to preserve the soil moisture.—As
we all know, the top layers of soil are generally
the driest, while those below are gradually in-
creasing in moisture till the level of the sub-soil
water is reached. Of course, shortly after rain
thia order will be partially reversed, but this will
only be for a very short time. In mulched soils

this is not, however, the case, as Wollney, in his

elaborate experiments conducted near Munich, has
clearly pointed out. He, for one found that, even
after ten days of dry weather, the surface soil,
under a mulch of about an inch of coarse, strawy
manure, had still considerably more moisture near
the surface that at a depth of four feet. Compared
with unmulched soil, the differences are also very
striking; especially in the first four inches of soil,
as it contained 13 per cent. more water than that
not mulched. Ata depth of two feet there were
still 2 per cent in favour of the mulched soil and
at three feet a little more than 1 per cent. The
above is an average of several experiments; and
numerous others conducted at different places
on different soils and with different mulches gave
similar results; boards, stones, straw and leaves
were among the mulching materials used. A very
loose surface soil also acts as a mulch, but on the
one hand, it is not nearly go efficient as leaves
and, on the other, it would soon become compact
again. Nevertheless, one of the objects of cul-
tivation is to provide this partial and temporary
mulch; for in most localities the application of
the only other practical mulching materials, 2z.,
straw or leaves, would prove a rather expensive
operation. Since part cf the object of cultivation
is to form a mulch to retain soil moisture, and as
a mulch of leaves would perform this object much
better than cultivation, mulching may replace
part of the cultivation. The more thoroughly we
study the subject, the more convinced of this fact
will we become. I need not enter into the
theories advanced for the facts obtained by ex-
periments notwithstanding that they have been
proven beyond a doubt. It is surprising how the
soil moisture will vary in adjacent portions of
soil only a few feet or a few inches apart. You
may have noticed yourselves that under a covering

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”

787

of leaves only a few feet square the soil may be
moist to the very surface, while just beyond this
covering the soil is perfectly dry to the touch for
perhaps two feet or more from the surface. The
shade under which coffee is grown has also a
tendency to preserve the soil moisture. But the
mulch of leaves from the shade trees will be at
least quite as effective in this respect as the trees
themselves. 1 should not like to make any remark
which might induce any of you to lessen your
shade; but it is just possible that after extensive
experiments have been made, it would be found
possible to replace part of the shade by a mulch
of leaves. As far as soil moisture goes, a mulch
and shade trees work in the same _ direction,
Properly speaking, I ought to give a brief account
of the functions of the water in the soil to show
how far the preservation of soil moisture is an
important factor. But as every one knows that a
liberal supply of moisture (not stagnant water) is
absolutely necessary, I need not speak of it further
at present. Of course, it is possible to have too
much water in the soil. Butas a mulch will in
no wise interfere with the drainage, and as the
coffee soils do not appear to have an excessive
water-holding power, it is not likely that the
mulch will retain much of that which would act
injuriously to the coffee. But it would tend to
keep the water near the surface, where the
larger portion of the roots are—at seasons when
without it these portions of the soil would be too
dry. Of course, experiments will have to prove
in how far the wintering of coffee is desirable or
necessary, and it will depend upon the results of
those whether it would be desirable or not
to retain the mulch through the hot and rain-
less season. Some planters have noticed that
coffee does apparently better on stony soil than on
adjacent fields which are not stony. Jt would be
premature to say that this was due to the stones
on-the surface forming a partial mulch. But that
stones act similarly to a mulch (though not nearly
so effectively) has been proved. And that the
crops are sometimes injuriously affected by re-
moving them has also been noted by observant
farmers both in England and in Germany.

Preventing the formation of a puddled surface.—
The ease with which the surface soil becomes
puddled in some parts of the State is very marked,
Few of us realize, I believe, what a drawback this
really is to plant growth. Frequently you must
have noticed that plants are growing very poorly
indeed if there is only a thin crust on the surface of
thesoil. Unfortunately, I do not remember having
seen any accurately conducted experiments which
would indicate the extent of the injuries done by
the crust. But T. B. Terry and other practical
agriculturalists claim to have more than doubled
some of their crops by always stirring the soil
after every shower of rain as soon as it wag
sufficiently dry, soas to break the crust as soon
after it had formed as possible. To do this on
any of your estates would be impossible. But a
mulch which would break the force of the rain or
drip at the surface would prevent this crust for-
mation to a very large extent, if not altogether,
The rain water after percolating through the
mulch has not sufficient force to move any large

788

portion of soil particles and deposit them in a
compact or puddled condition. One of the prin-
cipal advantages of surface cultivation during the
growing season of plants is doubtlessly to be found
in the breaking up of the rain-puddled surface of the
soil; and as a mulch will do this effectively it
will greatly reduce or entirely replace the culti-
vation necessary on this score. In addition to
surface cultivation there is always a certain
amount of deep cultivation necessary. But even
this can be reduced more or less by the use of a
mulch, as the latter has the tendency to preserve
the soil in a loose and open condition. This fact
has been proven both by measuring the volume of
air contained in a definite volume of muiched and
unmulched soil, and by noting the shrinkage
taking place in similar samples of soil mulched in
various ways and those not protected by such a

eevering. To quote the figures without a detailed
account of the experiments might be misleading.
It will be sufficient to mention that in each case
the mulch prevented the soil from becoming as
compact as it otherwise would have become. In
addition to this direct influence a mulch also tends
to attract worms, which, by their burrowing,
actually loosen the soil and possibly assist in
rendering some of the plant food more readily
available. Furthermore, any of the mulch decay-
ing supplies the soil with vegetable mould at the
surface, the place where it is so much needed.
You will have noticed the check that a mulch has
on weeds. And it is self-evident that a loose
soil with no crust and a moist surface will allow
the rain to enter more readily and will suffer less
from surface washing.

ee es
GENERAL ITEMS.

The neglect of the ground or pea-nutiin Ceylon
is to say the least of it remarkable, seeing that
it is well suited to most parts of the Island. In
America during a fair year the ground nut crop
averages 5,000,000 bushels, and that is only a
small proportion of the world’s crop of fully
25,000,000. The Americans eat about 4,000,000
bushels of nuts ao year, either in candy or the
original kernels, The nut is largely used to
adulterate Coffee and Cocoa.

Ground-nut oil, which is perhaps the most
valuable product of the plant, is of a pale straw
colour, very thin, clean and tasteless. It does
not become rancid and even improves with

Supplement fo the “Tropical Agrculturist.”

[May 1, 1902.

keeping. The yield is variously stated to be from
16 to 30 per cent, the higher quantity being
assisted by heat but determined in quality.
Its largest use is in adulterating olive oil.
while it is also used for sewing machines and
small machinery, for soap-making and as a
cooking oil, also for burning. The residue or cake
is used as a milk-yielding cattle food as well
as @ manure,

Some time ago attention was drawn to the
value of the parched nuts asa diet for consumptive
patients. The taste for parched nuts is so uni-
versal in America thst a ground-nut stand isto be
geen at nearly every street corner in the large
towns. The Cape Colony Agricultural Journal,
to which we are indebted for the above notes,
makes a plea for the cultivation of the ground-
nut along the Eastern Uoast lands.

In composition the white of egg consists of
proteid matter dissolved in water, while the yolk
contains in addition to proteid, fat and coloring
matter. The results of analysis are as follows:—
White: 85°7 water, 12°6 proteid, ‘25 fat and *59ash.
Volk: 50°9 water, 16°2 proteid, SI‘75 fat, 1-09
ash. White and Yolk together: 73°7 water, 14:8
proteid, 10-5 fat, ‘0 ash.

A correspondent of the Natal Agricultural
Journal gives the following recipe which he has
found most successful for mange in dogs: Wash
the skin first with warm water and soap (whale
oil or Carbolic is preferable). Then apply 4 oz.
of whale oil, 1 drachm of ‘creosote, 1 oz. sulphur,
Grind the sulphur into a little oil and creosote
and then eradually add the rest of the tar and
oil, Rub thoroughly into the skin.

Pergularia odoratissima, known among the
Chinese as the *‘Night-Scented Orchid” is what
is called the ‘‘tonkin creeper” in Ceylon. It is,
of course, not an orchid, but 2 member cf the
order Asclepiadaceae. The flower is a great

‘favourite among older members of the Ceylonese

population, and is often placed among articles
of clothing owing to the scentit imparts, An attar
is said to be extracted from the blossoms. The
fruit is incorrectly supposed by some to be the
scented bean called “ Tonka” or “ Tonga” which is
borne by Dipteryc odorata, a leguminous plant
and the seed of whichis used to scent snuff and
communicate a pleasant odour to clothing,

. USP
iS a 4 WZ
«| MONTHLY. be a
20. COLOMo, JUNE 2np, 1902, No 12.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CEYLON
GOVERNMENT MYCOLOGIST AND
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, 1901.

FUNGAL DISEASE.

HE past year has been, from a
meteorolegical point of view,
rather less favourable to the
growth of fungi than is usual
in Ceylon. The number of dayg
and hours during which the
atmosphere was laden with mois-
ture has been fewer, and the
dry and sunny hours more, in

nearly all districts than in most previous years. In

addition, a good deal of preventive and sanitary wok

has been done in various districts, and this has

lessened the number of spore-producing areas to some
xtent.

In regard to blights and diseases of staple products
of the Island, we are at least in as good a position, if
not better, than in January, 1901. Tea diseases have
not wrought much havoc, though both leaf and root
diseases have still to be seriously reckoned with In
cacao the stem and fruit canker are on the decrease,
and will’continue to be so, if cacao planters donot
slacken their measures against this serious disease.

‘Some three hundred inquiries have been received
during the year, chiefly dealing with diseases in tea,
Cacao, coconuts, cardamoms, shade and timber trees,
and other estate cultivations, but a few referring to
horticultural plants.

The work of diagnosing the diseases attacking
specimens sent, and by so doing being ina position to
recommend preventive or curative measures, is greatly
helped by an adeqnate quantity of material being sub-
mitted for examination, and also when any facts which

may bear on the disease are sent with the specimens,
A single leaf or too have on occasions been received,
with a request for report as to the cause of its abnor-
mal appearance, and recommendations as to treatment,
with no other information.

The task is then somewhat similar to that of a
doctor called upon to examine a portion of a dead or
dying man without any facts about the case, and asked
to recommend a course of treatment for this and other
similar cases, It will greatly help, in a not always
simple task, if as much material can b2 sent as con=
venient ; ifa leaf disease. then all stages of the blighted
appearance on old and young leaves, if possible not
quite dried up. For sending by post, a small tin bos,
suchas a cizarette or tobacco box, answers the purpose
well. Notes as to the time when the disease was first
noticed ; if tea, how long from pruning. whether on all
the plants or only some, whether on all leaves or only
some; the conditions present, favourable or otherwise,
such as drought, cold, or excess of rain—all these are
of much value in forming an opinion as to the causes

of disease.
ENVIRONMENTAL DI°EASES.

Many of the specimens sent for report are found
01 microscopic examination to contain no parasite
fungi or other organisms, and to be affected by
what are purely environmental diseases, z.e., due to
the presence of physical conditious. such as drought,
excess of water, absence of nutrition in the soil, power-
ful and continuous wind, lightning, and other such
causes. In these cases, when the tissues have been
found to be free from the presence of any parasitic
organism and show no signs of having been attacked
by any insect or other animal, an investigation of the
conditions under which the plant has been living is
needful, in order to find out the why anil wherefore of
the evil.

THE TROPICAL

790

Two cases of tea struck by lightning were examined,
and from the facts observed by the planters sending
them, and ihe spperrance under the microscope of both
stem and leaves, there was bo «oubi thai the injury
was due to the passage of an eleciric cu rent along the
ground oceupicd by the roots of ihe pauts. I have
investigated a similar case in Hnglaud, of elms in
Leicestershire struck by lightning, where the shrubs
and other plants near the elm trees were damaged
along the tr ck of the current.

In the Ceylon case a Grevillea tree was struck and
the tea bushes immediately surrounding were damaged.
Im such cases of accdental injury it is possible by the
help of some cattle or other suitable manure to prevent
the plants dying, if they are observed and treated soon
after the shock. ‘

It is often not easy to say definitely that the lack of
health of a plant is due to environmental causes,
especially without careful observations of the circums-

‘tances of the case, but these ace evils that the planter
knows well and knows the way to cure—by removing
the conditions. In my experience the planter generally
does recognize environmental diseases, though, as is
only to be expected, he is inclined to attribute the first
effects of certain root diseases which are caused by
fungi to such causes. If, however, bushes in nearly
similar conditions, and apparently originally as vigo-
rous, are ‘‘shuck,” some root disease of a fungal nature
may legitimately be suspected. In any case of doubt
the roots shoud be examined, and if a fungus is found,
or if signs of it are seen, such as discolouration and
Gecay of the root tissues, the whole should be destroyed
by burning, and the soil around limed. __ i

The planter who will suffer least from diseases in his
cultivations must exercise the same observation and
use the same care to keep his plants in health as he
does for his horse or his dog. Without a kuowledge of
the anatomy and physiology of animals, he is yet
able to prevent and cure many of the diesases of his
domestic animals, and so in the case of his plants;
whatever kind they are he may use preventive and
curative means as soon as he notices any disease affect-
ing his estate.

LEAF DISWASES OF TEA.

Tea has been throughout the year less affected than
last year by leaf diseases. In the case of Gray Blight
(Pestalozzia Gwepini,) it has been seut to me from
almost every tea district in the Island, and therefore
seems to have spread across wide areas, Though I
have since my avrival in the Island examined an im-
mense number of diseased leaves from Jungle and
other plants said to be affected by this leaf disease,
I have in no case found the fungus to be growing on
any other plant. In many cases badly affected tea is
surrounded on one or more sides by jungle or scrub
and though vast numbers of spores must have lit upon
the leaves of plants growing there, no blighted leaves
with this particular fungus bave been found, ;

An interesung case of the method of distribution of
spores was observed on anestate ina wet district. On
the windward side of a narrow strip of jungle, at the
brow of a hill, was a bad y blighted field of tea ;a road
some 20 or 30 feet wide had been cut through the
jungle, and on the leeward side was a field of tea,
only biighted on the bushes wihch were opposite the
opening through the wood. This points to the pro-
tection of tea in some cases by means cf wind or other
belts of trees ‘he whole question of spore distribution
isone of rather a comrlex nature ; it is however one of
great importance from an economic point of view, and
the experiments initiated during the year wilh a view
of gaining» definite knowledge of conditious under
which spores are distributed will, it is to be hoped,
lead to measures likely to prevent or hinder the
spreading of the spores of leaf diseases,

SPORH-PISPRIBUTION EXPERIMENTS,
The experimental “ tabernacles,” which are built of

jute hessian and are 45 feet loug by 8 feet broad,
enclosing thirty tea bushes in two rows of fifteen, are

AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 2, 1909.

9 feet high, and are placed at right angles to the pre-
vailing winds in certain selected districts at various
clevations and climates. They are open to the tky,
aud the tea in the enclosure is as newly as possible
under the same conditions as that outside. ‘Lhe ob-
servations already made in the tubernacle where the
tea has already begun to bear leaves have yielded
valuable information, and when the whole of these en-
closures at varying heights and climates are under ob-
servation many data of importauce will be gained.

All the tea both in the tabernacle and the suiround-
ing field is pruned, and when the field has come into
bearing all leaves on bushes inside the enclosure and
around it which show any sign of disease are examined
microscopically and the disease determined. ‘he out-
break of disease on either cide of the tabernacle is also
observed and recorded in the same way. By thus ob-
serving at close and regular intervals the sume thirty
bushes a knowledge is gained of the behaviour of
different bushes to disease. One question of much in-
terest as regards tea with gray Bilght and other leaf
diseases, viz., Whether the weakly bushes are more or
less jiable t) attack than more vigorous plants, and as
to how they re-act to the disease, can here be studied
carefully. Whe data are to be collected at the different
stations by the superintendents of the estates selected
and the leaves forwarded to me for exumination. 1
also hope to personally inspect them at certuin inter-
vals. These gentlemen have most kindly taken a
great interest in the investigation, and their valuable
help iu this matter will, I hope, be repaid by an ad-
vance in our knowledge of the whole question. The
following is the schedule to be returned after each
plucking, which will explain to those interested the
modus operandi of the investigation :—

TEA BLIGHT INVESTIGATION.

The Mycologist, while wishing to reduce the amount
of trouble taken by each observer, will be glad to re-
ceive as complete answer as possible. Ifthe terms sug
gested in the footnotes only are used the com-
parison of the observations at the different stations will
be simplified. When convenient the returns should be
sent to Peradeniya next day, so that the diseased
leaves can be examined with little delay. All the
diseased leaves should be sent, unless too bulky, when
they should be weighed and the weight sent, with as
many of the leaves as possible.

The tabernacle should be kept c osed and only the
Kangany or Cooly who is to pluck the bushes admitted.
Name of Estate————

Date of plucking

- Weather Conditions * —~ ——

Wind | ———
Weight of leaf plucked from ea} age
bushes (green)

Approximite number of bushes from
when the diseased leaves came
Condition of nearest bushes on North
side of tabernacle
Condition of nearest bushes on South
side of tabernacle
Does the flush on enclosed bushes
fairly agree with the rest of the field ?
Remarks or observations :—
* «Very wet,” “rainy, ” “no. rain,’ “no: san, 2
“sunny,” “hot sun.”
+ '*No wind,” ‘little wind, ”
stant wind, ” ‘‘ strong wind, ”

tt et ee

““vuriable,’” * con-

GRAY BLIGHT ON YOUNG SHOCTS.

As was mentioned in my last annual report, a cir=
cumstance with regard to Giay Blight, which calls for
attention, has been again more than once brought to
my notice, Itisthe fact that the fungus grows in
some leaves so vigoiously that it penetrates back
through the leaf-stalk to the young. shoot. In these
cases it is able to grow longer than it can do in the
leaf, which usually falls off the bash when entirely
killed by the fungus aud consequently itis on these
older parts thatl have at last discovered the perfect

JUNE 2, 1902.]

fruiting form of the fungus or ascigerous state. This
form I am investigating, and it will form the subject of
a paper of a more technical character than is suitable
in these Circulars) From a planting point of view
this discovery is most interesting, as it points to one
method this fungus has of perpetuating itself. All such
cases, which can be seen by the discolouration of the
young shoots and the absence on them of any flush,
should be treated by pruning these young shoots back
and burning the prunings. A case has occurred of
the Gray Blight fungus attacking the youngest beds
over a whole field and reduzing the yield to a grievous
extent. I cannot say whether in the cases I have exa-
mined the buds were “ banji” by which I mean buds
the growth cf which has been checked, or whether they
were attacked when in their earliest stages.

If the budsare ‘‘ banji’”’ they may have been on the
bush for sometime—long enough for the growth of the
fungus as it generally occurs; and further it is pro-
bable that the presence of the fungus in the buds may
itself have produced a ‘‘banji,” This phase of the
Gray Blight fungus is, however, still being investigated
and I may hope to learn more of its nature on visiting
the area affected and noticing the conditions preva-
lent there.

The efforts of the Gray Blight fungus in this
direction to decrease the output of tea should be care
fully watched and by pruning lightly below the in
fected places, stopped before it becomes at all common”

ROOT DISEASE OF TEA.

A Disease which is more difficult to fight, and which
has more disastrous effects in the places where ib
_occurs, is the root disease of tea, which is to be found
in many districts, more especially those at higher ele-
vations, where the disintegration of dead vegetable
matter is slower than in the low-country.

This is caused by a fungus, most probably Rosellinia
radiciperda, Massee though in almost all cases there ave
not present the fruiting parts of the fungus, by which
alone it can be ceitainly identified.

The wycelium of the fungus commonly called
“ White Root-rot,’’ can be noticed as white thread-
like strands, easily seen with the naked eye. When it
has permeaied the root entirely, it often assumes a
fan-like shape covering the surface of the root, and can
be easily detected on scraping away the dirt and the
outer surface of the root. Lhe majority of known fungi
are saprophytic, 7 e., living on dead and decaying sub-
stances; others are parasitic, 7.e., growing on the
living tissues of plants or animals. In some cases
fungi have the power to exist in both chese ways, and
the tea root disease fungus is one of this latter kind.
It begins its life asa saprophyte on any dead timber
of a suitable kind. The softer and more spongy roots
of trees like Symplocos, when the tree is cut down, are
an ideal home for this fungus

Lhave found it growivg on various jungle roots,—in
most cases it is not easy When the tree has been cut
down for sometime to certainly determine the species
of the root,—on buried logs, and prunings of all sizes,
even no thicker than a slate pencil.

faving grown for some time on these dead hosts,
when moisture is present it spreads out in different
directions until it encounter3 another piece of suitable
food. Unfortunate.y for the cultivation of tea it has
ecquired the liking for the living roots of tea bushes,
The mycelium can grow to a considerable distance
through the soil if damp until it reaches the next piece
of nutritive material, I have observed a strand of my-

~ celium &} inches in Jength which had apparently no
intermediate host in its growth from a piece of dead

’ Symplocos root to a young root of tea. It must be
borne in mind that the presence of moisture is neces-
sary for the growth of this fungus, and also that when
it first reaches and attacks the root of living tea the in-
jurious effect to the plant is not noticeable.

From a large series of observations I believe that in
the case of vigorous tea a bush may be affected for two
years or longer without succumbing. The tea bush is
a hardy plant and makes a good fight against such an

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

791

enemy, but it is hardly possible that if once the fungus
has got a foothold on its roots it can ever throw it off.
T have seen this fungus killing out gradually some of
the finest tea bushes in a field, and it will generally be
seen that when one bush is badly affected and almost
dead, some of the surrouuding bushes are unhealthy
and show signs of suffering, though in a less degree,
from the same evil.

The remedies which should be employed to prevent
spread of this disease are simple, «nd where carried
out thoroughly have in all cases lessened and should
eventually arive out the fungus.

The cut:ing of drains vot less than two feet deep by
one broad has the double effect of removing moisture
from the soil and isolating the patches of disease, as
the fungus mycelium canuot pass over a space of one
foot, and if these are kept free from decaying matter,
it will be stopped in its progress.

The burying of prunings in infected areas is danger=
ous and should be discontinued, as by this means the
fungus has no other food than the roots of the tea and
may be starved out.

The use oflime is undoubtedly a deterrent to the
progress of the fungus, but since it is not possible to
effect the application of lime so that it is in contact
everywhere with the mycelium of the fungus, it is not
always successful, I have been told by a careful
observer that he has noticed a piece of lime round
which the strands of this fungus were wrapped, and lam
at present exverimenting on the action of various
proportions of lime in cultures of this mycelium,

All bushes which are killed should be carefully dug
out, leaving none of the root if possible. The hole
should be exposed to the air if the weather is fairly
dry, and before filling in an application of lime should
be made.

The ditches or drains should be dug around a larger
area than is observed to be diseased, as some of the
surrounding bushes may have the fungus in their roots
though not noticeably diseased.

It may be noted as an encouraging feature in the
case of this fungus that it rarely produces its spores
underground, aud seldom reaches the surface, and
therefore almost its sole means of spreading itself is by
tne running through the soil of its mycelium or vege-
tative portion.

Cacao OaNKER AND OTHER DismAsE.

Passing from tea to other cultivated plants, a
leaf disease of the coconut palm has been studied,
which bears a close resemblance to Gray Blight in
tea, though it is undoubtedly distinct, and does,
happily, not do very much damage to this valuable
products.

The canker of cocoa has been somewhat fully dealt
with in a Circular discussing the whole question, aud it
may be mentioned here only briefly. No new phases
iu the workings of this disease have been found, and
the cures and prevention where used have continued
to repay those carefully carrying them out. It is still
a subject for regret that larger areas ure untreated, and
that in these places the fungus prospers and spreads
both on pod and tree,

Tt may be that this report will reach some cacao
planters who may not have read the circular
“Cacao Canker in Ceylon,”’ pub ished in October last,
and for these it will be well torepeat the snmmary of
measures which are, | think, very generally considered
as effective : —

“* Prevention.—Regulate the shade so that the sun
and air can reach all parte of the cacao trees, and keep
the cacao from being so close as by its own leaves to
densely shade the ground.

‘Prevent dampness by surface draining, especially
in low hollows,

‘‘ Allow suckers to grow on all trees that show any
sign of disease.

‘*Burn all dead cacao trees and branches,

“Burn all discoloured pod husks from whatever
cause they are discoloured, If this is no} possible
bury with lime,’

792 THE TROPICAL

“Bury all pods under at least two inches of soil
with a sprinkling of lime.

“‘Curc.—Cut out all diseased patches on bark or
branches, removing also a wide margin—not lees than
two inches—of apparently healthy bark, aud burn a)Jl
the pieces removed. ;

“Tf this method is too expensive ortoo drastic,
shave lightly over the diseased areas and around them,
and burn the shavings. This latter treatment is not
so effective as cutting out. Such work should be done
vigorously in the dry weather. when the results are
vastly better. :

“Keep a gang of expert coolies continually on the
look out for new canker patches, and have these parts
removed before they spread far or produce their spores.

“ Notice avy Cead cacao trees or branches on neigh-
bouring small hcldings, and endeavour to get these
removedand burnt.

“These sanitary measures should be carried out on
‘all estates, even where the canker is very rare, and
thepersonal oversight of the superintendent seems to

2 he only way to prevent small pa'‘ches of disease
being missed in going round. It is much better to
take a longer time in going round the estate and have
the work thoroughly done than to cover large areas
and overlook some canker.”

Another disease of cacao of which the nature is nct
yet exactly known, has been observed aud investigated.
This is acondition of small and unripe fruits, which
is characterized by the unusal flexibility of the pods,
giving them when handled the feeling as if made of
indiarubber. Pods whenin this condition are said to
never attain full maturity, and, as a rule wither up
and are of no use. I have not beenable to find in any
typical pods of this character any mycelium of a fungus
or injury by insectand it is probable that this is
another of the environmental diseases, the cause or
causes of which are not yet apparent. That the
fruits are fertilized seems proved, an examination of
many showing a normal embryo. The loss by this
‘© going off ” of a proportion of the pods is important.
This condition must not be confused with the drying
up of very small pods, which is referred to later, and
which at present seems to be due to different
causes,

GREVILLEA DISEASE,

A disease of Grevillea robusta very prevalent in
certain districts is at present occupying my attention.
This is a canker which, though it grows upon the roots
of the Grevillea tree as well os the stem, seems in
most c*ses to originate on the stem, usually near the
pase. The external signs are a darkening of the bark
accompanied, asarule, with an exudation of gum at
various points. Some trees are being treated experi-
mentally, and the fungus is being cultivate}, and its
effect on the tree examined, some healthy trees being
inoculated for this purpose. A Circular will be issued
and preventive measures recommended when the facts
desired are obtained.

Meanwhile it is important that a look out should be
kept for this disease of a most valuable shade and
timber tree. All specimens which seem to agree with
this short description should be noted, and 1 will be
glad to be informed of their existence and any facts
bearing on the case.

FINGER AND TOE DISEASE OF CABBAGES, &C,

Passing from diseases of our extensively grown
plants to those of others, the most important is
Plasmodiophora Brassica, Wor., which has been found
in more than one place on cabbages aud turnips; it is
due to a fungus which attacks the roots and shows
itself in malformation of the root, lack of vigour, and sub-
sequently in the death of the whole plant. This disease
has been known in Murope for more than ahundved
years, and in Wngland is called ‘Finger and toe,”
© Olub-root ,Clubbing,”’ and ‘‘ Anbury.” On the Conti-
next the popular names also have reference to the shape
ofthe root, which 1esembles fingers and toes, Thes
malformations are due to the irritation or stimulus of a

fungus which belorgs to the group of Myxomycetes, or

AGRICULTURIST. |JunE 2, 1909,

“Slime fungi,’ a most interesting gioup botanically
but not so important economically, since hardly any
of them are parasitic, i.e.. Cizeate-producing. or other
plants. This slime fungus is so called because it has
no outward shape, like the majority of the furgi, but
consists of a mass of plasmodium or jeliy-like material
which mekes its way frcm cell to cell of the rcot and
absoibs the contents of each.

After consuming all the food it can find it forms its
spores—which are the reproductive bodies and may be
considered as reeds—and these can remain for scme
time without sprouting. In Furope they carry the
fungus overthe winter and germinate in the spring.
When conditions are favourable, these reeting spores
geiminate aud throw outa jelly-like material, which
it comes in contact with tke young root of a cabbage,
turnip, or similar plant penetrates intoit and produce
the ‘ fluger-and-toe ” disease,

There are two recognized methods of fighting this
disease. The first is to starve out the fongns, and this
is done by taking advantage of the fact that Plasmodio-
phora Brassice only grows on cruciferous plants, 1.¢.,
plauts of the cabbage order. By not growing such
plants as cabbage, kale, turnip, kohl-:abi, and cubsti-
tutipg crops of potato, lettuce, beans, peas, &c., the
fungus can obtain no food, and will cor sequently in a
few years beentirely exterminated. The other one
known is lime, end this is only a partial 1emedy. It
has been found that acids favour the development of
the “finger-and-toe ’’ fungus and alkalis retard it.
Thus, a dressing of lime ina garden or field affected
by this disease is of value, though not a certain pre-
ventive. It is tobe hoped that these measures, pre-
ferably the former, may be taken wherever this evil
is present in Ceylon, so that this disease may not get
a foothold in this Island, such as it has in Europe,
where it annually causes greatlosses to reot crops
and other plants.

FUNGI CAUSING ROTTING OF TIMBER.

Two other fungi have been studied both of econqmic
interest, though not growing on living plants. The
first is a species of Polyporee growing upon beams
used for building purposes and causing “ dry-rot,’
the name of which until the cultures have grown
sufficiently to produce fruit cannot be given. Some
experiments are being made with substances suited to
preserve wood fromthe attacks of this fungus, and
also with some different woods in use for building in
Ceylon, astotheir liability to attack. Some woods
are by their structure less easily attacked by this fungns
and it is well that the exact amount of immunity they

- possesy should be known.

FUNGUS ON RUBBER.

Another isa fungus which grows upon samples of
rubber, those examined begin from Hevea Brasiliensis,
Para rubber ; it was grcwing more abondantly upon
those samples which hac been precipitated with acetic
acid, than on the untreated rubber, but this point will
be experimented on. The fungus is a_ species of
Syncephalis, and causes characteristic red markings
in the sample, though not destroying its translucency.
Whether the growth of this fungus on the rubber
affects the market price, I have yet to learn.

OTHER DISEASES OF PLANTS,

The following plants, in addition to those previously
mentioned, have been received as diseased ; where the
fungus cancing the disease or growing on the plant has
been identified it is mentioned. In other cases the
material did not afford means of identification :—

Dillenia retusa, Thumb. Marasmius sarmentosus, Fr,

Michelia Champaca, Z. (Sapu). Polyporus sangui-

neus, 7.

Garcinia Xanthochymus Hx. f. (Cochin Goraka.)

Strigula Complanata, Jee.

Oxalis corniculata, L.

Mangifera indica, 1. (Mango). Fusiciadiam, sp.

Crotolaria, sp.

Desmodium cajanefolium, DO, Peronospora, Sp.

Phaseolus vulgaris, Z,

JUNE 2, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

Erythrina umbrosa, #.B.K. (Bois immoretelle)
Sparassns, sp. :

Acacia decurrens, Willd. ee

Rosa indica, Z. Phragmidium devastatrix, Sor.

Hucalyptus, sy. (Gum tree). Rosellinia sadiciperda,
Mass. is

Quisqualis indica, L. Corticium, sp.

Passiflora coerulea, . (Passion-flower).
sp.

Cucamis sativus, 2. Cucumber.

Daucus Carota, 1, Carrot. _ x

Coffea liberica 1. Cladosporium herbarum, Pers. _

Rhododendron sinensis, Sw.

Mimusops hexandra, Roxb.

Piper nigrum (Black pepper).

Acalypha indica, L. , :

Agathis obtusa, Lindl. Strigu'a complanata, lee

Musa paradisiaca, Z. (Plantain).

Karatas sp, Pythium de Baryanum, Hesse, _

Hletta:ia Cardamomum, Jaton. (Cardamom). :

Areca Catechu, Z. (Arecanut palm)?. Physcia
speciosa, Ir, j

Corypha umbraculifera Z, (Talipot palm).

Cystopus,

Peronospora, sp-

Coleroa, sp.

Sphaeria,

Sp. ;
Borassne flabelliformis, 2. (Palmyra palm) Sphaeria
sp.
Caladium biscolor, Vent. Diachoea elegans, /’.
Panicum savguinale, 1. Ustilago, sp.
Setaria glauca Beauv Claviceps, sp. »
Andropogon, sp. Epichloe typhina, Tul.
- Eleusine aegyptiaca, Pers. Ustilago. sp. :
Adiantum Capillus-Yeneris, 2. (Maiden-ha‘r-fern
Cystopus, sp. :
Some other plants and parts of plants were received
which the senders did not know the name of, and which
did not afford suffisient material for naming.

‘“ BLUESTONE ” AS A WEED KILLER,

Other botanical matters not relating to fungi or
plant diseases have occupied my attention during the
past year. The question of the use of ‘‘ Bluestone,
Copper Sulphate, in stopping the growth of weeds
like oxalis, has been investigated, but the experi-
ments shewea little or no effect. The undoubted
value of this substance in getting rid of charlock
from wheat fields in England, without damaging the
crop, suggested this experiment, which will be con-
tinued under different conditions until it can be
definitely stated that it has no useful effect, or its
value proved.

GRASS SEEDS FOR PASTURES AND LAWNS.

An examination of the seed used in Jaying down a
large area of grass ata high elevation has been made.
Four different samples of the mixture, which was
obtained from a leading English seed merchant, were
analyzed and the proportions of each of the different
grass and clover seeds in the mixture determined.
By enclosing a portion of this landand allowing the
plants to flower, which has been sown down for some
time, and observing the plants forming the herbage,
an interesting record will be obtained as to the grasses
and clovers which have grown and_ prospered, and
those that have failed to come up at all, In this
way we shall arrive at a conclusion as to what
European grasses, clovers, and other herbage and
lawn plants are suited to the hill country. Ishall be
glad to receive simples from any one who is laying
down European seeds, to analyze and give advice as
to the value of seeds forthe purpose. The practice
of buying mixtures is, however, to be deprecated :it
is much better to get from the seedsman the
required quantities of named seeds and mix them when
bought.

CACAO CUTTINGS,

Cacao and its improvement has not been lost
sight of. Inthe first place, though my own experi-
ments in obtaining new plants from cuttings have not
proved successful either in the open or under glass,
Mr, Herbert Wright, the Scientific Assistant and
Acting Curator of the Gardens, has achieved the res

AGRICULTURIST, 793

quired result, and has succeeded in rearing a plant from
a cutting. The conditions which seem to hive helped
in this case are a sandy s:iland an abundant and con-
stant supply of water at the roots, It will be well if
this is noted by cacao planters. so that they may be
helped in their experiments in this direction. Tt need
hardly be stated how valuable it will be if we can
arrive at an easy method of striking cacao cuttings,
2s by this means we can perpetuate the characters of
a specially valuable tree.
MEASUREMENTS OF CACAO Pops,

The meacurements of fruits have been continued with
® view to arriving ata decision as to whether any
€xternal characters of the ped can be used for selec-
tion of seed. The same results which were recorded
Jast year, and later in a short rote in ‘f Tropical
Agriculturist ” for April, 1901, have been arrived at,
viz, that the ex'ernal shape and_ size of the fruit
affords no criterion as to the commercial value of the
seed within, and may. often be a most misleading
character. The pods examined —more than 1,000 in all
—were of all kinds and vavieties and on different
estates. They were all measured accurately, both
lengthways and around the thickest part, and weighed;
then they were opeaed and the number and
Weight of the seeds and the weight of the fruit wall
recorded. The diagrams, produced first in the
Lropical Ayriculturist show more clearly than any
explanation the absence of relation between external
characters of the fruit and weight of seed,

SELECTION Cl SEED IN CACAO PLANTING

The natural method of selection of seed pods with
our present knowledge of cacao is to select from a
parent possessing the qualities wanted. A heavy
cropper, v.¢., a habitual heavy cropper, not an occa-
sional big yield, a hardy plant, these are the things
to be looked for in selection, if we are to improve
our Ceylon cacao, No fruit tree gives better promise,
and the wonders which have been achieved in im-
provement of the European and American fruits are
an example to encourage in this direction. An experi-
mental p.ot which was mentioned in last year’s report,
in which were planted seeds from a tree which has
borne for six years an average of 434 ripe pods, has
been preserved and tended, and the plants from this
bed will be planted out and carefully watched with a
view to their poszessing a great deal or in part this
heavy cropping character of the parent tree,

POLLINATION OF CACAO.

x
The pollination of cacao has been again worked at-
though unfortunately pressure of other matters pre
vented much time being devoted to this interesting
question. Thatthe heavy cropping qualities of some
of our Ceylon trees is due to the more eftective polli
nation and fertilization is more than probable, and
thevefore a knowledge as to the method of pollination
will perhaps help usin finding what conditions are
most favourable to the setting of a large quantity of
pods. So far as my researches in this field go,I have
only discovered one animal, an aphis (Aphides Ceylonica
Theacola, Buckton,) which was carrying pollen grains,
This insect I found in considerable numbers in buds
and young flowers, and several of them had pollen
grains of the cacao adhering to their bodies and limbs.
During the next flowering season I hope tocarry out
an exhaustive series of experiments with regard to
the pollination of cacao. Some remarks on this
matter in my last annual report were misunderstood,
and in letters tothe daily papers it was thought that
I was attempting some method of artificial polli-
nation. The structure of the cacao ficwer and other
things render this impracticable. In this connection
it may be mentioned that inquiries are still made ta
me about the structure of the cacao flower, owing to an
erroneous statement as to “ male and female '’ flowera
being atone time published, The flowers of cacao
are all truly hermaphrodite, é.c., having both stamen
(male) and pistil (female), I bavein an examination

794

of a very large number of flowers, while working at
the fertilization, never found any aborticn of organs,

Cacao seed hasbeensent to distant parts of the
British Empire with a view to discovering the length
of time thatthe seed will retain its vitality under
varying conditions, It is important to know the kest
method of sending seeds or young plants from a
distance.

TOURS AND PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

During the year} have visited many plating dis-
tricts, including Badulla, Passara, Monavragala,
Dikoya, Matale, Deltota, Dumbara, Ambagamuwa,
and the low-country, where experiments and inyesti-
gations have been made aad material collected for
laboratory work. I have also attended Planters’

Association meetings at various centres, where
diseases of plants and cognate matters have been

discussed and explanations given on various technical
points, It is a pleasure to record my thanks to
many planters for valuable help in investigation of
plant diseases and other matters.
J. B, CARRU'! HERS,
Government Mycologist and

Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens.
Peradeniya, January, 1902.
a
PINHAPPLES, ORANGES, CASSAVA,

MANGOES, &c.

REPORT ON THE CULTIVATION cP
PINEAPPL&$ AND OLEAER PRODUOTS OF
FLORIDA.

By Rosrurt THomson.
(Formerly Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens of the
: Government of Jamaica, now Advi-
ser to Messrs. Klder Dempster & Co. on

the cultivation of Iruit and
other products.)

(Concluded.}

ORANGES.

I visited according to arrangements made at Wash-
ington a great Orange nursery at Glen. 8t Mary,
about 80 miles from Jacksonville. Many millions of
plants have been propagated here. There are here
about half a million plants comprising all the best
varieties of Citcus fruits. The proprietor is a well
known expert. Orange cultivation prior to the great
freeze of 1895, was the greatest industry of Florida,
it was the chief ‘“ wealth producer ’ extending over

an immense area to the south of Jacksonville. Pre-
vious to that great disaster that ruined thousands of
“families, this region was extolled as the most congenial
in Florida for Oranges, for it is recognised by most
leading growers that the further north even to
‘“danger point”? they grow the more luscious is the
fruit. The tallies with our cultivation on the hills.
Another frost 2 years ago destroyed the groves con-
nected with this nursery, the trees being frozen to
the ground. Thousands of groves were also destroyed
by that morning’s frost over hundreds of miles of
land. Many of the growers are now planting
further south in order to escape the frosts, Since
last frozen the trees have sprung anew from the
bases of the trunks and they now present a splendid
appearance having attained a height of seven or eight
feet. Several stems are allowed to grow from the
baece,— most luxuriant stems, branches and foliage.
Next year innumerable trees are expected to yield
considerable crops. Only afew severe freezes have
cecurred in about 60 years.

In this extensive nureery thousands of small plants
budded two years ago yield from 20 to 40 fruits each.
J suggested that many hundreds of small trees could
be grown to the acre for early cropping. ‘hese pre-
cocious trees ave budded on citrus trifoliate stock.
Peare, peaches ahd plums aro commonly cultivated

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

(JUNE 2, 1902.

side by side with the ovarge. Many of the groves in
the great orange region of Orlando that were Jess
severely injured by frost are new in a flonrishing
condition, far finer trees thanany in Jamaica. This
is another example of the capability of a sandy soil, in
which they are madeito flourish by constant care av
fertilizers At this nursery I witnessed a new departure
in orange cultivation. A considerable number ©!
plants are under experimental treatment for the
Department of Agriculture at Washington, plants that
were hybridiz.d a few years ago, There are at least
50 very distinct forms, distinguishable by foliage, ete.
These are about 8 feet high, and some of them are
likely to fruit next year for the first time, At Miami
a few huncred miles further south I also saw dupli-
cates of these newforms at the Government Experi-
ment Station, but much smaller plants, Warieties
that will endure more frost as wel? as superior in
point of quality are anticipated from these hybridized
types. In the orange plantation connected with this
nursery my attention was directed to great piles of
logs between some of the wide rows of trees, I was
surprised to learn that these piles are placed in eum-
mer in readiness for the winter frost. When the
temperature falls seriously the huge piles of wood are
set on fire torepel the frost by means of smoke,
this in the openair. The result is usually satisfac-
tory. Orange groves I noted everywhere are peculi-
arly sensitive to bad cultivation, that is by allowing
weeds to grow. by witholding fertilizers, by insufficient
cultivation, Whenever neglected, they languish. The
ownership of a ten acre grove has been and _ is still
locked forward to as ample to provide ail the com-
forts of &@ well-to-do family. Hach tree is highly
prized, foron arviving at maturity it ic valued at
from $15 to $25. ‘‘ In an Orange Grove 8 to 10 years
old $1,000 per acre has often been realizedx’ Ordi-
nary manure is depiecated “the benefits of barn
manure in an average grove are in serious question.
The fruits produced by nitrogen from this source are
as above stated usually large, coarse, thick skinned,
with abundant rag and of inferior flavour,” My
attention was repeatedly called to the nctorious
manner in which oranges are packed in Jamaica.
Frequently trained packers have been selected in
Orlando, sent afew days journey to New York or
Baltimore at great expense and besides paid $2 a day
to rehandle orange shipments from Jamaica, thatis
to size, pick and repack in boxes for distribution.
Orange growers and dealers freely express their
suprise at this incredible example of Jamaican in-
competency. For be it remembered that the splendid
quality of the fruit itselfis depreciated. “ Fruit which
is we'l kncewn by a brand will often sell readily and
quickly for 50 per cent more than other fruit equally
as good, but not known to be so by the buyer.’
Orange and Grape Fruit groves are being largely
planted in the vicinity of Miami. Plants three years
oid bucded on small lemon stock yield 100 fruit.
The size and Juxuriance of the foliage is remarkable.
Several of the most successful growers informed me
that they did not know 10 years ago the difference .
between an oak and an orange tree. With determined
energy and enthusiasm they have become noted
cultivators. Before the 1895 freeze five million
crates of oranges were shipped from Florida valued
at about fifteen millions dollars, After this freeze
the number of crates fell to 100,000. Last year it
increased to 750,1G0 and next season donble the
latter 1umber are expected. California preduces
six millicn crates. In a conservatory at Washington
the most famous of allorange trees was pointed out
tome, the original plant of the navel variety from
which by propagation about half of the orange crop
of California has originated. Californians commonly
salute this wonderful tree,

Since my return from Florida I have visited the
parish of Manchester the chief centre of orange pro-
duction in Jamaica, more than half of all that are
shipped coming from here. One firm alone collects

JUNE 2, 1902.]

and shipsabout 100,000 barrels a year. Great benefit
has accrued to Jamaica by the naturalization of plants
iatroduced hundreds of years ego, Thus Logwood
and Oranges have spontaneously overran hundreds
of miles of the Island and the former has long been
establisned as one’ of the staple products. The
spontaneous diffusion of a species of plant affords
abundant proof of the eligibility of the environments
in which it grows. lJunumerable orange trees are
thus widely diseminated in Manchester, Intermingled
with other forest trees they have been subjected to
severe condition of existence. Thus they present a
dwarf stunted aspect. Practically the only attempt
at cultivation has been to destroy the native trees by
which they are surrounded with the result that small
crops are obtainable. From these semi-wild trees
thus reclaimed from the forest the average yield is
less than half a-barrel each. A little attention is
sometimes bestowed upon groups of trees. For ins-
tance, trees occur on the settlers’ coffee fields which
have to be regularly weeded. Here they occasionally
yield several barrels each and they present a distinctly
improved appevrance. One of the settlers pointed
out a considerable group of trees he obtained on land
he purchased. A few years ago his first crop was
sold for 33, the folowing year he had 6 barrels and
in the two subsequent years 14 and 62 barrels res-
pectively. The trees are very unequally distributed ;
in many places from 20 to 60 may be counted on an
acre—occupying but a small portion thereof. Com-
monly from 6 to 12 of these dwarf trees are crowded
in a space equal to that allotted to a single tree in
Florida. The Manchester oranges are excellent in
point in quality. .Taey ave sold at 2s. per barrel of
about 410 fruits. If they were carefully handled,
sized, etc., and packed in boxes the value would be
greatly enhanced. It is interesting to note that
several gentlemen in this parish are initiating the
cultivation of budded trees with very promising re-
sults. Istrongly recommend medium sized wild trees
asthe best stock for budding purposes, This can be
done on a large scale. The cultivation of Coffee in
Manchester is a large industry among the small settlers,
The profit realizable can hardiy exceed £2 per acre,
If the same cultural attention were paid to the culti-
vation of oranges the returns would be surprising.
Instead of an acre, containing irregular groups of
desolate orange trees aggregating some 380 te 60), from
which 20 barrels may be obtained, 150 0f these small
trees could be established per acre by the simple pro-
cess of transplantation. By higher cultivation than
that applied to Coffee 300 barrels of oranges would be
assured per acre. Oa the lines I have propounded
oravge cultivation is capable of becoming one of the
great industries of the Island, There are numerous
decayed or worn ous trees that should be destroyed
and replaced by healthy medium-sized trees. Ietter
to cut the transplanted trees well back to induce new
and vigorous growth, In the delightful climate of the
Port ioyal Mountains this tree yields the very best
possible fruit. Thousands of acres could be cultivated
in lien of thousands of trees as at present. Ihe
moderate application of fertilizers would ensure
splended returns when the soil is not sufficiently
rich, this applies to all parts of the Island. All the
conditions referred to emphasize our pre-eminent
erange growing capabilities, capabilities such as
throw into the shade all Florida that culminated
with returns valued at 15 million dollars, Our
illimitable resourcesawait enterprising Englishmen to
embark in orange growisg. Limes grow with perfect
sueeess, double the size of those that grow on the keys
of Florida. Onrocky land hundreds of thousands
of lime trees cou'd be establisbed at a trifling cost.

CASSAVA CULTIVATION.

It is aninteresting fact that Orlando (in Florida) the
home of the pineapple shed system of cultivation, is
indebted to Jamaica for an important industry. About
three years ago.an American tourist in Jamaica, Mr.

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

795

°

Perkins, was struck with the value of cassava as a
starch-yielding plant. Oa his return to Florida he
organized a company and erected a great favtory at
Lake Mary, 18 miles from Orlando, for the manufacture
of cassava starch. [ visited the factory at the end of
June and was kindly permitted to see through it, the
managers taking a great interest in Jamaica. One
thousand acres of cassava ave cultivate] in the vicinity
hundreds of acres of which by gentlemen connected
with the factory. There ave fields of one hundred
acres eaca which I had tke pleasure of inspecting.
Within 60 miles of the factory the managers purchase
the tubers delivered at railway stations at $5 per ton
and the culture is extending rapidly. This factory
crushes 40 t9 50 tons of tubers daily during the crop-
ping season of 4 months, The average crop per acre
is 9tons. This plant grows remarkably well on the
all present sandy soil. On the day of my visit toa
100 acres field fertl zers were applied to the field, to
the value of $500.. I pointed out that larger returns
would be obtained from a better soil, in fact double
the crop. The yield of starch from the tuber is from
17 to 20 per cent. It is also noteworthy that the
manufacture of tapioca and dextrine from cassava
ave tobe taken up withthe least possible delay. The
colonred labourers employed in this cultiva-
tion are puid $1 a day. From the planting to barvest
seven months are requisite. On account of the winter
frosts the seed (stem cuttings) has to be buried in
the sand for several months, Great piles of them
are thus covered during the winter. The cost of
preparing the land for this cultivation is $40 per acre,
This for digging up the Palmetto roots which cover
the land. Iqaote the following from a Savannah
Newspaper of June, 29th, 1901, relative to this cassava
factory : ‘ Branswick’s Board of Trade held an inter-
esting me2ting to-day to hear ar informal address from
President Perkins of the Florida Starch Factory, and
for alengthy session President Perkins entertained a
large attendance. President Perkins is en route to the
North, where he will study the needs of various cotton
fastories in their use of starch. and will still further
adapt his factory to the manufacture of products
suited to them, At present his firm has about $100,000
invested in the development of the cassava industry
and the enlargement of their plant is one of the hear
by plans.’”’ During my sojourn in Florida, I collected
other yaluable information regarding cassava as an
article of food tor cattle,etec. Indeed Florida is deter-
mined to make cassava a leading staple product. The
matter is diszussed everywhere. From the report of
the professor at the Florida Agricultural Experimental
Station I make the following extracts ‘“‘ With all the

‘facts procurable, and with the experience not only of

myself, but many practical farmers to support the
opinion, I have reached the conclusion that, all things
considered, cassava comes nearer furnishing the
Florida farmer with a more universally profitable
crop than any other which he can grow on equally
large areas. It canbeutilizedin more ways, can be
sold in more different forms, can be more chiefly
converted into staple and finished products and can be
produced fora smvuller part of its selling price than
any other crop. It is unquestionably true that cassava,
all things considered, comes nearer supplying a per-
fect ration for farm stock than any other concentrated
food produced upon Florida farms. Every beef
animal in Florida can be put in the condition of
western stall-fed cattle by the simple use of cassava
at a mere fraction of the cost to the corn feeders of
the west. Anagcre yielding 40 bushels of corn would
at this rate produce 1,187 pounds of starch, while an
acre of cassava producing 6 tons would yield 2 400
pounds of starch. It thus appears that cassava is
to-day the cheapest known source of starch, costing
as present market values of raw materialonly about
one fourth as much as its nearest competitor. Not only
therefore does the high yield of starch in cassava
place it prominently before manufacturers as a
probable new material for the great glucose industry
at present practically dependent upon corn, but more.

796 THE TROPICAL

over cassava Contains two other constituents worthy
of consideration inthis connection, namely, its 3 per
cent. of sugar, against the 0°4 per cent. in corn and
1°68 per cent, of fibre, as compared with 2°20 per cent
of corn.

“ Manufacturers are now consid ering the importance
of these facts, and there is good reason for expecting
tbe erection of at least two gluco factories in the near
future, which will depend upon cassava for their 1aw
material.” The same authority says in another
report: ‘The actual profit on the feeding of the cas-
save steers was 48°42 per cent on the investment. The
cotton seed steers returned a prefit of 37°43 per cent,
and the corn fed steers 14°98 per cent. The difference
between Jots 1 and 2 is decidedly apparent and shews
cassaya to be very materially the cheapest and best
ration which can be used for fattening purposes, The
most astonishing fact, however, is the very great differ-
ence demonstrated between the cost and the results of
feeding corn and feeding cassava, the difference being
almost two-thirds in favour of the latter. Cassava
proves itself a most superior beef fattening food. The
cost of live weight beef produced by feeding cassava is
11 cents per pound, and in 75 days a profit of 59:10
per cent was made by fattening beef upon cassava.”
The Tampa Herald says ‘The one thing neccssary
to secure for Florida an immigration that will conveit
our pine woods into paying farms, is the discovery
and fixed establishment of a money crop; a staple
that can be produced on every farm in the state, and
which will always bring cash to the farmer in profit-
able volume so that he can every year have some sur-
plus money to put in the Bank ; unless he should pre-
fer to enlarge or improve hisfarm. Now the Herald
believes that this crop can be established by the cul-
tivation of Velvet Beans, and Cassava, and the conver-
sion of them into beefand pork. After all is said and
done, meat is the great backbone of the North West,
where more good money is made than anywhere else.
Let the farmers and owners of Jands demonstrate this
fact, and they can sell every acre of their holdings to
men that will push the stock business. We will have
as many people as the Jand can hold. We will have a
village with churches and schoolin every township. We
will have a wealthy and powerful State. We can have
it is our firm belief.” In addition to the importance
of cassava from the foregoing points of view I have the
pleasure to state that I directed the attention of the
Secretary of State for India four years ago to the
utilisation of new varieties of this plant, (the bitter
and sweet varieties have been known in one or two
localities of India for hundreds of years) among the
inhabitants of famine-stricken regions there. I pointed
out that the cassava is peculiarly drought resisting,
flourishing as it does in arid regions, as well as in
humid regions. Thus about 14 inches of rainfall
secures abundant crops, whereas for rice cultivation
from 50 to 60 inches are requisite. I also pointed out
that some of the varieties when cooked as Irish pota-
toes, rival that edible in point of palatableness. My
le.te.s on this subject have been published in India,
A few months ago, I received instructions to furnish
two Agricultural Derartments in India with these
special varieties for experimental cultivation. I have
obtained these varieties fiom Colombia from sections
of it, one thousand miles apart. During my residence
in that Republic, many years ago, I detected the
merits of some of these varieties. Thus co-incident
with the intimataicn to hand of the great economic
importance of one or two varieties of cassava in Ame-
rica, the acquisition of some 23 additional varieties is
most opportune. Several of these are exceedingly rich
instarch. And J have just despatched to Bombay and
Punjab all the yarieties. am forming a nursery of
them here, ro that vast numbers of cuttings will be
available soon. I purpose establishing a plot of each
variety, with a view to determine their meriishere. T
am aso forwarding immediately to the Agricultural
Department at Washington the entire collection, also
of the bitter caseaxa which is much richer in starch
than, the one under cultivation fo Florida. I am for-

AGRICULTURIST.

warding a supply for extensive propagation. Millions
will soon be disseminated over Florida. Two varieties
the ‘‘ Bitter” and the ‘‘ Sweet’ have been cultivated
here from time immemorial; they are also spread
throughout the West Indies. Starch is made from the
former for household purposes ; from the latter cassava
cakes are made and frequently the roots are cooked and
eaten by the peasantry though the variety is inferior,
Small patches are grown everywhere by the peasantry.
The total aggregate may be 100 acres, consequently
seed cuttings may be obtained for thousands of acres
for immediate cultivation. Doubtless twenty thousand
tons of root could be produced within ayear. The enl-
tivation is exceedingly simple; it thrives under the
most diverse conditions of climate, on the Liguanea
and other dry plains, on rocky hill sides, as well as on
humid plains and hills wherever the coil is friable or
gravelly. To obtain large crops it must be planted
annually ; it may be planted twice a year in Jamnica ;
the roots or tubers can be dried to keep for scmetime:;
thus the weight is greatly reduced for transport to he
brought from distant parts to a factory. I have men.
tioned that the factory at Orlando is in operation only
four months a year. In Jamaica a factory can be kept
going most of the year. It is impossible to exaggerate
the importance of agreat cassave irdustry in Jamaica.
Asa matter of fact an acre of it is worth more thun
an acre of sugar cane. We have cheap Jabour com-
pared with Florida. The land is snfficienly rich with-
out artificial fertilisers. A peasant can cultivate afew
acres, each yielding at least ten tons at $5 per ton;
this is #50 per acre A factory here would confer im-
mense benefit ou the ecmmunity.

MANGOES, &c.

Palm Beach is perhaps the most famous Winter
Resort in the world. At one of Mr. Flagler’s Hotels
400 rooms are added annually. The tropical aspect
of the grounds is extremely grand; great avennes of
palms, miles in length and forests of palms, The
coconut plays an important part ; thousands cf them
commonly 380 feet high are transplanted to com-
mand effect. Many other tropical plants are dis-
played here. There are also hundreds of acres of
pinespples and the shed system is strongly advocated.
One of the finest plantations is that of Mr. Mattham,
and he has several hybrid forms from Washington.
Mango and Avocado trees sbound here ; Mango fruit
is extremely popular; hundreds of thousands are
eagerly bought at about $7 per thousand. In the
city of Key West the consumptiom is yery large and
its popularity is extending northwards, where in the
near future it will doubtles become a staple fruit. My
programme from Washington included a visit to a noted
Mango grower, Professor Gale. He was delighted
to show what he has done. Great Indian grafted trees
as well as our no, 11 variety are propagated far more
successfully than is the case in the west Indies,—by
budding, grafting, andinarching. It affords me great
pleasure to report that I obtained from the Director
of Botanical Gardens at Washington six plants of
new variety of Banana; it is described amongst bana-
ras as ‘the best fruit of any.’ My attention will be
directed to its propagation with the least possible delay

EUPHORBIACEOUS PLANTS.

The veteran Director of the Botanical Garden, Mr.
Smith, whom I have known for 25 years, suggested to
me on my way to Florida, to consider and form an
opinion, on the practicability, of cultivating Euphor-
biaceous plants in this region. I therefore have the
pleasure to submit a few remarks. In addition to the
characteristic sandy soil of the east coast, another
soill rich in humus abounds near Miami, vast areas of
it, namely Everglade land, Heretofore nesrly ali ex-
periments with tropical fruit cultivation have teen con-
ducted on the sandy soil, where sub-tropical fruits
mingle with purely tropical fruits. In this region frost
is practically unknown, coco-nuts thirty years old
flourish here, large mango trees, avocado pears with
large tiunks, some of which must be over twenty years

[June 2, 1902.

JUNE 2, 1902.] THE TROPICAL
old, rose apple, tamarind, guava, cotton tree, naseberry
(sapodilla), ponciana regia, and many tropical palms.
This affords substantial evidence of the capabilities of
soiland climate. The widely dispersed pine forests
cover great tracts; oaks are scrubby. In this region,
therefore, many tropical as well as sub-tropical forms
flourish, forms that withstand the reduced temperature
of the cool season. At the same time the sub-tropical
conditions are typical, for oranges, grape fruit trees,

&c., grow with remarkable vigour. 1 have had a wide

experience in the cultivation of valuable economic

plants at altitudes ranging from the sea level up to

10,000 feet in the tropics. In this connection, near

the equator itis interesting to observe that at an ele-

vation of 6,000 feet mangoes, avocado pears grow side

by side with exceedingly fine oranges, just as they do

in Florida. At this elevation in the Colombian

Andes up to 8,000 feet one of the most important

species of rubber is indigenous, I started the culti-

vation of a plantation of this tree in its native habitat.

This plantation was abandoned at the time extensive

Cinchona plantations were abandoned. The rubber

tree grew with great rapidity, twenty feet high in

three years, It is a very distinct form of Sapium

biglandulosum. More than a year ago I had the plea-

sure to direct the attention of the secretary of Agricul-

ture to this important plant. I now beg to say that I

have carefully considered at the suggestion of Mr.

Smith of the Botanical Garden, the conditions

at Miami compared with those on the Andes at

6,000 feet. In the forest at this elevation

Oak tree abound ; there are several species of conifer-

ous trees. Close to Miami I found many indigeni-

ous species belonging to natural orders that grow

at 6,000 and 8,000 feet in the Colombian Andes,

for instance, many forms of Rubiaceae a charac-

teristic order at this elevation (amongst Urticaeae

I detected st Miami a congener of Ramie with

a beautiful fibre) These analogons conditions

couple with the fact that Oranges, &c., flourish at the

same elevation at which this rubber tree grows led

me to the conclusion that the conditions presented

near Miami on the beautiful lands of the Everglades

distinctly point to the practicability of growing suc-

cessfully this species of rubber thereat. Where this

tree grows the rainfall is more than one hundred inches
a year; it delights in water at the roots when thoroughly
drained. Hence irrigation from the beautiful Miami

River could be made subservient.

Halfway Tree, August 27th, £901.
--Board of Agriculture, Jamaica.

—_—_—_—_—__&__—_——_

THE H@VIA “PARA,” INDIAN

RUBBER:
_ ORIGIN OF THE INTRODUOTION AND
CULTIVATION OF THE TREE.
| BY H. A. WICKHAM*

Although advertisements for sale of the seed of-
Para rubber (Hevia) at so much a thousand have now
been commonly seen for some time past in all the
planting journals in Oeylon and the East, it is not

generally known that to the initiation of the Govern-.

ment of India is due the fact that they are within
the reach of the planting community at all. Any
planter who has had practical experience with the
seed of this tree will understand the difficulty which
had to be encoantered in getting the original stock
plants established in the Eastern tropics at such
distance from their primitive home in the highland
forests of the valley of the Amazon.

"Planter, and some time Commissioner for the intro™
duction of the Hevia (Para) Indian rubber for the
Government of India , and inspector of forests.—B,H.

101

AGRICULTURIST. 197

In the first instance, so far back as the seventies,
the initiation of the Government of India in backing
liberally the recommendation of Sir Joseph Hooker
enabled me to seize an opportunity, singularly occuring
for specially chartering a steamship which happened
to be up the Amazon River at the exact time of
the fall of the ripe ceed in the rubber forest. Had
this not been so, I should never have been able to
accomplish the feat of securing the large original
stock from an only seed so prone to quickly lose
vitality.

Just now there seems to be a disposition in some
quarters to deprecate the efforts made by the. Indian
Government as bearingon the method best for the
cultivation of the Hevia. This seems to be exceedingly
shoré-sighted and ill-advised. Asa matter of fact, in
the hands of the Government of India, through their
forestry, officers, all such experimental planting or
cultivation carinot be calculated to be other than
object lessons of the greatest value to practical planters
in all the equatorial colonies, in that it will furnish
them with authoritative data (especially the H«evia)
of anature tobe depended upov.

The true “ Para,” Indian rubber (Havia) is to be
found growing naturally within the immense forest-
covered area of the valley of the Amazon and in the
tributary rivers, including the head streams of the
Orinoco. I found it abundant high up on the Orinoco,
above the junction of the Guaviare (the latter stream
by right, indeed, should be styled the head stream of
the Orinoco). It is plentiful on the banks of the
Cassiquiare—that curious bifurcation by which the
Orinoco gives of a stream tothe Rio Negro, and so
converts Guayana into an immense island. I also
found it growing in the interior betwixt the Tapajos
and the Xingu. The rivers from which the largest
supply is drawn now by traders are the Purus and
the Madeira, In its native forestsit grows dispersed
among the other forest trees, two or three trees
rarely being found in juxtaposition, In appearance
the Heviais a handsome tree, with straight cylindri-
cal trunk—differing wholly from the Ule—the Indian
rubber tree (Castilloa) seen in Moskito and Nicaragua
to South Mexico. The wood is soft and perishable.
The bark, as in the great majority of tropical trees,
is not very thick, and is of a grey colour on the
surface, but when scraped, approaches the appearance
and colour of alight bay horse’s coat. his clean-
ing has to be done, asin moister regions the bark
is thickly coated with growths of moss, ferns, and
orchids. The seeds grow, three together, in a sort of
hard pod. This pod, becoming heated by the sun,
bursts when itis ripe with a sharp popping sound,
and scatters the seed for a considerable distance
around the tree. The seed is exceedingly oily, ‘and
the oil extracted therefrom, closely resembling lin?
seed oil, is a valuable product. The range of tem-
perature in the Hevia forest is between 70deg. and
90deg. throughout the year. Rainfall varies consider-
ably in different districts where Hevia are found,
some districts being nicely divided into wet and dry
seasons, each of about six months’ duration, while
in others it rains more or less the year round. In
such districts it is more ‘difficult to collect the
caoutchouc profitably, as if the stem of the tree is
very wet when it is worked, the latex, or rubber-
milk, spreads over-the surface, of the bark, and is
in large part lost. From what has been said it may
be seen that the main part of the Indian rubber
must be collected during the dry season, although
“ siringaros,’ who live near their “siringals,” or
rubber walks, improve their opportunity by tapping
their trees whenever fine days occur during the
rainy season. But the trees are doubtless better
for a half-yearly rest,

When the native hunter has discovered for himself
a district of the forest in which “siringa ” trees
are sufficiently numerous and near together he first
connects them together by cutting a ‘‘picado,” or
path, with his bush knife. Having thus discovered
their relative bearing, he next straightens and cleara
out his paths, endeavouring at the same time to

798

take in as. many trees as possible in each path, and
to make all the paths converge to a certain spot,
where he puts up his “‘barrica,” or curing station.
This done, and having collected a supply of the old
nuts of the inaja (Maximiliana regia) or similar oily
palm nuts, heisready to commence operations on
the first fine day. There is some diversity in the
manner of taking the rubber latex in the Amazon
Valley. In some districts they prepare long strips
from the inner pith of the foot-stalk of the leaf of
the inaja or of the bacaba palm. These are tacked
obliquely round the stem of the trees, with sharpened
pieces split out of hard covering of the same leaf
stalks, These strips, being smeared on the inside
with wet clay, form a channel for collecting and
conducting the latex milk into the cup placed to
receive it. Inthe other method, which I consider
the better, the cups are puton in aring round the
trunk, usually a span apart. Three cuts about 14
in. long are made in the bark with a small axe. In
this way the number of cups is proportioned to the
size of the tree. Tin cups are used. They are
made slightly concave onone side in order to fit
the convexity of the tree trunk. They are attached
to the tree by the use of a piece of the ball of
kneaded clay, which each collector carries in his
bag. The tapping always begios as soon as there is
light enough in the forest path to see by. One
man is usually apportioned to each path, containing
say, 100 trees. When he has cupped his trees he
sits down at the end of the path for half an hour
or so, but as soon as he sees that the tree last
tapped has ceasod to drip the milk, he starts ata
trot on the back tfick, detaching and emptying
the cups into his calabash as quickly as possible.
Speed throughout is a great object, as the milk
latex speedily coagulates, and then can only be sold
on the market for an inferior price, as serwamb2, as
compared to that obtained for that which has been
smoke-cured.’ When the men arrive at the central
hut from their diferent converging paths they each
empty their quantum of the latex taken for the
Morning’s work into one of the large Indian native
earthenware pans, usually used as a_ receptacle.
Care is taken to squeeze out with the hands all of
the already coagulated curd-like masses. These ara
thrown on one side to be made up into balls.
Earthen pots in form of miniature kilns are placed
over small fires, and the ‘“‘siringero’”’ sits down to
the really tedious part of his business. He drops
a handful or so of the oily palm nuts down the
narrow neck of the kiln, and _ forthwith arises a
dense smoke. Taking a wooden mould—like an
ace of spades in form—and holding it over. the pan,
he pours some of the latex over it in a thin film
keeping it turned, so that it shall not run off
before he succeeds in setting it to an even surface,
which it soon does asit is passed backward and
forward through the column of smoke. This is con-
tinued, one coating after another, until he has
finished the day’a supply of rubber-milk. He then
sticks his mould up in the thatch of the roof of
the shed for the repetition of the process next day,

and until he finds the thickness of the biscuit
makes the mould unwieldly to handle, when it is
cut down one side, slipped off, and stored, This

is the native method, which can without doubt be
improved upon under conditions of systematic oul-
tivation.

But as all the stock of plants or seed available
for the planting and cultivation of this tree in the
Bastern tropics are and will be derived from
direct lineal descendants of some or otber of
those 7,000 odd originally introduced by me at the
instance ofthe Government of India*in 1876-77, it
may be well if it be recollected that their exact
place of origin was in 3deg. of south latitude, and to
remember their natural conditions there. This the
more 80 since a very general error seems to have
obtained that swampy or wet lands are the fitting
locality for the iwwa, This would seem to have
arisen in that the ‘‘cxplorer'’ of a few years’ ex-

‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

{Jone 2, 1909.

perience would have some of these trees pointed
out to him (naturally in answer to enquiries) grow-
ing scattered along the wet margins in going up the
lower Amazon or tribataries, whereas the true
forests of the ‘‘ Para” Indian rubber tree lie
back on the highlands, and those commonly seen by
the enquiring traveller are but ill-grown trees which

have sprong up from seeds brought down by freshets
from the interior.

As a matter of fact, the whole of the Hevia
which I procured for the Government of India were the
produce of large-grown trees in the forest covering
the broad plateaux dividing the Tapajos from the
Madeira rivers. The soil of these well-drained
wide-extending, forest-coyered tablelands is a stiff
soil, not remarkably rich, but deep and uniform in
character. The Hevia found growing in these unbroken
forests rival all but the largest of the trees therein,
attaining to a circumference of 10 ft. to12 ft.in the
bole. These forest plains, having all the character of
widespread tablelands, occupy the space betwixt the
great arterial river systems of the Amazon, and pre-
sent an escarped face, which follows, at greater or
less distance, and abuts steeply on the égapo or bagas
—.e., the marginal river plains—subject to inunda-
tion, by the annual rise of the great river. So thorough
is the drainage of this highland that the people who
annually penetrate into these forests forthe season’s
working of the rubber have to utilise certain Lianag
(water-bearing vines) for their water supply, since
none is to be obtained by surface-well-sinking, in spite
of the heavy rainfall during great part of the year.

The Hawa is much more amenable, better adapted
for systematic cultivation, planting, and workin
than any other of the rubber-yielding trees wit
which I am acquainted—for instance, the Micus elastica
of the Hastern tropics or the Micus regia of New
Guinea, and probably of Malaya; the various species
of jungle rubber wines of the East and of New
Guinea and tropical Africa; and, to a léss degree, the
Castilloa and Ceara of tropical America. The remark
ably shapely cylindrical form of the lower trunk
(the workable part of the tree) from the ground
upward renders it singularly adapted to regular
extraction of the rubber Jatexz, and although the
latex of the Hevia does not appear to lend itself to
the process of separation by centrifugal separating
machines, as do the Castilloas of Guatemala and
Southern Mexico, the ‘‘ Para’ rubber, produced by a
simple smoke process which has been devised, always
commands the best market price.

In New Guinea I was in 1894 first to discover a vine
growing in the forest there which produces a
very fine quality of Indian rubber. There is alsoa
large forest tree, native of these forests, (a species of
jicus) which yields’ good class ofrubber in quantity.
None of these, however, being so suited (so amenable)
to cultivation in plantation as the “ Para,” it is much
to be recommended that cultivation of the Hewvia be
encouraged in that late and undeveloped possession
of the British Empire. Now that it has been esta-
blished in the Hast, there should be no great
difficulty in bringing it down from Singapore ; and I
have myself seen large tracts of forest and jungle
land in New Guinea which are admirably adapted for
the planting of this, the premier rubber-producing

ree. :

The conditions required for the successful and pro
fitable cultivation Para (Hevia) Indian rubber are
in my opinion, that it be regarded as a plantation
—a, cultivated product— rather than as one to be planted —
with view of being widely disseminated, under canopy,
of an area covered by primitive standing forest. This
opinion, formed at the time of the original introduc. —
tion of the Hevia to cultivation at the instance of the
Government of India in 1876, has been strengthened —
by subsequent years of planting experience; and I
am convinced that any advice for the setting out of
the Hevia rubber-tree as a self-disseminating forest —
product—z.e,, planting it out under canopy through —
wide areas of existing forests or jungle—will be

JunE 2, 1902.) THE TROPIVAL

found to be foundedon fallacy, The Havia has no
light-winged seed, as mahogany and others. On the
contrary, although the seed is scattered to some
extent around the parent tree by the bursting of the
ripe triform pod, it should be remembered that the
seed isin form an exceedingly heavy and oily nut,
and falls thickly in a cixcumscribed area. Even there
it is exceedingly attractive to every four-footed
creature of the jungle, who devour it greedily. In its
own forests it owes its preservation only, as I think,
to the fact thatvery venomous and large snakes, the
saracucu, axe in the habit of lying in wait about the
base of these trees in seeding time, and so award off
to a great degree the agonti, Indian rabbits, and
other rodents. Forest deer,also, in my experience,
are very destructive to the young plants. In any
case Ihave found that Awvuia take at least three
times as long tocome to productive size grown
under forest shade as under plantation cultivation
free from top shade. Lateral shade to the extent
required, at first, for formation of a--straight trunk
form is readily got by allowing intermediate “ second
growth” to come up between the young Hevia. For
myself, I have known these trees, when grown in
the open, seed abundantly in. three years, whereas
they would have:taken 10 to 12todoso inthe shade
of the woods. It is therefore recommended that
Hevia should be systematically grown in cultivated
plantation. For spacing distance I advise the half
chain (33ft. by 33ft.) diagonal, as giving more root
scope. This gives 40 trees to the acre. Besides being
a good distance, the half. chain is of practical advan-
tage in marking off forest land, as by opening lines
with the prismatic compass or theodolite, the man
following can plant the seed to stake as the chain is
drawn over the lines. As soon as the young trees attain
proper trunk formthe more light and air they are
given, aud the cleaner they are kept, the stouter and
quicker will be their growth, and in the fourth to fifth
year they would bein condition to yield to a first
tappiog for rubber late~—say, by using two cups
taking on an average a pound (IIb.) of rubber during
the drier season of that period. The empty tins used
for ‘‘ preserved milk ” answer admirably for this pur-
pose, as they are ofabout the right size, and being
made of thin tin readily bend to the shape of the
tree trunk. The operation if carefully done will not
arrest the growth of the tree, It is rather shown
from experience that accumulation of the Jatex in the
bark. of the trunk of the trees is augmented thereby.
For purpose of extraction there has yet, as I think,
been no better instrument devised than the ordinary
carpenter’s chisel, carefully used with a light mallet,
The.cuts (three cblique cuts one above another,
should be clean cut, and should not penetrate into
the woed of the tree. Caution should be exercised
in this respect, as if the wood is injured certain
species of boring beetles attack the tree. The spac-
ing should be about aspan apart, one circle round
the trunk of the tree beginning at the ground su face
for each day's tapping, and so giving an increased
number of cups in use as the tree grows in circum-
ference, with proportionate increase in yield» of the
latex. . ° ;

One advantage of the close system of cultivation
recommended, besides greater economy in working
is that centrally-placed curing stations can be secured.
This is necessary in order that the Jatcw may be
quickly treated, so f00n as itis taken from the trees,
or much of it will become coagulated before it conld
be subjected to the smoke-curing process, and so lose
the higher market value:

The Hevia is naturally a large tree, under favourable

‘conditions attaining a girth of 12ft, in the bole. To
stint it in matter of root space or scope will be
found to be false economy. I would, | therefore,

strongly deprecate closer planting than that recom-
mended—halt chain (33ft. by 33ft.), 40 to the acre,
Planted and cultivated at this distance, and giving
say, 5lb. of rubber per tree at 3s. only per pound, it
would yield at the rate of some £30 per acre for sale

AGRICULTURIST. 799

of rubber alone, apart from value of the seed crop,
to be converted into oil worth £25 to £30 per ton,
The Contract Journal, Jan, 8, 1902, ,

COFFEE CULTIVATION.

The Cultivation of Coffee throughout the world is
the subject of an interesting geographical study, illus-
trated by maps, by M. H. Lecomte, in La GeographieN
June 1901.. The subject is treated in three sections:
the geography of the natural species of Coffee; the dis.
tribution of coffee-growing throughout the world; and
the consumption of coffee in various countries.

The coffee-plant belongs to the genus Coffea, of the
family Rubiacew. The latter, which is the fourth in
the numerical importance of its species, is distributed
chiefly in the warm regions, and no travelling botanist
can fail to remark the great abundance of the Rubia-
cee in trepical forests, This family is, on the other
hand, poorly represented in temperate lands ; although
it includes, in all, more than 300 genera and 4,000
species, there ave no more than 6 genera and 60 species

7 pot

-in France, and only 14 species in Belginm. The tro-

®

pical flora is incomparably richer'in the Rubiaces ;
indeed, it would be easy to show that the family is
one of the most extended in tropical regions, Oscar
Drude states that 75 per cent. of its species are tropi-
cal and affect especially the hot, damp forests. Of
712 species of the Congo Free State, described by
Durand and Schinz, the Rubiacemw come first with 76
species, the Leguminose second with 78, then the
Composit with 64, and the Labiatw with 33. This
family includes a considerable number of useful plants,
e.g. Cinchona, Cephalis, Ipecacuanha, Rubia tinctorum,
Uncaria Gambir, ete. i

The species which is most cultivated is Coffea arabica
L., Notwithstanding the general opinion, it is im-
probable that the shrub is a native of Arabia, where
it has never been found wild; it has, on the other
hand, been long known in Abyssinia, where it is called
Boun. The Abbe Raynal thinks that it is a native of
Abyssinia, and that it was carried into Arabia by
Ethiopian conquerors; and Charles-Jacques Poncet,
who travelled in Ethiopia in the years 1698, 1699, and
1700, reports the cultivation of coffee in that country.

This is not the only species which is native to
Africa; a large number are known both on the east
and west coasts. On the west coast there are
22 species. The indigenous species of Asia are all
mountain plants,

Of the numerous species of coffee the arabica is the
only one largely cultivated, though recently one or
two other species have been grown toa small extent:
but all the species which can be utilised belong to
that region in Africa between 15° N, and 15° §,
latitude. The Asiatic varieties have no commercial
value, and in Amercia where it is so much grown -it is
not indigenous,

Till the beginning of the eighteenth century Arabia
held a monopoly in the cultivation of coffee. It was
shipped to Hurope direct from Arabia by the cape,
or was purchased in Egypt, whither it had been
brought across the Red Sea. Attempts to grow it
from the bean were so unsuccessful that it was supe
posed that the Arabians soaked the beans in boiling
water or dried them in hot furnaces. At the end of
the seventh century however, the beans germinated
perfectly at Batavia, so that to the Dutch belong the
honour of first acclimatising the coffee plant outside
Arabia.

The Governor of Batavia senta plant to Amsterdam
and a specimen was brought to France by Lieutenant
de Ressons. It was placed in the Jardin des Plantes
at Paris and bore flowers and fruit, but did not live
long, In 1714 the magistrates of Amsterdam gave a
new plant to Louis x1v., and it was sent to the royal
garden in Paris. From this coffee plant sprang those
which were transplanted and have multiplied in the
French colonies. ‘The first attempt at acclimatisa-
tion waa made at Martinique in 1716, but this was a

800 THE TROPICAIL,

failure. In 1728, however, Captain de Clievx, who
was voyaging to Martinique, was intrusted with a
plant. The story of his devotion has «ften been told:
the passage was Jong and perilous, and fresh water
became scarce. De Clicux, who was impressed with
the importance of his ccmmicsion, avd anxious to
eecure a pew source of wealth fox his country, shared
his meagre supply of water with the precious chrub,
which, thanks to his cave, reached Martinique in good
condition. At the first harvest it yielded two pounds
of beans; these were distributed over the IsJand, and
in ‘February 1726 there were nine trees twenty months
old, 2,000 cemaller ones, and many more just above
pround. An unfortunate event hastened the develop-
ment of coffee culture. Till then the chief industry of
the country consisted of cocoa plantations, but a
severe earthquake, in 1727, destroyed the plantations,
and the colonists infuture grew ccffee instead of cocoa.
Soon Martinique produced more ccffce then could be
consnmed in France.

From Martinique the ccffce plant was carried to the
other Antilles, and to Central and Scuth America;
and now. after lees than two hundred years, the
countries of America end especially Brazil, are the

chief producers. Jn Java, where the first attempts’

at acclimatication were made about two centuries ago,
the development of the Industry has not been great;
Arabia, which used to supply Europe, now produces a
very small quantity ; and Martinique at present pro-
duces ecarcely enough for home consumption, and
Brazil, where cultivation was insignificant a hundred
years ago, is now the great producer.
(Numerous and very various are the circumstances
which determine the principal subjects of cultivation
inany country. The full study of these conditions
is of great interest, but only a few of them can be men-
tioned, such as climate, character, and fertility of soil,
means of communication, cost and quality of labour,
the history of colonisation, the influence of govern-
ments, the taxes in the lands of production, and the
tarifis, in thoge of consumption,

As regards the New World, one may say roughly
that coffee is cultivated between the tropics; but not
all sections of this vast region are equally suitable for
it. In the east there are no important plantations near
the Equator; in the west on the countrary, there are
very extensive plantations in the state of Ecuador, for
the high mountain chain makes it possible to culti-
vate at a considerable altitude and also prevents that
dry reason which occurs in al) mountainless equatorial
regions. This is certainly the reason for the success
of ccfiee growing in Hcuador; for clese to the sea,
where the annual rainfall is very smell, itis not possible
to grow it, The same may be said of the coast of
Pein. %

Brazil is the choice country for growing ccffee. Till
the beginning of last'century Brazil did not grow much,
but ncw it produces three fiiths of the coffee which
finds its way to the markets of the world. At first the
plantations were confined to the province of Ric, then
they stretched north to the province of Spirito Santo,
Jatterly they have been extending south into San
Paulo, and even into Minas Geraes. Scme of the
plantations are enormous. There is one, thirty kilo-
metres from Ribeiro Preto, which covers 6,000 hectares
and contains 4,700,000 ccffee bushes,
are employed to work it. It is estimated that in the
year 1900-1901 Brazil will have exported 9,000,000 bags
of coffee.

Cc ffee is also ground and exported by Dutch Guiana,
Venezuela, Colombia, and all the states of Central
America; Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Martinique,
all produce a Jittle, but not so much as formerly, In
Africia, coffee is grown principally in Abyssinia
avd the Congo State. The industry has also spread
to meny of the islands in the Indian and Pacific
Oceans.

Vhe countries where most is grown are between the
{xopics, but not close to the equator. The New world
holde the first place, actually producing five-sixth of

8,000 Italians -

AGRICULTURIST. [June 2, 1902.

the world’s supply, and this accounts for the influence
of the American harvest on the price of coffee, Since
1895 the price has been going down steadily, because
of the enormous Brazilian crops. These, however,
come from the virgin soi! of the province of San Paulo,
and its productiveness is bound to diminish unless the
planters enrich the coil, which they can searcely efford
to do at present prices.

It is difficult to estimate the smonunt of coffee used
in the countries where it is ground, but very easy to
arrive at figures for non-producirg countries. France
uses about 1°82 kilog. per head per annum, England
‘39, Belgivom 3°85, Russian 1°15, Italy 1°42, United
States 3:95. Several facts are werth noticing in this
connection. Northern Europesn coontries dripk a
great deal more coffee than Southern European. In
all countries where the consumption is important it
increases rapidly each year. ‘he smal] amount used
in England is counterbalanced by the large consump-
tion of tea, The use of coffee is steadily incrersing
from year to year, and the increase would be stil] more
marked if both coffee and sugar couJd be imported duty
free; but the influence of tariffe must not be over-esti:
mated, for the duty paidin Franze only amounts to
two centimes on every cup. The fact that more coffee
is used in Fiance than in Spain, and more in Sweden
than in France seems to indicate a decided climatic
influence on the use «f such beverages as tea and
coffee.—Scottish Geographical Magazine,

ee

FIBRES:
RHEA FIBRE OULTIVATION IN CHINA
AND INDIA,
INDIA NOT A FAVOURABLE FIELD.

The writer hes bad considerable opportunities of in-
vertigating this rather vexed question in both countries,
combined with ecme practical experience, sud in the
former country, under the auspices of the Chinese
Government.

As various schemes are being continually brought
before investors in this country, and considerable sums
of money lost in attempts to bring them to a practical
conclusion, to which in fo: mer times the Indian Govern-
ment have on more than one occasion lent financial
enccuregement, the information the writer has gained
may possibly be of some interest to the planting and
commercial community, -

First, investigations were made in India as to
whether the extended area of cultivable lend available,
through thecompletion of the various Government

. irrigation schemes, such as the Periyar, would afford
-pny opportunities or advantages to the pecple in the
introduction of rhea cultivation. ,

The experience of the authorities, however was that
all land as it became available under these schemes, and
was thrown open to cultivators, was easily disposed of
to native buyers for rice, etc., cultivation. So Jong
therefore as land continues to be eagerly taken up for
the production of food stuffs, there would apparently be
no public object gained in replacing their production by
fibre cultivation, unlezs the latter could be sandwiched
in as a rotetion crop. Rhea not being an annual buta
permanent crop, and not succeeding in flooded land
such as rice districts, it is therefore not available for
that purpose as jute would be.

Generally the conclusions so far come to, do not esta-
blish that India in any part, is in any sense a fayour-
eble field for the introduction of the industry,

There is no doubt that China is at present the
only country of prodction in commercial bulk,
and it remained therefore to be seen whether investi-
gation into the conditions of successful <ultivation in
that country would throw Jight upon, and explain the
reasons fer, its non-commercial success in India, and
elsewhere. :

The production in the provinces of Hupeh Hunan,

' and Szechuen is very Jarge. ‘ For manufacture into the
finest classes of goods, much of it is shipped to

June 2, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

Canton, Swatow, and other Chinese ports, and the
whole production is practically consumed internally,
the small export to Europe being of no account.
The fibre fulfils all the purposes in China that
flax does in England. Clothes for summer wear, shoe,
thread, fishing nets, bow strings, twine, rope, and gail
cordage, etc., etc. t

Investigations into, and practical experience of the
Chinese methods of cultivation, revealed much that
was useful and instructive, and practically, the writer
thinks, explains the whole position, and not favourably
possibly to the introduction of the industry in India or
the Colonies, under European supervision in large
blocks, z.¢., on the estate system.

The fibre is undoubtedly indigenous in China,
growing asa weed along the roadsides, and in the
crevices of the City Walls, therefore, even the delicate
seed must find a congenial home and survive the
winter, which is sometimes as severe as in England, but
of course the commercial yield is from cultivation solely.
Now in India, it is difficult to produce from seed with
the greatest care, and where the plant has been import-
ed intoa new district, the seed absolutely will not
germinate, presumably from the absence of a fertilizing
agency.

eThe experience of cultivation in India, was that
taking freshly felled forest land with rich alluvial soil,
the plant gave luxuriant crops of great height for
about 15 months, gradually declining, and the ground
was then so completely exhausted, that weeds would
kardly grow.

The plant of course is purely a surface feeder, In
a short time the roots meet, and become a solid block,
and although of course all experiments in digging,
root pruning, and turning up the soil were exhausted,
and are practised, the plant being a permanent one
and not an annual, it is not really possible to
give the plant fresh turned soil in an efficient way
after each crop, without taking the whole plantation
up, which, of course would involve interruption to
growth, for the best commercial crops are not really
gained until the second year. The writer believes the
experience of other planters has been the same, not
only in India, but other places, and such manuring as
is within the average range of an Indian planter,
say once a year even, including replacing stems and
leaves, did not put the land into condition again or
produce any commercial results, even such manu-
ring as that would probably be impossible in large
blocks.

How then do the Chinese continue to produce suc-
cessive commercial crops? In China every particle of
human excrement inclusive of the cities is conserved
and put on the land, and there is little doubt that if we
ever interfered with their system, by our sanitary re-
gulations, weshould probably ruin the country. The
liquid manure collected in tanks, after u sufficient time
to alow fermentation is brought down tothe river
and shipped in junks by contractors who supply the far-
mers; the solids are deposited on the river banks,
turned over, mixed, tempered, fermented and then
similarly dealt with. It is all applied to the land in the
liquid form and the Chinese will not use animal manure
in) preference, or on the same level, on the ground
of want of strength.

The China Grass receives two applications of the
strongest liquid manure each crop, starting from the
time of planting, first immediately after cutting crop,
and the second in ten days, anda plantation is calou-
lated to last about ten years, the roots being cut from
time to time. Even with all these advantages, while
the results are successful and commercial, there are no
points to give away as regards the value and length of
the crop.

This it appears is how the exhaustion of the land is
got over, and successive crops maintained, and it would
appear, therefore, tobeidle for anyone to embark in
any cultivation schemes, except they can find at least
equally favourable conditions as the Chinese possess,
z.e., they must be prepared to manure richly twice ia
each crop. This condition does not appear likely to
fall in with large blocks under Ruropoan ownership and

AGRICULTURIST. 801

supervision, although reference may be made to tha
possibility of artificial fertilizers, the result would be ex-
ceedingly dubious, if only on account of their slow
assimi'ation, in a necessarily quick growing crop and
of finding the right one, combining all the necessary
elements in a form that can be at once drawn upon by
the plant.

The statistics and estimates of yields, etc., which
often occupy so important a place in prospectuses
seem to be really of very little importance. The land
responds exactly in proportion to the generosity of
treatment it receives, yield is heavy or light in pro-
portion, There is no difficulty in getting a remuner-
ative yield, given the necessary conditions. How-
ever rich any available site of virgin forest soil may
be to start with that practically only governs. the
situation for the first periodof 15 months. when. in
any case manuring must begin on the Chinesoa
system, and the real question is always the average
yield over, say 10 years, Sites therefore are not of
premier importanze, i

The only point of importance or improvsment the
writer could see that could be added to Chinese
methods, is that they do not trouble to irrigate. Thus
on a dry season, they often lose the best growing time,
viz., the hot weather, and a short length crop follows,
This is well known on the market.

There are, however, some “other very important
details to be learned from the Chinese. The writer
has seen in European hands, the crop laboriously
gathered by cutting each stem with a knife, with
much injury to the young shoots that are to form
the next orop. The bulky result containing only 3
to5 per vent. Fibre is then bundled and carried off
the field tothe factory, decorticated by machine or
hand, and the refuse, stems, etc.. actually carried
back and spread over the land.

The Chinaman knows better, and does not cut the
crop at all. He simply anaps thestem near the root
whereupon the fibre opens of itself at the break into
two ribbons, inserts his fingers, runs them up, and
with a slight pull decortication and cutting -are done
atone operation, actually taking less time, than mere
cutting would do, and leaving each stem and ita
leaves on the ground in their own place. Thus the
whole cumbrous foreign method and its immense cost
and extralabouris disposed of at one stroke.

Itis evident therefore that decorticating machines
have no place, andare absolutely superfluous, becanse
the stems would have to be cut, if they were used,
and this, together with the handling the bulky crops
of stems on and off the field tbat has been the bug-
bear of all European devised scheme, are difficulties
that really never existed if an investigation of exist-
ing method in China had been made.

The operation above mentioned of course gives
ribbons with the brown pellicle on, and where these

‘have to be cleaned, which with modern degumming

processessis not at all always essential, the Ohinese
method has been again grossly exauggerated in
difficulty and cost, I have seen descriptions stating that
each ribbon was tied toa book and tediously scraped
with a knife, the work being only one pound daily. As
® matter of fact the Chinese cleaner has 4. knife shavp-
ened like the blade of a trowel, which he holds in the
palm of the right hand, on his thumb attached to a
ring he slips a small piece of bamboo, he then takes a
handful of ribbons (green) in the left hand, and druws
them rapidly between the knife edge and bamboo, then
reverses and cleansthe heldend. The whole thing is
exceedingly simple, quick and easy, and the aveiage
work tested is 10 1b, cleaned dry fibre per man per
day, and as it is really done either in spare time
or by the women and children, of no cost as reg wrdg
any competition by decorticating machines,

In any case if decorticating machines were used
the cultivation difficulty being first got over, it would
obviously be more economical to decorticate the
stipped ribbons in the machine for the purpose of
cleaning (gathered in the Chinese way) than the
bulk of stems, with the carrying off and on the fiel

802°

Three crops are taken in the year, the time for
growth and maturity being about the same as in
India, viz., about six to seven weeks, ;

The writer does not go into the question of yield,
which appears satisfactory because the matter. seems
more to: turn upon the other points mentioned.

The native yarn is spun without any twist, which
gives itgreat covering powerin thecloth, that is the
cloth will be 30°40 closer, or less threadbare, than if
made from machine-spun yarn of the same weight,
and being spun in the gum, it is perfectly smooth
and hairless, without any expense in finishing machi-
nery as is required in machine-made yarn and cloth
The hird grass is wetted, and then shreded into
the requisite size, the lengths being joined by a
dexterous twist of the fingers, as the thread is wound
on a reel continuously. Yarns of astonishing regu-
larity and fineness, are thus produced, and the
operation is surprising in its dexterity and result.

It may be interesting also to . mention, that the
Chinese are extending the cultivation of jute, and
with the immense area of rich alluvial. soil they
possess in the great river basins, and their powers
of cheap production, India may shortly be seriously
threatened in this industry —Souwth of India Observer.

-<— fs:
THE ORANGE.

At a recent meeting of the Renmark Agricultural
Bureau Mr. C. R. Rose read a paper on “ The Orange ”
to the following effect:— — d ;

The orange is of comparatively modern introduction
in horticulture, It is not mentioned in the Scriptures,
nor by Herodotus, who lived five centuries before
Christ, and who wrote a list of fruits then known, nor
by Virgil, who wrote much about such matters 100
years before the Christian era. The orange came
originally from the south of China, Burmah, and
India. It is found growing wild in the jungies in
various parts of india. The Arabs introduced the
orange to their country, and thence it got to Syria and
Southern Europe. ‘his was probably the_ bitter
orange, The sweet variety was brought to Europe
about the forteenth century by merchants of Genoa or
Portugal. Thence the tree was passed by the Spani-
ards and Portuguese to the Azores and other parts of
the ‘New World,” and found congenial conditions.
Mexico. Florida, California, proved to be highly suit-
able. ‘he St. Michael orange originated in the
Azores ; the Pernambuco and Bahia, (or Navel) were
both named after provinces in Brazil. The orange
is now: found growing in nearly every country where
there is enough sunlight and absence of severe frosts.
The orange tree seems to thrive in many different
kinds of soil. In the Azores the soil is intensely
volcanic, which is highly suitable, but in Renmark the
tree grows on sand and on-stiff clay with equally. good
yesults, but the growth is more rampant on the sand,
go that it may be fairly concluded that as long as there
is sufficient nourishment and moisture in the soil, com-
bined with proper drainage, the orange will do well.

‘he essential in nourishment are chiefly potash, ni-.

trogen, lime, and phosphoric acid, together with
several other substances in small quantities, which
are almost universally distributed in all soils. Even
when all the neceseary constituents of plant food are
originally present in the soil some or all of them will
in t me become more or less deficient when crops of
any kind are grown without restoration by means of
fertilzers. ‘Lhe farmer’s land is not vacked by crops
all the year through, but the orangery is making calls
on the soil during the whole time. It isa mistake to
atarve fruit trees, but the application of manures on
too liberal a scale will produce a rank growth of wood
with little or no fruit, or there may be an excessive
erop of undersized o1anges. The first defect is due to
too much nitrogen, the other to an excess of phosphoric
- acid and lime. A moderate dressing with fertilizers
each year is better than one heayy application every
three years. It a tree has sparse and few leaves, and

THE TROPICAL, AGRICULTURIST.

(JUNE 2, 1909.

there is 10 lack of moicture, we may reasonably. con-
clude that nitrogen is lacking in the soil, but if {there
18 vigorove growth and little fruit it is probable that
lims and phosphoric acid are needed. Drainage is
necessary where there is an excess of water, but with
the scanty rainfall and regular irrigation at Renmark
the danger is reduced toa minimum, theground should
be kept damp, but never swampy. In winter the soil
must be kept moist, as at that time the trees are
maturing @ crop and forming buds which are to eupply
the crop of the succeeding year. Moisture in winter
prevents the tree suffering from the effects of frost.
Renmark settlers cannot wait long enough to pro-
pagate trees, so they must procure them ready for
planting out from the nurseries, and they must care-
fully guard against the introduction of Icerya purchasii
and other insect pests as well as fungus diseases. There
should be a law against the introduction of diseased
trees as well as against diseased fruit. There are
about twenty-five species of fungus diseases, and very
many kinds of borers, scales, beetles, caterpillars, and
other Insect pests affecting fruit trees and vines in
Australasia, but very few or nove of them at present
are found at Renmark. We owe it as a duty to ourselves
and our neighbours to maintain a vigilant lookout for
the first appearance of any pest or disease, and should
such appear touse the most vigorous and effective
Means to at once suppress it. |The essayist here
drew attention toa pamphlet issued by the Agricul-
tural Department of New South Wales dealing with
such pests and diseases and the remedies to be adopted.
He might also have quoted a similar pamphlet issued
by the Central Agriculture Bureau of South Australia
fome time ago. He objected to the cyanide of po-
tassium treatment for insect pests, because the cyanide
gas ic very poisonous to human beings, and becauze
the applicatiin must be made when the sunlight is
strong, but both objections are untenable in the face
of the great efficacy of the treatment, and the fact
that arsenates are constantly used with safety although
very poisonous.—Gen. Secretary.] Newly-planted
orange trees must be sheltered, the scil must be :con-
stantly maintained in a free and open condition by.
the use of the hoe, especially beneath) the branches
of the trees, where there is a favourite breeding har-
bour for grubs and all sorts of insect pests. In regard
to pruning the orange tree should be in a solid com-
pact mass, like a well-built haystack. To attain this
allow the tree to grow in the centre, and at the same
time shorten the lateral branches. Th e fruit should
be gathered with great care to avoid bruising. In
August, 1895, the writer planted 600 orange trees, and
now the average height is 10 feet., girth round: the
branches 20 feet., the butts at 1 feet, from the ground
average 15 ft. These are Washington naveels, Seletta
tree, six years old, which produced 500 oranges. The
fruit from this orangery has taken eight first prizes at'
shows in Adelaide, Mildura, and Renmark. Much
damage is doné to Reumark fruit by exposing the cases
on open trucks, coverd with a tarpaulin, between
Morgan and Adelaide, when the shade temperature
reaches 100 deg, or more. Some effort should be made
to secure an alteration in this respect. :

Discussion took place upon the best kind of stock to
bud or graft the orange upon, but no conclusion
arrived at. Re-fumigation Mr, Rose’said the cost of
fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is very small
after the first cost of tents, and that fumigation kills
every insect on the tree, whilst spraying always misses
a number of them.—Adelaide Observer.

——— ~~.
RUBBER CULTIVATION
CRUZ,
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ‘‘ INDIA-RUBBER AND
GUTTA-PERCHA JOURNAL.”

Drar Sr1r,—I will in this letter confine myself to
the work in the nursery. After the woods are burnt
off, the best location for a nursery should be selected,

IN VERA

JUNE 2, 1902.

if possible somewhere near to the centre of the land
to be planted, as rubber plants, if’ well grown, are
very bulky.

The selection having been made, begin by gather-
ing up all the unburnt logs, place into piles and
burn. Then dig the whole location over with
mattocks or pickaxes, about one foot deep, taking
out all small trees less than 6 inches thick; pile
all this on one side of the nursery, as it will be too
green to burn. Now goto wo)k with a good stump
puller, and pull ous all the stumps that the machine
can handle without breaking it, or the wire cable,
Very often it will be well to help the puller by
cutting the roots of some of the largest of the stumps
As soon as they are pulled out, all the earth between
the roots should be dug out with mattocks, so as to
allow the stumps to dry as soon as possible, when
they can be burnt or removed to one side.

As soon as the stumps are all removed, go to work
and rake up all the chips, clean, carry them away,
then level off the ground, because pulling the stumps
make very large holes; now plough the ground
about 6 inches deep, then harrow with a good
heavy harrow and cross harrow, and if the clods
are rather large go over the ground with a roller.
Now the land is in good shape to begin work ina
workmanlike manner. First lay out two roads, one
across the centre, the other at right angles ; now the
nursery is in four parts, and ready for the seed.

It is of the greatest importance that the seed is of
the very best. Last year we purchased seed from
an American, as well as from some native planters.
Of course, we marked the different seed, or rather
- the location, but, to our sorrow, that was not at all
necessary, as the seed from the American planter
germinated at least 95 per cent., while the other
germinated about 25 per cent., and very poor plants
at that. So the first thing to do is to be certain that
the seed is from a reliable person, then go ahead,

Get good hard wood pegs 2 feet long, pointed at
one end; now stretch your line across the upper end
of one of the quarters, close to the road, which
should be 4 feet wide; now with a rule measure 2
feet from the starting point, drive your peg, and so
on at every 2 feet, until the whole is marked out ;
then go the opposite side and do the. same, begin-
ning near the centre line and running full across the
same piece of the nursery,.and, of course, exactly
opposite to the first line of pegs. All the rest of the

‘nursery is to be done in the same manner. Now
run lines of very stout cord from peg to peg across
the quarter to be planted. Open out the lines with

arake and just linch deep, drop in the seed as
soon after the lines are opened as it is possible, so
as to save the moisture; drop in the seed just 2
inches apart, and cover at. once, using the back of
the rake for this operation. I have been particular

in describing the work in the nursery because the

nursery is the foundation of) the plantation. Any
slip-shod methods tolerated in the nursery will for
-eyer show in the plantation.

I prefer to make the lines 2 feet apart for the
reason that a small cultivator can be used between
the lines for keeping the weeds down while the
plants are very young, after they have grown 1 foot
high one hand weeding will be all that is necessary.
Some planters may think that 2 feet apart is not
enough, but they should remember that we are
not after primary branches, or secondary ones, all
we want in the young rubber plant is a good straight
stem. In coffee, for instance, we take the crop
from the branches, but rubber is taken from the

«

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

was $52,68 (£10 198. 6d.), or $5.27 (£1 1s.

803

trunk of the tree ; besides, all branches of the
rubber fall off until the tree is at least 12 or more
feet high.
d The nursery, as I have said above, is the most
Important part ofthe plentation: soI will close
with the promise that in my next letter I will
treat on “pitting digging the plants trimming,
carrying to the field, distributing and planting.
This latter requires great attention. For inslance,
we are to plant out 1,560,000 rubber plants in the
coming season ina given number of days; so we
have to find out how many holes a man can make
in a day, how many plantsa man can dig and
trim ina day, how many he can carry out to
the field, how many boys will be required to
distribute the plants in front of the planters, and
how many plants aman can properly plant in one
day; this being done, the question of getting the
men to do this amount of workin a given number
of days has to be thought out.

Rubber planted out quick after the beginning of

the rains shows up the best, and with fewer
vacancies than those planted later. Of our last
season’s planting, those plants put out at the

beginning of the rains show up very much better
than those planted last, although we were only 28
days planting 340,000 plants.-- Yours truly.
Jas. Maunper,
eee Bn teeta eae

THREE WAYS OF FEEDING

TO CALVES.

Twenty head of grade Shorthorn and Hereford
calves were purchased by the Kansas Experiment
Station in the spring of 1900 and divided into two
lots. . One lot was fed on sterilized creamery skim-
milk, with a grain ration composed of equal
parts of corn and Kafir-corn meal, with all the alfalfa
hay they would eat. The second lot was fed the
same as the first, except that fresh whole milk
was used instead of skim-milk. In addition to
these two lots the station secured the privilege of
weighing 22 head of. high-grade Hereford: calveg
which were running with their dams ina pasture
near the Experiment Station.

RESULTS WITH SKIM-MILK.—For the 22 weeks
under experiment the 10 calves consumed 24,736
pourds of skim-milk, 1,430. pounds of corn chop
1,430 pounds of Kafir-corn meal, and 641 pounds of
alfalfa hay. The total gain was 2,331 pounds, ora
daily average of 1.51 pounds per head. Figuring
skim-milk at 15 cents (74d.) per 100, grain at 50
cents (28. 1d) per 100 pounds, and hay at $4 (16s.
8d.) per ton, the total feed cost of raising these calves
113d.)
each 10@ pounds of

MILK

per head, The feed cost: for
gain was $2.26 9s. 5d.)

Cows that are milked will produce larger yields
than when suckling calves. According to the
average yield at this station, 10 cows (one for each
calf) produced 55,540 pounds of milk, testing 3-93
per cent. butter fat. With butter fat at 154 cents,
(7Zd.) per pound, this weuld amount to $338.52
(£70 10s. 6d.) The value of the skim-milk not
needed by the calves would raise this to $374.24
(£72. 19s. 4d.) Deduct from this the value of the
feed consumed by the calves, and there remaing
$321.56 (£66 19s. 10d.), or $32.15 (£6 138s, 113d,
per calf to pay for the expense of milking, feedin
the calves, and hauling the milk to the creamery
At 124 cents (64d.) per hour this expense need noj
be one-half of the above sum, leaying $15 (£3 25

804 THE TROPICAL
6d.) to $16 (£3 Gs. 8d.) clear profit for each calf
jaised on skim-milk, :

RESULTS wirH Wuorb Minx.—Duyring 22 weeks
these 10 calves consumed 23,287 pounds of fresh
milix, 8,355 pounds of corn chop, 835 pounds of
Kafir-corm meal, and §35 pounds of altalfa hay.
The total gain was 2,878 pounds, or a daily
average of 1:95 pounds per head. (harging butter
fat at creamery prices, the feed cost of raising
these calves amounts to $157.19 (£32 14s. 114d.), or
$15.72 (£3 5s. 6d.) per head. ‘The feed costfor each
160 pounds of gain amounts to $5°46 (£1 2s. 9d).

RESULTS witH CALVES NURSED BY THE Cows.—
On May 28, 1900, 22 calvesthat were running with

their dams averaged 174 pounds, On October 15
these same calves averaged 422 pounds, or an
average daily gain per head of 1°77 pounds. The

only expenre attached to raising these calves was
the keep of the cows, which was estimated by
the owner to be $12 (€2 1Cs.) per head. Multi-
plying the average daily gain of these calves by
154, the number of days in previous experiment,
gives a total gain of 212 pounds per head. With
$12 (£2. 10s) asthe cost of raising the calf each
160 pounds of gain cost $4.41 (18s. 43d.)

Resutts in Frrp Lor arrer Wraninc.—In the
fall all these calves were placed in the feed lot,
where they were pushed for baby beef. During
the seven months under experiment the skim-milk
calves gained 440 pounds per head, the whole milk
calves 405 pounds per head, and the calves nursed
by the cows 422 pounds per head,

This experiment shows that the feed cost of
raising a good ekim-milk calf need not exceed
$5.25 (£ 1 Is. 103d.),in contrast to 15.75 (£8 5s.
{4d.) for a whole-milk calf, and $8 (£1. 13s. 4d. for
one nursed by the dam. The skim-milk calf
becomes accustomed ‘to eating both grain and
roughness éarly in life, is handled enough to be
gentle, and when transferred to the feed lot is ready
to make rapid andeconomical gains. D. H. Ors,
Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kan,—Journal
of the Department of Agriculture of Western
Australia.

—————

CULTIVATION OF SUNFLOWERS.

The first year of the twentieth century closed with

a curious sale, on the Baltic, of a cargo of sunflower
seeds, which changed hands at £11 5s. per ton.
Though a small trade has been done in sunflower
seeds for close on 200 years, this transaction was
the first in which a whole cargo—300 tons from
Odessa—was dealt with. In Russia, where the cul-
tivation of the sunflower and the manufacture of
oil from its seed is conducted on a large scale, the
Grandi Flora is the variety grown. The species rises
in a slender stalk of 5ft. high, producing one mons-
ter head, the average yield being as much as fifty
bushels of seed to the acre. So rich is it in oil that
that quantity of seed will yield fifty gallons of oil;
while the refuse of the seed, after this quantity of
oj] has been expressed, weighs 1,500 lbs. when made
into cattle cakes, Few people in England who grow
the sunflower for ornament have any idea of its
usefulness, It is among neglected crops in which
there is money, as is shown by the price paid a few
days ago, Besides the seed, every other portion of
the plant can be utilized. The leayes furnish an
excellent fodder; while in Russia the stalks are
rized as fuel, and their ashes, which contain 10

AGRICULTURIST. (June 9, 1909.

per cent. of potash, are readily sold at soapmakers
Naturally, in Rn§sia the chief virtue of the sun-
flower lies in oi] contained in its seed. The oil
is of a clear, pale yellow colour, almost inodorous
and of an agreeable, mild taste, so that it is in
great request as a table article. Why sunflowers
are not cultivated on an extensive scale in England,
it is difficult to say. Poultry and cattle like the
seed either in its natural state or crushed and
made into cakes. No plant produces such fine
honey and wax; when the flower is in bloom the
bees abound in it.—Journal of the Department of
Agriculture of Western Australia.

ie ee

PLANTING NOTES.

Burravu cr Prant Inpustry.—This is a section of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, organised in July
1901, and devoted to the investigation of vege
table physiology and pathology, botanical investiga-
tions and experiments, the study of grass and forage
plants of pomolegy, of seed and plant introduction
and other matters relating to horticulture and agri-
culture. Some idea of what onr American kinsfolk are
doing may be cbtained by stating that the bureau
consists of a chief, Prof. Galloway, and no fewer than
twenty-five assistants, comprising pathologists, bota-
nists, physiologists, a ‘‘ cerealist,” a Tobacco expert,
a mycologist, and achemist,— Gardeners’ Chronicle.

Tur RotHamMsTED ExPERIMENTS.—The Lawes Agri-
cultural) Trust Commmittee at a recent meeting
appointed Mr. A. D. Hall, M.A., principsl of the
Agricultural College. Wye, to succeed the late Sir
Henry Gitgert, F R.S., as the Director of the
Rothamsted Experimental Station. Principal Hatt,
who received his training at Oxford, and has since
distinguished himself by his successful development
of Wye College as a centre of agricultural education,
wiJl thus carry on the historic experiments that were
jointly conducted by Sir J.B, Lawrs and Sir Henry
GiLBERT for over half a centry at Rothamsted, and it
is anticipated that not only will the continnity of the
work of the past be maintained, but that the progress
of science will be advanced in new directions at this
national centre of agricultural reeearch.— Times.

A Gieantic Grass SrED.—At the meeting of th®
Linnean Society on Thursday, March 20, Dr. Otr®
Starr exhibited several seeds of Melocanna bambu-
soides, a species of Bamboo, which completely upset
the popular idea of grass seed dimensions, the giant®
of which are presumed to be represented by pedigre®
Wheat and Maize, in which latter the huge mass of
seeds constitutes, it is true, a very substantial fruitage,
the actual seeds, however, are comparatively small
In Melocanna, on the other hand,in lieu of a spike
arm or cylindrical mass of associated small seeds, we
have solitary ones, measuring no less than 6 inehes
in height, by 3in diameter, a massive pear-shaped
body, the size and form of which are as utterly
different from our usual ideaof a grass seed as can
well be conceived. By what evolutionary process
this huge solitary fruit has been arrived at, is pot
clear, but as might be expected, the great store of
vutriment «mbodied in so large a fruit favours the
development of the associated embryo plant to such
an extent, that the first product of germination is a
robust growth, which practically secures establish-
ment and continued existence. The single seed is
thus fully as «fficacious, if not more so, in securing
reproduction, than a very large number of small ones,
and by its greater individual vigour, would probably
have an infinitely better chance of survival in a dense,
growing Bamboo jungle, where small weakly seedlings
would be utterly incapable of reaching the light. This,
indeed, is probably the key to its genesis,—Gardenere’
Chronieles

JUNE 2, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

TEMPLESTOWE ESTATE ©CO., OF

CEYLON.

The following is tie report of the directors,
prepared for presentation to the annual meeting
ef this Co. in the office of Messrs J M Robertson
& Co.:—

The Directers have the pleasure to submit their
reports and accounts for the year ending 31st Dec 1901.
The Crop amounted to 207,173 lb which was short of
the Estimate by 17,827 lb. The shortage occurred
during the latter half of the season when the weather
was most unfavourable for fiushing. 7,711 lb clean
cinchona, bark were also harvested.

The Tea cost 27°57 cents per lb and netted 38:11
cents, (includiug tea unsold but estimated) against 37
cents last year, which is not unsatisfactory, consider-
ing the low prices ruling for the period under review.
The Superintendent deserves much credit for the way
in which he has worked the Hstate and kept the tea
up to a very steady standard of quality.

The Acreage of the Estate now consists of : —

479% acres Tea 5 years old and upwards,

14¢ do 4 do
70% do 3 do
6 de 2 do
116 8 do Forest. do
3424 = do Chena and Patra.
1023

The profit on the year’s working amounts to R18,033:30
including the balance brought forward from last
season and after paying interest on the loan of
£4,500. Out of this aninterim dividend of 3 per cent
has been paid on the Preference Shares, absorbing
R3258 and the amount ayailable for distribution is
therefore R14,775°50.

The Directors recommend that thissum be disposed
of as follows :—

By the payment of a final Dividend of 3

per cent on the Preference Shares,

absorbing 46 sie R3,258'00
By the paymont of a Dividend of 8
per cent on the Ordinary Shares,
absozbing ee R4,926 00
By transferring to Depreciation account R5,000-00
By carrying forward the balance of R1,691:30
R14,775°30

Mr H G Bois, who wasappointed a Director in place
of Mv F W Bois who has left the island, retires in
accordance with the Articles of Association but, being
eligible, offers himself for re-election.

It will also be necessary to appoint an Auditor tor

1902.

KANDYAN HILLS
LIMITED.

THE REPORT.
ACREAGE STATEMENT,
Tea in full bearing 410 acres
Not in full bearing under one year 23 .,
Cocoa oo ae
Reserve and Forest Land

COMPANY,

Total ... 1,310 acres
The Directors beg to present their Report for the
season ended 3lst December, 1901, together with a
statement of the accounts, duly audited, for the same
period. 5 .

The Tea Crop secured , including bought leaf and
Tea made for others, amounted to 200,858lb. The
Cocoa Crop amounted to cwts. 131-1-25 and Croton
Seed cwis. 2-3-14, The made Teagathered from the
Estate itself was 175,200, as against an estimate of
200,000 lb. whilst the bought leaf represented 1,600
‘Yb and Tea made for others 24,103 1b, making tbe
total of 200,858 lb.

103

AGRICULTURIST. 805

The total cost of production, including
Seeee oe per ip. made Tea,

The surplus at credit of Working account repr
Ri1,261-59 which, together with R1414-38 beocate
forward from Crop season 1909, makes a total
of R12.675:97, After paying Interest and other charges
and providing asum of R3,000 for depreciation, there
remains a balance of R208°82, which the Directors re-
commend should be carried forward to the new year.

The new season’s estimate of Hxpenditure is based
on a Crop of 200,000 Ib. of made Tea at a cost of 22:99
per lb, (including R3,160 to be spent on manuring)
and 130 ewts. Cocoa costing R3,760. z

Mr, A Collingwood Smail, wno has taken up the
visiting of the Company from the commencement of
this season, in his report dated 18th February, writes
hopefully of prospects. Pruning during 1902 is well
distributed, which should prevent the Factory at times
being overcrowded, and therefore tend to the makine
of a better and more uniform style, the latter a matter
to be aimed at with Tea at this elevation. Mr, Smail
also mentions that he hopes there will be a saving on
ee se a of production. %:

Yr, akspeare retires from the Bor rota:
tion, but is eligible for re-election. et cee
_ The appointment of an Anditor rests with the meete
ing.

Maunuring,

YATIYANTOTA, CEYLON
COMPANY, LIMITED,

Dirrcrors.—A. Thomson Eisq., Chairman, Char

g : c i larles
zune Esq ae M Skinner Esq. ;

ANAGING AGENT3,—Messrs. Whittall & GC

Colombo. Ones des

SECRETARY AND Orricers.—T. A, Williams, 27, Mine
cing Lane, London, B.U. ne Sige

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

The following is a comparative statement of the

past three years’ working :—

TEA

Lo} °. 3 3 oO
Sap co se a, 6 =
Onn Dale SS oo a na
Hoo So °
S32 3.8 34 Ba Bir aii aoe
oO — i
ade of AS Mos OR wy
Sfa Bao ga eggs oy. oe
e683 6 a¢ go gan 85 BS
° oak ae & oo ae 2 qo
Hc ae eee & a Oo (a5)
2 be yc a io
iS)
Ib. Ib.

1899 2,376 1,343,387 565 1845-16d 3°48d 5-684
1900 2,854 1,470,590 515 1847-32d 3:40d 4°56q

1901 2,970 1,261,484 425 13 47-32d 3°83d 5-10d

to be submitted at the fifth annual general meeting
of shareholders to be held at the London Commer-
cial Sale Rooms, 30 to 34, Mincing Lane, London,
E.C ,on Thursday, the 10th April, 1902, at 12 noon.

The Direetors now beg to submit the duly andited
accounts of the Oompany for the year ended 31st
December, 1901, and they regret being unable to place
before the Shareholders a more satisfactory statement,

The bearing area, of all ages, was 2,970 acres from
which erops amounting to 1,261,484 lb. were secured,
and, in addition, 4,338 lb. were made from purchased
leaf. Of the total, 626,087 Ib. were sold in Colombo,
and 639,735 lb. were shipped to London, the net aver=
age realised for the whole boing 5:10d per lh,

Including purchased leaf, the average cost, fo b (or
delivered to buyers in Colombo), was 3°83d per lb. The
average rate of exchange forthe year was ls 4 7-324
per rupee.

The Crop of last year was much smaller than that
of 1900, due partly to an alteration in the system of
plucking, and partly to the season having been a
less forcing one. As a result the Teas produced have
shown considerable improvement in quality, but,
owing to excessive stocks of Tea in bond in London,
the increase in the average price secured has not

806 THE ‘TROPICAL

been commensurate with the improvement in quality.
A further extent of young T'ea came into the plucking
area during the past year; all young and weak fields
have been very lightly tvsated, and this- has contri-
buted to the lowering of the average yield per
bearing acre. 5
The net profit for the year amounts to £5,962 3 8
To which has to be added
balance from 1900 Acccunt..£2,349 15 3
Leas Bad Debt (Ocylon) now

written otf bo 989 13 6

2,860 19
Together .. 8,022 5 5
Dividends have been paid as

follows :—
On the Preference Shares at

6 per cent per annum—
On ist July, 1901, and ist

January, 1902 64 2,700 0 0

£5,322 5 6

Leaving now to be dealt with

This the Directors propose
to appropriate as follows :—
(1) In payment of a Dividend
on the ordinary shares of
93 per cent (free of Income
Tax) for the year 1901 dj
(2) {n writing off Cost of Pro-
perties, including Deprecia-
tion of Machinery and
Buildings fe
(3) In carrying forward to 1902
the balance of oe

2,250 0 @

1,000 0 0

2.0725 0
———— £5,322 5 5

The following are details of the acreage of the
different properties as on Ist January, 1902 :—
ACREAGE UNDER TEA.

ea een es ES és f
Saat 2 a oeeeede
ame! ~~ & Sa — 2
Estate. a a8 wa 3 ae Bg

mo Ae 2
Polatagama 791 — 58 841 201 1,042

Weoya and New

Polatagama .. 632 95 — 727 345 1,072
Walpola 871 — — 871 145 1,016
Rondura 506 87 8 601 629 1,230
2,800 182 58 3,040 1,320 4,360

The Company’s properties are well equipped with
buildings and machinery, and are generally in good
heart and condition. The Directors trust, in view of
the steadily increasing demand for British-grown
teas, that a return to a profitable level of market
values may soon be experienced, Mr W J Smith
having retired from the Board, the Directors appoin-
ted Mr John McInnes Skinner to fill the vacancy,
and the appointment will be submitted for confir-
mation by the Shareholders. In terms of the Articles
of Association, Mr A Thomson retires from the Board,
and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election.
Messrs. Cape and Dalgleish, C A, offer themselves
for re-election as Auditors of the Company.—By order
of the Board, T. A. WinuraMs, Secretary.

97, Mincing Lane, London, E.C., 2nd April, 1902.

GENERAL CEYLON THA ESTATES,
LIMITED.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

and accounts to December 31st, 1901, to be submitted
at the Sthannual general meeting of shareholders, to
beheld at Cannon Street Hotel on Monday, the 14th
April, 1902, at 12 o’clock noon.

The Directors beg to submit herewith the accounts
of the Company and their report for the year ending

’ Wednesday,

AGRICULTURIST. [Junr 2, 1909.

December 31st 1901, showing a profit of £11,737 82 0d.

After allowance for debenture interest and other
charges, there remains asum of £3,717 15s 11d at the
credit of profit and loss, to which has been added a
balance of £493 8s 11d brought forward from the pre-
vious year, making a total of £4,210 19s10d out of which
the Directors have written off a sum of £2,060 on
account of depreciation of plant and machinery and
propose to carry forward the balance of £2,210 19s 10d,

The crops from the Company’s estates amounted to
2,371,735 lb. Tea, exclusive of bought leaf, against an
estimate of 2,614,000 lb tea, 2,133 bushels of coffee,
and 262 cwt. of cocoa,

The tea cost, sold in London, 503d., and realised
604d. per lb. The exchange for the year averaged
lg. 4 17-644. ;

The yield per acre was 433 ib over the fields in full
bearing, after allowing 200 lb per acre for the partial
bearing fields.

The present cultivated acreage is as follows :—

Tea in bearing one 5,139 Acres.
Tea io partial bearing .. 297 do
Not in bearing 50 163 do
Cocoa 4 126 do
Coffee = 118. do

Total cultivated area 5,843 Acres.

The decrease in the expenditure, ss compared with
the previous season, is largely due to the temporary
suspension of manuring operations for a portion of
the year. ;

The position of affiairs during the year decided the
Directors that this curtailing of expenditure was
prudent, but they are satisfied that manuring can now
be resumed,

The statistical position of the tea industry has be-
come sounder during the year, but the present level of
prices is still unsatisfactory.

Mr James Sinclair, the Director retiring by rota-
tion, being eligibie, offers himself for re-election.

Messrs Boards, Paterson & Ce., the Anditors to the
Company, retire, and, being eligible, offer themselyes
for re-election.

NAHALMA TEA ESTATE CO., LTD
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be presented to the shareholders at the eighth
annual ordinary general mesting to be held on
9th April, 1902, at the office of the
Company, 39, Victoria Street, Westminster, at 12
o'clock noon,

The Directors beg to submit their report, together
with the genera! balance sheet and profit and loss
account, for the twelve months ending 31st December,
1901, duly audited with results, before paying deben-
ture interest, interest on deposits, and Directors’ fees,
in a profit of (after making provision for bad debts
incurred on estate prior to Ist Octcber, 1961) £29 13s
1d. But after allowing for—interest of various instal-
ments on prior line 6 per cent., Mortgage debentures
from dates of payment to 3lst December last, rot
pay able till 30th June, 1902, £23 8s 4d.; debenture
inte rest to 3lst December, 1901 (not paid) £540; in-
terest on deposit loans (not paid) £18 17s 4d; Diree-
tors’ fees (not paid) £100; debit balance from 190@,
£423 19s 1d there will be a balance at Gebit of pro-
fit and loss account to be carried forward to next vear
of £1,076 11s 80.=£1,106 4s 9d. f

The crop obtained was 185,268 lb, as against an
estimate of 266,000 1lb,. The shortage was due in a
measure to climatic conditions prevailing generally
throughout the Kelani Valley.

The acreage of the Company’s properties on 31st _
December last remained unaltered, at—tea in full
bearing, 446 acres; jungle, 246 acres; total 692
acres.

A change in the superintendents of the estate was
made on 1st October last, sinee which date the estate

JUNE 2, 1902.}

hasshown better resulis, which the Directors con-
fidently hope will be continued.
The crop for the season
210,000 Ib. ot
Mr John Abernethy, the Director, retiring by rota-
tion, being eligible, offers himself for re-election.
Messrs. Fox Sissons & Co., Auditors to the Com-
pany, offer themselves for re-election.

PANAWAL TEA COMPANY;
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be presented to the shareholders at the tenth
annual ordinary general meeting, to be held on Tues-
day, 8th April, 1902, at the office of the Company, 39,
Vict via Street, Westminster, S W.

The Directors beg to submit the general baianee
sheet and profit and loss account for the year ending
31st December, 1901, duly audited :—The net amount
at credit of profit and loss account, including
balance brought forward at 3lst December, 1900, after
providing for general expenses, Directors’. and
Auditors’ fees £943 18s 10d. Dividends on the 7 per
cent. cumulative preference shares were paid for
1901, in full, amounting to £371. It is proposed to
pay a dividend of 8 per cent on the ordinary shares
for the year ending 31st December, 1901, — free of
income tax, which will absorb £510. Leaving a balance
tobe carried forward to next seasen of £62 18s 10d,—
Total £943 13s 10d. ;

The Directors recommend the distribution of a
dividend at the rate of 3 per cent. on the ordinary
shares of the Company for the year ending 31st
December, 1901.

The Directors have still to report upon the very
unsatisfactory state of the tea growing industry.
Prices during the early part of the season were
abnormally low, and the rise that took place later
appears only to have stimulated free plucking where
possible, and this has tended to redyee prices again
later.

1902 is estimafed at

LIMITED,

No alteration has taken place during the last twelve i

months in the acreage of the Company’s properties,

which stood :—
On 3lst December last.

Tea in full bearing
Jungle ae

590
3414
9314 Acres.
The weather during the season was against free
growth inthe Kelani Valley. The crop realized for
1901 was 273,322 lb. as against an estimate of 335,000
lb, anda revised estimate of 290,000 lb. ‘Lhe yield in
¢ as 839,550 lb.
the visiting Agent (Mr I J Clements) reported the
properties at the date of his last visit as being in
satisfactory order. . ;
The Honourable Norman Macleod Sinclair, the
Director, retizing by rotation, being eligible, offers
himself for re-election,
Messrs. Fox, Sissons &Co., Auditors to the Com-
pany, offer themselves for re-election,

TYSPANE TEA COMPANY, LTD.

The Directors have the pleasure to submit the
Balance Sheet and Accounts of the Company for
the year ending 31st December 1901, duly audited,

The total yield was 277,773 lb. Vea against 280,000
Ib estimated and 252,3731b, obtained last year, and
in view of the generally unfavourable season this

ay be considered satisfactory.
eeithe average price realised per lb. Tea was 5.66d,
nett against 5.72d. nett last year. i

The expenditure includes the cost of new machi-
nery about £440, and upkeep of new clearings about
£142, charged against revenue. The factory is now
fully equipped, and for some time to come only xe-
pairs should be necessary. | ‘

The present season’s crop is estimated at 285,000
Ib, Tea,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULIURIST.

807

Exchange averaged Is 44d per rupee against 1s45-16d
last year.

The Net Profit for the year,
after payment of the Interest
on Debentures, is ate

To which has to be added
the balance brought forward

£986 10 4

from last year of 176 7 3
—-——— £1,162 17 7

The Directors have already

paid out of this an Interim

Dividend of 2 per cent., free

of Income Tax neg 00 On. 0
Income Tax St 605..7,.9

And it is proposed :—

To pay a final Dividend of

4 per cent. free of Income Tax,

making 6 per cent, for the

year ats sea 20% OF =O
And tocarry forward ab 22 9 10

——£1,162.17 7
Mr. Edward Dumaresq Thomas, the retiring Divrec-
tor, offers himself for re-election.
The Auditor, Mr. J Hamilton Alston, also offers
himself for re-election,
The acreage of the Hstates is as follows:—

Tea in bearing 693 acres,
Tea in partial bearing 47 do.
Tea planted in 1897 10 do.
Do 1898 28 do.
Do 1899 4 do.
Do 1901 18 do.
Jungle, Timber
Waste, S&C, : b 168 do.
968 acres.

AUGUSTA THA ESTATES CO., LTD.

FIFTH .-ANNUAL REPORT.

The Direztors beg to submit the Audited Accounts
for the year closing 3lst December, 1901.

The quantity of tea manufactured has been 125,971 lb,
which has brought an average price of 636d per lb.
gross, the cost of production having been 23°12
cents., or equivalent to about 44d per lb. in London,
The average rate of exchange has been 1s 4 11-32d,

The result of the year’s working has been satis-
factory, and the Directors are able to write off an ade-
quate amount for depreciation,

The profit and loss account shows. that, after
writing off £232 10s from Factory and Machinery
account, there is leff a sum of £225 11s 7d. at
credit, and out of this the preference dividend for

the year has been paid and the balance carried for-

ward to next account,

By the Articies of Association, Mr Hdward H Han-
cock retires and, being eligible, offers himself for
re-election.

The Auditors, Messrs Singleton,
also offer themselves for re-election,

Cuarues A. Reiss and THomas J. LAwRENCE,
Directors, Atpin B. Tomxins, Secretary.
London, 17th March, 1902.

LINDULA THA COMPANY, {LTD.

The Directors have the pleasure to eubmit the
balauce sheet and accounts of the Company for the
year ending 31st December, 1901, duly audited.

Fabian & Co.,

The total crop was 171,311 lb. tea, against
185,000 lb. estimated, and 185,634 lb. obtained
last season. The falling-off in yield is chiefly

attributable to the unfavorable flushing weather
during the latter half of the year. ‘The crop
was at the rate of 535 lb. per acre, and
cost 27 cents per lb., free on board at Colombo, and
the gross average price of the 166,050 tb. sold in
fiondon was 84d against 83d for 174,8201b sold last
year, The current season’s estimate) is 175,000 lb,
fea.

808 THE TROPICAL

Drafts were negotiated at an average rate ofls 44d
@®8ainst 1s 4 9-32d last year.
The Nett Profit for the year
amounts to an eal 1s).
And the Balance from

last year to oon Ale © 10)

Making a totalof ..
The Directors have al-
ready paid out of
this, Dividends on the
6 per cent Preference
Shares forthe year
ending 3lst Dec.,1901 £780 0 0
Interim Dividend on
the Ordinary Shares
of 23 per cent free of
Income Tax 20
Income Tax oo
And it is Proposed :—
To pay a Final Dividend
of 14 per cent free of
Income Tax on the
Ordinary Shares, mak-
ing 4 per cent for
the year 50
And to carry forward
the balance of Ae

£1,939 19 7

650 0 0
83 12 10

36 6 9

ee £1989 1957
The Director retiring on this ozcasion is Mr
Edward Dumaresq Thomas, and, being eligible, he
offers himself for re-election.
The Auditor, Mr J Hamilton Alston, also offers
himself for re-election—By Order of the Board,

Rozertson, Bois & Co., Agents and Secretaries,

GENERAL CEYLON TEA ESTATES,
LIMITED.

The following is from the report of directors,
to be submitted at the fifth annual general meet-
ing of shareholders, to be held on Monday next :—

The directors beg to submit herewith the
accounts of the company and their report for the

ear ending December 31, 1901, showing a profit
ef £11,737 8s. After allowance for debenture in-
terest and other charges, there remains a sum ot
£3,717 15s 11d at the credit of profit and loss, to
which has been added a balance of £493 3s lld
brought forward from the previous year, making

a total of £4,210 19s 10d,

directors have written off a sum of £2,000
on account of depreciation of plant and
machinery, and propose to carry forward

the balance of £2,210 19s 10d. The crops from
the company’s estates amounted to 2,371,738
lb tea, exclusive of bought leaf, against an estimate
of 2,614,000 lb tea, 2,133 bushels of coffee, and 262
ewt of cocoa. The tea cost, sold in London, 503d,
aud realised 6:04d per lb, The exchange for the
year averaged Is 4.17-64d. The yield per acre was
433 |b over the fields in full bearing, after allowing
200 lb per acre for the partially bearing fields. The
present cultivated acreage is as follows: Tea in
bearing, 5,139; tea in partial bearing, 297; not in
bearing, 163; cocoa, 126; coffee, 118; total culti-
vated area, 5,843 acres. The decrease in the ex-
penditure, as compared with the previous season,
is largely due to the temporary suspension of
manuring operations for a portion of the year. The
position of affairs during the year decided the
directors that this curtailing of expenditure was
prudent, but they are satisfied that manuring can
now be yvesumed. The statistical position of the
tea industry has become sounder during the year,
put the present level of prices is still unsatisfactory.

out of which the’

AGRICULTURIST, [June 2, 1902.

Mr James Sinclair, the direct r retiring by rotation,
being eligible, offers. himself for re-election —H4,
and C, Mail, April 11th.

STANDARD TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LIMITED.

_The following is from the eleventh report of the
directors to the shareholders, tobe submitted at
the general meeting, to be held on Wednesday,
23rd inst :—

The directors submit statement of accounts to
December 31, 1901. The profit and loss account
shows a profit onthe working of the estates in
Cey'on of £10,980 19s 8d, whieh, with the amount
brought forward from last year, less interest and
home charges, shows a sum of £10,183 lls 8d
available for division. In August, 1901, the
directors, under the powers entrusted to them
distributed an interim dividend for the six months
ending June 30, 1901, of 5 per cent. (10 per
cent per annum), absorbing £2,975. They now
recommend a dividend at the rate of 10 per
cent (making 15 per cent for the year) absorbing
£5,950; and the carrying forward to the nex: year
£1,258 11s 8d. The coffee crop was 24ewt; it realiced
about £95. The tea crop was 1,105,996 lb, against
1,129,753 1b in 1900. The averayve exchange for the
company as drawers in Colombo was Is 4 5-32d
against 1s 4 7-321 in 190), and Is 4 932d in
1899. Prices for Ceylon teas were again generally
lower this last season. Of the companys teas
produced during 1901, those from the St Leonard’s
factory sold at about 14d per Ib lower price than
19(0 teas; those from Gordon, 1d per 1b lower ;
those from Gouravilla, at about the same averace
price. Ihe company’s properties at the close of
1901 were 3,466 acres, with 2,188 acres of tea
considered inifull bearing, viz:—In Uda Pussellawa
—St Leonards and Coneygar, 902 acres, 53) acres
tea bearing; Liddesdale, 814 acres, 200 acres tea
bearing; Eskdale, 240 aeres, 227 acres tea bearing ;
Gerdon, 386 acies, 304 acres tea bearing ; Tulloes,
4,9 acres, 275 acres tea bearing ; in Up. Maskeliya
—Gourawilla and Up. Cruden, 705 acres, 652 acres
tea bearing. There are also 293 acres tea in
partial bearing, and some 28 acres in addition
planted with tea. Mr Norman W Grieve, the
Director, who retires by rotation, being eligible,
offers himself for re-election.—H & CMail, April 11.

BALMORAL (CEYLON) ESTATES
COMPANY, LTD.

Tho Directors have the pleasure to submit the
balance sheet and accounts of the Company for the
year ending 3lst December, 1901, duly audited.

The total yield of tea was 595,197 Ib., against
568,556 lb. last year, being at the rate of 616 lb.
per acre all round; the cost of production, exelu-
sive of capital expenditure, was 24} cents per lb.
free on board at Colombo, and the Gross ayerace
price obtained was 8.53d per lb, against 8.86d
per lb. last year—Sandringham teas averaging 8.28d
and Clydesdale 8.78d per Ib. Exchange have
averaged throughout the year Is 4 3-16d against
Is 44d last year.

Two Vil Hngines have been erected in th -
dale Factory, andthe cost of them, £498 cides:
charged to eapital account. All other expenditure
havingbeen charged against revenue, the Direetors
do not consider it necessary to set aside any specific
sum for depreciation,

June 2, 1902.) THE TROPICAL

The Net Profit for the
year amounts to .. £7,782 4 2
And the Balance from

last year to es 722, 00, 4
Making a total of 38 £8,505 1 6
The Directors have
already paid out of
this, Dividends on
the 6 per cent Pre-
ference Shares for the
year ending 38lst
December, 1900 .. £1,800 0 6
Interim Dividend on
the Ordinary Shares
of 5 per cent free of
Income Tax sors 2O0L 15 -0
Income Tax F 305 14 OU
And it is proposed :—
To pay a Dividend of
6 per cent free of
Income Tax on the
Ordinary Shares,
making 11 per cent
for the year aguas Laas 2a)
And to carry forward
the balance of ty 675 10° 6
£8,505 LD 6
The Auditor, Mr J Hamilton Alston, offers him-
self for re-election.
SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY’S ESTATES.
Tea.
ail el emeeuet eset
Sa By H 2eReo 3B
BS Be SS Sess
jaa] uM BA OA ma
Sandringham and
Yarravale ae 527 _— 4 12 543
Balmoral and
Clydesdale O06 402 37 27 +160 626
Acres aie 929 37 SIE A729 Ak 169

EASTERN PRODUCE AND ESTATES
CUMPANY, LIMITED.

REPORT,

To be presented at the Fifteenth Ordinary General
Meeting, to be held at Winchester Honse, Old Broad
Street, at 12 o'clock noon, on the 30th April, 1902.

The Directors submit Report and Balance Sheet for
the year ending 3lst December, 1901.

The profit for the year is £20,439 9s 2d, which, added
to £7,242 63 9d, balance from last account, amounts to
£27,681 15 11.

From this has to be deducted :—Interest on Deben-
tures £3,600 ; Debentures for £7,500 drawn and paid
off, with bonus of 6 per cent, on 31st December, 1901,
£7,875 ; Interim Dividends of 24 per cent. on Preferred
and 1; per cent. on Ordinary Share Capital, paid 4th
November, 1901, £3,746 19s.—Total £15,221 19s; Leaving
a balance of £12,459 16s 11d, which it is proposed to
apportion as follows:—Final Dividends on the Pre-
- ferred Shares of 2} per cent, making 5 per cent for the
year, and on the Ordinary Shares of 1$ per cent,
making 3 per cent, for the year £5,238 4d; Balance to
be carried forward as provision for retirement of
Debentures in the current year £7,221 123 11d.—
Grand Total £12,459 16s 11d.

The Debenture debt which stood on 3lst December,
1900, at £80,000, has been reduced by the payment of
£7,500 out of profits, and now stand at £72,500.

As shown in the schedule below, the Oompany on
81st Decembe? last, had 11,028 acres under Tea cultiya-
tion, of which 10,491 were over four years old.

The yield of Tea in 1901 was 3,830,383 lb, the
average gross sale price being 66ld,, as compared
with 6'51d. in 1900. The short yield as compared

, With the previous year is due to the unfavourable

weather that generally prevailed gombined with a

AGRICULTURIST. 809

more careful system of plucking. The enhanced price
obtained for the 1901 crop muy be considered satis-
factcry in view of the fact that the Ceylon average
price shows no improvement on the corresponding
period for 1900.

The average rate of exchange was Ils. 4 11-32d., as
compared with 1s. 47-16d. in 1900.

Accompanying this Report will be found a@ copy of
Special Resolutions to be proposed at an Extraordi-
nary General Meeting to be held at the close of the
General Meeting on the 30th instant. It will be
remembered that the formation of this Company was
of an exceptional character, and the Articles of
Association did not include all the poweis usually
inserted. It is now considered desirable to supply
this omission so that the Directors may be free to
act as and when called upon in the interests of the
Company in relation to the matters indicated in the
Resolutions in question.

In accordance with the Articles of Associa-
tion, two of the Directors, Mr. R. A. Cameron and
Mr GA Talbot, retires from office, and, being eligible,
offer themselves for re-election.

The retiring Auditors, Messrs Welton Jones & Co.,
offer themselves forre-election. RatpH A CAMERON,
Chairman and Managing Director,

41, Hastcheap, H.C., lith April 1902.

SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY’S ESTaTES AT
3lsT DEC. 1901.

Avapolakande, Asgeria and Bulatwatte, Colonna,
Condegalla, Doombagastalawa, Dromoland, Hope,
Ingurugalla and Berrewella, Kirrimettia, Kumara,
dola, Kubukkan, Labookellie, Meddecoombra, Nor-
wood, Rothschild, Sogama, Vellai oya and Dandu-
kelawa and Wevekellie.

Uander TVea.—11,028 acres; Cacoa 593 acres ;
Cardamoms, Cinchona, Rubber and Sundries 327
acres; Forest, Grass and uucultivated Land 4,642
acres.—Total 16,590 acres.

CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS CO,LTD,

Report of the Directors to be submitted at the
Fifteenth Annual Ordinary General Meeting of
Shareholders, to be held at the office of the Com-
pany on Monday, 28th April, 1902.

The Directors have the pleasure to
general balance sheet and profit and
for the
audited.

The net amount at credit of Profit

and Loss Account, including Balance

brought forward at 31st December,
1800, and after providing for £2 Send.
General Hixpenses,Directors’ Fees,
Income Tax, &c., is ete
Dividends onthe 7 per
cent Preference Shares

submit the
loss account
year ending 31st December, 1901, duly

44,044 11 6

were paid for 1901 (less £ s, d.
Income T'ax) amount-
ing to wo 9,300 7 38

An Interim Dividend
of 7 percent on the
Ordinary Shares was
paid 29th October,
1901, amounting to.. 11,716 12 0

It is proposed to pay
a final Dividend of
8 per cent on the
Ordinary Shares
(making 15 per cent
in all, free of Income

Tax) which will

absorb «. 13,390 8 0
To write off for Depre-

ciation -- 5,000 0 O
And to carry forward

to next year a

balance of oe 8,581 4

er

£44,044 11 @

$10

The unfavorable condition of affairs in the Tea-
Growing industry, which had to be recorded for
the year 1900, was, your Directors regret to say,
zontinued during the past year.

It is, however, a matter for satisfaction that the
profits of the Company enable the Directors to re-
commeypd the payment of a dividend of 15 percent,
free of income tax, for the fifteenth consecutive
year to the ordinary shareholders; to set aside
£5,000 for Depreciation, and to carry forward the
sum of £8,581 4s 3d,

Owing to finer plucking on some of our estates,
but mainly due to most unfavorable weather, the
crop from the Company’s tea proprietors showed a
diminution of yield per acre of 12 percent as com-
pared with the previous year, the output being 463 Ib.
per acreas against 526 1b in 1900.

The following shows the quantity of tea accounted
for in the profit and loss statement :—

Kstate Bought Leaf Tea Manufac-
Tea. Tea tured for others, ‘Total.
lb. lb. lb. lb.
3,957,335 421,960 301,445 4,680,740

The average gross price for the tea sold in London
and elsewhere, including bought leaf, was 7:41d
per Ib. compared with 7°15d the previous year, and
the rate of exchange 1/4 15-64 as against 1/4 19-64
in 1900.

The coconut crop was 1,401,768. nuts. Owing to
the improved state of the market, and the favour-
able condition of the properties for an increasing
yield, the future prospects are encouraging for this

product. :

- he year under review has been a trying one for
those working tea properties in Ceylon, and the
services of the Company’s Staff deserve the appre-
ciation of the Sharehoiders for the results obtained.

Under Clause No. 69 of the Articles of Associa-
tion, Mr. H K Rutherford retires on this occasion
from the Board and, being eligible, offers himself
for re-election.

The Auditors, Messrs. Harper Brothers, Chartered
Accountants, also retire from office, and offer them-
selves for re-election.—By order of the Board,

Wm. JoHNsTon, Secretary.

London, 19th April 1902,

AVERAGES OF TEA. ESTATES AT 31ST DEC. 1901.

in

a a 438 :
= . ao w
Sf 32 82 og?
Estates. Districts, Fa © a mas a3 s z
g@8 §2 #80 S56 H4
A Ee aes Aj
Mariawatte Gampola 458 — 101 23 582
Atgalla do 450 4 59 18 531
Dunedin Kelani
Valley 474 — 58 — 582
Dewalakande do 558 _— 92 — 650
Sembawatte Yackdessa 175 — 274 226 675
Mudamana Kelani Valley 391 — 838 — 474
Ingoya do 522 —_ 337 — 859
Wallaha Dimbula 247 — 23 20 290
Tillyrie Bogawan-
talawa 617 — 1387 2 756
Serubs Nuwara Hliyalll — 30 10 151
Alton Maskeliya 413 9 24 12 458
Tangakelly Dimbula 823 _ 48 39 910
Waverley do B64 — -- 4 368
Piast Holyrood do 687 — — 46 733
Rosita & Lochiel do 640 _— 83 65 788
West Holyrood do 480 — 16 21 517
Yoxford do 441 — 24 13 478
Glenlyon and
Pojmont do 610 3 65 15 683
8,461
Pitaratmalic, Haputale 501 183 728 1931,605

Potal Aoreages 8,962

199 2,172 707 12,040

ee ee

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[June 2, 1902.

ACREAGES OF COCONUT ESTATES.

Coconuts,

« ~ ‘2
gee eee
= 2 38 sSiss =f

Estates. Provinces. $ 42 Ho MER Se

os 2 Of 622 28

A2 A Fee As

, 4 ma <
Andigama North

Western 30 901 — 169 43 1,143

Mawatie do 107 .3866 — 25 6; 504

Jakwila do 17. 327 — — 4 = 3848

Sirangapathe Western 338 153 28 2— 521

Total Acreages 492 1,747 28 196 53 2,516

VELLIKELLIE TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LTD.

Your Directors have the pleasure to submit their
Report and Balance-sheet forthe year ending 3lst
December, 1901, duly audited,

The crop amounted to 275,549 lb tea, which cost
26°90 cents perlb free on board at Colombo, and the
average price obtained for the 251,699 lb sold in
London was 8.03 per lb, Last year the crop amounted
to 233,785 lbs, costing 29.95 cents per lb f.o.b., and
the average price for the 209,880 1b sold in London
was 93d per lb, The crop for 1902 is estimated at
280,000 Ib tea.

Owing to the fallin the price obtained for the tea,
it will be seen that, in spite of the increased yield,
the profits are much the same as last year, and the
Directors recommend the payment of the same
dividend.

An installation of fans in the factory is now com-
plete, and the cost of this, some £207, has been
charged against the current season’s expenditure.

The rate at which Drafts were negotiated was
Is 43-16d, against ls 4¢d per rupee Jast year.

The Net Profit for the year

emounts to 2,241 10 6
And the Balance from
last year to oo 108 13 4

Making a total of 2,350 3 10
The Directors have already
paid out of this. dividends
on the 6% Preference
shares for the year ending
83lst December, 1900.. £285 0 0
Interim Dividend on the
ordinary shares of 3%
free of income tax
Income tax .. 205
AND IT Is PROPOSED :—
LT) prza Pirl D wiizil
of 2% free of Income
Tax on the Ordinary
Share*, making 5% for
the year .. 590
And to carry forward
the balance of 508

1,057 10 6
89 4 8

705 0 0
213 9 2

2,350 3 10
The Director retiring on this occasion is Mr, Percy
Lawrence Johnson, and, being eligible, he offerg
himself for re-election.
The Anditor, Mr. J Hamilton Alston, also offers
himself for re-election,
ao

NUWARA ELIYA TEA ESTATES
COMPANY, LIMITED.

Report of the Directors—to be presented to the
sixth annual general meeting of shareholders, to
be held on Wednesday, the 30th day of April, 1902,
at Winchester House, Old Broad Street, London,
E.C., at 12 o'clock noon. 2K

The Directors beg to submit the duly Audited
Accounts of the Company to 31st December, 19914

- And to carry forward the balance of

JUNE 2, 1902.}

The Crop Account shows a profit from the working of
the Estates of £15,297 4s ld.

The Profit and Loss Account, including the sum
brought forward from last year, and the payment of
Debenture Interest, Income Tax, &c., shows a credit
of £15,791 11s 6d, from which £2,000 has been written
off as Depreciation, leaving available for distribu-

tion fe ote £13,791 11 6
An Interim Dividend of 3
per cent, free of In-

come Tax, was paidon
23rd October, 1901, ab-
sorbing gnc
It is now proposed to pay
a final dividend of 3 per
cent, freeof Income Tax,
makivg 6 per cent for
the year, which will ab-
sorb a further G05

£6,000 0 0

6,000 0 0

12,008 0 0

£1,791 11 6

The Directors regret the falling-off in veturns as
compared with last season, in view of which they
have considered it unnecessary to charge against the
past year’s profits the Capital Account outlay on
additions to buildings and machinery, but ample pro-
vision for depreciation has been charged in the
accounts. :

The Crop of Tea from the Company’s Estates
was 1,225,614 lbs., as compared with 1,458,911 lbs.
in 1900. The shortfall is attributable partly to
less favonrable weather, and partly to the adoption
of a system of finer plucking, resulting in enhanced
cost of production.

The average rate of Exchange for the year was
Is. 440. per Rupee, and the cost of the crop, free
on board steamer, or delivered to buyers in
Colombo, was 5°53d, per |b. The average nett price
realized was 8°48d., as against 8°66d, in 1900.

The following table shows the results of the
working of the different Estates for the past year :—

: Be Bae
@ Oo pala
som a eile Git 8
af pe ice men oC)
Kstate. Grey hea @ropt ie Pl iy
oad ~ Oem +t 2 2
Bos Oe By us 6 -
$ eo s Q ww oO Cale!
Scat C2 4, og
5) > o ad
< <q A of
Par-
Fall. tial. lbs. lbse dice cL ass
Park OO Oey) 147,852 560 845 7 16 7
Portswood.. 322 30 186)790°= 530" 7-95" 4- - 6'<'1
Naseby .. 176 20 97,964 500 913 6 10 1
Pedro eon! A118 261,223 5385 844 7° 4 5
Concordia,. 288 152 198,395 440 9:05 6 18 38
Court Lodge 366 — 155,264 424 847 5 19 2
Hethersett 375 25 178,126 445 816 4 7 7
2,189 367 1,225,614 485 848 £6 2 1

The yield from Tes in full bearing was 532 lb per
acre, and that from Tea in partial bearing 262 lb per
acre, as compared with 644 1b and 371 lb respectively
in the previous year.

Asonist January, 1902, the acreages of the Com-
pany’s properties standas under :—

Tea in full bearing ae oD,
do do leased lands .. 98
do partial bearing B6 350
do not yet in bearing co 22
Total land under cultivation with —-=
Tea 2,602

Jungle, Patna and Scrub, and Fuel Trees, &. 440

y 3,042
The Fistates continue in excellent condition as re-

gards cultivation, and the Directors are satisfied

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 811

with the general working of the properties during the
past year.

The retiring Directors are Mr. C A W Cameron and
Mr H St. J O Thompson, who, being eligible, offer
themselves for re-election,

Messrs. Cooper Brothers & Co., Chartered Account-
ants, offer themselves for re-election as Auditors of
the Company.—By ordez of the Directors,

Fritn, Sanps & Co., Secretaries,

London, 18th April, 1902,

ae
PRODUCE AND PLANTING.
THE TENSION AS REGARDS THE BUDGET

is over, and so far as tea is concerned producers
have reason to be thankful. Not enly has the
Chancellor of the Exchequer declined to avail
himself of Sir Robert Giffes’s hint, by abstainin

from adding to the duty, but he has expresse

himself in terms of sympathy with tea planters.
His reference to tea will be very acceptable. He
said, in the course of his speech on Monday night :
“Then, Sir, I come to tea. Well, I have listened
to the pitiful ery of our fellow-snbjects, the tea-
producers in India and Ceylon, and, bearing in
mind that tea, which is almost a necessary of life
(hear, hear), is already’ taxed to as much as 75
per cent of its average value, I contess I shouid
be sorry to increase that tax.” This is all that
could be desived under the exceptiona! circum.
stances, for no reduction on the duty was to be
looked tor, and it is something to the good to
learn that, at a time when so much money has
to be raised, the Chancellor of the Exchequer
admits that tea is a “‘ necessary of life,” and that
he would be sorry to tax an article of produee
already bearing an impost equal to 75 per eent
of its average value.

TEA-GROWING OPERATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
continue to excite a great deal of interest. The
British Consul at Charleston makes reference in
his annual report to the experiments in tea cul-
ture at the South Carolina Government tea farm.
While it is probable, he says, that these experi-
ments will becarried on for several years more
with different qualities under widely differing con.
ditions, the most important facts relative to
American tea culture have already been demon-
strated. Among other things it has been proved
that a number of kinds of tea from different
countries—Japan, China, Siam, and Formosa—
can be grown with profit, and that several other
varieties have been found unprofitable in a com-
mercial way, Future experiments will probably
continue along this line with a view of eetbing
the greatest productiveness from the tea plant in
the shortest time, Another important point
ascertained is that the tea bush can survive ver

cold weather. While if is undoubtedly better
that it should be grown where the mercury
does not go below 25 deg. Fabr., yet in the
frost of two winters ago the tea gardens were
subjected to a temperature below zero. and
suffered little injury therefrom. °In the East,
where tea grows naturally, the rainfall
is from two to three times as much
as in Carolina during the summer, which
deficiency has been compensated for in the
Carolina gardens by a system of irrigation. The
careful labour needed in picking the delicate leaf
has been provided by giving special school ad-
vantages to all the little negroes living in the
vicinity who are willing to avail themselves of
them,‘ and these children are, during school hours

nstructed in tea-picking, and during the tere

812 THE TROPICAL
gathering season they are given remunerative

work. The most common objection that has been
raised to the establishment of an American tea
iniustry has been the difference in the price of
labour in America and in the Hist, but with a
full appreciation of its force as applied to poorer
grades, there seems to exist a good profit in the
production of those higher grades in whose culti-
vation cheap labour plays a minor part. And in
addition the home tea production has this fur-
ther advantage, that the final drying of the leaf
need not be carried to the same extreme degree
of heat, whereby a_ sacrifice of much that is
agreeable and beneficial in the flavour is entailed,
As we have pointed out before, and as the Brit-
ish Consul thinks possible, if the American Goy-
ernmené were to place an import duty on tea,
and the home-grown tea industry were to make
rapid progress when so fostered, the Indian and
Ceylon tea imports to the United States would
be affected ; but that is in the far future. Mean-
time we learn from New York that with the
passage of the War Tax Repeal Bill the tea
market shows signs of renewed activity, and in
favour of this it may be noted that the stock of
tea is small.—H. and C. Mail, April 18.
és se aes
MOSQUITOES AND MALARIA IN
ITALY.
A CONSULAR REPORT.
The British Consul remarks in his Report en
the Trade for South Italy for 1901:— _ ;
The subject of mosquitoes and malaria, which
was mentioned in the Report from this Consulate
(No. 2,550, Annual Series), is still attracting con-
siderable attention in Italy, and more especially in
this istrict where a large area is subject to
malaria. Next toSardinia, the Province of Basi-
lieata is the largest malarious tract in Italy, and
therefore the most interested in the extermination
of the disease. The most fatal season occurs in
the months of August and September, but the
further we go South the longer does the dangerous
season continue, so that in Basilicata security can
rarely beenjoyed or reckoned upon until tbe
month of October is past.
MOSQUITOES GO BY TRAIN. Bi ok f
M»squitoes dislike wind and when it is high
they take refuge where they can. Hence they
are not transported by wind as has been often sup-
posed but they move from place to place on or
about menand animals and any baggage which
attracts them, afact which explains isolated cases
and epidemics which have occurred in places dis-
tant alike from marshes and stagnant water.
Some interesting cases of fe ver, owing to this cause,
occurred at the station of Termini near Rome, the
cases having probably originated from mosquitoes
conveyed by the Terracisa train which erosses
the most deadly part of the Pontine marshes.
AN ANILINE DYE EFFICACIOUS. 4
There is a special aniline dye which when dilu-
ted, even to tht extent of 0:00031 per inile, is aid
to kill the larvae. The well-known pastilles and
powder, similarto ordinary insect powder, which
ean either be burnt or distributed by means of
bellows, may also be mentioned. This powder is
made of the flowers of the pyrethrum roseum, &
herb extensively grown on the Dalmatian coast,
the caltivation of which is being tried near Ceprano
a townin this districc about half-way between
Naples and Rome. Tt is found that valerian
root, powdered and mixed with the other, renders
it more efficacious.

AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 2, 1902,

THE DIFFICULTY ABOUT DRUGS.

Experiments have been made in the past suim-
mer by Professor Grassi to combat the malady by
the use of drugs. In this he has obtained a great
measure of success, but here again the expense
of the drugs and the difficulty of getting the large
quantity necessary, taken at regular times, will
form an insuperable difficulty in the case of the
peasants. Having selected one of the most mala-
rious places in Italy, Ostia at the mouth of the
Tiber, Professor Grassi and his staff have adminis.
tered six pills a day to adults and a pro-
portionate dose to children, the pills heing com-
posed of a compound called ‘‘Esanofele,” a harm-
less drug composed of quinine, arsenic, iron and
bitter herbs. Which salt of quinine or iron, and
the proportions used of each of them, has not yet
been disclosed, but Dr Grassi, in his recent work
(which isin course of translation into English),
speaks most highly of the results and the tabula-
ted statistics of the Ostia treatment appear very
favourable, though these are too long and too
complicated for reproduction here.—Madras Mail,
April 23.

_—_———_o__——_—_

PLANTING NOTES.

THE UNION ESTATE COMPANY OF CrYLON
—is certainly one of the unfortunate ones
—no dividend for five years and the
prospect is not brilliant, apparently,
unless there is a determination to
abandon any non-paying fields or pro-
ducts and to stick to what we heard
long ago described as the really very fine
Hayes property. At the same time, the
Directors deserve credit for giving up half
their fees while no dividend is declared;
—but why not mention this in the Report?
It is certainly a fact of special interest to
shareholders and well-deserving of a sentence,
apart from what may be shown in the
accounts. The continuation of our full
report will be found elsewhere: the ‘“ heck-
ing” was unusually long drawn out.

‘ARSENIC AND TREACLE.—It is good news
that the ravages of locusts can be controlled,
if not checked, by means of arsenic and
treacle. In Natal, we read, that the locust
plague is now easily controlled by this
simple means. It would be interesting to
know how the remedy can be applied over
an extensive area. Coconut planters may
do well to try them for beetles; and why
not for porcupines? The latter pest renders
coconut cultivation almost impracticable in
parts of the island. The Pallegama Grant
suffered severely from porcupines ; estates
in the Kurunegala-Puttalam districts are
said to have been badly smitten by them:
in the Southern Province, the extension of
Cinnamon cultivation is explained by the
difficulty of growing coconuts owing to the
destructiveness of porcupines; and even
from the Kelani Valley we hear of im-
mense damage done to promising planta-
tiens by their fondness for stems just as
they begin to show above ground. We should
like to hear from some of our more experi-
enced planters, European and Ceylonese, as to
the best means of checking the depredations
of percupines—apart from catching them at
mischief and then blowing them up!

Jorn 9, 1902,] THE TROPICAL

UGAR PLANTING IN THE STRAITS:

AND THE STRAITS’ GOVERNOR.

We have had the pleasure of a_ call
recently from Mr. J. Turner, administrator
and attorney of the Penang Sugar Hstates Co.,
who was homeward-bound with his family
on six months’ leave. Mr. Turner visited
Ceylon on his way out after his last furlcugh
early in 1900 and had a look at the country
as far northas Anuradhapura. He did not
think it suitable for sugar-growing as far
as he saw; but, on hearing that further
north paddy was plentifully grown, My.
Turner agreed that sugar might there be
profitably cultivated while the quantity of
irrigation required (the same kind of soil
being suitable for sugar that was used
for paddy) would vary to a _ great ex-
tent with the quality of the soil and the
rainfall. The rainfall on the Penang Estates
was on an average 90 to 100 inches per annum.
Since Mr. Turner was in Colombo last, the
land either planted or taken up for plant-
ing by the Penang Sugar Hstates Company
has more than doubled the Company’s pros
perty, no less than 9,000 acres being now
opened. The estates are worked by a staif of 59
Kuropeans—‘‘mostly Scotchmen!” Mr. Turner
told us--and, though these are compara-
tively free from tropical affections, several
qualified doctors are employed by the
Company to keep the native workers in
health as far as possible; as many as 150
natives have succumbed from cholera alone.
Mr. Turner was able to renew acquain-
tance today with Mr. im Thurn, calling upon
him at the Colonial Secretary's Office—in a far
more responsible post than when he knew
the latter as theable and scientifically gifted
eurator of the Demerara Museum.

From Mr. Turner we were further in-
terested to hear of the impression Mr. Taylor
had made at the Straits—namely that of an
exceedingly hard-working and _ thorough
official, almost too much so for that Colony,
and determined to possess a complete ac-
quaintance with the details of all business
in his hands. Upon Sir Frank Swettenham,
Mr. Turner was loud in praise. He regards
this Governor as one who will be ‘heard
of” in years to come with a fame greater

than any, based merely on his Colonial
Governorships. Sir Frank has, says Mr.

Turner, made the Malay States; he has opened
railways and constructed roads out of re-
venue derived from the country itself, in a
most skilful manner. He has all the gifts and
capacity of a progressive colonial statesman,
who understands the conditions of growth
in comparatively young settlements such as
the Straits or Colonial intants-in-arms, nearly
such as the Malay States. As such
he has proved a welcome addition to the
Straits, as one not bound to oppose anything
in the nature of progress and even wise
enough to overrule local conservatism in
the_larger and future interests of his charge,
Mr. Turner regarded his advocacy of Mr.
Matthews’ scheme for the improved harbour
accommodation at Singapore as a remark-
ably powerful and intelligent piece of work,
and the passing of it by the Legislative
Council, in the face of strong mercantile
103 :

AGRICULTURIST. 313
opposition, as an achievement that redounds
to the credit of his personal force as well as
governing sagacity. Long may Sir Frank
be spared to rule the Straits—is the wish we
may offer from a flourishing neighbouring
Colony, equally blessed with an able Gov-
ernor who should be ‘‘heard of” in days to
come—as long as he continues to see and

provide for its needs and developmentas he
does today.

LORD LAMINGTON ON QUEENSLAND,

On Mareh 11th, 1902, the Right Hon. Lord
Lamington, G.C.M.G., read a paper on ‘‘ Notes
on Queensland.”

The Right Hon. the Earl of Onslow, G.c.M.G.,
a Vice-President of the Institute, presided.

All friends of Queensland have cause for some
satisfaction in the facilities which now exist for
obtaining information, supported by statistics and
figures, relative to the country’s progress, 2s well
as interesting accounts of its early history and
physical features. Andif this circumstance has
made it diflicult for me to produce in my ‘ Notes
on Queensland ”’ matter which isnew to you, and,
au the same time, free from the embarrassment
of political topies (just recentiy so very much to
the fore), itis, ab all events, pleasant to kn.w
that the many gaps [ have left may be filled at
larger sourees of information. Among these
sources I would especially mention General Sir
Henry Norman’s Paper read before the Manches«
ter Geographical Soviety in 1896, Sir Horace
Tozer’s address of three years ago to the Fellows
of this Institute*—an address, it will be agreed,
that left scarcely a phase ef human interest un-
touched, and publications issued under the auspices
of the Government, entitled “A Queen Col ony,”
and ‘‘ The Official Year Book,” giv a most
complete account of the resources and history of
Queensland,

The point that first occurs to my mind is the
distress that Queensland has suffered, and—accord-
ing to the most recent news—is, unfortunately,
still suffering, through thelong period of

DROUGHT.
[ hear it is especially severe in the Central and
Western districts, According to most people, it is
the longest on record. Yet it is somewhat mis-
leading to speak of Queensland as being drought-
stricken; the country is one of large areas,
and things are rarely ever so bad or ever so good
as represented by a general statement. Thus,
in October, 1900, I travelled in North-West
Queensland, and even in some of the worst of the
drought-stricken country I came across districts
that fared well, This was owing to their being
in the track of some thunderstorms, which, as a
rule, follow one another over a particular line of
country. But even these smiles of nature are
often unreliable. For example, paddocks may be
seen with good grass which remains uneaten
through the absence of water for the stock
to drink. And it is in these cases that
artesian wells are of such benefit. On the other
hand, a creek may be flowing ‘a banker,” and
not a blade of grass in the vicinity. This may
cecur in the case of a regularly flowing river, as
the Gregory, but more often is simply due to
thunderstorms that have fallen higher up the river

* Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute, vol,
XXX. p, 74,

814,

basin, Four years ago I saw an instance when I
went on an official tou: to Thargomindah and
South-West Queensland, accompanied by Sir
Horace Fozer. I had continued the journey fur-
ther te the south-west to see the devastation
caused by the rabbits. We were camped on Bulloo
Downs, and from the heavy thunderclouds, looking
like massive black blocks, I anticipated a drench-
ing night. My companions, however, said it would
not rain, and they were right. Never a drop fell
in our vicinity, and the heat was intense, but the
clouds had burst further north, and, on returning
to Thargomindah, our buggy horses were all but
swimming where creeks had to be crossed. Even
at that date the drought was severe, yet in those
places where the heavy thunderstorms had fallen
the country’s remarkable recnperative powers be-
came apparent, . luxurious grass springing up
where, but afew days before, there had been the
‘barest ground. Considering the heavy losses that
the pastoral interest has suffered duiing these
last years, it is to be hoped that the Government,
as the State landlord, will be lenient as regards
the payment of rent and the renewal of leases,
Tt is as much the moral duty of the State
and to its interest to be lenient to distressed
‘tenants as it is the duty of a private landlord.
The question of the

ARTESIAN WATER SUPPLY

has been recently ventilated both by Dr. R Logan
Jack and Mr. W Gibbons Cox. Only those who
have seen the limitless areas of parched ground,
and houses and townships dependent on the
storage of water drained from the roof into circular
corrugated iron tanks that burn to the touch in
the fierce sunlight, can at all adequately appre-
ciate these copious discharges of subterranean
water, Mr. Gibbons Cox has emphasised the
value of the water for the irrigation and growing
of crops. No doubt the water vari2s much in
temperature and in analysis from the different
bores, but [ know cf no instance, as yet, where
atter two or three years it has not been found
-nadaptable for this purpose owing to the accumu-
lation of mineral deposit. This does not, however,
prove that some of the bores, particularly those
that are more shallow, wight not be free from
this defect. On the other hand, the Government
Hydraulic Engineer is not optimistic at present
as regards the cultivation of crops by this water,
and says it is totaily inadequate for the irrigation
of grass lands on a Jarge scale. though, of ecurse, of
inestimable value for watering stock. Oa the
western border of the Gregory River near Camoo-
weal the countiy has a limestone formation, and
on Rocklands station windmills pump water out
ot ordinary wells. Though situated on the water-
shed of the Gregcry River that flows north, this
subterranean water is believed to drain into the
Georgina, flowing south. Incidentally I may men-
tion that this part of the country is in places
honeycombed by caves that give no sign of their
existence till the observer is close upon them,
their entrances being flush with the surface of
the land. Further north there are curious lime-
stone rocks, which in one instance almost block
one small valley, standing in long parallel rows,
and, being grooved horizontally by intersecting
lines, they give an impression of walking along
the passages of a ruined Cyclopean temple

By way of further confirming my opening re-
mark on the misconception conveyed by the gen-
eral use of the term drought-stricken, and in

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[June 9, 1909,

contradistinetion to this experience of these years
of drought wheu the pastoral and mining interests
have so suffered, farming has thriven, sufficient
rain having tallen in this more restricted area.
In the vicinity of the Kussell river the rainfall
last year exceeded 246 inches. If at pre-
sent there is but little

AGRICULTURE

on the western plains, it is not the case on the Dar-
ling Downs and onthecoastlands, which arerapidly
being broken up. Where, five yearsago, Ishot quail
with nota house in sight, is studded today with
small farms. Passing along in the train the 20
or 30 feet of rich black soil can be seen in the
creeks cut deep through the fertile plains, Land
that was worth about 1s an acre per annum for
grazing sheep, when under lucerne or other green
crop, may be reckoned as bringing in about £1 a
year. Such were the figures supplied to me by a
squatter who had broken up some thousands of
acres. Then there are the farmson the chocolate-
coloured voleanic soils of the ranges; these vie
with the others in fertility, but the serub, that is,
the jungle, has first te be cleared, and in places
they suffer from the soil being washed away off
the steep slopes by the torrential rains, Below the
range the soil is equally rich, but somewhat stiffer
to work, preferred by some, however, on account
of the more certain rainfall. On the whole, I
regard farming in Queensland as a prosperous
industry ; no doubt there are some drawbacks,
and nature provides many plegues, but by contrast
with farming here, Tshould say there was a far
larger margin of profit to be gained by the man
who, aided by his family, is willing to work. This
is particularly true of the dairying interest, which
even during the fe'v vears I was there not only de-
veloped largely, but made vast improvement in
the quality of its products. And it must be
remembered that the actual necessities of life are
few and easily supplied. Meat is cheap, only
light clothing is required, fuel is te be had for the
cutting, and for nine months of the year anyone
could live comfortably under canvas. Before
leaving this part of my subject I should like to
briefly notice a pestilence which is, most unfor-
tunately, to be reckoned as a serious evil to the
pastoral industry. I vrefer to

RABBITS,
From what I last heard, itis to be feared they are
working north and east. [found difficultyin obtain-
ing reliable information. In Brisbane, for instance,
I was most authoritatively assured before setting
out on my journey to the south-west that Lt
should see no rabbits. At first this appeared
quite correct, but at length we saw afew on
Dynevor Downs. As a matter of fact, they were
numerous, but owing to the great scarcity of
herbage they were scattered in all directions.
At any rate, they do sufficient harm to make it
worth while to keep ona single run, two or more
carts employed in spreading poison. It must be
remembered that some stations in those districts

have only about ten cattle to the square
mile; hence there must be very little spare
food. But on Belloo Downs there could
be no question about the existence of
rabbits. The Jand literally swartued with them,

especially to the south of a check rabbit-proof
fence. ‘They were living on bushes barked five or
six feet high, and were avything but plump. As
for rabbits climbing, I may say that I do not be-

June 2, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

lieve they have, up to the present, develeped any
fresh powers in that direction. To scramble up
amongst the thick branches of a bush, as they
manage to do upa dry stone dykein this country,
is the full limit of their capability so far as my
own observation goes.

Let we now refer

THE GENERAL SCENERY OF THE COUNTRY.
I faney a strangers conception of an
Australian landscape would be a vista of rolling
plains, relieved by sparse green trees of a painfuily
uniform description. As contrasted with this
country, it is quite true, there is a monotony of
feature and cclour. Theclose observer, however,
wiil notice distinctions in the vegetation even of
the western country, and more pronounced varia-
tions from the configuration and vegetation of the
eastern. The open plains, with the curiously
marked ridges, as if once ploughed, intersected by
the stony voleanic open forest ridges, form the
characteristics of the Downs. Towards the west
these give way toa more park-like country with
clumps of the soft grey-green of the brigalow scrub.
Further west still there is the cypress pine and
mulga. Accompanying these are the gidya (which
smells so unpleasantly before and after rain), the
bumble orange, lavender bush, sandalwood, glosse
box, cinnamon, and countless others. One notable
feature about these trees and bushes in that stock
in time of drought, when the saltbush and the
Mitchell grass are no more, eagerly eat them. It
is not until one goes north and reaches the central
district that the true open country is seen, entirely
devoid of trees. The coast, again, is very dissimilar
and the open forest country, being better watered,
grows timber much bigger than in the west,
whilst’ on the ranges the scrub land resembles a
dense jungle full of vines, creepers, lawyer cane,
palms, and gigantic timber.
THE BUNYA PINE

Imake special mention of, as it is, I believe, peculiar
to Queensland, and even there grows onlyin a
limited area. With leaves not unlike those of an
ordinary araucaria, the stem cleans itself of
branches, and as it grows old presents a noble
appearance, rising perhaps 200 feet, with its vast
symmetrical bole-crowned by a _mushroom-shaped
top of deep green foliage. The huge heavy
cones contain a seed or nut tiat tastes like a
chestnut. When ripe, natives for hundreds of
miles flock to the Bunya Mountains to feast
on these seeds, and so rich is the food that
they—the natives --become fat and sleek. On the
eastern slope of the Main Range the streams and
rivers are usually flowing with clear water, through
wooded hills, to where the Pacific rolls cease-
Jessly on the white sands of the coast. Here the
most striking features are the isolated peaks of
the Glasshouse Mountains, so named by Captain
Cook, from their glossy appearance. Further
north Mount Larcombe stands out in bold relief.
The Barrier Reef protects the shores of Central
and Northern Queensland. Some day this will
be recognised as an ideal yachting-ground. The
numerous uninhabited islands, of almost every
conceivable shape, clothed in scrub, scented
shrubs, and deep grass—the intricate channels
running between, and affording splendid scope
for the skill of the navigator—these must
before long compel grateful recognition
from those in search of change and pleasure.
Central and Northern Queensland has a coast line
usually bold and rugged, Its dangers are only
too evident in the many remains of wrecks which

AGRICULTURIST. 815

occurred before the coast was properly lighted. In
places where the ranges recede from the shore,
there are strips of fertile plain and sugar-growing
country. Hlsewhere clear mountain streams re-
sembling those in the Highlands of Scotland, only
with brighter water, flow invitingly. The Whit
Sunday, Molle and Albany Passages are well-
known for their beanty. The deep channel allows
of the steamer passing elose along the
wooded shores. Bat the Hinchinbrook Passage
of shallower depth is the most picturesque.
The rocky peak of the island is over 3,000 feet.
High palms and tropical vegetation fringe the base
to the water’s edge. Onthe mainland, the moun-
tains tower yet higher in a series of pinnacles,
Mourilyan Harbour, Cairns, and Cooktown are all
attractive, and Port Dovglas is of especial charm.
Certainly, Lenjoyed nothing more than yachting
along these shores, visiting the little-known Barrier
Reef islands. This pleasant experience I was ene
abled to have by the consideration of the Queens-
land Government. And now let me add a short
notice on

THE BIRD-LIFE OF AUSTRALIA.
On the coast country there are to be found
many varieties of parrots, cockatoos, the bird-
magpies, larks, pigeons and innumerable other
species. Nothing could be more melodious than
the note of the bell-bird in the thick recesses of the
scrub, or more cnrious to hear than the sharp note
of the whip-bird—nothing prettier to see than the
black and yellow of the regent-bird, or the claret
and black of the rifle-bird. On the western plains
flocks of pink galas may be seen whirling in the
air. Cockatoos, both black and white, parrots,
doves, kingfishers, in addition to the larger forms
of bird-life, are also in plenty, Ducks, plain and
serub turkeys, pigeons, quail and snipe are almost
the only edible wild birds.

1 mention the bird-life to contradict the
statement sometimes made that it is scarce in
Australia; it is certainly not in Queensland, I
might add, too, that the Queensland scrub, I have
been informed, is excessively rich in the number
and variety of botanical specimens.

Turning now to the consideration of the life of

MANKIND
in Queensland, I think the aboriginal popula-
tion has first claim on cur attention. When
brought into contact with civilisation they
generally deteriorate, Lobserved many fine types
of robust manhood among them, especi-
ally such as lived their natural life, une

contaminated by the evil influences of civilisation.
They have great muscular strength and activity,
are fast runners and high jumpers. As a race,
they are very callous to pain, In their tribal con-
flicts the most severe wounds would be treated
with indifference. One mode of punishment is for
two orthree men to thrust a spear through the
body, and L have heard of a native walking sixty
miles with a spear through him before he could get
help to pull itout. Their intelligence always im-
pressed me, as did their quickness of comprehen-
sion. In the back blocks they usually work as
stockmen on the runs, and oremost capable and
successful manager told me he _ preferred to
employ black boys, both on account of their
intelligence and reliability. In a mission
school at Mapeon I was told the
children were quite as intelligent as white
children. It is apparent, therefore, that their
inferiority, as a people, is not so great as is usually
represented, Perhaps, too, the improvement is

816 THE TROPICAL

more marked as one goes north. To reflect on
the swift disappearance of their former thousands
is somewhat terrible—in fact appalling. Except
inthe N. W. and in the Cape York Peninsula,
their camps are few and but sparsely occupied.
Drink, opium, and disease have mainly contributed
to their disappearance, and deeds of violence have
not been altogether wanting. Had large reserves
been established in the first instance, missionaries
and education might have developed a moral
spirit that wouid have combated more successfully
the worst influences of civilisation. I do not pre-
tend that the race would have been perpetuated
indefinitely, but at least its existence would have
been prolonged. They have undoubtedly suffered
at the hands of our race, and I never could learn
- for certain of a singie authenticated case where
' the wild blacks injured a white man or his pro-
perty without some provocation having been given
previously by a white man, or occasionally by
one of the new-comers through ignorance giving
offence by a neglect of their superstitions. From
their inability to differentiate between one white and
another, the provocation may have been given by
a very different party to the one upon whom
revenge was inflicted, and, perhaps, at a date long
anterior, whereas the oldest residents have told
me sad tales of the punishment and cruelties
inflicted when a murder had been committed by
THE NATIVES.
Here I may quote the experience of Mr.
Petrie. He settled at North Pine about forty-
two years ago and can remember seeing tribal
fights take place where now the Brisbane Exhi-
bition building stands. Some white settlers had
made complaints of natives who were in hundreds
about the place. He was, however, considerate
to them, and, as a result, never lost a_ single
bullock. He would leave them in charge of his
house, and never missed even an ounce of tobacco.
They would bring him presents, as they did to
anyone who treated them with any consideration,
and, furthermore, their conduct towards ship-
wrecked people was generally good. The two
most frequent causes of trouble were the taking
of black women by the settlers, and in the
spearing of cattle by the blacks. The former
incident invariably led to the ‘trouble, and in
connection with the second, it must be remem-
bered that the natives were largely deprived of
their means of subsistence by pastoral and

mining occupation, and hunting, in conse-
quence, almost ceased because of its diffi-
culties, What were the blacks to do? Surely

they had aclaim for protection, and not to run
the risk of being dispersed and shot. At no time
are they liked on arun, as the cattle get fright-
ened by their appearance amongst them. ‘‘It is
impossible,” as a judge said in a summing-up, ‘“‘ to
overcome racial prejudices where juries of another
colour are employed.” I hope matters are now
on a different footing. I am proud to think that
the first real remedial measure was passed during
my term of office. Sir Horace Tozer was then
Home Secretary, His strenuous and humane
endeavours to bring about happier relations are,
I am glad to say, being vigorously maintained by
his successor, the Hon, J F G Foxton. The
continuance of Sir Honace’s policy is especially
noticeable in the Acts prohibiting the sale ot drink
and opium to aboriginals and half-castes. Doubt-
less these are provisions very hard to enforce in
dgaling with semi-civilised nations, Again, ag

AGRICULTURIST. (June 2, 1902.

the general scheme of improvement,
protectors have been appointed to exercise
supervision. One of these, Dr. Roth, has been
specially selected for his interest in native life
and his ability to administer medical treatment
in cases of disease. 1 may say here that a native

part of

believes that sickness or death is always
due to the operations of some foe, and
has no idea that they could possibly

result from physical causes, and does not therefore
understand taking any steps to guard against ill-
ness. But perhaps the most benefieial feature
of these Acts is to be found in their causing the
natives to be regarded as fellow-creatures worthy
of help, rather than troublesome beings whose
presence was unwelcome and irksome. Greater
precautions, too, have been taken against cruel
and unfair treatment where natives engage to
serve on the pearl or béche-de-mer fishing boats.
These were grievously necessary. It must be
remembered that the pioneers of civilisation are
not always given to sentiment.

The Missions that have started are meeting
with considerable success. The children afford the
best, if not only, chance of obtaining permanent
good results) The great obstacle to improve-
ment in the adult consists in the lack of any
appreciation of wants beyond those of bodily
gratification for the moment. The perfect com-
munism that prevails is chiefly responsible for
this characteristic. Everything a man possesses, or
may earn, is at once shared by all other members
of the family or tribe, old and young. The
chief incentive to work is thereby removed.
Mr. Hey, the missionary in charge of Mapoon,

quoted to me how a native came to him
who had earned two bags of flour as
wages. He shared one with the rest of

the tribe, but saved the other by handing i5 over
to the custody of the missonary who, from time
to time, doled the flour out asrequired. But as
each dole had to be shared with his friends and
relatives the poor native merely became a philan-
thropist on a sort of instalment system, and
failed utterly asa domestic economist. Perhaps
the only sense of property is to be found in res-
pect of their weapons and dogs. The absence of
this sense might, I believe, be traced to the want
of any religious faith. They receive no guide to
present conduct by looking to the future or
hereafter. The present day is the only considera-
tion, without the slightest regard to the next. In
a greater or lesser degree I believe this to be a
great factor in the disappearance of a race.
To turn to topics more associated with

THE NEWCOMERS
is now our business. Outside of political
questions, I suppose, there is none of greater in-
terest than of climate. Indeed, it has, in the last
few months, assumed the aspect of a political ques-
tion in itself. I always endeavoured to learn what
doctors and others possessed of experience thought
upon this point. Naturally, there was some diver-
gence of opinion, but, on the whole, it was corro-
borative. I will make a geneal deduction, but
allowance raust be made for the vast area of country
and consequent local variations. To begin with, the
death-rate of Brisbane in 1899 was 1090 per
1,000—the lowest for any of the Australian
capitals. For the year 1900 the death-rate of
Brisbane was 14:99 per 1,000, and for the colony
of Queensland 11°72 per 1,000. The higher rate of
Brisbane is due partly to the more crowded con:

~ June 2, 1902.)

ditions of life, and also to the unhealthy lives
drawn there for treatment, but the average rate
of 11:96 for the quinquennial period 1896-1900 com-
pares very favourably with the other Australian
Colonies. These figures are omitting consideration
of the coloured races. As_ regards Southern
Queensland, there can be little, if any, doubt of
its healthy character, especially to the west of the
main range. Although there is rarely the
extreme heat that is experienced in Southern
Australia, it may be contended that some people
feel the summers long and kot. Many, therefore,
like to go to the south for achange, but equally,
people in this country like to go to the Kivera
or Egypt, and yet the cold here could not be
described as unbearable or rigorous,as in the
Arctic. These remarks apply also to Central
Queensland, only in rather a greater degree, In
Northern Queensland and to the north of -'towns-
ville, it would hardly be denied that continuous
residence in the coast country docs have
a relaxing effect, and that there the white
race could not retain its vigour and
robustness. Once on the high ranges parallel
with, and not far from the coast, I believe living
to be quite as healthy as in any other part. One
morning at Herbarton my thermometer was down
below freezing-point at my bedstead. Here(and
this remark applies to the greater portion of
Queensland) the air is wonderfully light and re-
freshing. Possibly, there is some connection be-
tween this atmospheric condition and the great
rarity of sunstroke, for the head covering of the
men in the bush always seemed avery moderate
protection. To summarise, I believe that man
can engage in almost any kind of labour, except
such forms as cane-trashing and cutting, in the
tropical regions without deterioration. But the
female portion of the community must not be for-
gotten, The more active the lif? so much the
less does a woman suffer from the heat. From
what doctors and others have told me, without,
I think, a dissenting opinion, on the tropical coast-
lands or in the gulf-country white women cannot,

-as arule, bring up families without injury to

health. On the other hand, it must be remembered
that, if the climate in these small portions of the
country has a deleterious effect for some, many
have come to Queeusland to save their lives, and
this the dry air of the Downs and westera plains
especially has done for them. Though it is too
early to judge with certainty, one may reasonably
assume that, with a climate very differentfrom what
obtains here, there will in time be some
variation in stock, and the race may become of
slighter build, but wiry. On the whole

QUEENSLAND MAY BE PROUD OF ITS CLIMATE

when. contrasted with other places of equal
latitude elsewhere. With the exceptions
before mentioned, the whole of the work
is done by the white man. Townsville
is, essentially, an Anglo-Saxon town. Yet
it is of the same latitude that passes through
Mauritius, the heart of Madagascar, Beira,
Matabeleland, and, to the east, Fiji, South Sea
Islands, Chili, Bolivia, and weli to the north of
Rio Janeiro, in all of which places labour is
carried on by coloured natives or half-breeds,
In making this comparison, let it be remembered
that Townsville is only in the south-eastern corner
of Northern Queensland, and that Croydon,
Cooktown, and other places are nearer the
Equator, and yet the mining and other work is

a

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 817

done there by white men. Whilst on this topic I
may allude to a habit closely connected with the
heaith of acountry. I mean the drinking of spiri-
tuous liquors. Fiom my own observation and from
the information ef others, L may say that, whilst it
is usually said that habits of drinking are rife, it
is certainly not the case, especially amongst the
younger generation who are noticeably abstemiouns,
‘his must, of necessity, have a beneticial eflect on
the health of the population. I believe any drink-
ing that may have existed is chiefly due, in the first
place, to the pernicious habit cf shouting.”
Those in the higher ranks of life suould now be
able to meet without it being thoughe nccessary
to treat all around them, ard it should not be
considered mean for a manu to order only what he
wants for himself. Another evil is to ke found in
the bad quality of liquor sold in the back blocks,

I was much struck by the number of hospitals
scattered throughout the country. Tuiil recently,
in this land, where we are now, hospitals were
almost unknown outside the large towns. But in
the most thinly populated parts of Queensland a
home for the sick aud injured is within reasonable
distance, considering the vastness of the territory,
Great pride is taken in the maintenance of these
hospitals, and money is rarely asked for in vain.
These are managed by the subscribers, and the
State contributes £2 for every £1 locally raised,
With one exception they always seemed most
carefully and excellently managed, and Lady
Lamington, who has interested herself in this
subject, would testify to their being at least
equal, if not superior, to the country hospitals she
has seen over here. The best site in the town
or township is well-migh always eccupied by the
hospital or by a Roman Catholic Institution,

As regards the general advancement, Queens.
Jand moves of course on similar principles to those
of therest of Australia, and it is curious to note
the divergent lines of development tollowed by
the two great branches of the British race, In
the United States of America

INDIVIDUALISM HAS HAD FULL PLAY,

A man there is self-reliant, and ever
believes he will himself make his way. In
Australia the Government and. the laws are
looked toin every department of sctivity for sup-
port, direct or indirect, and the laws passed ae
usually opposed, as much as possible, to the aceu-
mulation of capital in the hands of the employer.
This policy may procure a more dead level of the
diffusion of wealth, and ensure the happiness of
the greater number, to a wider extent, than that
sudden creation and disappearance of fortunes in
the United States, but it necessarily checks that
great amount of enterprise, development of
resources, and increase of wealth that so promi-
nently characterises the progress of the tatter.
Another minor comparison I used to note, and
the difference is, perhaps, due to the same causes
This consists in the essentially peaceful character
of Australian development. As a nation, it is
of course, without parallel. No country
has ever attained such prosperity unchallen-
ged by any foe from within or without, But
in private individual life the inhabitants, too
themselves, except. when the great rush was made
at the discovery of the goldfields, have always
quietly pursued {their way, and weapons of offence
have been unknown; whereas in some of the
American States, if not today, at any rate till
quite recently, a revolver or a bowie-kuife was an
essential part of a man’s every-day attire,

818

Coming to a general review of Queensland, I
should first of a)! like to mention the fact that
throughout the vivalry of the different States it
was always conceded, by the southern States, thav
Queensland was destined to become the viehest
and most prosperous in Australia, It has such
an enormous variety of sources of wealth; its
agricultural products a’one would take long to
euumerate, drawn as they are from the snbtropi-
cal and tropical zones. In public, and privately
to me, has this often been allowed ; and I believe
that the future will prove the estimate tobe a true
one. For my pari (and here again [ have had the
support of outside opinion), I believe its Govern-
ments have always been amongst the most patriotic
and far-sighted—in other words, the most states=
manlike, Ithink it proved not only by internal
policy, but external as well. As regards the former,
the civil administration is ona better basis than
can be said of some of the other States. And in
my opinion the ofticials are better instructed. I
could give an instance of this from events which
occurred after the declaration of the Common-
wealth. Sir Samuel Griffith, the present Lieut.
Governor and Chief Justice of Queensland, is, to
a large extent, responsible for this satisfactory
position, as also for the ecedification of the erimi-
nal law. The Government accounts are well
kept, and, thanks to a prudent nieasure passed by
Sir Hugh Nelson, the surplus of any one year 1s
automatically handed over for the discharge of
public debt. Thus, it is the wish of every Trea-
surer to pay every account possible hefore striking
his annual balance on June 30, and not to allow
an accumulation of arrears by parading a large
surplus as regards external affairs. Successive
Prime Ministers have invariably shown themselves
large-minded in dealing with British New Guinea,
and Governors have never lacked support in carry-
ing out their policy despite its complex system of
administration, even though, now and again,
there has been some little pressure applied to
exploit the possession more in the interest of the
white man than that of itsown inhabitants. The
recruiting of the Kanaka labourers has been car-
ried out with the greatesb humanity. AsI have
already stated, Acts have been passed to improve
the condition of the aborigines, Adhesion was given
to the treaty with Japan, by which the influx
of Japanese is placed under control. In this
matter Queensland stood alone amongst the States,
as I believe she alone, despite the financial
depression, has not reduced the salary of the
Governor under the Federation. Her regard for her
position as a State entity would not risk the
decline that might result from reducing the posi-
tion of its head. she was the first of all the
Colonies to offer troops for service inSouth Africa
before the war broke out. She has a system of
local government ; this decentralisation of Lusiness
and handing over responsibility to local autho-
rities must tend to a trner appreciation and
recognition for the proper supervision of the duties
of the government of a country. The admirable
lighting of its coast for 1,200 miles is most
creditable for a population now, today, only
numbering half a million. She was always fore-
most in maintaining the Iederal Council, in
erecting Federal forts, and in maintaining and
supplying Federal garrisons, She was urgent,

too, in the matter of the Pacifie cable, and,
perhaps, though a smail point, I cannob
beter prove what IL mean by the broad and

ctatesmanlike attitude of Queensland than by men-

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTIURIST.

. Empire—H.M. the King.

[Juny 2, 1902.

tioning that she alone of the Australian States
gave £1,000 to the cost of the Antarctic Expedition,
ihongh, presumably, the State least directly in-
terested.

These considerations make one’s sympathies the
keener jor Queensland under its present disagree-
able cireum-tances. ‘The uncertainty of the opera-
tion of the Federal tariff ham;ers its trade. With-
out discussing the merits or demerits of the Kanaka
question, it is hard that, at atime when nature has
sorely tronbled the country by lack of rain, a pros-
perous industry should be threatened with extine-
ticn. At least such is the opinion of those who
have given iheir labour and money toit. Even if
their fears are exaggerated, one can feel for the
men who have developed, and so have the real
stake in, the country, whilst we ean feel for the
Government who have aided them in their enter-
prise, and on whom these anxious fears must re act
in the sense of a threatened loss of security for
capital, and in a diminution of revenue. Qneens-
land went grudgingly into Federation, knowing her
conditions and characteristics were unlike the rest
of Australia, and might not be recognised. It must
he unpleasant for the responsible anthorities to find
their fears were to a certain extent justified.

Before I conclude, I must refer to what, to me, as
the constitutional chief of the State, was the most
agreeable feature—viz,, the deep-rooted attachment
that is entertained to the Sovereign of this
[ used often to marvel,
when visiting some distant lonely settlement, to
find how fervent was the loyalty, even amongst
people that one would suppose so remotely situated
as to lose a sense of such ties. Whata wonderful
work has been accomplished by one remarkable
personality! I speak of our late Queen. How
ber bright shining goodness and sense of respon-
sibility bave gained an influence, widespread
and deep, in these hearts and minds—an influence
strengthened by the recent journey of Their Royal
Highnesses, the Prince and Princess of Wales,
which is well known to have been sanctioned by
Her late Majesty! Being privileged to remain in
Queensland in order to receive Their Royal High-
nesses, I know something of the impression
created by their visit, when they showed such
pleasure in becoming acquainted with as many
people as time would allow, and in. informing
themselves of everything that concerned the
commerce, politics, and life of the great dependency.
The fruits of these inquiries we have seen in the
remarkable speech of H.R H. the Prince of Wales
at the Guildhall, a speech that is often referred
to and quoted.

Before I sit down Jet me repeat my opening
observation with regard to ageneral account of
Queensland. Nothing of the kind has been
attempted here. I have merely touched upon some
matters that often engaged my attention during
the happy years that Lady Lamington and myself
spent in a country to which our thoughts often
revert, and toward which the best wishes of our
hearts will ever go forth.

The Paper was illustrated by a series of

Lantern Views.

The CHAIRMAN(The Ear! of Onslow, G.C.M.G.):—
Iam sorry Imust leave now, in order to catcha
train, but Lord Brassey, formerly Governor
of Victoria, has kindly conserted to take wy
place. )

: The CHAIRMAN (Lord Brassey, K.C.B.) :..d—will
now conclude the proceedings in the usual way
by tendering on your behalf a most hearty vote of

|
|

_ Fone 2, 1902] THE TROPICAL

thanks to Lord Lamington for his interesting
paper, Everybody who has spoken—and we have
had many interesting speeches—has highly and
most justly praised the paper. Allusions have heen
made to one or two points which are not dealt
with in the paper. They were not dealt with
for the obvious reason that they were controversial,
and those of us who has been Constitutional
Governors in Australia have been trained tn
know ourduty in the avoidance of matters of
controversy. [ desire to associate myself in the
fullest sense with all that Lord Lamington has said,
of regard and appreciation of Australia and its
people. We sometimes exchanged visits. On
more than one occasion I had the pleasure of
travelling in Queensland and of voyaging along
its beautiful coast, I have undying recollections
of the Hinchinbrook Passage, and my _ visit
extended to the extremest point of Thursday
Island. Many of my Victorian subjects were
deeply interested in Queensland properties, and
I admired greatly the spirit of enterprise with
which they endeavoured to develop their resources.
Nothing which science could do to cope with
the difficulties which climatic conditions. too
often present to enterprising settlers was
left undone. We can only hope that they
and all those interestel in Queensland
may meet with the reward they deserve. Some
speakers have been able to present a most en-
couraging picture of Queensland, which I hope
will attract youthful enterprise and benefit that
State.

Lord LAMINGTON, G CM G:—I wish to acknow-
ledge with extreme gratitude the kind references
madeto my piper. LI only wish it had been more
complete, but I thought on an occasion like this
it was best to take only certain topics for treat-
ment, As to the subject of industries, which I
regret I have omitted, I may say that for a new
country they are very considerable, and I may
mention that Maryborough has perhaps the
largest and most complete iron works in all
Australia. As to the sugar question, [ cannot
help thinking there is perhaps a little excess of
fear, for if Kanakas are not obtainable there may
be found some other form of labour to be engaged
on the sugar-cane fields, which will be able to
afford the planters the means of producing sugar
in the future as in the past. [ understand that
coolies are proceeding in large numbers up north.
T should not like to dispel the pleasing illusions
which Sir Arthur Hodgson has indn lged in
respect to the cattle camp provided for the
inspection of Their Royal Highnesses. I
listened with interest to Dr. Jack’s state-
meat with regard to Mr Kennedy, and [ regret
to hear that the authenticity of the treacherous
conduct he described can be established. But I
adhere tothe opinion that in earlier times it ought
to have been the business of the responsible
authority to see that there was some reserve or
that something was done to endeavour to pre-
vent the two races coming in conflict one with
another. I wili conelude by expressing my ad-
miration for the great earnestness of the Australian
character. I noted, so tar as my own experience
went, that whatever they took up they en-
deavoured to carry through. Whether in sport
or in busivess, they are thoroughly in earnes',
and inwhatever they engage their methods ure
thorough. [ will ask you to join in giving a
hearty vote of thanks to our Chairman, Lord

AGRICULTURIST. 819
Onslow. Tregret that he has been compelled to

leave, but we are grateful for his presence so long
as he was here, because a manengaged as under-
Secretary for the Colonies has not many leisure
evenings. Weare deeply indebted to our friend,
Lord Brassey, for taking his place. Lord Brassey
and I often came together when he was Governor
of Victoria. He by no ineans. restricted his
interests to that prosperous State, but made
himself thoroughly acqua’nted wish the rest of
Australia. He was most intent always on the
duties of his position, and | regard it as an
honour that we have had his presence on this
occasion.
—_—_——_-&_—_—_

BALATA OF VENEZUELA,

An extraordinary yield of Veneznelan balata (a
species of gutta-percha) is recorded in the journal
“ El Guaynes,” of Upata in that republic. During
the twelve months ending with October last,
according to that paper, 1,840,000 kilograms (equal
to 4,048,090 pounds) of balata were shipped from
the ports of San Felix and Guri, in the territory
of Yurnary, to Ciudad Bolivar. The district lies
south of the Orinoco end east of its tributary, the
Caroni, besides which the region is drained in part
by the Yuruary and Imatacea rivers. This
balata paid a tax to the State of Bolivar equal
to about 4 cents. gold per kilogram (the rate has
since been doubled), and two cents to the national
treasury of Venezuela. Besides, there were 772
dols. collected in company taxes, fees, ete. The
total public revenue from Balata was 11,425,60
dols. The export value of the balata, according
to our contemporary, was equivalent on an
average to 38 cents gold per pound, bringing the
total value for twelve months up te 1,538,200 dols,
—Indiarubber Trades’ Journal, March 81,

THE

RUBY DEVELOPMENT CO., LIMITED,

(73,081).—Revistered March 18, with capital
£4,000, in £I shares, to adopt an agreement with
R Qblatt and L and N Karpf, to aequire patents,
inventions, licenees and information relating to
the re-construetion of rubies, to re-construct
work, to sell, purchase and deal with rubies and
precious metals and to carry on the business of
jewellers, goldsmiths, silversmiths, ete. No initial
public issue. The number of Directors is not to
ve less than 4 or more than 6; the first are L
Karpf, N Karpf, R Oblatt and A Raphael. The
three first-named are anent; qualification £250,
Registered office, 67, Baaner Street, Finsbury,
E C.—Investors’ Guardian March 29.

ee ee
A CHINESE EXTRACT OF THA.

Ata meeting of the Pharmaceutical Society of
Great Britain, held on the 15ih ult., Dr Aug us-
tine Henry, who was deseribed by the President
of the Sociely as ‘‘the greatest living authority
ia Chinese drugs” delivered a jecture on that
subject, in 2 report of the lecture the Chemist
and Druggist says thata sample of Matract of Tea
made in the office of the Prefect at Szemao and
used only by the Dowager-Kmpress, to whom it
is sent as tribute, was shown, [t is in the form
of a ye'lowish-brown powder, and contains 6 per
cent. of caffeine and 12 per cent of tannin,

@

820 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

WILD COFFEE IN CENTRAL AFRICA.

AN APPARENT HYBRID.

Beyond tho Lnsambo on the shores of the San-
kuru grows a very wild interesting kind of Coffee-
tree, which is apparently new. It exists also, it is
id, in abundance on the left bank of the Lomani,
weat of the Gandn, Itisa small tree three to five
yards high with braaches spreading out offen over
the streams with fine leaves larger than those of tli
Liberian Cotfee, and small flowexs, emaller thon those
of the Arabian variety. The berries are of medium eize,
the seeds rather small and regular and have a veiy
delicate aroma. Ooffee of this kind that had been
gathered towards Gandu tastes excellent, his coff-e
is said to abound in the woods on the left bank of the
Lomani, ond is even cultivated in certain villages,
This variety has been cultivated, first by the Arabs, and
then by M. Gillain at Lusambo station, where there is
about five hundred trees. Ia the same plantation there
were some Liberian coffee trees planted at the same
time, but which had not developed so well as this wild
kind. This is attributed to the nature of the
soil of Lusambo: a silicious earth, rich in vezetatle
soil for twenty or thirty centimetres down. Insuch
land one must give up Liberian in favour of the
new kind, accustomed to grow on the sandy soils
so common in the basins of the upper Kassai,
Sankuru and the Lomani. This coffee seems to have
a great futare before it, especially after the southern
portion of the great forests is opened up to cul-
tivation,

ANOTHER VARIETY.

In an island of the Lualaba, above Wabundu,
grows, in a wild state, a kind of coffee much like
the Arabian. It is also found opposite Coquilhatville
and on the bauks of the Ueile and the Ubangi. It
forms a shrub 6 to 18 feet high, with narrow leaves,
small elongated beans, rather small berries of rather
irregular shapes owing to there being often three
berries ina bean. The colour of the berry is grey,
and there is so little aroma that many berries are
required to produce a fair cup of coffee.

A TRUE LIBERIAN.

At Wanie Kukula, there is in the forest another
kind of wild coffee whose reputation has no longer to
be made: Liberian coffee living in the forest under
theshade of great trees. There are trees in flower
30 to 40 feet high, the trunks of which measured*15
to 25 centimetres in diameter 3 feet from the ground,
They bore branches only at the summit of the stems,
which is explained by the struggle for light of the
denizens of the forest. The seeds are a little smaller
than those of the cultivated Liberian trees. In every
point the wild and the cultivated Liberian resemble
one another, and ina plantation of 5 to 6 hundred
trees near by it was not possible to distinguish them.
The trees belonged to some Arab Chiefs to whom the
Commandant Lothaire had advised as to the cultivation
of wild coffee and had given seeds of the cultivated
variety.

THREE DISTINCT KINDS.

We must note then the existence, in their wild
state, of three different kinds of coffee in the Congo
State, and two of these have a great economic im-
portance. For if equatorial Africa is the home of
these precious plants, there is no doubt that they may
be cnitivated there with success. To satisfy oneself,
it ia sufficient to visit the plantations of Wabundu,
aud especially those of Stanley Falls. At the latter
Station, 400 trees were planted in 1890 0n the recent
deposits of the left bank of the river. They are very
fine and covered with berries; one of these trees was
photographed after ithad been stripped. The frnits
weighed 2] kilog, (47 Jb.) which correspords to about
% kilo. of coffee (7 lb.) After the Arab campaign,
coffee planting was resumed vigorously under the
direction of M Rom. Last year there were more than
5,500 plants over a year old and growing vigorously.—
Madras Mail, April 26.

[Junp 2, 1902.

MR. JOHN HUGHES AND BASIC
SUPERPHOSPHATE.

Basie superphosphate is a manure pre-
pared by mixing superphosphate with slaked
lime, and is distinctiy alkaline, combining
the solubility of superphosphate with the
alkaline nature of slag. t is particularly
adapted for clayey, gravelly, sandy, grani-
tic, or peaty soils, and in general for all
soils having less thin 1 per cent of lime.
It is in the form of a dry powder easily
applied. According to the inventor, Mr.
John Hughes, it is intended to take an in-
termediate position between slag and super-
phosphate, and results in the field last
season confirm those of the laboratory.—
Globe, April 18.

—— ee Se

THE CULTIVATION OF TEA IN

LOWER BURMA
has disappeared, The late D>. Mountjoy cultivated
it successfully in the Akyab district for many
years. He commenced in 1862 and gained a prize
for the excellent quality of his tea at the Caleutta
Agricultural Exhibition in 1863-64. In 1876-77 the
outturn of tea in the Akyab district amonnted
to 25,374 |b. Accoring to the Rangoon Times no
tea has been grown in Lower Burnia for some
time past, though the returns for Upper Burma
last year show 249 acres under tea in the Katha
district, and 1,167 acres in the Upper Chindwio
—Indian Planters’ Gazette, April 26.

TO

GROWING TOMATOES, — Most Growers ot toma-
toes for sale or export aim at producing very large
smooth fruit. That the smooth variety is pre-
ferred to the wrinkle kind is evident from the fact
that the public, as arule, do not care for the latter
and that a better price can be obtained for the
former, But abnormally large tomatoes are a
mistake. Asa general rule, the public prefer a
moderate size. The housewife does not like
getting two or three fruits to the Ib
because there is often much wasted in the large
sizes. From2to 3 inches in diameter is quite
large enough, and such tomatoes will always
command a better ptice than the very large ones,
which are more useful to the cook for ** fancy
work” than for general purposez.--Queensland
Agricultural Journal for March.

PéS1s AND DISEASES.—Caterpillars, slugs, flies,
locusts, birds, worms, scale insects, fungoid diseases
ef various sorts, will all attack your garden in
their turn, and they must be destroyed as soon as
they appear, or there will be very little pocket-
money. What is the best way of fighting them
all? In a small garden you candoa great deal
by picking off the caterpillars, but the slugs
(vaginula particularly) are night intruders, and
these may be destroyed by the use of the powder
of tobaeco refuse. A dusting of this is fatal to
them. Then there are sprays which will destroy
both insect parasites and fungous diseases.
Whale oil soap, 1 lb to2 gallons of warm water,
applied when cold, is an excellent spray. Paris
green and Bordeaux mixture will also help. If
taken in time most of the enemies of the vegetable
garden can be destroyed by proper appliances,
Study the writings of scientific vegetable gardeners,
and make use of the remedies suggested by them
and you will find that you will be suecessful with
your garden, and still have plenty of time to do

chores on the farm.—Queensland Agricultural -

Journal for March,

and vice versa,

June 2, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

THE CEYLON TEA SALES OF LAST

YHAR.
DECREASE IN AVERAGE AND OUTPUT;
BOTH LOCALLY AND AT HOME.

It is interesting to compare the results
of the local (Colombo) Vea Sales for 190),
as compiled for our contemporary the other
day and quoted elsewhere, with the
Tea Memoranda and London Sales of
1901, reported by Messrs. Wilson Smithett
& Co. which we published last month.
It will have been observed that the
London average for 1981 is nearly a
half-spenuy less than for 1900, notwith-
standing the finer ‘ plucking” observed
at this end and the poor which
so largely aided reduction of crop. Look-
ing over estates, we observe that in
some of the high districts the falling-
off is more than 3d. Fer St. Leonards, for
instance, it is 214; but thenit gave a larger
yield by 90,000 lb. last year, but the Min-
cing Lane Brokers remark generaily on a
falling-off in Udapussellawa teas, perhaps
due to an unfavourable season. Badulla
is a half-penny better; but the outturn
was less by 130,000 lb.—possibly in a great
degree through less leaf being bought.
Again Talawakelle average is down gd, but
with more tea by 46,00@lb. It is, however,
impossible to institute fair comparisons all
round, without knowing whether any of the
tea from particular estates is sold in Colombo.

Possibly 1901 may have seen some sold locally
that in the previous year went to London,

season

j

Turning to the local Sales of 1901, we
note that the high districts have shown a
similar falling off in the local saies, which
inevitably refiect the home market to a large
extent. Naseby, it is true, is actually 7 cents
aboveits figure for 1990; but Monkswood shows
a drop of 1 cent, St. John’s 2 cents, High
Forest 13 cents (a big drop trom the first
place it held last year with the 59 cents
that Naseby holds this year), Dunbar, Dun-
keld, Queensland and Tonacombe 2 cents,
Mocha 7 cents and Maha Uva 3 cents. A
rise is shown by only two estates, beside
Naseby, out of 25 high-grown; we refer to
Glasgow (1 cent) and Malvern (4 cents).
Glasgow showed the large output of 333,500 Ib.
at an average of 46 cents and Malvern 54,000,
at 37 cents Turning to low grown tea we see
that here also only three estates among the
best show an increased average :—Weoya (by 4
cents), Glencorse (1 cent) and Polatagama
2 cents; their outputs were, respectively,
134,0001b., 148,0001b, and 280,0001b. The output
of Naseby we should mention, secing how
its result stands out amongst the rest, was
a medium one, 87,000 lb., in proportion to the
other totals, though this means a yield of
550 nt per acre. The biggest yields have for

AGRICULTURIST. 821

the most part been obtained by estates
showing an average of 81 cents and over.
But they are all surpassed by two: Yata-
deria (415.000 lo,) and Kurulugalla (655,000
lb.) with averages of 30 and 25 cents respec-
tively; below the 31 cents average the next
highest is Rayigam (290,000 1b.) with average
28 cents. Above 30 cents we find the yields
as follows :—

Yie'd. Average,
Vegan ... 983,600 ib 32 cents
High Forest SHO0Oh Sy 46°):
Glasgow s1att GOO,OU0! yesh 4G oss

Pallagodda

25.006 :
325,000 ,,. 32 ;,
Agra Ouvah

324000) ty, 4 Tiel,

Marlborough 323,500 ,, 38 .,,
Chesterford Sl2FS00 rae BIL,

The output for the whole year is very
slightly less than in 1900—a decrease by 2 frac-
tion per cent, namely by 97,065 1b. on 38,442,926,
but the average shows 14 cents decrease 3
this is not so bad as the drop of very nearly
4 cents that came about in 1900;-but it is
bad enough, seeing how low the average has
sunk in the past 10 years. We give in con-
clusion, the annual totals sold in Colombo
and averages obtained, for the past ten years
as follows :—

ANNUAL TOTAL AND AVERAGE.

Ibs. Cents.
1891 9578,611: ,.. 41
1892 11,578,869 BS 4}
1893 a 14,365,017 as 43
1894 at 15,723.020 ee 43
1895 O86 19,668,116 ee 47
1896 bras 25,402,624 are 41
1897 Bt 26,512°099 ore 364
1898 Ay 28,847.212 itd 35
1899 32,472,010 ies 388i
1909 38,442,926 is 344
1901 38,345, 861 te 33

_ —_____——_.

COLOMBO TEA SALES.
LOCAL AVERAGES 7 YEARS.
HIGH GROWN,
1896, 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901:

Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts,
Naseby 70 65 71 58 51 52 59
Monkswood — 66 57 52 51 55 54
StiTolin’s))) tai Sle bra ties 87 Ba. By
Agra Ouvah 69 61 55 52 51 48 47
High Forest .— 56 47 49 50 59 46
Glasgow 61 58 51 50 51 45 46
Mocha 62 57 48 46 50 52 45
Dunbar 49 47 52 42 49 47 45

Middleton 65 52 55 47 51 45 44
Queensland 53 44 53 43 42 42 40
Glentilt 53 49 45 47 45 41 40
Templestowe 56 47 40 38 42 40 39
Castlereagh 50 46 40 40 42 39 39
Tonacombe 58 53 45 43 44 40 38
Dunkeld 57 50 42 40 . 43 39 37
Malvern 49 57 30 30 43 33 37
Great Valley 52 42 40 34 42 36 36
Maha Uva 54 47 45 43 43 38 35
Deaculla 55 52 42 40 43 37 35
Dammeria 56 49 44 38 42 35 36
St. Heliers 60 45 39 36 39° 37 34
Macaldeniya 656 52 40 38 39 34 34
Patiagama 56 49 41 33 40 35 32
Dickapitiya 54 47 41 37 40 35 32
Harangalla 49 42 33 384 37 39 3Q

THE TROPICAL

822 AGRICULTURIST. [June 2, 1902.
LOW GROWN. Lbs. Cts. Lbs. Cts-
1895, 1896. 1897. 1898, 1899, 1900. 1901, Coreen 81000 41 Moratota 42000 33
Cis. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cis, Gte. Cis. Taxapana 83000 41 Peru 22000 33
We-oya 460-38 32 30 34 30 84 Lindupatna’ «=—-—8 1000 41 St. Andrews 35000 33
Glencorse 49 Bor CAO LS Ai W188 aA 8 New Valley 120000 41 Mt, Temple 92000 33
veer Be lok a 34 BB kOe Searborongh 39000 41 Rowiey 44000 33
ly de Ca Bo pete g lapatea 74000 41 Corfu 49000 33
Chesterford 50 48 389 34 87 382 31 QJombe Court 50000 41 Dromoland 39000 33
Kelani AG © 89 B00 87 BT 8) Ol aorosey, 131500 41 Walton 62500 33
Farnham = 55 48 40 BB BT 32 380 Deaton 187500 41 Bowhill 42000 33
Knavesmire 45 34 32 32 38 30 380 §: Pauls 23100 41 Ewhurst 20500
Polatagama 46 39 BEES 32 8TH 28 x Tymawr 138000 40 Higham 97000
Ganapalla 408) 36) 335% B05 86 eeaL 2 Kincora 113400 40 Yelatenne 370C0
‘Lorwood Bo ae cg tear oa MS ne! Ba) Prev Ealarye 87000 40 Glencorse 148000
Talgaswela 50 41 38 35 35 31 9 ‘Queensland 115000 40 Gabin Ella 123000
Arapolakande — 45 37 89 41 oe 28“ Nugawela 49000 40 Yellangowry 38000
Clunes TORN GSS, 83" (4188 92)» 128) Ro lwood 298000 40 Algooltenne 147000
Hatdowa 40 i 8895 9 B40 Blo) 84. 29126 ~ Otters, 139500 40 Doteloya 30000
Hila AD ee AOU MAEEN CVE ABI) Ol SPEY cra o eT 227000 40 Ingoya 140000
TOTALS AND AVERAGES FOR 1901. mee es ea a A ebebas ae
Lbs. Cts. Lbs. Cts. llyrie gs avalamtenne
Naseby 87000 59 Penrhos 187000 36 Midlothian 40000 39 Waragalanda 41000
Monkswood 154600 54 Battalgalla 150500 36 Callander 65009 39 Pindenioya 15000
Glassaugh 212000 54 Mousukelle 25000 36 Bunyan & Ravana 56000
Waldemar 77000 53 Orion 79500 36 Ovoca 158000 39 Mousakanda 43000
St. John’s 104500 51 Lameliere 120,500 35 New Market 161300 39 Patiagama 30000
Inverness 127000 51 Myraganga 109000 35 Ardlaw and LTembiligalla 134000
Mossend 42000 50 Tunisgalle 82000 35 Wishford 191000 39 Laboolkelle 19500
Stafford 48500 49 Findlater 80000 35 Harrow 133000 39 Lyegrove 36000
Preston 71000 49 St.Norman’s 96000 35 Nillomally 168000 39 Horazalla 16000
Palmerston 97000 49 Delta 1640600 35 Glengariffe 110000 39 Galgedioya 65000
Summer Hill 189000 49 Passara Group 180000 35 Kenmare 19000 39 Gansarapolla 51000
Seenagolla 49000 48 Bandarapolla 114000 35 Robgill 27000 39 Hopton 137000
Gonapatiya 132000 48 Roeberry 280500 35 Ingrogalla 63000 39 Yogama 74000
Devonford 56800 47 Madulkelle 42000 35 Mount Vernon 128000 39 Galphele 38000
Bittacy 61000 47 Haputalewella 38000 35 Weygalla 83000 39 Springwood 30000
‘Agra Ouvah 324000 47 Deaculla 115000 35 Templestowe 212500 39 Wadhurst 20500
New Galway 12000 46 Kirklees 146500 3% Warleigh 96000 39 Wahagaha-
Arakande 28000 46 Maha Uva 233500 35 Gangawatte 162000 39 _ pitiya 39500
Hatton 69000 46 Dammeria 242000 35 Castlereagh 179000 39 Pallagodda 325000
Annandale 88000 46 Panilkande 44500 35 Cullen 152000 39 Vogan 383000
Eton 34000 46 Panawatte 113000 35 Kellebokke 18500 38 Putupaula § 139000
Glasgow 333500 46 Clarendon 77000 35 Columbia 87000 38 Lauderdale 35000
High Forest 871000 46 Woodstock 20000 35 Oonoogaloya 160,000 38 Narangalla 80000
Gleneagles 57000 46 Whyddon 46000 35 Grange Gardens 34000 38 Nartawakelly 111000
Mocha 202500 45 Hazelwood 14000 35 Killarney 117000 38 Kurunugala
Luckyland 35500 45 Sindumallay 175000 35 Orwell 25000 38 Estates Co. 63000
Dunbar 120700 45 Cotswold 44000 35 Fairlawn 78000 38 Evalgolla 59500
Maha Eliya 109000 44 Wattagalla 36000 35 Coldstream Mackeliya 68500
Erlsmere 98C00 44 Doragalla 153500 35 Group 91,000 88 Dickapittia 105500
Pairtield 44000 44 Dickbedde 62000 34 Munukettia 92500 38 Torrington 160500
TSciiel 128000 44 Kandaloya 165000 34 © Tonacombe 297000 38 Ravenscraig 76500
Strathspey 45000 44 Gonavy 128000 34 Yuillefield 59000 38 Elston 25.4500
Fetteresso 71000 44 Theresia 42000 34 Hlemane 39000 388 Kelani 164000
Dalhousie 43000 44 Monte Christo 50000 34 Marlborough 323500 38 Ranasingha-
Middleton 223000 44 Amblangoda 46000 34 Bloomfield 12500 38 patana 149500
Iona 38000 43 St. Heliers 100000 34 Norton 29000 38 Hangran Oya 166000
Bickley 86000 43 Macaldenia 64000 84 Riversdale 20000 38 Avington 25,500
Pungetty 31000 43 Battawatte 206000 34 Widmore 106000 38 Mahatenne 76000
Stamford Hill 82500 43 Longville 24000 34 Bramley 34000 38 Medegodde 56500
Avoca 86000 48 Pansalatenne 67500 34 Brownlow 270000 38 Morton 56000
Choigy 129000 43 Attampettia 31000 34 Dambagas- Coslanda 65000
St, Catherine 35000 43 Oodoowerre 17000 34 talawa 74000 37 Koslande 57000
Rickarton 43000 48 We-oya 134000 34 Dunkeld 189000 37 Irex 79000
Brecon 10500 42 Ohiya, 21000 34 °&Errollwood 83000 37 Good Hope 137000
Rahatungoda 94500 42 Rothes 28000 34 Malvern 54000 37 Massena 62000
Udaveria 56000 42 Mora Ella 74000 34 Non Pareil 22000 37 Suduganga 30000
Agra Elbedde 72000 42 Kelani and Oakham 49000 37 Kumaradola 14/090
Carfax 72000 42, Braemar 117000 34 Waganila 33000 37 Thedden 56500
Mt. Everest 90000 42 Yarrow 133500 34 Old Medde- Nakiadenia 78000
Bandara Eliya 200000 42 Galloola 161000 34 gama 65500 37 Puspone 151000
Ireby 106000 42 Gingran Oya 106500 34 Simla 13000 27 Counden 480000
Mansfield 99600 42 Mahapahagalla 79000 34 Hyde 26500 87 lLabugama 28000
Forest Creek 288000 42 Baddegama 17900 34 ‘Lyspane 58000 37 leymastotte 40000
Cleveland 59000 42 New Peradeniya 67000 34 Ferndale 75000 387 Digdola 76000
Ben Nevis 44000 42 Weyweltalawa 12000 34 Aigbuith 36500 37 O’bode 26000 -
Sylvakandy 247000 42 Tonach 130000 34 Nahavilla 144000 37 Matale _ 93600.
Bliok Bonnie 81000 41 Nyanza 102500 33 Moneragalia 25000 37 Theydon Boia 84200. 3)
Marigold 93000 41 Oakwell 14000 38 Yelverton 32000 37 Chesterford 312300.
Gampaha 178000 41 Coodagalla 15500 38 _ Poonagalla 200000 37 Mary Hill 99000

- SH snteemrmicn! ws S ERE RAD ih. Ef aw 4) nw SOIT AVENEL ory SiG Webi ea

LOCAL TEA SALES.

Pen-y-lan Estate, Dolosbage, for last year, ,
gave 28,500 lb. with average of 35 cents,

visawella 929000 30 Woodthrope 23000 26 £xKingaonl piays 1m

A

2 RRR a

Juxa 2, 1909.

Lbs. Cts.

Galheria 65000
Galkanda 47000
Allakollawewa 69500
Beverley 61000
Mawiliganga-

watte 162500
Arnciiff 30050
Oonanagalla 55500
Richlands 17000
Mahanilu 22000
Ramboda 71000
Mousa filiya 58000
Duannottar 68000
Pine Hill 221000
Adisham 157000
Great Valley 217000
Winwood 71000
Doonhinde * 390:0
Knavesmire 236100
Aberdeen 99000
Laurawatte 53000
Damblagolla 27000
Neboda 204000
Farnham 90000
New Anga-

mana 79900
Oonanakande 44000
Kttie 22000
Harangalla 246000
Wiharagama 14000
Yahalakelle 29000
Owilekande 69000
Tismoda 44000
N.Punduloya 230C0
Harrisland 29000
Ravenoya 15900
Parsloes 78000
Erracht 195000
Kotagaloya 62000
Polatagama 280000
Glenalmond 35500
Little Velley 59500
Rondura 208500
Yataderia 415000
Avisawella 229000
Dea Ella 81800
Freds Ruhe 100000
Talgaswela ~— 152000
Shrubs Hill 88000
Annirgkande 81000
Kanapedi-

watte 18000

Torwood 166000
Cooroondoo-

watte 33000
Kitulgalla 85300
St. Martin 20000
Holton 50000
Roseneath 54000
Ganapalla 262000
Ruanwella 160000
Maldeniya 112200
Sarnia 20400
Ferriby 90000
Selvawatte 23000
Gwernet 32500
Taunton 13500
Theberton 81000
Cresta 28500
Havilland 107000
Poilakande 194500
Murraythwaite 83000
Perth 160000
Nellizollay-

watte 48500
Manickwatte 96090
Ambragalla 124000

New Angamana 59000
Mapitigama 56500

37

THE TROPICAL

Lbs. Cts.

Bargany
Nugagalla
Tempo
Clyde
Weligoda
Deniyaya
Neuchatel
Morahela
Hayes
Dryburgh
Woodend
Bolagalla
Glendon
Galapita-
kande
Weynnga-
watte
Pendle
Lesmoir
Dewalakande
Oaklands
Hentleys
Lyndharst
Handrokande
Loughton
L’Espoir
Carberry
Morankande
Sirikandura
Udapolla
Hapugasmulle
Salawe
Wyamitee
Kudaganga
Bodawa
Gangwarily
Hanagama
Moragalla
Carney
Allington
Melville ©
Kumaragala
Dalveen
Wendura
Woodthrope
Elkaduwa
Siriniwasa
Hatdowa
Karangalla
Narangoda
South Africa
Geragama
Halbarawe
Bogahagoda-
watte
Shawlands
Vincit
Sembawatte
Jak Tree Hill
Ambalawa
Monrovia
Bellongalla
Maxim
Paradise
Mahayaya
Charlie Hill
Warratenne
Yatiyana
Yaha Ella
Ella Oya
Kosgalla
Kanatotta
Bandarawela
Primrose Hill
Bila
Dikmnkulana
Kurulugalla
Carendon
Hilandu

82000
55000
117000
194000
50000
125000
180900
183000
263000
57000

~ 166900

59600
170000

104000

211300
41600
93000
82000
41000
37000
62000
14000
76C00
16000
34000
87500
88600
37000
382000
57000
16000
22000
59000

126000
84500
15000
35500
80509
12000
22000
17000
11000
23000
40000

112000
68000
23000
77000
36000

167500
60000

41000
20000
49000
22000
62500
48500
142500
36000
53200
34000
33400
28000
73000
31000
17000
94500
18000
40000
25000
15000
196000
440900
655000
31000
24000

AGRICULTURIST, 898
Lbs, Cts, Lbs. Cts,
Ratwatta 83000 29 Wiipita 43000 24
Warakamure 190500 29 Prindeniya 35000 24
Cooroondo- Wewawatte 172000 24
watte 122000 29 Derby 24000 24
Maryland 91000 29 Ettapolla 12000 24
Horagoda 38500 28 Sadamulle 31060 24
Rayigam 290000 28 Trewardena 13000 24
Forest Hill 55000 28 Ingeriva 69000 24
Comar 14000 28 Palm Garden 32200 23
Aberfoyle 30000 28 Honiton 13009 23
Ninfield 48006 28 Blackburn 22000 23
Walpita 65000 28 Galkadua 57300 28
Arapolakande 111000 28 TLabaduwa 14000 23
Agra Ova 84100 28 Cairn Hill 39000 23
Amblakande 65009 28 Gallawatte 80000 23
Villehena 32000 28 Wladuwa 23500 23
Beausijour 51000 28 Kalupahana 31000 23
Depedene 96000 28 Pen-y-lan 24000 23
Clunes 164000 28 Hartfield 31000 23
Polgahakande 91000 28 Yspa 11000 22
Mt, Clare 86500 28 Citrus 66000 23
Halwatura 34000 28 California 21000 21
Udabage 56000 28 Ossington 14,000 21
Mawatara 31500 28 Florida 31000 21
Bowella 40000 28 Urugalla 15200 20
Purana 36000 28 Raglan 13,000 20
Glenalla 65500 28 Paragahakande 17000 20
Mahalla 31500 28
—___—____—_—
VEGETABLE PRODUCTS IN MINCING
LANE,

At this time of the year, when the British public
generally is more or less interesting itself in the
Chancellor of the Exchequer’s Budget, our thoughts
run over ® wide range of commercial products,
or likely sonrees of taxation that may, possibly
suggest themselves to the rescureeful and fertile
mind ef the Chancellor, and that will not press
too heavily on any class of the community in
particular. In doing this we cannot help being
struck with the prominent part the vegetable
kingdom plays in the realisation of revenue.
A glance even at the Customs Tariff of the United
Kingdom which, of course, is a list of those
articles which are already liable to duty, proves
the truth of this statement, not only with regard
to the number of vegetable products in comparison
with those from other sources, but also to the
absence of many other well-known substances of
equal or even more importance, and which would
probably yield large sums, were a slight duty
chargeable, Tobacco, Tea, and Sugar are, as
everybody knows, fruitful sources of revenue
which, though the rates upon each may be varied,
will, like the income tax, probably never be
surrendered. Probahly, however, there are com-
paratively few people who have any idea of the
important position fruits and flowers under
different forms hold in the Customs tariff, and the
unequal mauner under which they are taxed ;
thus, while dried Currants pay only two shillings
per cwt., Raisins are charged seven shillings—
very unequal rates tor two varieties of the Grape,
the presence or absence of ‘‘stones”’ or seeds in
the fruit apparently making all the difference,
and yet not entirely sv, for the Sultana (a stoue-
fess Grape) is classified as a Raisin, while some
of the very large Currants now often seen in
the market are sometimes a puzzle even to the
Customs authorities, who have to decide whether
they should be classified as Currants or Raisins.
Figs and Fig-cake, Plums, and Prunes are charge:
able with the same rate as Raisins ; while canned

894 - THE TROPICAL
and bottled fruits preserved in thin syrup
pay one shilling per cwt., the same preserved in
thick syrup have to pay two shillings more, or
three shillings per cwé. Crystallised fruits are
distinguished from others by a higher rate, namely
4s 2d per ewt. Ginger preserved in syrup or
sugar is charged three shillings per cwt., while
preserved Tamarinds pay only one shilling.

Flowers occur in the Customs tariff in one
form only, and this not in a fresh or dried state,
but in the condition of sweetmeat, namely, the
crystallised flowers of the Violet, “ose, Grange,
and which are charged at the same rate as
crystallised fruits, namely, 4s 2d per ewt.

If the Chancellor of the Exchequer were te take
a walk through the several brokers’ show-roons
in Mincing Lane, he would, no doubt, become im-
pued with new ideas of taxation; al any rate
‘a glance down the reports of the Londen market
in that busy corner of the great city is a lesson
of much interest and great educational value,
for it is chiefly in these reports that we first
find references to products new to commerce—
things that are sent into market at first in small
quantities to test their suitability as market-
able articles, and their prospect of finding pur-
chasers. Products of this kind of any real value
geldom make their way with any flourish of
trumpets, but become quietly established, the
demand increasing as their properties become
known, :

The case, is, perhaps, rather different with
regard to medicinal products. Any new discovery
in this direction has of iaie years been made
the cause of many much-avertised quack medi-
cines, though some of them have proved of value,
and have found a place in the Pharmacopeia,
such as Uoea (Erythroxylon coca), and Cascara
Sagrada (Rnhamnus Purshiana), and others. In
the Mincing Lane classification of products, it is
sometimes diflicult to find any special article;
for instance, one unacquainted with the ways
of product brokers would scarcely expect to
find Chillies classed witb spices, but im such
company they are always placed, though the
principal use of the Chillie is as a condiment,
either for making cayenne pepper or for mixing
with pickles. Very large quantities of these
pungent fruits now come into English commerce,
and itis said that the increased demand is te some
extent due to the use of much larger quantities
than has hitherto been the case in the West of
England pilchard preserving trade though there
is also a fairly good demand for them in medicine.

The geographical range of commercial Chillies
has of late years become much wider than for-
merly, for, beside the regular source from India,
we receive Chillies of good quality and very bright
appearance from Nyassaland, Sierra Leone, and
Zanzibar ; and more recently from Japan. The
botanical souree of the African Chillies is attri-
buted to Capsicum mininum, and though the
general appearance of the Japanese ferm is very
similar, it is usually somewhat larger and has
less pungency; and it has been suggested that it
may be a small formof C, annuum. The markev
value of Chillies varies trom 38s per ews for ordi-
nary mixed Zanzibar to 52s for good red Nyassa-
land fruits, but these prices are affected by the
ebb and flow of supply and demand.

Speaking of spices, one would rather expect to
find Vanilla under this head, but so important is
this valuable produectin the Mincing Lane trade
that it is not only placed under a separate head-

AGRICULTURIST. (Jone 2, 1909.

ing in the market reports, bub the samples
themselves are always shown ina separate show-
room, and indeed in a distinct building.

The extension of the cultivation of Vanilla, not
only in new plantations, but also in entirely new
countries, is sufficient proof of its constant
demand, and of its value asa profitable crop ; and
this notwithstanding the continued manufactnre
and use of artificial vanilline. The following facts
on the present condition of the trade in Vanilla
are gathered from our well-informed contemporary,
the Chemist and Druggist, who, in reporting on
the Vanilla sales at the end of Jast month, says
that the supply brought forward was the heaviest
onrecord and attracted a much larger attendance
of buyers than usual. There was, however, a
good demand and practically the whole quantity
ofiered, about 2,80@ tons, was sold. long lengths,
being scarce, brought good prices while medium
lengths, also sold, were pods from & to 8% inches
long, and of good chocolate colour and fetched 22s
Gd per Ib ; 74 to 8 inches, 193 6d to 21s 6d ; and eo
on in proportion, for it must be remembered that
Vanilla pods are elassifled in the market and valued
according to their length, plumpness, and colour,
Thus, at the same sale the lowest grade of dry,
brown pods realised only from 4s to 11s 6d per lb:

Referring to the condition and prospects of
Vanilla cultivation in the Seychelles, Messrs.
Brookes & Green, the well-known brokers, state
that the Seychelles crop for 1901, shipped from
August to December, totalled fully double the
heaviest quantity exported from the island in any
previous season, it being estimated at abont 80
tons. The feature of this season’s supply of Vanilla
from the Seychelles is the unprecedented large
proportion of short beans. Medium to goed size
quality measure from 6 to8 inches, but the con-
signments landed in London during the past three
months have contained about 75 per cent of very
short beans, ranging from 3 to 5 inches. The
result has been that, whilst long-length quality
has fairly maintained previcus values, the short
measurements show a reduction of about 50 per
cent. To obtain good plump pods, it is incumbent
for planters to see that early in the season the
young shoots are thinned by picking ont a quan-
tity of surplus sprouts; in the present case it
would seem as though nearly all had been allowed
to grow. This view is somewhat confirmed by re-
cent reports from the Seychelles,which advice that
the flowezing for the next erep is small—possibly
due to the weakening of the vines last year; in-
deed, some of the older plants are reported as
seriously exhansted—a very natural 1esult if the
above surmise is true.

The warning here given, though not expressed
in gardening terms, will be understood by those
who cullivate the plant for profit, and who will,
no doubt, benefit by the hints. As an illustration of
the quantity of Vanilla scmetimes shipped in one
consignment, it may be stated that in November
last one shipment from the Seychelles amounted
to 21,267 kilos, of which 12,386 kilos went to
Marseilles, and 8,881 kilos to Londen. The ex-
ports from Tabiti during 1900 amounted. to
162,636 lb., of the value of £32,132—no small
sum to be added to the finances of the island.

Chijlies and Vanilla, to which we lave ‘re-
ferred, are only two iiemsin the immense returns
that flow into and are distributed frem the great
city markets included under the generic name of
Mincing Lane. At another time I hope to refer

June 2, 1903.)

to other “products of equal value and interest.
JOHN R.JACKSON, Lympstone, Devon.— Gardeners’
Chrenicle, March 22.

—____—_—_____—__

WOLLD’S PRODUCTION AND CON-
SUMPTION OF COFFEHR.

The French Consul in Brazil, in a report on the
state of trade in that country, states that there is an
over-prodn¢tion of coffee threughout the world, and
that in Brazil there is a tendency to restrict the area
of cultivation. He says that in the year from July 1,
1900, to June 30,1901, the total production of coffee
throughout the world was 15,460,000 bags of 1321b. each.
and that of this quantity 11,509,000 bags were grown
in Brazil, 1,150,000 in Guatemala, Costa Rice, Mexico,
and Nicaragua, 1,050,000 in Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, and Peru, 480,000 in the Dutch Indies, 450,000
in Hayti, 315,000 in British India and Ceylon, 209,000
in Puerto Rico and Jamaica, and 90,000 in Padang,
He estimates the consumption at 14,117,620 begs,
leaving an excess of production at 1,342.380 bags. —
London Times, April 7.

ee,
SUGAR CULTIVATION IN FIJI.

An important feature in the sugar industry
of Fiji is the enltivation of cane by Iudian coolies
who have completed their term of indenture. At
Rewa they cultivated, during 1900, 1,077 acres,
producing 18,399 tons ef cane, valued at £9,473.
At Navua they cultivated during the same period,
1,921. acres, producing 24,087 tons of cane, valued
at £12,516. During the last three years Govern-
ment has acquired, under the Settlements Fund,
certain blocks of land, aggregating 6,790 acres,
which have been divided into small holdings, and
considerable areas have now been leased at a
nominal rent to Indian immigrants whose terms
of indenture have expired with a view to inducing
them to remain in the country. The annual rental
at present obtained from the blocks leased aggre-
gate £234.—H. and C. Mail, April 11,

see eee
WILD ANIMALS IN MADRAS.

The number of wild animals destroyed in this
Presidency during 1960-01 was 1,015, or 41 more
than in the previous year. Of tigers killed there
were 105, or16 less than in the previous year,
but of panthers, leopards, and cheetahs killed
there were 829 accounted for, or 55 more than in
the previous year. As usual, Ganjam and Viza-
gapatam contributed the largest number of animals
killed, the figures being 269 and 257 respectively.
The rewards disbursed during the year amounted
to R20.761, against R19,548 in the previous year.
The loss of human life caused by wild animals
was as high as 205. It was heaviest in Vizaga-
-patam, where 71 persons were killed. The number
of cattle killed was 15,197, the heaviest mortality
being in South Canara (4,628).—M/. Mail.

—<<p>-—- —— ed

PLUMBAGO MINING IN CEYLON.

e

As we mentioned in our last issue Capt.
Tregay, the well known mining expert, leaves
Ceylon by the mail steamer ‘ Orizaba” on
Thursdav after 4$ years’ residence in Ceylon,
having been here since 1897 and spent most
of his time on Monerakande whilst also visit-
ing various parts of the island for plumbago
mining purposes. “ [have had considerable
experience in mining generally” said he to our

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

825

representative, ‘‘and my
decidedly is that there is a good deal of
money to be made out of plumbago, if
sufficient funds are provided for deep mining,
The fact of the matter is that I am. going:
home now with the object of floating
one or two ecmpanies to take the matter
in hand. — Most of the surface plumbago
has already been exploited and what we
want to do is to uiine deeper with pro-
per appliances. ‘The deeper the | mining,
the better the quality and therefore the
better the price. High prices, of course,
always stimulate prospecting and this was
overdone during the bogm 38 or 4 years
ago. The present prices are sufficient to
encourage prospecting on legitimate lines.
There is not much new ground to open
up but there is plenty of ore below
present workings which can be reached
with proper appliances to go to. great
depths. What IT mean_by proper appliances
is superior pumping and hauling machinery ;
nothing else is required but good manage-
ment. Most decidedly I believe there is
money to be made out of plumbago, if it is
properly worked. All you want is a proper
system of working and there does not seem
to be any system whatever in the native
way of working. You want really to get
down to the primary rock. What I say is
that you may get plumbago at practically an
unlimited depth. The greater the depth the
better the price. There is a large ex.
port from Ceylon just now, but honestly I
believe it is from stock and that the pro-
duction is not keeping pace with the con-
sumption.”

opinion most

a

PROFESSOR HERDMAN’S RESEARCHES,
(To the Editor of the Daily Post.)

Sir,—The enclosed letter from Professor Herd -
man reaches me abroad, hence delay in trans-
mission. Although more specially intended for his
biological friends, it is of such interest as to de-
serve the wider publicity through your columus,
and forms the fourth of the series.

The experiment of the drift bottles, thrown over-
board en route down Channel as a clue to currents,
has proved even more successful than anticipated
and form a most valuable sequel to previous
experiments made in the Irish Sea.—Yours, &e.,

Isaac C. THOMPSON.

Mentone, April 3rd, 1902.

8.S. “Lady Havelock,” off Chilavaturai Pearl Fish-
eries, Gulf of Manaar, Feb. 28th, 1902.

My Dear Thompson,—I have just heard from our
Fisheries Department at University College of the
success of the drift-bottle experiment which we started
the night we left Liverpool. Perhaps Mr. Johnstone
has given you later information than I have, but
Within a month from the time they were set free
120 out of the 200 drifters had been returned, and
they were practically unanimous as to the story
they told about the currents,

My. Hornell and I have now been here about six
weeks, and have finished the first part of our work
which was a general survey of the marine zoology of
the Ceylon coast, and havestarted the second part—viz.
a detailed study of the pearl oyster banks in the Gulf
of Manaar. For this work we have our dredging
steamer the ‘“‘ Lady Havelock,’ a smaller steamer the
“| Serendib,” and two large sailing barques, on one

THE TROPICAL

896

of which we have laboratory and tanks, while the
oshor accommodates the divers and other jnatives,
With the numerous native and ship’s boats added, we
make a fotilla such as, the Inspector of Wisheries
tells me, has never before been seen in this out-of-
e-way place. :
DR ce marine fauna h re is very rich, and we
get up, cither by means of the divers or by dredging,
new and interesting specimenvs every day including
many cases Of commensalism and of protective
colouration. We are also getting a good many new
facts about the pearl oyster which will, L hope, ensble
us to make a useful report. But I don’t intend to
tell you anything about our oyster work except in
most general terms, as we shall not come to any
conclusions until we have all the facts before us,
With our nunierous divers and facilities for Gredg-
ing and trawling we are making a most thorough

ination of the ground, and as you know
See an a biological problem of this kind, the
whole of the rest of the fauna—both bottom and

face--may have to be taken into account, We
ee deena taking frequent tow-nettings ab
different depths and times of the day, and Tam trust—
ing to you to work the Copepoca out for me, which
will bea help in determining the food necessary for the
oyster, as we find some Copepoda in its stomach.
There are a great many water snekes here. It is
striking to find animals like these of terrestrial ovigin
sofar out at sea as we do. We have caught and
dissected a considerable number. They have been
said by the divers to eat the pearl oysters, but we
can find no evidence of that from their stomachs.
Their food, so far as we have seen, 18 entirely small
fishes. Part of my work is to report upon the most
suitable spot fora small biological station. This has
necessitated visits to several little-known parts of
the coast. Between two trips lately I had a couple
of days to spare, which enabled me, along with Mr.
Willis, Director of the Botanic Gardens, to go up
Adam's Peak, a very interesting climh. We were on
the top on the night of full-moon, and found abont 500
pilgrims worshipping at the shrine of the sacred
foctstep—a motley crowd. Wehada perfect sunrise,
and the famous shadow of the Peak was well shown.
We have seenno sharks yet at the pearl fishery,
although they generally make their appearance. The
divers wear charms to protect them, and they also
have a shark-charmer, who plays apipe to keep them
away. ‘Thereis likewise a Goddessof the Pearl Banks
who has to be propitiated. She was formerly in
prehistoric times an Amazonian Queen of the Cingalese
‘who took such an interest in the pearl fishery thnt she
gat all day on the northern. end of Karativue Island.
watching the divers. Now Karativue is at present at
least twenty miles to the south of the pearl banks,
which must be discouraging to the believer unless tke
Queen had remarkable eyesight ; but there is a shoal
upon which we have been dredging and which
extends from the end of Karativue up to within a
mile of where we have found the pearl oysters,
and it is highly probable that that shoal was
formerly part of the island—which establishes at
least the possibility of the ancient story. The
Queen like the northern part of her island is now
beneath the waves and the rearl divers believe that
she is still watching them. Thope that this will reach
ou in time to give my remembrances to the biologists
af the April meeting of the Society, and I hope to

2 wi he May meeting.— Yours ever.
be with you at the y Sane, ae op sha.

—_—_>—_—__——
THE RENOVATION OF THA ESTATES,
(By an old Planter.)

gh a considerable number of gardens in the
aateunraley have covered their expenses and declared
dividends, the sume carried forward indicate that de-
gndence upon accommodation, either from banks or
M4 ency houses, has still been resorted to for tiding
evae the unproductive months; thus very few proper-

AGRICULTURIST, [Jon 9, 1909.

ties at the present time of writing are unencumbered

with debt, and recent accounts show that over a very
large area the first flush has well nigh been sunili-
lated by hailstorms of unprecedented vyioleure (o1-
sidering the overstocks that must be Jocked up ob the

Continent, and the dwindling down of the -iortage to
less than one-fourth of what it was estimated to be ia
August last, the ripping visitation may be regarded as
a blessing in disguise ; for there is reason to believe
reduction in output has not been so loyally observed
as those who professed to have adopted it wished their
neighbours to believe,—the statistics proving the

allegation. * * * The lighter soil in Sylhet and
Cachar is exhausted, and thongh persistence in
keeping up -estates which yield but meagre
returns (that cannot really be considered legiti-

mate profits) may suit the views of certain in-
terested parties who alone benefit, the hopes of share-
holders grow fainter every successive season. * * *
The chief need of the tea plant is ammonia, which by
enriching the sap gives extra strength to the leaf,
which sales show the Surma Valley teas are deficient
in; phosphates develope wood and fruit, correspond-
ing to bone and muscle, but as the ordipary run of our
plants are tolerably w: ll supplied in this respect, when
not knotted and gnarled by the now fortunately obso-
lete system of pruning ; the bone meal yended does not
contain a sufficient proportion of ammonia to bring our
leaf up to the mark; an undue amount of the alkali
would prove detrimental, but 25 per cent. is certainly
required, so that agents might well put themselves in
communication with the local gas works upon the snb-
ject. Were it feasible we are inclined to recommend
one-fourth ammonia, one-fourth fine-ground bone dust
two-fourths compost of well-desiccated weeds, dead
leaves and other vegetable matter, or bheel soil pro-
curable from such places as are inundated by :ountain
streams, ‘he proper shape of the renovating pits will
suggest themselves to most people, which may be
wedge-like, the base being toward the root of the plant,
such with the contents well stamped down as much as
possible, to prevent evaporation of more volatile gas
would have a lasting effect over three or four years,
while simple top dressing, even when forked in, wastes
its constituents up on the empty air. * * * More
remunerative prices must be obtained, for the cost of
production has reached its limits; and the carryings
forward are neither sufficient to meet cold weather ex-
enses nor clear off any appreciable amount of the
debt the majority of plantations are labouring under,
still less yield any return to the investors, Mr Mann’s
whole attention should be directed to the subject of
manure; wedo not require analysis of soils, which
everyone knows have long since parted with whatever
productive properties they may have at the ontset
possessed. Few, even if they have the land, can afford
the expense of extensions, which will return nothing
for four years, and a good number by ill-advised
relinqguishments have brought their whole avail-
able area under plant. The only hope therefore
lies in renovation; the alternative we need not
dwejl upon. Rule of thumb planting must now give
way to systematic gardening, which ultra-con-
servative orchard owners have at length realized in
England. This, combined with curtailment in pro-
duction, may yet bring the Surma teas up _ to the 9d.,
otherwise estates must be thrown up. For though
many of the adjuncts or substitutes te tea, suggested
ad nauseam, promise better results, it has to be
remembered that these will not thrive upon exhausted
soil, though there are a number of people who in dis-
cussing this matter are wont to express a different
opinion.—Indian Planters’ Gazette, April 19.

—__ —_@——__—_§__.

TOBACCO IN CENTRAL AFRICA.

As the writer was anxious to know Gefinitely
whether tobacco should be fermented or not before
exporting, the small sample submitted was ynfer-
mented,

JUNE 2, 1902.]

The report is as follows :—‘‘In the present condition
of the sample of Zomba-grown tobacco, it is quite
impossible to denote for what itis suitable. Thereis
little or no flavour of tobacco in it, and evidently it
has not been properly fermented.

We presume thisis the result of the first attempt
to grow tobacco for the London Market and from the
genersl appearance we should think that, with proper
expert supervision, a merchantable article could be
produced,

The tobacco should be fermented before it is packed.”

From the report it would appear that all that is now
required to place a good tobacco on the London Market
is expert supervision. This is undoubtedly where the
whole. tobacco question hinges, It has been the
critical point in tobacco-growipg in other countries as
wellas BC A, andexpert curers have been obtained
from America to manipulate the tobacco for the

London Market; but can BCA go in for
expert curers? From _ enquiries made in
America it is ascertained that the salary

of an expert curer for B C A _ would be over
£1,600 per year. It is almost impossible to think
of an expert curer being obtained for B. 0. A. until
a big business is done in tobacco-growing: then,
the community might combine for the services of
an expert. .

The time is scarcely ripe to engage an expert at
present, owing to the small quantity of tobacco
grown, and the industry being only in the initial
stage of development.

Under the present circumstances it may appeat
disappointing, and to some perhaps a waste of time
and labour to grow tobacco; still it would bea great
mistake that there should be any hesitation to cultivate
such a valuable product because of the dilticulty met
with in its curing,

It certainly is a delicate matter to manipulate

- tobacco to its proper condition, but it is within the

range of all to do it; and, considering the suitabil-
ity of the climate, the cheapness of labour, and
the great demand for BC A tobacco in Southern
Rhodesia and South African markets, the curing of
the crop should be persevered in until a commercial
article of gocd quality can be produced.

Since the receipt of the London Chamber of Com-
merce Report, about half (nearly 250 1b) of the
tobacco grown at Zomba last season has been ex-
perimentally fermented, and from the experience thus
gained it is hoped that some progress may be made
towards successful curing. The bulk now made up
is of leaves that were first cut from the stalk, and dried
in an ordinary grass shed. A second quantity now
being fermented is of leaves that were dried on the
stalk, in a grass shed with free circulaticn of air.

It is too early to say anything definite regarding
the quality of the first experiment, but the result
is certainly encouraging. It has shown where
mistakes occurred in the manipulation, from the
time of cutting in the field.

A special highly graduated Hygrometer has
now been received for the purpose of fire (flue)
curing,

Should anyone be desirous of curing their crop in
this manner, every assistance will be given them from
tkis office as far as it is possible.

J. McCuountez,

Head of Scientific Dept.
British Central Africa Gazette, Feb. 28.
SS

POULTRY CULTURE IN FRANCE.
ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION ON A BIG
SCALE,

In the last report of Consul-General Inglis, of
Paris, an interesting account is given of the

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

827

method adopted in France in poultry culture, and
a description of the artificial incubation which has
for many years past been conducted on a large
seale, particularly at Gambais, near Houdan, on
the Paris-Granville line, about 31 miles from the
capital. At this place there is a practical school
of avicultnre, which was instituted in 1883 by a
decree of the Minister of Agriculture, and it is in
the centre of the poultry-farming industry,
Houdan itself being renowned for its breed of
fowls, the favourite description being Houdans,
Creveceur La Flezhe, and Faverolles. The Bresse,
another breed—a cross between the Andalusian
and common fewl—is bred extensively about
Bourg, and gives the renowned ‘‘ Poulardede
Bresse.” The School of Aviculture at Gambais
enjoys a high reputation, and pupils of either sex
are received. Candidates must not be under the
age of 15, and must have received a certain amount
of general instruction, such as would entitle them
to a certificate from the primary schools. The
terms are £14 for a three months’ course, including
tuition, board, and lodging, On leaving the
school, pupils who have shown capacity to act as
instructors in aviculture, received a certificate of
competency, which, it is said, enables them without
difficulty to obtain employment in this line of
industry. In connection with the system of artifi-
cial incubation which is practised at the school,
it may be said that the incubators and other
appliances are more or less the invention of the
original founders. Heat, moisture, and aeration
are the principal factors in the process of inenba-
tion. The heat is now arranged so asto come from
above, and, being thus directed on the entire sur-
face of the drawers in which the eggs are arranged,
is more evenly distributed, and itis claimed that
the eggs, by receiving the warmth from above,
are in this respect in the same condition as if
under the hen. Regular aeration is obtained by
pipes running along each side of the apparatus,
and an outlet at the same time seeured for the
carbonic acid disengaged ty the embryos. The
requisite degree of moistureis ensured by taking
advantage of the difference between the tempe-
rature of the drawers and that of the surrounding
atmosphere, the two currents being brought into
contact by the lateral pipes already referred to ;
a moist vapour is the result, similar to thas
observable on the windows of a room in winter,

THE NEW HYPRO-INCUBATOR

used is capable of accommodating from 200
to 500 egys, the price of the apparatus
ranging from £6 to £12, the latter including
drying-box. Heating is now effected by a
sinall briquette of compressed brick dust, which
burns slowly from 12to 14 hours, according to di-
mensions. To heat an incubator of 250 eggs it is
said that three-fourths of a briquette, costing 14d,
is sufficient for 12 hours. The danger of fire inse-
parable from the use of a lamp is thus eliminated,
since the briquette is placed out of harm’s way in
a specially-arranged chamber. An incubator of
60 eggs requires about 20 briquettes, one of 130
eggs 25, of 250 eggs say 35. The eggs having
been placed in the incubator in the morning,
the drawers are not opened until the evening,
and then only for three or four minutes; the next
morning the temperature is takes, the drawers
are removed, and the door is then closed ; the
eggs are turned over and their places changed, se
that the eggs which were in the centre are now at
the sides of the drawers ; they are thus made tq

’

oecupy alternately the warmer and cooler parts of
the apparatus, and are never twice ia succession in
the same place or on tie same side, An ingenious
contrivance has been devised for effecting this
operation, which, however, does nob appear te
require any great expenditure of time, as il is said
that as many as 29) ezgs can be turned in five
minntes, or in ten minutes by an inexperienced
hand. After the Japse of ten more minutes the
eggs are returned to their places, having been ouv
a sufficient time, if it is summer, for aeration
and cooling; the water is then re-heated, or the
biiquette replaced in the apprratus ; the whole
thea remains undisturbed until 7 p.m. ; the doors
are, however, opened at 1-39 pim.,, and the eggs
ave gently fanned so as to renovate the air, thus
also imitating the hen flapping her wings; at 7
p.m, the temperature is taken, to see if any
water has to be drawn off and replaced by a
further supply. The eggs are tien once more
turned and. their places changed, as in the morn-
ing, and the whole is at once closed. Such is the
procedure during the whele period of incubation.
To recapitulate :—(1) Temperature 39° to 4°
(Centigrade) during the course of incubation ;
(2) re-arrangement of the eggs, as described,
morning and evening ; (3) maintenance of the
temperature by the addition of boiling water, or
of the briquette, and (4) testing theeggs, With
regard to the Jast item, it is estimated that
in dealing with a large number of eggs,

SOME 20 TO 50 PER CENT. ARE STERILE,

hence the necessity of testing. This is done onthe
fitth day (120 hours), a special lamp tester being em-
ployed for that purpose, for the operation must
be performed in a darkened room. In this case,
the light is placed at a height of about five feet,
the egg being held with the fingers of the right
hand, the large end uppermost, while the left
placed over the egg acts asashade. A practised
eye can then readily distinguish the fertile egg.
After 120 hours in the ineubator, if fertile, the
volk is seen to be dilated, forming a semi-circle
shaded at the base. The embryo is seen in the
centre, and resembles somewhat a spider, the legs
of which are represented by the blood vessels, now
plainly apparent in proximity to the embryo, and
increasing in distinctness as they approach the
perimeter of the ege. If the enibryo is alive, it
oscillates from right to feft, from the bottom up-
wards, every time the eye is: moved. If on the
other hand itis without life, the vessels are dull
and ill-defined, and the embryo will be seen
clinging to thesides, andremains motionless, having
the appearance of a spot of ink, Before being
placed in the incubator, eggs are also tested as
to freshness. The air chamber is barely visible on
the first day, but goes on increasing in dimen-
sions. Eggs should not be more than a week old.
They are collected in boxes with partitions, so
that each epg is in a separate compartment
and cannot receive a shock or get cracked.
They are then placed in a box and covered with
bran or dry sawdust. Shaking caused by con-
veyance in carts or by railway is prejudicial ; it
cannot, however, always be avoided and in these
cases the eygs are laid on grain, in a cool, dry
place, for 24 to 36 hours. Fertile eggs cannot be
recogvised until after five days’ incubation, The
21st day having been reached, the drawers of the
jncubator are opened at 7am and the tempera:

898 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(June 2, 1902.

ture notad as usual ; the chirping “of the* young
brood will now probably be andible. Eeys not
hatched out ave, however, turned as usual, any
sheils showisg sizns of perforation being placed
With the perforated side uppermost, so that the
young chickens may more readily breathe.
Chickens already hatched out are now transferred
to the drying box. At noon the ineubator is again
epened, aud the operation proceeded with as
before, the chickens being covered with a soft
woolien cloth in summer, and witha small eider
down in winter; the more numerous the breod
the jess susceptible will they be to cold. The
young birds are never helped out of the eggs,
except perhaps when one adheres only by a few
strands of membrane. If the chicken is assisted to
emerge from the shell there isevery danger of the
blood vessels being lacerated and the loss ofa
single drop of bluod at this stage is, it is said,
sufficient to cause the death of the chicken in
from three to four days. The drying-box is prepared
with aliryer of soft straw or hay, barley straw
being preferred ; 40 tu 50 chickens are placed in
it and covered as already described. The next day
they are brought outinto the open compartment ;
but at this stage no food is given, After being
cut for from fiveto ten minutesthey are restored to
the box, to betaken out again two hours later. This
ime they are given a few crumbs of very dry bread.
After a day in the drying-box, they are transferred
to the artificial mother or breeder; two of these
suffice for some 450 chickens. During the first
week ihey receive constant attertion ; on the third
or fourth day they are given some liberty, being let
out into an enclosed space a few yards square, but
the moment they show signs of chilliness they are
driven back under the pretection of the breeder.
The food during this early period consists of a
paste made of barleymeal and milk, sufficiently
consistent to adhere to the wooden billet employed
for that purpose. Instead of waiting, as is usual
in the Bresse and Maine, untilthe birds are from six
to eight months old, at Gambais the operation of fat-
tening for the table begins as soon as the pullets
have reached the age of three-and-a-half months.
Cages centaining fifty birds are arranged along the
walls of the building devoted to this purpose,
which is kept warm in winter, and, as far as pos-
sible, cool insummer. The floor of these cages is
covered with a thick layer of straw, which is
renewed every morning. Three meals are given
every day for a fortnight. The first consists of a
lukewarm liquid mash, composed of barley meal
and water; the second is the same; but for the
third the mashis made with milk or ‘ petit lait.”
The latter is the milk running from cheese in pro-
cess of manufacture, and fetched in barreis from
the manufactories. At the end of a fortnight the
fat begins to make its appearance. In order to give
the finishing touch, asmall quantity of lard is now
given to each bird at each meal. This is con-
tinued for four or five days, when the bird will be
sofat that, if the régime were maintained for
two days more, it would inevitably succumb. If
it is sought to attain the extreme limit of perfece
tion, for the last three days eggs are added to the
mash in sufficient quantity for each bird to have at
least one per day. Lhe food is given by means of
a funnel specially made for the purpose. Two
persons, it issaid, can thus dispose of sixty fowls
in an hour, one in a minute.—Jouwrnal of the
Society of Arts, April 11,

eee ee

‘Ke

;
=
¢

Junu 2, 1902.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 829

TO THE PLANTING WORLD.
8

eGds& Plants civommercial Products.

S ‘Hevea Brasiliensis.—Orders being booked for the coming erep August-September delivery
1982, booking neeessary before the end of April, quantities of 100,000 and over at special low rates, Plants
avaliable all the year round, 100,000 and over ab special low rates. A leadin g Pubber planter in Sumatra,
who purchased 50,000 seads in 1899, and 100,000 in 1909, writes us, under date 15th November, 1990 :—'*1
received your letter of 20%h Ockobox, from which I learn that you added another case of 5,000 seeds to replace
the Joss, &c. Tam satisfied hereby, and even astor this adding Iam satisfied by the whole delivery of this
year.” Special offor, posh free on application. :

Castilloa Biastica.—True superior varicty cultivated in Mexico, secds from specially reserved
old untapped trees. Orders booked for Angush-September delivery 1902, immediate booking necessary ;
large quantities on spaciai terms; Plants in Wardian cases.

A foreign firm of Planters writes nndar date 11th October, 1801 :—* We beg to enquire whether you
would procure us 10,900 Castilloa seeds, in which month we might expect them, and what would be the
average price.” Special effer, post free on application. : g
é Manihot Glaziovii.—Seeds and Plants available all the year round, 109,000 and overat special
low rates. A-Mexicen planter in sending an ordér for this seed wrote on the 22nd August, 1906:—“ If they
arrive fresh and germinate easily I may send you larger orders, as they are for high eround where the
Castilloa doss not thrive.” 2 es ; 4 Se

Ficus Elastica.—Seeds ayailable in May-June; booking necessary before the end of March ;
also plants. zs

Mimusops Globosa (alata) wood of the troe is much sought for buildings, fruits sweet like plum
and eaten, oil from seeds, said to yield as much as 45 lbs. of dry rubber per free per annum, the milk is
drunk and when diluted with water used as cow's milk, grow from sea. level up to 2,000 feet, orders being
booked for seeds and plants, price on application.

_ _. Cinnamomium Zeylanicum (Cinnamon superior variety).—New crop of seedin April to June;
booking necessary before the end of February ; also plants.

._ ___, Coffee Arabica, Liberian Hybrid and Maragoycpie Hybrid.—New crop March-April;
immediate booking necessary. i

A foreign Agricultural Department writes dating Sth September, 1901 :—‘‘Please accept our order
for 175 Ibs. of Tea seed and for 2,000 Cofice beans. In regard to Coffee seed I would say that this will be the
first importation made by this department, and we will leave the selection of the varieties to be sent te
your judgment,”

Si

nora

Sawania

OUR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LISTS.
The following six Deseriptive Price Lists are now being forwarded with Circulars and special offer
of Seeds and Plants of Rubber and other Economic Products :—
' 1. Tropical Seeds. and Plants cf Commercial! Producis, enlarged edition for 1902.
2, Secds and Plants of Shade, Timber, Wind-Belts, Puel, and Ornamental Trees, Trees for Roads-
- sides, Parks, Open Spaces, Pasture Lands, Avenues, Hedges, and for planting among crops (Tea, Coffee
Cacao, Cardamoms, «&c.)
3. Seeds and Plants of Tropical Fruit Trees including Mango grafts.
4. Bulbs, Tubers and Yams.
5. Orchiés—Ceylon and Indian.
6. Seeds and_Piants of Paims, Calamus, Pandanus, Cycads, Tree and other Ferns, Crotons,
Roses, Dracines, Shrubs and Creepers.
Sgecial Arrangemenis made with forcign Governments, Botanical and Agricultural Depart-
ments, Pianters and others for supplying sceds and plants of Commercial Products in large quantities.

; _ “Soura Arrica.”—The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says :—
. An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the Hast. Itis issued by Wintiam Broramrs, Tropical Seed
Merchants of Henaratgoda, Ceylon, and schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will thrive in
tropical"and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs. Williams should do good business, for now that the
great Powers have grabbed afl the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove that they were
forth the srabbling. We recommend the great Powérs and Concessionaries under them to go to William
rothers.”
Agents in London :—Messrs. P. W, WOOLLEY & Co., 90, Lower Thames Street.
Agent in Colombo, Ceylon :—E. B, CREASY, Esq.

Agent in British Central Africa:—T. H. LLOYD, Usq., Blantyre,
Lelegraphic Address : J, P WILLIAM & BROTHERS,

WILLIAM, HRENARATGODA, CEYLON. Tropical Seed Merchants,
Liber’s, AL. and A.B.C, Codes used, HENARATGODA, CEYLON,

THE TROPICAL

Gayyespondenne.

oo

To the Editor.

THA IN AUSTRALIA :
CUSTOMS INSPECTION AND ‘‘ COOLIE” VERSUS
WHITE MAN'S PACKING.
Melbourne, April 9.

DEAR SiR,—Since, writing to you last I
have been able to ascertain that the super-
vision of tea at the Customs will be much
thesame. ‘The Health Officer still exercises
the same power, but unless tea is absolutely
unfit for human consumption, I believe, the
quality passed may be very low. ‘The prominent
‘aspect of the subject, in fact: seems to be
the prevailing impression that an_ inferior
description of tea will now be foisted on
Australia. It is therefore for Ceylon to look
to what tea is sent here, and be careful never
to have her name associated with any of the
scandals which are predicted to crop up at
the Customs here ere long as stocks diminish.
You are doing well in urging this, in season
and out of season, particularly at present,
as I have noted that Ceylon is chiefly aimed
at, in a mass of letters which have been
appearing in the local press, in regard to
what they call ‘‘ the grave injustice done to
Australian tea packers and blenders by the
cancellation of the duty on packet tea.”

The Labor members are much blamed for
their oversight, in what was undoubtedly
their move, and though I do not think you
need anticipate any alteration of the jree
decision in regard to bulk teas in the Senate,
[ am so imbued with the feeling that the
Barton Government is under the thumb of
the Labor Party that, if the packet people
once get the Kar of Trades Hall, ‘‘ Coolie
packed tea” will soon cease to be on the
tree list. I enclose you some letters and send
papers ou this and other political aspects,—
Yours faithfully, ONLOOKER.

The Australian tea importers find their interests
have received little consideration at the hands of
the representatives in the Federal Parliament.
The abolition of the duty places them in a very
uncertain position, whilst it entails a heavy loss
on their duty-paid stocks. One section of the tea
trade will benefit materially, and that is the
retailer. Possibly the consumer may get a tea
better by 1d per lb. for his 1/3 or 1/ today, but an
additional 2d per Ib. profit goes into the pockets of
the distributor, which is very much to his liking,
notwithstanding all Mr Watson’s talk. Neither
that gentleman nor his friends know much of the
trade, and in their efforts to get a free breakfast
table have played into the hands of a small section
of the community, which will absorb almost the
entire remission in duty. The tea packers are in
a worse position, All the rubbish which is
packed in Ceylon and Indian markets, to which
attention was called some time back, will now
find its way to Australia, and the coolie will oust
the local white packer from his employment and
thus fill the ranks of the unemployed. The Labour
Jeader in the end wél] probably be cursed by
those whom he thought he was serving. Packet
tea should by all means be dutiable, and it, is

_ using as their main argument that they can undersell

AGRICULIURIST, — [Junz 2, 1902.

regrettable that Ministers did not recognise the
urgency of the situation with as much readiness
as they have shown in other directions by bringing
down recommittals for favored industries.

TEA IN PACKETS.

From time to time the grave injustice done to
Australian tea packers and blenders by tlie can-
cellation of the duty on packet as well as bulk
tea has been pointed out in “The Age,” yet
singularly enough none of the supporters of local
Jabour has stirred a finger to place a small pro-
tective duty on the former, made up by coolie
labour and packed in wrappers, &¢., which have
no duty. ‘The question of packet tea must be
kept altogether apart from bulk tea, which the
House has in its wisdom or otherwise made free.
Lhe total quantity of tea imported into Austra-
lia annually is estimated at over 30,000,000 Ib.,
and of this quantity it is computed that more
than 20,000,000 lb. are sold in 4 1b. to 12 Jb. packets,
employing local labour. The result of the Federal
Government's decision has been to endanger this
industry,and coolie-packed teas are being ordered
freely. Under the proposed tariff a protective
difference of 1d per lb. was made between duty
on bulk and packet teas. The trade in Melbourne,
Sydney, Adelaide and Queensland are all protest-
ing against the action of the Government, the
Melbourne petition reading thus:—

Melbourne, 10th April, 1902.—In drawing attention
to our cause, we wish to give assurance that the ques-
tion of whether tea ought to be free or bear a duty does
not form one of the points of our contention. Until
reeently the different tariffs existing in the various
colonies served to make these markets s0 small that
they acted to some extent as a protection to the local
tea packers against aggressive competition from the
employers of Asiatic labor, but latterly even then it
was becoming apparent to us that the cheap black
labour must in the end beat us out. With the inaugu-
vation of the Federal tariff, our market became one
easier for our opponents to work; and we fear, un-
lesssome assistanceis given us, the disadvantages
under which we labour willcompel us to remove our
packing operation to where we can take advantage of
this cheap labour, At the present time there are here
representatives from Ceylon canvassing for orders, and

locally-packed teas, because of the advantages they
have of cheap labonr, and that they avoid payment of
duty on the materials used in the containers, We pay
white men’s wages, which is estimated to be about 1/
to every penny that colored labour costs for similar ser-
vices. In addition to this almost every article we use
in our business of tea packing is subject to an import
duty, whilst those who!compete against us have no such
handicap. Wrapping paper, twine, printed matter,
timber for cases, weighing machines, scales, dynamos,
gas engines, blending machinery, starch for paste
making, &c., are subject to duty, and these are the
principal items in use. We therefore feel justified in
asking that some counter-vailing duty be imposed on
all packages of 12 lb. and under containing tea.

CACAO IN THE WEST INDIES: THE
WITHERING OF YOUNG PODS.
Trinidad, B.W.I., 9th April, 1902.
Sir,—I noted in your January issue that tlie
author of the article on cacao diseases said
that information on the withering of young pods
would be acceptable. I gathered some such in-
formation some time ago in response to questions
which I sent to several planters and managets —

June 9, 1902.]

in the colony, being anxious to know why there
was so mach waste of plant energy and to find
a remedy. I send herewith four sets of answers
and also the list of questions put.

No. 1 isa Manager in Tobago, a neighbouring
island, famous for the richness of its soil, and that
may account partly for the smali percentage
given in answer 2.

I regret to notice so little reciprocity between
those who live on the estatesand those who work
from a scientific point of view for the benefit
of the former class. Hoping I am not intruding
on your valuable space.—I_ remain, yours faith-
fully, W. L, (CURATOR.)

CACAO.

1. What difference is there between Cacao Trees

(a) under dense shade; (b) under normal shade
c) ander no shade?

And how is the crop, the number of flowers, the
growth, and tle amount of disease—especially the
drying up of young pods—affected by the above con-
ditions ?

2, About how many per centof young pods wither
or dry up on healthy full-bearing trees?

3. Is there a distinct difference in such percentage
from trees on poor soil and those on rich soil?

4. Do young pods usually dry up in bunches, 7.e.
all on ove cushion ?

5. Doall young pods except one or two sometimes
dry up on one cushion and those remaining become
good mature pods?

6. Where only one, two or three young pods ap-
pear on one cushion, do these usually develop into
good pods?

7. Are some parts of the tree more subject to
pods drying up than other parts?

. In what way is the drying up of young pods
affected by the weather? And is there more drying
up of young pods in or just after an abaormally wet
season or an abnormally dry one?

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON CACAO.
1.—(a)—Under dense shade pods rot from too
much moisture; ()) under normal shade the largest
percentage come to perfection ; (c) under no shade—
except in sheltered valleys—pods wither and dry up.
2.—About 12 per cent of pods dry up.
3.—Decidedly in favour of rich soil.

4.—No,
5.—If carefully thinned, those remaining come to
maturity.

6.—Yes, and this is what is most desired by the
cacao planter.

7.—Yes, trees not pruned early into shape will bear
those pods on the superfluous branches.

8.—Pods do not dry up in ordinary weather, but a
heavy downfall of rain has a destructive effect on
flowering trees, and very young pods. Under the
most favourable situation and cultivation, those dry
pods will be seen.

The answers {to these questions depend largely on
climate, soil, and district or situation.

1.—(a)—Cacao trees under dense shade generally
grow to be long and thin, and they are more likely
than otherwise to be affected by disease. During wet
weather lots of flowers come out and pods form, but
they get rotten and wither. (b) Under normal shade,
such as Immortal trees at 36 feet apart on the Vegi,
the trees are in their glory, they will grow uniform and
healthy, (b) They will give their full crop of 15 fanegas
(average) per thousand according toseason. (¢) Under
no shade, the crop is practically nothing during a
dry year. Daring the wet months the trees throw
out promising young shoots, but during the dry months
these seem to burn and ary up.

2.—Fully 95 per cent wither, When it is taken into
account that even onestates yielding 10 bags (of 165
b each) per thousand trees, the average yield per

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

631

tree is 20 to 22 good pods, it is plain that an-enor-
mous number must wither.

3.—Little difference, because trees on poor soil
throw out fewers flowers than those on rich soil.

4, 5and6. One, two, three or more pods often
come to maturity on one cushion, which originally
had many more young pods, which withered before
maturing. In many instances, however, all the young
pods on acushion will dry up.

7. Given a heaithy tree, properly pruned, there is
no part of that tree more subject topods drying than
other parts.

8. A prolonged season of drought after a season of
rain causes a very large percentage of young pods to
dry up. Alsoif after dry weather we experience heavy
and continued rains, the young pods seem to become,
as we say, “‘seized’’ end rotten. On the flats or: low-
lands more pods wither after an abnormaily wet
season thanaftera dry one, but in the hilly and
undulating districts many more wither after») an
abnormally dry season than after a wet one.

1. (a) Slow growth; very small crop; nearly all
flowers and young pods die; few flowers; disease
frequent. (b) Quick growth; crop large and regular
as arule; flowers plentiful; disease not frequent. (¢c}
Slow growth ; very small crop; few flowers; flowers
and young pods destroyed by exposure; disease not
frequent.

2. About 80 per cent.

3- The percentage must be much the same, as trees
on poor soil have proportionately fewer young pods,

4, es.
Bar ess
6. Yes

7. Ido not think so.

8 Thedrying up of young podsis equally affected
by excess of damp or heat and also by high winds,
but if the land is hillyitis not affected to any great
extent by either excess,

1. (a) Trees appear healthy, but develop very little
fruit. (+) Trees put ont more blossom and develop a
higher percentage of fruit. (ce) Under no shade, or on
poor dry soil, it wouldbs impossible to grow a tree
to bear fruit; on good soil in deep gullies or ravines
a fair crop could be obtained without shade.

2. At least 25 to 35 per cent.

3. Percentage higher on poor soil.

4, No, the weakest ones throughout the treesdry up,

5. Yes,

6. Yes. 2

7. The lower parts of old trees and the upper parts
of young ones.

8. Both extremes favour the drying up of young
pods, As alternate showexs and sunshine seem to be
most favourable I prefer very wet weather to very
dry, for inthe latter, not only do young pods dry up,
but those approaching maturity fail to ripen properly.

THE UNITED STATES: WILD

SPECULATION,
FWairfield, Lindula, April 15.

DEAR Str,—I think the enclosed cutting
from an American paper will amuse some of
your readers. Who can Harold Weddle be ?

The Dr. Shepard mentioned must be a very
sanguine man—in addition to being ‘an
enthusiast and benefactor.”

Of course, we poor planters have not the
advantage of possessing ‘f Dragon’s food” jat
tea ; but many of us own China tea of similar
sorts and we will kindly supply the worthy
Doctor with an unlimited amount of seed from
the same and will label it ‘* Dragon’s food ” or
anything else; or I fancy, he could save
himself the trouble of o»ening land in Caro-
lina by pa&rchasing the source of wealth as

TEA IN

832 THE TROPICAL

above here—and—when he is tired of losing
money over the ‘‘ benefactor” businesss—
he could start an oil factory to work off
surplus seed.—Yours faithfully, Abed WE

TEA CULTIVATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA.

Harold Weddle of London, Eng., vislted a num-
ber of South Texas points last week on a tour of
inspection to determine the adaptability of the soil
for tea growing. He is largely engaged in tea
culture in Ceylon and India. Through the ex-
periments made in South Carolina he recently be-
came interested in America as a possible tea-
growing country. Speaking of the experiments in
South Carolina, he said :

“An invitation was recently extended me to
visit Pinehurst tea estate at Summerville, S C, by
Dr Chas. Shepard, the proprietor, who is expert-
menting with the possibility of tea culture with
the aid of the United States Government Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Summerville is situated 22
miles from Charleston, S C, a most delightful
spot surrounded with. lotty pine trees. ‘The soil
is admirably adapted for tea growing, being rich
and loamy. Dr Shepard has found that tea can
be grown in America, but admits that better
results could be obtained further south, where
more even temperature predominates, less disposed
to sudden changes, and where the thermometer
does not reach below 25 degrees Fahrenheit.
Pinehurst is divided into several sections of tea
growing, owing to experiments in the seed obtained
from India, Ceylon, China and Japan, both hybrid
and indigenous. The best results so far obtained
are from Darjeeling seed, a hill region of India.
But excellent results have been obtained from
seed which the United States government procured
from a celebrated tea estate in China, known as
Dragon's tood, where the tea is never exported,
being entirely consumed by wealthy Chinese. The
tea bushesare grown to aheight of about four feet
and are vigorously pruned and all the soil is sub-
drained. Dr Shepard is an enthusiast and benefac-
tor tohis countrymen in undertaking so thorough
a research in tea cultivation. His metives are
purely for the advancement of scientific discovery,
without pecuniary gain to himself. And the
United Statesdepartment of Agriculture, Realising
this, o‘fers every possible aid to facilitate him in
furthering the industry.

“The main difficulty now that is to be over-
come, to bring the cost of production on a basis of
competition to meet foreign grown tea, is labour,
as the heathen and Hinduos receive wages about
equal to 8 cents per diem. However, Dr Shepard
has partly overcome this obstacle by the employ-
nmentof several negro children, who live with their
parents on the tea estate, The children are
educated and fed, which in turn is another step
towards the solution of the negro problem. The
children are taught to pluck the leaf and in many
ways are well adapted in the tea fields.

“‘No expense has been spared at Pinehurst in
adopting modern machinery for driving and
preparing the leaf after it is picked. Having
imported from England the very best tea ma-
chinevy in usein India and Ceylon, Dr Shepard
has recently completed a machine of his own
invention, whereby green tea can be made withont
the handling asin vogue in China, [ts simp/icity
appears ab once lo those uaderstanding the mann-
facture of tea. There is absolutely no sense in
artificially coloring tea green, as it comes from

AGRICULTURIST. [Jonn 2F 1902.

China and Japan. The flavor can be obtaine
naturally with the aid of Dr Shepard’s machine.

«The cultivation of tea is undoubtedly feasible
in America and, if carried ont ona large scale and
the expense of labor saved, there is no reason
to doubt that in course of time it would become
a great and paying industry. One of the im-
portant facts is that the tea plant lives longer
than a human being and ean be~- gathered from
when over 100 years old. We begin to gather,
the leat at five years old, bnt Dr Shepard told
me that he had so eultivated and grown it that he
gathered the leaf, and it was good, atter one
year.”

CEYLON GREEN TEA—GOOD PROSPECT
BEFORE ALL KINDS:—No, 1.
April 16th, 1902.

DEAR Sir,—I want to put before you some
facts which go to show that Ceylon Green
Teas, as made in estate factories last yearand
now, are appreciated on their own merits
in Canada and evenin the States. I rather
think, for one thing, that Mr. Lipton’s re-
presentative could tell you that they are
pushing and selling successfully the present
make of. green tea in the States, As you
doubtless know, the tea business of the States
is in the hands chiefly of four or five large
and very wealthy importing firms who have
their agencies in China and Japan, and a
good deal of money sunk in these: hence the
difficulty in getting in either our black or
green teas.

Then during the past month advices have
been received from Japan, both independ-
ent statements, one private, the other
taken from an official report, thus,—‘' Japan
teas are also exported to Canada, but there,
I hear, they are being rapidly Supp nied by
Ceylen produce.” ‘* The position of the Japan
tea trade in Canada is unsatisfactory in the
extreme. The trade in the finer grades of
Japan tea has been toa great extent sup-
planted in Canada by the Ceylon product,
and the only demand that exists for Japan
leaf is for the commoner descriptions which
can be sold at low prices and which are
largely used for mixing purposes.” ‘In
Canada, however, the Japan tea trade is
certainly suffering from the competition of
Ceylon teas, and it is probable that, except
in the lower grades of Japans, used chiefly
for mixing- purposes, the Ceylon product
will eventually supplant the Japan growths.”
Export from Yokohama to Canada 1899
7,193,776 \b.; 1901 5,623,366 Ib.

In the States they do pay-higher prices,
and here no doubt Mr. Galt’s tea will meet
with a ready sale, and if the difference in
price paid for these teas and the present
Ceylon green is considerable, no doubt they
will find many imitators; hut their success
yet remains to be seen. My own opinion is
that there is an opening tor both varieties,
and you may have overlooked the statement
made by Mr. Bois at the Chamber of Com.
meree mecting on the 25th March quoting
from a letter he had received from Japa
“the taste in the U.S. is gradually under-
going a change, and the demand for a pure
uncoloured tea is on the increase. Therefore a

.

Jon 2, 1902.) THE TROPICAL

the tea now shipped about 1-3rdis now what
it professes to be —pure wncoloured Japan teas.

I make a quotation from your columns :
—‘*India has just been advised that a proper
green tea should be made there, and not a
tea such as Ceylon makes, which is neither
‘fish, flesh or good red herring.” This, no
doubt, refers to your Calcutta telegram of
the 4th in which Ceylon is stated to be pro-
ducing a ‘‘namuna”’ tea; in this your corre-
spondent erred. No “namuna” ter has been
made here, This isa black tea, with an out-
turn somewhat similar to an oolong un-
scented, and a tea of this description, might
be made, so Mr. Foley says, and pushed in
Persia, to replace a similarly made tea, ob-
tained from Java.

Is the Ceylon green neither fish, flesh nor
good red herring? Possibly not; but this
type is being made in India, it is finding a
good sale in Russia, was approved of in Cal-
cutta when tasted by the Afghan envoy
and suite, obtained highest recognition at
the Chicago Exhibition in 1893, and has
met with satisfactory success in Canada.
‘Japan greens’ is a misnomer, they are known
in the American market as “Japans,” and
are many-hued, black, brown and various
shades of green, grey, blue, &c, Ceylon
greens, although uncoloured, are green and
become greener the more they are handled.

I see that the Anglo-American Direct Tea
Trading Company is’ stated to do already
the largest Indian and Ceylon business in
America, and I wish them success in their
new venture; but surely nothing should be
done at this moment to check the output of
the. present. article, which appears to be
steadily making its way, if the price paid
is any criterion. Low.country green selling
at the present moment at 3£ cents and 35
cents average or two or three cents higher
than they would get for their leaf made into
black tea. I think the future outlook for
our greens promising. they are being taken in
Russia and other countries beside America,
and we know that the supply from Japan
is, steadily falling off, and likely t. con-
tinue; labour there is going up in price, and
already costs over a shilling a day, or more
than double ours, Their tea has also been
falling off in quality as well as quantity,—
I am, truly yours,

A FRIEND OF ALL GREEN THA.

No. 11:—GREEN TEAS—AND GREEN TEAS.
Stagbrook Group, Peermaad,
Travancore, S. India,
13th April, 1902.

Sir,—Being, of course, greatly interested in
Green Tea manufacture, I have read your recent
editorials on the subject with interest. That-Mr.
Ga't’s experiments in ‘‘ finishing off” (rather
than manufacturing) Ceylon-made greens are so
successful, from Messrs. Forbes and Walker’s point
of view, is certainly encouraging ; but a broker is
not necessarily a buyer. I had only recently
before me samples of Green tea made, I believe,
by a Chinaman in a Kangra Valley garden, and
though the prices obtained made one’s mouth
water, viz, Rl—2as; 12 annas and 10 annas
yer pound, it apparently did not pay, as the

AGRIOULTURIST. g35

manager wrote tome with a view to. adopting
what I may call my ‘‘Ceylon system.” The
extra cost. of pausing and coloring made teas
must be considerable from my. observation of the
process in Japan; and it is more than doubtful
at present if a compensating bivher rate will be
given for appearance by our American buyers,
As Mr. Galt, is aware some of the highest-priced
Japan teas are ‘‘ uncolored” basket fired, and also
the coloring is. only resorted to by foreign
buyers after the teas have reached the: Treaty
Ports. The finest teas are those made up into
very thin squills which, though feasible with
‘*China” leaf, would not be feasible with our
large indigenous or Hybrid teas unless. the. bud
and first leaf were plucked separately, a process
entailing much extra cost.

I venture to express the opinion that (while
it is very desirable to take greater care to
obtain a good twist and appearance than is fre-
quently the case), carefully made Ceylons, such
as some samples of Dewalakaude estate, which. I
had sent ine by Mr Larkin from Toronto, are
good enough in appearance for any market; and
will push their own way on their intrinsic merit
without any artificial aid from ‘coloring matter”
—some teas answering to this description I sold in
bond in New York at 22 dollar cents last year. Do
TI understand you tosay that the teas Messrs
Forbes and Walker refer to are manufactured in
Colombo or are they manufactured upcountry
and then manipulated in Colombo? Ihave great
hopes that the machine I am about to place on
the market will make the matter of | ** twist ”
and appearance a very much simpler one than
at present; but meanwhile it will be interesting to
know the average cost of production on ‘the
* Ceylon” system after adding on the Colombo
factory charges, and to also get some idea of the
triflisg extra capital required to- enable one to
copy Mr Galt’s (or rather the Japanese) system
of panning and coloring as done in Colombo, with-
out which we are apparently to be shut out’of tne
Amer'can market.. J fear much that a ‘dioe”
at the Ceylon Commissioner had more to do with
the articles under comment than a_ sincere
opinion that Ceylon and India should make the
retrograde movement of “ colsring” their teas.—
Yours faithfully, H D DEANE,

P.S.—lt must be remembered Ceylon-made
Green Teas took a first award at the Chicago
Exhibition without the aid of coloring matter, and I
may add that Messrs Frame, Alston and Arbuth.
not, of 21, Mineing Lane, and 132, Front- Street,
New York, writing :ne on 20th March last say
they have just heard from their Zoronto friends
who had just inspected my samples, sent to
Messrs P Larkin & Co., the Indian Tea Associa-
tion, Calcutta, and the Planters’. Association of
Ceylon, ‘‘and consider the quality and manufacture
to be both first class.”

THE NEEM OR MARGOSA TREE: NOT.

Jaffna, April 22.

Dear Str,—As the information given in
your valuable paper concerning the neem
tree was interesting to some of your readers,
{ beg to add the following remarks. The
tree is indigenous to Jaffna and the northern
forests, and is extremely common here. It
is known in Tamil by the name of vembu
or veppamarant, Tts uses are numerous and

B34

it is worth special mention, at a time when
so muchis said about malaria and mosquitoes,
that the smoke of the husk or shell of the
seed is particularly odious to these unwel-
come insects. The shell is put into a pot or
chatty and allowed to smoke in a room
during the mosquito season, and it is believed
to be effective in keeping away these insects
so long as any trace of the smoke is left.
Cattle are made to inhale this smoke in
some diseases. It may also be. mentioned
that the. gum which exudes from the tree
when the bark is hacked is the best paste
that could be obtained locally. Enough has
heen said about the medicinal properties of
the leaves, bark, and oil, and it is unneces-
sary for me to revert to it again further
than to say that the leaves and twigs are
believed to have a magical effect inthe hands
of the class of native physicians or devil-
drivers who administer gentle blows with a
bunch of them on the affected parts in cases
of sprains, swellings, or snake-bites—or all
over the bady, in cases of so called possession
of devils.— Yours truly, A. N.

II.
Kayts, May Ist.

DEAR Sir,—The leaves of the vembu tree serve
as disinfectants during the time of small-pox
and other epidemics. The bark is a febrifuge
like the cinchona bark. The twigs are used as
toothbrushes in the mornings, the bitter taste
promoting appetite. The discovery of cinchona
in America has to a considerable extent diminished
the value of the vembw or margosa tree. apite

RAINBOW TROUT BREEDING IN
CEYLON: SOME UNMISTAK-
ABLE SIGNS.

Bogawantalawa, April 27.

Sir,—It will, I am sure, interest all fisher-

men and naturalists in Ceylon and India to
know that the Rainbow trout (salmo irridens)
is breeding freely in our upland streams.

On Friday and Saturday last Mr. W A
Sparling and myself spent several hours in
carefully inspecting two streams which were
stocked less than two years ago with Rain=
bow Trout fry and it is no exaggeration to
say that we saw hundreds of fry and_ fish
in all stages of growth, from one inch in
length to the size of a large minnow.

They were in shoals and in parties of four
and five andappeared to be remarkably strong,
healthy and wary, taking cover with mar-
vellous rapidity when disturbed. I may state
for the infermation of the sceptical that the
streams referred to contain no other fish of
any kind or description.

It having now been. established beyond
any doubt that the Rainbow Trout is breed-
ing in Ceylon, I would suggest that ail imem-
bers of the Ceylon Fishing Ciub cease forth-
with to kill any move of these fish for the
space of wt least 12 months. Otherwise, we
are undoubtedly killing the proverbial goose.
Judging from the size of the young fish I
saw (from 1} inch to 3} inch), I should say

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,

(Jonp 2, 1902.

that they were hatched from ova deposited
between October 1st and January 3l1st.—

I am, yours faithfully,
THOS. FARK.

-_———->—_ ——o
PLANTING NOTES.

RUBBER.— We are indebted to a Colombo
merchant for a copy of the elaborate Annual
Review of the Rubber Market — covering three
pages of foolscap—of Messrs. Kranovisch &
Co. of Liverpool and London. We shall
reproduce it in full in our Tropical Agricul-
turist, as interesting in itself to all rubber
planters and therchants and handy for
reference.

Lorp LAMINGTON ON QUEENSLAND.—A part
from the interest felt in Queensland as par-
tially a semi-tropical planting country, a
paper by Lord Lamington (owing to rumours
connected with his name) is bound to meet
with due local attention. The paper he read
before the Royal Colonial Institute recently
is reprinted on page 815.

TEMPLESTOWE ESTATE COMPANY.—The
property ownea by this Company has been
very well worked during the }ast year, us
is testified to in the report which we publish
elsewhere. The crop was nearly 18,000 Ib.
under the estimate, but there was an advance
of 1-11 cents in the price obtained and the
profit was such as to admit of a dividend of
3 per cent on theordinary shares, the trans-
ference of Rd,000 to the depreciation account
and the carrying forward of R1,591 30.

PEARL-FiSHING EXPERIMENTS.—As _ oys-
ters differ among themselves, so do pearl-
yielding oysters. We suppose that oysters
which are valuable for their shells seldom
have pearls comparable to those which our
local fisheries yield. Now that experiments
are being made with the bi-valve which
has contributed handsomely, though erra-
tically, in recent times to our exchequer, it
may be well if the experiments can be ex-
tended to cover oysters within easy reach
of the island.. We read in an ‘Indian paper
that “it is not generally known that pearl-
fishing is carried on annually in the Icha-
mutty river near Bongong. A correspondent
states that this year the pearl-fishers have
been unusually fortunate. Among the pearls
obtained are some exceptionally good ones,
which have sold for as much as R400 and
R600 each.”

RAInBow TROUT BREEDING IN CEYLON,—
All members of the Ceylon Fishing Club,
as well as any anglers in the island who
have not joined the Club, will read with
especial interest Mr Farr’s letter elsewhere.
It leaves little doubt of the hope which has
gradually been growing into a belief that
trout have begun to breed in Ceylon, Even
now, however, we know ‘there are some
who will not credit the signs put forward—
unless Mr Farr’s letter converts them out of
hand. If they can account for the latest
facts on opposing theories of their own,
we shall be glad to hear from them as the
subject is one of the utmost interest, while
the introduction of troutova and the hatchery
experiments 1t Nuwara HEliya still continue
in full swing.

Junn 2, 1902)]

CEYLON TEA IN BOSTON.

The Ceylon tea estate proprietor who,
having sent some of his own tea toa friend
in Boston, received the information in reply
that ‘ Ceylon tea was unknown there,” once
again sends us an extract from a letter he
has had by way of rejoinder to the letter
of Mr. MacGuane of the Salada Tea Com-
pany. The Bostonian resident who, we need
scarcely say, has ‘‘no axe to grind” and

robably never heard of the Ceylon-American
Jommissioner or Messrs. Larkin & Co., not
being in tea, writes to the estate proprietor
as follows :—

‘ Boston, March 19.--I must try and give you
some answer to the ‘Salada’ Tea Manager’s letter
of December 39th, 1901, which you sent me. It
is amusing to see how ruffled he is over my re-
marks, I still stick to it that Ceylon tea is 20¢
known in Boston. Mr. McGuane and Lhappen to be
referring to entirely different sets of Bostonians,
I referred to the upper classes who reside on the
Back Bay and who would never, for a moment
expect to lunch or dine at the Crawford-Woodcock,
Marston’s, Crosby’s or Cottrell’s restaurants,
These are frequented by business men, shop girls
and country people. The Lennox Hotel, I did
mention in my letter. It is the only first-class
hotel Mr. McGuane has mentioned in his letter.
The Thorndike is a famity hotel—that is, people
live there in swites, all the winter, like many
others of its kind, but we would not think of going
to lunch there. By first-class hotels I mean such
as would be starred in ‘ Buedeker.’ The Touraine
is perhaps, the most noted firsteclass hotel, in
Boston I. have myself asked for Ceylon tea there,
when lunching with friends, and have been told
that they did notserveit. At the clubs too, such as
the Somerset, the Unionand the University, where
ladies whose husbands are members can lunch and
dine Ceylon teaisnoton the menus. These clubs
—especially the first two—are the social clubs of
Boston, and membership in either carries with it,
admission as guests to the social clubs of London,
ete. I think [ have said enough so far to convince
you that Mr. McGuane and [are talking of entirely
diffrent sets of Bostonians. He apparently does
not know my set, and I certainly do not know his.
So with regard to the tearoom. The locality he
suggests would be patronised by people who would
dine at Crosby’s or. Martin’s. The locality I sug-
gested would be patronised in the afternoon by
Back Bay people. Society people do not shop
down town (Washington Temple and Winter
Streets) ir the afternoon, The shopping is all
done; in the morning -after which lunch is had
either at home, or at one of the clubs, or the
Touraine. What is wanted in Boston, from
my standpoint, is a nice tea room where
ladies and gentlemen could go after a con-
cert, or a visit to the picture galleries,
or a walk or a drive. Tea at Marston’s
and such like places is served in ¢hick semi-
porcelain cups, such as one would see in Glasgow
at ‘Lockhart’s’ dining rooms—not in dainty
china cups with nice spoons and knives. At a
recent ‘fair’ I sold Ceylon tea (not the ‘ Salada
brand, whatever that may be) and I have had
dozens of enquiries since from my own personal
friends as to where they coull get more! One
lady to whom [I gave some of the tea you sent
me—two years ago—asked me the ether day if
L would tell her what tea it was, as she could

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST:

835

nob get it and had even sent to New York for
tea at $5 (20/) a pound, hoping it might be as good.
But I have said enough. My letter to you was
written entirely in the interests of Ceylon tea.
I still stick to it that the article ‘Ceylon Tea’
is not known~ well in Boston—whatever the
special brand called ‘Salada’ may be. A
thousand or more such signs as ‘Salada’ does not
advertise CEYLON TEA pure and simple—but a
special brand of a special company. It is like
advertising Lipton’s tea—which may be a blend
of every tea in the world and not necessarily Pure
Ceylon Tea. 1 hope this: will explain matters,

‘'o turn to another subject, Prince Henry’s visit
was quite amusing, Boston looked lovely in a
fresh mantle of snow with clear bright skies
overhead. He passed our house, driving at a
tremendous pace and accompanied by the most
awfully mounted cavalry I have ever seen. [I
suppose is was hard riding in the snow af such
a pace, but the men kept falling off their horses
and rode like potato sacks. It was a humiliating
exhibition, and the Prince remarked to Admira
Bob Evans, who was with him,.that, men who
rode like that in Germany were arrested! I was
very. fortunate in getting a ticket of admission
to Sanders’ Theatre in Cambridge, where Prince
Henry had his LUL.D. degree given him. I was
right in the middle of the third front row, so I saw
him very well. He is avery handsome man, over
six feet in height, and absolutely thorough-bred
looking.”

In regard to the “ tea” reply, our friend
(“ Estate Proprietor”) writes :—

“Tm bound to say it isa high-flying defence :
has an atmosphere which is death to anything
but ‘blue blood” and-is redolent of the ‘‘hub of
the universe’! Personally it is the horny-handed
toiler, that I would like to see attracted to Ceylon
tea, who would take to it and come again, albeit
to have it the vogue in Society circles would .mean
a good deal too, for its being in the fashion would
in time filter from the classes to the masses. .who
quickly follow suit.—-especially in America, where
one man is as good as another.”

We think the ‘Thirty Committee” will
admit there is enough useful information in

the above correspondence to justify its
publicatien. HEyidently there are attractions

in ‘pure Ceylon Tea ” which ought to make
it a profitable article of sale among the
better classes in Boston and, why not of
other New England towns, not to speak of
New York, Philadelphia and Chicago.
Meantime, enterprising Mr. Wm. Saunders
and his supporters might do worse than
arrange fora ‘‘ Tea-room” to. sell and serve
pure Veylon Tea in the West end of Boston,

—_—_—_—_——____—__—.

THE PARASITIC ORIGIN. OF PEARLS.

We have already mentioned the observa-
tions of Dubois and other French investi-
gators on the parasitic origin of pearls. At
a recent meeting of the Zoological Society
of London, Dr H L Jameson said the pearls
of the mussel were caused by the larva of a
parasite allied to the liver-fiuke. The larva
is encysted in the mantle of the mussel, and
if it dies is calcified, thus forming the core
of a pearl. ‘There is hope of producing
pearls artificially by their means,—Gle be,
April YI.

836 THE TROPICAL

TEA CROPS AND PROSPECTS IN

INDIA AND CEYLON:

Is THE MAXIMUM OULTURN OF TEA
CLOSH ALT HAND ?
CONSENSUS OF OPINION AS TO “A
GOOD TIME COMING.”

We are surprised that in their interesting
review of the Indian Tea Market for 1961-2
(which we reproduce elsewhere), Messrs.
Carritt & Co. do not dwell more clearly on
the .visk arising from an ubusually large
crop during season 1902-3, owing first to the
extensive avea planted in 1898 now coming
into bearing and, secondiy, to the unlikeli-
hood of a second unfavourable season in
regard to weather. Leading Calcutta-mer-
chants in December Jast made special men-
tion to us of the above risk, adding that,
if 1902 were once rounded off without any
serious blow to tea, they had the utmost
confidence in the future of the industry.
There have been no plantings of any serious
consequence since 1898 and probably in
India, as in Ceylon, the very maximum of
crop outturn is close at hand. As regards
young tea coming into full bearing, Messrs.
Garvitt & Co. seem, indeed, to think the
period is passed ; but they must have over-
looked the figures of 1898 wnd their relation
to the present season. They say :—“ the
“coming season can be viewed with con-
“fidence so long as the outturn continues
‘on a moderate scale,” and they are inclined
to think that “scarcity of labour may
counterbalance any climatic advantage. We
shall see. But we trust in any case that
careful “plucking ” will distinguish the
majority of Indian gardens, so as to pre-
vent a disastrously large export to the London
market during 19923.) | PAIL L008

Turning to Ceylon, it is becoming increas-
ingly evident that oar export of black tea
to London will be moderate this year. Still
more, the opinion 1s gaming ground that we

have probably seen our maximum total

i avi 148 million Ib. sent
export of tea in the eee eee

: i 00. Lhe limit of
aiven by Mr. Robert Porter for average tea
gardens in Ceylon—inclading the many
formed out of old coffee plantations--beyond
svhich their crop outturn cannot be main-
tained without the application of manure,
is, we find, generally accepted ; and what
with the abandonment of unprofitable fields
here and there, the general cessation of
planting beyond small clearings few and
tar between,—we cannot see how Ceylon can
send away more than between 14) and 150
millions of lb. of tea during each cf the next
two or three yeal's. Considering, therefore,
the natural expansion of consumption in the
Jarger consuming countries, the good pro-
spect of gaining ground for British grown
teas on the Continent of Europe, especially
in Russia; the favourable future before
‘* preen teas,’ particularly in America ; the
likelihood of the fmperial war-tarx being taken
off ter in 1903, or at latest in 1904; and,
though last, not least, the prospect of the
spread of a taste for tea among many
mnillions who can afford to drink it, an India,

AGRICULTURIST. [Jung 2, 1902

—we certainly agree that there must be ‘' a
good tine coming” for planters both here
and in the Indian districts. who are favoured
with fertile gardens, or who can keep their
gardens in good heart by judicious cultiva-
tion, including the application of suitable
fertilisers.

To back our opinion we may quote the
following sentences from the letter of an
authority who has a wide practical know-
ledge of what tea is doing both in Ceylon
and India. He writes, after a tour of inspec-
tion through certain local districts :—‘* Pro-
perties generally seem to be flushing well;
but this is the season for flush, and exports
ave still 44 million lb. behind those of last
year ; and yet Ceylon was plucking fine last
year during this period.” As regards the
outlook generally the same writer says :—
‘My opinion about tea in general is that
it is bound to turn the corner hefore long
(though it may take longer than was expected)
and that, if cultivation of estates is main-
tained—so that the bushes do not go back,
and yields consequently decrease,—tea pro-
perties will yet piuy as well as ever they did
in the past, even in the low-country and at
medium elevations.”—So mote it be !

————»+—_—____

CEYLON TEN IN CANADA.

GRHEN TEAS NOT PHRFECT: PINE-
WOOD TEA-CHESTS INJURIOUS.

We have had placed at our disposal, and
have much pleasure in publishing, the
following extract of a letter received by a
leading Colombo firm from a Jarge tea ims
porter in Montreal, which will interest a large
section of our readers, while it scarcely needs
any special comment at our hands. The
letter speaks for itself and with no uncertain
voice :—

“Tn reply to your enqniry ve the prospect of
‘Ceylon aud Indian teas with the Canadian market,
I may tell you my own opinior, which is, that
they have a good prospect in blacks as much as
Japan has in its green. They try qnite hard to
compete with us in green tea recently, but unless
they make still further vmprovements, I do not
think they can ever displace us from the market.
There are many defects on their part if I point out,
but it is needless to tell you about its make,
etc.,except something wherewith you are interested
directly.—It may be interesting to you to know that
I have seen many packages of Ceylon tea which are
not of Momi wood, but of Pine ; the latter, in my
opinion, is not from Japan and resembles very much
Chinese Pine. As you have some. idea of tea, you
should know that boxes for tea made out of Pine-
wood, either from Japan or elsewhere, cannot be
good for tea, and I ain greatly surprised tu see the
Ceylon merchants (who are so earnest in pushing
their tea and affecting all kinds of improvements)
use boxes made of Pine. Perhaps China Pine is
cheaper, but cheap things always come out dearer
in the end.”

We may add that the writer is the Repre-
sentative of the Japan Central Tea Traders’
Association, and, the above is interesting as
giving an idea of the view taken by our com-
petitors as to the success of our competition ~
with them in the Canadian market,

JUNE 2, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

BANDARAPOLA CEYLON COMPANY,
LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

To be presented to the Shareholders as their 9th
annual ordinary meeting to be held at the office of
the Company, 16, Philpot Lane, Lonon, E.C., on
Wednesday, 7th May, 1902, at 12 noon. —

The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the
Shareholders the Accounts and Balance Sheet for the
year ending 31st December, 1901, with Auditor’s
certificate attached. i

After payment of Debenture Interest and all other
charges, the net profits for the year amount to £2,223
19s 9d, which with £407 183 4d, brcaght forward from
previous accounts, gives a tolal to be dealt with of—
£2,631 185 1d. It is proposed to pay a Dividend for
the year, of 6 per cent. (tree of Income Tax) absorbing
£1,260. ‘To write off Estates Account £500. To write
off for depreciation on Buildings and Machinery 10
per cent on £5,265 11s 9d.—£526 11s 2d. £2,286 11s
9a. Leaving a balance to carry forward of £345
3 11d.

: The crops secured during the season amounted to
468,901 lb Tea (including 18,892 lb from purchased
leaf) and 303 ewts. 0 qrs. 18 1b Cocoa, against 487,432
lb. Tea, and 267 cwts. 1 qr. 13 lb Cocoa during the

revious year.

Pi'The average yield per acre was 575 1b of Tea,
against 612 1b per acre during 1900, this shortage be-
ing chiefly due to finer placking, while the prices
realized were 33 cents per |b for the Teas sold in the
Colombo market, and 6254d in London against
5 512d last year.

The average rate of exchange was 1/4 gths per rupee.

The acreage of the Company’s holdings has not
been altered during the year, and remains as stated
in last Report, viz :—

Tea in bearing +e 782 acres
Tea not in bearing .. ee Guar.
Cocoa in bearing 50 setae iiss
Grass, Ravines, &c. ... aie 12 es
Reserve, Jungle, We. Dobe

Total acreage ... 1,549 acres

The Visiting Agent, Mr Joseph Fraser, reports that
the general appearance of the estate is most satis-
factory, showing a remarkable absence of insect and
fungoid pests, and the Board take this opportunity
of expressing their appreciation of the services of
their Maneger, Mr James Anderson.

Of the Debenture Issue £2,100 matured for payment
on Ist January, 1902, of which £1,850 was renewed
for three years, and £250 for five years at 5 per cent
interest per annum. poet j

In accordance with the Articles of Association Sir
George A Pilkington [retires from the Board, and,
being eligible, offer: himself for re-election.

Mr John Dalgleish, C.A., also offers himself for
re-election as Auditor. G W Paine, Chairman.

16, Philpot Lane, London, H.C., 22nd April, 1902

GALAHA CEYLON TEA ESTATES AND

AGENCY COMPANY, LIMITED.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be submitted to the shareholders at the fifth annual
ordinary general meeting to be held at 39, Mincing
Lane, E.C., on Thursday, 8th May :- - io .

The Directors have pleasure in submitting their
report, also statements of accounts duly audited for
the period of 12 months ending 31st December last,
The gross profit for the season after providing £400
for depreciation on machinery, Wc., is £10,357 8s 2d ;
rad balance of last account £100 14s 8d; equal £10,468
25 10d ; from this has to be deducted interest on £55,080,
debentures at five per cent per annum £3,750 dividend
on £60,000, preference shares at 6 per cent
per annum £3,600; London charges—fees to
Trustees, Directors and Auditors £550, interest on
loan £660 83, 5d., income tax, Insurance, &c., £248 1s

106

AGRICULTURIST, 837

7d leaving a balance of £2,659 123 lod, which the
Directors appropriate as follows :—transfer to reserve
£1,CC0 dividend proposed, three per cent on £50,000
ordivuary shares, £1,500, balance to carry forward,
£159 12s 104 ; cqual to £2,659 12s 10d.

The tex crop during the season, including 48,053 lb
from bought leaf, amcunted to 1,217,329 lb, and the
cardamom ciop was 16,973 Ib.

Notwithstanding that the crop was considerably
below ths estimate, owing to the unfavourable weather
which prevailed all over the Island of Ceylon last
year, and to the finer plucking adopted on the estates,
the net pretits would have permitted of a dividend
of six per cent. being paid on the ordinary shares
for the year, bué the Directors, following out their
policy have written off £400 for depreciation on
machivery, transferred £1,000 to the reserve, bring-
ing that Fund up to £6,700, and recommend a Qivi-
dend cf three per cent, on the ordinary shares for
the year.

The Directors are giad to say that the standard of
quality of the Company’s teas bas been fully kept up
and they meet with continued favonr.

The factory machinery aud all buildings are being
well maintained anda the estates are in the highest state
of cultivation.

On the 81st December last the Company had under
Cultivation in tea 2,867 acres, and in cardamoms
235 acres and the following is a schedule of the acreages
of ths Company’s estutes :—

Tea
SSS
GS n
a | uias
ae q & 3 nt
4 Oo wo. s aR
8p On 3 g 3 pe)
vo Sr us) = 69 9S
a as a By A
ory Pa eo) py
Dunally and North
Vedeheitte 404 — 49 — 269 722
Galaha . 618 — 61 42 68 779
Goorookelle ~» 872 — - = 563 1435
Kitoolmoola een 342, — 46. 17 25 - 420
Mausakelle Mo 20o Dp — 397 660
Vedehettes, Hast
and West eo 308 — 79 «69 324 . 840
2862) bie aod 128 1636 4856

Mr C E Strachan now retires from the Board,
and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election.

The appointment of Auditors rests with the share-
holders, and Messrs. Fuller, Wise, and Fisher offer
themselves for re-election.

BURNSIDE TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON?
LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

To be presented to the Shareholders at their sixth
annual ordinary meeting to be held at the office ‘of
the Company 16, Philpot Lane. London, E.C., on
Wednesday, 7th May 1902, at 2-30 p.m. r

The Direetors beg to submit to the Shareholders
the Report and accounts of the Company, duly
audited, for the year ending 31st December, 1991.

The total crop from the four estates was 353,284 lb.
Tea against 402,113 lb for last year and 9 maunds of
Tea Seed were obtained and sold as compared with
523 maunds in 1900.

For the deficiency in crop of 48,829 lbs, Watta-
galla Estate is mainly responsible, and the present
Manager considers that the shortage is fully accounted
for by the fact that a large area fell due for
pruning in the middle of the year, in addition to
which somewhat fiver plucking was resorted to
over all the eststes,

Mr, Fhomas Smith, our Visiting Agent, inhis report of
his visits towards the end of January to Burnside,
Heeloya and Wattagalla states that through all the
old fields of Tea there is no falling-off in the
appearance or condition of the bushes, qnd that

838 THE TROPICAL

he considers the Tea shews ae good growth, as
healthy appearance, and is just as capable of giving
good crops as it ever was, and both Mr. Smith and
Mr, Porter report favourably of the condition of the
Estate and prospects of crop at Midlothian.

The average price obtained in London for the
Burnside Group was 6°047d per lb., and in Ceylon 32%
cents, while the corresponding averages for Midlothian
were 7:108d per Ib., and 374 cents respectively. The
average rate of Exchange was 1/4 25/64ths per rupee.

The shortfall in crops and the extremely poor price
obtained during the first six months of the year
account for the unforfunate position shewn by the
attached Balance Sheet, and the Directors regret
that to the loss carried forward from last year
a further deficit of £742 103 6d has to be added,
making the amount at debit of Profit and Loss
Account £1,067 53 and 10d.

The Directors have to report that the Debentures
which matured on the 1st January last have been re-
‘newed as follows, bearing interest at six per cent per
annum :—

For three years £5,259
For five years O00 9,150
£14,400

The latest Reports from allthe Company’s Estates
speak favourably of their condition and of the crop
prospects, the total amouut of tea made up to the end
of March shewing a considerable increase on last year’s
figures.

In accordance with the Articles of the Association
Mr: GW Paine retires from the Board, and being
eligible, offers himself for re-election,

Messrs Cape & Dalgleish, 0 A., also offer themselves
for re-election as Auditors. By order of the Board,
LiyAut, ANDERSON & Co., Agents and Secretaries.

16, Philpot Lane, London, E C, 23rd April 1902.

EDERAPOLLA TEA CO. OF CHYLON LTD.
REPORT OF THE DIKECYORS.

To be presented tothe Shareholders at their sixth
ordinary general meeting, to be held at the Office of
the Company, 16, Philpot Lane, Sondon, E.C., on
Monday, 5th May. 1902, at 12 noon.

The Directors beg to submit to the Shareholders the
Report and Accounts of the Company, duly audited,
for the year ending 31st December, 1901.

Inclusive of 22,0171b. madefrom bought leaf, the
total out-turn of Tea from the three Factories
amounted to 508,058 lb., showing a decrease of 46,372
Ib. compared with last season; a deficiency chiefly due
to more careful plucking throughout the year.

The average price realised was 6°186d per lb. as
against 5°803d per lb. last year, and the average rate of
xchange was 1/4 3/Sths, compared with 1/4 27/64ths
for 1901.

The net profit for the year amounts to £1,336 9s 74d,
which, with £42115s 1d brought forward from last year,
gives £1,758 43 8d to be now dealt with, and thisit is
proposed to apportion as follows :—

Amount as above ate

To Dividend of 5 per cent. (free
of Income Tax)
To write off Kstate Account...

.. £1,758 4 8

£1,275 0 0

300 0 0
— 1,575 00
To carry forward to next Account... £183 4 8
It is hoped thas Mr Porter, who has been in Coylon
fov the past three montha, will have returned in time
to be present at the General Meeting now called, so
that the Shareholders can obtain from him the latest
information 48 to the condition and prospects of the

AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 2, 1902.

Company’s Properties, the detailed acreage of which,
as on Ist January last, is now given :—

= oO +.
I = EI |
Se iga Bs £ 65 BAF
Ads ebeang °° ee gaaa
ce esige 2 83 2H8 3
s¢ bag Om ¢€ 20 Oo Ane
Ho wv are
Ardvoss .. 258 15 4.4 8s 324
Hiderapoila.. 581 148 7 768 44 648
St Helens ... 255 344 Wk 303
Totals.. 894 163 7 43104 87 135 1,275

In accordance with the Articles of Association, Mr
J M Macmartin retires from the Board at this time,
and being eligible, offers himself for re-election.
Messrs, Cape and Dalgleish, O.A., also offer them-
selves for re-election as Auditors,
G. W. Patye, Chairman,
16, Philpot Lane, London, E.C., 21st April, 1902,

HIGHLAND TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON,
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS,

To be presented to the Shareholders at their sixth
annual ordinary meeting, to be held at the Office of
the Company, 16, Philpot Lane, Lordon, E.C., on
Tuesday, 6th May, 1902, at 10-30 a.m,

The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the
Shareholders the Balance-sheet and Accounts for the
year to 3let December, 1901, with Auditors’ Certificate
attached.

The net profits for the year amount to £1,499 33 6d.
to which has to be added £105 10s 3d. brought for-
ward from previous accounts, giving a total to be
dealt with of £1,604 13s 9d., and this amount it is
proposed to apportion as follows :—

Amount as above £1,604 13 9; An Interim Dividend
of 2 per cent. (free of Income Tax) paid in Septem-
ber, absorb £640 0 0; It is now proposed to pay a
final dividend et the same rate, making 4 per cent.
for the year (free of Income Tax) £64000; To
write off Estates Account £250 0 0. Total £1,530 0 0.
Leaving a balance to carry forward £74 13 9.

The results for last year are disappointing, showing,
as they do, a considerable shrinkage from the profits of
previous sessons. The factors which have brought about
the shortage in question are twofold, viz., the de-
pressed state of tea market, especially during the
early part of the year, and the shortness of crop
owing to the unfavourable climatic conditions in
Ceylon.

‘Lhe total crops secured for the year from Chryst-
lers Harm and Glenorchy estate amounted to 241,481 lb.
against 262,5101b., the average yield over all being
413 lb. made tea per acre against 448lb., in the pre-
vious season, while the average price realized in
London was 73d., against 8d. per lb

During the later months of the vear your Directors
have been selling the Tea from Glenorchy estate
in the Colombo market, the average price realized
there being 45 cents per lb., which compares favour-
ably with the prices previously obtained in London.

The average rate of exchange was 1/4 11/64ths as eom-
pared with 1/4 19/64ths at which the previous ac-
counts were made up.

Mr, R Porter, now on his way from Ceylon, paid
visits recently to both estatesand reports that he
found them in excellent order.

In accordance with the Articles of Association, Mr.
George G Anderson vetires from the Boacd, and,
being eligible, offers himself for re-election.

Messrs, Cape & Dalgleish, O0.A., also offer them-
selves for re-election as Auditors.

By order of the Board, Lyann, ANprrRson & Co.,
Agents and Secretaries.
16, Philpot Lane, London, H.C., 22nd April, 1902

June 2, 1902.] THE TROPICAL

VALLEY TEA ASSOCIATION,
LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

To be presented to the shareholders at their six-
teenth ordinary general meeting to be held at the
Office of the Company, on Monday, 5th May, 1902,
at 2 p.m.

The Directors beg tosubmit to the shareholders

KELANI

the report and accounts of the Company, duly
audited, for the year ending 3ist December, 1901.
The 2rops from the Company’s four estates

amounted to 549,906 lb. against 662,248 Ib, in 190);
the average price realised was 6 206d against 5°794a,
and the averages rateof exchange 1s 42d as compared
with Is 4 27-64 in the previous year.

The shortfall in the crop compared with 1900 is
partly due to more careful plucking which was
adopted at the beginning of the year, but it is
also traceable, to a large extent, to the adverse
climatic conditions that prevailed during the latter
part of the year.

Although the prices obtained in the later months
were fairly satisfactory, the average price for 1901
is very little above that for 1900, a3 the rates
that ruled during the first six months were very low.

The net profit for the year amounts to £612 12s
6d, which, with £456 153 brought forward from 1900,
makes £1,069 75 5d now available. Out of this
sum the Directors propose to write 5 per cent off
on buildings and machinery, which will absorb £638 2s
11d, leaving £431 4s 6d to be carried forward to
next season’s account.

Debentures to the extent of £7,400 matured during
the year, and have been renewed for three or five
years at 5 per cent per annum.

Owing te continued absence from London, Mr lL
F Davies found it impossible to attend the Board
Meetings, and he therefore tendered his resigna-
tion, which was accepted with much regret.

In accordance with the Articles of Association,
the Board have elected Mr John Wallace Stocks,
who is duly qualified, to fill the vacancy thus
created.

In accordance with the Articles of Association,
Mr G W Paine retires from the Board, and, being
eligible, offers himself for re-cleotion.

Mr JB Laurie, C.A., also offers himself for re=
election as Auditor.

C. W. Patne, Chairman.
16, Philpot Lane, London, H.C., 21st April, 1902.

POONAGALLA VALLEY CEYLON CO., LTD,

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

To be pressnted to the shareholders at their sixth
annual ordinary meeting, to be held at the Office of
the Company, 16, Philpot Lane, London, H.C,, on
Tuesday, the 6th May, 1902, at 2 p.m.

The Directors beg to submit the report and
Accounts of the Company, duly andited, for the year
ending 3lst December, 1901.

The total crop of tea amounted to 396,593 lb. shew-
ing a decrease compared with that of last season of
84,293 lb. the result, to a certain extent, of finer pluck-
ing, but chiefly caused by the severe drought
experienced in June, July, and August, and to very
high cold winds during the latter months of the year.

This serious shortfall, coupled with the very poor
prices realized during the first six months of the past
year, is accountable for the unfortunate result of the
year’s working, the lossshewn having been incurred
during the half-year ending 30th June. The estates
are in good heart and condition, and, given seasonable
weather and a fair market, it is hoped that the year
now entered upon willend much more satisfactorily.

The Balance Sheet herewith shews that the loss on
the year’s working amounts to £1,233 19s 11d; and,
deducting therefrom £216 23 8d brought forward

AGRICULTURIST. 839

from last year. the debit of Profit end Loss Account

stands at £1,017 17s 3d.
‘he following figures are given for comparison :—
1901. 1900.
Total Tea Crop secured 396,593 lb 480,886 Ib
Total Coffee Crop secured 1474 bushels 231 bushels
Average Price realised for Tea—

Sold in London 7d per lb

Sold in Ceylon 86 cents SiMe
Total Rainfall 69°64 inches 1080'7 inches
Average rate of Exchange 1/48ths 1/4 13-32nds

On the 30th September, at 3 a.m.; during the pre-
valence of a very heavy south-westerly gate, the new
Withering House at Poonsgalla took fire, and, but
for the presence of mind and hard work on the part
of the Tea-maker, watchman, and coolies, before the
Manager could arrive, the main Factory building
would have been destroyed.

The building and contents were fully insured, and
the Company will suffer but little pecuniary lose,

The re-erection of the Withering House was im-
mediately taken in hand and is now almost complete.

During the year 25 acres in the Jungle strip at Lunu-
galla have been planted with cardamoms, which promise
well, and the Visiting Agent recommends a further
20 acres being so treated during the present season.

Your Directors have to announce that, in order to
provide further necessary capital, the Chairman has
had to advance £7,090 on second debenture bonds for
four years, bearing interest at 6 per cent per annum.

In accordance with the articles of Association, Mr
Robert Pcrter retires from the Board, and, being
eligible, offers himself for re-election.

Messrs. Cape and Dalgleish, C.A., also offer them-
selves for re-election as Auditors.—By Order of the
Board, Lyaut, ANDERSON & Co.,

F Agents and Secretaries.

16, Philpot Lane, London, H.C, 21st April, 1902.

*5 44d per lb

THE SUNNYGAMA (CEYLON) TEA
ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED.
THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be submitted to the shareholders at the general
meeting to be held on Wednesday, 30th April, 1902
at ll a.m. at No. 34, Great St. Helen’s, London EG..

The Directors herewith submit their Ninth Annual
Report, together with statement of accounts and
balance sheet for the year ending 3lst Dec., 1901

The profit and loss account (including £107 9s ‘Ga
carried forward from last year) shows a credit bal-
ance of £1,928 0s 9d, after paying interest on the deben-
tures to ist Jannary, 1902, which the Directors pro-
pose to apply as follows:—To pay a balance dividend
of 3 per cent on the preference shares for the year
ended 31st December, 1900, £450; to pays dividend
of 6 per cent on the preference shares for the whole
year 1901, £900; total £1,350 ; carrying forward the
balance, viz, £578 0s 2d, total £1,928 Os 9d.

The following figures show the result of the year’s
working :—

Sunnycrorr Hsrarn,—Crop--641,673 1b
an average net price of abont 5 9-16d realised
£14,871 4s 8d, interest on account £76 163 3d
total £14,948 Os 11d. Hxpenditure—Cost of cnltiva.
tion, shipping, etc., £11,301 15s 8d, profit £3,646 5s 3a

Pampacama Hsratr,—Crop—276,861 lb tea at an
average net price about 4 15-16d realised £5,713
93 8d, 9,6151b tea sold in Ceylon, realizing R1642
at Exchange of 1/4, £109 93 4d, total £5,822 19204
Expenditure—Cost of cultivation, shipping, ete.,
£6,195 16s 8d, interest on account, £8 9s 8d. total
£6,204 63 4d, loss £381 7s 4d, net profit £3,964
17s iid. : ‘a

The total crops amounted to 928,149 lb, agai
estimate of 1,080,000 lb given in the last Report, the
reduction being caused by the finer plucking then
referred to. This, together with the better market
has led to improved prices, the gross average price of

tea at

840 THE TROPICAL
Sunnycroft being about 63d perlb against 6dlast year,
and Pambagama about 5gd against 427d, The latter
estate costs more to work than the former, and
the tea is not quite so good, hus the quality is
improving, and it is hoped Pambagama will show a
better result inthe next annnal report,
Estimates for the current year provide for crops
and expenditure (Ceylon) as follows: =
F Crop. Expenditure, Cost per lb.

ib R. F.0.B.
Sunnycroft -. 780,000 1E0,834 23 cents.
Pambagama .. 333,000 83,800 ODmee
1,115,000 264,634 23°73 cents,

On the above basis the cost laid down in London at
the current rate of Exchange will be about 43d. per lb.

In addition provision has to be made to the extent of
Ri,500 on each estate, for planting shade rubber trees,
and, in the case of Pambagama, R500 for improving
the coolie lines, which may be regarded as capital
expenditure. sat Sf

The amount spent on buildings and machinery,
&e., has been £2,767 2s. 40., which has been met
without having recourse to an issue of debentures
referred to in the lastreport. 5

Both estates are now provided with adequate build-
ings and machinery, and are reported upon as in good
order and condition. No further extensions are contem-
plated at present, The totalarea is as follows :—

Planted, Reserve, Total.
Sunnycroft e- 1,145 668 1,813 acres
Pambagama .. 607 371 978 ,,

Mr J B Keith, one of your Directors, retires by
rotation, and does not seck re-election. Mr W R
Arbuthnot, jnr., will be proposed to take bis place on
the Board. :

Messrs, Durry, Thurgood & Co, the Auditors of the
Company, also retire, and again offer their services.

THE KANDAPOLLA TEA COMPANY,
LIMITED.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be submitted at the general meeting to be held on
Wednesday, the 30th April, 1902, at noon, at the
offices of the Company.

The Directors submit the statement of accounts to
81st December, 1901.

The Profit and Loss Account shows a profit on the
working of the estates of £2,644 14s 4d; interest, £14
10s 6d; doubtful coast advances recovered, £5 13804;
transfer fees £0 10s Od; brought forward from last
year, £586 13s 74. =£3,252 1s 5d.

The Directors have paid the interest on the deben-
tures, viz. £1,570; dividend on the preference
shares to the 30th June, 1900, £939; home
charges, aS per account, £147 1s 9d; leaving a
balance to be disposed of of £595 19s 8d.—£3,252 1s 5d.

The Directors propose to place to the depreciation
of machinery account, £250; carrying forward
the balance, £345 19s 8d, —£595 19s 8d.

The estimates for the year were based upon a yield
of 497,000 lbs. The crop resulted in a total of
411,682 lbs., a falling-off of 85,318 Ibs., and, &S com-
pared with the preceding year, the decrease is 72,697

B.

a vib the year some 150 acres have been manured,
chiefly with non-stimulating chemical manures, The
cost of this is included in the current expenditure.

The cost of production averages 37°10 cents per lb
of made tea. The amount realised by sale works out
at 46 25 cents gross, the profit being 9°15 cents per lb.,
as compared with 13 20 in 1900, and 14:20 in 1899:

The estimates for the current year are based upon
a normal yield, and on a system of medium to fine
plucking.

The labour supply and coast advances are in a
gound position on all the properties,

The buildings and machinery are generally in good
order and repair, but as the engine on Kandapolla,

AGRICULTURIST. [June 2, 190%:

which has now been running for many years without
a stop, is showing signs of wearing out, your Directors
have approved the erection of two oil engines of g-h.p.
each, which are now in working order. A consider—
able saving in the cost of fue! will prokably result
from this, firewood being a very expensive item at
the present time. Should the yield on Devonford
increase during the year, as anticipated, it will be
necessary to erect 4 new roller,

£259 has been set aside this year towards the pro-
vision of this new machinery,

The yield for the year was lower than wus ex-
pected, especially during the months of November and
December, owing to unfavourable weather, whilst the
market price for fine and medium tess, such as are
produced upon the Company’s properties, was lower
then in any previous year,

The following is the total acreage of tea, &ec., and
crop secured for 1901 :—

Forest, Waste,

Estates. Tea Acreage. &c. Tea Crop
Acres. Acres, lb,

Kandapolla (Group) 369 17 —-:159,20

Frotoft (Group) Ais 177,191,201

Erroll ut OTS 24 68,974

Devonford wa 245 42 62,294

1,307 260 411,682

Mr J H Alexander, the Divector, who retires by
rotation, does not offer himself for re-election in con-
sequence of frequent absences from London.

The appointment of Auditors rests with the share-
holders.

THE DIMBULA VALLEY (CEYLON)

TEA CO,. LIMITED,
DIRECTORS’ REPORT

To be submitted to the Shareholders at the sixth
annual ordinary General Meeting, to be held at
the Cannon Street Hotel, on Thursday, 24th April,
1902, at 12 o’clock noon.

The Directors beg to submit the General Balance
Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for the twelve
months ending 31st December last. 2

After bringing forward £1,973 103s 6d from last
account, and providing for general expenses, London
Office expenses, Superintendents’ commissions, and
£500 for depreciation, the nett amount at credit of
Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 3lst
December last is £15,474 83 84d.

Dividends aggregating 6 per cent., less
Income Tax, have been paid for the 12
months ending 3lst March on the Pre-
ference Shares, amounting to -.& 3,440 26

An Interim dividend of 4 per cent.,
less Income Tax, on the Ordinary Shares
has been paid, and amounted to -- 4,586 12 0

It is proposed to pay a final dividend of
4 per cent. on the Ordinary Shares,
making 8 per cent. for the year, and
which will amount to -- 4,586 120

It is proposed to carry to Reserve
Fund a sum of

d a re -. 2,008 00

(Making the total at Reserve £5,000).
Leaving to he carried forward 30 860 17 8
£15,474 38

The crop amounted to 1,193,357 Ib. to 31st Decem
ber, against, for the previous twelve months
1,091,963 Ib,

The Directors recommend a final dividend of 4
per cent. on the Ordinary Shares, making 8 per
cent. for the year.

The cost of cultivation and placing the crop on
board ship was 26°18 cents, against 26-97 cents the
previous nine months.

JUNE 2, 1992,]

The totel crop, including 46 cwt. coffee, realised
£36,262 193 11d nett, equivalent to a gross average
for the tea, of Slld per Ib., against 8°98d last
year and 9:40d for the previous season.

Mr Keith F Arbuthnot has been re-appointed to
the Board of Directors.

Mr W Forbes Laurie retires by rotation, but
being eligible, cffers himself for re-election.

Messrs, Singleton, Fabian & Co, the Auditors to
the Company, retire, and, being eligible, offer them-
selves for re-election.

JAMES Srncuair, Managing Director ; RowE, WHITE
& Co., Secretaries.

April 14th, 1902.

THE ALLIANCE TEA COMPANY OF
CEYLON, LTD,

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be submitted at the annual ordinary general
meeting of shareholders, to be held at the Com-
pany’s Office, 9, Fenchuroh Avenue, London, K.C.,
on Friday, 9th May, 1902, at 11°30 a.m.

The Directors have pleasure in submitting the
balance sheet aud profit and loss account for the
year ending 31st December, 1901.

The Nett Profit, after payment of

Debenture and other Interest for

the year, amounts to -. £4,868 16 10

To which has to be added the
Balance brought forward from 1900 1,272 10 1
£6,141 6 11

An Interim Dividend of 3 per cent was paid
on the 26th September, 1901, absorbing £1,957 168 ;
and the Directors now propose to deal with the
balance as follows :—(1) In writing off from cost
of properties as depreciation of machinery, &c.
£1,000 ; (2) In payment of a final dividend (free of
Income Tax) of 3 per cent (makivg 6 per cent for
the year) £1,957 163; (3) In carrying forward to
next year the balance of £1,225 143 11d. Total
£6,141 63 1)hd.

The following table gives the acreages and results
for the year: -

Foie ro) ie
Sie 3 8. ee 3
Se oe ae g
=“ o Z 3 ° ag Ay
Estate. £2 Bear he Ss Od
o's g a iseaifehn unreal 2
lee} ie) oo a —
Six Siac S aot) a
mS, 3 oo af +2 FI
° C) ot Ola o
< H FO wi e
Aberdeen 361 101,537 281 29°85 4°79 12 2 0
Calsay 365 172,604 473 30°30 6°79 1,355 7 3
Dunkeld 517 184,883 358 31°14 5:92 685 14 2
Luccombe 542 173,751 321 29°80 5°42 470 0 3
Thornfield and
Gleneagles 457 257,604 564 2647 725 3,185 8 3
Uda Ra-
della 413 196,482 476 28:88 820 2,863 12 2

—- —————

eer eee ees

2,655 1,086,861 409 29°16 6-60 £8,592 4 1

The results from Thornfield, Gleneagles and Uda
Radella are very satisfactory, but the Working
Profits of Aberdeen and Dunkeld estates show a
considerable decline owing to the reduced tea crops,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

The total acreage of the estates on Ist January,
1902, was as follows :—
Acresge under Tea,

bo 6 GD i) a ©
mc rs She a8 © oD
Bets Shieh tiaie dara ao GPA Sy s
states. a3 BS os a 3 ag 35

i) °

Rel ERE Se ae
Aberdeen 3417 14 _ 361 119 480
Calsay 352 3 10 375 12 387
Dunkeld 517 — — 517 79 596
Luccombe 542 — _— 542 208 750

Thornfield and

Gleneagles 457 — 7 464 48 512
Uda Radella 405 8 62 475 80 555
Kehelgama - — — — 322 322
2,620 35 79 2,734 868 3.602

Iu accordance with the Articles of the Associa-
tion, Mr. R. S. Corbett retires from the Board
at this meeting, and, being eligible, offers himself
for re-election.

Messrs, W B Peat & Co. also offer themselves
for re-appointment as Auditors to the Company.—
By order of the Board,

W. H. Barrier, Secretary
London, 28th April, 1902.

THE RAGALLA TEA ESTATES LTD.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR3
to be submitted to the shareholders at the seventh
annual ordinary general meeting, to be held at 30,
Mincing Lane, E.C., on Monday, 5th May, 1903,
at 12 o’clock noon.

The directors beg to submit their report and also
statement of accounts duly audited, for the period of
twelve months ending 3lst December last—

Showing a net profit for that period,
after writing off £200 for deprecia-

tion of Ob -. £3,828 19 4
Add the balance of last account * 152 8 4
£3,981 7 8
Out of which the following dividends
have been paid :—
1901, Ist July—Preference
Shares -. £1,050 0 0
1902, Ist Jan. do. 1,050 0 0
——— 2,100 0 0
1,881 7 8
From which the Directors recommend
a dividend of 43 per cent on the
ordinary shares, free of income tax .. 1,755 O O
Leaving a balance to carry forward of.. £126 7 8

The tea crop for the season amounted to 648,442 Ib.,
against the estimate of 750,000 Ib., and the shortage
of 102,000 1b. was owing to the unfavourable weather
that prevailed during the greater part of the year,
and also to the finer plucking adopted on the estates,
The net average price of the tea was 6°97d. per lb,

The crop for the present season is estimated at
745,000 Ib., which should be fully realised.

The Directors are pleased to say that progress ig
being made with the Railway to the Udapuesellawa
district. The Government have acquired from the
Company the necessary lands for the terminal station
and it is expected the line will be open for traffic
some time next year,

The following are the acreages of the Oompany’s
estates ;—

Name. Tea, Coffee. Timber Patna, Total,
Ragall d a
galla an
peels orat oe GET orc-— 05, 177... BOR as 1890
Kalburne eo 730 10... 177... 64 .. 981
1641 10 354 866 2371

soe

849

Uidor Clut3e 97 of tha Articles of Associvtion Mr.
C EH Strvchwa rasives from the Bowed, and be'n:z eligi-
ble offers himself for re-clestion.

The appointment of Auditors rests with tha Share-
holders, and Measrs. Fuller, Wise and Fisher offer
themselves for re-elestion.

C. EH. Stracsan, M. P. Evans, Directors.
M. P. Evans & Co, Secretaries.
London, April 23th 1902.

SCOTTISH CEYLON TEA CO, LTD.
REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

To be presented to the Shareholders at their
thirteenth annual ordinary meeting, to be held at
the Office of the Company, 16 Philpot Lane, London,
E.C., on Monday, 12th May, 1902, at 12 o’clock noon,
The Directors have pleasure in snbmittinge to the
Shareholders the Accounts and Balance Sheet for
the year ending 3lst December, 1901, with Auditor’s
Gertificate attached. The net. profits for the year amount
to £4,154 53 11d,to which has to be added £413 138s
6d brought forward: from last Accounts, giving a
total to. be dealt with of £4,567 19s 4d, and this it is
proposed to apportion as follows :—Amount as above
£4,567 19s 4d; To interim Dividend on the Ordinary
Shares of 33 per cent (free of Income Tax) paid in Sep-
tember, 1901 £1,435; To Dividends on the 7 per cent,
Preference Shares paid September, 1901, and March,
1902 £630; To Final Dividend on the Ordinary Shares
of 4% per cent (free of Income Tax), making 8 per
cent for the year £1,845; To write off the Capital
Expenditure incurred during 1901 £429 9s 3d; To
carry forward to next. Accounts £228 103 1d.—
Total, £4,567 193 4d.

The'resulis for the season are disappointing, the
shortage as compared with previous accounts being
due principally to continued unsatisfactory markets.

The adoption of a system of finer plucking on the
Company’s estates has also occasioned a considerable
skrinkage in the crop of tea secured, which amounted
to 795,098 lb, against 899,806 lb in 1900.

In_addition to the above, 63,583 lb of tea were manu-
factured for others, thus giving a total output from
the Company’s factories of $58,681 1b for the season.

The average yield per acre was 466 lb, against
523 ib. The rate of exchange was Is 48d, against
1s 427-64d, and the prices realised in London and
Colombo respectively for the Company’s tea averaged
7-084 and 304 cents, against 694d and 394 cents for
the previous year,

The cinchona bark harvested during
amounted to 45,108 Jb.

The Company’s 2creage remains unaltered at a
total of 1,963 acres, of which 1,720 acres are uuder tea
cultivation.

The periodical reports from Mr Kerr, the Ceylon
Manager, continue to be of ao satisfactory nature,
and the Directors take this opportunity of acknow-
ledging the services of the Company’s staff, both in
Ceylon and London.

In accordance with the Articles of Association, Mr
R W Forbes retires from the Board, and, being
eligible, offers himself -for re-election,

Mr James B Laurie, O.A., also offers himself for
re-election a3 Auditor.—H L Forsns, Chairman.

London, 30th April, 1902.

the year

RET ey NS

THE IMPERIAL CEYLON TEA ESTATES,
LIMITED.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS

to be submitted at the annual ordinary general
meeting of shareholders to be held at the Company’s
Offices, 9, Fenchurch Avenue, London, HE. C., on
Friday, the 9th May, 1902, at 3 p.m.

The Directors now beg to submit the balance
sheet and profit and loss account for the year end-
ing 31st December, 1901,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jung 2, 1909.

The Nett Profit, after payment of
Debenture and other Interest for
the year, amounts to -

To which has to be added the
balance brought forward from 1900

£4,062 11 11
23417 4

£4,297 9 3

This the Directors propose to deal with as fol-
lows :—(1) In writing off from cost of properties,
as depreciation of Machinery, &c, £500; (2) In
payment of a dividend of 3 per cent (free of In-
come Tax) on the paid-up share capital of the
Company £2,700; (3) In carrying forward to next
year the balance of £1,097 9s 3d. Total £4,297 9s 3d.

The following table gives the acreage, and results
for the year :—

ro s ro
B i a ng
ese
a o Q ° a 4a, °
g a me gs S 2 of A
Estate, “2 a FATS ieee
Ps iS) ° i =
Su a m od
Aa a Pree Si = B
cy HE. ot ig, Koes E
Binova 526 192,985 366 28:22 575 1,059 11 9
Edinburgh 362 211.257 584 27°85 7°60 3,489 13 11
Friedland 161 650,240 312 34:92 756 399 14 10
Motting-
ham 221 101,700 460 28:97 552 352.0 7
St.Vigeans185 66,314 358 33°84 662 315 16 8
o Bren 621,796 427 29°36 6°58 5,616 17 9
on- 75 19,985
Seely Bt. leaf a — = loss332 6 3

1,630 647,742 427 29°36 658 £5,284 11 6
The result of the season’s operations compares
favourably with the previous year, and is largely
due to the greatly increased profit from Hdinbargh
estate. Binoya has also done well, whilst the
deficiency arising from the working of Nonpareil is
much less,
The total acreage of the estates as on Ist January,
1902, was as follows :—

Acreage under Tea.

hes eee : oti
Estate, Reh ie $a ppian® BoMestioh Sri
SS ae res oo oa eae neh)
° Sie Mas Oe 4 3 50 o8
Bae ioe i my atop fe SO) Bei eis

H i= A 1S) (a=)
Binoya 441 85 — 526 — 403 929
Edinburgh 362 — 48 410 — 40 450
Friedland 161 — — Iiel — 2 163

Motting-

ham 212 9 — 221 — 37 258

St. Vigeans 185 — RES.
Nonpareil 50 125 134 309 44 196 549

1,411 219 182 1,812 44 678 2,534

In accordance with the Articles of Association
Mr. W Megginson retires from the Board at this
meeting, and, being eligible, offers himself for re-
election.

Messrz. WB Peat & Co., also offer themselves
for re-appointment as Auditors to the Compnny.—
By order of the Board,

W. H. Barrier, Secretary.

London, 29th April, 1902,

RANGALLA TEA CO. OF CEYLON.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS
for the year ending 31st December, 1901. to be sub-
mitted at the annual general meeting of Share-

JuNE 2, 1902] THE TROPICAL

holders, to be held at the Offices of the C»mpany, on
Thursday, 8th May, 1902, at 12 o'clock noon.
The Directors beg to submit the Balance Sheet and
Profit and Loss Account for the year 1901.
The net profit for the year
amounts to
To which has to be added the
balance brought forward
from 1900 as

£1,668 15 9

412 12 7

£2,081 8 4
An Interim Dividend of 2 per cent was paid on 19th
Sepember, 1901, absorbing £440: And the Directors
now propose to deal with the balance as follows :—
1. In writing off from cost of Properties, as Depre-
ciation of Machinery, &c. £1,000, 2. In payment of
Final Dividend (free of Income Tax) of 2 per cent
(making 4 per cent for the year) £440; 3. In carrying
forward the balance ot £201 8 4. Total £2,081 8 4.
per lb. of 6:49 pence, as against the cost of 5d., or 28°53
cents per lb, f.0.b. Colombo. Exchange for the Com-
pany’s drafts during the year hasaveraged 1s. 4 17-32 d,
as against the exchange for 1906 of 1s, 4 39-64 d.
The following table gives the acreage of the estates
for the last five years :—

1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901.
Tea in full bear-
ing 56 5914 2. BOLE ... 5913 ... 673 ... 673
Tea in partial bear-
ing oe 663) 150 90 250) 80) 24022.) 48
Tea not in bear-
rye = 885 - 614... 344 .. 344 .. 21 1. —
Cardamoms sc DOE cece ( OOL2 bees) 5G) 410465 sq 36
», not in bear-
ing c00 vas oie, LO) yeia 24 oh0i9 BG) ieeor, OO
Grass and Fuel
Timber.. aan aca Mao Wy hee ee Plo)
Forest and Waste
Land 200444 .. 434 . 430 ...416 .. 441
1,241 1,241 1,241 1,241 1241

The following is a Statement of the Tea and Carda-
mom Crops, with the yield of Tea per Acre for the
same period :—

Carda- Yield of Tea

Tea moms, per Acre,
Tbs. Ibs. Ibs.
1897 eee 912,555 8,291 360
~ 1898 see 206,620 4,026 849
1899 se 211,361 4,211 357
1900 So 218,572 1,828 3825
1901 tes 230,002 3,119 342

The Estimates for the current year are, with pur-
chased leaf, 265,000 Ibs., and 3,000 lbs. Cardamoms,
which, with 30,000 lbs. Tea to be mannfactured for a
neighbouring estate, will give tne Factory about
300,000 Ibs. Tea to deal with during 1902.

Mr Young has just returned from Oeylon, and
reports favourably on the Company’s properties, The
plants are looking healthy and in good heart, whilst
the Factory is ample for all requirements, and well
equipped with machinery. Another roller may be
necessary towards the end of the year if the output
of Tea comes up to expectations.

Mr. William Keswick, M.P., retires from the Board,
in accordance with the Articles of Association, and,
being eligible, offers himself for re-election.

The Auditors, Messrs W B Peat & Co., also offer
themselves for re-appointment. By order of the Board,
London, April 30th. W. H. Barrcert, Secretary.

SPRING VALLEY COFFEE COMPANY,
LIMITED.

Directors.—Messrs Alfred Brown, (Managing

Director) Leon Famin, PC Oswald, J G Wardrop.

Secretary.—-J Alec Roberts, Olfices.—5, Dowgate
Hill, London, E.C.

AGRICULTURIST. 843

Report.—To be presented to the Thirty-eight
Ordinary General Meeting of the Company, to be hel”
at No. 5, Dowgate Hill, London, on Thursday, the 15th
day of May, 1902, at 12-30 o'clock p.m.

The following Annual Accounts are now presented
to the Shareholders, viz.:--Balance Sheet made up
to 2ist December, 1901 Profit and Loss Account for
the year ended 3lst December, 1901,

The crop of Tea for the past season amounted to
612,026 lb, and this, together with 5,816 lb brought
from neighbouring estates and manufactured at Spring
Valley, sold for £18,625 18s 3d,

The crop from the few remaining Coffee trees
amounted to 47 cwh2 av 3 ib, and realised £184 63
Od, being ab the rate of 77s 7d per cwt, against
68s 2d obtained for the i9U0 crop. Coffee sold in
Ceylon to the value of £37 12s 0d.

The total proceeds trom the sales of produce
amounted to £18,747 16s 3d, and expenditure in
Ceylon and London to £16,915 $3 4d, leaving a profit
on the year’s working of £1832 6s 11d. To this
profit has to be added a sum of £627 183 2d, brought
forward from last Account,- and after debiting £90
ls 63 for Income Tax and £900 for Dividend on the
Preference Share Capital for the 12 months euded
31st December, 1901, there remains a balance of
£1,470 33 7d to be now dealt with.

The Directors recommended the payment of a
Dividend of 14 per cent on the Ordinary Capital,
which will absorb £1,2):0 of the above sum, and that
the balance of £270 38s 7d be carried forward to
next year.

The weather during the past year was not favour-
able to flush. and the crop only reached a yield of
408 lb of made tea per acre against 482 lb pre-
viously. The coast of production was consequently
higher, being 29 cents f.o.b. Colombo, which compares
witb 26°28 cents for the year 1900.

The unfavourable season and also finer plucking
on many Hstates resulted, however, in shorter crops
both from Ceylon and India anda better price was
secured for our produce, the average being 7°19 pence
against 6°81 pence for the preceding year.
~ Cultivation and manufacturing appliances on the
property have been well maintained and crop is at
present coming in freely.

The future depends upon market conditions, and
these should improve, ag while consumption continues
to increase both athome and abroad, further planting
of fea on a large scale has ceased.

The area of the estate as on 31st December, 1901,
was as follows :—

THA.

5 years old and over 1,521 acres
Planted Nov./Dec. e. 1897 194 do
Do -. 1898 196 do
Do 1901 10 do
Total under Tea ‘ 1,921 do
Total under Fuel ... 163 do
Forest, &c. aie 257 do
Oolanakande Estate 365 do

Total Area eye 2,706 acres
Mr J G Wardrop, a member of the Board, retires
on this occasion, and, being eligible, offers himself
for re-election. Messre Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths &
Co., the Auditors, also offer themselves for re-election.

By Order, J. Antec Roserts, Secretary.
London, 5th May 1902.

PACIFIC PHOSPHATE COMPANY,

Pacific Phosphate Company, Ltd. (73,481). —
Registered April 18th, with capital £250,000 in
£1 shares (125,600 preference) to adopt an agree-
ment with the Pacitic Islands Compsny, Ltd, to
prospect, search, examine and explore any terri-
tories for phosphate, guano, carbonate of lime,
phosphate of lime, nitrate, alumina, oxide of iron
and similar substances or products and other

844

fertilising deposits and subst»nces and to carry
on the business of miners, refiners, distillers,
manufacturers, exporters and importers of and
dealers in such substances as aforesaid and any
chemical or other preparation, whether liquid or
solid. The subscribers are :—

Shares.

E T Chureh, 2, Kepler Road, Clapham,

S W, elk ie sis sewteall
J A Fuiler, 50, Chatterton Road, N, clk... 1
ES Harper, 76, Oliphant St, Queen’s Park

W, elk a), Gi ee
H W Brown, 63, Mackenzie Road, Becken-

ham, clk 50 BE igeeyoall
A S Cohen, 18, Compayne Gardens, S

Hampstead, solr .. sis Nee amet |
W W PC Gaskell, 91, NightingaleLa, SW,

stu lent 60 B00 saeehs ot
G Troughton, 54, Marville Road, Fulham,

SW, ok is sith Sehgal

Minimum cash subscription 25 per cent of any
shares first offered to the public. The first dir-
ectors (to be not less than 3 nor more than 10) are
to be appointed by the subscribers; qualification
£250; remuneration as fixed by the company.
Rézistered by Ashurst and (Co, 17, Throgmorton
Avenue, E C.—Investors’ Guardian, April 26.

ee
PLANTING NOTES.

TBA-PACKET WORK IN AUSTRALIA—We
learn from Mr. Edward Drummond, of one
well-known Melbourne tea firm, Drummed
Brothers, can be done in Australia about as
chéaply as in @eylon. It is not because
the labour per hour is as cheap, but beczuse the
white labour works so much faster and more
continuously than black.

British CENTRAL AFRICA.—In our daily and
TA.will be found our latest notes from British
Central Africa, which have taken two months
to reach us.. Though the country has not
been progressing but rather the reverse, the
last year or two, the advent of the railway
brings a brighter prospect and it is hoped to
develop the neighbouring markets to the
south, for B.C.A. products—coffee, rubber and
ivory.

Tae NuwaRA EuiiyA Tea Estates Com-
PANY’sS REPORT—is an interesting document.
Beside 6 per cent being paid, nearly £1,800 is
carried forward, and the Directors and
Superintendents are to be congratulated, Of
the estates Hethersett has the biggest planted
acreage (370); while Pedro (488) has the
largest total, and total crop, 261,223 Ib. Park
(560 lb.) gave the top yield per acre ; Naseby,
913d the top nett price per lb.; and Park,
£7 16 7d gave most profit per acre.

PEARLS AND PEARL OysreRs.—We draw
attention to the interesting contribution
given under this heading from the pen of
Dr. Andrew Wilson on another page. The
theory started by Dr. Jameson may turn
out to be of considerable practical impor-
tance in connection with Dr. Herdman’s
investigation, and we have no doubt the
discovery will come under the attention of
the latter distinguished scientist while he is

in England,

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

(Jone 2, 1902,

BALATA.—In the annual report of British Guiana
itis shown that the production of halata has risen
from 237,824 |b of a value of £12.231, in 1899 to
1909, to a total of 425,371 Ib of a value of
£19,585, in 1900 to 1901, A large tract of virgiu
bullet tree forest were diseevered and the industry
isin avery healthy condition at present.—India
Rubber Journal, April 28.

THE TEA Crop FROM THE FAR EAstT.—Mr.
Tchokoff, in the address we reproduce else-
where from our contemporary, indicates that
that the tea crop at Hankow will not be
any bigger this year—unless the reduction
of the export duty is going to have any
effect, Further we publish news today of
recent injury as to the Japan tea crop.
If all this proves true, it should go to
assist Ceylon and India with what is more
than likely to be a bigger output in 1902
than in 1901.

THE REDUCTION IN CHINA’s TEA DuTy—by
4d per Ilb.—is the result of the Commissioners’
memorial to the ‘Throne, regarding which
The Times’ Shanghai correspondent wired on
April 19th, a message we quoted two days ago.
The export duty at present is, we believe,
24 taels per picul—or 7s 3d per 1334 lb— which
works out at rather less than #d per pound.
The reduction therefore leaves the tax barely
#d per pound. This should assist the China
tea exports—which sank by 72.204 and
13,373 piculs, in black and green respectively,
in 1900 from the exports of 1899.

RATE OF GROWTH OF SAL (AND OTHERS.)—The
THINNED AND UNTHINNED AREA TREES
figures which Mr Dickinson was kind enough to
communicate in the December number are, [
think, likely, in their bare nakedness, to lead
many people astray, and for that reasonI should
have been glad if Mr Dickinson had explained
just what value he himself puts upon them. The
correctness of the measurements is not in dispute,
but their application. Personally, I rejoice that
various considerations ‘‘make it impossible’ to
thin such forests at an early age.” Nobody
doubts the greater rapidity with which girth is
acquired by isolated or semi-isolatea trees as
compared with stems grown in close canopy. The
volume per tree is also no doubt greater for a
smaller number of trees. I am also aware that
the total soil production has been alleged to
increase by meansof thinnings. But here I begin
to bogele, and I refuse decidedly to take the
jump that leads to open crops from their youth
up. Open crops mean grasson the ground. Grass
in sal forest is proof positive of a lot of sun-
light wasted. How can the soil production then
be said to increase? In any case, youth isthe
period forthe upward struggle. Z'all and upright
should be our watchwords. When we have got the
maximum possible of length and straightness it
will be time to go in for girth, but not before.
Not kuowing the plots, I cannot discuss the
figures; but, in any case, I am not prepared to
accept the rates of growth «deduced as in the
least representative ot the difference between an
anthinned crop and one thinned with due ecantion.
The very constitution of a selection forest is
opposed to correct results, such a forest be in
more or less in a chronie thinned condition,
One-aged crops are the only ones capable of
giving true results in regaard to effects of thinning

F, GLADOWE.

June 2, 1902.]

CARRITT & CO’S INDIAN TEA
MARKET REVIEW.
SEASON 1901-1902.

Caicutta, April 1902.

The season has closed with an actual crop of
1754 millions, of which 153 millions have been
exported to the United Kingdom; the corres-
ponding figures for last year were 1874 and 161
millions respectively.

The shortage in outturn, as eompared with last
year, has amounted to about 12 millio s; Assam
made 2? millions, Cachar 44 millions, and Sylhet
41 less; other minor districts also contributed
to the shortage. The Dooars’ crop weighed out
about 4 million more than last year; this is
accounted for by the recent extensions coming into
full bearing; on last year’s area of mature tea
this district would have been appreciably behind
in oulturn. The yieldfrom Darjeeling was practi-
cally the same as last year.

The quality of the crop, as a whole, has been
good and above the average. Assam sent ex-
cellent teas forward up to September when qua-
lity fell away, and the concluding week’s
manufacture was disappointing, there being a very
noticeable dearth of true autumn-flavoured tea.
Cachar and Sylhet have supplied clean useful
types, and the teas have shown a marked im-
provement, both in respect of appearance and
liquor. The Darjeeling crop has been fully
average, the proportion of really fine tea has,
perhaps, been smaller than usual, but on the other
hand there has been less of the thin pointless
types. Dooars and. Terai, especially the former
district, have sent forward particularly good
crops; they have been the best seen for a number
of years.

A few Nilgiri teas have found their way to
this market, and we believe sellers have been
well satisfied with the result of their venture.
There is always a demand here for these types,
particularly the higher quality kinds, and there
is room for freer supplies. An invoice from
“ Daverashola ” was very well received tuwards
the close of the season.

The market features of the past year have
been the higher range of prices at which low
grades have been selling, and the proportionately
low level of value of all teas above this category,
but more especially the higher grades; the one
movement is collateral with the other, ani is attri-
butable to a smaller supply of common tea.

The past year will be remembered as one of
unusual importance in the history of the indus-
try; twelve months ago the effects of an over-
abuadant supply of indifferent tea were being
keenly felt and prospects for the approaching
season were anything but bright. The position
at the moment is very different, nevertheless the
crisis through which the industry has been pass-
ing cannot be regarded as over, The improved
conditions and outlook are solely attributable to
the production of a smaller and better quality
crop brought about by a more careful system of
plucking and considerably assisted by climatic
influences.

Growers are to be congratulated upon their
determination and selt-restrains shown in the
matter of curtailing supplies aud improvins
quality. During the early moaths of the season
there was much to dishearten them; it was an
exceptionally late opening, and outturns fell
appallingly behind the average fora number of

107

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

845

years. In addition to this the markets took
some time to respond and no compensating advance
in prices was immediately seen.

It was not until the season had well advanced
that tea hardened in value, but with a consistent
shortage in supplies this movement became
accentuated and the average level of value of
Indian tea is now about $d. better than at this
time last year,

It cannot, however, be said that the working
of the past season shows uniformly better results
to producers than last year. Thecourse of the
markets has not treated indivicual interests
alike; generally speaking, advantages have been
counteracted by drawbacks and no real benefit
has yet been gained. Low grade teas have ad-
vanced in value, but gardens producing them lost
most heavily in outturn; the value of medium
grades upward has not risen to any appreciable
extent, but though short crops have been made
they have not weighed so heavily in the balance.
The advance in value has been chiefly confined
to the lower grades, aud Assam gardens particn-
larly may be disappointed with the comparatively
small recovery in prices so far shown.

The tendency, however, isin the right direction,
There is very clear evidence of prosperous times
ahead and not so far distant. The action of
growers during the past season kas undoubtedly
averted a crisisin the industry ; they now find
themselves in a stronger position at the close of
a single season, with a brighter outlook for the
future before th-m, so long as they persevere in
their determination to curtail outturn and im-
prove quality. It is interesting and instructive
to go into figures and get some idea of what. the
conditions might have been, had the industry
failed to recognise its serious position before a
start was made on the past year’s crop. Owing
to the absence of outturn and export figures of
the crop from Sonthern India, it is difficult
to compile an absolutely accurate estimate, but
a very fair idea can nevertheless be formed from
details at hand. Itis probable that, had similar
conditions of weather and manufacture existed in
1901-1902 as in 1900-1901, the quantity to be
accounted for through Caleutta would have
totalled 1924 millions, of which about 1663 millions
would have been shipped to the United Kingdom,
This heavy crop would have had much the same
effect on pricesas in 1900. By reason of unfavour-
able weather, however, and more careful plucking,
the actual erop and shipments to the United
Kingdom have been reduced to the much more
moderate limits of 1754 millions and 153 millions
respectively.

From now onwards the industry should rea-
lise the vital importance of keeping the crop
within reasonable bounds, and _ particularly

during the ensuing two to three years, as the
period is now being passed when large extensions,
inadea few years ago, come into full bearing.
Weather was abnormal last year, and played a
very important partin levelling down supplies,
and it cannot be expected to have the saine
influence for some time, The position must there-
fore be met by strict adherenee to careful pluck-
ing. The producer has recovered considerable
strength during the past twelve months and he
will continue to doso, provided the markets are
fed judiciously ; breathing time will be given to
enable demand tocome abreast of supply and it
will not be long before “Tea” will offer as sound
an investment as can he found, The past twe

846

years have furnished excellent examples of opposite
workings. Season 1900-1901 with its heavy crop
of indifferent quality gave a result little short of a
crisis, the market became clogged and prices
tumbled away below bedrock level ; the evils
continued their effects into season 1901-1902, but
were counteracted by smaller supplies and
improved quality, and before many weeks had
passed there were signs of recovery which have
since developed into a quotable advance in the
average price of all tea. The coming season can
be viewed with confidence so long as the outturn
continues on a moderate scale. Although weather
is not likely to tend to check supplies, 1ts place
will be taken by scarcity of labour which is now
oceupying the serious attention of producers. The
fiow of labour from the recruiting districts has
been seriously checked, chiefly by recent Govern-
ment restrictions ; and the difficulty in obtaining
coolies is, perhaps, greater than had ever before
been experienced : it is doubtful if gardens have
secured half their additional requirements for their
Jabour force, and this will undoubtedly have its
effect on outturn. Circumstances are all in Lavour
of a moderate output; the pasb year’s experience
has infused a determination amongst growers to
continue on last season’s lines, and the labour
difficulty, and abandonment of non-remunerative
areas, which is considerable, will have a material
effect in curtailing the supply.

The conclusions which may reasonably be drawn
are that the approaching year’s crop will again
be a moderate one, and no large increase on last
year's export is likely to take place, while a
very much greater off-take by new outlets may
be anticipated if the local market is more liberally
supplied.

In our

lows °
Uae regards the outlook and prospects for the
future it may be said that the position Is almost
entirely dependent upon the attitude of growers
during the coming season. The. remedies for
dealing with the present depression are in their
hands, and they have only to make it evident
that they are determined to curtail outturn, im-
prove the standard of quality and devote more
attention to the demands for new outlets to
bring about more prosperous times,

It has been seen that endeavours to reduce
supply and improve quality have been, with the
assistance of weather, successful; but no head-
way, however, has been made towards fostering
the demands for outside markets. Only 463
millions have been sold in Caleutta during the
past year, which shows a falling-off of 3% millions
in the supply to this market; a short crop in
gome measure accounts for this, but not entirely
and, ib is once more apparent that the importance
of studying the requirements of new outlets is
not yet realised, For some years past we have
urged the necessity of a free supply to Caleutta,
and at the conclusion of each season have shown
the strength of outside demands, their relation
to the supply and the disappointment that must
eveutually follow a continued disregard of them.
The season just closed indicates that Indian tea
has lost ground in the markets of the world outside
the United Kingdom; from year to year they
have increased their trade, until in 190-1901
they sbsorbed hall the offerings in Calcutta, and
there ig no doubt that further expansion would
follow an inereasing supply; on the of her hand,
a retrograde movement must oceur if the course
of supply becomes underfed,

last annual review we remarked as

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[JUNE 2, 1902.

This is what has really happened during the last
twelve months, Calcutta sales have shown a fall-
ing-off of 3% millions, and outside trade shows 44
millions decrease. There are now no obstacles in
the way of extending our connection with foreign
markets; shipping facilities to all partsof the
world have marveilously improved of late and the
only explanation lies in the reduction of supply on
the Caleutta market. The various demands for
tea, however, exists and are increasing rapidly, but
Ceylon is reaping all the benefit ; she is not only
getting the increase but is also cutting very
seriously into our trade byreason of the better
handling of her crop.

In contrasting the two markets last year we re-
marked :—‘‘ As Ceylon increases her business with
new markets, so in like proportion is the supply
and selection in that market increased by pro-
ducers, Why should India continue to do the
exact opposite %”

The following is an interesting comparison of the
two markets :

CEYLON.
Offered in Shipped to
Total Crop. Colombo. outside markets,
millions. millions, millions,
1901 1463 51 40
1900 1485 48 342
1899 130 38% 255
1898 1192 36 232
1897 116 333 17
1896 108 32 142
INDIA,
Offered in Shipped to
Total Crop. Calcutta. outside markets.
millions, millions, millions.
1901 1754 46} 203
1900 178 50 25
1899 174 50 22
1898 154 49 17
1897 1483 46 13
1896 135 47. 13

SDN se Wipe ey es
In the six years it will be seen that Ceylon’s
outside trade shows an increase of 252 millions, and
her offerings to meet it have increased 19 millions
without a pause from year to year.

During the same period India’s outside trade has
increased 72 millions; her offerings, however, have
been irregular, and for three consecutive years were
stationary while last year they were actually 14
millions less than five seasons ago when the total
crop was 40 millions lighter. The whole of the
increase in the crop from India from year to year
has been forced on the London market, and no
portion of it has been seen in Calcutta. Ceylon
shows a very different record in 1899 and in 1900 her
crop increased 184 millions, but only 10 millions
of it went to London, the remaining 8} millions
being offered in Colombo. In 1901 her crop was less
than the previous year, yet she recognised the ad-
vantages in obtaining ou the local market and gave
it 3 millions more.

Comparing the two centres again, Colombo
placed 444 percent of its supply in new markets
in 1896, and nearly 80 per cent in 1901 ; while
Calcutta figures are 27 per cent and 442 per cent
respectively.

“he indications last year correspond to those
in 1896 and 1897 and are unmistakeable ; sup-
plies showed a decrease in all three years,
and exports were either less or could make no
head way.

Ceylon has therefore gone ahead so rapidly that
her local offerings last year were nearly 5 millions
more than Caleutta and she has diverted from
London just about double as much as India; she thus

June 2, 1902.|

feeds and fosters her new outlets carefully and in
doing so affords relief to London, providing for
a reasonable supply anda healthy tone to that
market, She is a long way ahead of us. In
1900 her offerings were 2 millions less than
Caleutta, while in 1901 they were nearly 5
millions more.

The distribution of the crop from Calcutta com-
pares ‘with recent years as follows :—

1901-1902. 1900-1901,

millions, millions.
To United Kingdom 153 161
To Colonies 84 104
To America 2} 4h
To other outside markets 10 10
: 1899-1900. 1898-1899.

millions, millions,
To United Kingdom 1494 183}
To Colonies 8t 64
To America 6 3h
To other outside markets 7} 84

The disappointing figures have been explained.
Russia has now made Calcutta a regular market
for obtaining its supplies. It is capable of draw-
ing large and increasing quantities and is one
of the best fields for an extending trade.

The quantity taken by outside markets from
Caleutta sales has amounted to 202 millions
which is equal to 442 per cent of the total offerings.
Lass year the proportion was 50 per cent.,
and the year before 44 per cent. Com.
parative details are as follows :—

1901- 1900- 1899- 1898-
1902. 1900. 1900. 1899.
-mills. mills. mills. mills.
Total quantity
sold in Calcutta 463 493 50 49
Percentage of
above exported
to Colonies
Percentage of
above exported
to America

Percentage of

above exported
to other outside
markets we B1ELY = 20% 154%. 17%

The Port Commissioners have now before them
a scheme for improving the present facilities for
handling tea in Calcutta, whereby the work can
not enly be considerably accelerated, but a ma-
trial reduction in charges is also expected, and
a better preservation of the condition of packages.
Such improvements are needed more especially in
respect of arrangements for ensuring greater ex-
pedition in the simultaneous handling of in-
coming and outgoing teas; tle present system
necessitates numerous handlings, and at times an
exceptional strain is placed on the existing
available resources of the warehouse.

The transfer of warehousing accommodation
from thecentre to the outskirts of the city, how-
ever, may interfere with the expeditious working
of Caleutta sale teas unless reliable provision is
made for continued and easy access to the ware-
house, and it is to be hoped this important matter
will receive careful consideration for otherwise
the working will not be successful.

The following is ap extract from a circular having
reference to this matter :

‘* The Port Commis-ioners have now under con-
sideration a comprehensive scheme for the provision
of suitable berths at the docks, to which the inland
vessels would proceed direct ou their arrival in Cal-
cutta and discharge their cargoes by means of
special appliances into a warehouse, where the tea

«185% 214% 164% 13432

oe 42% 9% 12% 6252

THE TROPIGAL AGRICULTURIST. 847

might be stored whether for sale in Calentta or
London. Consignments when ready would be passed
on from this warehouse direct to the berths of ocean
steamers, The object of the schemeis to give des-
patch andat thesame time reduce the handlings,
thus cheapening the cost and avoiding the damage
and waste, which must be sustained when such
articles as chests of tea are subjected to repeated
removals. The new tea warehouse would be equally
accessible to the railways. The handling of tea
from the time it left the Inland vessel or railway
wagon, until it was in the Ocean steamer’s hold
would be reduced to a minimum, whether it was
tea for sale in Calcutta or London. As the hand
lisg of Calcutta and London teas, under the pro-
posed scheme, would practically be the same, there
would always be the option of selling the tea with-
out extra expense, in whichever market suited best
for the time being. The present tea warehouse
would be used tor other purposes. Should the
scheme go through, arrangements would be made
for conveying by train once or twice a day the
representatives of the Tea Brokers and Agents to
the Docks.”

The duty question has once more engage the
attention of the trade, but, although it has been
responsible for disappointing markets, it has
fortunately not been productive of such serious
disorganisation as attended the scares of the last
two years. Strong representations have — been
made to the Governments, and it is fervently
hoped they have been successful in convincing
the powers that be that tea has reached the
utmost limit of taxation. Even as it now stands,
the impost of 6d per lb is comparatively unfair,
and a further increase would invoke a strong
feeling of iniquitous legislation, while so many
other products remain unburdened. A _ further
increase in duty could not be borne, it would
come‘as a fatal blow to the industry, and ata
time when, through its own endeavours, it was
overcoming difficulties and a more hopeful future
might reasonably be anticipated,

The past year has seen a definite start made
in endeavouring to increase the consumption of
tea in India. Messrs. Andrew Yule and Company
have been appointed Commissioners, and consider-
able assistance has been -given in contributions
of cash and tea by the Indian Tea Association
and the producing community. The object of the
scheme is to put supplies of sound honest tea
within easy reach of all classes, and at the same
time to relieve the markets of an appreciable
portion of the yearly supply. It is unusually
comprehensive and every possible outlet in the
Empire is beiny energetically tapped. The
Advisory Committee and Commissioners are'to be
congratulated upon the excellent results already
shown. The movement has been in existence but
a few months and. up to the present about 64
lakhs of pice packets of dry leaf and 13 lakhs of cups
of brewed leaf have been turned over. The total
quantity distributed in various ways is about
2,500 chests, This progress is doubtless beyond
expectation, and as thescheme is being thoroughly
worked through the proper channels _ its
sucsess seems assured and the offtake through
this source, will soon afford material relief to the
markets. It is to be hoped the Oommision will
be loyally supported by producers, as they
undoubtedly should, so that the good start made
may be carried through to a_ successful
issue. A memorial, praying for the sanc
tion of an export duty on all Indian tea, has

848

been presented to His Excellency the Viceroy
and his reply is anxiously awaited. The ex-
port duty or cess is asked for at the rate of one-
fourth of a pie per pound, the infinitesimal equiva-
lent in sterling being one-twelfth part of a farthing.
On the total export, however, this as-umes the
very considerable proportions of about 2} lakhs of
rupees, or nearly £17,0u0 sterling. Ib is desired
to utilise this amount for the purpose of increasing
the consumption of Indian tea in India and other
countries outside the United Kingdom, The
memorial is a fully presentative one, being
signed by those interested in almost 400,000 acres,
and it is to be hoped His Excellency’s reply will be
favourable. Thecess will correspond to that which
has been in existence in Ceylon for about eight
years.

The foregoing remarks will help to convey some
impression in regard to the coming year’s outlook
which is again chiefly dependent upon the policy
of growers, but unlike last year they can count
upon freer working markets in all parts, occasioned
by more or less moderate stocks, and no locking
up of capital in London to any great extent.
Home stocks appear somewhat heavy on paper,
but last year’s figures were exclusive of the heavy
clearances from bond made in anticipation of
the Budget, which were held by dealers and
occupied their attention for many months. The
present position, however, should not be re-
garded as any inducement to free plucking and
increasing of supply: such action would be
extremely unwise and the industry would im-
mediately lose all the advantage gained during
the past twelve months.—Indian Gardening
and Planting, April 24.

Oat

TRADE AND NAVIGATION OF
BRITISH INDIA.

FOR THE 12 MONTHS, Ist APRIL 1901
TO 3lst MARCH 1902.

TOTAL TRADE TEN TIMES THAT OF
CHYLON. é
LARGE EXPORT OF PEPPER, CHILLIES
AND GINGER TO THE VALUE OF 73
MILLION RUPEES.
COFFEE KEEPING UP;—FALLING-OFF
IN EXPORT OF RUBBER.

On 20th instant we received from the Go-
vernment of India, its full Customs Accounts
for the year ended less than two months ago.
This is expeditious work. The grand total for
the Import trade is re R1,011, 189,172
and Export trade 1,325,565, 619.

Grand total va, R2,336,754,791
But the above includes gold and silver im-
ported (over R196,000,000) and exported (over
R84,000,900)—and deducting these, the total
of ‘‘Merchandise” was as follows :—

R.
Imports... 814,705,376
Exports... 1,208,336, 706
Total R2,023,042,082

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

[Jone 2, 1909.

It is interesting to compare our Ceylon
figures with the above:

RK.
104,050,030
85,977,410

Imports (without Specie) 1901 ...
Exports - *
; Total ... R190,627,440
So that our annual Ceylon trade is less than
one-tenth that of India, This is a wonder-
fully good comparison however, when the
population and size of this little island are
contrasted with that of the big continent.
One curious point is the preponderance
of value in Exports in the case of India
while the reverse is found in Ceylon. We
suspect the Customs valuations for Exports
are more liberal in India than here; for
of course, the rates applied here are nominal
and below real values. At the same time
Ceylon is still to some extent, though slightly
now, a distributor of imports, and therefore
Bets more than she consumes,

mong interesting details is the fact tha
India imported 124 millions coconuts last on
against 175 in 1900-1. Of betel-nuts she took
95 million lb, in 1901-2 from Ceylon valued
at 1,517,521. The Straits gave India seven
times this quantity; but the value is less
than three times. Can the Ceylon betel-
nut be worth more than twice that of
the Straits, although the very name *‘ Penang’
means the home of the betel-nut? Who
will clear up the mystery.—Of Cloves, Pepper
and other Spices, India also imports, but
only to a fraction of her exports. Here is
s armenia oe oe department (in which
Jeylon is far behind, even in su i i
own wants) :— Peas

1901-02 1901-02
SPICES—- lb. R.

Cardamomis 144,792 225,493
Chillies 9,806,416 958,719
Ginger 5,758,616 1,302,323
Pepper 13,589,172 4,801,554
Other sorts 514,814 120,180

Total 29,813,810 7,408,269

We may as well also give the full official
return for tea exports :—

19C1-62 1901-02
TEA— A z Ib, R.

To United Kingdom 159,014,075 73,905,206
», Russia .. 1,624,580 537,496
is Canada 1,059, 483 412,125
», United States 1,080,293 385,736
» China—

Hongkong 1,111,192 418,767

Treaty Ports 225,452 48,939
», Persia — _ ss 2,580,546 1,141,549
», Turkeyin Asia .. 2,626,130 1,008,133
», Australia _ + 8,575,036 2,913,016
., Other Countries .. 1,838,145 723,932

Total . 179,684,932 81,494,893

Tea showed 175,038,127 Ib. ex i L
1900; and 190,305,490 in 190001 ae
It is interesting to note how wonderfully
well the export of coffee keeps up:—
255,042 cwt. in 1901-2 (of which curiously
enough 100,777 cwt. went to France) against
246,431 in 1900-01; and 281,533 in 1899-1900.
Cinchona Bark, Caoutcheuc (Rubber) and

June 2, 19023)

Tea Seed go steadily down, however, in the
exports :—

1899-1900 1900-01 1901-02
Cinchona Bark, Ib. 3,290,2 2,753,858 1,917,250
Rubber, ewt. 8,169 7,698 4,136
Tea Seed, ew. 1,659 1,121 647

We may add that Cardamoms which were
shipped last year to 144,792, Ib.gave 191,12) 1b.
in exports in 1899-1900 ; but only 123,254 Ib.
in 1900-1901. The fact is that the Presidency
towns offer a splendid consuming market
for Cardamoms and all Spices and it is a
wonder any are shipped to Europe.

NEW COMPANY: TO DISTRIBUTE
TROPICAL PRODUCTS.

AssuRANCE TrADING Co., Lrp. (73,408),— Registered
April 12th, with capital £50,000, in 49,500 ordinary
shares of £1 each and 10,000 finders’ shares of 1s
each, to carry ou by wholesale and_ retail the
business of tea, coffee, cocoa and chocolate dealers
and blenders, general grocers, provision merchants,
dealers in foodstuffs, distributors of gifts, bonuses
and benefits to customers, planters and growers of
tea, coffee, rice, cocoa, cinchona, tobacco, indigo or
other produce, farmers, graziers, cattle dealers,

millers, st-rekeepers and general merchants, The
subscribers are: Shares
Ord. Fndrs’
H F de Trafford, Hill Crest, Market
Harborough, Bart. .» 4,060 1,000
HM Stourton, Manor House, Banbury,
gentleman ee 1,000
EF Felton, Whittington Court, Lich-
field, gentleman -» 2,000 _ 625
H J Buckmaster, 24, Coleman Street,
- E.C., gentleman 50 500 1,250
E M Earle, Lyncroft, Lichfield, gentle-
man Rie 500 125
E H Gregory, 88, Bishopsgate Street
Within, E.C., gentleman aS 250 125
W Webb, 23, Queen Victoria Street,
E.C., solicitor ie 834
PLD Perry, 57, Whitefriargate, Hull,

manager Aa

No initial public issue. The number of directors
is not to be less than 3 nor more than 7; the
subscribers are to appoint the first; qualification
2650; remuneration according to profits (minimum
£100 each per annum and £60 extra for the chairman.)
Registered by W Webb & Co., 23, Queen. Victoria
Street, E.C.—Znvestors’ Guardian, April 19th.

——————-—_-e-—__—_———_
LUMINOUS TRAPS FOR INSECTS.

(From a correspondent. )

Le Phare Agricole ‘* Meduse”—described
and figured on the separate slip—would be
the most convenient form for use in Ceylon.
I have been using one (obtained through Mr.
E B Creasy) for the last. month. It is very
simple and effective. I have proved it to be
an excellent moth trap; but it has failed
in the case of Helopeltis and Shotbole Borer,
which pests do not appear to be responsive
to the attractions of light. It ought to be
possible to import these machines at a small
cost. Cheapness is a sine qua non, if they
are to come into general use on estates.
For—to produce any practical result—a num.
ber of the lamps must be employed simul-
pact, in different parts of the affected

elds.

2,666

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

849
“ COFFEE” TOBACCO: NOT OBNOXIOUS.

M Bural, a Frenchman, finds by experiments
that while cigarettes made with tobacco are
noxious to men and animals, those made with
leaves of the coffee plant are inoffensive. — Per-
haps au English investigator will follow up the
elue. What with American ‘‘ combines” and
cheap Virginia cigarettes there is ample room for a
wholesome rival of tobacco.—Globe.

PO AG SE
BRIT{SH NORTH BORNEO TOBACCO.

We are informed. officially that, at the sale of
19,337 bales of Sumatra and British North Borneo
tobacco, which was held at Amsterdam on the
Sth instant, a parcel of 1,348 bales of North Borneo
tobacco, grown by the New Darvel Bay Tobacco
Company, fetched the highes' average price—viz.,
5s. per lb. for the lot, over £50,000,—London Times,
Apuil 10th.

jer —

RUBBER PLANTING IN MEXICO.

The president of the Tehuantepec Rubber
Culture Co.—Mr H,W Bennett—writing from their
plantations, says : ‘* Over 690 acres of and, which,
six months ago, was heavy virgin forest, has been
cleared and partially planted. With a large force
of laborers employed, it is expected that this area
will be more than doubled by the month of June,
when all new clearings will be burned over, staked
and plant«d (with theearly July rains) with selected
stock from our own nurseries. The soil is so ex-
ceedingly rich that it will readily support a
much larger number of trees per acre than con-
templated by our proposal to investors, and it is
the purpose of the management tolargely increase
the number of trees to be planted, with the idea
of cutting out (for profit) whenever the growth
shall become too dense. This process is considered
advisable, if for no other reason than to furnish
proper shade for the trees which will later form the
permanent plantation.”—Jndia-rubber World,
April 1.

oer ee

WILL. OF MR. GEO. WHITE.

The estate of the late Mr. George Thomas White
of Malvern House, Kenley, and of the tirm of Messrs.
George White and Co., 31, Fenchurch Street, E C,
tea brokers, who died at the Mandeville Hotel on
March 5, aged sixty-two years, has been valued at
£29,194 lls 7d gross, and £28,428 5s 4d nett.—
H & C Mail, May 2.

TROUT IN CEYLON.—We give some interest-
ing particulars elsewhere regarding the
trout fry at the Nuwara Eliya Hatcheries,
and simultaneously Mr. John Fraser’s letter,
in search of truth and showing unreadiness
to be convinced too easily that trout are
breeding in Ceylon, is to hand. It is cer-
tainly a question that should be authori-
tatively settled by more than mere observa:
tion of the contents of streams; expert
investigation is desirable. ‘‘A. J, M.” un-
fortunately has gone a-coronating to
Alexandra Park, or his assistance in identi-
fication of local-bred trout (whatever his gift
be in this direction as regards authorities!
might have been of some immediate service,

850 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 2, 1903,
SHARE LIST. LONDON COMPANIES

paid. Buy- Sell- Tran-

Company if p. sh. ers. es. sac'ion.

ISSURD BY THE Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd, 10 = 8—9 _
Auplo- Ceylon General Estates Co 100 oo 65) 60. —
a ‘ ; ssociated Estates Co.,of Ceylon 10 .. I5—-%% —
COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS Do. 6 per cent prefs ; 10) Ti i2 aes =
: Ceylon Proprietary Co. 1 ° 4 me
ASSOCIATION, Ceylon Tea Plantacion Co., Ltd. 1) ae 285, 24 —
Aa waney Co., Ltd. 5 56, 5-55 —
o prefs 5 = 5— a
CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES. Eastern Produce & Estates Co, Ltd, 5 ove 3133 _
: Edeiapclla Tea Co., Ltd 10 oy 6-8. _
paid Buy- Sell- Tran- Imperial Tea Estates Co., Ltd. LO nae 4.45 —
A Helani Nery, Tene Ltd. 5 tas 8-5 —
y .sh, ers. ers. sactions intyre Estates Co., Ltd. 10 ws Se a
Company p Lanka Plantations Co., Ltd 1 oe cee
Aora Ouvah Estates Co., Ltd. 500 ded 860 = Yahalma Ustates Co.,Ltd. 1 carte MOTB yp cg
ate Nye iad GoconutiEstatees, S00) uote ae New Dimbula Co., Ltd. D> Mae, gi) wens
Gere cnastea Co.,Ltd! 190 Ee ge mi Nuwara Eliya ‘Vea Ksiate Co.,Ld. 10 — 3% —
Jeylon Provincial Estates Co. Ltd.500 600 .. = Ouvah Coffee Co., Ltd; 10s A208 AaB =
Claremont Estates Co., Ltd. UY os Ga Beenie tea eae oie a oo
Clunes Tea Co., Ltd. 100 ahh 5 pee Scottish Ceylon Tea Co.,Ltd. 10 - 1-16 —
Clyde Estates 0o., Ltd. 0c = = ae Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 10 isp 2-5 —
Doomoo T'ea Co., of Ceylon Ltd. 100 ie 67 ie Standerd Tes Co., Ltd. - 1-12 —
Drayton ihstate Co., Ltea, 100 — as The Shell Transport and Trading ds
SrA e ocr te Gaqlonilitde. 10s (20 ie i Company, Ltd. css, g OE ee

Estates Co of Uva, Ltd. 500 Es 205 Ukuwella Estates Co., Ltd. 0 — par
Gangawatte Tea Co., Ltd. 100 — a Yatiyantota Ceylon Tea Co., Ltd. 10 — EP) os
Glasgow Kstaie Co. Lid. 600 950 De-ckt ee’ aie wo a Br ues

- Lita. ‘ THE COM E.
Great Western Tea Co., Lt dun 610 Colombo, May 2¢th, 1902. COMMITS

I istate Co. 200 —
Batre Tea Kstate Co ST cteee Ronen Poe

_ 126
High Forests Tustates Co., Ltd 100 ee 600 ae
Do _ part paid 400 — os —
Horrekelley vetoes Co Ltd aa = Hey we $$$
Kalutara Co., Ltd., bee 2, —
Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd TOO Me eee AO oe RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO.
Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100 — 60 fae ) =SsS=-
Keleai ‘Tea Garden Co., Ltd. 100 .. 85 =— (Supplied by the Surveyor—General.)
Kt s Estate Co., Ltd. 10 «65600 CO e00 = _ aah ol ae
Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100... 45 = 1897. | 1898. |1899. |1900 32yr8 19¢1 |1902
Maha Ure Pstates vee Ee Be ob 358 - paca a ete Pa 2
Mocha Tea Co., of Ceylon ZA -- - Inch | Inch | Inch.
Nahavilla Estate Co., Ltd. 500 -- 800 = January ..| 3°81 | 2°32 7A anh. inchs ach inch
Nebeda Tea Co., Ltd. 500 Tris fees ig February -.}| 1°68 | 1°98 | 2°78 | 0°63) 1°89 | 3°55 | 4°57
Palmerston Tea Co., Ltd. 600 we 400 = March --| 3°66 | 4°21 0°88 3°71) 4°75 | 5°12 | 6°85
Penrhos Hstates Co , Ltd. 100 = se April +-|10°97 [22°81 | 6°66 | 15°12}11-43 | 8°71 | 10°01
Pitakanda Tea Company 500 _ aan) - May --| 8°30 | 5°80 1/17°73 | 10°63}12 04 | 6°28 | §°59*
Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60i} ‘e057 ©40 = June -. (10°14 | 10°94 | 9°23 | 7°83) 8°35 | 5°93
Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 100 OG bc _ July -.| 5°24 | 6°15 11 6°77} 4°30 | 4°52
Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. 500 > _— _ August --| 9°09 | 0°97 0°62 7°35| 3°79 | 0°46
Rayigam Tea Co., Ltd. 100 000 40 = September ..| 4°58 | 6°90 1°48 4°00} 4°98 | 3°93
Roeberry Tea Co., Ltd. TOO! Miso" toe October _...| 4°71 | 20°60 |12:99 | 9-47|14:36 | 3-91
Bene la ie eee ie an tee (BD =_ Noventber ../11°66 | 17°38 | 8°58 | 9°25) 12°55 | 19°84
st. Helier’s Tea Co., ose = = ecember ..| 8°89 | 3-05 | 4°44 e g 7
Talgaswela Tea Cor, Ltd. 14 — - 16 Pa eee Ee aaa pec eS aes
Do 7 percent Prefs. do - ove . Total../82°73 | 108°1 9 4 2 . :
Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd, 500 oe on O00 1/13 48}: 83,08) 58 02 | 4b ae pL al
Te TG ee cas be ee 10 ae + to 27th
nion Estate Co. é ol — from 1st to 27th May. 8°59 inch, that is :
wai? Maskeliya Estates Co., a en the 28th May.—EpD. Go. 3 setae
td. oe _ _—
Uvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon, Tone a CEYLON T
Ltd — — r
wank Tea Cou ut aie 100 a io = HA: MONTHLY SHIP-
Wanarajah Tea Co. A oe 0) =
Yataderiya Tea Co.:, Ltd. 100 265 300 4,08 MENTS TO UNITED KINGDOM
CRYLON COMMERCIAL COMPANIES; AND ESTIMATE.
Adam's Peak HotelCo., Ltd. 100 « 36 —
Briatol Hotel Co., Itd. 100 — 100 — ! :
Do 7 per cont Debts 100 107 — - Estimate for May 1902—103 to 11 mil, Ib.
Ceylon Gen, Steam Navigation: Total Shi z
0. Lid see ware 100 «. 210 sad otal Shipments Do 1902—92 mil. Ib,
Ceylon Ice old Storage Co. . 100 — 115 oe Do 25 f
Ceylon Supereration Ltd. 100 -— 40 =_ D ee Do 1901 9,804,879 Ib,
Colombo Apothecaries’Co. Ltd, WO — 135 136 0 Do Do 19)0—10,570,636 1b.
Colomte Assembly Rooms Co., shone [Esrim ire for June 1902—)24 to 13 million 1b. ]
Do- prefs. 20 nH Aa est os EAE PR DERE
Colombo Fort Land and Building Sia :
Faye Lids (ail beams 100 ae if 85 Tur Dear HEAR.—No. 479 of the Illustrated
jyolompo Hetels Company 1 — 0 28' ? 24 Chiswick i
Galle Face Hotel Co., ltd. ©" 100 190 195 | — eet id ok 6 pnt viel High Road, London, W.,
Kandy Hotels Co,, Ltd. 490 lee £138) 180 ingiand contains a escription of a remarkable
Kaluganga Navi Go, Lea 80) wane gt ee a Cure for Deafness and Head Noises which may be -
wount Lavinia Hotel Co., Ltd. 5600 — °300 ~ carried out at the patient’s home, and which is
New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 100). “185 Sak: pa dee F ea ed ; 3
New He ore eer at iva) 4 Ape ia? i said to be a certain cure, This number will be
Do 7 per cent prets: M100... Due sent free to any deaf persons sendiug rheir ad-
public Hall Co., Ltd. 0 lo — ine dress to the Editor.

June 2, 1902.}
COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT.

(Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.)

XPORTS
Colombo, May 26th, 1902,
CaRDAMOMS :—
All round pazcel, well bleached per lb. R105
Do. dull medium do. ROE5
Special assortment, 0 and lonly do. R120
Seeds do, R100

CincHona Bark :—
Per unit of Sulphate
cent.
CINNAMON :—

of Quinine 9c—li to 3 per

Ordivary assortment per lb, 53c.
Nos. 1 and 2 only per lb. 58c,
Nos. 3 and 4 only per lb. 47o.

CinNAMON OHIPS :—
Per candy of 560 lb R72°50

Cocoa :—
Finest estate red ; unpicked per cwt R40:00
Medium do to) do R36°00
Bright native unpicked and undried R37:00
Ordinary do do do R25°00
Ooconuts—(husked).
Selected per thousand R56°00
Ordinary ” R46:00
Smalls 5 R39-00

Coconut CakE—
Poonac in robins f. 0. b. per ton R80-00
Do in bags none.
Coconut (Desiccated).
‘Assorted all grades per lb 21le
Coconut O1L—
Dealers’ Oil per cwt R19°25.
Ooconut Oil in ordinary packages f. 6. b. per ton
R425'00.—Sellers at the higher figure.
CoFFEE.—
Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bus.
R100
Plantation

None.
Native Coffee, f.0.b per cewt.—None.

OrrroNELLA OIL—

Estate Coffee f. 0. b. (ready) per cwt.—

Ready do per lb.—45c
CoPrra—
Boat Copra per candy of 560 lb. R63-00
Calpentyn Copra do do R63 00
Cart do do do R58:00
Kstate do do do R63:00
Croron SEED per owt—RI11'00
EBoNY—
Sound per ton at Govt. depot—R180°00.—Sales of the
qth April.

Inferior R90°00.—Sales of the 7th April.
FIBRES—

Coconut Bristle No 1 per cwt None
Do es None
Do mattress ,, 1 None
0 Ae None
Coir Yarn, Kogalla ,, 1to 8 16:00
Do Colombo ,, 1t g R11:00.—Fine gualities
firmer.
Kitool all sizes None
Palmyrah None
PrpreR—Black per lb None
PLumMBAGO—
Large lumps per ton R675
Ordinary lumps do R650
Chips do R450
Dust do R300
Do (Flying) do R150
SaPANWooD— per ton 35-00

Sarmwoop (ordinary) per cubic ft. R400
Do (Flowered) per cubic ft. R17-00

Uigh Grown Medium Low Grown
TEa— ‘Average Average. Average.
Broken Pekoe and Broken cts cts cts
Orange Pekoe per Vb 53 43 36
Orange Pekoe do 44 37 85
Pekoe do 39 33 28
Pekoe Souchong do 35 28 25
Pekoe Fannings do 31 27 25
Ruaken mixed—dust, &o 26 26 25

THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

851

CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION
FOR SEASONS 1901 AND 1902.
E 2S =§ 253 =
LER Ea oes Res Z
slze tae sm pee S

]8 |

ete ee eas | 5
mo mn =
| Bo iieses So free lg
Bolen oc eats 3
hese na E
gfe aes se 3
Slabs ue cl erie 2
loa ju é

4 =
B23) 2
he fo) en!
ess (5 eee eyayins 8 US a
e8| fa a
GC nw roo)
3 SoS OoMmmw
|e 1S Awa 2 a
a5 wo +N 6 OS
oe CS) i= “tree ee S
8 plaeines vileiitalere arse sein) : a
PLAS ELAN Sa a eS a ee
I~ OD o i-z) Pea al q
eka [Sse $s 8 &S Rasexs ce
a3 Bot see gyn id Se < Pel
SE 3 ee tis ee 0 : . I~
Ao ae g
s =
= 23a 5° 85 aT
o~roaonr <=
i ao -
pepe aula NH % = HF OM 3S
ro} B Sins oO - wD ~ ! ae}
rs) ae | i. TN cvrat mH 3
3 :
nr
i Eon! Cc non =
Be 3852583 c SRS gs
in SSSSBuG (Ss Bese ahaa Aer a
8 ‘32 rAHS LAS A ae se fides
: a) enoo TE
a Pd 2333433388 Ss S 3
sl oie ea aa veer eel 1 2
S) 32 ~~ UNOASM 37S. : Ss
4 a a o 3 ; el 2
re x mm 120 o nom
g <4 Saas om #2 Raos S
g 2 La Gnas 3S
eS an oO taal oO
z/ 2 13 sat =
5 hae
3] 5 @ ios a So aA
a -™~ eS
TRO VE BSG ey nee Tate
] 2 BR: te of oO aS 7
8 4 3 x no)
eee een anya
. nH Den oe q
co oo
3 x EONS OY SHB MATS 68
r) 4S ef ceies en : =
Boks i
8 q
o
co) ma : bee =
| » 35 o 8 4) hes 3
b ° O34
= a) 2 ;
A DASIAM
= 2s) 27aNs 77) RBSQronw 7a)
Oo} e5)a Sets Ste * 2
as meee
. a
PY Pe 2 2° a oO
a = 5 s =
eB ail mate etch tes chet hs are tia: =
2 oo min tg? ms
= eS te =}
r=] + - $2 ano Balle
Zlias [|S S a 3
RIoz me 2a io 8 3
EA Ecslolpet gh bath G8 aS /tirny aS et yeice pe ate
ns ry = ‘8 Shenae r
QoenotnAN BOONE —_—_<——
: lSeeeoSsaeasoa aces lon
Cie ite OFZrsiass GROSS RI Sac B
eolon pis sata eae PUSH Leal sesi B
& Sid os aS 3 INA O~OWO ORD
AL g Ss ION OO =} Pond Py
Ra oa 6 =) I~
3 Ne ee wo
B TORSAHSSRSNTEH =)
a Vi issues Te eabassuron 3
3 SNS) rsa ae Fant or Fe ESS ey pe nd SD I
2 4 Wretion | IEG has QNBSSSSAGSAS a
= % a Se “Ttansasrt?s it
\ = |2 CC) on A ST eRSeS
i
HBURAR/ Sh BU Ie SBE ae Bee hes
ONL O e°s 0/1). 0) ©) n
|23
L a>
a oe
: » es |=
mn —_
BR 28,83 a S3 meeisiiist:
Sed > 8.2 2 5s
LZ MEEOSS Fe Stak nh on 2
Beas mnsetes esses 3S
B |\Sba8 be aecesbidegss | 55
g Seno aSaRRes 245035 | =
ra) me ON 4440028 =3
Satesshsssenacesss|38
sS
BPs

[e2)
or
vo

EHE TROPI

CAI,

AGRICULTURIST.

[June 2, 1902.

MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUOTS.
(from Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, April 23rd, 1902.)

ALOES, Soceotrine ‘owt.
Zanzibar & Hepatic ,,
ARROW KOOY (Nata}) Ib.
LES’ WAX, cwt.

Zanzibar & ee AG
Bombay Yellow,,
Madavascar a5
CAMPHOR, F rmos.

Japan i
CARDAMOMS, Malabar]

”

Ceylon. Mysore 2

Tellicherry ,,

Long 9
Mangalore ,,
CASTOR O1L, Calcutta ,,
CHILLIES, Zanzibu cwt.
CINCHONA BARK.- Ib.

»

99

QUALITY. QUOTATIONS
ane to fine dry . 170s a£0s
Common to good - (208 a 60%

Fair to fine

Gocd t° fine £6 a £710s
Far £6 a £7 5s
bark toy: od palish £6108 a £6 17s 61
Crude and semi-refined|16Cs a1 &Us
Fair avirage quality . |Li(s
Clip; ed, bold, bright, fine) !s9d a 2s
‘Middling, stalky & lear jis 2d a is7d
Fair to fine plump ls 2d a3s 7d
Scets . |ls td ails 7d
Good to fine .|ls 6d a Ys
Brownish ls 8d a 1s 6d

Shelly to good
Med brown to good bold
Ists and 2nds AN
Dull to tine bright

Ceylon
CIVNaA MON, Ceylon 1sts
per lb 2uds
8rds
4ths
Chips
CLOVES, Penang lb.
Amboyna A
Zanzibar |
and Pemba
Stems 0
COFFEE

Ceylon Plantation ,,

Native
Liberian
COCOA, Ceylon

”
9

COLOMBO ROOT 5
COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton
Cochin ,,

FIBRE, Brush
: Cochin ; “s

Stuffing ,,
COIR YARN, Ceylon ,,
Cochin ,,

GROTON SEEDS‘sitt. owt.
CUTCH

GQINGEY, Bengal, ‘yough,,

Calicut, Put Ay

Pay

Cochin aah re

Japan
QUM AMMONIACUM
ANIMI, Zanzibar

”
”
”

Madagascar

F.1.&Aden ,,
Turkey sorts ,,
Ghatti
Kurrachee

AKABIC

”

”
Madras

ASSAFMTIDA

”
”

”
”

KINO
Mi RK, picked

Aden sorts
OLIBANUM, drop

pickings ,,

siffings ,,

INDIARU! Bicx,Assamlb|Good to fine

Rangoon
Borneo

-| Fair

Bold to fine bold colory
Middling to fine mid
Low mid. and low grown
Smalls

Good ordinary

Small to bold

Bold to fine bold
Medium and fair
Native -
Middling to good

ze Ordinary to fair
Ord. to fine long straight
Ordinary to good clean
Common to fine
Common to superior

00 », very fine
Roping, fair to good
Dull to fair
Fair to fine dry
Fair
Good to fine bold
Small and medium
Common to fine bold
Small and D’s
Unsplit °
Sm. iictiy to fine clean
Picked fine pale in sorts
Part yellow and mixed
Bean and Pea size ditto
Amber and_ dk. red bold
Med, & bold glassy sorts
Hair to good paush

” ” ,
Ordinary to good pale
Pickings to fine pale...
Good and fine pale
Reddish to pale selected
Dark to fine pale 0
Clean fr to gd. almonds
Ord, stony and_ blocky
Vine bright

Wair to fine pale
Middling to good

Good to fine white
Middling to fair

Low to good pale
Slightly foul to fine

Common to foul & mxd.
Vair to good clean
Common to tine

53d a 63d

9d als 9d

2s 8d a 383d
27-8d a 33d

..|328s 6d a 4us

Ledgeriana Orig. Stem|(da 9d
Crown, Renewed 5d a 7d
“Org. Stem |3ida7d
Red Org. Stem |32da 43d
Renewed 3da 59d
Root 3id a 4d
Ordinary to fine quill |83d a 1s 6d
a 59 ed a 1s 6d
” ” 73d a 1s 4d
eS a 7d: alld
23d a 10d
Dull to fine bright bold hd a 93d
-+Dull to tine ida 6d
Good and fine bright - |3 “13- 1¢d a 43d
Common dull to fair Ba 3id

923 6d a 122s
80s a 10's —

40s a 60s
40s a 55s
308 a 40s
62s a 76s 6d
57s a 628
19s a 60s
7sa 14s
nominal
£13 lus a £18
£16 a £19
£20 a £24
£7 a £9

£15 a £30
£12 a £32
£10 a £14 10s __
1hs a 25s
238 a 358
40s

0s a 9's
48s a 7Us
358 a 42s. 6d
3's 6d a 34s
3Cs a 32s 6d
15s a 3s

£7 a
70s a 1) 2s 6d

80s a 1.08
Cia £8

C4 5s a £7 10s
2sa 4°s

BOs a 40s
ICs a 22s 6d
358 a 87s 6d
25s a 27s 6d
iS8 a 258

{0s a 75s
98 a BUS
hla OL

80s a llfs
0S a 708
458 a 47s

#3 a 42s 6d
21s a 278 Gd
19s a 23s
23 a 28 8d
7d a 1s 6d
23a 2840
6d a 18 9d

INDIARUE RUBBER 2 (Conta.
Java, Sing. & Penang |

Mozambique

Nyassalan 1
Madagascar
INDIGO, KI,

£10 7 if od a £18

£5 10s a £6 7s6éd

VERMILLION Ib.

isa Japan, squares ewt

|

MACE, Bombay & Penang

QUALITY.

.|Foul togood clean

Ordinary to fair Ball
Low sandy B ll
Sausage, fair to gocd .
Liver and Livery “Lal .
Fair to fine ball

Fr to fi: oP tinky & white
Fair to g od black
Niggers, low to fine
Bengal--

Shipping mid to gd viole
Consuming mid. to gd.
Ordinary to mid.
Mid. to good Kurpah
Low to ordinary
Mid. to good Madra
Pale reddish to fine

Fine, pure, bright

Lean and inferior
Good white hard

Gooc to fine Ball Are

QUOTATION,

|8d a 2s 3d

2s 6da 2s 16d

_|1s 10d a 2s 2d
Wdals 6d

“lIs 1¢d a 2s &4d

{is 9da2s

2s 3d a 28 8d

e|28 a 2s 54d
is?d als 9d

“\7d a 28

1/28 4d_a 3s 8d
23,10d a 3s 2d
2s.6d a 2s 10d
ls 6da %

|9d als 3d

Is 9d a 28 2d
\28 a 33

Isdda isl1ld

ay Ordinary to fair
per Ib. Pickings : . ip Bas lg 4d
MYRABOLANS, ark to fine pale UG sd
Madras }ewt Fair Coast j Fe S58
Bombay ~_,, |Subblepore Gawee
imlies ;
Rhajpore, &e. + aA & = 6d
NUIMEGS OTe NO oun) aot 23 6d
MBGS— 64's to 57’s 1 L
Bombay & Penang ,, |110’s to 65's ba uf Puies Pat
160’s to 115’s te
NUTS, ARECA ewt, Ordinary to fair fresh 58 6d ae
NUX VOMICA, Bombay |Ordinary to middling 78a 10s S
per cwt. Madras {Fair to good bold fresh |--°) 6s 9d
Small ordinary and fair re 3d s
OIL OF ANISEED ,, Fair merchantable 2s 6d a 23 10d
CASSIA ss According to analysis 6d ‘chee
LEMONGRASS ,, / Good flavour & colour 1:4 a 3d
NUTMEG ’ | Dingy to white 3ld a 1s 6d
CINNAMON 4 Ordinary to fair sweet oid a 10d
CITRONELLE ,, | Bright & good flavour
ORCHELLA WHED—cy 1 3
Ceylon mem Mid. to fine not woody.. 103 ses 6d
Zanzibar. ,, | Picked clean flat leaf - 1084: ee
9) wiry Mozambique -
PEPPER - (Black Ib. 2 as
Alleppee & Tellicherty Fair to bold nea, : 2 58d a
Singapore Fair *l5id a5 7-8d
Acheen & W. GC. Penang|Dull to fine 3034 35s
PLUMBAGO, lump ecwt.|Fair to fine bright bold 203 a 28s
eaters to good small|9. 2 156
chips ull to fine bright A ae -
ance Or ere to aule bright rh ape au
SAR! 7 Good to fine pin 5 =
SAFFLOWER TALES te PRY y 40s a 609
SANDAL WOOD— 4 f =
Bombay, Logs ton,|Fair to fine flavour .. era
C li Ss 50 $005 oo eee 3 cay
Madras, es ., [Hair to good flavour .. ra most
hips ,, Inferior to fine -1£5 a £5 10s
SAPANWOOD Ceylon ,, |Eair to good &410sa £5 15s
Manila ,, (eonen & TeBby to good £7
Siam 7) bold smooth . 11fs. a 125s
SEEDLAC ewt, |Ord. dusty to gd. soluble 5d a 8a
SENNA, Tinnevelly 1p |G0od to fine bold green|a:q 9 4q
Fair greenish ne a3d
Common dark and small|*
SHELLS, PE Ge Boldianavace
nd A’
OMIDEY ra Whd yee arr £la £5108
Small
Mergui , [Small ‘o bold _. |£6 7s Eda£7 1736
aesell ) [Small to bold .. [228.8 558
TAMARINDS, Caleutta.,,| Mid.to fine br’k not stouy|t “ a 10s
perewt. Madras |Stony and inferior , 6d a 6s
TORTOISESHELL_
Zanzibar & Bombay Ib. |Small to bold dark 16s a 2°s6d
moftle part heavy {
TURMERIC, Bengalewt.|Fair LG siaedlés Gu
Madras ,, |Finger fair to fine bold
rig is a 238
Do. __,, [Bulbs a a 17s
Cochin _,, {Finger Cs ieee
Bulbs lisa ll 6
VANILLOBS— tb.
‘ auritius Ists;Gd. crysallized 34 a 9 n/6s 2d_a 198 6a
Sourbon 2nds Foxy & reddish 34a 8 ” 58 EAgn
Seychelles 8rds;} ,. [28% 68 94

3s ld a 2s 2d

~ 34s 6da35s 6d

AGRICGLTGRAL MAGAZINE,

COLOMBO:

Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.”

The following
June :—

pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for

Vol, Xt hs |

IN THE COMPOSITION OF
cow’s MILK.

VARIATION

HE variation in the qualityof milk
has perplexed many a dairyman,
Asa rule variation below the higher
stand is attributed to adulteration ;
and while it is certain that the
instability of the standard is taken

advantage of by the unscrupulous dealer in milk,

the honest man is often unjustly blamed for what
he cannot help, through the vagaries of his milking
stock,

‘Those who are interested in this subject and are
desirous of informing, themselves, instead of
dogmatising in their ignorance, should carefully
read the article by Mr. Herbert Ingle, F.1.c., of
the Yorkshire College, Leeds, who takes up no less
than thirty pages of the latest number of the
Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland in detailing the results of
investigations into the inconsistent results as
to the quality of milk under regulated treatment
and feeding of cows.

The various points which were carefully con-
sidered in the investigation were (1) determination
of fat, (2) determination of specific gravity, (3)
period of lactation, (4) season of the year, (5) time
and manner of milking, and (6) the effect of food.

The records given are interesting to those who
have the care of milch cattle, but it suffices us to
reproduce the general conclusions to be drawn
from the results brought out by the practical
investigation into. the subject.

JUNE,

1902.

1, The percentage of fat in the milk of indivi-
dual cows is liable to enormous variation from
time to time, from causes which are unknown.

2. Morning milk is much poorer in result than
evening milk, though slightly richer in solids not
fat and more abundant. This statement applies
to cases where the night interval is much longer
than the day.

8. The percentages of fatand solids not fat in
milk tendto diminish for two or three months
after calving, and then steadily increase as
lactation advances.

4. Foods rich in albuminoids seem to improve
both the yield of milk and the proportions of: fat
and solids not fat, at least for a time, while large
quantities of: carbohydrates, though slightly
increasing the yield, appear to diminish ita quality.

5. The mixed norning milk of a herd may often
fall below 3 per cent of fat in the late summer or
autumn, if the milking be performed at the usual
uuequal intervals. -

While the variations referred to under the heads
2,3 and4 are thus accountable and to some
extent controllable, that referred to as being
due to unknown causes must remain a very unsatis:
factory element in the dairy industry. With thie
variation in the percentage of fat, will vary the
specific gravity of milk, and to depend upon the
lactometer as a gauge of the purity must lead to
very erroneous conclusions.

It is to be hoped, however, in the interests of
all concerned in the production of pure milk, that
the mystery will—be-soon unravelled and the
unknown causes that are responsible for sometimes
lowering the quality of milk will, with the help
of science, be eventually made known.

854
RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH

OF MAY, 1902.
1 Thursday... ‘13 17 Saturday ... ‘86
2 Friday tne BOT 18 SSunday® <..%32
8 Saturday . 70 19 Monday .. ‘12
4 Sunday .. ‘08 20 Tuesday Nil
5 Monday .. “O& 21 Wednesday... 6°86
6 Tuesday .. ‘43 22 Thursday .. ‘24
7 Wednesday .. ‘40 23 Friday 15
8 Thursday .. ‘20 24 Saturday .. ‘09
9 Friday .. Nil 25 Sunday... Nil
10 Saturday .. Nil 26 Monday ... ‘06
11 Sunday .. Nil 27 Tuesday ... Nil
12 Monday e- ‘O2 28 Wednesday ‘20
13 Tuesday seen 29 SD bnirsdaye tne GOs
14 Wednesday ... ‘15 30 Friday 5p PANG)
15 Thursday ... °12 31 Saturday .. 1°40
16 Friday eee 1°02 §©Ast June GOB
Total...15°68
Mean... ‘51

The greatest amount of rainfall registered in
24 hours on the 21st May, 1902, 6°86 inches.
Recorded by ALEX, PERERA.

—
OCCASIONAL NOTES.

We publish in this issue an account of the
cultivation of ground-nuts, of which a small crop
has just been taken at the Stock Garden, from
whence the seeds will be distributed to School
Gardens. As we stated in our last issue it
is surprising how little this plant is cultivated
in the Island, in spite of its being so valuable
a product for dictetic and other points of view.

About the middle of May we had the oppor-
tunity of inspecting the mangosteen plantation
on Mr. J. Dassanayake’s property at Bellana, where
the mangosteen tree flourishes as luxuriantly
as we have seen it doanywhere. At the time
of our visit the trees were heavily laden with
crop just coming into maturity.

We were struck a few days ago by the peculiar
odour of chlorine gas in the gardens of the School
of Agriculture, and were reminded of the fact that
we had the same experience last year, as far
as we remember about the same time. We have
failed to connect the odour with some form of
vegetation in the neighbourhood, but it may
be that it. comes from some neighbouring
garden, as it seems to be brought by the
wind at intervals, There is no reason for believ-
ing that the smell is due to decomposition,
Have any of our readers had a similar experience,
or do they know of any flowers emitting the
peculiar odour referred to?

Of the fruits that are well suited to the very
sandy soil of the ‘‘Cinnamon Gardens” of
Colombo are the custard apple and the pine. A
plantation of the latter has been bearing very

Supplement to the “Tropical Agrcwltwrist.”

. [JUNE 2, 1902.

well al] through May, and there will be more fruit
to gather in June. The custard apple trees ar
just now in heavy bearing, and always bear good
crops, The trees have been given a small dressing
of rape manure which we have found good for all
fruits. The great trouble with custard apples
is to keep the fruit from being attacked by
squirrels. Apparently nothing will force the
orange into bearing in such a soil. Trees growing
in the clay soils of the Matale district are worth
looking at about this time.

ae

SERICULTURE AN INDUSTRY FOR
THE NATIVES OF CEYLON.

As long ago as August, 1896, a correspondent
writing to the Agricultural Magazine made the
following allusion to this subject:—It must be
admitted that we have very few industriesin the
Island capable of giving employment to the native
agriculturist, and erpecially to the members of his
family during the time they have little work in the
paddy fields. The Sinhalese cultivator is accused
of apathy and gross laziness, but the average
tillers of the soil cannot be expected to possess the
knowledge and resources necessary for experiments
in connection with new industries with a view to
their adoption. Noone will, however deny, that
when he knows of an industry that is likely to bring
him an income and will not interfere either with
the cultivation of his field or with his liberty as a
proprietor, he is not only ready to adopt it, but is
capable of carrying oa the work with success.
Under these circumstances it surely behoves those
who have the welfare of the country at heart to
experiment in connection with and popularise such
industries as will give employment to and draw
forth the latent energies and capacity of a large
number of the rural population. The improvement
of the villagers’ condition cannot be effected by the
introduction of any industries which require large
capital, and which will necessarily involve
factory work and cooly labour. These will benefit
the larger capitalists, but the material and moral
welfare of the agricultural masses can only be im-
proved by providing them with work that will not
necessitate the sacrifice of their independence or
the neglect of their holdings, however insigni-
ficant these may be. They must be encouraged
to depend on themselves and work for themselves
and not to work for others to the neglect of their
land ; end they must not be encouraged to congre-
gate in manufacturing centres where with busy
surroundings they begin to feel discontented, a
condition which leads to much trouble. Under
these circumstances the importance of home in-
dustries cannot be over-valued. Sericulture or the
rearing of silkworms may prove to be one of the
industries adapted to the peculiar circumstances of
thevillagers. We say “may” because there are
industries which though they appear likely to be
suitable will eventually be found to contain some
element which makes it impossible for the people
to carry it on with success. This point can only
be satisfactorily settled by one or more experi-
ments, and there is no reason why suck a trial
should not be undertaken in Ceylon,

JUNE 2, 1902.]

The history of the various attempts that have
been made to establish the silk industry in Ceylon
is thus. summarised by the Editor of the Ceylon
Handbook and Directory :— ;

There is 3 spot on the banks of the Kelani river 3
or 4 miles above the Bridge of Boats en route to
Hanwella called “Orta Seda” (Sin. Sedawatta)
or Silk Garden, where the Portuguese are believed
to have fed silkworms. The Dutch unsuccessfully
attempted to propagate the Silkworm plant (mul-
berry) trees, and produce Silk at Jefina. (See
Tennent, vol. I, page 265.) Tennent also notices
the presence of the Tusser silkmoth which feeds
on the country almond (Terminala Catappa) and
the very common Palma Christi or castor-oil plant;
but nothing has been done with the Tusser to
make it a commercial success, In the British
period Bennett takes credit for introducing the
white and digitated mulberry (us well as the opium
poppy),and on 21st September, 1829, a Government
regulation was passed to encourage the growth of
‘6 silk and opium” among other agricultural pro-
duce. He thought the Northern Province eminently
adapted for the silkworm and mulberry plant,
being the least humid part of the island; as
Tennent thought it best adapted for the Tusser
silk and castor-oil plant. Bennett gives instructions
(page 217) for the formation of mulberry nurseries,
and he quite hoped to see silk a staple of the
north of Ceylon. He proposed sbading the mul-
berry plant with plantains and afterwards to grow
an undercrop of Indigo. Latterly, experiments
with the true silkworm have been tried more than
once, more particularly by a coffee planter in
Haputale, on whose produce a favourable report
was received, but the difficulty of securing careful
skiJled labour and the injurious effects of thunder-
stormson the silkworms prevented the continuance
of the experiment. Sir Wm. Gregory took a great
interest in the Silk-growing, as in all other experi-
ments with new products. In 1872 he reported that
the “mulberry tree grows quickly and vigorously
in Ceylon, and the worms are reported to be
hardy and to thrive well, but the difficulty was to
find patient and skilled hands to wind the silk.”
Accordingly ke recommended the dried cocoon to
be sent to Europe to be spun, but the cost of
female labour in England is another difficulty.
Sir Wm. Gregory introduced and distributed
Japanese silkworm eggs in Ceylon. The late Mr.
Bury of Golconda, Haputale, lather Palla at Galle
and Mr. P.N. Braine in the Central and North-
Western Provinces among others, took a special
interest in silkworms, and, for a time, had a fair

measure of success, also Mr. C. Ralston White in
Haputale West. and Mr. R. Fraser of Wariapolla.
The Matale Agricultural Association (in July 1888)
took steps at the instauce of Mr. E. Gordon Reeves
to endeavour to establish Sericulture among the
natives of the digtrict. A good plan would be to
establish groves of mulberry trees and a silkworm
hut near every vernacular echool as one means of
technical instruction. It would be well if the
Ceylon Government could offer a sufficient bonus
forthe production of an appreciable quantity of
this and other new products which only require
a good start to take root in the island, develope
and prosper,

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.'

We have referred to this subject and summarised
the information regarding sericulture in Ceylon,
as it is now proposed by Mr. KE. E. Green, the Gov-
ernment Entomologist, to make afresh attempt
to popularise silkworm rearing among our village
population through the School Gardens that
have lately been established. The proposal has
the approval of the Director of Public Instruc-
tion, and already the Superintendent of School
Gardens has made a start with the distribution of
mulberry cuttings to school teachers. Thus the wish
of our correspondent of 1896 and the suggestion of
the Editor of the Ceylon Handbook and Directory
will be given effect to, with what result remains
to be seen, but with an already existing agency
for the fostering of the industry, and under the
advise of an expert in Mr. E. E, Geeen, the attempt
to popularize sericulture as a home industry
for the village population starts under fair
auspices.

A FINE GAUVA.

Some time ago the Bulletin of the Botanical

' Department of Trinidad described under the above

heading a variety of the gauva found growing in
the suburbs of Port of Spain and known as the red
or Cayenne gauva. The fruit is oval in shape and
of an average size of 3g in. inits longest and 28 in,
in its shortest diameter, It Las fewer seeds than
the ordinary kinds, and is filled with semi-solid red
pulp in the interior. For making the celebrated
Gauva Jelly of the West Indies it deserves to be
widely cultivated. The weight of an average
specimen is °35 lb., thus taking seldom more
than three fruits to the pound. The flavour is
said to be excellent.

We are glad to state that we have received
through the courtesy by Mr. T. H. Hart of the
Botanic Department of Trinidad a packet of the
seed of this gauva, and in writing Mr. Hart says:
‘I trust you may be successful in raising plants,
as it is a variety well worth growing.”

A NEW MANURE.

Mr. John Hughes, in a paper read before the
Society of Arts made the following important
statement :—‘‘ The time has come,” he said, “ when
manures should be adapted to the soil, rather than
that the soil should adapt itself to the manure.
Obviously soils differing so much in their chemical
composition and physical character as chalk and
clay, peat and sand, granite and gravel, require
different manures in the same way as they require
different cultivation and different kinds of crops.
It is not scientific, it is not economical, and it
cannot be to the advantage of the farmer, that one
kind of manure should be sold for application to
all kinds of soils.’

Such a pronouncement on the subject of manur-
ing by a chemist who has had ample opportunity
of judging of the value of manures and their
effect on soil, deserves to be carefully considered
by us. In this country, the practice of employing
chemical fertilizers is of recent date, and where
here has been little opportunity for growers to

856

acquaint themselves with the character and action
of special manures in their various forms, there
would naturally be a tendency to a careless use of
them, careless in the sense that their use is not based
upon a definite knowledge of the substances
employed. A perusal of Mr. Hughes’ paper and the
discussion that. followed thereon will show how,
even in England, the question of economical
manuring is still far from settled.

Mr. F, J. Lloyd, another authority on chemical
questions, speaking at the same meeting gave it
as his opinion that the time had come when some
authoritative body should lay down a definite
standard which could be accepted universally as
a means of estimating theavailable food in both
a soil anda manure—a statement that still further
proves the unsatisfactory character of our know-
ledge of the relation of manures to soils.

One inference to be drawn from the paper under
review is that an alkaline phosphatic manure is
under ordinary circumstances the most economic,
for while superphosphate issuited only tv soils
which contain plenty of lime, basic slag is best
restricted to soils which are particularly sour,

The question will be asked, what is alkaline or
basic superphosphate? This is the new manure
which Mr. Hughes may be said to have “ dis-
covered.” - The following extract from his paper
will give our readers a fair idea of the fertilizer :—

It occurred, to the author, after careful con-
sideration in the autumn of 1900, that a new
and useful manure could be produced by the care-
ful admixture in suitable proportions of ordinary
acid superphosphate with finely ground or slaked
lime.

After making numerous trial mixture the most
suitable proportions were decided upon, and a
manure was produced which possessed a distinctly
alkaline or basic character, and at the same time
supplied from 25 to 27 per cent of phosphate of
lime in » form readily soluble in the standard
solution (1 in 1,000) of citric acid.

The manure so produced was appropriately
called basic..superphosphate, because it combined
the alkaline nature of slag with the well-known
solubility of superphosphate,

The mechanical condition is superior both to
that of basic slag and superphosphate. Compared

with the former it ismuch more bulky and lighter

in weight, so that if equal weights be placed in
two glass tubes about 1 foot long, bssic superphos-
phate will be found to occupy a space of I1 inches
as compared with only 44 inches occupied by basic
glag, the relation in round numbers being as 100
to 40,

Compared with superphosphate the new material
is very much drier, containing only 4 to 5 per
cent of moisture instead of the 14 to 18 per cent
usually found in commercial superpbosphate.

Being in a finely ground dry powder of light
weight aud bulky nature, greater uniformity and
more perfect distribution can be obtained than is
possible with basic slag, which when sown by
hand is ap} to drop between the fingers before
complete delivery cun be effected,

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist,”

[JUNE 2, 1902.

The general composition of basic superphosphat
may be gathered from the following analysis :—
COMPOSITION OF Basic SUPERPHOSPHATE.
Moisture (lost at 212° F.) 40 -. 415
Combined water and loss on ignition 12°86

*Phosphoric acid (total) as .. 13°60
Lime ate nit Ap .. 35°16
Sulphuric acid ax: An -. 28°50
Oxides of iron, alumina, magnesia, &c, 2°34
Insoluble siliceous matters .. .. 3°40

Total . .100°00
*Equal to phosphate of lime .. «.. 29°68

The manure usually contains from 33 to 35 per
cent of total lime, so that in this respect basic
superphosphate supplies fully 10 per cent more
lime than ordinary acid superphosphate.

Basic superphosphate can be applied, indeed has
been applied in the season of 1901, with great
advantage on soils deficient in lime, such as sand,
gravel, granite, peat and clay.

Briefly, it may be stated that all soils containing
less than one per cent of lime will be greatly bene-
fitted by the application of basic superphosphate
instead of slag or ordinary superphosphate.

It is of practical importance to state that, though
originally invented to supplement the deficient
solubility of slag, which is fully recognised by
those interested in its sale (they therefore recom-
mend its application during the winter months), it
hasbeen found by actual field results that the
new manure is superior also to superphosphate
on soils deficient in lime.

For a further account of the new manure and
results of trials made with it we must refer our
readers to Mr. Hughes’ paper. There is no doubt
that a useful fertilizer has been brought to light,
and that through it the problem of how to secure
the mest economic results in the use of phosphates
hagin a menagure been solved, It has been long
recognised that the action of these manures is
to a great extent dependent on and controlled
by the presence and proportion of lime in the soil.
But lime, as we know, is very liable to leave the
surface soil, andas Mr. Hughes points out it would

_be far more expersive tu supply sufficient lime to

a soil that Jacks lime so that every square inch
should contain enough of it to neutralise any acid
brought in contact with it. The adding of about
20 per cent of lime to the superphosphate,
sufficient to neutralise all the acid and produce
slight excess in order to give it a distinctly acid
character, does everything that is required to be
done.
——_—____»—______

THE CULTIVATION OF THE GROUND NUT.

The pea, earth, or ground nut (Arachis Hypogcea)
is an annual of the leguminous order, or pea tribe
of plants. Before it blooms it gererally assumes
an upright habit, usually attaining a height of about
one foot ;but when the flowers appear the plant falls
over, and makes its subsequent growthin a pro-
cumbent position. The leaves are abruptly pinnate,
bearing two pairs of leaflets without any tendril ;
stipules elongated and adnate to the leaf-stallcs,

June 2, 1902.]

The flowera are yellow, and are arranged five to

“seven together in the axiis of the leaves. These
are succeeded by pods about 1} inches long, and
contain two, and sometimes three, seeds, seventy-
five of which weigh 1 oz, The most remarkable
feature of the plant is that it thrusts its fruit into
the ground to effect its maturation. This pecu-
liarity, however, is not confined to this genus of
plants, bnt exists likewise in an allied genus
(Voundzeia subterranea, ‘Thours.), commonly
knotwn as the Bombara ground-nut. This plant is
a native of Madagascar and various parts of Africa,
and has been grown successfully in this country,
but it will be more fully noticed in a seperate
article. :

The pea-nut is a native of the West Indies and
West Africa, but it is now cultivated extensively
in many of the warmer parts of the earth for the
sake of its seeds, There are two well-marked
varieties of the plant, the difference between them
being that one hasa small pod and the other a
large one. Its caltivation is withal so simple,
and as it only occupies the land for about five
months of the year, the produce can scon be turned
to profitable account, ‘Tuking into consideration
the quantity of pea-nuts that are consume: iu the
Colony, it would take the produce of many acres
to supply the aunual demands. The chief com-
mercial value of this plant, however, is the valu-
able oil that can be expressed from its seeds. —

Professor Church, (to whom we are also in-
debted for the engraving of the plant), gives the
following analysis of the Pea-nuts :—

Composition of Pea-nuts.

In 100 parts. In 1 Ib.

Water Be eTON Mise el OZ Ou ecSe
Albuminoids ied: peta ane Sper A om nn.
Starch CUR Seas Me BO ais,
Oil Pe OO Ones On; ORs
Fibre Dei AC Orne Osseo Ores
Ash Seep ad ERS) Oe Gish

It will be seen by the foregoing analysis that the
pea-nuts contain 60 per cent of their weight in
oil, . This excellent result must not be expected,
however, as a general thing, for the yield varies tn
nuts that are grown on different soils, and it will
be gafe to put it down at a lower figure. The oil
is thin, of a clear, pale, straw colour, somewhat
resembling poppy aud the fiuer kinds of olive oils,
It will not become rancid, and it is said to be im-
proved with age. In commerce it is known as
‘nut oil,” and it is said, on good authority that
olive oil is notonly adulterated withit, but that this
nut-oil is “often substituted forit.” It isa valuable
oil asa lubricant for delicate machinery, and as it
doesnot clog the bearings, it possesses greatadvanta-
gesovermany otherkinds of oil. Theoilisextracted
from the pea-nuts by two processes—one of them by
simple pressure, and the other by the application of
heat. Whilstagreater percentage of oilcan be ob'nin-
ed by the application of neat, that obtained by the
simple pressure process is more valuable as a com-
mercial article. After the greater part of the oilhas
been extracted from the pea-nuts by pressure, the
residue, or cak», can be used for feeding crttle,
and it is considered very fattening, Moreover, it
can be used a8 a fertiliser for sugar-cane lands, and
also for other crops that are exhaustive to the soil,

Supplement to the ‘ Tropical Agrisulturist.”

857

Besides the valuable produets already mentioned,
the pea-nut has many other important economic
uses Owing to the fact, however, that the nuts
containsuch large percentage of oil ina fresh state,
they require a cousiderable admixture of starchy
food in order to render them easy of digestion,
Haormous quantities of parched pea-rits, however,
are consumed nearly all over the world, more parti-
cwarly in America, and they are fur from’ being
unknown in this country, for boys may often be
seen eating them, although they are sometimes in-
ferior to what they would beif grown and parched
in the Colony. I read a short time ago where cne
American writer of authority stated that the
manufacture of chocolate cekes out of pea-nuta .
alone, and without a particle of cocoa, ig an im-
mense and prefitable manufacture in the States,
Although so much hag been said about this valu-
able economic plant, its use3 are not nearly ex-
hausted. As a green crop it makes valuable
forage, and after the pea-nuts are picked off the

‘dried stems, the latter make valuable fodder,

which herbivora of all kinds are remarkably fond
of, and they are said to be very fattening.

The soil best suited to the growth of the pea-nut.—
The soil best suited to the growth of this plant is
of a light sandy nature, or one inclined that way.
It is important that the surface soil should be loose,

-80 that the young pods have no difficulty in

pushing their way into the ground to effect matu-
ration, Aftera suitable piece of ground has been
chosen it should be thoroughly cleaned of all weeds
and rubbish, and ploughed with a light one-horse
plough toa depth not exceeding 6 inches. If it is
not naturally fertile, some manure should be ap-
plied. If well rotted farm-yard manure is not
available, then those commercial manures should
be applied that are rich in phosphates. Super-
phosphate of lime is considered an excellent
manure to apply to the land where this crop: is
grown. The advantage of shallow cultivation
will be apparent when it is explained that after
the embryo nuts are fertilised, the stalks they are
attuched to will continue to push themselves into
the ground until a firm bed is ravched for the pea-
nuts to miture or. When the pea-nuts are mat-
ured a3 nevr to the surface of the soil as is practi-
cable, the harvest operations are not nearly so
laborious, because the produce is more easy to
bring to the surface, and a less number of nuts
will be likely to be left in the ground, [f the soil
ean be left ina rough ploughed condition for a
month or 0 previous to planting, se much the
better—the sun and air will get into it and
sweeten it. If weeds should spring up, however,
the scarifier should be put over the land to kill
them. The scarifier should be fresly used on the
land a few duys previous to planting, so that it
will be in the best possible tilth to receive the seed,
and be cleaned thoroughly free from weeds.

The rows should be 3 feet apart, and the seeds
sown 18 inches apirtin the rows. This will allow
the iand to be ersily worked with a horse aad
light plough or scarifier, It will take 25 lb, of
seed to plant an acre. Like many other kinds of
geed that contiin a large percentage of oil, the
pea-nut soon loses its germinating power,even when
kept under the best of circumstances, The first

858

requisite for a good ercp of pea-nuts is good seed,
In countries where the crop is grown on com-
mercial lines the selection of seed isa most im-
portant matter. They are all carefully shelled
and hand-picked, and only the plump, perfect ones
with unbroken skius, being kept for sowing. If
this matter is not carefully attended to, there will
be a great many blank places in the field, A few
years ago pea-nuts were planted by hand, but it
was a very tedioua and laborious process. Of late
years, however, a simple but effective mechanical
contrivance has been brought into use, which de-
posits pea-nuts at regular distances in the rows
and covers them carefully over. With the aid of
one of these machines a man can plant about 7
acres per day. It is advisable to sow a few
extra seeds in some portion of the field to provide
plants for any blanks that may occur. [t will
ulso be necessary to keep a close watch on the
field until the seedlings are well above ground,
for many birds and small animals are so fond of
pea-nuts that if the fields are unprotected there
would be many blanks to fill up. The young
plants will begin to appear above ground in about
ten days or a fortnight, according to the state of
the weather. When the plants have appeared
above ground they are a very pretty sight, and
look very much like a lot of young red clover
plants, as we see them in spring time in the old
country.

When the crop shows signs of ripening, the pods
will turn brown. As soon.as they have arrived
at that stage they must be lifted, or they will get
discoloured. If this should take piace, their value
as a commercial article wil be depreciated. If
only a few rods of ground are under cultivation,
the pea-nuts may be lifted with a fork, but where
there are several acres the operation is best done
witha plough. This should be run under each
row, which will sever the main root of the plant,
and will leave the plants and pods on the surface.
After they have laid on the ground and become
partly dried, they should be stacked in the field
to complete the operation. This is usually done
in the following way:—Select some stout stakes,
about 8 feet high, sharpen one end, and drive
them into the ground about 18 inches. See that
they are left ina perfectly upright position, at
right angles. Nail cross pieces of wood, about
3 feet long, beginning at 2 feet from the bottom
and continuing at every 2 feet until the top of the
stake is reached. With a fork gather up the
plants, and put as many on eaci stake as it will
comfortably hold, If showery weather should
ensue before the pea-nuts are sufficiently dry it
will be advisable to put @ cap of lay or siriw on
each stake to throw therainoff. After they have
become sufficiently dry, the pods may either be
picked off in the field or the stacks stored in a
barn for the pods to be picked off at some future
time. The picking is the most tedious process of
all, fur it has to be done with hand labour. If an
efficient but simple machine could be invented to
strip off the pods without injuring them it would
not only ‘faciliate getting the produce to market,
but it would prove of inestimable value to farmers
in sparsely-populated districts, where it is often
a difficulty to get labour of any kind to perform
what work there is to be done. :

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

[JUNE 2, 1902.

As many as 115 bushels of pea-nuts have been
harvested froman acre. This, however, is an ex-
ceptional case, and the average yield must be put
down at a much lower figure. About 25 or 30
bushels are considered a fair crop.—Agricultural
Gazette of N. S. Wales.

a
SHADE YOR YOUNG TREES.

To the Editor of the “ Agricultural Magazine.”

DeaR SriR,—In a state of nature young trees
grow for a considerable time under shade, and this
fact would lead one to ask the question whether
shade might not be advisedly supplied to ecul-
tivated trees such as the coconut during the
early stages of growth—shade for roots as
well as foliage. This might be considered
rather a fantastic idea by many, but it may
be worth looking into.

In the young stage the parts of the tree—
stem, leaves and roots—are in a more or less
immature and tender condition, at least they
have not become “hardened” with increased
vigour to the extent that trees of some age
have done. Under such circumstances some
means of protection against the effects of ex-
treme or varying temperatures may be admitted
to be likely to act beneficially. Some fast grow-
ing tree of the leguminous order (as likely
to add fertilty to the soil) such as the Ery-
thrinas would naturally be thought. of in this
connection, if remunerative catch-crops (such as
cassava in Ceylon or plantain—the favourite
shade tree of the West Indies) are to be discarded
as likely to impoverish the soil and as pro-
viding insufficiently high and yet broken sliade.

ln very dry situations shade during the early
years of growth, as preserving the sil mois-
ture and protecting the foliage, would enable
the plants to make an earlier start and more
rapid growth than if no. shade were provided.
I have heard of a case where coconuts failed
to grow till the lantana scrub was provided,
when they came up and flourished into a
valuable plantation. hth

Bare land exposed to a fierce tropical sun
is hardly the best condition of soil for young
growing plants. Just now much attention is
being paid to mulching which is highly recom-
mended by competent authorities in coffee cul-
tivation. In the case of the coconut it is only
reasonable to expect some protection for the soil
and the roots that in the early stages have
not penetrated to any extent into the lower
moisture-holding strata.

Weeds, small and great, are generally looked
upon as robbers of the soil, but that can ouly
be when they are allowed to flourish and are
then pulled up and conveyed off the land.
In the case of short-lived delicate plants such
as are grown in market gardens the utilization
of weeds to any advantage is impracticable,
but this is not the case in the permanent
cultivation of large trees. Here weeds cannot
retard the growth of the crop to an appreci-
able extent—if at all—while there would be
no loss (rather gain) of fertility, provided that
they were not carried off the land, The only

June 2, 1902.]

requisite would be to keep the weeds within
reasonable bounds.

I have seen young trees parched and struggling
on a dry soil during the hot weather, while
others of the same age were green and flour-
ishing amid lantana scrub. This was in the
Chilaw district.

I have also seen full-grown trees looking
decidedly cool and comfortable with a dense
undergrowth of leguminous weeds in the
Kurunegala district.

I should like to have the views of experienced
planters on these points:—(1) Whether they
approve of keeping young coconut palms for
a few years amid low jungles but protected
from over-crowding by creepers, &c., in order
to provide shade and conserve the soil mois-
ture, or whether they would recommend plant-
ing leguminous shade trees (Erythrina) to be
gradually removed later on. (2) Whether they
approve of keeping an undergrowth of weeds
(preferably leguminous) in old plantations.
If not, what objections they have in the carry-
ing out of these suggestions. :

Yours truly,
C. P.

|Here are a few interesting points for some

of our subscribers (and among them are many
experienced coconut planters) to attack during
a leisure hour.

Clean cultivation our correspondent is no doubt
ready to admit isa sina qua non under certain
circumstances, but he evidently desires to have
the views of experienced hands on the depar-
ture he proposes in the special case of coco-
nuts and other large trees, A gentleman who
possesses a large plantation of mangosteens
whispered it to us as a secret that it is kindness
(in the shape of too much attention) that. kills
the young mangosteen: and. he showed us some
hardy plants which looked double their age,
flourishing as he said “inthe jungle.” Those
thinking over the question of growing under
shade’ will be interested inthe first article in
the May Tropical Agriculturist, where an account
of the successful cultivation of pine-apples under
shade is given.—Ep. 4.M. |

THE ENTOMOLOGY OF THE HOUSE FLY.

( Continued.)

Many of the habits of the fly are painfully fami-~

liar to all of us. Its discordant buzzing, its exas™
‘perating persistency in returning again and again
to our sensitive bald spots, setting our nerves on
edge with the tickling of its feet and the rasping
of its proboscis and its headlong floundering into
the milk jug and coffee cup; likewize its habit. so
distressing to.the careful housewife, of marking
its path, especially on newly-polished mirrors,
with little dots of brown-black excrement, are well
known to almost everybody. Ifthe fly was a cleanly
insect, the importance of these associations with
man and man’s belongings would be limited by the
temporary annoyance caused, But the house fly
is far from cleanly, It breeds in dung and returns

Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricultur ist.”

859

to dung to lay its eggs, it flits direct from sup
purating sores on the skin of animals to regale
itself on our perspiration ; it visits stercus, and
then, perhaps, the milk pail.

Numerous diseases, some of them most Serious
in character, may result from the visits of the fly
to our food and our persons, for it oft brings with
it virulent germs from the feecal or putrid matter
which it has visited. It has been demonstrated
that the fly can contract plague from feeding on
animals that have died of this disease, and that,
having contracted plague, it may live for several
days and finally fall or drop dead on to food
meanwhile having been depositing excrement
laden with virulent bacilli, It is firmly believed
by medical men in India that cholera is very
frequently transmitted by the house fly. Tuber-
culosis bacilli are taken up by it through feeding
as it often deos, on the sputum of consumptive
persons,andthese germs are given off in the excreta
The excreta of flies that had been fed on infective
sputum, when injected into rabbits, has given rise
to tuberculosis. But of all diseases that it may
transmit, typhoid or enteric fever probably ranks
first in importance. The dejections of persons in-
fected with this disease, it has been stated on the
best of authority, harbour the causal organism not
only during the period of actual illness, but for
some days before and for some time after appar-
ently complete recovery. The fly becomes con-
taminated by alighting on dejections that have not
been properly disinfected, and then may carry the
germs into surrounding households. The bacilli
multiply rapidly in milk, and how easily can a fly
render a whole pailful poisonous by falling into it
or even simply sipping it! In cities and towns
with good sewerage systems and well-enforced
sanitary regulations, the carriage of typhoid by
the fly is doubtless exceptional, but in concen-
tration and army camys it is presumed to be very
common,

Not only may the fly convey infectious diseases,
but, it is asserted, some of the worm parasites
that affiict humanity as well. Theeggs of the tape
worm and of the tiny thread or pin worm were
found to pass unaltered through ‘ flies ” (presum-
ably house flies) by an Italian investigator ; and an
American zoologist found that fly maggots (of
genus Musca, species not stated), will devour the
common round worm, and that the eggs of the
worm are passed off alive in the excreta of the
winged adults. The excreta may be dropped on
the fuod and the contained eggs carried into the
intestines, where they can develope. It is
probable that the life circle of the worm normally
depends npon such an extraordinary sequence of
happenings for its completion, but as the eggs
are almost numberless the survival of the species
can safely rest on very slim chances of one egg, or
indeed of any one egg if a thousand becoming
lodged in the intestine.

The fly evil can be abated to some extent by
preventives against multiplication, The thorough
cleansing of stable floors even once a week, and
the keeping of manure in pits from which flies
cannot escape or spreading it on the land where it
will dry out quickly are practical measures of high

860 Supplement to the
value to which effect may be given. The maggots
swarm in floor crevices and in corners of stalls
where dung collects, and thence the necessity of
thoroughly cleansing the floor.

To minimise diseise transmission human excre-
mentshould never beleft exposed,and indeed should
be at once disinfected. Where siuitnary measnaies are
in force covers should be provided for buckets.

Small mesh nettings at the windows and doors
are little seen, though in America dwellings are
thus protected. Incidentally the screens afford
relief from mosquitoes and lessen the dust. The
nettings (generally coloure¢) admit air freely but
break the light, so that though a person within
can see out clearly one without can see in only
dimly.

The value of sticky fly papers, the best of which
is that styled ‘ Tanglefoot,” of sticky fly strings,
of poisoned fly paper. and of wire fly fraps are
well understood by most hon-ekeepers, All these
devices for reducing the number of flies have their
disadvantages, yet with due regard to cirenm<tan-
ces they are all highly commendable, Sticky fly
paper is the least objectionable, despite the buzzing
of the victims and the risk of catching one’s cloth-
ing. Poisoned paper is somewhat dangerous
where inquistive children and pets are about, and
besides, it is rather disagreeable to have dead flies
dropping into everything, The art of driving flies
out of a room seems almost unknown by the
“majority of Colonials, but driving them out is one
of the best ways of getting rid of them. The room
to be cleared is darkened except at one partially
opened door or window, and the flies are “ shooed ”
with a whisk or cloth to this exit; they move
readily towards the light when disturbed, but some
skill and patience is required to get them all to
leave. Even without more trouble than simply
darkening the room and leaving a lighted exit,
many.of the flies within will pass out; it is a good
practice to thus trent dining-rooms between meals,

Pyrethrum powder, otherwise known as insect
powder, Persian powder, Dalmatian powder, and
most familiarly as Keating’s power. is excellent
for use against flies. Some people like to blow an
ounce or two with a powder bellows into the closed
room at night, others to burn a little on coals or
in a roll of twisted paper, but the first method
involves a layer of dust and the second a peculiar
odour that remains for days, while both necessitate
the sweeping up of the stupified victims in the
early morning. Theneatest way to use if, I think,

is to dust it liberally on the window ledges and .

sills, the windows being closed. When the other
sources of light are shut off the flies sooner or
later seek the windows and one by one are over-
come by the volatile oil of the powder and drop
senseless, In the writer’s house, the fly is kept
almost completely suppressed by darkening the
rooms on the days that flies most commonly seek
toenter, dull days when rain threatens, by keeping
food under cover as much as possible, and by
keeping the dining-room, kitchen and pantry dark
at all times when not in use, together with the
exertions of madam with her butterfly’ net.
Thanks to these measures, it ig seldom that a dozen
flies can be found in the whole house even in the
height of fly season and when the dwellings of

“Tropical Agrwulturist.”

[June 2, 1903.

neighbours swarm with the nasty pest. Catching
the fly with a butterfly net may seem a childish
measure, but it is really a quick way of clearing a
room by one who knows how and has a wide deep
nef,

There is a section of the public of late years who
beljeve that every insect has sufficient natural
e:emies to hold it in close check, and that insects
are only pests through reason of having been
separated from one or more of these enemies. I
should like to hear one of these people apply his
theory tothe house fly. It is an insect that seems
to be known throughout the world and to pester
man everywhere. Natural enemies it has to be
sure, but who thinks of these in connection with
its abundance? Aside from climatic conditions,
the factor of overwhelming importance governing
its numbers is not parasites or predaceous enemies,
but the question of food suply. Furnish it with
an abundance of suitable manure to breed in, and
its natural enemies, as far as 1 can see, have no
appreciable effect on it. I greatly fear it is the
food supply factor and not the absence of the
“ proper eneny” that accounts for the pestiferous-
ness of many insects that attack farm and orchard
crop. The house fly is preyed on by various smull
aniniils as toads and some lizards, and every child
kuows how somie spiders ensnare them. A certain
species of long-legged centipede. Seutigera forceps,
an uncanny Creature one sometimes seas scurrying
over the walls at midnight, is credited with being
an enemy of some importance. So isa tiny red
mite, likea small tick, that infests the body of the
fly Then hymenopterous parasites and predaceous
beetles are recorded to destroy the maggots ; and,
lastly, a fungus disease accounts for many of the
adults. Specimens which have succumbed to the
disease are often to be seen adhering to window
glass, surrounded by a halo of white fungus
filaments. Allover the world the house enemies of
the fly seem k be the same,

The remar,,s here made apply to our species of
house fly (sa domestica), but half-a-dozen kinds

of flies have the habit of intruding themselves inta

dwellings.. In general what has been said as to
remedies applies equally to the others, Most of
them, like the house fly, are creatures of filth, but
as they are far less. abundant-indoors they are
correspondingly less dangerous to health. Dr.
Howard recently had collections cf flies caught for
him in dining-rooms and kitchens in different
parts of the United States, and of the 2,300 speci-
mens he received, 98 % proved to be the true house

‘fly. Next to the house fly a species called the

stable fly (Stomovys Calcitrans) is reported to be
most abundant in houses in the United States.
This fly would be mistaken for the house fly by
ninety-nine people out of a hundred, but it is
distinct an] has a hard-pointed proboscis for
piercing the skin instead of the broad-tipped,
fleshy retrac ile one. 4 '

In closing, let me urge you to always remember
that every where the common house fly is 2 creature
of foul and filthy habits and one liable to bring
misery, disease and even’ death to your household.
Therefore, spare not a little trouble to make its
existence a hard one on your premises.—Cape
Agricultural Jounal. °

June 2, 1902.]}

PLANT LIFE.

[A SERIES OF SIMPLE LECTURES INTENDED FOR
A CLASS oF JUNIOR STUDENTS. ]

LECTURE V.

Let us now enquire what plants take up from
the soil by way of food, To begin with, we must
recognise that the food of plants as taken up
from the soil consist of more or less soluble com-
pounds spokea of as salts. There are com-
pounds produced by the action of an acid (such
as nitric acid) upon a base (such as potash), In
this way we get salts such as nitrate of potash,
or as itis better known ‘‘Saltpetre.” Tbis last
mentioned salt is one of a class of similar com-
pounds (salts) which, as I have already stated, form
the food of plants. Some of these salts though
present as a rule only to a small extent are essen-
tial to the life of the plant; others which are
generally met within the soil are not indispeus-
able though useful to plants. Those which are
essential are the salts of potash, magnesia, lime,
iron, andin addition phosphorusand sulphur, These
which are useful though not indispensable are the
salts of soda, silica, manganese, together with
chlorine and occasionally other ingredients, What
salts these substances form will of course depend
upen the acid with which it combines, whether
nitric acid, sulphuric acid, or any other acid.
Thus we will get nitrates, sulphates, and so on.
To attempt a fuller explanation of this part of
the subject will be going too much into chemistry,
which at present we must avoid, What I have
told you will, I. think, suffice to make you under-
stand the nature of the food taken by plants
from the soil. The most important of the salts
referred to above are the nitrates, because they
supply what we may say is more important than
any other of the elements of plant food, viz.,
nitrogen, If youask why certain elements are
essential as plant food, | can only say that it
has been proved by actual experiment that plants
will not grow and flourish without them. The
exact place which they fill in the plant economy
is difficult to make out, though some scientific
men appear to have found that they are required
for certain ends. For instance, nitrogen, we are
told is an essential constituent of protoplasm
(that. is the kwng part of plants), and siuce
without nitrogen. there can be no protoplasm,
without protoplasm there. can be no _ plant.
Potash is said to be necessary for the full assi-
milation of the carbon, which, we have seen,
is derived from the air in the form of carbonic
acid gas. Recent experiments. also tend to shew
that without potash no starch can be formed, and
starch, you should know, is of primary importance
in the nutrition of plants.

Both sulphur and phosphorus are found agso-
ciated with protoplasm. Phosphorus is believed
to be needful in the formation of the pollen or
fertilizing powder in the flower, and in the ripen-
ing of seeds.

Tron is -essential to the formation of leaf-green

or chlorophyll, which is essential to the produc-
tion of starch.

Supplement to the “ Tromcal Agriculturist: =

861

Though the precise function of lime is not
known, it-is of the greatest. importance. at. least
in keeping up the supply of the other essential
ingredients. The substances already mentioned and
others not alluded to, though mot direetly con-
cerned in nutrition, yet are so indireesly, by caus-
ing changesin the soil, by rendering some matters
soluble and eapable of absorption by the plant,
by storing up and preventing the waste of: in-
gredients useful as plant food, and so on, But
we are again going rather outside the scope of
our subject.

Plants are known to take their food in certain
proportions, and cannot be induced to favour a
particular substance; because it is supplied or is
present in the soilin large quantity, This would
seem to indicate the existence of a power of selec-
tion as regards food, but is explainable by the
varying absorptive capacity of plants ; so that by
virtue of such varying absorptive and digestive
powers, plants take what they want and when
they want it, and are not induced to take more by
additional supplies.

meet hee

GENERAL ITEMS.

According to the Jamaica Agricultural Society’s
Journal there is no difference whatever between
the two pines known as smooth Cayenne and
Giant Kew. A variety, apparently a new one, as
being unknown in Jamaica, that should be worth
cultivating is the “ white Guatemala spineless,”
thus described by Mr. J. C. Harvey who says that
it was introduced into Mexico from Guatemala.
It is absolutely smooth and has much the appear-
ance of smooth Cayenne, that is to say the plant.
The latter has a few short spines at the end
of every leaf and the flesh is yellow; this
new pine has absolutely no spines whatever
and the flesh is almost snow white—sweet but
with a slightly sub-acid yet not stinging taste.
The fruit is smooth and not conical—in fact per-
fect in form—and reaches with practically no
cultivation 7 lbs, The core is never woody,
and as it keeps well should prove a good market
pine. The plantseemsto be particularly adapted
to heavy soils and damp situations.

In some of the largest and most successful
pine apple plantations in Florida, the soil is almost
a pure sand containing as much as 99 % silica.
It is said to bea mystery how pines grow in
such a soil and yet they do grow. At the School
of Agriculture, where the soil is particularly
sandy, the pine apples have been doing very

well, and all through May bore a good crop of
fruit.

The Paris Exhibition, where Ceylon made such
a good show, has for one thing benefitted the tea
industry inthe Island, for the custom of ‘* five
o'clock Ceylon tea” appears to be spreading in the
French capital. It is to be hoped that advantage
will be taken of the St. Louis Worlds’ Fair to
make a thorough representation of our products
with a view to educating the great American nation
to an appreciation of what is ‘‘made in Ceylon,”

862

Says the Agricultural Journal and Mining
Record :—** The object of an Agricultural Show i-
the thoroughly practical one of improving agri
culture and live-stock of the country. It would be
a regretable circumstance if this fact were ever
to be overlooked in the slightest degree.”

There are still among practical foresters those
who donot admit that the destruction of forests
diminishes the rainfall. Two instances lately
brought up are the cases of Tripoli, once a fertile

Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”’

[June 2, 1902.

country now desolate owing to the destruction of
the forests which resulted in the disappearance of
water, and of the forests of La Trappe by the
denudation of which the springs and the ponds
fed by them dried up.

Some interesting specimens of grafting showed
before the Prussian Horticultural Society proved
that the graft had exercised a more or less marked
influence on the stock—an effect the opposite of
what is usual.

Bee Vs BOTANIC GARDENS.

1.—GENERAL.

THE organization of the Department upon modern lines has continued, and is becoming fairly

mplete in the case of two of the three main subdivisions which are proposed, the Scientific and the
ytanic and Horticultural Gardens Divisions. The third, or Division of Experimental Gardens, is as
t only under consideration, but it is hoped that it may soon be organized. The Scientific Division,
hich includes the Director, Mycologist, Entomologist, Chemist, and Assistant, is charged with the
ientific investigation of the flora of Ceylon, both indigenous and introduced, with special reference to
e economic uses of the plants and the diseases that attack them. The work of this division includes
e upkeep and working of the laboratories, library, herbarium, and museum, tours in the Island for the
udy of plants, cultivations, and diseases, the giving of advice and assistance in all such matters to
ficials and cultivators, personally and by letter, and, most important of all, the continual carrying on
researches upon the physiology and pathology of plants, their structure, distribution, and other
bjects. Successful practical applications of science must be based upon thorough scientific investi-
tions ; such work is laborious and needs long periods of time, and it is of the greatest importance that
e scientific officers should have the greater portion of their time at their disposal for such work.
he appointments of the Entomologist and Mycologist in particular have met with much appreciation,
id their help is so constantly sought that a very great part of their time is taken up with personal
sits, interviews, and correspondence. In the past year a great amount of work has been carried out
y these officers, whose reports are given below, and the result of their work is becoming clearly
yparent in the greater freedom from disease of many districts and estates. The Colony has on the
hole been free from any very serious epidemics of disease during the year, and the agricultural public
8 become much more alive to the advantage of keeping a sharp look out for the first appearance of
sease and of immediate treatment thereof.
The Director and Chemist have completed an investigation into camphor and have published
sults, showing a fair possibility of this product proving remunerative as a cultivation in Ceylon. It
valready being tried on several estates, and if it prove successful will add another to the few minor
pducts that are as yet cultivated in the tea districts. Investigations of citronella oil, indiarubber, and
her products have been continued. The good results of similar work in past years are now becoming
joarent in the increasing export of, and the high. prices obtained for, indiarubber and coca, both
7 aed introduced by this Department, and which may now be looked upon as new minor industries
mLeylon.

il similar timbers, and into the important problem of the formation of rings in tropical timbers.
d| has also explored the guttapercha-yielding districts of the south-west, and investigated our local
. ita-producing trees. Some of these have been found to yield a gutta in fair quantity by simple
aing, without its being necessary to sacrifice the tree. The gutta is not of good quality, but it is not
probable that it may prove commercially valuable.

The Director has completed the investigation of the flora of the Maldive Islands, including the

jivated plants. The results have been published in the new scientific journal, the “ Annals of the

862 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.”

Says the Agricultural Journal and Mining
Record :—‘*The object of an Agricultural Show 1i-
the thoroughly practical one of improving agri
culture and live-stock of the country. It would be
a regretable circumstance if this fact weve ever
to be overlooked in the slightest degree.”

There are still among practical fores‘ers those
who do:not admit that the destruction of forests
diminishes the rainfall. Two instances lately
brought up are the cases of Tripoli, once a fertile

(June 2, 1902.

country now desolate owing to the destruction of
the forests which resulted in the disappearance of
water, and of the forests of La Trappe by the
denudation of which the springs and the ponds
fed by them dried up.

Some interesting specimens of grafting showed
before the Prussian Horticultural Society proved
that the graft had exercised a more or less marked
influence on the stock—an effect the opposite of
what is usual.

‘
;

mor BOTANIC “GARDENS:

EXTRACTS. FROM THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR 1901.

1.—GENERAL.

THE organization of the Department upon modern lines has continued, and is becoming fairly
complete in the case of two of the three main subdivisions which are proposed, the Scientific and the
Botanic and Horticultural Gardens Divisions. The third, or Division of Experimental Gardens, is as
yet only under consideration, but it is hoped that it may soon be organized. The Scientific Division,
| which includes the Director, Mycologist, Entomologist, Chemist, and Assistant, is charged with the
| scientific investigation of the flora of Ceylon, both indigenous and introduced, with special reference to
the economic uses of the plants and the diseases that attack them. The work of this division includes
_ the upkeep and working of the laboratories, library, herbarium, and museum, tours in the Island for the
study of plants, cultivations, and diseases, the giving of advice and assistance in all such matters to
officials and cultivators, personally and by letter, and, most important of all, the continual carrying on
of researches upon the physiology and pathology of plants, their structure, distribution, and other
subjects. Successful practical applications of science must be based upon thorough scientific investi-
gations ; such work is laborious and needs long periods of time, and it is of the greatest importance that
the scientific officers should have the greater portion of their time at their disposal for such work.
The appointments of the Entomologist and Mycologist in particular have met with much appreciation,
and their help is so constantly sought that a very great part of their time is taken up with personal
visits, interviews, and correspondence. In the past year a great amount of work has been carried out
by these officers, whose reports are given below, and the result of their work is becoming clearly
apparent in the greater freedom from disease of many districts and estates. The Colony has on the

whole been free from any very serious epidemics of disease during the year, and the agricultural public
_has become much more alive to the advantage of keeping a sharp look out for the first appearance of
disease and of immediate treatment thereof.
The Director and Chemist have completed an investigation into camphor and have published
results, showing a fair possibility of this product proving remunerative as a cultivation in Ceylon. It
is already being tried on several estates, and if it prove successful will add another to the few minor
products that are as yet cultivated in the tea districts. Investigations of citronella oil, indiarubber, and

other products have been continued. The good results of similar work in past years are now becoming
apparent in the increasing export of, and the high prices obtained for, indiarubber and coca, both

originally introduced by this Department, and which may now be looked upon as new minor industries
| in Ceylon.
| The Assistant has continued his researches into the mode of formation : ebony, calamander,
and similar timbers, and into the important problem of the formation of rings in tropical timbers.
| He has also explored the guttapercha-yielding districts of the south-west, and ee eaia our local
gutta-producing trees. Some of these have been found to yield a gutta in fair quantity by simple
tapping, without its being necessary to sacrifice the tree. The gutta isn not of good quality, but it is not
improbable that it may prove commercially valuable.
5 The Director has completed the investigation of the flora of the Maldive Islands, including the
| cultivated plants. The results have been published in the new scientific journal, the “ Annals of the

(Cae)

Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya,” of which two numbers have been issued during the year,
containing several papers by members of the staff and one by a visitor, who worked for some time in }
the Peradeniya laboratory. Several scientific workers from abroad have used the laboratories and other
facilities now available here, which are becoming widely known. A small branch laboratory has been
constructed at Hakgala, with sleeping and living accommodation attached to it, thus rendering that
garden of much greater value than hitherto. .

Several numbers of the “ Circular” have been published during the year, and appear to have}
met with much appreciation. The circulation of this little periodical continues to increase ; it is sent
to local subscribers at the lowest possible rate, merely sufficient being charged to cover postage (50 cents
for twenty numbers). The articles in this journal are popularly written, and do not overlap those in
the “ Annals.”

In view of the extension of the work of the Department, and the increasing interest manifested |
in “ new ” products and in scientific methods of cultivation and preparation of economic products, a re-
organization of the Hconomic Museum at Peradeniya has been commenced,and at the same time an attempt }
is being made to collect and classify all available information about the existing or possible economic
products of Ceylon; the great masses of letters, cuttings, notes, references to books, &c., which have
accumulated at Peradeniya during the past century are being arranged in files of a somewhat new
design, which willbe kept in a public consulting room at the museum, and the specimens in the museum
wre being renewed and re-arranged in accordance with the files, so that inquirers may be able to obtain
all available information about products in which they are interested with the least possible trouble
io themselves and to the staff of the Department. At the same time a véswmé of the chief facts of
importance about all known economic products of the Island, native, cultivated, or imported, is being
put together in book form, and is now in course of publication in the form of supplements to the
“ Annals.” It is hoped that in this way a reliable work of reference may be completed within two or
three years, which may prove valuable to planters, officials, and others interested in the products of the
Island. The first chapter, dealing with gums, resins, indiarubber, &c., is now almost completed, and
part of it has already appeared in print with the second number of the “ Annals.” The local annual
subscription of Rs. 2°50 also covers the supplements.

The second division of the Department (Botanical and Horticultural Gardens) includes the five
gardens in different parts of the Island, and it has lately been decided by Government to open a sixth
very small garden in the new park at Nuwara Eliya, with the view of trying what can be done on the
peculiar soil of that place. The main duty of this division is to introduce and cultivate a few specimens
of every possible kind of plant that may prove of use or interest, and to provide beautiful gardens for
the pleasure and instruction of the public. At the same time it provides instruction and advice on
horticultural matters, and supplies seeds and plants to the public in small quantity. It is no part of
the duty of a botanic garden to make large scale trials of economic plants or to supply large quantities
of seeds or plants. This is the work of an experimental garden, and hitherto such an institution has
been wanting in Ceylon, but negotiations have been in progress during 1901 with the object of providing
such a garden, where experiments may be tried on a commercial scale with staples or with plants which
imay become staples. Such experiments may include not merely the cultivation of considerable areas
of one plant, but the trial of manures, different modes of cultivation and treatment for disease, modes
of preparation of products for market, and their actual sale upon the open market. Such an institution
may serve as an object lesson, and supply when necessary large quantities of seeds or plants, besides
testing the commercial possibilities of different cultivations. It may also undertake the very desirable
work of breeding new and improved races and varieties of cultivated plants.

Office work continues to increase, and the correspondence with planters and others is becoming
very heavy. Working rooms have been provided for the Entomologist and Mycologist by the alterations
of the godowns under the library Sugg gested in last report. The library has been largely added to by
purchase, gift, and exchange, and is steadily becoming a really good working collection.

An locates (No. 5 of 1901) has been passed enabling the Government to take any necessary
steps, such as fumigation, quarantine, or exclusion, to prevent the introduction of disease into the Island
with plants from abroad. The import of cacao plants from the Dutch Indies has already been prohibited
under this law. /

A system of small gardens at village schools having been inaugurated by the Department of
Public Instruction, this Department has supplied large quantities of seeds and plants of the besi usefu
kinds for distribution to the schools. Good results in the introduction of new cultivations and increasec d
interest in agricultural progress may be hoped for from this work.

The total cost of the Department, including special votes, has been Rs. 72,087, against Rs. 71 110
last year. The rece ipts from sales, though the number of purchasers has increased, show a fall from

Rs. 4,658 to Rs. 3,741, owing to the cessation of the demand for rubber seed.

7

!

|
)
)
5
)

Gre?)
2.—NOTES ON ECONOMIC PRODUCTS, &C.

Hitherto the notes given annually under this head have been somewhat irregularly arranged,
the more important products being treated first. Commencing with the present year the various
products will be dealt with according to the different classes to which they belong, following the scheme
of classification adopted in the Handbook of Economic Products of Ceylon now in course of issue.

Class IT: Gums, Resins, Caoutchoucs, Guttas, &c.—An investigation into the gums and resins

_ produced by the wild plants of Ceylon has been started, with the view of finding out which are of value

for local use as substitutes for imported articles. It seems improbable that any of our local
products of this kind are good enough or cheap enough for export.

Indiarubber may now be regarded as established as a minor product in the low-country, and an
export of appreciable quantities of Hevea or Para rubber has begun; 66 cwt., valued at Rs. 11,986,
were exported in 1901 to England. Being carefully prepared, this rubber is of excellent quality, and
has sold for prices much exceeding those of the best Para rubber sold on the same market from wild
sources. On one occasion 4s. 1}d. per lb. was received for “ good biscuit,” against 3s. 94d. for “ best
Para.” A recent market report says : “ Ceylon sells with eager competition. The rubber is much liked,
and in large quantities would bring high prices.” Extension of planting continues in suitable districts,
and probably 3,000 acres are now in rubber. In most cases the rubber is mixed with tea and planted
by roads and ravines, and perhaps this is for most estates the most satisfactory method of planting
under present circumstances.

There has been no demand for, or planting of, guttapercha during the year. At the instance
of the Forest Department Mr. Wright was deputed to explore the forests of the low-country of the
south-west and test the gutta-yielding trees there found. His report below gives a brief statement of
work done, and full details will be published after receipt of analyses and valuations.

Camphor has been a good deal planted during the year, the chief check being the difficulty of
getting good seed, there being no local supply as yet. A Circular has been issued by the Department
showing, as the result of some years’ experiments, that the tree can be successfully cultivated in many
parts of the Island, and that the twigs and leaves yield about 1 per cent. of camphor by a simple process
of distillation, a yield which offers a prospect of proving remunerative. The great risk attending
this cultivation is that the high price is due to the action of the Japanese monopoly, and that if
Ceylon became a serious competitor, the monopolists could probably lower the price enormously by
allowing large harvestsfor afew years. Hence the cultivation of camphor is not to be recommended
as the main industry for any estate, but only as a minor industry.

Class IT.: Oils —The export of cocoanut oil rose from 443,959 cwt. in 1900 to 453,531 in 1901,
and that of copra from 362,467 to 439,865 cwt. At the same time there has been a considerable rise in
the market value of both these articles, due to short crops in other countries.

The export of citronella oil has also increased from 1,409,058 lb. to 1,430,168 1b., but has not
reached the figures of 1899. The investigation of the oils, mentioned in last report, has continued, but
is not yet complete. The industry is in a very depressed state, owing to overproduction and adul-
teration, the latter being so bad that even good local oils do not obtain the value that is really due to them.
Prices have reached a very low ebb, 9} to 10d. per lb., and land is going out of cultivation in the grass.
On the other hand, the new Java oil, mentioned last year, is selling in increasing quantities at high
prices (often 1s. 4d.). It is not in reality so superior to the best Ceylon oils as the price would indicate,
but it is not adulterated, and has no bad reputation to contend against.

Of other oils, the export of cinnamon oil has slightly increased, from 72,904 oz. in 1900 to 73,493 oz.,
but has not yet reached the figures of past years. Trial plantations of castor oil have been made by
various planters during the year; the plant grows well here, and there seems no reason why Ceylon
should not export this oil as well as India.

; Class ITI.: Dyesand Tanning Substances.—The export of sapanwood has been 7,180 cwt. Plant-
ing of Acacia decurrens continues in the higher districts.

Class IV.: Fibres.—There has been a slight decrease in the total export of coir, our chief fibre,
the figures being rope 13,030, yarn 75,788, fibre 122,526 cwt., as against 12,572, 87,415, and 115,090 ewt.
in 1900. Of palmira and kitul fibres, the export has been 12,353 ewt. and 2,511 cwt. No interest has
been taken in other fibres. Sisal hemp is being taken up in India, and the available stock of plants
last year was mostly sold to planters there.

Class V.: Drugs.—An investigation of the native drugs of Ceylon is being set on foot, and plois
of all possible species are being laid out at Peradeniya (see Mr. Wright’s report).

Cay

“ Of cinchona, the export has materially increased, almost reaching the figures of 1599. Increased
interest has been shown in matters relating to this cultivation, and seed has been purchased from abroad
and planted in various districts. There is reason to hope that by the planting of improved varieties,
and by the practice of grafting of better kinds on poor stocks, this product may again become of import-
ance in Ceylon.” (J. B. Carruthers.)

There has been an appreciable export of coca leaves, which have sold on the London market at
1s: to 1s. 2d. per lb., a price equal to that of the South American kinds,

Class VI.: Foods and Edible Products.—Of vice and dry grains there is nothing of special interest
to report. The export of cocoanuts has decreased, having been 14,850,781 nuts, as against 14,995,909
in 1900 ; that of desiccated cocoanut has increased from 13,604,913 Ib. to 14,055,493 lb. Tapioca or cassava
cultivation continues to spread in the low-country as a minor and catch crop, but no tapioca is made
from the tubers, which are eaten like yams. Fruit trees continue to sell steadily from the gardens, but
there is but small sign of any attempt to cultivate fruit on any large scale for market, if the long-
established industries of cocoanuts and plantains be left out of consideration. The vegetable gardens
of Nuwara Hliya have been much troubled with finger and toe disease.

The export of tea seems at last to be reaching its maximum, and shows a slight decrease on the
figures of 1900, viz., 145,188,244 lb., against 148,431,639 lb. Part of the decrease is, however, made up
by the export of 1,110,774 Ib. of green tea, most of which went to America. The export to Russia and
Australia has inereased, that of black tea to America decreased, but the decrease is more than made up
by the green tea. The year has been one of depression, but prospects of the industry are more fayour-
able, the export to England having been 8 million Ib. less, and the stock of Ceylon tea there haying
heen considerably reduced. The average price is the lowest as yet recorded, 6°86d., against 7:20d in
1900, but towards the end of the year prices were considerably improved. The industry has not suffered
from any very serious outbreaks of disease, and planting has not extended. The remarks made last
year on the general prospects of tea in Ceylon continue to hold.

Coffee exports show a further fall from 10,777 to 9,722 cwi. Experiments on grafting coffee are
in progress in the gardens (see report of Acting Curator),

“Cacao exports show a very large increase on the figures for 1900, being 49,459 owt. against
33,476. This, as was foretold in last report, is due to some extent to the lateness of the crop of last year,
some of which is credited to 1901, but is also largely due to the energetic measures being taken in
combating the canker, and especially in reducing the number of diseased pods, the quantity of ‘ black
cacao’ having been reduced in some instances by 75 per cent. The prices obtained for cacao, even the
best qualities, have been much below those of last year ; this is perhaps more due to the conditions of
the home market than to any difference in quality of the product, but the increasing proportion of
Yorastero kinds may have something to do with it. The fall of price should spur planters to consider
the questions of cultivation of more productive trees, and the selection of seeds for planting. The
canker has, as arule, been seriously attacked on approved methods, and amarked decrease in the number
of diseased trees is apparent. There are, however, many estates where no hindrance is put in the way
of the invading fungus.” (J. B. Carruthers.)

Of spices there is little to record. The cultivation of cardamoms is extending, and the export has
Increased from 537,455 to 559,704 lb. Pepper shows signs of extension of cultivation, and it should at
ieast be possible to dispense with the present large import of this spice. Exports of cinnamon show a
rise in bales, a fall in chips, the figures for 1900 being 2,678,111 and 1,863,406 Ib., and those for the last
year 2,756,270 and 1,516,083 lb. respectively. The “ wild cinnamon” again shows an enormous fall to
5,581 Ib. bales and 5,066 lb. chips. Vanilla planting has slightly extended. Tobacco cultivation
continues to extend in the North and also in the Dumbara district. Of fodder planis there is little to
report. An experiment with Swedes is described in Mr. Nock’s report, The much-vaunted grass ~
Paspalum dilatatum is being tried in many districts, and a report will be issued later as to its
success,

Class VII,: Timber, &c.—Mr. Wright’s work on the ebonies, &c., is described in his report
below. - :

Ornamental Plants.—Cannas and the small white variegated caladiums have been largely in ©
demand through the year.

JOHN C. WILLIS,

Peradeniya, January 30, 1902. _ Director. ov

Coe)

| ENTOMOLOGIST’S REPORT.

DURING the past year the usual work of correspondence, research, and experiment has been
carried on. Local correspondence shows an increasing interest in, and appreciation of, the work and
aims of the Department. In addition to advice to local planters, letters of inquiry and specimens for
report have been repeatedly received from Southern India, especially since the much-to-be-regretted
death of Mr. Lionel de Niceville, the talented Entomologist lately attached to the Indian Museum.
Owing to the scarcity of students in this particular branch, considerable collections of “scale insects”
(Coccide) have been received from foreign countries for determination.

In January an extended tour was made through the Maskeliya, Dikoya, Bogawantalawa, and
Balangoda districts, during which I had an opportunity of investigating on the spot several prominent
imsect pests, notably the “Tea Tortrix” (Capua coffearia, Nietn.), and a kind of “white ant”
(Termes sp.) that has been doing considerable injury to otherwise healthy tea plants. Meetings of the
local branches of the Planters’ Association in the same districts were attended, at which information
on enconomic entomology was given and discussion invited.

In March a trip to Jaffna, occupying two weeks, was made in company with Dr. Holtermann, a
distinguished scientific visitor. The principal object of this tour was to investigate the insect pests of
such native-grown products as tobacco, gingelly, palmirah, and the various grains. These crops were
‘ound to be remarkably free from attack this year, though several serious pests have been previously
seported from the Northern Provinces.

The Gampola district was visited in July, where the “ Shot-hole borer” (Yyleborus fornicatus)—
L Serious enemy of the tea plant—was made the special subject of investigation.

In the same month the Rangala district was visited for the purpose of studying a pest of the
vardamom plant.

In August a special visit was made to Colombo, at the request of the Municipal Council, to study

jood of the Colombo lake. These flies do not cause any actual injury, but make themselves
bjectionable by their habit of swarming into the bungalows at night (attracted by the lights), invading
he food, and immolating themselves in the lamps in enormous numbers. The complete life-history
if the insect was discovered, and an exhaustive report made advising the best means of removing
he nuisance.

A tour in the Kelani Valley was planned for November in connection with the so-called ‘“* Mosquito
sight” of tea (Helopeltis antonii). But this visit was postponed until the conditions should be more
avourable for study.

Experiments are being conducted, with satisfactory results, to ascertain the connection between
ttacks of tea-mites and pruning. These experiments tend to show that injury from these pests may
e very largely avoided by regulating the time of pruning, but a longer period is required to obtain
ecurate data.

- Experiments are also being conducted with a view to the efficient destruction of ‘“ white ants”
iermites), Various means have been tried, but nothing promises such complete success as bisulphide
S/F carbon, which proved absolutely fatal to these pests in the limited experiments that I was able to
‘ake. The difficulty is that at present, owing to the exceedingly inflammable nature of the gases given
Thy the bisulphide, the shipping companies refuse to carry the compound, and it appears impossible
/ obtain it in any quantity in Ceylon. With the advent of special steamers for the transport of
«plosives, this difficulty should eventually be removed.

The question of quarantine continues to receive attention. All Wardian cases received at the
tanical Gardens are promptly fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas before the contained plants are
stributed. The Legislative Council has now passed an Ordinance providing for the effective treatment
‘(all imported plants, and a fumigatorium is being erected for the purpose in Colombo. It is hoped

€> being made to introduce a good stock of silkworm, and if the results are satisfactory, it is hoped that
t2 Sinhalese may be induced to interest themselves in the cultivation of silk.

. Circulars dealing with the Helopeltis insect and the “ Mosquito-Malaria” question have been
yued from the Department.

. Fuller particulars of the miscellaneous work of the division of entomology will be published
iBprtly in the form of a Circular.

E. ERNEST GREEN.

ae)
SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANTS REPORT.

DURING the past year my time has been spent investigating several branches of economic botan
and for convenience the report is arr. anged. under separate headings.

Hbony.—The work on Ceylon species of Diospyros has been. continued, and I have now succeeda
in obtaining samples of every species known in this Island, together with mater ia! from India, Chin
Malaya, Australia, and the Andaman Islands. A comparative ‘account of the value of ebony from al |
countries is being prepared, and to ensure completeness I shall be very grateful if any one interest, q
will forward specimens of any species of ebony whenever possible. In Ceylon, by direct observation
in the forest, two species have been found, which, though ordinarily regarded as of little value, a
capable of producing an ebony which certainly comes second to calamander in point of beauty a
hardness. These species (D. oocarpa, Thw., and D. affinis, Thw.) are not found in the wet zones, b
occur, often in abundance, in the inter mediate and dry zones of Ceylon.

The greater part of my work has, however, been spent in the forests of the wet zone, and here
have been able to find abundance of calamander trees in flower and fruit, together with quaitities
material of several of our rarest species. One species of ebony (D. oppositifolia, Thw.) is limited
the upper part of a hill in the Southern Province, and the timber from it was associated by pe
botanists with that of calamander. I regret that such is not the case, the timber being, when fresh
felled, of a dirty white colour and the centre of the stem invariably hollow. Furthermore, the abun
ance of parenchyma, the presence of wide medullary rays, and the large-lumined water-conductii
elements which characterize this species prove it to be of poor value when compared with oth
Diospyros timbers.

Seeds of every Ceylon species have been obtained, propagation by layering and cuttings has be¢
effected, and we have nowa representative collection of the Ceylon Diospyros growing in these garde

The flowers, hitherto regarded as mainly diccious (7.e., male and female on different trees
have been studied from fresh material in the forest, and in this branch of work many interesting fac
of purely systematic value have been obtained. Though in Ceylon we have only twenty species
Diospyros, yet at least nine of them show a departure from the dicecious condition. Some are mond
cious only, others monoecious or dicecious, and others are dicecious or polygamous. The complicat
relations determined for the different species show how inadequate an account may be which is bas
on examination of herbarium material alone, and the necessity to work out questions concerning t
morphology of the flower in the forests.

Many flowers and fruits have been found which are new to science, but an account
them, together with remarks on the evolution of sex in Ceylon species of Diospyros, will be publish
elsewhere.

Guttapercha.—On the suggestion of the Director, an investigation into the yield of gut
percha from Ceylon species of Palaguiwm was instituted. This work has been done almost entire
in the forests of the wet zone, and up to the present some eight species of Sapotacee have be
experimented with.

The results from two species of Palaquium, viz., P. petiolare, Engl., and P. grande, Engl., ha
been satisfactory. The yield of guttapercha from these species exceeded all expectations, since in pol
of quantity it was in excess of the latex yield from Para rubber trees in Ceylon. Furthermore, there
no necessity to fell the tree as is done in Malaya, and though they are of slow growth, they constant
bear abundance of fruit.

Samples of the guttapercha have been prepared in various ways, and should the analytical rept
upon them prove encouraging, there will be no difficulty in collecting several hundreds of seeds a
seedlings from the districts investigated.

Seeds of many other sapotaceous plants have been received from all parts of the world, ane
comparative account of the nature and development of the laticiferous system in them is now be
arranged. ,

Medicinal Plants.—A revised account of the medicinal plants now growing in Ceylon is bei
prepared. Large experimental plots have been started, and an analysis is being made of the occurr
quantity, and nature of the chemical bodies to which the medicinal properties are due.

General.—An analysis of the tea plant is being made in conjunction with Mr. Kelway Bamb
and the results obtained, particularly with reference to the occurrence and quantity of the enz
tannin, and starch, the value of certain tests, and the relation of percentage of enzyme to flavour,
soon be placed before the planting community.

Other subjects, such as the comparative value of Ceylon timbers, nitrogen nodules on #
scandens, observations on Dracena reflexa, cleistogamy in Ruellia tuberosa, the botany of Hin
kanda, and the development of sandalwood trees, have received much attention during the past y

HERBERT WRIGH

Ge)
E.. TRACTS: FROM THE REPORT OF THE ACTING CURATOR, PERADENIYA GARDEN.

Cultivation and Experiments.—In this department the main part of the skilled and cooly labour
has been used. Large plots of ornamental plants such as cannas, roses, and palms, economic plants
such as species of Orotalaria now used so extensively as a nitrogenous manure for tea in Ceylon, Para
_and Ceara rubber, ebonies, guttaperchas, durians, and mangosteens, have been commenced in order to
keep up the supply to the public.

Large medicinal plots have been started behind the cattle shed and near the kitchen garden,
primarily with the object of making a representative collection of all the more valuable Ceylon species,
and secondly, to supply the general public with quantities of especially valuable species, There has
been a fair demand for Brucea Sumatrana, Wrightia zeylanica, and Ixora coccinea during the
year.

* A plot behind the Curator’s office has been allotted for the experimental cultivation of fourteen
kinds of cocoanut presented to the gardens by W. H. Wright, Esq., Mirigama. In this collection it is
satisfactory to note that many of the nuts, particularly the Siam, Maldive, and King varieties, have
already begun to sprout. This is a valuable contribution to the garden, and every care is being taken
to rear healthy plants.

Experimental cultivations have been established for sandalwood trees. Potand plot experiments
are being carried on in all conditions of soil. We hope to settle whether they are ever parasitic, and the
best conditions for development.

Grafting, Layering, and Cuttings —The Java method of grafting has been used in many of our
experiments. “The scion is cut from green wood, and the notch is cut in green wood of the stock.
The scion is cut about half inch below the leaves with long cuts on both sides to a long V-shaped apex.
A corresponding notch is made in the stock, starting between two leaves. The leaves of the scion and
of stock are removed at and just below the graft. The graft is then tightly bound with wax and bark,
and a small glass test tube is placed over the whole to keep the air damp, &¢.” An improvement has
been-made in this experiment, which enables us to maintain an equable temperature and humidity in
the region of the graft.

Coffee.—In the grafting experiments with coffee, I have been principally concerned in determining
the ease with which one kind can be grafted on to another. We have tried Arabian, Liberian,
Stenophylla, and hybrid coffees with one another, sometimes having the stock an established tree, at
other times in bamboo pots. The best results have been obtained with Arabian stock and Liberian scion,
and with these reversed.

Mangoes.— Grafting in mangoes is invariably easily accomplished. The Jaffna mango has been
grafted on to rupeeand honey mangoes, and many others distinguished by the native names, kohu-amba,
girawe-amba, me-amba, can be grafted easily with one another.

Oranges.—In this division the mandarin has been successfully grafted on to Citrus indica
and C. Limonellus, and the latter on to the mandarin. Weare hopeful that good results may yet be
obtained in this direction, and experiments will be repeatedly made during the rainy seasons.

Nutmegs.—In order to try and reduce the number of males in plants exported from the gardens,
a considerable number of saplings have been grafted by approach. Propagation by layering, leading to

an increase of the female trees, has been tried, with some success; in these experiments only 10 per
cent. of the layerings rooted, but a considerable increase can be assured by more careful work. We
have repeatedly tried grafting female on male trees and vice versa, but so far have no good results to
report. In two cases only were we successful in grafting trees in bearing on to sapling stocks: this was
by the “approach” method, and not by fitting scion into incision of stock.

Mangosteen. — Successful experiments have been made in layering, but the grafting of the
mangosteen on to the Cochin goraka is not so easy a matter. We have reason to expect that good
_ results can be obtained by grafting these by approach in the sapling stage, and for this purpose the
whole of the year’s seed supply of mangosteens has been reserved.

Cacao.—We have been successful in grafting one variety on to another in about 30 per cent. of
_ the experiments. In layering and reproduction from cuttings much labour has been spent. The only

successful cuttings have been in soil which is very sandy, practically free from all leaf mould, and
supplied with running water at irregular intervals, In one set of cuttings only those situated along
the course of a small stream, and therefore subject to occasional miniature floods, were successful. This
is an important point to note. The cuttings were taken at all ages, but only the woody ones about as
thick as a man’s finger were of any use. Young twigs with young and mature leaves were tried in pots
of sand covered with glass bell jars, but gave no successful results.

(oe)

Attempts were made to reproduce the slowest growing of our tropical trees from cuttings, and
we are able to report good results in species of Diospyros. A large number of Amherstia nobilis trees
have been layered, but as yet nothing definite can be stated. If we can successfully reproduce this
plant i it will be a public boon, as its gorgeous flowers render it one of the most beautiful of ornamental
trees.* Reproduction of roses by inverting the cuttings and using the heat of the sun’s rays as the source
of “bottom heat” have been partially successful.

Fruit Trees.—The past year has been very good. The only fruit-bearing tree of the mangosteen
in these gardens gave excellent results, no less than 627 fruits being obtained from it during August and
September. As previously mentioned, the whole of the seed supply from this tree has been reserved
for grafting experiments.

The mangoes were, as usual, a great success, thousands of fruits having being collected duri ing
the season. The same can be said of the Cochin goraka and the Rambutans.

The durians have this year yielded an abundance of fruit. The trees alongside the river drive
near the laboratory gave the best results, five of them giving no less than 243 large ripe fruits. The
fruits were sold at from 25 cents to Re. 1 each, and the saplings, four or more of which can be
obtained from every fruit, realize 25 cents each. It is conceivable that a few acres of the above fruit
trees in bearing might turn out very proutable, since they will thrive on poor soils without much
attention.

A plant of the ‘ Cannon Ball tree” was planted by T. R. H. The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall
and York near the laboratory, and is growing vigorously.

Visitors.—The gardens were visited on 14th April by T. R. H. The Duke and Duchess of
Cornwall and York and suite. A memorial tree was planted by them in the Great Circle, near the
laboratory. Tea was provided in a pandal erected upon the Great Lawn, and an exhibition of elephants
bathing in the river concluded the afternoon. The number of foreign visitors during the past year
(2,293) shows a slight decrease on that for 1900.

Weather.—The heaviest rainfalls were during the months of April, June, and Nov Eabee it being
12:08, 14:27, and 18°59 inches respectively. The month of February was the "driest in the year, rain
falling on four days only, and totalling up to 1:73 inch. The month of December was remarkable for
great wind velocity, and asmall rainfall of only 4:72 inches, The total year’s rainfall issmall compared
with that of 1900. The following is the year’s rainfall with the average of each month for the last
eighteen years :—

1901. Average for last Eighteen Years.

mm SS S|) cam os =>)
Months, Inches. Days. Inches. Days.
January O00 2-00 500 7 506 2°88 ae 6-16
February ogo Le eS} 606 4 300 1:62 occ 3°80
March ee PPilg) 500 9 sie 4-65 aon 8.44
April 00 12-03 oe 18 a0 975 sina 14-05
May rane 3°87 Ti 10 Bes 6-75 ae 11°55
June aoe 14:27 508 25 ae 10°45 se 20°33
July i 7383 He 25) S80 7-43 Sat 18-03
August noo T:07 as 20 fe 619 a 17-06
September Ane 3°30 RAS 12 Z, 6°51 Stic 15-08
October é 661 3 17 Got 13°42 see 19-07
November ase 18°59 ss 24 000 10°88 coo 16°09
December 206 4:72 ee 13 ae 8-40 50 13.01

Inches. Days.

Average Total Rainfall for last Eighteen Years 88:93 600 165

Total Rainfall for 1901 ih fag MOAI Sac 184

HERBERT WRIGHT.

EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT, HAKGALA GARDEN.

A batch of camphor seeds were sown at the end of February, and 5,000 plants were raised from
them. The seeds took from two to three months to germinate. Of the camphor cuttings mentioned
in last year’s report, I regret to state that only about 10 per cent. struck root. As plants can be so

asily raised from seeds or layers, it is a waste of time and labour to raise them from cuttings, as the —
process is | diffic ult and costly.

af Sin nee Ww mate ng the above T have examined several plants and am able to report that several of the layers have rooted,—_H, W.

Ci)

The English laurel has now become established in the gardens, and 200 cuttings and 56 layers
have been put down in the nurseries, and all look well.

The available stocks for grafting were very poor this year, but some scions of apples and plums

' have been grafted on to the best of them.

As will be seen below, a great deal of work was done in the nursery during the year in the way
of propagating and distributing plants. The number of economic and ornamental trees, fruit trees,
and general garden plants distributed during the year was 22,405, besides 1,420 cuttings and 67 packets

- of seeds. The number of plants—chiefly conifers and ornamental trees and shrubs—that were propa-
gated and supplied gratis to the Board of Improvement, Nuwara Eliya, was no less than 12,668, and
620 were supplied for the grounds at the Diyatalawa Camp.

Borders and Shrubberies, Improvements, &c.—118,523 plants of ornamental trees and shrubs,
herbaceous plants, and general garden plants and bulbs were set out during the year in the upkeep of
the gardens, the majority, as usual, being showy annuals and edging plants.

Much damage was done in various parts of the gardens by the high windsin Juneand July, and
a good deal of labour was employed in cutting up fallen trees and clearing away debris.

The filling in of the lower side of the drive opposite the lower lakelet was completed in January,
, and 230 square yards of turf was laid down there, which now forms a belt of nice green lawn.

Some improvements were made at the back of the Picnic Arbour. The ground was dug up
under the acacia trees and 195 square yards of turf laid down.

| A new border, 48 feet long, has been made on the north-east side of the eucalyptus clump and
planted with various kinds of liliaceous plants.

The patana around the new laboratory was cleared of undergrowth and weeds, a new 4-foot
wide path 234 ft. long was made leading to this building, and 98 square yards of turf was laid on the
banks in front.
¥ifty large plants of Cupressus macrocarpa were planted in the land between the fernery and
old eucalyptus plantation. Two hundred assorted plants that have become too large for the nursery
were also planted out in this land.

The forest track leading from the upper part of the gardens to the large pool under the Hakgala
rock has been cleared for a distance of 762 yards, so that it can be used with ease for bringing out
posts, fence sticks, and other forest produce frequently required in the gardens.

Classified Herbaceous Garden.—The bank on the east side of this garden, which was broken
away by the heavy rains in March, has been rebuilt and turfed.

_Rose Garden and Rose Borders.—The rose plants in the several borders flowered very well at the
beginning of the year, producing some really fine blooms, but those in the rose garden proper have not
done at all well. These latter were all pruned, lifted, and re-planted during July and August. Although
jome plants have answered to this treatment, the majority have not improved, and I am afraid they
will never do any good again. A fresh stock from Europe is now required to replace them.

Flower Garden and Flowers.—No alterations or additions were made in the flower garden, but
che usual display of flowers was maintained. The flowers in the beds and borders in other parts of the
gardens made a good show from January until the end of May and again in August and September.

A plant of Magnolia grandiftora flowered well during November and December. Several of
ts handsome pure white flowers measured over 10 inches in diameter.

Calophyllum Walkeri, the “ Kina Tree” of the Sinhalese.—It may be interesting to state that
‘housands of these trees flowered most profusely during the first three months of the year. The masses
ȣ white flowers in all the forests in this locality were very noticeable.

Casuarina Plantation.—The plantation of Casuarina montana has continued to thrive during
jhe year. A small strip of land at the bottom, and another at the top has been cleared and planted
vith 275 more plants.

Villebrunia Integrifolia—tThe cinchona planted on the plot of land cleared last year below the
jamphor plantation was all destroyed by sambur deer. This land has now been planted with Villebrunia
ntegrifolia, an indigenous plant said to yield an excellent fibre.

| Quercus Cerris, “ Turkey Oak.”—A piece of land above, and to the west of, the Casuarina
lantation has been cleared up and planted with 1,000 plants of the Turkey oak. This piece of land is
jood, well sheltered, and it is presumed that this species of oak will do well in it.

Camphor.—The plants in the small plantation have continued to grow well. Several batches
f specimens of the leaves and twigs have been forwarded to Mr. Bamber for further experiment: in
~ ‘Jistillation, Six samples of the soil they are growing in were supplied to him for analysis in August, and

( 10 )

the very interesting results are published in the Royal Botanic Gardens Circular No 24 published in|
November. Many inquiries have been made about camphor cultivation during the year, and all have

received attention. 2,000 plants have been distributed, and we now have about 4,000 more ready for
sending out.

Mana Grass.—¥our bundles, 40 lb. each, of this grass, from four different localities, have been
supplied Mr. Bamber for distillation.

Ferns.—Six plants of the indigenous tree fern Alsophila crinita, with stems 5 to 6 feet long, were
despatched in March for the Botanic Gardens at Munich. Large quantities of maiden hair plants and

several thousands of fern fronds were supplied to Queen’s House and to the King’s Pavilion for
decorations during the Royal visit in April.

New Cart Road to Ambawela Railway Station.—This road is now completed. Wesent the first
cart through on the 11th February. It is only 7 miles by this road to Ambawela station, against 9 miles

to Nanu-oya. On the return journey there is only about 14 mile of uphill, instead of 4 miles as is
the case from Nanu-oya.

Fruit Trees.—Seeds of a good mango were received from the Director of Agriculture, Madagas
car, in May, and fourteen plants have been raised fromthem. These seeds were from trees growing ata
elevation of 4,200 feet, and it is thought that they will produce plants that would fruit at the higher
elevations in this Island.

Three dozen assorted fruit tree plants were received in July, through the Director, from Australia
but I regret to report that two-thirds of them were quite dead on arrival. Of the remainder, all the
figs and a few oranges revived, and are now doing well.

Paspalum Dilatatum.—A small plot of this fodder was sown in the nursery and has grown well

All stock eat it greedily, and it promises to become a very useful addition to the fodders of the
up-country districts.

Swedes.—An ounce of seeds of a variety called “‘ Defiance’’ was sown on the 23rd July on a piece
of land 48 square yards. They came up well, and were carefully cultivated, and grew splendidly. The
crop was taken up on the 9th December—4} months from the time of sowing—the yield being 28€
lb., or at the rate of 125 tons to the acre. The largest weighed 81b., and measured 24 inches
in circumference. The six heaviest weighed 30 lb., the twelve heaviest 52 lb., and the twenty-five
heaviest 91 lb. These roots, which are easily produced, possess grand feeding qualities, and if ov
local butchers would only feed their cattle on them for a month or two before slaughtering, the quality
and flavour of the Ceylon beef would be very much improved.

Oxalis.—This pest has continued to spread. The nature of its growth makes it a most difficull
plant to eradicate. Nothing but picking out by the hand and burning the tubers seems to have

any effect on it. 68} bushels have been picked out of the nursery and borders during the year. Thif
represents 300 to 400 days’ labour.

A weed killer was tried on a small patch, but it simply killed the foliage, and after a few weeks
the bulbs grew with renewed vigour. It has now got such a hold of the gardens that, unless some enem
or disease can be introduced to destroy it, it will be impossible to keep it down.

Barbed Wire Fence.—A special vote was granted for wire fencing, and a barbed wire fence ha
been fixed all round the inner boundary, enclosing about 46 acres. This fence is made of five strand
of 4-point barbed wire, fixed on posts 9 feet apart and 5 feet 6 inches high, the total length being
2,062 yards.

A belt of land 24 feet wide has been cleared all round the inner side and planted up with 6,00
plants of the following trees :—Acacia decurrens, Acacia melanoxylon, Frenela rhomboidea, an
Cupressus macrocarpa, the latter being planted 50 feet apart with the view of their growing into larg
timber trees. Seven gates have been fixed at convenient points, and galvanized wire netting has bee

purchased for fixing along the upper boundary on the forest side in the hope of keeping out small wil
animals, such as mouse-deer, porcupines, hares, &c.

Water Service.—A special vote was made to the Public Works Department to bring a supply ©
water to the gardens. This has been accomplished by damming a permanent stream at Sita Eliya, fror
which 2-inch piping has been laid, leading the water into the old reservoir in the upper part of thi
gardens, the distance being about 14 mile. This supplies a long-felt want, and when the propose!
connections are made with the bungalow, laboratory, Foreman’s quarters, nurseries, and other parts ¢

the gardens, it will be a great boon, and will greatly facilitate the cultivation and general wor
of the gardens. :

(>

The following table shows the monthly rainfall and averages from July, 1883, to the end of 1901
and the number of days on which rain fell during the 20 years 1882 to 1901, inclusive :—

| Jan. | Feb. |March.| April.| May. | June.| July.| Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Total.

1901 | Rainfall se| 3:61 | 2°51 | 6:40: | 4:58 | 4-87 |15°42 | 3:10 | 1:64] 5:11 |12°18 |1419 | 8-55 82°16
Days pete. ite) 11 10 aes 11 23 21 12 20 22 20 18 203

1900 | Rainfall Peron 09d | eld 5 O94) 5:93: 9:60) |) 9:23.)'°8'09"|° 6-947) 8:08 | 16-44 1 11:20 87:79
Days S60 | aks) Sea er6 16 14 22 29a 2) 20 17 24 22 214

1899 j Rainfall .--| 16°74 | 0-46 | 5:02 |11°97 | 9°72 | 6°68 | 5°92 | 2°72 | 5:68 | 11:43 | 9:08 | 856 93°98 -

Days cod} seals) + 11 21 18 23 17 15 17 24 19 23 208

1898 | Rainfall ret LO:085))) 0; 745 |) 5:90) ) 107e | 5-48).) 526%) 4-32) | 0:6Ls)) 7-271 1519) 19:25, 1214-68 89°55
Days sod it 11 17 18 20 15 8 23 26 25 27 213

1897 Rainfall eleelos 2:90 ol oOle TO tnt: 2851137344) 3:98; |12:5351 573%.) 5302/1 10:69) 15:94 97:93
| Days ood Wee 9 15 25 14 21 16s 2% 21 15 23 23 225

1896 Rainfall ao.| LIc44eie 6:70) | 23:20 | 6:26%| 3:33 | 8:60:).4°71 | 3:33e010:507113°75 | 12°03.) 26-19 110-04
Days SOO) CH 7 9 TSR al ed 23 22 13 21 26 24 29 220

1895 | Rainfall »-[ 10°48 | 1:53 | 3:28 | 7:34 | 437 | 7-66 | 5°13 | 4:96 | 5:50 | 14:91 | 7:38 | 21-61 94°15
Days coo) UB ay AO 9 17 14 18 20 19 22 29 18 20 205

1894 | Rainfall PAD On le ket O44) 7:95: 1 73:03, |) 23:55) oe2°5D) eb:650.3400):|) 9°10) 13:77 1;:9:26 74:34
Days cal) Reh iS fica eT ala UG Fos leet 22 15 18 18 20 ADRs ae 22 199

1893 Rainfall ..-| 5°25 | 1:19° 71155 | 3:15; 5:49 (11°48 | 5-82 | 2-81 | 1-27 | 7-64 | 14-55 | 10:52 80°72
} Days ReclieOu i emae ea lehOr es | dil 17 20 25 20 tal 19 25 23 212

1892 § Rainfall ...| 24:07 | 6°54 | 1°23 | 6:40 | 7-33 | 2:13 (13:15 | 5601 4:83 | 7-96 | 18-47 | 8:38 106-09
t Days sof) ee el + 11 14 21 21 19 15 24 23 22 215

1891 | Rainfall se} 8°54 | 4:20 | 8:50'|) 6:22'/18°53 | 7:14 | 3:76) 2°70 | 5:87 | 22-85 | 7-46 | 22-88 118°65
Days aba’ lO) 15 10 16s >} 22 17 16 16 13 30 13 26 205

1890 Rainfall eG 4a et Ad O88 15:91 3198) | 418s 4-75: | ALG) 3:52))|! 5:93) 89% |. 7:23 70°97
Days | 14 11 8 20 8 1] 14 19 15 19 18 15 172

1889 ; Rainfall elee2 Delco de Oor le cletlo Ol | 455) S50 40251027 |) 4:25) 1. 7:69) | 5:88 88°34
Days eal lO 3 15 20 18 16 20 14 20 10 16 18 180

| 1888 | Rainfall | O26 | — S11 | 9°84 8°79 | 15°53 | 0-96 | 203 | 6:96 | 10-04 | 11-62 | 18-93 90:07
Days beef Oo 4 — | ill 16 28 PAB) TAN 20) Hat 14 19 22 19 175

1887 § Rainfall | 4:89 | 3:67] 1:21) 7-48 | 820 | 445 | 5:05 | 3:32 | 6-43 | 10:04 | 13-40 | 33-77 101-91
F ( Days soolli eS) 11 7 19 17 PATA Cs AUS) 15 20 | 24 23 29 224

1886 § Rainfall eel LESBO) |e 27665) 7 3'285/7:3'43 [2 9:13) (7:60); 82181! (824505) 6:79.53) 9:61 1 06-97) 9:03 86°43
d Days eel) we al 9 9 LON als 17 24 19 20 21 18 20 211

1885 Rainfall eDDOu 242 | BLA acto 8:52 15:50 | 4700 | 3:47 | 3:21 | 10:60 | 8:03" 12°71 83°14
: } Days sos| 24 5 12 12 19 26 Ulf} |) all 14 26 23 25 215

1884 Rainfall e460. ||) 1585) | 73:90) 3:02) 4:48 {92:23 | 3:09 | 4:33 || 8:32) 14:07), 9:81 | 15:47 75°24
| Days Beeld 7 9 12 12 ll 17 22 20 25 19 25 196

1883 Rainfall* dod). ES =F = iol see — {11:96 | 7:96 | 3:27 | 680) 9:24 | 7:83 47-06
| Days | (22 GE 8 18 18 23 ae 25 14 22 24 19 226
1882...Days 10 16 6 12 15 18 31 31 27 27 20 22 235
|, Average Dayst _...,_:16 8 10 16 16 20 19 18 130) 29 21 22 208

| Average Rainfall | 8:07 | 2°57 | 4:71 | 760) 740] 898 | 573 | 465 | 5-83 | 10-50 | 11:00 | 14:35 90°63§

The greatest pressure of the wind during the year was 6°840 lb. per square foot on the 5th

| June, equalling a velocity of 36 miles an hour, against the same pressure on the 12th June last year.

The mean daily horizontal movement of the air for the year was 84°85 miles, against 90°88 miles

| of the year before.

The windiest month was again June, with a mean daily horizontal movement of 185-60 miles,

against 223-30 miles of the same month last year.

The calmest month this year was January, with a mean of 25°14 miles, against 25°50 miles in

| February of the year before.

The highest temperature of the sun’s rays was 131°0 on the 28th May, against 129-0 on the Ist
and 21st and 25th May last year.
The lowest on grass was 33:0 on the 27th January.

* Rainfall of half year. { Average of 20 years.
{ Average of 18 years January to June, and 19 years July to December. § Average of 18 years.

( 12 )

The mean amount of cloud was 6°8, against 6°d of that of the year before.

The cloudiest month was January, with a mean of 8-0, against 8-1 in November of last year.

The brightest months were March and May, with a mean of 6:0, against February and March o
the year before, with a mean of 4°5 each.

W. NOCK.

HENARATGODA GARDEN.

THE late Conductor having resigned during the year, Mr. W. Perera, First Foreman a
Peradeniya, was appointed in his place. A complete overhaul and re-organization of the garden i
now being carried out. The main road has been gravelled and ditched, new walks opened, many new
flower beds planted, and the general condition of the garden improved. Several experimental plots o
rubber, tea, &c., now no longer needed, have been cleared to make room for trials of other things. I
is intended in 1902 to catalogue the entire garden, and to plant several new experimental plots. 21(
visitors, other than parties, visited the garden in 1901. The rainfall for the year has been—

Inches, Days. h Inches. Days.
January 300 8:54 o00 13 July a 9 25 54 15
February 000 5°79 200 11 August con 1:80 2 12
March boo 5:07 aco 14 | September 5 2°37 oh 10
April ie 10°88 ac 18 October on 11°23 ae 11
May 008 10:94 ond 19 November wee 19°51 oe 20
June et 15°66 oss 27 December ie 3 69 si 6
- Total, 104:73 inches on 176 days, against 100°83 inches on 177 days in 1900.

The average for the eleven years 1891-1901 is 100°37 inches on 163 days.

ANURADHAPURA GARDEN.

THE garden has been kept in good order. Watering in the long dry season consumes a larg:
part of the labour, and a better water supply would be a great boon. The flower beds have been ver
effective in display, and many so-called English flowers have done well.

Fruit trees continue to be distributed in the district by the aid of the Government Agent, an
336 have been issued in this way during the year.

BADULLA GARDEN.

THE Conductor having been promoted to Hakgala during the year has been succeeded by M
D. T. de Alwis from Peradeniya. The garden has been kept in good order, and is now a gre
ornament to the town. New cooly lines and plant sheds are much needed.

Pimento has fruited well, and should be worth trial in Uva. Paspalum dilatatum, the ne
Australian fodder grass, has also grown well.

LITERARY REGISTER SUPPLEMENT :

AND CEYLON

“NOTES AND QUERIES.”

[Under this heading, in future, we mean to give a four or eight page ‘‘Supplement”’ with our Tropical
Agriculturist, from quarter to quarter, according as there is matter of sufficient value so to be preserved. }

1901. e

AUGUST,
THE SINHALESE LANGUAGE: ITS ORIGIN
AND STRUCTURE. *
A REVIEW.
(Communicated. ) ‘

WHERE THE SINHALESE CAME FROM AND HOW
THEY GOT THEIR LANGUAGE,

Some years ago the late Dr. Rost, Librarian of
the India Office, in writing toa friend of the writer,
remarked on the growing interest manifested by
European scholars in the language and literature of
Ceylon and lamented the want of facilities afforded
to the Continental student in procuring books
published in thisisland. That this interest in the
subject has grown with years and has borne good
fruit appears from an elaborate treatise just
publi-hed in Germany by the Erlangen Professor
of Sanskrit.

Dr. Geiger, who spent some time in Ceylon col-
lecting materials tor his great work, has clearly
indicated the exact place that Sinhalese oecupies
in the family of languages, its near kinship to
Mahrathi; and has ascertained its original home
to have been in the North-West Provinces.
Before the Professor came into the field, the
ethnological questions regarding the origin of the
Sinhalese had long since been settled and the
verdict of the historical scholar that they are
an Aryan people has been strangely confirmed by
the philological student, ‘Though the history and
origin of the Sinhalese people have long been ex-
amined carefully by Orientalists at home and
abroad, the subject of their language had not
received that critical attention which it de-
-served. But we may no longer complain ; light
has burst from two opposite quarters, from the
East and West, when it was least expected.
Simultaneous with the publication of Prof. Geiger’s
work in Germany, there is published in Ceylon an
interesting brochure, with the title of the heading
-of this article, by that veteran Sinhalese scholar,
Mr. W P Ranesinghe. Both students have had
the courage to grapple with a subject, which

* The Sinhalese Language: Its Origin and Struc-
-ture, London. Luzaec & Co. 1s 6d; Colombo Rl.

has for a long time baffled Orientalists, owing to its
intricacy, andalthough working independently they
have arrived at practically /hesame conclusions. It
is foreign to my purpose to notice at length the
work of the German savant, and I shall tura
with interest to the no less important contribu-
tion by the Sinhalese scholar.

Mr. Ranesinghe, in his preface, after re
viewing the efforts hitherto made to show the
affiuity of the Sinhalese language to Sanskrit, Pali,
and Hindi, says :—‘‘But no effort has been made in
either of these treatises to set forth the various
changes which words have undergone in their passage
from Sanskrit, Pali, and the Prakrits into Sinha-
lese ; much less to account for such changes. I have
attempted to show the changes, and to find reasons
for most of the changes which these words have
undergone, While engaged in this task I found that
there was a certain uniformity in the way these
changes had taken place, and that they are rega-
lated by certain fixed principles. I have sought
to deduce these underlying principles and have
set them forth as rules, supporting my position in
each case by several examples. [ have also not
thought ib foreign to my purpose to print the
Indo-Aryan equivalents side by side with their
Sinhalese cognates, so that the reader may see at
a glance how nearly related Sinhalese stands te
the Sanskritice dialects of Modern India.”

Mr Ranesinghe has here given us an insight as
to the method of his work, and the difficulty of
his task can only be realised by those who have
attempted any similar .work. he author can
fairly claim the credit of having made the ‘ first
attempt to reduce the intricate subject of Sinha-
lese word-formation into scientific form” and the
success he has achieved is as much due to hie
energy as to his intimate knowledge of
the Sinhalese language and the heteroyeneous
elements which go to the composition of it.

The book contains four chapters, the first twa
of which include letter-press dealing with the
origin of the Sinhalese language, whence it is
derived, and the nature of the characters in which
it is written, The interesting problem, as te
what language Prince Wijaya and his war-band
spoke, is here discussed, and for the first timea
satisfactory solution is offered. ‘‘ The language ef

( 54)

~

Wijaya and his followers,” summarises Mr.
Ranesinghe, ‘could not have been Pali, as that
janguage is now known to us, but it must have
been Prakrit or corrupt Pali, which, Professor
Max Miilier says, was the parent of all the Aryan
vernaculars of India, and this supposition is con-
firmed by the fact that the early rock inscriptions
in Ceylon are ina corrupt Prakrit.”—p 3. Another
misapprehension which the book will remeve is
in regard to the term Hlu, whose derivation has
baffled some older scholars who considered it
to be a special poetical dialect of the Sinhalese.
In the first page of his book Mr. Ranesinghe
shows the word Hiu to be no other than a
different form or derivative of the term Sinhala.
Protessor R C Childers first pointed this out
some years ago in a paper contributed to the
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and
Ireland, and Mr. Ranesinghe has further traced
the derivation of the term, Asregaids the form
of the Sinhalese letters the author says that
¢¢an examination of the. Lat characters, in which
the ancient rock inscriptions of Ceylon are
inscribed, with their development from time to
time, will clearly shew thst the modern Sinhalese
letters are evolved from them, and those letters
that are not found in the inscriptions and peculiar
to Sanskrit are taken from the Dewa Nagara.”

The book is an excellent production of the
kind and by its publication Mr Ranesnighe has
rendered a great service to Philological Science.
The work When complete—for itis only the first
part that is out--shovld go a great way to supply
what is so much needed: a Historical Grammar of
the Sinhalese Language, a volume to occupy the
place so admirably filled in England by Dr Morris’s
Grammar. It may be added that the book is very
neaily and carefully got-up by the Government
Printer, andIhave succeeded in detecting only
one typographical error, e-g., the title of ch : Il.
for ch : [11. at the head of the latter chapter which
has not been noted in the ‘‘errata’”’ column.—LIBRA.

ee ers

THE GEOLOGY OF CEYLON.

We omitted yesterday to call attention to
the able review by r. A. K. Coomara-
swamy—now in the island—of a learned paper
by a German scientist on the geology of Ceylon,
or rather on the department affecting our
plumbago deposits and granulitic rocks.
Professor Weinschenk arrives at conclusions
as to the geological sequence of events in
Ceylon, which are no -doubt satisfactory to
his fellow-scientists but which we confess
are rather puzzling to our ordinary non-
scientific lay mind. Mr.

learned German’s conclusions into language
that might be ‘‘understanded of the common
people”, and still more, if he would show us
how far progress has been made in explain-
ing two of the most mysterious rocks in
our earth’s crust, which are abundant
in Ceylon, namely. laterite or cabook and
graphite or plumbago. Where the iron of the
one came from and the carbon of the other,
we have always understood that even the
most accomplished geologists would be chary
of dogmatically affirming. About low-level
laterite something may be said; but gneiss and
ether rocks passing into laterite on the top of

Coomaraswamy
would be doing a service if he interpreted the ’

a hill is another question. Equally difficult
is it to say whether graphite was deposited
from water or solidified from gas. We would
like to know if the German Professor ex-
plains why the mineral should have so strong
an affinity to quartz, or is this still amongst
theas yet unsolved problems of the science of
Geolcgy ? We would again press for the Geo-
logical Survey so !ong promised and talked of,
totake up the work systematically forthe island
as a whole, and we trust to see Mr. Coomara-
swamy’s services retained and _ utilised
by the Government when that Survey ac-
tually begins. ;

[Extracted from the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE
Decade IV, Vol. VIII, No. 442, p,175,
Apil, 1901.)

E. Weinschenck. Zur Kenntniss der Graphitla-
gerstatien. JIL. Die Graphitlagerstatten der
Insel Ceylon. Abh. k. bay. akad. Wiss, Cl. 11
Bd. xxi, Abth. 11 ; Miinchen, 1900. ‘

Professor Weinschenck has examined a series
of rock and vein specimens from the graphite
mines of Ragedara, Ampe, Pushena, and Humbu-
Juwa, in Ceylon, collected by Dr Grunling. de
discusses the nature of the granulitic rocks
and the mode of occurrence and origin of the
graphite.

A general petrographical description of the
granulitie rocks is given, illustrated by three
plates of microphotographs. Massive habit, granu-
litie structure, and variable chemical composition
are characteristic. Except in the more basie
varieties, intergrowths of two felspars are very
noticeable. The granulitic rocks include a con-
tinuous series ranging from aplites (weiss-strine)
to pyroxeneplagioclase rocks (trapp-granuliten)
and even pyroxenites. A rather oily lustre and
greenish colour are very characteristic features,
The constituent minerals are in a remarkably
fresh condition, except in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of the graphite veins. It is interesiing
to note that Professor Weinschenck dues not
mention any pleochroic monoclinic pyroxene. .

There arecertain other mcksin Ceylon which
include coarse-grained dolomites and ‘ cipolins,’
containing blue apatite and contact mineral such
as forsterite, chondrodite, phlogopite and spinel,
and alsothe peculiar andaluste, sillimanite, and
corundum bearing rocks described by Lacroix,

The granulitic rocks show no trace of the opera-
tion of dynamic causes; they are regarded as an
eruptive mass which may form a single unit or be
compound in character. The occurrence of coarse
crystalline dolomitesin the midst of the granulitic
series seems to show that different eruptive units-
are separated by contact rocks, The existence of
still younger efuptive masses of granite has not yet
been demonstrated, for the few rocks as yet de-
scribed from Ceylon as granite are rather varieties
of the granulitic series.

Professor Weinschenck compares the Saxon and
Ceylon granulites, thinking with Naumann that
the former are truly eruptive rocks. Had the
Ceylon rocks been studied before those of Saxony
this view would have been more widely held. They
differ from the Saxon rocks chiefly in their non-
schistos character and coarser wrain. Lehmann re-
garded the peenliarities of the Saxon granulites as
the result of dynamo-metamorphism. He regarded
the microperthitic intergrowths of two felspars as
the result of such a process, but as these are-

( 55 )

characteristic of quite unaltered rocks in Ceylon
vhey may also be original in the Saxon rocks, The
absence of sericite in the latter presents a difficulty
to those who favour the dynamo-metamorphic view.
Letmann supposed that its place. was taken by
biotite, but this mineral is not infrequently an
original constituent in Ceylon rocks. Garnets are
characteristic of typical granulites, and their
presence is the result of chemical peculiari-
ties in the magma or peculiar physical condi-
tions obtaining at the time ofits consbdlidation.
The chemical composition of Ceylon and Saxon
granulites resembles those of wruly igneous rocks.
Perhaps ion Saxony we_are dealing only with the
over margin of an eruptive mass intruded into
surrounding schistose rocks, whilein Ceylon the
heart of the eruptive mass is exposed. In both
cases there has been extensive magmatic differen-
tiation, and this may be considerd characteristic of
granulites in geveral.

It is only in immediate contact with the
graphite veins that the granulite matrix is chemi-
cally altered and finally impregnated with graphite.
Fragments of rocks ineluded in the veins are also
apecially affected. In altered rocks the felspars
are largely changed to nontronite, a feature
associated wiih the occurrence of graphite in
the Passau district also. The pyroxenes change
to a fine scaly material with aggregate polarisa-
tion. Mica and parnet alter less readily. Im-
pregnation with rutile and titanite is charac-
teristic, asin the Bavario-Bohemian area. Beside
the rock fragments, pieces of various minerals
occur in the veins—quartz, pyrite, orthoclase,
microperthite, apatite, biotite, augite—the for-
mation of these being previous to that of the
graphite; while calcite, and sometimes biotite, seem
to have been deposited contemporaneously.

Inthe Passau district (Bavari+) the furmation of
nortronite and impregnation with graphite affect
the whole schisto-e complex, while in Cevlon
the graphite occurs in veins. This differ-
ence depends chiefly on the harder and more
massive character of the Ceylon rocks. In
Ceylon, Siberia and Cumberland the graphite
oveurs in veins ; in Passau and Ticonderoga
(U. S. A.) in vens and beds; in Bohemia in
beds : these differences depend on the varied
character of the matrix and not on different modes
of origin of the graphite. Emanations ef carbon
monoxide, with or without cyanogen-hearing com-
pounds, may have given rise to the graphite veins ;
while the introduction of iron oxide and manganese
peroxide in their neighbourhood may argue that
metal carbonyls were also nresent.

Finally Professor Weinschenck would suppose
the following to have been the sequence ot events
in Ceylon :—A flnid magma intruded into beds of
unknown ave consolidated as a peculiar ‘ schlierig ’
rock, while contact-metamorphic structures were
developed in surrounding beds. Contraction-joints
developed on cooling, allowed the formation of peg.
matites, including pare quartz veins to sume extent.
But, contemporaneously with the formation of the
pegmatite, there were emanations of carbon monox-
ide and eyanogen-bearing compounds, which

followed the same paths as the pegmatites and then.

gaverise tothe graphire veins. The system of
veins traversing the whole massif played in latter
Mountain movements the 16le of buffer, the sofé
yie ding mineral absorbing the mechanical effects,
and thns the Ceylon granulites remained unaltered
by dynamic changes. °

I have attempted in this review merely to give and.

abstract of Professor Weinschenck’s views as ex-
pressed in his important paper.
A. K. CooMARra-SWaMy.,

Se
VISIT TO A CINGALESE INSANE ASYLUM.

BY A NURSE GLOBE-TROTTER.

Seven o'clock in the morning according to
English ideas of time is a most unsuitable hour at
which to visit a public institution. In Ceylona
before-breakfast round of a hospital or asylumfis
quite ‘‘the thing.” Later on, the stifling heat
makes up-and-down-stair visitation a penance and
weariness to the flesh. Unlike most tropical in-
stitutions, which are commonly built on one floor,
bangalow fashion, the buge insane Asylum at
Colombo possesses many stairs and an upper storey.

Accordingly, at 7 a.m. punctually, after a drive
through the lovely Cinnamon Gardens, which are
the joy of generations of globe-trotters, one of the
highest officia's of Ceylon and I explored the wilder-
nexs of tropical trees, flowers ard gorgeous blossoms,
in which the vast insaue Asylum of Colombo, con-
taining some 1,200 patients, stands. The patients,
like ourselves, had taken an early cup of tea and
bread and butter, the more substantial breakfast
which we subsequently saw in process of being
cooked is served at about 10 a.m. It was the
Europeans who taught the Cingalese to drink tea,
a habit which has now become inveterate and
exaggerated in native family life.

The asylum household had been up and buay for
about a couple of hours before our arrival, groups
of semi-safe patients were scattered under the shade
of the trees, for even at this early hour thesun was
sufficiently strony to make a shelter from its rays
both grateful and comforting.

They were squatting native fashion on the grass,
chattering, crying and laughing in turns. Most of
the men were smoking ; some were dressed in the
Cingalese ‘‘ half petticoat,” wearing turbans made
from several yards of linen wound about their
heads ; others were garbed cooly fashion in a single
wide loin cloth.

A DRAWBACK TO GOOD NURSING.

The native ideal of hliss is to squat eternally —
and talk eternally. Before visiting the East I had
accepted the ‘grave quiet Oriental” of literature
as a gospel truth, but as amatter of fact neither the
man nor the woman of the East ever stops talking.
They stay awake most of the night, because the
day has not been long enough to give them time to
say all they want to. And if by some chance sleep
overcomes a native he still goes on talking. This
incessant chatter is a terrible drawback to good
nursing, bouh in Ceylon and India. For the nurse
finds it a most difficult matter to o}tain abselute
quiet for her patient, either in the daytime or the
stiff small honrs of nights. The punkah pnller’s
wife and family cannot be prevented from camping
out with him day and night, so as to form a cheery
conversation party. The incessant prayer of a
patient in the Eas! is for one hour’s real rest. For
if the humans can be si enced by superhuman effort,
threats and fines, ‘he flying foxes, monkeys, jackals,
and crows all have their noisy innings ti!l a sick
man’s nerves grow raw with nojlse.

AMUSEMENTS.

The amusements of a Cingalese Asylum are few
and far between. Natives play very few games,
though they are incessant dice-throwers and

6

( 56 )

gambleis. Amusements such as are common in the
home asylums would not be a success if they were
introduced in the Eust. None of the inmates would
know what to make of a piano. The only form of
music appreciated by the Cingalese is that resulting
from the tom-tom and a gruesome imitation of a
bagpipe. All other harmonies would be regarded
as weary, stale, and unprofitable. Since the beat-
ing of tom-toms could hardly be permitted for the
sake of the sanity of doctors and nurses—the
routine seemed somewhat dull from the European
gtand-point. But the native does not find it so.

THE NURSING STAFF,

The matron aud all the head nurses are Burghers,
which means that they are of Dutch extraction
with a more less commingling of native blood. The
Burgher of Ceylon corresponds to the Eurasian of
India. There is a large staff of Cingalese attendants
in addition, who do duty of a non-nursing kind.
The patient help to cook, do most of the domestie
housework, keep the grounds in order, saw and
assist the native and quite sane cooks. Some of
the patients, recognising the important official who
accompanied me, removed the cloth from their
shoulders, this being the highest mark of respect
to his superiors that a native can show.

HOMICIDAL PATIENTS.

Many of the patients are homicidal, but the
medical superintendent told us that epilepsy and
epileptiform varieties of insanity are not nearly
as common in Ceylon as at home. An old lady
was pointed out tous whose greatest boast and
pride in life rests in the fact that she cut her
husband literally and tru.y into tiny shreds. She
look-d very crude and primitive, as most of the
Cingalese do, but there was nothing markedly
ferocious ab out her sppearance. Among the other
patients she is a kind of heroine from the complete
and unusual! niture of her crime. The Cingalese
temperament is rarely violent or cruel, though ib
is treacherous to a degree. It is a somewhat
curious fact that the insane male natives we saw
looked far more manly: and decided than sane
Cingalese men usually do. For it is a proverbial
truth thst the average Cingalese man looks
‘‘rather more like a woman than areal woman
does.” It¢was very touching to see an old insane
native woman bestowing such tender care on her
blind, insane, and grown-up daughter, whom she
tends and watches and cares for as though she
were an infant. Maternal devotion is character-
isite of the natives of Ceylon, and cruelty or even
mild unkindness to children is very rare in the island

COOKING AND THE DIET.

The kitchen’ presented a novel scene. All the

cooking—and capital cooking, too—is done picnic

fashion, by means of a few smouldering logs and
primitive saucepans. An old man patient—and
we were relieved to hear that he was not classed
with the homicides—was brandishing a big knife
and shredding some fifty fresh half-coconuts for
use in the breakfast curry. After the mut is cut
in fine shreds, it is rolled with the most erude kind
of native rolling pin, before it is added to the curry
pot. Other patients were busily s] cing the Bombay
duck and somewhat ‘‘high” salted fish, without
which and some twenty other odd vegeta! le and
pickled compounds the native curry of the country
would not be considered complete. Nice-louking
rice ‘‘ hoppers” were in process of preparation,
the rice previously boiled being mixed with coco-
nut oil into a consistent mass and fried in small
portions, like pancake or fritters. It takes a
native to swallow, enjoy, aud dipest the strong
rancid coconut oil which enters so largely inte
Cingalese cookery. Some of the patients were
lepers, for leprosy is not yet compulsorily segre-
gated in Ceylon. Many have become insane
through immioderate drinking of the strong and
deadly arrack spirit or toddy which the native
distills so cleverly from: coconut flowers. Indeed,
he ig very skilful at extracting strong drinks from
almost any tree.

GOVERNING BY KINDNESS.

The cubic space for each patient, judged by the
British point of view, is enoimous, but, of course,
more air space is needed in the tropics, Very
little restraint is used, and a strong effort is made
to govern by kindness and moral suasion rather
than by a show of force. The patients appeared
to be devoted to their doctors, some of whom are
English, while others are ‘‘ Burghers,” who have
mostly taken their medical degrees at Edinburgh,
One old man, who was rather a bad case, hearing
of our contemplated visit, determined to honour
the occasion by gathering the most gaudy and
resplendent tropical b'ossoms from the grounds.
In the absence of flower vases he had filled two
pairs of shoes, borrowed for that purpose from a
European source, since the native wears only the
hardened skin shoes wherewith nature endows
him. Bright with tropical blossoms most taste-
fully arranged, four shoes stood ranged outside his
cell door, and he proudly did the honours of the
flower show. He had calculated on a money result
—and he got it. It is impossible to visit and
study the workings of this huge Insane Asylum
of Colombo without being imjressed with its
admirable methods. Indced. the Asylum ranks
high in the estimation of all who are fami iar with
it, and itis popularly allowed to be “‘« credit te
Ceylon.” —‘‘ Hospital” Nursing Merror.

Supplement to Ohis day's issue,

CEYLON

TEA PLANTATIONS CO.

STATEMENT shewing Results of working for the 16 years ending 31st December, 1901.

fae a F Capital fexued. DEPRECIATION. Dividends,

5 en aes fie raters) cre HE [oeeiee | ee TLE

ilar

Tossa | seal eas Ths, Ths. The £ £ £ TEA cal hea LENCE Zea. |>2,) 5) 4 all

403 | 1/634 | 13-00 |) 604,350 54,268 503,779 |) 75,090, =. 13,267 || aoa =o |lcoffas|] ce |Pooffccl] 2c Wells

394 | 1/413 | 1020 198,208 850,302 |) 76,190] -- [10,203] 1} 10] .. | ..] .. EN) EY} es .| 12] 9} 38 |las z

gas | 1/47§ | 11-00 799,779 2,014,534 | O40}. 25,370] 14] 8 | 3,000) 0 Op nseT | 2) Sy) ||. | 1e87) 2) 3} 15 2

1890 g87 | 1/634 | 11/00 |} 1,603,102 | 693,427 | 838,287 | 2,039,766 || 143,970} 30,000] 31,002 3] 6 0} 0}/4010) 15} 9) .. | ..] .. |4o10) 15] 9 |} 15 |

1891 aie] aysty | 9:37 |] 2,085,201 1,818,785 | 4,201,091 || 148,690) 70,000} 31,203] 9] 9 Ay Ol} co lfcollco|] co Wcollco|} ce Heo |] sx (lhaal] @

1892 376 | 1/33¢ | 9:35 |] 2,481,938 | 795,766 |1,887,99 | 4,666,699 |] 147,140] 79,440 |! 37,145] 1] 11} 10,781) 12) Off .. |. | .. |o,e7o| 7] 8 | 6,276 aii} 7

1899 419 | 1/34, | 8:85 |] 3,009,055 | 689,G1n | 1,418,208 | 4,9 $1,080} 43,986] 12] 7] 10,000] 0] 0 })2,500) 0] 0} 4,084] 6} 11} 7,484) 6 | 11 if 16] 7

1894 72 | 1/135 616,692 } 1,235,819 | 4,825,498 |] 167,980] 81,080]) 48,603] 1] 41/15,000] 0) o|/3,500] 0] oO} .. |. | .. |s,s00] of off 16] 7

1895 487 | 1/13} 8:09 || 5,050,737 665,603 | 1,110,564 | 6,305,904 |) 167,380} 81,080 |) 51,926! 10 | 10 | 20,000] 0| 0 || 2,000) 0} 0 + «- [2,000] 0} O} 16) 7
1896 470 | 1/235 8-14 |] 3,763,107 1,214,843 | 6,483, | 157,380 $1,080 || 45,956] 10} 8 | 16,000] 0} 0 || 4,000] 0] oO - «| -- | 4,000} 0} 0] 15) 7 he
1897 495 | 1/345 7-55 || 4,000,016 1,019,789 | 6,624,145 || 167,350] 81,080|/ 42,199) 3] 0] 5,000] 0} 0]/5,000) 0} oO ~- |5,000} 0] O} 18] 7 iS
1898 450 | 1/4. 4916, 1,065,294 181 || 167,880) 81,080]| 41,381] 4] 4] 5,000] 0} o|/5,000/ 0} o 5,000] 0] off 15] 7|/2
11899 485 | 1/413 786 517,663 | 6,058,147 || 167,980} 81,080 || 48,052 | 17 1] 5,000} 0} 0]/ 5,000} 0} 0 ory ~- | -- 15,000] O} Off 15t) 7 8
11900 626 | 1/422) 715 |] 482,192] 481,055 | 449,104 | 5,909, 167,380] 81,080 ]/ 41,011] 6} 9] ~. | ..] .. |l10,000) 0} o =. | «. ]10,000] 0] off 16] 7 IEF
901 468 | 1/248 3,957,995 | 421,960] 391,445 | 4,680,740 [1 167,890! 81,080)]|87,199| 2] 0]. .- |. 15,000] 0} 0 = |. 15,000] 0} 0 16! 7115

* From this date the figures represent tho ayerage price of the Teas sold in London and elsewhere.

WOuvao

- anibly OW chy

attue aft. aniwade, tna MaTAte 5 |

{t

y
chat besten ® Nas NOEL
291 teticl

riage
<< ‘etsilion’

im

piers
Pe a
Chae |
aca pea

i OU'EL:

dure on

tial
get\&
og Mint .
Spr soa t " OGL Age!
(09;280,2 |
. ba, (86,8

Gal BOG fF

i 0a0 {

ORO SERA ORG LOD as RATS (4 BTR AY

GG Gee Heli sCGv.S

POR R bate ee es é

Verd

p qagiath tliat a dea,

vy

| OaseraL arg WER LY Sep BLO SOR, £08

jaa |

WO bn, j
& ‘a Hotes

ORB LON! aa gacaral darned!

t
1
if
|
}
'

{06 dba ieee 850.8

(048 Ot ena. gag.a aie

\
|
Wee Ne i : . ; = Bagadd, t

“Oa ea. ane, fF @ 1

torerea elim at

Ged dag

PHASE

4 EVGLGa8

Phae, dad

pa t88
bee Igy

Sten neonate

FOROS:

youd a r0.& te

Siete ie

“ad Lyoaly bag seuiar A blda aue't aid to ie ane add Snoenigsn eeugl sil otal
{ , % 1 ie aie "i

bs \
t :

+ COFFE:
quantity shipp
to arrive ae an 4

ooflea exp

Musas. ARDUTHNOT & COMPAN’

‘Macalare

‘Tellicherry:

COFFEE AND PEPPER EXPORTS FROM WESTERN INDIA.
To the Editor, “ Céylon Observer,” Colombe

DEAR Sim—T have tle pleasure to furoish you yw
proximately represent what the crops of these Products in 1
aulded tle figures relating to exports for the three previous year for tle purpore of cowpnrison,
Phe crop for the past year was some 7A pe
dl owls 255,046 may bo regarded ns plintation, aud the Lalance ets
rate average: value of the col
ried during the year anonnts to RU
EPPER.—The total exports of this spice amounted to owts 211,987,
amonnts to R7,040,512-5 0.

is atl

Ike exported,

Il the chi

pore of export for this spice.

107,187 ax native co

th

ice,

Lom, dear sir, yours faithful

h my annual statement Exports of Coffee nnd Pepper forthe year ending 90th Juno,
dia, for tho year in question, amounted to,

‘Tellicherry, 23rd Sept. 1901,

total figures of which ap-
As vsual, I further show tho distribution of shipments to various ports,

unt, in excess of that of 1890-1960 by far the larger

‘and’ have

roportion of which’ was shipped from the port of Mangalore. Of tho total

‘The prices Huctusted to such an extent that I find it imposible
ba but if the average value of both plantation and native coffee bo taken at say RO50 per ton 4.0.b.,{the total
70,047-8-0,

of noe 20 per cent. more than waa shi

value of,

pped Inst yenr, the value of which at an| average of R37-8.0 per owt

VW. LAYARD, for Agent, Arbuthnot & Co.
ANNUAL STATEMENT OF EXPORTS OF COFFEE AND PEPPER FROM SOUTHERN INDIA DURING THE SEASON ENDING S0TH JUNE 1901,

(Cuunansre Tellicherry. | tiadoeara, Cancur Tock Siaarax) TOTALS.
s\ omy rer Talis =~ [EE | cote Pep: Pip-

To feo | ver [isnt Sat-j Tora! Nate Total |S [Total Bers [Cotfes | “per.
Tontoa CW = re

Liverpool

Rotterdam
‘Trieste
Beaen
Leghorn
Avcora,
Naples
Venice
Hamburg
antwers |,
‘Adelaide

Chicago.
Mauritivs
Rangoon
Suee

ES)

315]

3,044

ea,6e9} 16,915

Som] os

I

Ea)

Par

? bao ; 3 7 ‘ .
Paar een YEE: ‘ ape
CR: Sea teias’. ; ‘tse £)
SAR eet ren
RCRA UN ware aba HL

cy. 20 . "i
SOR ig!

Weippe cha ap Se a tar nr mU pr Pear Nes ie

aa
Ce ia

a

}
1

=

MSL: ag

(

eens,

ee

rn

—

Soi ae pepe Ain a

{ ae Ke yi the - i
Sb panna comtesinlo enn mes Tent al eRen es ed Nga hey

A eee ral add 9 cy ob Aste \catnencancMa bap aay yh goto nen 9

Supplement to this day's issu. (From the Ohamber of Commerce Prise Current.)

Exports of Ceylon Produce from Colombo and Calle during the Past-Ten Years,

COMPILED AS FROM Isr JANUARY TO Slsr DECEMBER IN EACH Y

Covamos. [Wild Cinnamon. Deal 3
2 | 34 |———— cated loocoont] 2. Citron
nea, | 3 | BH | sate [cue | mie eoeanat. |vonse ; ella Ol |¢innarmon
a, | ont} 2b : a oe
1b. cm
‘Total Exporis from Ist Jan. to Stat Dre, 190) tes, 153,244) 0,409] 849, rosla.759,270) 616,08 064 53,831) 14,085,483) 894,356) 14,560,781) 483,267 76,788)122,824] 10,250)

So thy a Petites ski eee ect esas 91sec eonen) 185584 aK) saasfzare| erathn.0e
Do. 0} do. 180) 15,645 129,501,188/8%,745] «97,030}2,015,061) 1,529,137 3,118 io0,070 13,071,084] v74,780) 11,723,802 | 75:25] 01,688] 3,638] =. || S00) 0502] 2
cs do. a0. 13,513 119,709,071 herent] co || co Hess! 13,040,634] 10,620] a o77.714 % 41,523 183,01
Do oj do, 19,01) 19,35) 116,084,507) Hosz,asi] -+ | == |09,¢00 fe (eee | EET py ue
ot os es 120330 rrr atk cee! oo |] on |hesal to,003,593)128, 988] 19,885,281 143} 63,528) 60,516} 6,664] | 9/6d0/25,707| 2,071] 1,182,141) 32,087
a tes do. 18084 e090] 3,901] e2,020) 7609, e71/27,43) gam] -- | om frsi,tao) #,951,073/174,175] 10,599, 0 tis) 77,22 ss] 90) NSA) raa87
Do. ao. 40. 1804] 1,559] 653] 22,205] 54,501,714)21,110} o06,a17]1,969,608) es7z0] = |» 87,871 0,722,904} 105,180] 2,223,609 Bera lcy 27381] 3.217) 35471) tao
Do, do, 80. esx] 52,890) 2,891) 85,1 84,405,054]39,638) 42s,at0]t,995,287] es7,use] -- | = [589,712 1,04) LgSASS 1,078,048) 2,0 B4,s31} 04, 349) 678) 35,001) 2,417) 605,650) 140,954
os oo op alors faced rd recy ted eisa|| «|| sa fssqor vaallsounea|oats0) tare eraml iol rr] 444s] 824] reHjioa) 4 | 2401) Stee ropaon

* Besides 1,110,774 Ib. of Green Tea, + No records previous to 1892.

DISTRIBUTION FOR 1900 AND 1901.

Cinchona Ginsamon. | WHld Cinnamen| Coconut OIL. | Copra, Coir: Ct. |
i 100 | TT 1 E
601 Total. | Branch &| race 1 Cwe. | ip, | Pal | RPE J 0
ie | Trunk ie) Traokw,) Ow | ef aes | 1 Gee | Gre Pore |
105497339) 561014) 498165 §12280| 238655) 1296514|257655} 19816)
50955| e O40, 29120) 10082) 9383) 25259)
17781 ) 109200) 179855) 5679) 2940} 65859)
317886 3 9| 55200, 3920] 845 Dsos4
%) Germany| 535104 a | se992) 619941 12354)
ty Holland 19041, = 18500, 91840) 3716
13924 oD 178700) 153104] 10382)
9609734 5 ay 134
250] 810102) $8500) 5 #
65104) wo 141200) 199) 15100 430)
40978) ae ap a a op
11329589] . a5 141139) S S016] 6184
20835205} 10156) 71108) =. | 207] 1943s] 90
3, America | 3704935] 39 35339) 358300) 27837) <2 27205) 6 61) <. | 292046) soo
Africa ..] 305750) 25 es 76) 19558 line a
4325) 2 1319) 74384 co || co |} <eG} on
m = 3197) P ax || co |} co en
Toul Exper c | | | iE il eas in i
HIE pecs oor |LA5189244 148481639011110774) 9631/91] 9722] _GoLose] 510462! 49159|5s970102751 $581] _5066.4535911145950]439865/14055495,204356) 1485078114532671389350]13090) 7578S)122826| 10259] 7180) 12353) 254111430168] 73493

ia our U.K. Shipment was actunlly in coureo of transhipmont to Amerien anil Canada.

ST It bas been ascersained by reference to the Customs Returns and from other sources that a quaotity of tea included by us proviously
todas far as possible. :

also|that 8 quantity of tea described provioosly ax for China was actually intended for Western America, Tho Sgures havo been adj
Tt shonld further be neted thal for good ressons tho Russian figures have been alierod.
Out of the Iargo quantity of the teas appearing ag for Ohins, the bulk eventually ttn

its yay to Russia (in Europe and Asia) in the form of Brick Tea,

Supplement to this day's Issue.
aa

I1IVO1I-I902.

The Planters’ Association of Ceylon,

EAN DY.
FORTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT.

YOR THE YEAR ENDING L7/DH FEDRUATY, 1902.

The forty-eighth Annual Report of the Planters’ Association
of Coylon which your Committee presents to-dny records n further
period of work accomplished in the interests of the Planting Enter-
Bins and Agneta gencrally. Itrvviews briefly tho operations
Of your Committeo aud mdicates some salient foatures hilo
bringing varions matters of n more general character under notice,
Tho Rogister of Fstates and Voters has been maintained, the
fofal number being 019 at date, thus showing a largo incre ns
compared! with ten years when for the year ending 17th
Fobrunry, 1892, the Rexistor stood at 617, while twenty years ago
for tho year ending 17th February, 1852, the Rewister was 561, and
ago for tho year ening 17th Febrnary, 1872, the
showed 275 membors only,

PLANTING PRODUCTS.
Tea
Partly owing to finer plucking bnt chiefly on account of un-
favourable climatic conditions the total shipments of tea for 1901
foll short of those for the previons year by 8,243,895. Outside markets
however, took an increase of 6,019,590 lbs, leaving a total shortage of
$,262,794 tbs. sent to the United Kingdom, ‘The amount ayailable
for consump at Britain was further reduced by a largo
increaso in Foreign Exports from London, Oyer the grenter portion
of the Planting Districts the weather was adverse to heavy flushing
throughout the year and there was not experienced those heavy
rashes which bad become customary in late years. Rainfall! was
universally short and those Districts which ar most dependent
onan abundance of rain suffered mostin yield.” Judging from total
shipments being only 3,248,39 year, it would appear
as if large amount of young tea has come into bearing during
the year. Your Committee feels that the possible maximum crop
has by no means been reached, and would reiterate the importance
‘of careful medium to fine plucking rather than the mannfacture of
Jarge quantities of common quality Teas
As of considerable interest for perusal, reference, nnd com
parison from time to time, a few quotations from the leading
London sud Local Tea Circulars nre herein placed on record with

noknowledjments, and thanks to tho compilers

‘Tho packages printed! for Public Salo in the past three years
at London stood as folloyrs -—
fcom Ist January t 1 per Ib.
Aste Me oy 1 do. 74d, por Ib.

Do. 199.001 Tid. pork.
In consequence of the inferiority of the 1900 crop, due to
flushes and coarse pluckings generally, prices at this time
jwonths since (December, 1200) Were at in abnormally low
for ordinary to fair kinds, clean Pekoe Sonchongs selling at
4a. per Ib., or 2d. per 1b. under the quotation of the period
of thelforiner year. Attention being thus forcibly directed to the
Situation a Committee was formed to deal with it, and although no
form plan of action was adopteil, the majority of Planters, by
Picking somewhat finer and nsing greater care in manufacture,
Contributed to/produce a more saleable class, and also to curtail the
outptit, so that values in the second! half of the year showed somo
reedvery, tho average being :-—
i

Jan. 0 Sue for 6:
July to Dee for a:

perth. azaiust for
for

Owing to the mensures taken, quality was considera
prove

yim
} and the@éas, especially common oud medium descriptions,
Were hotter than forgeveral previous seasons. On the other hand,
perhaps, the seltetion) of finest ani choiwe growths was con.

panitively limited:
QUOPADIONS.

Pekvc

Pokoe and Oranze Pekoe
Broken Pekoc c
Bro, Pikoonnd Bro, Or, Pekue, fine

+ Sold to medium

Souchong and Pekoc Souchong com to melium .
Pekos Souchone «= fing to finest
Broken Pékor Souchong and Pekoe fanvii

Broken Tea and Dust . 3

Pekoo ‘om, to medinin

to finest

Pekoe auil range Pckoe
cow. to medigm

Broken Pekoe
Bro. Pekow and Bi

Souchoug and Pek com. ta:modium ..

fine to finest
e fanning

achopg and Pel

Broken Tea and Dust ra A “do,
LONDON TEA RETURNS.
Turorts. Detayenres

Ist Jau, to 31

15,000 Ibs.
351.000

19,000 Ibs 291,681,000 Lbs,

230,989,000 Ih

Sroox, Slt December
Jet January to 31st Dexember, 1901,
India 73,024,000 lbs.

Ceslon 19,711,000,
Ching 17,832,000,
Tava

112/198,000 Ibs.

Mouthly shipments from Ceylon (o the United Kingdom
during the past five years,
1901,

( 1900, 1899, 1898, 1897,
12500000 10500000 6750000 8500000 8700000
8500000 8300009 7750000

8500000

8100090)

5500000

14009000 1000000

5760000 10500090

7500000 625000

7500000 7500000

8750000 500000

500000 6500000
12500000 11250900 11000000 8500000 8500000
108000000 114500000 103500000 95700000

Propvorioy.—Exports from India and Ceylon in 1900 totalled
484,000,000 ths, while the world’s consumption was only
14,000,000 Ibs, resulting in a surplus of 20,000,000 Ibs. In

1901 about $25,000,000 Ths, were exported from India and Ceylon,
while the world’s consumption was about 887,000,000 Ibs,
against Ibs 181060000 last year
1800000

s+ Tbs. 182000000

Exports from India
446000000

Exports from Ceylon

Total Ibs. 1928000000 106

00

While the Consumption at home and abroad was abou
ia

soy Ibs, 184000000 ngainat Ihe. 172000000 Inst yenr.
Ceylon te yy 155000000 in 142000000,
Total tbs. 837000000 14 )00000

Surplus consumption Ibs, 9000000

‘The surplus is thus partially worked off. Exports from China
have been considerably below last year's, which may further diyert
forsign demand towards British grown tons. 2

GoNsuUMPTION—Home consumption appears to expand in

ito of the higher duty, which has muinly been paid by Producers.
Baty payments (estimating December) amount to 260,000,000 Ibs.

inst 249,792,086 Ibs, Inst year, and 242,500,818 in 1599,
Abroad, some 15,000,000 Ibs, more wera used, the inorensa bein
fon large extent duc to the unusually low prices. Progress has been
remarkable, the quantity taken in 1890 being only 14,000,000
Ths,, whereas in 1901 it yas about 96,000,000 Ibs. The opening
of now outlets has practically sayed the industry from ruin,

COARSE PLUCKING yas mainly matrumental in reducing
the lower grados to almost nominal values, and proved disastrous
fo many estates. Manuring, which wa perhops ovetdone in 1900,
‘ag not this year been go froely resorted to,

2y000co0

Fnox Cotoxno Revonrs rie rors Extonts vor 1901 wore

BAG 20 Oy Ths. wewiist 148,569,177 Ibs, 1n 1000 distributed ns

Tea distribution from 1st January to 31st December, 1901.

Hy ‘Othor countricy
United Klason, | i in Europa.

Rose | America,

HOT | S001. | Mioeen Wik ts
1200 a |i i rare

[Atmen and 7 chine ani
Mauriting | Avetratin || tudia, | Singapore.
F1be | 068.007 Ibe] 110,726,065
{toa 1185094

\ and Singapore, whi
eden, Turkey and th
x America, ho are
of tea has’ been shipped

1!
Ainerica, Bol an, Tae Stl

Sineris, Erm
United Kingdom shew a voor
soinewhnt misleading, nsw. en
there via London and Ohing

ik includes ten shipper ukow for manufacture iuto brick (ea
consnuieil in Rossin and Sipeei) Y

Ceylon showed an alisence of the coarse ‘Teas noticeable last
year, nd quulity Im consegnencs was better, and nbont equal to
that of recent yours. Avergo for Tous sold on ganien account,
686d 204, in 1900,

Green Tea—Sone Attempt bis been made to capture the
markots for Green Ten, espocjally in America.

Duty payments in 1go1 indicate » normal morease in Home
Consumption, the quantity consumed per head of population
amounting to Ibs. 6°17, nguinst lbs, 6-11 in 1900, and Ibs; 6:98 in
1899. ‘Tho uso\of China ‘Tey yas extremely Limited. Re-exports
of Indian and Ceylon Tea showed a marked increase,

In Appendix G. will Ie found further Statistics relating to
Ceylon Tea in London.

TEA BLIGHTS:

By far the greater portion of the ‘Toa Districts havo been
wonderfully five from blights and pests of all description, and where-
ever cultivation has been carefully carried out groy blight lins been
practical! ent. ‘Whe most important dung the year has been a
Serious attack of shot horerin one District, whilst the caterpillar of
one or more of the Tortrices hins given a good deal of trouble in
snother. ‘The Government Mycalogistis carrying out some interest-
ing experiments in infection and the spreading of disease by isolatin,
patches of fea in Hessian ‘Tabernacles, and where caterpillar is bid
it would be of interest to try the use of an acetyline light with a
view to attack the pest when in the moth stage of its existence.
The thanks of your Association are die to the Mycologist and
the Wntomologist, and also to the Director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens at Peradeniya for readiness to assist With’ advieo, When
pests either new or old appenr anil give trouble,

TEA INDUSTRY AND OVERPRODUCTION.

During the year an offort was made, m conjunction ith
Tndia, to curtail the excessive production of tea, and after various
schemes hnd been considered it was decided to ask proprictors to
Yeduce the estimated crop by 1(¢¢ either by resting » portion of the
Acreage, finer plucking or by muking the surplus into Green Tea.
This scheme though approved of in Indin failed to receive a
Sufficient amount of support i Ceylon, Your Committce however
fecls that the attempt did a crtain amount of good in that it
accentuated the necessity for’ extremely careful plucking and
manufacture. Your Committ woulll wish to here recall the
worls of His Royal Highness he Duke of Cornwall when in
Kandy recently; Ho sid ; "In 1882 the great ten cultivation was
yet in its infmicy and Ceylon planters wore still engaged with one
hand combatting the disease which threatened theirstaple, coffee, and
with the other secking for now products to replace oF supplement
it, (Co ndd to these difficulties came n serious financial orisis; but
this combination of misfortune was faced with that intelligent
resource ond with that pluck, patience, and determination which
have evor characterized the planters of Ceylon. It is owing to
these qualities that your products bayo won the high position in
the markets of the world.”

INCREASE OF THE LE ENACTED TOWARDS IN-
oR SING THE 00. MPTION OF CEYLON TEA

IN FOREIGN LANDS,
‘Phe following Minute antl Resolution haying been passed at a
iuceting of the y Committee” held on the 14th September,
101, were submitted for the consideration of the Planters’ Assooia-
tion of Ceylon:—Rend Report of the Colombo Members of the
“Thirty Committee", in conference with others interested in the
American and Continental tea trade. After disoussion tho follow-
ing Resolutions were passed:—(1) “That in the opinion of the
Committee the cess should be increased, (2) That the Planters’
Association be requested to ascertain the opinion of tea producers
8 to incrensing the cess, with © View to give further assistance to
the green tea indastry,””

Your Committee haying considered the above

and opinion, passed the following Resolution
mittee of the Planters’ Association are convinced that an increase
in tho cess 18 m pressing necessity; (2) that the Ceylon Association
be urged to jom in the movement with n yiew to obtain the
sanction of the Government to an increase of the cess from 20. to
80 cents per 100 Ibs,"

OFFICIAL ESTIMATE Of TEA CROP
FOR 1901 AND 1902.

Tt haying been decided not to make public an official estimate
of the Tea Grop for 1901 in February, it was not until May that
the Committee confirmed the original estimate of the Tea Crop
for export during 1901 at 146,000,000 Ibs. ns follows :

United Kingdom 105,000,000 Ibs,

Australia 18,000,000,
Russia 12,000,000. |,
America 8,000,000.

Other Countries,
Green Tens a

8,000,000 ,,
2,000,000

146,000,000 Ibs.

Your Committee cstimales the ‘Ten Crop for Pxport during
pike year 1902, nt 154,000,000 lbs. Aw: regurds the distribution of the
Grop the following is submitted. —“Rnssia 11,000,000 Ibs. Australia

+100,000 Ibs., Ainerica 6,500,000 Ibs , other countries 7,000,000 Ibs,
leaving for the Unitea Kingdom 108,000,000 tbs.’

At tho samo time
from 60)- to 70/-
» Increases in Ceylon, thut it

but will sell’ onn parity

i uth cjaul readiness, fat
position of Cacao ns Wolo Assound, conan yy 7
,

and the stocks\are smaller thin they’ haye Ins si y

Loeully oacio, stenting continues, sn ayn foe wo My it
efforts of officials to suppress this evil, it is now apy arn that
special legislation is necessary, Spxcinl outbreaks of ertae wep ek
with special legislation in all countries and the cofles tt ~alin
ordinance wns passed to sNppross such an ovill in Cayton, eee,
ordinance of the same description 1s now required to oy ovey on
Hg tha an sed gue tec
Witnesses of the actual theft are a necessity, and many cone a
therefore fail when thers is n0 rel donb of auilte en

Mhe following statistics atv { et ;
Smithett & Co’s London eitoulay, NT mn Meskes, Wilson,

Nears African ro- 1901-1990. 1899; 1898, 15,
cuiptsin Disbou bays 267768 919,100 215,999 phage) jyS27; 189% 1805:
Bomar atk wnat Se ee he RSS or
—— 1901 1 ye
Drinidad ae Dave, 18,010 2027 Te 855
Gromdy » 6655 BSG aaa
Other British possessions 5, -—«9\889 5,042 4,187
Coylon and Java » Wy 4675 5,024
“Total British 87,961 44880 5,089

Guayaquil
Bahia (Brazil)
Afriean
Other Foreign

Total Koreiyn

Tors. Stocx all growths Loxpox
Hayne

-n » 9» Livenpoor, z
Your's Inronts—Lonpos

ee ne

}) Drtiventes—Loxoos

in ” Hayne

Lora Stock all growths Loxpox

a a Hayne
» ” Livenoor
Luronts—Loxpox
” Hayne
») Detaventes—Loxpox 5 207,785
» Hayne yy 885,590

SME CuraRative Puices —

GUAYAQUIL, Suffer Ariba, owt, a5) 83)
Do,” Winter 64), 65
Do, Michala 7

idling re

TRINIDAD, m
Do, iJiand fi

63) 1, 9;
sa] $8], 05)
33] O5/ 68)
79] 1. 80) 60)

GuAavAaoUtL, Summer Arriba per ewwt.
Do, ‘Winter ce do,
0: chala and Camquez do,

TRINIDAD, middling red. do,
Do.’ good and fine

GRENADA, fir 2

NICA, St, Lucia, Se,
CEYLON, ordinary to good
Do. “fine 2:

CARDAMOMS.

‘The area under this cultivation has been largely ine
creased durmg the past two years both here and in India. ‘Tho
exports for the ycar onding 81st December, 1901, show the heaviest
on recon, being 659,704 lbs. ngainst 637,450 Ibs. in 1900. Prices both
in the London and local markets havo fallen considerably in. the
past year in consequence of tlie heayy exports. With a still further
Targo meredso in acrenge shortly coming into bearing from European
estates and from nitive gardens recently planted i almost oyery
village in the Kandyan Province the tendency must be to iucrease
the exports to Such an extent thnt the supply will probably excel
the demand nd the market will likely fall below remunertive
prices.

De ithe following statemont submitted by lending London Brokers
shows the mnoventents during the Inst twalye months ny compart
With the five previous yen

Yours, 1901. 1899.
Stock 81st December cases 1,710
Imported in year a 4781
Delivered, aremeeeo 1,840
! Years 1846.
Stock S1st December cases id
Tmported in yen = 2112
Delivered 5, 4015 8,988 244

GOCOANUMS.

Altogether the
perty seems bright.

controlled.

RUBBER.

Mhis product is receiving more attention; it is being stoadily
planted up both in the low country and also on estates situated at
medium elovation, ‘he yield and quality of rubber obtained from
he Para variety growing in tho Kalutara distectling heen very satis-
factory, some of tho rubber realising 43. 2hdn Wb.
taken to import the seeds mud plants of the
into the Island,

TOTAL EXPORTS FROM CEYLON DURING THE YEAR 1901

Your Committee as usual imvites attention to Appondix A.
hereto onnoxed) for official statements of Exports from Coylon
during 1901, for which your thanks aro again duo to’ the Hon'blo
Mr. W. H. Jackson. Dhoxoturn is nscfal for reforence andl gom-
parison with similar data made up to the same period by the
Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, which follows as Appendix B-

RAILWAY EXTENSION AND IRRIGATION WORKS.

In yiew of the discussion that took placo at the General
Meeting of your Association on the 5th December, 1599, in
considering the Secretary of State’s Despatch No. 222 relating:
to the surplus balances of Revenue, attention is herein drawn
to Sessional Paper XXXT, 1901, despatches relating to Uxpen-
diture on Railway Expenditure and Irrigation Works which
will be included in the Book of Proceedings for future
reference. With special reference to progress made in Railway
Pxtensions the latest available authoritative information is
the following from the Address of His Excellency the Gover-
nor on opening the present Session of the Legislative Connoil:—

“Phe Railways under construction are the Northern, tho
Kelani Valley, and that from Nanw-oya to Nuywara Eliya and
onwards to the Hill Districts of Uda Passelliwa, The cost of
these Railways is estimated at Rs, 11,029,876, Rs. 4,084,780,
and Rs. 1,801,851, respectively. On tho Northern Railway,
Which like the Uda Passellawa Railway is mnder the charge
of Mr. Oliver, the.expenditure at the end of July amounted to
Rs, 8,200,000, At both ends substantial progress has been
made, On the first forty miles at the southern ond the works
are in hand, including nearly all the bridges and culverts on
the first twenty miles. The rails are Inid for ten miles, and
there isa large qnantity of bridge, permanent way, anil other
material on the ground, On forty miles of the northern end
from Kankesanturai the work is well forward ; the rails ave
Taid for twenty miles, nearly to Chayakachoheri, At Antrad-
apa also, on five miles on cither side work if begun,
Labour has been fairly plentiful, Work on the Uda Pissel-
lawo Railway is in progress on the Crown lands through
Whioh the line rons, and the acquisition of the private Tands
required is now jpaeneatiaeg ‘On the Kelani Valley Railway
(48h miles) Tand has been acquired: up to 45} miles, and the

Steps are being
pest varieties of Castolon

earthwork has been completed np to 81 miles, and is being
vigorously carried on between 31 snd 13 miles, Of the major
bridges, the masonry of three spans of 60 fect bas been com-
pleted, and the masonry of three spunsof 100 feet and of two
spins of 60 feetis in progress, The Kirillapane bridge (which
is to consist of one span of 100 feet and one spin of GO feet)
and the Sitawaka bridge (which will consist of four spaus of
75 fect) are advancing towards completion; the masonry of
185 bridges and culverts has been completed, ani tlie masonry
of 94 bridges and culverts is in progress."

By the courtesy of Government your Commitee has been
favoured with « copy of Report from the Chief Residont
Engineer, Kelani Valley Railway, shewing the progress of the
construction of the Kelani Valley Railway up to the end of
December 1901—Maraduna Junction to Yatiyantota, Length
45} miles, Guage 2 feet f inches, and it may therefore be of
Interest to add that land for the Railway has been acquired up
to 46 miles 11 chains, while the earth work in formation of
banks and outtings has been completed up to Avisawella
Station (86 miles), and is in progress betweon 86 miles and
46 miles 11 cliains, The Kirillapane ‘anal Bridge, the Bada
Amuna Bla Bridge and the Maha Oya Bridge have been com:
pleted, The masonry of the Wak Oya Bridge has been com:
pleted, as also for the Heen Ela Bridge. Tho work in con-
nection with other bridges is being pushed forward, In tho
forty-fifth Annual Report for the year ending 17th Febroary
1899, your Committee placed on record an expression of the
cordial (hanks of the Plinters’ Association to His Excellency
the Governor for the stops he had taken in the matter of the
Keluni Valley Railway Extension, and in watching with keen
interest the development of the policy of progress, it is matter
of congratulation to know that His Majesty has been pleased
to approve of the extension of His Excellency’s term of office
as Governor of Ceylon nntil October 1908, before which time
il is certain the construction of the proposed Railway will
have greatly advanced, thereby demonstrating thatthe period
of the Governor's rule has witnessed progressive policy on
Wise and liberal lines.

CEYLON GOVERNMENT RAILWAY.

In connection with the Ceylon Government Railways yout
Committee welcomes the change i management and looks forward
‘o early miproyement and reform as #0 persistently nskei for in the
past,

INCIDENCE OF TAXATION.

Government haying been unable to comply with your request
for a reduction of Railway Rates, the appointment of a Commission
on the incidence of taxation was asked for, and it 15 satisfactory to
report that the Commission will cre long begin its labours,

GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTION TO TEA FUND,

At the Annual General Meeting on the 17th February, 1901, a
resoltition as passed inviting Government to give practical effect
to expressions of concern for the welfare of the Ceylon ‘Tea enters
prise in connection with the further exploitation of Ceylon ‘Tea at
Various exbibitions by contributing to the Ceylon ‘Tea (New Markets)
Fund from general revenue during 1901, a sum equal fo tho
amount collected during 1900 under Ordinance No, 4 of 1894 for

inereasing the consumption of Coylon Tea in foreign lands, ‘Tho
application was formulated on the precedent of what bas bean
termed the grint-in-aid system which hus from time to time beon
‘Applied in connection with planting and native interests ith much

‘The arguments adduced in support of

Henefit in other matters.

sary
1 by
prosperity of

Support whieh your Associntion fully. expected the proposition wns
y Lived.

LABOUR SUPPLY.

As usual your Committee appends abstracts of the Oficial

Retitens of arrivals and departures of coolies during the years 1890,
1900, 1901. is

No. since the cou-

inencement of the year,

Arvals

Months.

1899
Ditures

2

Tanary
Kebrunry

March
April
May
June
July
August
Septembor
October
November
December 81,629
No. siuce the com-
aencement of the year,
Months. 1900. ~
Ar'yals
January 211
February 12,100,
March 16,095 32,079
April 20,009 WAT3 BA BIG 13,653
May 35,010 11,580 99,855 65,182,
Juno 28,415 8,017 122,790 68,799
Tuly 22,916 8,020 145,786 71,799.
August 15,658 9,993 161,894 81,792
September 14,868, 7975 176757 89,707
October: 11,728 8773 187480 3,540
November 10,427, 7075 197,907 105,615
December 10,087 7821 207,094 113,986
No. since the com,
mencement of the year
Months. 1901. ——— +~—_,
Arvals Dites Ayal Difures
January 1,825 12,276 1825 12,276
Fobriiaty 8,018 9,615 12,888 21,801
March 8,687 9127 21425 31,018
April 10,728 9480 82148 40,448.
May 18,120 11,907 15,208 52,356
Tune 13,902 8210 58,170 60,605
Tuly, 14,626 9,192 72,796 69,797
August 10,988 8,266) 83,729 78,068
September 11,989 7,906 95,718 85,969)
October 9,092 6,768 105,710 —_-99,782
November cs 7,008 18424 118,018 111,166 -
Decembor «6,985 7187 120,603 118,948

LABOUR FEDERATION OF GBYLON.

Tn connection with the Labour Vederation the following
Resolution was recently brought under the notice of your Com-
mittee at the instance of the Dimbulla Association :— That this
Assovintion considers the present lay regunting boltine coolies to
Jo inndegnate, nnd requests the Labour Federation Committes to
consider tho ndvisability of making the employmont by any
superintendent or cangany knowingly of a cooly who lins not
legally ceased to belong to another estate, an offence punishable

Ny Tay.”

A sub-Committoe was appointed to consider the Resolution

and to report generally on the present state of the Labour question
CENSUS 1501.

According to Seasionnl Paper XXI, 1901: "(he fourth
(econninl Census of Ceylon was taken on the night of Ist 3
1901. Tho previous enumerations of which thers is record wei
those of 1$24, 1871, 1881 and 1891." Tho result is herein given
for future guidance and reference. Your Committee and thi”
Office bearors of District Associations co-operated nll in their power
as regards Dstate Labours.

The Population of Ceylon at the Census of March 1, 101
inthe various Provinces, Districts, nud Chief Headmen's Diyisior
of the Island, compared with the Population at the Censi
of 1881 and 1891 for the Local Areas of 1991,
ia : ” . emcee

——— ee eee
a ___ ate the supersion of these local bores, whose interest itis to This sum bas now bee prove as, the following quotation effect _ was given to tho. general recon i
Governo® aildress fo the Legislative subscribers, that an application be sent diveet (ie Of ty
mn

Seam economy.” Ttis onderstood that an Onlinance is being from His Excellency tha Cotes,
Planta?

The Exate Pegaso drafied to give effect to the above recom i Sessi 2 inti
g mendations. The pro Gounat at tho opening of the Session of 1901/02 on tho the Planters’ Association. of Ceyl en
SKC over the Grantsin-ail Roads will be eferra, it is antics 18th October, 191, will “hon year Tdrew attention to ‘The disbursements from the *Eund” in theses, te, be eee
——_—_———— Bf). to the Commission on the incidence of Taxation. tho Tango liabilities which wo bal mourred on account of the in need of nssistanco have aggregated Rs, “Tong ants tothe
. 18 duiri

fatray And Irrigation Estevsion while the interest on investment ty

of State, of which the costwas Indian Government 3} por RuDSRC TTI ie es nee
Otis amo, one-half was tokbo year tothe vnluy of R, 3, 0000, other Tnveste et ating ty
one-half from past and future before. Your Committee would! ‘again cordially, ting

In Appendi: * ~
| -» ppendix E will be found interesting statements of the very extensive scbemne of Ri
| te Saas money spent on the Principal and Minor Roads in sanctioned by the Secretary
ae ting Districts for a number of years. estimated at R& 20,640,000.
met from borrowed money 40\

eae REDUCTION OF BRITIS ony.
sa 1s D iN ITISH TEA DUTY. a 2
UES | eee Tn addition to the reprigehtation of your Association for- Savings from General Revennt then expressed the hope that Planters! Benevolent Fund tovall Planters an would geet
| spate ihrough Goveaeat vo the Seomlary of State forthe ‘Holwhols of this Tisbiliy lime Mis sum ctiRs- 10,520 000/to oneveither by’ ‘annual’ subscription. ox ountio ‘Ould invite Gye
lan {seh Colitiies urcing a reduction, at as carly a date as is compatible be found out of reyenne—would badischarged in 1902 or perhaps building up tho Fund'so as to permit of its me S0:operite jy,
ves the Snancial needs of the Empirs of the Import Duty on Tea 1904. M: Stree ea = cream An HS tee being kept up and extended in the future, neficent ction
| ‘ At Britain, His Excellency the Governor also telegraphed Correspondence with the & s we fvy, VISIT OF THEIR ROYA) sHNE

esas ssolese thst the Ceylon G an. initted to you, will show that the balance can be met out of the . R ROYAL HIGHNESSES

Ss evlon Government desired to impress on His Majesty's HAN (Jou ll SHOT rainy that the liability is fully dis AND) DUCHESS. OR. CORNWALL AND OU

Government the di i merease
disastrous consequences which a further ine choad Youre now free fomdebt on this account and the Ky
Devent mnique in the History of Coylon—anq
alone but also His Majesty's. Dominions beyond the got Ceslon
|

ofduty on tea might entail on the chief industry of this loyal :
Colony. A reply was daly received dine Ihe Goremor’ maces surplus of this nmi snoceling FSA will again be at your
sed telegram had been Jaid before the Chancello rof the Exchequer, disposal. I congratulate yon on te SPRY. Sane ofa Nexntions 156 recorded in the auspicious and evor wel the sey
ilé Tater'on it was announced that though the duty would not controversy. Tr dissipates mantis ah T lcipations and justi- Highnanal ep Duksaane Dude ae ae visit of Their Ron)
Teralical at preeat it gould not be inenased meanwhile. Your ss the views and arguments WH winch T commended to ¥90 Princo and Princess of Wales. It will PRR ity
year the Commission Royal Highnesses broke their joueuey ond visited Meee eee Thee
y en.

Coniniittee would azai Ss jon fe this t policy of progress.’ 10 i
asain record the gratitude of the Association for TN ATEN PETS ty orks continued its sittings nnd its report

the sction taken by His Excellency in the i
: y in the matter. ( dl eens fas the Prince said, #0 deat the fi b
= = : - hias been published as sessional paper No. XXNIIT, 1901. A good said, “To preside nt the first representative nssarth
GUSrOTS: DUTY UPON. COLONIAL 4 RODUCE deal of veluableinformation is embodied in’ the report and several of ihe Aystalan Commonwealth,” and. thera) can ihe aan
NTERING FRANCE FROM COUNTRIE: aevrtaat ewonmmenations bare Doon made, inost of which ts bas been wve remarked, that one result of the Prinegi G.lO4b
RUHIGH DOENOT SENIOR: MOST. Faron cath the Governor's approval, and will’ be ncted on, Will be to systemutise and sako mor businesslike the Wed
FAVOURED NATION Ono important recommendation was that the grant-in-aid SEAT GUA Le Wael Gn Thal of
Bets: orisce RO EN i Tondon was Psvciple shoul be extended fom cheaper class of roads than had 4), 07002 Wi presented His Royal Highness at the
sctagh ths los of ast year the Ceylon Asacntion inTondan WA yin parmited under the tld onfipance, and it is understood that Pavilion, Kandy, on the 13th April to which the Duke gragouhy Cinehons
pe ue eee ae aa aC. ©) ae an ondinance fo carry oat this recommendation is now under Gon a cus) wal placed in a beantifal Casket othe
aingeed eae nt upon | - out a ca Sr consideration, The subject of the taking over of grant-in-mid ae ey eal genaaTG value, and it is hoped may be regard,
Ego coiiniriee Wich do Rot enjoy ost Favoured jation Preatmenit oad gs nin roads, has not bee lost sight of, but as it isto be * 2 OyeN0 0! sat to Ceylon hy the Prince) and Peels
pee Bashy, further ac anus Ronyanason ce referred for the consideration of fhe Commission on the Incidence ae pas 7 Son the Duke's eloquent words then Tea
: Ganiere Commerce a second waemoria to hoScertary of isle Gr twsation nothing further canbs done until that Commission ving. mg it be engraven ns alike of admonition, nang the
Pnsnatatira’rds are Aaa eT, se ae febrt top M900, coumences its sittings. Ths expenditure on Public Works enh anc un a T'feel sure you nro fully alive to he
Rial iy the beech Gorsenmentan Sith February, 1900, Commences ws SUNT Ty down when itleame appar. Decesity in these daysiof Keon competition of suxitay the
Sime high standard of skill and energy for keeping amt ease cacao

yeer been Eept from the vy > 5 ntering E

re due to His Excell oe oa Ta France Ge that the revenue of 1201 mas likely to show a falling off and

Port of Colombo Sanitary ing Bathe out ie seer eY eraibich ibe: Esa hy the omission of certain Woes a of yery nigent mats
Kaine is Se “ only about Rs. 1,176,010 wall bare been spent out of the estimat:

seh’s law would baye upon British Colonial Products and parti; E<Dinditure of (Rs. 1,050,120. For the new year the estimat

the position you have sconred, Tauch regret that abre ste

time your prospects are notso bright as usual. resent
that this) depression is but temporary nnd nani
: : vill

FATAPARAl DEPOT COOLIES AND RAGAMA — calarl Coffee, C1 Spices exported fi a SRE i yar

(SMP. SCHEME FOR REGISTRATION BROUGHT Inlia, Ceylon, Te a Weta aad the Batisn Bast and ijespenibiasat oni eate Rc eames He oe SA HS Re a re
INTO RATION FROM reaeCe iat u Vani ually recurren . 20H,S15. c you for the Innguag tian

ESTO x RO! st 190 WestCoast Atrics: ‘he paar Biguiepaseorat hail in SW Grsien of the expenditure by tht Trnigation Department which Ausportant mission! with whichiI ‘Have been entrusted Ae tothe
Seeman us maeiberats events tothe T.ow in full sving and bas an estimated expenditure of ather, and for your wishes that it may serve to knit even

creme Limit allowed by article 6 of the law sovas to averti€ ."1'9q 197 principally changalle to surplus funds. the ties of affection which bind tozother the Finpire greece

ly His Mojesty roles. shall not fnil to convey to himymine

7 a

Fossil shoul the nih Goverment be mnsucessfol m obiniRg Se a
or at Colonies Most Favoured Nation Treatment an exceedingly REDUCTION OF TELEG! ARGES N THE Gay GE TGFAIEV/AG altasini 2
swere blow fo British Colonial tmie with France. Your Com- UNITED KINGDOM AND. THE EAST. a yal per Sea bten Ua aA bron
mittee is glad to learn that the French Law referred to of 24th In continuation of the pargraph Tn last ::
February, 1900, will azain be suspended fora year, so that the duties inferesting to note that a reduction, is now definitely spoken of
: daring that fime will remain as they now are and there will be no from ds. 2d. to 2s. 6d. per worl on cable rates to the East and that
initial reasons for the < inczesse of the present duties on Ceylon Tes. effect may shortly be given to tbis new departure in the right
CEYLON PLANTERS’ RIFLE CORPS.

ed Tstsparai without the DUTY ON TEA IN AUSTRALIA. direction.
chk Tt will be in the recollection of members that a proposal was
made to levy a duty of 24. per Ib. plus 20 per cent ad calorem Duty Adyerting to the parsgraphia last Annual Report recording = s
ta Tes within the Commonwealth of Australis and that prompt the establishment of a Rifle Cor your Committee congratulates mentioned in the Annual Report for the year ending 1/1h Feb
= x 3 of the depot be DSSDIISTY Scion was taken in the matter both by His Excellency the all concerned on the progress since made and places as appendix F in the direction of s more conyenient arrangement of a fe
risk af any ioe of ac epaceasc which theauthaniies michtcontrol Gorernor and the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce to insure recon- hereto for perusal and reference th¢ latest authoritative information books then belonging to the Association and a mor comfort
————— seston. | The thanks of sour Association are heres rendered reganling the corms as to regimens] organization and equipment, Refagenoe Moding! =R oom fons publication Roports and Ny
the following resolati ransmitted to the Chamber =— Se aS a a rs. Your Committee i# glnd to gain roport pro,
ip iresolnuanbra ti CEYLON CONTINGENT OF MOUNTED INFANTRY. that thé Collection now styled “The George’ Wall Reference

“Thst the Committee of the Planters’ Association cordially

andl person,

ur reverence for the memory of our late beloved and al
is

of
rs Report it is sally monrned Soyersign.””

GEORGE WALL REFERENCE LIBRARY AY |

To hanes Of your ‘Aeeociation ig Meron secon pO
ment, kindred Institutions and other donors for valued ca
tions to the Reference Library in the past year eed
remembered how sinall was the beginning made twenty yoO"S Ag0 ag

Tt will be remembered that His Excellency the Governor re- ean tc
approves of the sction taken by the Qhamber of Commerce iD qyarked in addressing the Legislative Coane, © eremtpuneyemulig ae reee anal ores as Beles ak ae Pen ae a
Spprosching the Fisleral Parliament of Australis witha wew {0 Eoropean population we raised a contingent of 180) young men, : mLiandamportanog eras or
= of the duty proposed on tea, and endors if © ell mounted and fally equipped, to represent the Crown Colonies OBITUARY. ;
cgumentsIroaght formar iy Wat body that theampostion ofa) Gnong teamed eves which the self governing Colas To the Roll of deceased Members of the Planting Commonily
alors aty se serionaly detinetal to theaniensts of cael" Gesatching to theses o war, Qurentinzent— too fw in DU has tobe added vith much reat the following —W, Beaty
Sempayed ine tem spdoty of Ceylon ant Talla laura it fer hen erly decimal by dss bt those who Sa, ONG Alexander T. Brown; John Cameron; Win, D. Evans;
5 2 Precio Eoa eh Chink en 3g result the ony, _bave beet in the forefront of the fighting and we bave the testi: P- 0: B: Horsford; Wim Keith; H. PB. T. J. Martin,
2 a ei on Tes mony of the Commander-in-Chief, spontancously offered, that they A» Orchard; TN. Orchards A. A- Dillane; 1 Mf & mith; De @ re
ec le Ta hhave rendered excellent service.” White; W. Boyd; A. H. Hopkinson: F. D. Lloyd; Fred. ‘Pulley;
Yea OS CE Eee LnGrrern: Th addition to and in continuation of other references in pre- H+ P; Shakerley; John Stuart H, Biseot;/J. BoB. DiAguilty
Be atari aT ena tg tively he enlfvration on) a yern- sjous Annual Reports your Committee has the honour to record Sey Ross; C. Campion ; Jas. G. Macfarlane; Norman Smell
Beals of Rabbani aan fe feat ae eobin the Para Rubber bat during the Koyal visit to Kandy in April, 1901, His Royal E. ensington Geo. S. Duff ; H. B. Carr N Robb; 1.
Seale of Rubber protucng tres in Durmabymotaly the Para Hubley hoes the Dake of Coruwall presaicl the King's Colour now Hodgson; W. Sandys Thoms; W. J. S. Scott; P.B. Whittaker
Fee oie reeset el beag tis qaesioaionderitiay consiltatioatol domiciled in the Victoria Commemoration Buildings to the Officer ~~ aa eae ogee
Reese ee ae ee eralatyy of) Comumuding tie Ceylon) Conntet tantzy/anddistbated Aleoals aie é LINEN GOSS eee eat
State on the subject it was pointed out (I) that an authoritative state- to the Members of tlie Ceylon Contingent who had returned to the 1, eae ade up he tablathayAcso mals) ofeyour Parodia hon
Se ee ree Drain aolintentions of placing’ Llandl. UTRelworis.of se} Ramses. A ver plesstnt (aay Ebel yeaapanle RU eno ea
SEA ee aes aniatag call cng sabecn deputea to me by the King. It isto present His Majesty's that the balance remaining at eredit is Rs, 9,186:20, “
Hie on the Tendon market nor | SoS i Patan, Caloustadhe Ceylon Mounted Infant and to confer. the ae The recon of the year has been one of investigation, develope
sa Aree ad tend to remove any conse for African War Melal upon those of the Remiment who have taken ment and, progress. Interest|in the work of the Planters’ ABsoay
lara. sci (1) that thereappesredto benonccesty (oranextensne par{ in that campaign, T-confide to your keeping this Colour, not ation of Ceylon continues to increase, while the value of its organi
e=pecmsntl cultivation of Be thos acre ee tig aural, 0BlY.a5 a reconl of past services but san emblem of loyalty and sation toproducers has been again apparent nnd ifis believed appre
pars ae at tioken ihe inet te Pateiotisin, round which you may rally wheneyer the occasion shall ciated. It is certain that im the tural he extended usefalness of the
SEE Se Ei eshilita « S7sal0 agun Give yourserocesto ise defence of the stares) of openifiong) of, your Association willbe further’ demonstrated, /angy
Fe Rath Lepitiee tajelatns oCepavate anlerprics) oe emer that as hostilities yet continue, many of your YOUr (ommittee 1 nae offica| would urge/on\ "Proprietors/sng)
ee atlas reinra ates derated : comrades eannot be present bere to-day, There are some who, all interested in the agricultural prosperity of Ceylon the importance
a x lesidernted- _ alas, ean only be here in memory. We heartily sympathise with of prominent and practical sapport with cordial consideration at all
PERIODICAL TOURS OF SCIENTIFIC OFFICERS, all who monm for dear ones euch as Lieut. Thomas, one of three Himes to ropeceala ibn ted Ra Seca a a
rom Cont CONNECTED MATTERS. Tee euleaeineltoleas eIUAaael respected SlantSetaxeileerasioy) combined irosperity on| Fle /eréatl planking fenternsxo:
7 SaaS Tas plesonson sean Boueins under notice others who laid down their lives or sserficed their bealth in follow- —
the postal tor rolaeune sce ae ee anes on a Be call of duty. g I Ea a Reportunity of acknowledging the _ APPENDIX A.
Se aS ce eaun os laaring atid pearea well satus sea oes ‘by the planies. ‘They not only sent & General Export from the Island of Ceylon in the year 1901
ARTICLES. ‘QUANTITIES, ToraL.

boald haves tn
= certain number of
=o bourers.

to the mus that took place The idea continues to recom- to a Rifle C which I to say is represe: 5
Sea a yar cok Sak we uitonel ill cantmate, Saev er habs Uoaley seme pe coe, soar a pee ate United Kingd Geom CRI sities.
Zopard, thus bringing suentife research and practical working im {baa farther been resolved! th possible foe." Tea United Kingdom 102,637,473 260,949 102,898,027

. SS aa tied iz it has farther m resolyed that s permanent monument be DERITISH COLONIES, ETC,
sgriccitara] operstions into yet closer touch with the best results erected im commemoration of the Ceylon Contingent on the Vic- Aden 71

. ANALYSIS OF MANURE. toria Garden adjoining the Victoria Commemoration Buildings, British Indio ... 785 1,183,575
Ozmrxce No. 12 or 1901. As Oxprsisce ror Restiarixe raz Kandy. a Britith East/Africa 28,700

Suz of Masvees oz Feernizess or tae Son _ CEYLON ASSOCIATION IN LONDON. REBORN Sal RAT 7,150 ane

Your Committee is glad to beable to direct attention to the During the genctbo sction of the Ceylon Be set in London Canada os geeien stg ols gait
Ordinance above mentionel which may be cited as the Fertilizers’ im correspondence with your Associstion has’ been like practical Cape Colony. "85,985 : 85)
Ordinance 1901 =bich came into operation on the Ist of Januaey, and benefieil. Your Committee rests assured that condial co- Gitmltar oe 2,500 0
1902, The remlations ander scetion 9 of the Ordinance made by operation and good understanding will always be maintained Tena pe marae 408 a
the Governor with the edvice of the Executive Conncil were if possible’on both sides andithst in this as in other matters Maldive Jolande be seu oe
pablisnei for general information in the “Ceylon Government conspicuous regard will be renderel tithe motto Unitas! Salus Mauritius 58,506 155
Gate ise Set Noriber ota 1901, a comes Nera ireulated stay in i a ofall paay way connected with the Neal aye ios eat 5
w serous District Associstions. ey relate chiefly to the great Agricultural enterprise of Ceylon. Now South Wal 7,160.53;

5 = . J % x les 160,637 H

Peveseics and regulstions with general directions as rears © REPRESENTATIVE IN THE DEGISUATIVE COUNCIL. Neve Zaland <x duos
samples of the fertilizers. Your Committee has lately, on the inyi- To the Hon. Mr. J, N Camplellan expression of the cordial Other British possessions in Africa
tote of Hi: Exeellency, submitted for epproval the name of Mr. thanks of yonr Associatioa again conveyed for bis watchful and re at ooamemetoaa in Asia 546
Eelesy Bamber a= analyst under section 5 of the Ordinance No. 12 Appreciate servos as Planting Representative in the rath Australia’ jase 7
Se. a salative Connell darias the past year. Straits Settlemants ays

FISIDORS TO HOSPITALS AND_ DISPENSARIES DISTRICT ASSOCIATIONS. Tarmanin rere

Ix THESELANEN eee ‘There are now, Your Committee is glad to. report, twenty-six West Anstealial” aa
Witicat snpiking spectal to motion your Committe ix lad! y.cnaserations ts compared with len Disteer Associations Zassibar abot

te 5 oe
beer = ; Fe durmg the yar ending 17th February, 1892. In no mere form of ForeiGx CounTHins,
cera) «= Quctin: Ss Excellency’ on ming ot '. rm 0!
pa pee en Fa cee he ‘words an exfresion of thanks ae herein tendered to the Ofice AubieeL =
SemNOEE Fn ctrtenl hie (olga iag waclence = Macy visceeenry, bearers {or eed operation, and /ponreous yan von torte
Soe eee wo dispeasaris ani Ysn008 demands mele daring the year in eonneetion with planting
tint thelgiew Heepitall' for Matarata, "1d /counected malleeg:
and the Infectious Diseases Hospital BAKER MEMORIAL.
In the Annual Report for the yearsending 17th February, 1897
PLSSTERS WARD AT THE GENERAL HOSPITAL, 021608 respectively, referents was made to the manificent gift by
‘COLOMEO, AND AT THE BAKER WARD, the late Mre. Baker of the Planters! Ward at Nowara Eliya and wo
SUWARA ELIYA. the pear Window in poy Ra oe Nee Wee
Your Commitice sould convey an expression of thanks Jo the Herpatuate hes manic; Mt ts fathlactary! thereicre Norway a
socepal (7 5 4 hiss eted. ‘The three Other Foreiien Countries
Primal Cir Sietieal Oficer sod trough him to those imme. ne or oa a ig the AnpiD pee keri 5,900 5,900

siya, to Mozambique,

distelp im charse of the wards, for the attention and care bestowed i f tin
PL 3 in these wards thi ” ‘The following “800, the visit of the wise mn and the raising of Jayrus’ ‘pps OAS ih
een heal Beam of sas Or Dae Tot the Eline egies ice oes ome subscribe money ent shin Ast my auth ean tee

% N 5 7 op Med LT SIE JA inclusive of Erection an Ttusia in Borope: te f My

: Wes 4 Cals, sal the Baler Ward, amare Ehys, during the (iW ottwen Photowah of Ste, Baber placed im the Vieworin Een Air a 20
= The Santer = gd gz 5e remain, ce ar Buildings, Kandy, aaa F ag.on9 Bre
Hose “7 dafagisn. 2 SAK: ee! ANTERS' BENEVOLENT FUND. Switzerland. hy ayb37
Ee 5 A These. es erncey 0 Contiaemion Tee | ope 6 a Weel ORR Torkey Avia aca attr
Colca Vicrom * Raper qro7io 840,874 1,628,295,

te —_— 7
. Lib, 148,026,118

i
AR
g

Tas04n0 nan

t

{

eS pec- * oie eee
tively, this is largely accounted for by tho © Averago pr foe fixed for tho yale cents 88 per Ib.
under jon D having ae eriduns, ve Quaxrizis, VALUE IN
annually and by the removal or Cwis, CUBLENCY.
eon oom gai ay ale
upon ase c
1000 a considenin,

;
!

we
i

|

ali

1051) TET

shoes

ye

Ad Div

Qwik RS Ts oc. Pour
Te Taint Kingdom 6,719 404/216 era] (03 Seay oe 545
of pares (QOLONTES. Belgiom L018:
; British India 42 te Ben $5,018
3 10 2a Frace 180
< A Germany 3,127,202) 158,502:
1 1 80 Ttaly ne Ga
) ey Japan 9,700 ug
: 197 81
: 29°87 —$—————
: 1 50
18 93 Spives, Cinnamon,
oy 08 Plantation.’ United Kingdom
48 BRITISH CoLoNtEs
52 16 British Indig
175 Cannda
Hongkon,
5 36 Ney South vate:
New Zealand
Hongkong) y a Ba Queensland
France South Aust
Ge Peary rt) 5 99 Victorias a
z ~ Fonrtax Covy:
Rassia in Asia 172 wie 126,974
Rusia in Europe. Moar Belgium 179;148
Seder France s
Turkey in Asia Ps Germany
U.S. of America 7,761 egy Molland
— al 129,850
526,859 6016 , — 969 91 say

U.S. of America

Ths.
United Kingdom 461,269
Fonrios CousTRIES

Belgium ta Owte
Germany: te Spices, Cinnamon, an
nee Ay Wild United Kingdom 176
Sof America Britis Coroxtes a
British Tndin 55
Straits Settlements 69
) = ForeiGs Coustntes a
sen 4Kingdom {0,408 ie )
CoLostEs, Tndin Cexelud-
oe India ing British) ui
Ce South Wales 306 cents 3 per Ib,
ee
Owts
United Kingdom 789
epper —-BRTISIt CoroNi es.
3 British Tndia 301
gemeee Senne Maldive Telands 28
W. S.of America ‘
OO
Cardamoms United Kingdom “ oF
: ° W. TH JACKSON,
Barmise Corot He Ab Gime Principal Collector

British To Colombo, 20th January, 1902.
Burmah

Gape Colony
Maldive Telnnds
New South Wales
Straits Settlements

’
REPORT OF THE THIRTY COMMITTEE.

Zanzibar
Fortios Cousteiks.
France Report of the "Thirty contmittee: “appointed to administer
Germany the proceeds of the FXPort Duty on Tea, levied under
HAG Ordinance No. 4 of 1804 10r increasing the consumption
Ratan of Ceylon Tea in foreig? lands for the year 1901.

Russia in Bumpe
WS. of America

Mesmens or tae “Trmty Cownrrer,”’ 1901.

The following is the list of the “Thirty Committee” at Sist
December, 19/1.
} ee Meser™ James Westland, JA. Burmester, A. C. Kingsford,
J. B, Coles, Hon. Mr. J. N. Campbell, Geo, Kent Deaker,
‘Mex. Wardrop, Win. Saunders, R.A. Galton, H.O. Hoseason,
Gordon Pyper, W. D. I . Huxley, Wm. Forsythe,
A. Philip, J. P. 2B Frater, W. R. Tatham,

Edward

= ; ; r ;
Straits SettT E. D. Harrison, R. S. Daft Tytler, W. D. Gibbon, Edwa

Foubtos Covsvates. Rosling, Oliver Collett, Keith Rollo, Geo, Hathorn, G. Fy Tiel
India (excluding S| Temple Mr. W. y Figg, Skrine,
Srey ig 3240 35011 R. S. Templer, Hon. Mr. W. Henry Figg, Duncan Skrine,

Stanley Bois. i
For part of the year Messrs, H. A. Tipple and E. H. Hutchin-

1,611,646 Declared.
Rs

von OS Bs, & son were members.
Coffee, Liberian United Kingdom icy 1, 8 25 FINANces.
LSE Ni OD Aa The total collections paid into the Ceylon ‘Tea (New Murkets)
Foneiox CoUSTAIES. Fund on uecount of the Export Duty on Tea from January 1901
Germany) 1,008) to 81st December 1901 amountd to Rs. 292,542'29. ‘The balance in

the Bank brought forward from 1900 was Rs. 82,000:98.

LNloebiie bos 1G ‘The usual summary of accounts for the half-yearly periods
ending 80th June 1901, and 81st December 1901, with yarious
bs. Rs, connected statements of Charges and Discharges are appended.
Tobacco Cigars United Kingdom 114 2 Mosures oF Prockenixas.
240 542 The Minutes of Proceedings of the Mectings of the “Thirty
15 15 Committee" haye been as usual forwarded to Government for
1B Be information and guidance after confirmation.
GOVERNOR IN EXECUTIVE CoUNCIL.
gay The approval of the Governor in Txecutive Council yas
179 -~«*911 Declared obtained to the following appropriations of the proceeds of the
levy as from time to time desired and determined by the
“Thirty Committea” during the year.
ibs. Be Credit opened for—
a Resseeeiea BAIS Ono a Wepre in Ame Amount appro-
jamanufec RUTINH( COLONIES i . pnated and sanctioned by the Goyernor in
REO ES CRORES ENED op Ss-3t Exeontivo Connell per letter dated §th Feb-

ruary 1901, for advertising, Ceylon tea in Amer-

Cotton United Kingdom
Buitisn Covoxtrs, ica daring 1901, £8,000 sterling ut exchange
Bate Tada YA per rupee See +. Bs, 120,000-00
SA ylon tea on the Continent of Hurope. Ainount
Nice atta Appropristed and sanctioned by the Goyernor
per Jetter dated 9th Febrinry, 1901, for ad-
Vertising Ceylon tea on the Continent of
Turope during 1901, 8,000 sterling nt ox-
; chai we 1/4 per rnpee + 4 120,000:00
sc 9, Ceylon Green ‘ess 1900-1901 scheme. Amount
Tndia (excluding appropriated and sanctioned by the Goyernor
uri 616, an in Executive Council por letter dated 10th
aly M 14 January, 1901, for the purpose of paymonts |
Vi8,of America 8005 yt tinder sHaschomo, .. “s eal co'oonoo
plauzs Amount anpropriated and sanction by the "|
231,604 ‘51,181 Declared overnor in Wxeentive Council Por lotion dated
18th February, 1001, for the image’
r pei nnder the cokiema burpoto of nye 0,000:00
i, Cwis, Ty, = pollen Geet anh 7}00-1901 scheme 5 ery” ae
Cocoan 2 ; 8. nt sanctioned
Desi A nae Giloxomn) 158/285 )0711634,488 in Executive Council paclotter Natal wet
he pp 4001, (vide ako solution. of the" Thy
‘omnn 4th J
Hangkong. iG 100) ee an 16K Bente,
Nevigath water 1835 Amount sanctioned by the Gosunor jy yg” 20/000:00
Queensland a ecutive Conneil por letter dal Hoth ¢, ‘
Booth Australia 672 aD pte nL Benen
41 Nn connection with Mo geint fixe » 1 80,000/00
Viton 3 conte wor Ibs for Abt second niin ce, Mt five
Pasa terns of te eogliion pas yy yea
0} RIES, ui in " edd “hiv
ple 0a Committes!” on tie Mth July, i991 By
Belyium ABC ie
Deamack 78 REM TGA,
po ae J Ss, #10,000:00°
Geran “187 Tho Grand totallof Re, 14715011.9} —_
pall as under. is boon levied vince 1895
HOE rears zi ‘2 80th Jane, 1895
al y «Ri 11918
U.S.of America 8,074 166,180 Fo Tie ti 2 ‘tf ea
—— — June, y
125,919 2,914,708 Declared, Bs ‘ 112,271+00
See 04,091-79,
-
ecoanuts: ell
Fresh

_ REPRESENTATIVE IN AMERICA,
The Remittances made to Mr, Wm. Mackenzie from Ist January
1900, to 81st December, 1901, wero as undernoted.

rs

February 18th to Remitted to Mr, Mnckenzie 9,000
7 9

April Oth do. do. 2,000
June: 18th do, do. 2,000
September 25th do. do. 1,500
BE 1th do. do. 2,000
901
February 26th do, do, 1,000
May Lith do. do, 1,000
Muy 28th do. do. 1,000
Tly 19th do. do. 1,000
September 9th do. do. 1,000
Ootober 4th do. do. 1,000
November 12th ‘lo. do. 1,000
December 23rd do. do. 1,000

Up to 81st December, 1899, the amount remitted to Mr, Wan.
Mackenzie for pushing, advertising and making known Coylon tea
in America nggrogated Rs. 811,96211, moking w grand’ total
Of Rs. 1,081\862:11 placed at the disposal of the Ropresentative in
Ainerica from 1894 onwards, As regards tho results of tho Cam-
phigh opinions may doubtless differ, bat as affording usefull data in
the matter the following is quoted from recent remorks of lending
London brokers under date 29th Noyember, 1901.

Mhere has been considerable progress in the quantity of Indian
and Ceylon ten taken in North America during the last nine
months, us compared with the same period of 1900, the increase
amounting to nearly 406. Re-exports from this country haye
also matorinlly increased:

Tt is noteworthy that 1,276,868 Ibs. of all ten were sent from
America to this country between Ist January and 27th November,
but there is reason to believe that much of this was Chinn tea,
while 'n portion of the tea sent from Ceylon to China way possibly
linye been for the Russinn Market, although the majority his
doubtless one to “Ainerica.

1901. 1900. 1899. 1898.

Todian 4,889,878 8,108,978 8,948,766 8,489,671
Ceylon . 9,721,508 6,526,585 5,654,276 6,252,500
f Total Ibs, 14,111,881 9,985,508 9,688,042 9,786,471

1896.
Indian 2,524,520 2)412,755
Ceylon 8,035,465 8,008,180

Total Ibs, 8,464,749 5,562,994 5,420,935

takes 1s Usr
vary 10 Orit Se
INDIAN TEA,

Db Staves AND CANapa yROM

Toran AND CryLon

1901. 1900. 1899)
Re-exports from U.K. 2195489 1,275,784 1,646,096
‘Transhipments via U- K, BOTATS —UG.241 210,56
Direct oxptes ci Ohinw = STB ALO A18,798 ATEBOB
Direct expt. from Calentte «.. 1,008,806 848,205 1,710,181
a a ee
Total Ibs. ... 4,880,878 8,108,078 9,948,766
1898. T5097.
Te-exports from U. K. s+ 1,462,280 1,924,589
Transhipments ria U. K. 2,804:
Direct expts. ria China 280,289
Direct expts. from Calcutta . nil.

909,218 2\524\520
1805.
Ro-exports from U. K. 1,272,111
‘Transhipments via U. K, 1,110,644

Direct expts, ria Chinn
Direct expts. from Cileutta ...

Total lbs.

CEYLON TEA,
1901. 1900.
Re-exports from U, K 8,721,508 2.408.820
‘Transhipments via U. K. 1,903,462 427,489
Direct oxpts. ria China 72,298,626 981,871 ‘985,946
Direct oxpts. from Colombo 1,867,907 5 1,844,981
Total lbs. ... 9,721,503 6,826,585 5,684,276
1898: 1897. 1896.
Re-exports from U. KX. + 21658,755 $1,965 1,968,204
‘Transhipments via U.K. ... 1,141,288 1,604,068 856,019
Dircot expts. ria China ... 852/178 400,408 218,052
Direct expts. from Colombo 1,605,685. nil. mil,
6,252,801 4,055,501 8,088,465.
1895.
Re-oxports from U. K, 2,015,000
‘Transhipments via U. K, 720,589
Direct expts, ria Chinn... 285,601 :
Direct expts. from Colombo .. nil. j
8,008,180

© Possibly some portion of this quantity may haye gape to
Russia, in which case this figure will he too large,

Ag reporting generally on the position of matters Mr,Mac-
writes —

“Y send a few remarks on our work in America in:
Owing to the reduction in the amount allowed me for 1901,
the work had to be curtailed somewhat, The system wdsthe
same as daring former years—that is, Press advertisin, yt
assistance to Whose who wdverused onr teas, sampled, demin-
strated, sent ont circulars, &c.

‘A larger portion of our general advertising was doge in
Canada thi last year ns several packet Arms there weropush=
ing Ceylon Greons, It is too soon yet to know thi? total
shipments of Ceylon teas to America dnring last year, fit up
to end of September they appear to have been abouts) por
cont. ahead of previous year. ‘To me, this is a pleasant
surprise, a8 owing to the large import of cheap Ching Congous
(black teas) in 1900-01 there Keemed to be less room: for Qe} Tong,
Tt looka a decided sign of progress. ‘The imports of Congous
in 1901-02 aro oxpected to be only half of the quantity ae ing
1900-91, But dealing with figures giving forward eatimites ix
dangerous, as circumstances may aris Which enti Avast
prophesies. As Coylon Tins for the present almost entirely
ceased to help the silo of ita black teas in America, I'm
expected to say something of the chances of Grosni or
tho field/is much larger, I haye had so many goo
the quality of the Greens hitherto nent to America
known so many instances where Firms have pu a) .
toas five to ten times, that I cannot for a momen
our Greons «uit tie people when they fare had |
of trying then, Several others—export
Colombo Firms, who have travelled in Ai
express purpose of ascertaining the fecling |
our “ Greens," have be i

ken:

1,

that

Hianee

havi
fiw new.
pidione,

pili
raat anllrgo

in Ghina and Jay eTmpor rs

io practically own the entire
reasonably bo expected rondil;
,, fo wbandon their capital and bnsine

Rimillance
S00 eee
March Mu

as

and ullow the trade to go to Colombo, In Canada tt appears
to me lies our line of least resistance with the Greens, and,
during this year, onr work should be chiefly done thera, ‘The
sum ayailable is too small to touch the Green Tea portion of
the United States, which extends from Buffulo to the Western
Coast. ‘The most enthusiastic advocate of Green Ceylon ‘Tea
is still tle man who has handled most of Mr. Larkin of
Toronto, Canad,”

From a Statistical point of view the following figures are
appended -—
‘Amerlean Imports of Toa.
eae

Not imports. Ay. import Per capital

Value.

ending rice p Yb. consumption
Tuno 80. Pound, Dollars, Moen Pounds,
1882 77,191,060 246 qT
188i 69,397,015 180
1884 60,0894 109
1885, 66,974,565 e 8
1836, 78,873,151 7
1887 87481186 149
1888 89,940,517 140
1889 25: 128
1890 143
1891 129°
1892 187
1893 132
189k V8t
1895, 138
1896 131
1897, 155
1898 07 97,2 OL
1899 72,854,816 0°06
1900, SHS13,491 109
1901 $9,084,917. V7
OBYLON GREEN THAS.

Tn terms of resolution passed by the ‘Thirty Committes”
the following memos showing payments made under Ceylon Green
Teas Grant have boon from time fo time prepared and will be useful
for perusal and reference, also including amount from previous
statements in the Report for 1900.

Appended thereto will nlso be found extracts of all the various
minntes passed by the “Thirty Committes'” since 1896 onwards in
connection with the Green Tens for the United States of America and
also a specimen of onc of the latest gencral advertisements of Black
or Green Ceylon eas regularly published in the Canadian Grocer.

(Specinen of General Advertisement referred to.)

Black or Green Ceylon Tea.

The merit of the Black Teas has established them high
in popular estimation. They are drunk wherever the
English Language is spoken. They follow the flag and
drive out less meritorious growths.

But some consumers are wedded to light drawing
kinds, with pale liquor and without the full body and rich-
ness of the black kinds. i

The Green Teas of Ceylon are made expressly for this
trade, In Make, Quality and Price they challenge com-
parison with other growths. a

They are grown, prepared and packed with the same
skillby the British Planters who have reyolutionized the
Black Tea Trade. as

They haye caught on in Canada and
the experimental stage,

GY TRY THEM.
As reganls the American Market,
from n trade jonrnal is of interost-—

are no longer in

the extract appended

E ; New York, January 8th,
“Inyoice tiding light; jobbing demand slow, Prices
are well sustained, especially for greens,
= REVIEW FOR 1901,
he year 1901 opened with 64,881,219 pounds of tea in
Warehouse, which quantity steadily declined to 89,521,6
on November 80th, 1901. ee aga
Mhe following table shows ihe quantity of te
for consumption in the United States, including both gataee
for immediite conswinption and yithdrawaly from warehouse
for consumption, value and amount of duties, for the twelve
months ending June 80th, 1900 and 1901;

Quantity. Value. Daties,

Pounds, Dollars. Dollars.
1900 80,086,369 10,885,048 8,008,687
1901 $2,698,037 10,005,480 8,259,854

Mhe imports for eleven months of 1901, ending Noy:
30th, were ns follows :-— ig November

Pounds,
Oliineso impire 25,003,508
Tapan ae 28,159,819
All other countries 6,798,104

60,000,456
Smino time in 1900 aoeo6aG
Sumo time in 1899 77,517,386

he above shows that Japan supplied 46 por
OLsnWeLAC ecleautMon falta al uiivo vias Beecen and

Mhe Nght receipts nnd a slight increase (8 per cent. plus)
in consimption accounts for a steadily improving market
daring tlie year. Whe close was firm at tho bost figures,

CpyLON ‘TEA ON DHE CONTINENT OF EuRorE,

“he Remittances and Disbursements on account to Mr. J. H.
Renton from 19th Eebrunry, 1900, made in Ceylon for pushing
and making known Ceylon ‘Pen on the Continent of Europe to 81st
Tinuary, 1901, haye been as follows

1900 ; £ Re. ots,
Teb, 18 To remitted to Mr. J. H. Renton 1,000 14,888 72 /
March 6 Do Do 1,000 14,912 62 |
April 9. Do Do 1,000 15,029 35
May 17 Do Do 1,000 1,029 85
Tuly 9 Do Do 1,000 18,000 00
Oct. 4 Do Do 1,000 16,058 88
Deo. 18 Do Do 1,000 18,000 00
190
Jany. 81 Do Do 2,000 80,000 00
9,000 184,918 86
SUNDRIES,
1900)
eb. 13 Yo paid A. M. & J. Ferguson for
cirenlars 0 8 50
26 Do Skeen & Co, for photo-
amphs a
mn Do Bosingnet & Co, for Gold-
en Dips BI 60
n Do Forbes & Walker for
Bumple tins... wee 25 50
» Do Lipton Limited for ‘en 2021 00

» o Dodwell Carlill Co, for
"Dea me wes 6,000 00
Do Lipton Limited for Tea 3010 00

11,202 60

Wotul as at Bist Jannary, 1961
fo Mb J. A. Rei

ways Dac

\s aw Bist D1
‘DITS OPENED, VIZ,

ibition 1901
Europ

the Continent of

Previony Green Teas credits opened... 30,000-00
Deduct unexpended balance transferred

to 1900 & 1901 Scliome =. G440) 39,035 60)
Ceylon Green Tex 1900 & 1201 Scheme =. 19,079) 69
Ceylon Teain Norway ... ie 1009 24
Representative in Anierica .. w- 142, as
Ceylon Tea in Sweden... as O4
Ferguson's Pare Ceylon Tea Pamphlet 450 00

180,401 62

Less the following since written off entirely

and closed.

* Ceylon Tea in Germany
Paris International Exhibit
Ceylon Green Teas 3
Ceylon Toa in Norway
Ceylon Tea in Sweden

‘ion

B&O, B.
SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE: CEYLON TEA
(NeW MARKETS) FUND AS AT 307H JUNE, 1901.

RECEIPTS.
Rs. Cts,
Ceylon Tea (New Markets) Fund 29 157,091 27
Advances against Credits opened as per nemo 880,950 52
Credits payable (vide memo)... as 212,904 17

Balances in National Bank of India Ltd. as.
per previous statement 81st December,
1900 BS 2) 008 $2,009 98

Balince in Petty Cash as per previons state-

ment 31st December, 1900. 200 47
Tnterest Account ... ot 944 81
Rs. 782,999 52
EXPENDITURE.

Credit opened for Representative in Auer-
ica 1900—1901 oo 270,804 40
Credit opened for Ceylon Tea in Russin 63,815 12

Do. Commissioner for the
Continent of Europe ... 80,000 00

Do. On the Continent of
Europe 1900 & 1901 ..- 270,000 00

Do. Ceylon Green Teas 1900 -

—1901 Scheine 70,064 40
b Do. Oeylon Tea in Manila 750 00

Do. Ferguson's Pure Ceylon
‘Tea Pamphlet & 600 00

Secretariat and Management, including n
cohtribntion to Office expenses as 8,000 00
Printing rh a 818 05
Anditor 65 00
Miscellaneous = 595 54
Stationery me 171 70

Chanzes: Peons, Coolies, Petties, Postazes,
_ and S P iin,
National Bonk of Tnais, Limited, Colombo E566
Petty Cash “ on aS 18 36
; E.&0.E Rs. 782,999 52
Kandy, 80th Tune, 1901.

Andited and found correct,
(Signed) J. D. FORBES,
Incorporated Accountant,
Auditor.

ANALYSIS OF PAYMENTS &c., MADE UNDER CREDITS PAy-
ABLE FROM IST JANUARY TO 30TH JUNE, 190L

CREDITS OPENED AS UNDER. Rs. Cts.
Ceylon Tea on the Continent of Burope 60,088 VW
Representative im America... 45,088 17
Ferguson's Pure Ceylon Tes Pamphlets me oy

ST

Ceylon Green Teas bee a

cro caltcalled wi

undry adjustments (ns under)

Kepresentative av 1A TteavCOER
Bxhibition, 1900 7,600-00

Commissioner f inent of 2 ;
Sour Grace {08 the Continent of Europe 15,000-00 43/500) 00

Balances Payable as at 80th June, 1901... 212994 17

Rs. 421,027 88
— Crytoy ‘Ie. (New Mauxers) Fuxp,
H Mesto. Stowmse Crevits Oresen Payests Mane xp
Avonsnne Bataxces 4s av 801m Jenn, 1001.

ae 10,064 78

Credits Payments Balances

opted pace at date,

; Fs - Rs. c. Ry oR,
Ceylon ten tn. Russin 58,813 12 62,298 89 1,614 25

Commissioner for the
hnent of Burope we
Ceylon tex on the Continent

Con-
45,000 00 15,000 00 80,000 00

ote oRaN ht: =. 270,000 00 58 99,795 47
Ceylon Greon teas 1900-1601” OO 176204 58 99,79
fohomo ss 70,064 40 66,591 78 9,692 62

Representative in Amoricn ...

u 270,804 40 187,5(2'55 82,801 8h
Ceylon tea in Manila : 750 00 : 750 0

0

497,587 75 212,894 17
212/894 17

Rs. 709,931 92 709,981 92

Balances payable: —

S BANK BALANCES.
National Bank of India, Ltd., Colombo - Rs. 74,035 28
do, No. 2accommt ,, 8,681 OL
Rs, 82,600 24
a Meno.
To balance payable under credits opened ns per
sketch memo. above... a ~ Rs. 212,801 17
By balance in Bank as above as <= 89,660 24
Amount still required Rs. 129,827 98

OBYLON TEA New (MARKETS) FuND.—COLLECTIONS FoR
First HAL oF Year, 1901,
ine Fron Ist January ty 80th June, 1907,
Pard in per Colonial Treasurer proceeds of the ley Rs. Cts.

impes=d on Tea during December, 190!) 26,740 05

Paid an per Colonial ‘Treasurer proceeds of the lov:

Mposed on Tea during January, 190 87.245 11
Paid on per Colonial Treasurer proceeds of the levy

iuposed on Tea during February, 1901 - 31,628 75
Paid in per Colonial! Preasiurer proceeds of the levy

imposed on ‘Tea during March, 1901 s 27,887 06
Paid in per Coloninl Treasurer proceeds of the levy

imposed on Tea during April, 19/1 - 83,58! 79
Paid in per Colonial Preasmrer proceeds of the levy

insposed on on daring May, 1201 -- #0,998 21

Rs. 157,091

N,B.—Derespenctes.
Gralits sanctioned for
Ceylon Green teas, 1901 scheme (5 cts basis)...Rs. 20,000 00.
Golden Tips » 6 2tWoen) 740 00
Cralit Voted.
Honolulu & West Indies,, ay SAIN
CEYLON TsA (NEW Markets) FI
PAYMENTS MADE AS at IST JOLY, 1901, ON AccoUNT OF
CREDITS OPENED.

7,500 00

Ceylon ten im Russia os =. Rs. 62,208 89
Commissioner for the Continent of Europe 1901-

1902, (J. H. Renton) ie = 16,000 00
Geylon tea on the Continent of Europe =. 176,204 58

eme coer
Cylon Greon teas 1900-1001 sehesl” 9

1 102 55
Roprosontntive in Amorica 87

407,087 75

es

jainist credits opencil
Total amount a 1901, is opened ax

Tess the poltovetna inritten off
ti i
issioner on the Continent 0 ‘
Saar GEE ‘ono year’s salary)-Rs. 15,000:00
~ Rs. 482,687 76

p ExteSbirune: Cryvox Tra (Nnw

=. - pTs AN!
Stata Pe gees) Fest as At 81st Decesmen, 1901,
eS

Manxers) Fexo

Rea r
' Markets) Fund + ‘i Hob1 02
Aerator ton Tae

Credits payable a Ree et:
BATA 2 National Bank of ataeatt as
provions statoment 30th June! tS

. 2,506 24
Balance in Potty Cash as per previous statement

18
ane 300 32

Seekers
Thtorest Account

Rs. 780,518 86.
ExresbITORE.
Credit opened for “Golden Tips). 70 00
Ort char for Ropresontative in Anierica 270,304 410
Do Ceylon Tea in Russin ce 57,018 12
Do Coinmissioner for the Conti-
nent of Burope . =... 90,000 00
Do Ceylon Tea on the Continent
of Euro) =. 270,000 00
Do Ceylon Green Teas 1900-1901
‘chome (7 cents) coo 70,064 40
Do Ceylon Pea in Maxtiln a 750 00
Seeretariat and Manngement including a con
Iuition to Oflice expenses ° 8,000. 00
Printing and Advertisi : b 52 46
Auditor an 0 r 65 00.
Miscellancous tee . 7381 60
Stationery ... bee oe as 828 88
Charges, Peons, Coolies, Potties, Postayes ind
Sundiy Disbursements =o ‘ 508 Bt
National Bank of India Limited, Colombo 22,084 74
Petty Cash. os ot en 127) 71
Credit opened for Ceylon Green Meas 1900—01
Scheme (5 conts) _... oa 50,000
Chicago Exhibition Fund (voluntary 3,812 78

Rts, 780,618. 95
Kandy, 1st December, 1901.

Audited and found correct,
{Sien=4)'F. D. FORBES,
Incorporated Accountant,
Auditor,
CYLON TE, (NEW Markers) Funp.

Skeich Memo. showing credits opened, payments made and
‘vailable balances as at lst December, 1901.

Credits Payments Balances

ed. mide. nt date.

Rs. 0. Rs. a. Rs, c

Ceylon team Russia 97518 12 55,181 15 9,981 97
Commissioner for the Gon-
tinent of Durope 1901-11102

(7. I. Renton) +. 80,000 00 7,529 41 22,470 59
Ceylon tea on the Continent

of Buropa ... + 270,000 00 228,768 85 41,286 65

Ceylon Green teas 1900-1901
scheme (7 cents basis)...
Ceylon Given tens 1900-1901
Scheme (5 cents basis)...
Representative in’ America
(Win. Mackenzie), ec
Coylon tea in Manila
"Golden Tips!” .

70,084 10 69,972 o7
50,000 00 45,975 91

270,304 40
75009 0! 87

750 00 601 09
740,881) 92 660,757 gy
79,644 66

pet
Rs. 71988193
ey

Balances payable Rs.

BANK BALANces,

National Bank of India, Ltd., Colombo Rs,
Do. No. 2/0... ,,

Re.

16,626
O58 og
pepe
: 22,981 74
MEMO.

To balance payable under credits oj
memo. ea pe paneling Por sketch
By balance insBank 1s abov.

Amount still required Re

Amount of collections for the first balf year of |
1991 at 80th June as per previous stateniont

co)

Collections since received for June 25,018 64
do. Tnly 27,119 62
do, Aug. ... 20,149 39
do. Sopt. ... 17435 94
do. Oct. ... 23,181 99
do. Nov. ... 21,650 44
——
135,451 02
a
DEPENDENCIES. (Not Provided for in the abore Hatemey,
Credit voted, Honolitlu and West Indies £500 , ey

Credit: to be opened for Continent of Bu
for 1902, £2,500 oa ee
Ropresentative in Ameri¢a. Credit to be
for £4,000. = es. a3
Goylon tex on the Continentof Europe. Addit
Oredit to be sanotioned pea
Credit to be opened for Ceylon Green teas during
1902 on a further 2,000,000 Ibs per resolutig
14th September, 1901, at 5 cents tru
Credit for additional grant say |, Rs,
British Exhibition in St-Petersburg 1902, credit
to be sanctioned £1,500 a

open

Credits Opened Account.

Ceylon tea on the Continent of Europe
Commissioner for the Continent of Europe
Representative in America us

Ceylon Green Teas 1900-1901 scheme 7. cents basi
Ceylon Green teas 1900-1901 scheme 5 conts new

sis e a 16,278 91 ©
“Golden Ti FOL 00
Ceylon tea in Russie... ae ane 2,882 26

: Re, 187,109 61

SoGRSa~onue

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

{

PricE :—123 cents each, 3 copies

No. 22. CoLomBo, June 10, 1901. 30 cents; 9 copies 4 rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ibeine%
—_ Bs mark 3416 39 Beek bro guipek 2340 48
419 17 do or pe. 1615 34
LARGE LOTS. 83 2422 39 do par 3610 29
— 84 eee 2425 17 ge pek sou 1530 21
oT] 85 Digdolla 2428 31 ¢ bro or pek 3100 33 bid
E. Benham & Co.| 86 S483] io, \pek | | 2625 ar bid
[23,601 lb.] 3 Tembiligalla 2440 48 a BES or pek 4560 29
= 2413 32 do pe 2880 21 bid
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Cc. oe Palmerston 2455 13hfch broorpek 741 72
2458 19 do or pek 1045 46
Hapugastenne: Pp
T Tnvies No. 15-66 31 ch broor pek 3100 35 oom 2461 12 do pek 101443
69 30 do or pek 2700 46 bid | 102 Ardlaw and _
3 "2 36 do pek 3420 23 bid Wisnford 2479 26 ch broorpek 2600 45
4 75 22 do pek sou 1760 20 “ ae 18 de pel ie 36
iM Cures 266 39 bi : ¥ 48 ° ans 2
: Battalgalla a a on pek eee a Bt 105 Tunisgalla 2438 18hfch broor pek 990 54
ie Shi cae ‘pekisou 880-99 106 2491 40 do bropek 2400 29 bid
10 93 10 hf-ch bro pek fans 700 27 107 2494 42 do or pek 2310 28
11 HF 96 10 ch _ pek sou 900 20bid | 18 ZIG el eh nek Zig0s 126
12 Mapitigama 99 13 ech bro pek 1170 34 109 2500 20 do pek sou 1600 20
43 2 18 do pek 1476 25 1lz Irex 2509 27 ch bro or pek 2700 34
oy Bintan dow pekishu 1120 «17 113 2512 31 do pek 2790 24
117. Achan 2524 2z0hfch unas 1300 26
Soa 18 Gallawatte 2530 8 en bre or pek 800 36
7 2 2533 16 do ro pek 1440 26
Messrs. Forbes & Walker 121 2538 21 do pek - 1680 20
(594,222 1b.) ae Maha Uva 2539-57 nfeh bro orpek 3/05 38
2 2342 63 do or pek 3528 33
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. |b. c. 124 2545 20 do or pek 11731
18S 2176 16 ch dust 2160 19 125 2548 61 ch pek 4590 30
2H 2179 8 do green tea 126 2551 39 do pek sou 3003 24
dust 1088 13 127 2564 17hfch dust 1530 24
3 « 2182 8 ch green tea 128 Pallagodda 2557 19 ch bro or pek 1900 33
dust 1104 13 1:9 2:60 29 do bro pek 2900 36
4 Adisham 2185 15 ch broorpek 1500 58 bid 130 2563 25 do orpek @ 2230 28
5 ° 2188 16 do bro pek 1600 40 131 2666 40 do pek 170 25
6 2:91 29 do pee 2465 34 bid 132 2669 22 do pek sou 1986-25
8 Harrow 2197 18 ch roorpek 1980 44 133 Erracht 2572 15 ch bro pek 1500 82 |
9 2200 12 do or pek 12u0 33 bid 134 2575 13 do or pek 1105 28 i
20 203 32 do pek 3200 3L 135 2578 37 do pek - 3145 25 |
11 2206 8 do pek sou 760 24 136 2581 15 do ek sou 1275 22
13 Passara 13 2584 12 do bro pek
Group 2212 22 ch bro pek 2090 29 fans 1440 26
a4 2215 9 do orpek 765 . 24 139 Gampaha 2590 30 ch bro or pek 4300 44
16 2218 17. do bro or pek 1700 32 140 2593 30 do or pek 2850 41
16 2221 34 do pek 3060-25 141 2596 46 do pek 3910 37
17 2224 18 do pek sou 1620 20 142 Killarney 2599 16 ch or pek 1440 36 1}
18 Passara 145 Dunkeld 2608 64hbfch broor pek 3712 43 hil
group 2227 16 ch broor peK 1600 32 146 2611 20 ch orpek 1909 =. 34
10 2230 17 do pek sou 1530.20 147 2614 25 do pek Pen 2ZbOL wet oe
20 Cullen 2233 49 ch broorpek 4900 47 148 Carfax 2617 30 ch or pek 2700 ~—-_ 38 bid
21 2236 32 do pek 2560 28 149 9620 21 do pek 189C 33
23 D 2212 19hfch dust 1634 24 150 Inverness 2623 15 ch or pek 1350 46 bid
‘25 BB, in estate 161 2625 10 do bro or pek 1000 48 bid
mark 2248 15hfch bropek 825 33 162 4629 13. do pek 1170 40 bid
31 Carberry 2256 24 ch bro pek 2280 30 153 Glencore 2632 32 ch bro pek 3200 38
32 2269 11 do pek 880 20 154 263» 30 do or pek 27.0 30
35 2278 7 do bro pek 156 2638 29 do pek 9320 6
fans 78t 24 156 2641 50 do pek sou 3750 25
37 GK 2284 28 ch pek sou 2100 18 157. Ingrogalla 2644 17 ch pek 1530 2;
38 2287 13 do sou 780 16 158 O BEC, in
39 2290 15 do dust 2340 22 estate mark }
46 Carolina 2293 9 ch green tea Forest Creek 2647 12 ch bro or pek 1200 55 bid
sifting 1071 8 159 2650 32 do bropek 3200 45
44 G, in estate 180 2653 13 do or pek 1170 38
mnark 2305 10 ch fans 750 25 161 2656 15 do pek Nol 1350 3A
45 2308 #9 du dust 765 23 162 2659 30 do pek No2 2700 30 bid
46 B,in estate 163 St. Norman’s 2662 46 ch bro pek 5060 37
mark 2311 14 ch sou 1260 18 164 £655 73 do bro pek 7300 37 \
47 2314 16 do dust 2240 22 165 2668 34 do pek 3366 37 fi)
48 Maryland 2317 12 ch bro pek 1140 24 166 2671 9 do pek sou 900 29 Hail
49 7320 19 do pek 1615 19 168 EB R, in est, |
60 2323 9 do pek sou 765 17 mark 2677 8 ch pek sou 888 14
61 Theydon Bcis 2226 10 ch or pek 900 34 171 Choisy 2686 50hfch broorpek 2750 38
52 2329 1° do pek 1275 25 172 2689 20 ch or pek 1900 =. 30 bid
65 TB, in estate 173 2692-0 do pek 2550 26
mark 2338 luv ch fans 960 26 174 Mansfield 2695 73 hf ch bro pek 4380 40
67 BDWG 2344 653 hfch bro pek 2650 36 175 - 2698 15 ch pek 1425 35
58 2347 41 do pek 2060 = 29 176 O BEC,in
62 New Galway 2359 13 hfch bro pek 715 36 estate mark
65 Tymawr 2358 22hf-ch or pek 121046 Newmarket 2704 35 ch broorpek 2310 49
66 2371 12 do bro or pek 720 59 178 2707, 36 do bro pek 4032 32 bid
67 2374 23 do pek 1150 35 179 2710 28 do or pek 2520 33 bid |
68 2377 15 do pek sou 760 35 180 2713 19 do pek 1748-3 |
69 Ella Oya 2380 27hfch broorpek 1484 34 181 2716 8 do pek sou 768 28
na) 2383 9 ch or pek 810 24 133, Dambagas-
bat : 2386 21 do pek 1637 2k talawa 2722 20 ch broorpek 2200 43 bid
72 2389 1k do pek sou 1420 17 184 2725 31 do bro pek 3410 35 bid
75 Errollwood 2398 15bfch broorpek 825 66 185 2728 24 do pek “3u4 33 bid
16 2401 11 ch or pek 1155 38 186 2731 10 wo pek sou 1000 27 bid
217 2404 12 do pek 1260 34 188 Matale 2737. 55hfch bro pek 3300 33
78 Wewawatte 2407 13 ch bro pek 819 27 189 2740 30 do pek 2700 28
81 Great Valley 190 2743 «17 do pek sou 1530-22
Ceylon, in est. 193 Ireby 2752 15 ch pek 1269s 31

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 4

Lot: Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ec. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib; ec:

194 Shrubs Hill 2755 14 ch bro pek 3407 28 327 3154 10hfch pek fans 1300 24

195 2758 26 do bro pek 2860 27 328 Walpita 3157 19 ch peE ~ 1900 20

196 2731 62 do or pek 4576 23 329 3160 11 do peksou 880 18

197 H 2764 32 do pek 2720 20 333 Win estmark 3172 9 do ek 900 18

198 R M, in estate 334 Decculla 3175 58hf-ch bro pek 3190 ©8636
mark 2767 19hfch broorpek 1026 36 335 3178 54 do pek 3780-6

199 2770 53 ch kro pek 5300 32 333 3181 15 do pek sou 1050 _4u

20u 2773 40 do pek 3400 26 337 Obode 3184 20 ch bro pek 2240 35

201 2776 14 do pek sou 1245 21 388 3187 17 do or pek 1700 27

203 2782 12 do fans 720 26 339 3190 12 do ek 1080 23

204 2785 65hfch dust 710 4 341 Monkswood 3196 3zhf-ch bro pek 1920 61

205 Galkande 2788 24hfch_ bro pek 1440 942 342 3129 34 do or pek Is70 55

206 2791 35 do or pek 1750 33 343 3202 33 ch ek 2970 45

207 2794 18 ch pek 1539 82 544 3205 19 do pek sou 1710 41

208 Kotagaloya 2797 32 do pek 2720 21 345 3208 15hf-ch fans 1050 33

209 Drayton 2800. 87 hf ch or pek 4350 42 346 Gallawatte 3211 13 ch bro pek 1170 25

218 9303 65 ch pek 6525 37 347 3214 19 do pek 1526 21

211 2306 18 do fans 1530 «29 348 Rowley 3217 26 do brorpek 1300 43

212 Ketadola 2809 10 ch bro pek 1039 22 349 3220 21 do or pek 1050 36

213 2812 8 do pek 796 14 358 3223 38 do pek 1900 29

217. Strathspey 2824 21 do or pek 2097 34 bid | 353 Coreen 3232 46hfch bro or pek 2760 49

218 NE 2827 18 do per sou 1620 26 354 3235 29 ch or pek 2552 35 bid!

220 Mahayaya 2833 14hf-ch bro pek 812 25 355 Hin est mark3238 15 do bro pek 1575 45f{bid

Qu1 2836 22 do pek 1100 22 356 Theydon Bois 3241 20 do ek 1497 23

225 Memorakande2848 8 ch dust 800 19 357 St. Heliers 3244 13hf-ch roor pek 728 49 bid

226 2851 19hf-ch fans 1520 = 22 358 3247 25 do bre orpek 1375 40

227 Woodend 2854 38 ch br pez 3800 = 331 359 3250 17 ch pek 1530 33

228 2857 48 do pek 4560 23 360 3253 10 do pek sou 950 26

229 2860 15 do peksou 1200 19 361 New Pera-

231 2866 7 do bro pek fans 798 25 deniya 3266 35 hf-ch fans 2100 27 bid

232 Roekwood 23869 “6hf-ch younghysonl456 38 362 Maryland 3259 26 ch bro peE 2600 37

235 Waitalawa 2878 66 do bro pek 3300 = 52 363 3262 31 do or pek 2790 «6

236 2881 94 do pek 4700 30 bid 264 3265 26 do pek 2340 28

237 2884 18 do pek sou 900 21 065 3268 15 do pek sou 1350 18

239 Arapolakande2890 111 do youngjhyson5550 38bid | 367 Marlborongk 3274 16hf-ch broorpek 816 44

240 28938 45 ch hyson 4500 24bid | 368 3277 17 ch bro pek 1706 = 335

241 9896 15 do hyson No. 2 1500 18 bid 379 3280 7 do or pez 700 31

243 WYataderia 2902 41 hf¢h broorpek 2665 36 370 3283 15 do pek 1425 28

244 A 2905 28 do bro pek 1848 8629 371 Mawaligamga-

245 9908 40 do or pek 2400 29 watte 3286 7hf-ch broorpek 700 34

246 2911 37 ch pek No. 1 3515 21 372 3289 46 ch bro peE 4600 26

247 2914 21 do ek 2058 20 373 3292 34 do ek sou 2754 18

250 Walapatna 2923 41 do ro tea 3772-25 _ 874 Castlereagh 3295 26hf-ch broorpek 1300 52

253 Marlborough 2932 18hfch broorpek 972 45 375 3298 21 ch bro pek 2100 «=©©33 bid

254 2935 19 ‘ch or pek 1960 34 376 3301 11 do or pek 880 33

255 2938 16 do or pek 1360 31 374 3304 10 do pek 850 30

256 2941 19 do pek 1862 30 378 AM B 3307 20 do dust 2800 22

258 Dromoland 2947 24 do or pek 2400 24 379 3310 19 do fans 2280 19

259 2950 26 hgh Brg or pek 1560 31 a

260 2953 16 c pe 1504 22 -

266 Lochil 2971 41 hf-ch broorpek 2460 46 Messrs. Somerville & Co.—

267 gerd 39 ch broorpek 4178 46 |248,586 Ib.]

6 2977 46 do pe 4002 32

269 2980 12 do peksou 1080 24 Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. e.

270 Weyunga- ; 3 Citrus 430 20 ch bro pek 2000 29
watte 2983 21 do bropek 2205 30 4 433 22 do pek 2200 +18

271 2986 31 do pek 2945 23 5 436 7 do pek sou 700 16

272 2989 28 do pek sou 2100 20 7 Kosgahahena 442 12 ch bro pek 1329 23

276 Tillyrie 3001 8 do _ fans 960 24 8 445 13 do ek 1300. 15

279 Ingroya 8010 35 hfch dust 3440 24 12 . Rothes 457 22hfch bro pek 1320 38

281 Rockcave 3016 16 ch bro pek 1600 30 13 0g. 460 11 ch pek 1045 42-29

282 8019 25 do ek 2250 18 17 Dikmukalana 472 33hfch pek 1650 20

283 3022 13 do pek sou 1040 16 18 South Africa 475 20 ch broorpek 2000 28

285 Geragama 3028 15 do broorpek 1650 32 19 478 19 do- cr pek 1805 29

286 3031 21 do r pek 1890 27 20 481 21 do pek 1785 21

287 3034 35 do pek 2975 =. 28 21 484 23 do peksou 1840 19

288 3037 23 do pek sou 1725 19 22 Harangalla 487 9 ch broorpek 855 43

289 3040 10hf-ch dust 800 22 23 490 12 do bro pek 1140 32

290 Cullen 3048 41 ch broorpek 4100. 47 24 493 23 do or pek 1955 30

291 3046 33 do or pek 2904 381 25 496 51 do pek 4080 23 bid

292 3049 31 do pe 2635 26 26 499 13 do pek sou 1040 18

293 Preston 3052 40hfch bropek 4000. 51 27 502 9 do bropekfans 900 29

995 ¥F F in est. 28 Woodthorpe 505 12 ch bro pek 1200 33
mark 3058 24 do bropekfansl320 25 29 508 12 do pek 1020 22

296 3061 20 do pek 1000 «17 30 511 10 do peksou 800 sag

297 Fairlawn 3064 22 do bro or pek 1210 45 33 Kumaragalla 520 14 ch bro pek 1400 32

298 3067 19 do or pek - 855 39 34 523 13 do pek 1105 21

299 3070 25 ch pek 2125 34 35 526 10 ch pek sou 800 18

302 Hanwella | 3079 10 do young hysonl000 37 38 Doragalla F35 20 ch bro pek slack

306 Pine Hill 3091 29hf-ch broorpek 1740 45 packed 2000 36

807 3094 26 ch or pek 2600 31 39 5388 12 do or pek 1180 31

308 3097 28 do ek 2660 =. 26 40 541 3h do peks 3150 29

309 3100 16 do peksou 1280 23 42 547 7 do fan 910 24

310 HGM 3103 22hf-ch broorpek 1430 36 45 Goodwood 656 26hfch pek 1170-24 bid

311 3106 18 ch bro pek 1800 8628 50 Lawrence 671 10 ch bro pek 1000. 30

312 GTD 3109 12 do bropek 1200 28 51 574 22 do peksou 1650 20

318 3112’ 8*%do pek: 760 #819 52 Polgahakande 577 11 ch bro or pek 1155 23

314 Queensland 3115' 8 do pek 717 33 bid | 53 580 20 do pek 1720 «18

$16 Valgaswella 3118 32 do or pek 2720 825 54 583° 1C do pek sou 840 «17°

316 8121 37 do pek 2960 21 55 Tavalamtenne 586 12hfch bro orpek 720 47 bid

B17 8124 22 do peksou 1650 «17 56 589 20 do or pek 900 30bid

318 S BR in est } 57 592 25 do pek 1125. 23 bid
mark 8127/10 do congou 1000 15 61 Hangranoya 604 13 ch fans 1560 20

319 Norton 3130 10 do ~— or pek 797 = 48 62 607.10 do sou 800 18

Bw 8188 10 do pek sou 817 ~—s BL 63 610 Qhfch dust 765 +922

$21 Errellwood 3186'13 do or pek 13800 §=6.36 65 Mawatara 616 15hfich bro pek 825 27

325 Stafford 8148 19 do or pek 1897 40 66 { 619 20 do pek 1000 20

328 N 3161 7 do dust 910 22 67 622 14 do pek sou 700 (7

.

Lot.

74 Oonankaude

78 Gangwarily

86 Glenalla

92 Havilland

99 Gangwarily.
101 Forest Hill
102

103

104

105

108 ‘Avisawella
109-

110

111 Nugawella
112

113

114

117 Danawkande
122 NC

123

124

126 Dalveen
127

128

131 K W

132

133

134 Gwernet
135

136

137 \

140 S, in estate
mark

141 Old Madde-

gama

143

147 Blinkbonnie

148

149

150

151

152 Nyanza

153

154 :

157 Wavena

158 Nellicollay-
watte

159

160

164 Attabahena
167 Yarrow

168)

169

170

171
172

179 BBO

180

181 Ranasingha-
patana

188 Walla Valley
197 Jak Tree Hill

199
200 Abberwatte
202 AVE

203 KLM
- 264

205 Cotswold
207 Wiharagama
208 LON, ines

tate mark
209 Aberfoyle

210
211

Box.

643
646
649
655
658
661
664
667
679
682
685
688
697
700
703

955
1012
1015
1021
1027

1030
1033
1036

1042,

1046
1048

1051
1054

160 do

11 hf ch
32 do

12 ch

33 hf ch

25 ch
16 hich
1 box .
16 hf ch
15 ch

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES

Name. Ib.
bro pek 950
pek 1150
pek sou 840
bro pek 24
or pek 175)
pek 3200
pek sou 1200
sou 1350
bro or pek = 900
or pek 880
pek 1700
pek sou 765
bro or pek 1800
or pek 1010
pek 3780
fans 880
red leaf 045
bro or pek 784
pek sou 720
fans 836
bro pek 1666
pek 2418
bro pek 2000
pek 2805
pek sou 1280
or pek 1350

ro pek 3300

pek 1350

pek sou 1080
ek 800

pek 7110
bro pek 1800
pek 2160
con 1000
bro or pek 1430
or pek 3200

ek 1800
bro pek 880
pek 1870
pek sou 960
or pek 1425

pe 1530
bro pek 1984
or pek 1235
pek Nol 1120
pek No. 950

or pek 1400
bro or pek 754
pek 13380
pek sou 1360

or pek 742
pek 1170
bro pek 170
flowy or pek 950
cr pek 2208
bro or pek 1265
pek 2070
pek sou 900
bro or pek

fans 1040
pek 2500
pek sou 2070
or pek 2160
‘bro or pek 6000
pek 3182
pek sou 1944
pek 3315

pek sou 3520
bro tea 3440
pek No2 1620
bro pek 1440
pek 700
pek sou 1564
pek sou 742

dust 715
pek fans 1760
or pek 900

bro pek 1495

pek sou 2025
bro or pek 983

bro pek 750
pek 1506

LIST. 3
Lot: Box. Name. Ib. c.
216 LHO 1069 pek sou 922 6
218 Galkertenne 1075 Hyson Nol 1288 20
219 1078 Hyson fans 720 10
221 Valugama 1084 Hyson No 1 1283 with
222 1087 Hyson 1067 drawn.
223 MDD 1090 sou 850 7 bid
224G Mv 1093 bro tea 5360 7 bid
225 Hapusgas
muile 1096 bro pek 1430 30
226 1099 pek 736 21
227 1102 unas 1700 18
229 G 1108 ns 785 7 bid.
(Mr. BE. John.—245,337 1b.]
Lot. Box. Name. Ibe.
1 Wahagapitiya 116 pek 3780 2
4MW 125 or pek 1400 44
5 128 broorpek 741 56
6 131 pek 1860 35
7 134 pek sou 702 29
8 137 fans 702 25
9 Bowella 140 bro pek 1008 29 bid
10 143 pek 1200 22 bid:
ll 146 pek sou 750, 18 bid
13 Comar 152 or pek 900 ~=-28 bia
14 155 broor pek 1500 32
15 158 pek 768 22
16 Natuwakelle 161 bro or pek 1900 38
17 164 bro pek 2700 29
18 167 pek 2798 23
19 170 pek sou 1356 18
21 Mel Villa 176 bro pek 1350 30
22 179 pek 1100 19
27 «Bila 194 pek 4085 22pid
28 197 pek sou 6720 19
29 Morton 200 bro pek 1300 39
3u 203 or pek 1330 29 bid
31 206 pek 3690 21
32 209 pek sou 960 17
34 216 pek fans 805 24
37 Fordyce 224 dust 1805 25
38 Templestowe 227 bro or pek 2080 45
39 230 bro pek 1296 37
40 233 or pek 1175 38
41 236 pek sou 1584 33
2 239 ek 2125 36
43 Mocha 242 broorpek 2700 61
44 245 or pek 1500 38
45 248 pek 1764 36
46 251 fans 800 26
47 Ottery 254 bro or pek 1300 48
48 257 or pek 1520 36
49 260 pek 1530 33
562 Agra Ouvah 269 broorpek 2552 63
53 272 or pek 4212 40
54 275 pek 2538 37
55 278 bro or p 1620 44 bid
56 281 or pek 1500 53
57 284 pek 2160 47
58 287 pek fans 1196 31
59 Gingranoya 290 bro or pek
No. 2 990 »=6. 37
60 293 pek 1445 30
61 a 296 bro pek 1210
62 299 pek 1800 } withd’n
63 Eladuwa 302 bro pek 1200
64 Glasgow 305 bro or pek 3157 52
65 308 or pek 1496 41
66 311 pek 1196° 41
67 314 pek sou 800 36
68 Allington 317 ru pek 700 30
69 320 pek 720 20
77 Oonoogaloya 344 or pek 2610 30 bia
78 347 pek 2900 27
79 Rookwood 850 bro orpek 3480 49 bid
80 353 or pek 8072 37 bid
8l 356 pek 4140 = 33 bid
82 GW 359 pek fans 1000 19 bid
83 Morahela 362 bro or pek 1500 35
84 365 or pek No 1 1305 31
85 368 bro pek 960. 33 bid
86 371 or pek No.2 1008 26
87 374 pek 1302.21
88 SJ 377 bro or pek 1054 oué
89 S 380 ro pek 3190 38 bid
90 383 pek 2805 26 f
91 386 pek sou 1650 19
94 Nahavilla 395 or pek 4320 26 bid
95 398 bro pek 4500 27 bid
96 401 pek 1980 26 e
97 STV 404 nas 875 9
98 Templestowe 407 or pek 1316 =. 36 bid

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

(Messrs. Forbes & Walker. |
lb.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name.
7 Adisham 2194. 6 ch pek sou
12 Harrow 2209 2 do dust

22 Cullen 2239 8 ch pek sou

24 Sylvakandy 2245 4 ch dust
26 B B, in estate

mark 2251 14 hf ch pek
27 25412 do pek sou
28 2257 1 do fans
29 2260 1 do congou
a0 2263 1 do pek dust
38 Carberry 2272 8 ch peksou
34 2275 2 do sou
36 2281 8 do dust
41 CM 2296 2 ch _ bro pek
42 2299 1 do pek
43 MC 2302 1 ch pek
63 Tbeydon Bois 2332 7 ch pek sou
54 TB, in estate

mark 2835 6 ch dust
66 23841 8 do congou
69 BDWG 2350 7hf-ch pek sou
60 23653 8 do dust
61 New Galway 2356 6 do _ bro or pek
6s 2362 12 ch pek

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
101 Coundon 416 20 ch pek (H) 1760
102 419 9 do pek sou(H) 810
103 422 18hf-ch bropek 1008
105 Ferndale 428 12 ch bro pek 1320
106 431 10 do or pek 850
107 434 12 do pek 1020
103 Mocha 440 14 do or pek 1330
111 Morahela 446 23 do bro or pek 2300
112 449 17 do or pek No.1 1462
114 455 18 do or pek No.2 1512
115 458 19 do pek 1596
116 461 8 do sou 720
117 Arncliff 464 6Lhfch (broor pek 3660
116 467 36 do or pek 1800
119 470 14 ch pek 1260
120 473 56 do pek sou 5096
121 476 11 av pek fans 770
122 479 3 do ust 760
123 Little VaJley 482 12 do bro pek 1197
125 Maryland 488 7 do bropek 700
126 491 7 do pek 700
127 BD 494 lihfch pek fans 860
128 Elston 497 19 ch pek 1615
129 600 29 do ek sou 2610
130 Gangawatte 603 21 do ro or pek 2100
131 506 21 do bro pek 2100
132 5609 35 .do pek 31650
134 515 l0hf-ch fans 700
136 Mount Everest 521 33 do bro or pek 1815
137 524 25 ch or pek 2250
138 627 48 do pek 4800
139, £30 15 do pek sou 1350
141 Warleigh 536 18hfch broorpek 1080
142 5389 18 do or pek 990
143 542 32 ch bro pek 3040
144 645 30 do ek 2550
146 651 12bfch dust 960
117 Leingford 554 19 ch broorpek 2073
148 657 20 do bro pek 2.00
149 560 10 do pek 958
150 6623 9 do pek sou 900
151 Galoola 566 46 do bro pek 4600
152 569 35 do bro pek 3500
153 572 52 do pe 4680
154 575 33 do pek sou 2640
157. Kelaneiya and
Braemar 584 12 do broorpek 1200
158 587 13 do or pek 1300
159 590 16 do pek 1520
160 Winwood 693 18hfch broorpek 900
161 696 13 ch or pek 1170
162 699 10 do pek 900
163 602 12 do pek sou 1080
164 605 10hfch dust 900
165 Mocha €08 18 ch pek 1746
SMALL LOTS.
E. Benham & Co.
ae Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
Hapugastenne,
Invoice Ne.15 78 3hfch dust 240
§ Battagalla 90 9 ch sou 675
15 Mapitigama 8 2 do fans 240

510
290

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
64 2365 3hfch pek 150
73 Ella Oya 2392 2 do dust 166
74 2395 3 do bro pek fans 164
79 Wewawatte 241010 ch pek 610
80 2413 6hfch sou 342
87 Digdolla 3434 8 ch pek sou 600
88 2437 4 ch dust 64U
91 Tembiligalla 2446 2 ch pek sou 180
92 2449 1 do bro pek fans 115
93 2452 2 do dust 300
97 Palmerston 2464 2 ch pek sou 156
98 Kelvin 2467 6 do pek fans 669
99 2470 5hbfch dust 400
100 2473 2 ch sou 150
101 Welkandala 2476 6 hfch bra pek fans 420
110 Tunisgalla 2503 4 ch sou 300
1lL 2506 5hfch dust . 450
114 Lrex 7515 6 ch pek sou 480
115 2518 1 do fans 110
116 2521 2 do dust 170
118 Achan 2527 1 bfch dust 55
138 Erracht 2587 2 ch dust 350
143 Killarney 2602 4 do bro mix 400
144 26:5 5hfch fans 425
167 Be. Norman’s 2674 2 ch dust 200
169 2680 Lhfch bro or pek 65
170 2683 3 do bro pek 185
176 Mansfield 270L 5 ch pek sou 450

182 OBE C, in

estate mark
New Market 2719 3 ch dust 480

187 Dambagas-

talawa 2734 5 ch bro pekfans 675
191 Matale 2746 3hfch fans 225
192 2749 2 do dust 180

202 BM, estate
mark 2779 4 ch sou 356
214 Ketadola 2815 1 ch pek sou 95
215 2818 1 do fans 110
216 2821 1 do ek sou 93
219 Mahayaya 2830 8 do ro or pek 552
222 2839 13 hf-ch pek sou 650
223 2842 3 do sou 165
224 2845 1 do dust 91
220 Woodend 2863 4 ch dust 560
233 Rockwood 2872 4 do hyson No2 360
234 2875 1 do hyson siftings 70
238 Waitalawa 2887 6hf-ch dust 540
242 Arapolakande2899 5 do siftidgs 425
248 Yataderia 2917 5 ch peE sou 490
249 2920 7hfch dust 644
251 Walapatna 2926 4 ch pek sou 472
252 2929 2 do unast 230
257 Cinest mark 2944 4hfeh dust 356
21 Dromoland 2956 6 ch pek sou 540
262 2959 5hfch fans 380
263 Ingrugalla 2962 2 ch red leaf 180
264 Kirimettia 2965 2 do bromixed 200
265 2968 5 do congou 450

273 Weyunge-

watte 2992 3 do sou 255
274 29965 3hfch dust 240
775 MLM 2998 6hfch dust 480
277 Seambawatte 3004 3 ch dust 471
278 3007 3 de bro tea 267
280 Ingroya 3013 5 do bro tea 560
284 Rockcave 3025 2 do dust 240
294 Preston 3055 5hf-ch br or pk fans 560
300 Fairlawn 3073 7 ch pek sou 525
301 3076 4hfch dust 308
303 Hanwella 3082 6 ch byson No. 1 600
304 3085 2 do hyson No.2 200
305 3088 2 do hyson siftings 260
322 KWD 3139 3 do fans 420
323 3142 4 do broken tea 428
324 CRD 3145 2 do sou 160
330 Walpita 3163 2 do sou 180
331 3166 2 do fans 240
$32 3169 4 do dust 600
340 Obode 3193 3 do peksou 255
$51 Rowley 3226 5 do pek sou 250
352 3229 2 do ust 100
366 Maryland 3271 4hfch pek 320
80 Rin est mark3313 1 ch ro pek 75
381 3316 1 do pek sou 75
382 3319 lhfch aust 80
383 Pin est mark3322 1 ch or pek 90
384 Ein est mark3325 1 do or pek 61

(Messrs. Somerville & Co.]

Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. lb.
1 St. Joseph’s

Land 424 4hf-ch peksou 200
2 Qolapane 427 7 bf-ch dust 560

6 Citrus 439 2 ch dust 340

‘

Lot. Box. Pkgs
9 Kosgahahena 448 2 ch.
10 451 3 do
11 454.1 do
14 Rothes 463° ‘1 ch
15 466 .1hfch
16 469 1 do
31 Woodthorpe 514 2 ch
32 517 2 do
36 Kumaragalla 529 2 ch
37 532 2 hfch
41 Doragalla 544. 8 ch
43 Goodwood 550 10 bf ch
44 563 8 do
46 559 3 do
47 562 2 do
48 565 1 do
49 568 4 do
58 Tavalamtenne 595 15 hf ch
59 598 2 do
60 60l 2 do
64 Mawatara 613 7 hf ch
2 625 2 do
99 Wyamita 628 6 ch
70 631 5 do
ra 634 5 do
(2 637 2 do
73 610 lhfch
177 Oonankande 652 3hf ch
83 Gangwarily 670 5 ch
84 673 2hfch
85 676 3 ch
90 Glenalla 691 3 ch
91 694 1 do
1 bf ch
95 Havilland 706 8 ch
96 709 3 do
98 715 1 do
100 Gang warily 721 10 ch
106 [TP 799 9 ch
107 742 Thf ch
115 Nugawella 766 3hf ch
116 Danawkande 762 5 ch
1 bf ch
118 775 6 ch
1 hf ch
119 778 4 ch
120 781 1 do
121 734 Lhfch
126 Dalveen 796 4 ch
129 808 4 do
130 811 4hfch
138 Gwernet 835 9 hf-ch
158 ; 838 4 do
142 Old Madde- :
game 847 6 ch
144 853 2 ch
145 856 1 do
146 Mt. Vernon 859 1 ch
115 Nyanza 886 5 ch
156 839 2 do
161 Nellicollay- ¢
watte 904 8 ch
162 907 1hfch
163 910 1 do
165 Attabahena 916 11 hf ch
166 919 7) do
173 Yarrow 940 6 hf eh
174 8, in est, maak 943 2hf ch
175 946 2 do
176 949 3 ch
i77 952 1 do
178 955 1 box
189 Sangaly Toppoe aes 10 hf ch
190 6 do
192 DBR, inest.
mark 997 1 ch
193 1000 2hfch
194 1603 1 do
195 1006 1 do
196 1009 6 do
199 Jak Tree Hill 1018 4 ch
201 Abberwatte 1024 4 gh
lhf ch
206 Cotswold 1039 3 cb
212 Aberfoyle 1057 2 hf-ch
213 1060 4 do
214 1063 3 do
215 1066 2 do
217 Galkertenne 1072 6 ch
228 Hapusgas-
raulla 1105 2 ch
20 SF 1111 9 hf

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5
Name. Ib. ec. (Mr. H. John.)
een ale Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bsee ics
u
ss 300 6 2 Wahagapitiya 119 3 ch dust 390 23
pek dust 135 16 3 122. 3° do fans 330 25
pek sou 88 16 2erAwAY 149 1 do dust 128 20
dust 90 24 20 Natuwakelle 173 4 do dust 400 24
bro mix 15 7 23 Mel Villa 182 9hich pek sou 450 16
dust 107 91 24 185 2 do bro pek dust 160 23
sou 162 13 25 188 3 do pek dust 170 23
sou 152 17 26 191 1 do cougou 00 8
dust 132 91 33 Morton 212 2 do dust 170 20
pek sou 640 v1 35 218: 7 ch sou 560 9
or pek 500 35 36 Fordyce 221 6hfch fans 450 26
bro pek 440 45 50 Ottery 263, 6. ch sou 480 22
dust 225 24 51 266 2hfch dust 180 25
or pek 10085 70 Allington 323. 4 ch pek sou 360 = 15
bro pek 5 33 71 326 1 do conguu 90 9
pek 180 22 72 829 2 do dust 240 23
pek sou 675 17 73 Ullandapitiya 332 4 do bro or pek 220 30
dust ~ 140 21 74 835 6 do or pek 250 24
pek fans 116 24 75 338 6 do pek 300 18
ae ie Be BA an
Ss a
Bee pek 630 32 99 392 3hfch fans 350 25
pek Nol 425 25 99 Coundon 410 7 ch or pek (H) 56u 28 bid
pek slack 425° 22 100 413 13hfch bro or pek 624 34
pek sou 160 17 104 425 4 do fans (H) 26u 24
dust 50 22 168 Ferndale 437 7. ch pek sou 560 25
dust slack 204 23 110 Anamallai 443 2hfch dust 170 20
bro pek fans 450 24 113 Morabela 452 6 ch bro pek 576 withd’n
dust slack 150 20 124 Lttle Valley 485 6 do pek 537 18
fans 300 23 133 Gangawatte 512 4 do pek sou 400 34
sou 255 16 135 A 518 3 du dust = 00 20
dust 225 23 145 W rieigh 548 3 do pek sou _ 240 20 bid
155 Galoola 578 4 do dust 400 24
pek sou 640 20 156 521 3 do fans 300 26
ust 260 23
bro mix 85 7
sou 650 7
peksov 8.17 | CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON,
J 2
dust 255 22 UT aT T
prowper OO ie: (From Our Commercial Correspondent)
pek sou FXO) aly MIncING LANE, May 17.
, “ Kawachi Maru.”—CG in estate mark, 2 bags
peeeu goa sold at 643 6d; 32 bags sold at 60s.
con : we a “ Anstral.’—Bandarapola T. 5 bags sold at 50s.
fants: 390 28 ‘*Txion.”—Lower Haloya, 2 bags sold at 56s; 2
dust 340 9-22 bags sold at 38!s; 5 bags sold at 53s 6d; Rock-
or pek fans 675 26 hill A, 4 bags sold at 633; B, 6 bags sold at 41s;
Pek dust 360-28 C, 7 bags sold at 57s; Mausava 4, 6 bags sold at
bye cys 420. 35 673; B, 4 bags sold at 258; C,2 bags sold at 5ils.
SAREE REDE “City of Perth.’—Rockhill B, 14 bags sold at
ust TO) OR 30s; C, 8 bags sold at 583; Mausava B, 9 bags
ek 90 = 30 sold at 65s; ©, 3 bags sold at 453,
person gan Br “Sado Maru.”’—Yattawatte A2, 6 bags sold at 46s
Fy 6d; Bl, 6 bags sold at 578; B2,1 bag sold at 42s:
pek sou 6.0 19 Al, 2 bags sold at 523 6d; Bl, 1 bag sold at 52s
dust 93)()2) 24 d; Ril, 33 bags sold at 54s 6d; Bl. 3 bags sold at
fans 75 25 40s 6d; T, 5 bags sold at 403 6d; Brown, 2 bags
as Bea 7 sold at 40s 6d; B, 7 bags sold at 20s; Dynevor A,
Pesta 540 a 4 bags sold at 623; B, 4 bags sold at 62s; C, 2
bro pek 120 =: bags sold at 52s; D, 2 bags sold at 35s,
Pek lly (17 “Kanagawa Mara.”—Yattawatte A2. 6 bags sold
uate 210 18 at 46s 6d; Bl, 11 bags sold at 573; B2, 1 bag sold
byson 25 7 at 41s; Broken, 1 bag sold at 69s.
broorpek 620 23 ‘“¢ Derbyshire.’—Coodulgalla, 1 bag sold at 50s‘
k Be 4 Y galla, 8
CuIRe 330.26 CDG, 2 bags sold at 53s.
bro pek 93 21 “ Trent,’—S M, 1 bag (sweepings) sold at 66s.
Lee sou ae i “Cheshire.”—Ditto T, 2 bags sold at 61s,
fans Soman a ‘“Tnaba Maru.”—No mark, 1 bag (sweepings) sold
pek 322 17 at 56s
pek sou 400 17 Dn
“ Alcinous.”—B, 28 bags sold at 39s 6d.
pek sou No. 2 292 6 bid ‘““Txion.””—Alloowihare A, 2 bags sold at 64s ;
bro pek fans 285 25 B, 8 bags sold at 59s; ©, 3 bags sold at 59s 6d;
pek A DSO D, 5 bags sold at 29s; A, 2 bags sold at 56s, 6d.
ae fae ay a “City of Corinth,’—New Peradeniya 2,1 bag sold
pek dust 172. 94 at 62s 6d; 3, 1 bag sold at 5383 6d; 4, 1 bag sold
young hyson 576 24 bid at 583 6d; 5, 1 bag sold at 53s 6d; 6, 1 bag sold
at 283; 7, 1 bag sold at 288; Owella A, 3 bags
dust 300 =: 18 sold at 623 6d; B, 1 bag sold at 52s.
fans 630 12 bid “ Deucalion,’’—Gigranella DB, 12 bags sold at 60s

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

% ety 7 ry
Tay i { : is
i i { ‘ bi
A “4 f ited
Len ‘ oh ? A
i id »
i cor
tr
ie at {
7 ; rT % ‘ ‘
3 f
‘ E j A
'
fi
{ Z ;
i
r a
{
Oy { }
}
ay bi i
4 fers ? 4
{ Vy “u a od i 3
Mie ie oh i)
6 tw See 2 we
Hin a! ies a ee ;
M ; \ i =
\ i
t 4 H ' 4
‘ sf : Lbs >
{ 228 ¥
a alt i \ é
5 ’ ‘i 4%, 18 Ne oh eS
i VAS) ee
oe ad mt ' 0
5} , 7 =
i
{ fe
4
£ ;
.
d i i
‘
' “ay
/
~ 1
(aaa
y
s x ree
, as).
‘ } f
j Pigs
[ih
=
t
ri
‘a ss ae)
— aa

TEA, COFFER, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Prick :—123 cents each, 3 copies
No. 23. Cotomso, June 17, 1901. { Sol aentstt gloontee: 4 ree:
Sno nn EEE an SEE SEED
* COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs: Name. 1b. e.
—_ a Clyde 3574 15 ch bro or pek 1300 40
LARGE LOTS. LEED eam
SS 6 3580 11 do pekNol 990 25
: 5 su es
E. Benham & Co.| 37 ison 10 doe yer abu, 160), 19
[26,875 lb.] 98. Ireby 3598 20 ch bro pek 21C0 47
92 1 15 do pek 1275 35
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Moy eni@ o Pendle 20 8 hf ch bro or as 767. «45
1 HEF 67. 9 ch _ bio pek 900 30 bid u 2 oO ro orpek 1505 44
2 Hornsey 70 44hfch_ bro pek 2420 } withdn a4 16 af ch or pek er) 32
3 73 37 ch pek 2960 | 62 KP Ww 19 22 do or pek 2087 82
4 76 10 do pek sou 800 27 108 31 47hf-ch bro pek 2585 28
6 Battalgalla 82 26 ch orpek 2170 | writhdn ied Hanan do broorpek 3000 33
) 85 31 do pek 2480 : 105 40 do orpek 1869 32
8 88 10 do pek sou s00 29 foe aa 100 de pek 6000 23
12 Bunyan and 110 Parsloes 6,85 of broper *) S00 27
Ovoca 100 67hfch bro or pek 4020 48 i 6 c bro pek © 5500" © 27
18 8130) ory oxnek LOS O HE Subis 114 Stamford Hill 7 36 br oh pe Teeny 56
14 6 32 ch pek 3200 33 ang 7 26bfch bro pek 1560 58
15 9 31 do peksou 2790 = 28 116 ‘ a 12 en GuBSE yg) ay
15 di 3 :
ee eed oe Tempo 82 19 en bro pek 2014 49
2 85 10 do or pek 9C0 34
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 121 88 21 do pekNot 1785 23
(643,290 1h.] 1 ake 91 14 do pekNoz 1008 20
Lot Box.) Pkgs Native lb . a2 ahalma 97 50hfch_ bro pek 4100 32
hi : e . . . 25 100 41 ch pek 3936 23
2 WN 3331 12hfch bro pek 126 103 26 do peksou 2444 20
fans 1440 25 ae ‘ 1 9 9hfch vyek dust 720 24
4°W HOF, in est. Eon NA 112 18 ch bropek 193034
mark 3337 12 ch bropek (1152 26 32 Middleton 121 39 do bropek 190045
5 3340-15 do pek 1350 16 133 tik 124 23 do pek 1965 35
12 0 BEC, in 3t Gonapitiya 127 62bfch or pek 2600 43
estate mark 135 130 39 do bro pek 2184 50
Summer Hill 3361 23 ch or pek 1955 43 » A 28 do do 1596 49
13 3364 :6 do ®pek ¥340 =. 339 136 133 57 do pek 2964 35
14 3367 23 do peksou 1909 34 187 136 34 do peksou 1666 35
15 Hatton 3370 34 ch bropek 3570 60 138 139 26 do pek fans 1742 35
16 3373 34 do pek 3060 40 139 142 S do dust 712-25
18 Dunbar 3379 19hfch broorpek 950 69 143 Devonford 154 20hfch broorpex 1200 65
19 3382 16 do bro pek 944.45 144 157 12 ch © or pek 1080 46
20 . 3385 17 ch or pek 1479 42 1450 160 12 do pek 1080 43 4
31 3388 29 do pek 2378 39 146 Vegan 163 20 do bro or pek 2000 52
22 3391 12 do pek sou 924 33 rel 166 23 du or pek 2800 30
25 Putupaula 3100 25 ch bropek. 2375 34 1i8 169 38 do pek 3120 23
26 3403 22 do or pek 1760 31 bl TDA 178 9 ch bropek 927
27 3406 25 do pek Nol 1875 25 152 181 14 do pek 123) witha.
28 3409 27 do pek No2 2025 22 153 184 8 do pekNol 744
29 3412 15 do peksou 1050 19 15a Ingrogalla 187 20 ch bropek 2000 37
30 TDA 3415 9 ch broorpek 927 155 IN G, in estate
3 31 5418 14 do pek 1232 > withdn. mark 190 6 ch bro pek
32 3421 8 do peksou 744 i dust 81024
35 Queensland 3430 14hfch broorpek 700 61 156 193 11 do pekfans 1155 27
36 3433 7 ch bro pek WO 44 157. Bramley 195 42hfch_ bro pek 2436 47
37 3436 7 do or pek 735 39 (packed in 2 oz. lead)
| 38 3439 14 do pek 1260 35 158 199 39 do pek 1950 36
39 3442 9 do pes sou 765 29 159 202 39 do pek sou 2184 = 32
43 TCL, in estate 160 Glendon 205 16 ch bro pek 16U00 46
mark 3454 12 ch congou 1200 15 dou 28 48 do or pek 4320 30
48 Puspune ~ 3469 23 ch orpek ~~ 2300. 81 162 211 46 do pek 3680-27
49 3472 36 do bro pek 4140 34 ee 214 14 do peksou 1120-23
| 50 3475 16 do pek 1440 36 165 Clarendon 2°90 36hfch bro pek 2268 47
51 3478 Shf-ch dust 736 23 166 223 45 do or pek 2430 37
| 53 St. Martin’s 3484 22 do bro pek 880 85 pel 226 30 ch — pek 2850 30
54 3487 27 do per 1080 26 epee 229 23 do peksou 230025
| 56 Yelatenne 3493 27 ch bro orpek 1620 . 49 bid 171 Dimbulkelle 238 12hfch bro pek 756 82
| 57 2496 22hfch pek 1450 3y9bia | 12 24) 17 ch peksou 1700-20
| 58 3199 24 do veksou 1152 37bid | 122 Palmerston 259 12hfch broorpek 720 70°
61 St.Paul’s 3508 $1 do broorpek 2046 49 176 _ 258 14 ch pek 1260 43
62 3511 43 do or pek 178 Macaldeniya 269 19hfch bro pek 1140 39
j Nol 9365 39 179 262,19 do pekNol 1045 31
63 3514 42 do or pek 19743 130 265 20 do pek 1100. 26
| 64 3617 43 ch pex 2522 20 181 268 13 do — pek sou 715 22
65 lLyegrove 3520.12 ch bropek 1200 38 igs Halbarawa 274 9 ch — pek sou 720 16
‘ 66 af 3523 12 do pek 1080 33 184 bargany 277 23 bt ch bro or pek 1380 42
69 OBE G, in age ae i eh nek 855. 29
estate mark : 190 fe : OH DERAS NUH LUZO 5) 15.22,
Hf Forest Creek 3532 7 ch bro or pek 700 65 191 Nuseealla gO8 oH pach Be pek rea BS
70 3635 21 do bro. pek 2100 49. 1)2 Pxnrhos 301 27 hf ch — bro or pek 1659 50
7 3538 14 do or pek 1260 39 193 SOMOS RAIN CHR in iaeanies
| 72 354L 12 do pek Nol 10:0 33bid | 1g4 307 36 ch BER 3312 $8
| 73 3544 28 do pek No2 2520 32 195 310 12 do ek sou 960 a
| 74 Johannesberg 3537 20hfch bropek 1700 . 23 198. High Forest. 319. s8hfch . or.pek is
75 3550 11 do bro pek rH No!) gage as
| ; fans 715 24 199 322 43 do © or pea 2365 38 bid
UO OER ail eee 325 24 do pek 1200 35 bid
5 & ate mar 201 os 32 B 5 s Ss
Nillomally 3556 33 ch = orpek —«-3036.- 42 bid} 202 Done ne Bea nes HELIS e prarpels ) S800K 488
78 . 8359 22 do ‘pek Nol 176v 34 bid 203 334. 51 do wae 4690 25
ae)? 3563 23° do pek No2 2024 32 bid 20% 337.19 do pek sou 1805 . 21

BORO pyr 3665' 10 do | pek sou 900 ~—-26 bid 205 310 10 do bro pek

3 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Sane: ae % Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. th, + -€
207 Dammeria . 346 30 ch kropek 310 29 333 Ganapalla 724 10 ch orpek Nol 920 35
208 349 40 do pek 36U0 32 334 “27 19 do orpk No.21634 29
209 352 10 do broorpek 1000 39bid | 395 730 24 do broorpek 2640 32
210 355 42 do or pek 378¢ = 84 bia | 396 733 21 do pekNo.1 1806 23
211 358 23 do peksou 2070 28 397 736 24 do pekNo 2 216 21
213 Wecya 364 14 ch broorpek 1540 36 BBO) Ne 739 24 do pek suu 1920 18
a 367 21 do bro pek 3100 31 340 Widmore 745 59 hf-ch or pek 2655 40
315 370 41 do pek 3690 24 341 748 97 do bro or pek 5820 48
116 373 32 do pek sou 2880 20 342 761 274 do pek 14248 31
9218 High Forest 37) 56bfch broorpek 3920 41 343 754 145 do peksou 6380 +6
219 32 94 do peksou 1104 33 34d : 757 9 do pekfans 720 25
220 385 20 do pekdust 2340 26 346 Maxim 763 17 ch ~ or pek 1649-29
221 Massena 388 71 do bropek 3550 37 347 766 15 do — bro pek 1500 31
223. 391 30 do pek 1500 238 348 769 18 do pr pk No.21500 24
223 394 14 do pek sou 700 ©6618 349 772 21 do pek 1785 24
296 Killarney 403 18 do broorpek 1080 48 350 775 11 do pek sou 860 §=-.20
287 406 22 ch pek 1980 32 352 Hopton 781 24 do pek 2154 28
298 Seenagolla 409 15hfch broor pek $00 61 353 Trafalgar 784 33 do broorpek 3366 39
299 412 19 do orpek 988 52 354 727 20 do or pek 1640 34
230 415 16 do pek 928 42 355 790 58 do pek 5338-28
231 G, Roberry 418 88 ch broorpek 3800 48 356 793 68 do pek 5336-27
232 421 45 do bropek 4600 33 357 796 19 do bro pek sou1520 21
933 424 44 ch pek 4048 30 358 HGM 799 13hf-ch broorpek 845 37
234 427 11 do peksou 946 28 Bae 80218 ch pek 1620 29
235 430 18 do dust 4800 23 360 805 9 do bro pek 855 82
236 433 1% 10 ~~ fans 1200-46 361 808 12hf-ch fins 840 25
239 Naseby 442 2Ohfch broor pek 1800 68 302 Purana sll 13 ch — bro pek 1365 34
240 445 30 do orpek 1410-457 363 814 40 do pek 3200-24
241 448 30 do pek 1500 44 364 £17 17 do peksou 1224 20
242 Fetteresso 451 24hfch broorpek 1488 0 369 Monkswood 832 20hf-ch bropek 1200 67
243 454 34 do bro pek 2108-40 370 835 22 do or pek 12710061
944 457 30 do bropek 1920 42 ails 538 20 do pek 2000 50
245 460. 18 ch pek 6120 37 372 Middleton 841 15 do broorpek 8340 70
246 463 19 do peksou 1520 34 373 t44 19 ch bropek 1900 43
247 Maha Eliya 466 23 ch ar pek 2297 37 bid 3e4 847 20 do pek 1700 36,
248 Woodend 469 18 do bro pek 1800-34 375 Passaragroup 8:0 9 do broorpek 900 35
249 472 26 do pek 2470-93 277 » 836 16 do bropek 1520 29
250 475 10 do pek sou 800 20 ois 859 22 de pek 1980 23 bid
256 Paniikande 493 26 ch or pek 2600 33 bid | 379 862 13 do pek sou 1170 =. 20 bid
257 496 12 do broorpek 1200 43 381 863 12 do fans £40 «25
258 499 24 do pek 2280 27 382 Harrow 871 10 do or pek 1000 35
259 502 15 do peksou 1275 ud ae 874 25 do broorpek 1500 51
262 Ella Oya 511 3 do younghyscn 810 384 877 36 do pek 3600 33
263 514 10 do hyson 700 | witha’ 385 880 11 do pek sou 1045-96
264 517. 11 ~do hy<on No.2 880 387 Coombe Court 8:6 12hf-ch bro or pek 720 60
266 Tymawr 523 17hf-ch broorpek 1020 66 ass 22) 18 do br pek 1030 39 bid
267 526 29 do or pek 1595 = 48 oe 892 35 do bro pek 2100 38 bid
268 529 27 do pek 1350 39 B 895 J1 do pek ' 990 35 bid
269 53220 do peksou 1000 35 Pe Sateen $98 30 ch or pek 2697 32 bid
270 Agra Oya 535 10 ch br pek 1000) 3p Glengariffe 901 28 do brorpek 1540 42
271 538 9 do pek 765 -withd‘n | 393 904 17 do or pek 765 32 bid
272 541 8 do peksou 720 394 907 35 do pek 3325 96 bid
973 Kincora 544 9 do broorpek &64 60 395 B 910 22 do pek sou 171602
274 547 10 do or pek £50 37 397 Bellongalla 916 15hfch bro pek 825 31
275 530 24 do pek 2040 34 400 Marlborough 92 14 do broor;ek 756 52
276 Lesmcir 553 10 do or pek 900 30 401 928 16 ch bro pek 168041
277 556 19 do bropek 1900 33 AW 931 7 do or pek 700 33
278 559 24 do pek 2160 22 403 a 934 13 do pek 1235 34
279 562 10 do peksou 800 19 ine orwood 937 25 du bro or pek 2450 32
281 Bogahagcda. ai 910 20 do or pk 1600 25
watte, 568 10 do bropek 1000 3% 943 37 do pek 2812 20
262 571 14 do pex 1330 20 ree 946 27 do peksou 1890 18
283 E74. 9 do pek sou 810; (07000 ¢ “ 949 ~7hf-ch bropekfans 840 26
284 Weygala 577. 9 do bro pek 900 47 bid eetie 952 8 ch dust 1040-23
DRS 660 16 do pek 136032 aw en eck 955 6& do jek sou t00 31
287 Forest Creek 586 13 do broorpek 1300 56bid | {12 Amblakande 961 14 do brupek 1400 34
238 N 589 60hfch young hyson3300 -6bid | 4! 964 l1hfch cr pek #80 32
939 L 592 20 do younghysonli00 26 bid a 967 13 ch pek 010 23
20 595 15 do hyson 705. 17bia | 417 Sorecn 976 29 do or pek 2549-388
291 Queensland 625 7 ch bro pek 700 39 ie embillgalla 979 42 do broorpek 5990 30
292 661 8 do or pek BAOUCSSI OI | ancl aeeny: 982 29 do pek 2610 24
293 604 12 do pek 1140 31 ana agodde 994 21 do broorpek 20 34
299 Tonacombe 622 59 do © or pek 5310 35 ee 997 33 do bropek 3308 35
3.0 625 55 do bropek 5500 46 — oe 1u00 27hfch crpek _ 2430 28
301 628 47 do pek 4230 32 ay 1003 24 ch pek 2040-24
302 631 15 do peksou 1275 26 ies 5 ., 1006 19 do pekson 1710 22
303 Knavesmire 634 18 do or pek 1580 ae ammeria 1009 42 do bro pek 4200 38 bid
304 637. 80 do bropek 7600 31 aap 1012 54 do pek 54300 +» 31 bid
305 640 27 do pek 2025 22 ie 1015 16 do br pek fans1280 29 bid
300 643-21 do peksou 1470 18 7 3 1018 8hf-ch peksou 720 24 bid
307 Castlereagh 646 26hf-ch broorpek 1300 51 2 1021 13 do brpkfans 9845 922
808 649 19 on br bee 10 a5
09 652 11 do or pe
310 655 11 da nee 935 22 (Mr. EH. John.—230,967 Ib.]
314 8 V inest mars667 12 do pek fans 1344 24
816 Clunes 673 9 do orpek : 2 29 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. libs acs
17 676 18 do bre or pe 1 Dikbedde ,
318 679 19 do bro pek 1615 = 31 2 an rv de eee oo es
19 642 23 do pek No.1 1840 98 7 Little Valle pe
3 y 629 13 do ro pek 1300 3
320 685 21 do pek No. 2 1680 20 8 632 1! do pek 9 ea
328 694 12 do pek sou 960 17 11 641 9 do pek No. 2 of =
326 C 708 17 do pek 1360 19 1Z Kadienlena 644 73 hf ch . 20,25
artes : f te 4 3hfch pexfans 5475 24
327 PBC 706 28hfch dust 2617 23 | 13 Dickapitiya 637 28 ch bro pek 2800 33
828 Kirklees 709 18 ch or pek 1620 38 14 630 32 do pek 506 oy
329 712 66 do pek 4480 «28 15° Cabin Ella 653 z2 do orpek . 1s7y a
330 715 24 do pek 1917 2B bid | 16 656 47 hf-ch broorpek 2632 38

431 718 13 do peksou 1105 21bid | 17 669 17 ch pek 1530-33

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c.
18 662 12 do peksou 1080-25 é a
20 Higham 668 38 do bropek 3800 34 162 94 hf-ch dust 760 16
21 671 23 do pek 2185 28 163 Gonavy 97 1 ‘ch or pek 1040 32
22 674 17 do pek sou 1615 20 166 FLD 106 18 hfch dust 1235 16
25 Glassaugh 683 14 do or pek 1400 s&h 167 Mount Clare 1(9 33 ch bro orpek Bo)
26 686 17hfch broorpek 113 53 165 112 23 do — or pek 2070'\ than
2 689 15 ch pek 1500 48 169 115 17 do pek 1446 ('
28 Brownlow 692 2sdhf-ch broorpek 1652 50 170 118 12 do pek sou 9307
29 695 19 ch or pek 1710 39 174 Coslanda 130 28hfch bre pek 1540 935
30 693 23 do pek 1978 35 175 : 133 26 ch pek 2210 21
33 GT 704 13 do pex 1170 ~~ «20 179 NB, inestate _ i
34 Wellington 710 43hf-ch bro pek 2580 51 mark 145 18 do bro pek 1803 - 38
37 719 11 do dust 167 25 180 Kolapatna 148 26hfch broorpek 1404 56
38 Mocha 722 28 ch broor pek 2800 56 181 151725. do or pek 1250 45
39 725.) 12, ao or pek 120 42 182 154 24 do pek 1200 38
40 728 18 do pek 1728 37 184 160 14 do unas 700 30 bid
4 731 14 do pek sou 1260 33 187 Mossend 169 14 ch bro or pek 770 63
42 Glentilt 734 32 do bro pek 3200 48 183 172 31 hf-ch or pek 1870 52
43 737 23 do or pek 2185 38 189 175 48 do pek 2160 37 bid
44 740 17 do pek 1445 34 en
47 Birnam 749. 20 do pek sou 1360 32 a :
49 Ottery 755 15 do broorpek 1600 46 bid Messrs. Somerville & Co.—
50 753 23. do pek 1840 35
53 Gingranoya 767 % ao bro pe pek ey eB | 253,732 lb.]
770 13 do or pe 0 Re 5
ie Harrisland 773 libfch broorpek 784 44 ‘ Lot. ; Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. Cc.
59 HR 785 18 ch broorpek 180) 46 bid 9 Paragahakande 1138 13 ch pek 1170.16
60 788 14 dy or pek 1260 32 bid | 15 ~Labuduwa 1156 7 do’ bropek 777 32
61 791 3 do pexsou 1190-22 bid | 17 1162 12 do peksou 1326 19
62 Winwood 794 1,hfch bro orpek 950 50 WeH IS 1168 16hfch pek 960-2
63 797 15 ch or pek 1900-36 22 Murraythwaite 1177 19 ch pek 152021
64 800 9 do pek 8.0 33 24 Ambalawa 1183 27hfch bropek 1485 27
65 803 12 do peksou 1080 29 25 1186 15 ch pek 1200 22
66 Morahela 8u6 31 do bro or pek . 3100 37 6 1189 10 do pek sou 70 18
67 809 20 do orpek No11720 34 29 Simla 1193 23 do bropek 2576 87 bid
68 812 22 do or pek No213892 26 30 120L 16 do pek 1324-27 bid
69 815 12 do bropek 1152 40 31 1204 8 do peksou 709° 21bid
70 818 27 do pek 2268 33 34 Rahatungoda 1213 36 jch broorpek 1944 50 bid
73 Bondura 827 21 do bro pek 1995 33 35 1216 37 do — or pek 1998 48
74 830 21 do © or pek 1785-36 36 1219 46 do pek 2530 | 38
76 836 42 do pek 3360 . 25 37 Fairfield 1222 42 do cr pek 990 39 bid
79 Agra Ouvah 845 3ihfch broorpek 1972 65 38 é 1225 27 ch. bropek 2700 46 bid.
80 848 48 do or pek 2592 44 39 1225 20 do pek 1800 39
gl 851 19 ch ~~ pek 1786 40 40 Kelani 1231 16 do bropek 1600 36
82 Glasgow 854 44 do broorpek 3388 1 41 1234 16 do broor pek 1600 30
83 857 24 do or pek 1632-46 42 1237 25 do or pek 2125 29
84 860 15 do pek 1380 39 43 1210 35 do pek 2200 9.25
85 863 9 do pek sou 900 35 44 1243 14 do peksou 1050 22
86 866 11 do pek fans 1078 28 45 1246 7 do dust 700 24
94 KAS, in est ite 4 46 1249 11 ich pekfans 825 27
mark 890 7 do pek sou 700 1l bid | 49 BA 1258 11 co dust 990 24
97 Yilledole 899 10 do pek sou 880 16 50 Yspa 1261 19 ch pek sou 1615 23
98 Ohiya 9v2 16hfch bro pek 880 39 51 Harangalla 1264 10 do broor pek 950 38
99 905 9 ch ~ pek 785 027 52 1267 10 do or pek 850-82
103 XYZ 917 1lbfch pek dust 930 25 53 1270 25 do pek 2000' 26
104 Suduganga 920 9 ch or pek 765 32 54 1273 12 do pek sou 960 19
105 923 16hfca ‘broorpek &80 45 55 1276 15 hf ch bro pek dust 112 25
106 926 19 ch peksou 1425 23 | 56 Ingeriya 1279 27 ch bropek 2700 30
109 Wahagapitiya 935 14 do brupek 1400. = 8L bid | 57 1282 18 do pek 1710 22
111 Salawe 94L 11 do pek sou 990 17 58 1285 19 do pek sou 1805 19
112 SH 944 26 do orpek = 124836 59 Pindeni Oya. 1288 18 1o crpek 1620 3¢
113 9:7 17 do bro pek 1700. 36 bid | 60 1291 12 do pek 1020 9-28
14 950 19 do pek 1710 29 bid 6L 1234 9 «a0 pek fans 900 26
115 O 953 45 do broorpek 4500 32bid | 63 Elchico 1300 22hfch | bro or pek 1320 = 36
116 956 13 do bro pek 1170.28 64 1303 20 do bropek 1000 32
117 959 41 do or pek 3640 x4 65 1306 20 do pek 1000-45 bid
18 K 962 14 do bru pek 1330 30 66 1399 40 do pek sou 1000 20
19 MPS 965 18bfch bropekfans1260 24 69 Hangranoya 1418 9 ch broor pek 855 47
120 968 8 ch broor pek 880 23 70 1321 32 do brovek 3200 35
122 YK 974 7 do dust 1050 19 TL 1324 24 do pek. 21C0 ¥4 bid
125 Glentilt 983 31 de bro pek 3410047 72 Mousa 1327. 9 do bro pex 900 =—-28
126 936 22 do or pek 29) 37 75 Owilikande 1336 29 do bropek 2910 30
127 989 19 do pek 1615 36 76 1339 9 do pek 810 18
128 992 12 do peksou 108032 77:=«K 1342 10 do bropek 1000 16
130 Brownlow 998 27 hfch broorpek 1674 58 78 y 1345 8 do pek 800 13
131 1 13 ch . or pek 120938 81 Warakamure 1354 34 do bropek 3400 31
132 Sge0n dom tine 17200 35 82 1357 37 do pek 3330 22
134 L’Espoir 10 Ohf-ch bropek 1120 34 33 1360 13hfch fans Qiu 25
135 13 14 ch — pek 1190.22 88 Lyndhurst 1375 18 do _ bro pek 900 =. 33
136 16 11 do pek sou 935 18 ; 90 1381 21 do orpek 04522
139 Waragalande 25 12 do broorpek 1200 38 93 1390 14 do bro or pek 840 306
140 28 16 do bro pek 160031 94 Raglan 1393 10 ch bropek 1000\ Ving
141 Bl 18: do pek 1620, 24 96 1396 12 do pek rid ft
142 34 10 do pek sou 200 2 96 1399 8 do peksou 720 5
14 Higham 40 15 do broorpek 975 34bid | 99 RKP 1405 15 do broorpek 1425 34
145 43 14 av bropek = 1400-35 99 1408 13 do pek 1170-25
146 46 9 do pek 855 27 ' 100 Ravana 1411 45hfch bropek 2475 34 bid
148 Rookwood 52 32 do or pek 3072 = 37 ! 401 1414 40 do pek 1800-26 bid
149 55 46 do pek 4140-33 102 1417 1 do peksou 720 »
150 Glassaugh 58 15 do or pek 1500 60 | 104 Alpitakande 1423 2Cbfch or pek 1060-27 bid
151 61 18hfch broorpek 1260 G0 ' 105 1425 430 do pek 1500-22
152 64 1; ch pek 170 49 ' 1066 DMOGin
153 Koslande 67 =» lfch bro pek 154033 | estate mark 1429 15hfch_ bro pek 825
- 164 70 26 ch pek 2210 21 107 1432 14 do or pek 77031
158 Neuham 82 22 do bro pek 2200-23 108 1435 46 ch peksou 1200 28
169 85 13 do pek 428017 109 1433 10hfch dust 850
161 91 14 do sou (Not | 110 1441 12 do. fans 720

bulked 1190 7 1ll DMOGin

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
i i é
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ec. (Messrs. Forbes & Waiker.|
estate mark 1444 17 do bro or pek 850 44 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ©.
112 1447 12 ch pek 960 23 1 C, in estate
113 1450 21 do peksou 1575 24 mark 3328 lbfch broorpek 654 88
114 Narangoda 1453 25 do bro pek 2375 30 3 WN, in est,
115 1456 22 do pek 1980 21 mark 3334 5 do dust 450 24
116 1459 12 do pek sou 1080 19 6 WHCF, in est.
121 Karangalla 1474 20 do bro pek 2200 31 mark 3343 3 ch fans 300 13
122 1477 21 do pek 1785 22 7 3346 2 do dust 280 16
123 1480 10 do pek sou 850 19 8 Graceland 3349 Lhf-ch pek sou 500 ~=s- out
125 Jak Tree Hill 1486 11 do bro pek 1100 = 82 9 3352 1 do red leaf 45 6
128 Farnham 1495 27 do or pek 2295 31 10 3355 2 do cengou 90 9
129 1498 26 do pek 2600 24 11 3358 3 do dust 225 17
130 150. 17 do pek sou 1360 20 17 Hatton 3376 4 ch dust 600 25
131 South Africa 1504 19 do bro or pek 1900 26 23 Dunbar 3394 1Lhfch io pek fans 682 41
132 1507 18 do _ bro pek 1800 24 24 3397 1 ch a st 154 25
133 1510 20 do pek 1700 22 33 TDA 3424 1 do fans 784.
134 1512 20 do pek sou 1560 21 34 3427 3hfch dust 9295 | withdn
135 Ccoroondoo- 40 Queensland 3445 2 do orpek dust 150 25
watte 1513 12 do bro pek 1200 40 41 3448 2 do bro pek No2 210 22
136 1519 43 do pek 4300 22 42 3451 2 ch pek No2 200 «18
137 : 1522 18 do epek sou 1809 19 44 TCL, inest.
138 Hopewell 1525 21 do bro or pek 2205 36 mark 3457 3 ch pek fans 300 17
132 1528 23 do or pek 2520 28bid | 45 3460 4hfch dust 320 s«18
140 1531 40 do pek 3200 26 46 CTL 3463 3 do fans 210 22
141 1534 25 do peksou_ 1750 20 47 3465 2 do dust 180 24
143 Marigold 1540 35nfch broorpek 1890 52 52 Puspone 3481 5 ch bro mix 500 «(19
144 1543 36 do or pek 176437 65 St. Martin’s 3490 4hfch fans 249 23
145 1546 29 do pek 1392 35 59 Yelatenne 3502 3 ch sou 270 19
146 1549 85 do pek sou 1680 36 68 3505 2 do fans 174 QW
147 1552 15 do br pek fans 960 37 67 Lyegrove 3526 8 ch pek sou 680 25
148 1555 10 do dust 710 29 68 3529 2 do dust 160 25
149 Allakollawewa 1558 31 do broorpek 1674 42 76 Johannesburg 3553 6 ch congou 540 9
150 1561 381 do or pek 1519 37 31 O C, in
151 1564 27 do pek 1288 36 estate mark
152 1567 25 do pek sou 120 Nillomall =
y 3368 5 ch fans 500 26
155 O 1576 12 ch 82 3571 2 do bropekfans 200 26
lhfch bropek 1192 24 88 Clyde 3689 4 ch dust 600-23
156 KG 1579 33 ch bro pek 2805 25 bid 89 3592 1 do pek fans 137 24
157 1582 41 do pek 3241 17 bid | 90 Sylvakandy,
158 1585 24 do sou 2280 15 bid Invoice No. 7 3595 3 ch dust 300 24
159 Ahamed 1588 9 do bro pek 900 =. 25 93 Ireby 4 4hfch fans 980 35
160 1691 8 do ek 860 19 94 7 7 do dust 595 25
163 BH 1600 20hfch fioworpk 1200 49 99 Pendle 22 3 ch pek 261 24
164 1603 43 do or pek 2150 8933 100 25 1 do pek sou 84 8921
165 Murraythwaite 1606 25 ch bropek 2500 32 101 28 3hfch dust 249 «(2
166 1609 17 do pek 1360-23 1077 KP W 46 4 do bro pekfans 300 25
167 Galphele 1612 19 do bro or pek 2090 43 108 49 4 do pek fans 300 24
168 1615 27 do or pek 270033 109 52 3 do dust 255-22
169 1618 22 do, bropek 2420 33 112 Parsloes 61 6 ch pek sou 480 19
170 1621 26 do pek 2340 9-26 113 .. 64 4hfch dust 360 22
173 Doragalla 1630 16 do bropek 1690 41 117 Stamford Hill 76 65 ch pek suu 450 34
174 1633 14 do or pek 1260 39-33 118 79 3hfich dust 255 24
175 1636 31 do pek 2790-29 123 Tempo 94.4 do dust 360 =
177 1642 9 do fans 1215 21g (27 Nahalma 106 5 do bro pekfans 280 28
176 Annandale 1645 12hfch bro or pek 720 69 bid 130 CNN 115 7 ch pek sou 595 34
179 1648 21 do or pek 113447 131 118 9hfch fans 630
180 1651 22 do pek 1276 40 140 Roscria 145 8 ch bro pek 300 an
181 1654 18 do dust 990)) 35s 141 148 4 do pek 328 20
183 Columbia 1660 30 do bro or pek 1650 46 bid 142 15L 1 do pek sou 92 17
134 1663 38 do cr pek 1824 35 bid | 149 Vogan 172 6 ch ~~ pek sou 540 19
185 1666 39 do pek 1872 35 150 175 5hbfch dust 425 23
196 Mousa Eliya 1699 7 ch dust 700-18 | 164 217 8 ch dust 640 18
197 SLG 1702. 9 do sou 165 lv 169 Clarendon 2322 7 ch sou 560 19
199 FLW 1708 22hfch hroor pek 1210 42 bid | 170 235 4hfch dust 320 «(23
200 1711 17 ch bro pek 1700 37 173 Dimbulakelle 244 5 ch sou 400 15
201 1714 58 do pek 4930 22 bid is i ; 4 1 5 ch ae 80. 22
5 17 almerston 06 § do ust No 1 680 26
22 Mt qe TA Pande 6 182 Macaldeniya 271 2 do dust 150 23
203 1720 lu do pek sou 900 ou f
F i i a ” 165 Bargany 280 11 do or pek 605 33
204 Havilland 1723 10 do tro mix 800 1883 BY 289 5 do bro pek fans 325 26:
205 1726 12 do or pek 960 ey 189 292 1 ch dust 90 29.
206 Glenalla 1729 24 do pek 2040 at 196 Penrhos “13 2hfch fans 150 24
207 G aaail 1732 12 do pek 1020 2 197 316 1 do pek dust $3 21
508 Gees Y 1735 16 do broorpek 1260 45 206 Polatagama 343 2 ch dust 300 22
209 1788 12 do or pek 900 879 212 Wammeria 361 6hfch dust 500 3-24
210 1741 28 do pek 2380 34 217 Wevcya 376 4 ch dust 600 ye
211 1744 11 do pek sou 935 32 924 Massena 397 9hfech bro pek fans 585 26
215 Merton 1756 18hfch fans 90 PAN 225 400 4 do cust 300 4
216 Harrangalla 1759 10 ch or pek 850 30bid |} 237 G, Roberry 4386 2 ch bro or pek
27 1762 11 do bro pek 1045 36 No 2 200 25
NB 1765 30 do pek 2400 25 238 439 2 do pek No 2 149 19
219 1163 15 do pek sou 1200 19 251 Woodend 473 4 ch fans 448 97
252 481 2 do dust 280 822
253 Augusta 484 1 ch sou 90 #15
Be re 2 £o ast No.1 290 20
y 1G 255 490 () ust No.2 105. 2
SMALL LOTS. 260 Panilkande 505 8 do sou 640 a
eax! 261 CRD 508 4 do sou 320. 20
280 Bogahagoda-
E. Benham & Co. is arabes 565 5 ain Da) orpek 550 30
= eygalla 533 4 do ek sou 400° 26
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. oe Queensland boa 4 des pek sou 360 27
P nde’ ch sou 625 22 x4 10 1 hf-c ropek dust 80 °28
5 Hor ED Me 4 Galy eae 600 26 296 ‘ 613 1 do» orpekdust 77 25
10 Goodoogalla 94 8hfch peksou ns te 208 019 i di pe. en ano
11 97 & do dust 660 24 () PE No. 2 105 18

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib,
311 Castlereagh 658 5hfch fans 350
312 661 3 do dust 225
313 S Vinest mark664 6 do dust 480
315 Kabragalla 670 6 ch dust 5l
321 Clunes 688 5hf-ch pek fans 500
322 691 3 do bro pk fans 150
B24 697 8 ch sou 640
325 700 7 ch dust 595
332 Kirklees 721 6 ch dust 540
3839 Ganapala 742 4 do dust 464
345 Widmore 760 2 do unast 140
351 Maxim 778 Qhf-ch pek fans 867
365 Purana a820 3 do dust ° 255
366 823 3 do fans 270
367 826 1 do unast 74
363 829 1 ch bro mixed 70
276 Passaragroup 853 7 do or pek 595
380 865 7 do dust 595
386 Harrow 883 4 do fans 560
396 Glengariffe 913 8 do pekfans 520
398 Bellongalla 919 7 do pek 595
399 922 2hf-ch | fans 140
441 Carlabeck 958 4 ch bro pek fans 560
415 Ambiakande 970 3 do dust 800
416 Vin est mark 973 4hf-ch hyson fans 200
420 Tembiligalla 985 3 ch pek sou 255
421 9 3 do dust 465
422 991 1 do bro pk fans 120
(Messrs. Somerville & Co.]
Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. lb.
1 MHTS,in
estate mark 1114 8 ch pek sou 685
2 1117 lhfch dust Ue)
3 Kirenvilla 1120. 4 ch bro pek 400
4 1123783), do pek 300
5 1126 3 do
lhfch pek sou 345
6 129i eo Ls veh; sou 80
7 1132), 1), ‘do pek fans 95
8 Paragahakande 1155 6 do bro pek 600
10 J 141° 5 do pek sou “ 425
11 1144 8 do fans 270
12 1147. 1 do dust 116
13 1150 1 do con 100
14 1153 42) do red leaf 200
16 Labuduwa 1159 4 do pek 387
18 1165 1 do fans 95
200 HJS 1171 8hf-ch pek sou 480
2h 1174 8 do dust 600
23 Ambalawa 1180 8 do or pek 400
27 1192 5 do fans 800
28 San Cio OD Sn Zieh sou 164
32 Simla 1207. Lhfch fans 74
33 1210 1 do pek dust 95
47 Mincing Lane 1252 3 do ust 270
48 . 1250 R LR chi sou 160
-62 Pindeni Oya 1297 1 do dust 160
67 Elchico 1312. Lhfch dust 90
68 1315 2 do pek fans 140
73 Mousa 1330. 5° ch pek 450
74 1333 1 do pek sou 80
79 K 1348 4 do pek sou 260
80 1251 3 do fans 890
84 Warakamure 1368 5hfch dust 500
8 HR 1366 1 ch
lhfch bro pek 139
8&6 1369 2 ch ,
lhfch pek 224
87 1372 1 ch dust 73
89 Lyndhurst 1378 12hfch or pek 610
gr 1384 13 do pek sou 546
2 1367 2 do dust: 174
97 Raglan 1402 1 ch dust 120
1038 Ravana 1420 2hfch aust 170
117 ~=—s- California 1462 12hfch bro pek 600
118 1465 4 ch psk 400
119 1468 1 do
Lhfch pelksou 154
120 1471 1 do pek dust 76
124 Karangalla 1483 1 do dust 90
126 Jak Tree Hill 1489 4 ch pek 400
127 1492 5 do pek sou 500
142 Hopewell 1537 4hf-ch dust 280
153 AllakoNawewai570 10 do bro pek fans 640
154 1573 6 do pek dust 444
161 Ahamed 1594 3 ch pek sou £70
162 1697 4 do fans 400
17. GH 1624 7 do pek sou 630
172 1627 4 do fans 600
176 Doragella 1639 7 do peksou 560

re por oo

to ROH po Lo po co

do
do

Name,

dust
dust

br pek
pek

pek sou
dust

bro pek

or pek

pek

pek sou
pek sou
dust

bro pek fans
dust

dust

[Mr. E. John.}

tp

Lot. Box.
182 Annandale 1657
186 F in est. mark 1669
187 St. Joseph‘s
Land 1672
188 1675
189 1673
190 1681
191 Mudikiriya-
kande 1684
192 1687
193 1690
194 1693
195 Mousaeliya 1696
198 SLG 1705
zi2 Cotswold 1447
213 1450
214 iin est. mark1753
Lot Box
o
4 Dikbedde
5
6 Little Valley
9
10
19 Cabin Ella
23 Higham
24 680
3i GT 701
32 707
85 Wellington 713
36 716
45 WH 743
46 746
48 RB 752
51 Ottery 761
52 764
56 Harrisland 776
57 779
6S 782
71 Morahela 821
72 824
75 Rondura 883
77 &39
78 842
8 CL 869
88 872
89 875
90 878
91 881
92 KAS, in estate
mark 884
93 887
5 §93
96 896
100 O hiya 908
101 911
102 Sid
lu7 Suduganga 929
108 932
110 Wahagapitiya 938
121 MPS 971
123 A F, in estate
mark 977
124 980
129 Elemane 995
133 Brownlow 7
137 L’Espoir 19
138 22
145 Waragalande 37
147 Higham 49
155 Koslande 73
153 76
157 79
160 Neuham &8
164 KP 100
165 103
171 Mount Clare 321
172 124
173 127
176 Coslanda 136
177 139
178 142
183 Kolapatna 157
185 163
186 166
190 Mossend 178
191 18]

wo

Pkgs,

Name.

pek sou
conzgouw
dust

or pek
pek sou
dust

3380
220
104

tb.

500
540
150
400
480
240

br or pek fans 396

dust (Not
bulked)

sou (do)

bro pek

dust

pel sou

dust

or pek

pek

pek

pek sou

dust

or pek

fans

dust

sou

dust

bro or pek

pek sou

dust

bro or pek

or pek

pek

pek sou

bro pek fans

bro pek
pek

fans

bro mix
pel sou
sou

dust
pek fans
sou

pek sou

bro pek

pek sou
dust
fans
dust
dust
sou
dust
pek sou
pek sou
fans
dust
pek sou .

or pek
pek
fans
aust
bro tea
pek sou
fans
dust
pek sou
br or pe fans
fans
fans
dust

570
300
525
570
200
240

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Mincine Lanz, May 24.

‘* Aicinous,.””—Mausagallu A, 2

casks and 1 tierce
sold at 104s 6d.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

“ Australien.’—WT & Co.
bags sold at 64s.

“ Bingo Maru.”—OBEC in essate mark, Konde-
salle Ceylon O F, 7 bags sold at 70s; ditto 1 F,
2 bags sold at 65; ditto O, 3 bags sold at 70s ;
‘ditto 1, 1 bag sold at 658; ditto F D, 2 bags sola
at 56s 6d; ditto G, 3 bags sold at 473 6d; ditto
B, 20 bags sold at 48s; 40 bags sold at 49s; 115
bags sold at 50s; OBHC in estate mark, Maha-
beria Ceylon O F, 1 bag sold at 65s; ditto B, 22
bags sold at 47s 6d; ditto OC, 1 bag sold at 65s.

“ Kawachi Maru.”—OBEHOC in estate mark, Konde-
salle Ceylon O F, 24 bazs sold at 7236d; dittolF,
10 bags sold at 66s 6d; ditto O, 6 bags sold at 82s ;
ditto 1, 2 bags sold at 70s. a

“Clan Ronald,”—Ditto O, 2 bags sold at 63s 6d.

** Clan Macneil.”—OBEC in estate mark, Konde-
salle Ceylon O F', 1 bag soid at 64s; ditto D, 40 bags
sold at 62s 643; ditto D, 8 bags sold at 62:.

‘“Australien.’—W T & C in estate mark, 67 bags
sold at 64s. :

“ Guadiana,”—O DM in estate mark, 41 bags sold
at 62s; E in estate mark, 9 bags sola at 57s; D
in estate mark, 50 bags sold at 60s.

‘- Logician.”—A DMA & Co. in estate mark, 41
bags sold at 60s. ,

“ Banca.’’—Ditto C, 4 bags sold at 563; ditto B,
4 bags soid at 56s 6d; ditto D, 1 bag solid at 22s;
ditto O, 2 bags sold at 52s.

‘ Txion.”—North Matale, 1 bag sold at 58s,

“Bingo Maru,’—M in estate mark, Hstate
Cocoa, 2 bags sold at 46s.

“ Clan Macueil.”—KKK 49 bags sold at 62s.

in estate mark, 47

CHYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.
“Bingo Maru.”’—Gallatenne Cardamoms A, 3

cases sold at 33; ditto B, 2 cases sold at 2s 1d;
ditto C, 4 cases sold at 234d; ditto D, 4 cases sold
at ls 7d; ditto HK, 1 case sold at Is 2d.

“ Deucalion.”—Ditto A, 2 cases sold at Is 10d;
Kandaloya Cardamoms A, I case sold at Is 7d;
ditto B, 2 cases sold at 1s 6d; Pingarawa Carda-
moms No. O, 3 cases sold at 2s 7d; ditto No. 1,
3 cases sold at 1s 11d.

““Cheshire.”,—M & H MM1, 2 cases sold at 1s 6d.

‘¢ Alcinous.’’—Vedehette Cardamoms Ex, 1 case
sold at 3s 4d.

“ Tiogician.”’—Pingarawa Cardamoms No, 1, 2 cases
sold at 2s 7d; 1 case sold at 2s 6d.

“City of Perth.’—Altwood Ceylon Cardamoms, 5
cases sold at 1s 10d.

“Bingo Maru.’—Delpotonoya, 3 cases sold at 3s
ld; 4 cases sold at 23 6d; 1 case sold at Qs; 4
cases sold at 2a 1d; 1 case sold at 1s 5d; 2 cases
sold at ls 9d; 2 caes sold at Is 5d. ;

“ Banca.’’—Ditto 1, 11 cases sold at 23 6d ; ditto 2,
2 cases sold at ls 90; % cases sold at 1s 10d; ditto 3,
2 cases sold at 1s 6d; ditto B, 3 cases sold at 1s
8d; ditto S, 11 cases sold at 1s 6d.

a
ee ee

CEYLON CINNAMON SALES IN
LONDON.

“Kamakura Maru.”—OBW in estate mark, Ekelle
Plantatiou, 10 bales sold at 10d; 12 bales sold at
93d; 13 bales sold at 94; 7 bales sold at Sod; 2
bales sold at 8d.

* Clan Matheson,”—Walahandua Estate, 8 bales
sold at 10d; 2 bales sold at 93d; 2 bales sold at
9d; 2 bales sold at 84d.

‘Sado. Maru.”—NBPS in estate mark, Ekelle
Plantation, 1 bale sola at 1d; 7bales sold at lld ;
04 bales sold at 93d; 23 bales sold at 9d; 61 bales
sold at 84d.

“Kamakura Mara.’—No. 1, Bkelle Plantation D
in pete mark, 10 bales sold at 93d; 25 bales sold
at 9d.

“ Alcinons.”’—Hkelle Plantation P in estate mark,
15 bales sold at 8d; ditto No 1, 14 bales sold at
93d 5 ditto No. 2, 19 bales sold at 64d; 18 bales
soid at 8d; ditto No, 3, 21 bales sold at 8d; ditto
No. 4, 10 bales sold at 74d, ;

“ Deucalion.’—F' in estate mark, Bkelle Plantation
No. 1, 10 bales sold at 10d; dituo No, 2, 13 bales
sold at 92d; 12 bales sold at 9d; ditto No. By
bales sold at 83d; ditto No, 4, 2 bales soid at 74d.

“ Derbyshire.’—~ASGD in estate mark, Kaderane,
4 bales sold at 1s 64; 13 bales sold at 1s Das AT
bales sold at Is 4d; 2 bales sold at1s 34; 4 bales
sold at lld; 8 bales sold at 1Ud:;1 pale and 1
parcel sold at 7d; 1 box sold at 94d; 1 bag sold
at 10d; 3 bags clippings sold at 8d.

** Alcinous.’—JDU Thornwood, 8 bales sold at 104d.

“ Sinai,’—Horahena JDSK in estate mark, Hadi-
ppa Piantation, 7 bales sold at 1s id; JBKP in
estate mark, 3 bales sold at 1s; 2 bales soid at
lid; 4 bales and 1 parcel sold at 9d.

“Statesman.”—ISWS in estate mark, Worth
Kaderane, 4 bales sold at 1s 1d; 6 bales sold at ls 3d.

“Kawachi Maru.”—AL in estate mark Bkelle
Plantation. 22 bales sold at 104d ; 12 bales sold at 93d.

“© Kamakura Maru.”—C H aeS Knruwitte, 4 bales
sold at lid; 17 bales sold at 104d: 15 bales sold
at 10d; 12 bales sold at 954; C us de S Salawa, 5
bales sold at lld; 8 bales soid at 10a.

“Kanagawa Maru,”’—C H de § Salawa, 15 bales
sold at 94d; CH deS Kaderane, 2 bales sold at lid 2
4 bales sold at 10d; 3 bales sold at 94d; 2 bales sold
at 9d; C H de S Rustoom, | bale sold at 1ld; 3 bales
sold at 10d; 5 bales sold at 93d; 1 bale sold at 84d ;
O HdeS Koottariavalle, 1 baie sold at 11d; 3 bales
sold at 10d ; 1 bale sold at 94d; 1 baie sold at 83d.

“Sado Maru.”—C H deS Kandevalle, 1 bale sold
at 11d; 4 bales sold at 10d; 5 bales sold at 93d ;
2 bales sold at 9d; 2 bales sold at 10d; 1 bale sola at
94d; 1 bale sold at 93a.

“ Patroclus.”— Hkeile Plantation AFS in estate
mark, 3 bales sold at 103d. 6 bales sold at 10d,
“ Dordogne.” —DBM Plantation 1, 2 bales sold at
83d; ditto 2, 5 bales sold at 73d; ditto 3, 4 bales sold
at 74d.

‘“Glaucus.’—S in estate mark, EHkelle Plantation,
6 bales sold at 104d; 14 pales sold at 10d.

CINNAMON CHIPS, CUTTINGS &

CLIPPINGS.

“Clan Matheson.”--EPM Ratmehera, i4 bags sold
at 23d.

“ Kawachi Mara.’—C H deS Salawa, 2 bales sold
at 10d;_4 bales sold at 93d; 7 bales sold at 9d; OH
de S Ratmalane, 2 bales sold at 93d; 6 bales sold at
94d; 3 bales sold at 94; CHdeS Morotto, 1 bale
sold at 10d; 1 bale sold at 94d.

“Bingo Maru.”—O H de S Kuruwitte, 3 bales sold
at 92d; 6 bales sold at 9td; 4 bales sold at 9d; CH
de 8 Innegaituduwe, 1 bale sold at 93d; 2 bales sold at
9d; C Hi de S Surawitte, 1 bale sold at 74d.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA, COFFHE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 24. CoLoMBo, June 24, 1901. {
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Ue Box
99 Chesterford 1318
ae 100° 1321
= 10L 1324
LARGE BBO 104 Mansfield 1333
3 105 1336
E. Benham & Co.| 106 1359
107 1342
[20,361 1b.] 108 Dunedin 1245
110 1361
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibii- ie. ile Danncteae lsd
5 Belgodde 80 26hfch pek 1300 19 1lz 1357
6 &3 19 do pek sou 855 Is 114 1363
7 Belgodde, ;
Invoice No.2 86 7 ch bro pek 700 3 118 Theydon
8 89 7 do pek 700 13 Bois 1375
12 Hornsey 19612) ichi pek sou 960 3L 119 1378
14 Torrington 7 45 ch or pek 4050 33 120 1381
15 10 35 do do No2 2806 23 bid 121 13-4
16 13 34 do brocr pek 3400 32 bid 122 St. Heliers = 138
17 16 18 do pek 1710 25 123 1590
18 19 15 do pek sou 1200 21 125 Palmerston 1396
ee VSS LETTE EAN oe Pa 126 1399
127 1402
Messrs. Forbes & Walker, 128 Cholankanda 1405
a 9 1.9 Waratenne,
[566,742 lo.] Invoice No 14 1408
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. @. 130 tat
2 Ettapolla 1027 14bfch pek 700 23 132 1417
6 New Peacock 1039 15 ch sou 1350 25 134 Galkanda 1123
8 1045 19hfch pek fans 1425 5) 135 1426
12 RG, in est. 137 Kotagaloya 1432
mark 1057. 7 ch broorpek 700 39 133 14:
14 1053 9 do pek 810 27 139 143
19 P CH Galle, 140 144
in estate 141 Middleton 1444
mark 1078 16 ch pek 1440 21 142 1437
22 GEB, in estate 143 1450
mark 1087 41 ch bro pek 4100 = 82 144 1453
23 1090 21 do pek 1680 PA 145 Deaculla 1456
30 Bambragalla 1111 14hfch pex 700-23 146 1459
32 Dromcland 1117 14 do or pek 1330 35 147 1462
34 1123 20 do bro or pek 118 1465
Noz 1120 46 149 Delta 1468
35 1126 14 ch pek 1232 30 150 1471
38 Maha Uva 1135 58hfch bro or pek 4060 39 151 1474
39 1138 46 do or pek 2760 34 bid 152 Kitulgalla 1477
40 1141 65 ch pek 6856 31 153 1480
41 1144 34 do perk sou 2720 27 154 1483
45 Dunkeld 1156 iz ch pek sou 1140 24 159 Anningkan-
46 1149 16hfch pek fans 1020 26 de 1493
47 1162 12 dv dust 1056 24 169 150L
49 V, in estate 161 1504
mark ' 1168 @hf-ch dust 720 25 162 BDWP 1507
5i Strathspey L4eeon. ich broor pek 735 53 bi é
52 177 22 do. or pek 220-438 164 Algooltenne 1513
53 11:0 21 Go pek 1932 35 165 1516
54 1183. 9 de pek sou 828 28 166 1519
56 Coldstream 167 1422
Group 1189 Gihfch bropek 3355 43 168 Taverness 1525
57 1192 20 ch pek 1708 33 169 1528
68 1195 12 do pek sou L020 26 170 1531
61 Lindupatna 1204 16 ch bro or pek 1760 51 171 Aberdeen 1634
62 1207 25 do bro pek 2750 40 172 1537
63 1210 24 do pex 2304 34 173 1540
64 1213 9 do pek sou 86 27 bid
67 M P 1222 15 ch sou 1275 WZ 174 Hanwella 1543
68 1225 6 do dust 840 23
70 P 1231 13 ch — pek sou 178 Killarney 1555
No 2 1170 19 179 1558
7 1234 15 do fans 1860 32 181 High Forest 1554
72 1237 Lt bf ch dust 200 25
73 Gall heria 1230 21 ch bro or pek 2100 47 182 LE67
74 124 17 do orpek ° 1445 34 183 1570
75 1246 32 do pek 2720 29 184 Polatagama 1573
7 1249 13 do pet sou 1235 22 1&5 1576
78 Beverley 1255 13 ch Or pek dust 1105 27 186 1579
79 Laxapana 1258 32hf-ch pek fans 137 1582
dust 2240 24 188 1585
80 Vogan 1261 30 ch broorpek 3000 50
81 1264 -6 do or pek 4600 32 189 1538
82 1267 67 do pek 630 24 190 High Forest 1591
83 1270 8 do pek sou 720 19
85 Adisham 276 18 ch bro or pek 1860 62 191 1594
86 1279 17 do bro pek 1700 = 40 192 1597
87 1282 ¥%5 do pek 2125 34 193 Gampaha 1600
88 Pine Hill 1235 24bfch broorpek 1449 5] 194 16.3
8a 1238 19 ch or pek 1805 37 195 1606
90 1291 22 do pes 1980 27 196 1609
OL 1294. 10 do pek sou 850 23 198 High Forest 1615
938 Tunisgalla 1300 3zhfch bro pek 1920 34 bid
94 1303 80 ch or pek 1650 33 199 1618
95 1306 19 do pe 1710 25 200 1621
96 13u9 14 do pek sou 11902 201 Kuanwella 1624

Pricg :—123 cents cach, 3 copies

30 cents; gcopies 4 rupee.

Pkgs.

67 ch
74 do
41 do
45 hf ch
25 ch
12. do
10 bt ch
17 do
15 ch
le bf ch
13 ch
7 do

30 do
10 hf ch

10 ch

10 do
12 do
72 hf ch

5 do
40 hf ch
24 do
20 do
25 ch
25 do
29 do
27 «do
37 hf ch

27 do
380 do
29 ch

Nam.
bro pek
per

pek sou
bro pek
pek

pek sou
dust

or pek
dust
bro or pek

or pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

sou

bro or pek

bro pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek

pek sou

pek

bro or pek

or pek

pek

pek sou

or pek
Nol

or pek

pek

or pek

17 bid

30

Name. lb.
dust 1955
bro or pek 2650
pek 3156
pek 3360
bro pek sou 1530
or pek 2184
or pek 1920
ek 1485
ro or pek 1200
or pek 1080
peE sou 1'64
or pek 2900
pek 5950
bro pek 770
pek 972
pek dust 1140
bro pek 1300
or pek 2280
pek 2960
bro pek 3024
or pek 1760
pek 3182
bro pek 2600
pek 2185
pek sou 1955
bro pek 2000
pek 1350
young br son1000
bro pek 1890
pek 1620
vek sou 1350
bro or peE 700
bro pek 700

pek 1710
br pek dust2975

Messrs. Semerville & Co.—

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. FPkgs. Name. I bsaemes Lot. Box. Pkgs.
202 1627 20 ch bro pek 2000 30 328 Great Valley,
203 1630 38 do pek 3420 21 Ceylon, inest
204 1633 11 do pek sou 990 19 mark 2005 23 bfch
206 Bloomfon- 329 Trafalgar 2008 25 ch
tein 1639 20 do pek 1800 20 330 9011 36 do
207 Shrubs Hill 1642 27 ch bro pek 2970 331 2014 35 do
208 1615 48 do or pek 4224 332 2017 18 do
209 1648 31 do ° pek 2573 | witha 333 St. Paul‘s 2020 39 hf-ch
210 1651 15 do peksou 12007 WAGn. | 334 2023 40 do
211 1654 17 do bro pek 335 2026 27 do
fans 1360 336 Devonford 2025 20hfch
212 Belton 1667 20hf-ch brourpek 1200 44bid | 337 2032 12 ch
213 1660 11 ch or pek 1023 35 338 1 2035 2% do
214 1663 21 do pek 1848 24 bid | 339 Yuillefield 2038 58 hf-ch
218 Mahalla 1675 9 do pek 81021 340 2041 70 ch
221 Uurayton 1684 78 hfch or pek 4290 42 342 DGT 2047 «+7 do
222 1637 55 ch pek 4950 36 343 : 20:0 9 do
223 1690 22 do peksou 2090 34 344 Weligoda 2053 15 hf-ch
225 Nabalma 1696 43 do brpek 3526 © 34 345 Galapitukande2056 13 ch
226 1699 36 do pek 3384 23 346, 2059 24 do
227 1702 24 do peF sou 2208 21 347 2062 44 do
230 Tory 1711 10 do sou 1059 14 bid | 380 Coreen 2071 27 hf ch
331 Monkswood 1714 18hf-ch bro pek 1066 S55 bid | 351 2074 20 ch
232 1717 20 do orpek 1100 += 60 352 2077 37: «do
233 1720 27 ch pek 2700-53 357 Maldeniya 2092 26 do
234 173 14 do peksou’ 1190 41 358 2095 23 do
238 YWataderia 1735 20hfrh broorpek 1300 39 359 £098 23 do
939 738 42 do bro pek 2688 4-32 360 GT D 2101 20 do
240 114: 14 ch or pek 1260 24 361 2104 15 do
241 744 21 do pek 181 6 21 362 Hanwella 2107 10 do
242 Castlereagh 1747 22hf-ch broorpek 1100 54 366 Mahawale 2119 18 do
243 1750 14 ch broyek 1400 37 307 #122 18 do
244 1753 10 do or pek 800 35 360 21:5 18 do
* 245 1756 9 do pek 765 32 370 Queensland 2131 14 hfch
246 1759 9 do peksou 72)? 371 2134. 7 ch
247 Marlborough 1762 35 do br pek 3675 41 372 _ 2137 18 do
248 1765 51 do pek 4590 31 376 Bloomfontein2149 35 hf-ch
249 Lochiel 1768 46hf-ch broorpek 20622 45 bid
250 77 22 ¢ pek 1914 33 SSS >
252 Weyunga-
watte 1777 20 do bro pek 2100 34 5
253 1780 22 ae pex 2090 26 |362 943 {b.]
254 1783 22 do peksou 1760 21 é ;
257 BW D 1792 10hf-ch dust 800 25 Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib,
258 Erracht 1795 28 ch bropek 2800 35 5 Kurulugalla 1783 13 ch bro pek 1300
259 1798 17 do or pek 1445 33 6 1786 13 do ek 1:70
260 1801 36 do pek 3060 24 9 Handrokande1795 11 ch bro pek 1100
261 1x04 20 do peksou 1700 20 10 1788 18 do pek 1530
262 1807 12 do bropekfansl440 24 11 _ 1801 9 do peksou 720
264 Dickbedde 1813 50 do bropek 5250 39 13 St. Catherine 1807 32bfch bro pek 1603
265 ' 1816 47 do pek 4465 27 14 1810 16 do pek 14123
266 1819 15 do pek sou 1380 21 1 hf ch
266 1822 ehf-ch dust 760 25 16 Polgaha-
271 Talgaswela 1831 17 do broorpek 1020 32 kande 1816 9 ch broorpek 918
272 1837 25 ch or pek 2125 38 7 1819 11 do or pek 924
273 1840 29 do pek 2320 «9-22 18 be 1822 15 do pek 1260
274 1848 15 do peksou 1125 20 19 Ferriby 1825 23 ch bro pek 2300
275 1846 13hf-ch pekNo 2 720 24 20 1828 17 bfch or pek 765
276 Maryland 1849 20 ch bro pek 2000+ 38 21 1831 37 ch pek 3330
277 1852 26 do or pek 2340 31 22 1834 21 do pek sou 1680
278 1855 22 do pek 1980 24 23 GA 1837 13 ch pek sow 1118
279 1858 18 do pek sou 1620 21 25 1843 13hfch dust 1040
281 Poonagalla 1864 13 do br pek 1430 46 26 Derby 1§46 Zl hfch bro pek 1260
282 1867 9 do orpek 882 36 27 1849 16 do pek 880
283 1s70 23 do pek 2185 28 28 1852 13 do pek sou eas
284 1873 12 do peksou 1020 22 32 Warakaraure 1864 26 ch bro pek 2600
286 1579 40 do fans 2800 31 #3 y 1867 23 do pek 2185
287 1882 29 do dust 2610 25 34 Monrovia 1670 51 ch bro pek 4580
238 AG 188 10 do brotea 1010 «12 35 1873 39 do pek 3510
291 Ugieside 1894 24 do bromix 2280 20 36 1816 17 do peksou 1615
293 1900 26 do bromix 2470 19 39 Kurunegalle
294 Coldstream a est. Co, 1885 24 hfch broorpek 1446
Group 1903 60hfch bropek 3800 45 1888 23 do or pek 1265
296 1906 20 ch pek 1700 33 i 1881 25 ch pek £000
300 Totamora 1921 15hf-ch bropek 84041 AG neon 1994 12 do peksou 960
301 1924 10 ch pek 950 27 460 ee 7 18 hich bro pek 1080
304 Vogan 1938 19hf-ch broorpek 1910 52 49 CG Ae 0 ch pek 850
305 1936 29 ch orpek 2900 32 50 16218 ch), REO Dea laa0
306 1939 42 do pek 3780 23bid | 24 pt nas 3554
309 Madulkelle 1913 12 do bropek 1140 38 52 55 azinds bind 2480
310 1951 10 do or pek g00 39 Sau enteae Ban eaaecs Hess cou 5200
313 Kukuloya 1960 9 do broorpek 900 44 54 yay 31 26 a bro pek 5200
311 1963 10 do br pok 960 29bid | ge wae ios pek 260
316 Cullen 1969 42 do broorpek 4200 44 Be Ae 2 Pei eee 1500
317 1972 24 do pek 2040 31 57 Hobart 20190 cheb seek 70)
318 1975 10hf-ch dust 820 25 a 5 20 ch ek sou 1400
219 Ardlaw and ee # 2 a bro pek 2500
coy 7
Wishford 1978 24 ch breorpek 2616 49 60 49/1198 dolls. open aon
320 1981 41 hf-ch or pek 2009 39 61 52 15 do pek sou 1425
321 1984 42 ch pek 3654 34 63 Agia Elbedde 58 37hfch broor pek 2220
322 1987 8hfch dust 704 24 64 61 17 do or pek 935
323 1990 41 do or pek 1029 37 65 64 55 do pek 29:0
3% 1993 § ch fans 1048 27 66 67 27 do peksou _—1215
326 New Walley 1996 15 do broorpek 1600 86 bid | 69 Nyanza 76 14 ch orpek 1400
326 XYZ 1996 7 do broorpek 700 380 70 79 16hfch pbroor pek 928
2%7 Belugas 2002 6 do dust 940 = 7 82 16 ch pek ~ 1620

42 bid

3
CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
x 7 lb. 2)
Lot. Box, Peeks. Name. :
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c eeorraraaealla (Peas? © lV orolanack + ait ae
74 Labugama 91 30 hfch bropek 1650 iB as 8 586 8 do bro pek gee ea
1 i Bs a3 ae sou 2010 19 240 589 32 do ores 2680 25 bid
J7 24 do 7 24) 592 36 do C =
a Valugama, 10@ 11 ch MHyson N Or wer 35 ae 243 598 14 do bro wer dust Deen 2
OS ee ae 108 20 de ie ag 1600 = 25 244 Roseneath ool 25 ef ae: : 1710 26 bid
245 :
® 109 16 do pek sou 1200 i Bi 607 33 do pek sou e05 2
81 Tavalamtenne 112 a hich eee pek 90 35 247 Bodava 610 ag pick me per 1260 38
115 20 do ‘ i 9 613 c @ =
83 aa 3 ne an Ln Teo 6 bid 254 Jak Tree Hill ear : 8 Gi ae pek rea ae bia
87 Goodwood 130 12 hfe k 3300 38 255 634 ce) eon 700 18
sodera 136 33 ch bro pe’ 2 oy 637 7 do pek so
5 a a I BR Sco fas 239 Charlie Hill 640 EV RGS ear 200 ee
162 32 do pe 3 5 649 15 do be
92 SS eo pekisou my Be 6d Kumaragalla 661 20 ch bro pek Bae 2
3 148 13hfch oro pek fans ieee 26 ae z 664 20 do pek 1700 a
99 Blinkbonnie 166 24 ch WHO NOs ee 44 266 667 12 do pek ecu 4500 35
100 16) 9 do riper 0 3A 263 Primrose Hill 676 13 ch bro pe eB 94
101 HO PE GRO dated NP ye a 43 27 679 21 do pek neo ee
NOE Grange ee 1G aa ae Ber “Ean 39 274 Woodthorpe eo vB ck ae nek 1615 24
ed i i 275 y :
106 HS ED bel tl 1000 i bat 279 Meddegodde 706 33hfch or bee en ER
Mitatawe ue Jo pfch bre Uepek 2386 g0 bd | 380 Lubuwatte SOUL Chel. brolpekison 10s!) eb
111 Kalawewa — 20 3680 25 284 P ar bro pck sou 1200, 9 bid
20or eon do. Dee 3: 246 T LG 727, 12 eh bro pe bid
{13 Theberton 208 13 ch bro or pek eons 287 W RY 730 20 ch bro pek fans 2000" 6 bid
ig Bl Bey ees eee ZO as oobi g eee Late J, veeuse0) CBg REO BER). | S60 ee
115 PERO ecu Mea ompekaioa00® 46 289 Hoag dei) vbekson | 1as0') 1aBEd
119 New Valley 226 23 ch bro or pe 2350 35 bid | 290 739° 18 do pe % 1°60 29 bia
Hep Ey chiar ipek rc 1700-33 Siesta pees de rece 2040 20 bid
280 VN 198 : 292 745 24 do 2
1 235/020" do) pek'sou oop g0 293 748 17 do perk sou 1700 16 ey
124 Carney Sake Re en pea 2352 36bid | 294 AC Poly ag chi dust 980 93 bid
139 ee 2-6 94 do Drofor per aoa aS Bid 08 Rambodde 587 22 bf ch Br pek 1 ES
0 do ek 2 ed 5 760 39 do pe RS
140 Boetidoy nck No |els") 225 bid | 297 veaiee oe bee ioo Piroe
res 295 24 do pek sou 1200 26 bid | 2
143 298 10 do pes fans ‘ero zeae ST
146 MB AMOS TSE necibek cise anion (Mr. #. John.—297, :
salisventy pe 28 PBA Mies
tae 313 18 ch pek 1728), 30 bid | 7 oe. Box. Pkgs. Nee ee
Te ees aie 2e ch. pek 2992 27bid | 3 Bowhill 19) 22 ch bropek 229035
me 2 C
nor Avisawella ar a ae Bee peu es 2000 34 5 Oonoogaloya 196 25 aor PEGE pek 2900 ae
B28 ¢ 4 2 di 199 13 hf-e n 2
1 328 51 do pek 41335 22 bid 8 190 1s DE eh Giang are 26
154 Boeing cou bck sou Ray.) BB 8 Wadhurst 205 9 ch orpek 900 a6
156 Sepa cog aus 167212 13 Mount Clare 220 33 do broorpek 3300
159 M ge Oey ec ou Wek sow gee ae 14 223 23 do or pek 2070 30
160 Ravenscraig se = ne ch ae pek Bate Mito 15 225 17 a pek a hs oe
161 52 2 2 ie 16 229 12 do pe : bid
4 361 15hfch fioworpek 750 9 241 28 do or pek 2520 ~—-80 bi
ee a 364 27 do or pek 1215 a ao Nahavilla ee ae Riciner 3700 34 bid
166 367 14 do _ bro or pek se a zt 247 16 do pek 1440 95 bid
igh ae i a Le sou 800 21 23 250 18 de pel sou 1440 20 i
ul 2 : i 53 26 do obrope 0. f
17 H 388 20h£ch bropekK No11100 31 Bs Doonhinda Bee 32 do pek 3200 =. 24 bid
175 394 30 do ‘pek Nol ban Ae 26 259 8 do peksou 800 22
aes ee te ber sou 17 28 Ratwatte 265 38 do bropek 3990 32
178 jo iene Go i uspek sou 1600 35 29 268 27 do pek 2430 93
180 Rayigam 409 J8 ch bro pek ioe Se a 271 19 do nekison 1520 20
181 412 15 do or pek f 22 bid | 32 Long Ville 277 20 do bro pek 2000-37
182 415 14 do pex 1120 Shi coe 280 18 do pek 1800 24
183 418 12 do pek sou 1140 a 34 283 15 do peksou 1425 1
186 427 13hfch pek dust A105 a LEL 286 39 do bro or pek ra
187 Mora Ella 430 4.1hfch broorpek 2460 3& No 1 4095 37 bid
188 Tee eR eel ioe a aoe Be ae 289 27 do broorpek _ oh
ae sopra dol’ bekeoe 1218 21 So eee sid
91 Cooroondoo- . 295 63 oO pe :
uo watte Taonga newts on 39 pd 39 Elston 293 16 do pek 1360 25 bid
192 arountoyy Goi abel eave. oe 30. 17 do peksou 1530 28
193 448 11 do pek sou 100 a 41 Chapelton 3804 8hfch dust 720 24
197 Mary Hill 46) 23hfch bro pek 2950 2 43 Lameliere 310 21 ch broorpek 2184 45 —
198 453 69 do pek 2950 27 a Siete) der sence SO70 sabia
199 Gea Gig 1 Bek AsoM 1880) 2 75 316.35 do pek 3220 28
208 Neboda Fe eco Nerolonipek a560N 8 oa 46 319 22hfch pekfans 1648 9%
209 496 32 do orpek 23 ae aw mos ROM hekaod 750 28
au Panett aul bee ie 19 48 325 37hfch dust 333027
212 Bilarien \ Geoeeaanlt” erpo Ml oe 53 MN 340 22 ch or pek 221042
214 Neuchatel 511 47 ch broor pe Foon) sania doa 343 15hfch broorpek 855 57
215 514 40 do or pek a 5) 55 346 32 ch pek 2944 34
AM Paster lice pees 1600 31 bid 56 349 8 do pek sou 720 28
e Oe : f i 8556 19 ¢ pe (
223 Ce ae 16 ae me ores, io "7 pi a Poilakanda 364 24 do bro or per a 60 “
2 Sut ol F i 367 35 do brope ! :
A Nt ONCE nate 00 34 64 PKT 373 13hf-ch dust 1040 83
227 Glenalla 550 10 ch bro or pek 10 a es NOtery 376 16 teh bro or pek 16:0 45 bid
228 So eG a Tosiice 66 379 25 do pek 2000 33 bid
229 Pes | ye pe or 20 69 St. John’s 388 30 hf ch roorpek 1800 53
230 559 9 do pek sou 765 6 sol s0Nidol or pek 16 0 al
; id Madde- Kf 394 80 do pek 2 x
et *zama ee Fit eed SH Gemma tea Ie i sor 22 do pek eon 1144 35 bid
t i 7
238 ran ao pew 1360 36 723 SI 400 17 do bro or pel

4 CEYLON % PRODUCE SALES LIST. |

Lot. _ Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ce. Lot. ' Box. Pkgs. Name. as | oe.
74 Oonoogaloya 403 26 ch pek 2600 26 bid Bi a ~ 2
ie Gong" i de Beas, Heh Ha | ge Orie ras at a Beem
76 409 27 do ro pe 4 i =
77 412.35 do pek 9695 23 bid 196 769 10 do pek sou 700 16 bid
78 415 19 do or pek » 1520 30 bid
79 $18 35 de bru pek wae Bp bid
£0 421 388 do pek 5 6 x Wea |
81 Dalhousie 424 24hfch or pek 132053 SMALL LOTS. |
€2 427 16 do bropek 960 63 Te ae |
83 480 28 do pek 1260 39 E. Benham & Coa. |
84 433 14 ae pek sou - Ben 37
86 Aer. vah 4239 35 do bro or pe 0 71 ru = rT .
comnate Ou Tie las kata ior tele sepa Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. cc.
7 88 445 2L ch pek 1974 42 1 S,in estate
89 448 12 do peksou 1104 =. 86 Mark 68 1 ch broyek go. ba
90 451 z6hfch pekfans 2.80 30 2 71 1 do pek 78 18
92. Glasgow 457 45 ch broor pek 3465 57 3 c 74 1 «do dust 125 18
93 460 27 do or pek 1836 43 4 Belgodde 77 8bfch brojek 400 36
94 463 18 do pek 16&6 4. 9 Belgodde,
95 466 9 do pek sou 9u0 25 Invoice No.2 92 4 ch pek sou 330 1
96 Rondura 469 42 do bro pek 4200 82 10 95 1 do sou 100 9
97 472 30 do or pek 2650 32 11 98 1 do dust 145 18
98 475 23 do bro cr pek 2415 29 13 Hcrnsey 4 8 ch sou 610 26
99 478 53 do pek 4505 23 bid 19 Wewlagala 22 5 ch bro pek 500 15
100 . 481 13 do pek sou 1170 20 20 25 3 do pek 266 10
101 441 5 do dust “ 650 23 meh pe ea ee
102 Vincit 487 15 do ro pe 1600 34
103 490 19 do pek 1710 21 bid {Messrs. Forbes & Walker.|
104 493 13 do pek sou 11065 19
106 Woodstock 499 21 ae bio or pek 2160 Be a Lot. Box. Pkgs. Nare. Ib...
107 502 18 do pe. 1245 i . 7 S
108 Perth 505 31 do broorpek 3100 32 i Ktiapolls aoa il pe pas a “i
109 508 31 do or pek 2480 23 bid i 1033 8 do.) brotee 400 z
110 611 34 do pek 2482 bid | F #086 "3" do tater hin oe
111 514 17 gle pek son 1190 «19 7 ‘New ‘Pea 2 ae
112 517 6 do 2 .
Lbich pekdust 91324 bi Gathely) Lae 71 do. pre peel amen
113 Bowella 5620 9 ch bre pek 9u0 32 toe fost aaa ane eee
114 523 11 do vek 80 © 2L bid | 35 1 ca\tae done eeu res a
117 Bittacy 632 17 do bro pek 1697 41bid | 1 RG in eatate Yas:
118 635 15 do pek eae. mark 1060 6 ch orpek 549 32
121 § 644 22hfch bropek 1210 34 bid 106618. doch Ree big! oa
122 547 16 ch pek 1275 22 bid | 4, T0got SEH REE ceielieg
123 5EO 14 do pek sou icéO 19 17 PCH Galle
126 Rookwood 559 58 hfeh roor pek 3480 62 in estate ”
127 562 33 ¢ or pe Ry} = = : ee
i SS so do pel ais Sonia | , mK 072 Ohich broce pek 46057 Big
129 Templestowe 568 27 do broorpek 2160 45 20 1081 2 do congou 0 il.
130 571 14 do bropek 980 36 1 184 7 do bro pek fans 420 95
131 574 28 hfch or pek 1127 38 24 GE B. inestate i
132 577 28 ch pek 2520 36 mark 1093 7 ch pek sou 560 20
133 BID EO IS SOR Ee ee 25 1096 2 do sou 210 11
134 683 13 do fans 1235 27 26 1099 8 do ek dust 60 94
135 686 10hfch dust gous 27 Bambragalla 110210hfch brocrpek 600 33
136 New Tunisgalla 5&9 25 ch bro pek 2501 withan | 98 ee 1103 8 do bro pek 440 98
137 592 12 do pek 10:0) 29 1108 11 do or pek 650 31
140 Hvalgolla 61 BL hfeh or pek 121036 31 11149 do peksou 450 21
141 604 25 do TO or pe BK ; rs ao
145 607 48 do pek 1650 33 33 Dromoland 1129 8 do DED CEaBee hay Po
143 SAY TS GO ness Some ND 2 36 1199 4 ch pek sou 380 19
146 Goomera 619 70 do bru pek 4200 39 37 1132 3hfch~ fans O55 oy
147 622 20 ch pek 2000 26 bid 42 Maha Uva 1147) 7 ido Fug 595 25
148 Glentilt 625 23 do or pek 2185 83bid | 43 11:0 2 do cungou eT
149 628 19 do pek W615) 1/82 )bid\ ||) 44 0 Tips ech ane eAeE ag Weeee
150 1 7,in est.merk 631 2 ae bro or Pek at BS bid 43 V, in estate ‘
151 644 0 ro pe , L
159 6387 14 do pek T400)N) A0bia yen Gy reate TLD y age Ott be Wen fame) Za
153 CHONG don pekssou (7) 1001/5 25) |b)55) (Strathspey, 186) dh chile acct eae
155 Myraganga 646 34 do or pek 3060 35 59 Coldstream
156 619 27 do orpek No.2 2160 35 bid Grou 1198 3hfch fans 195 2
157 662 26 do broorpek 2600 37 bid | g P TovIe'S dot ast 4551) oe
158 6i56 12 do pek 1140-23 bid | ¢5 Lindupatna 1216 4 ch bropekfans 510 5
169 658 16 do bek scu 1280 zu 66 Fetteresso 1219 4 do bro mix 4.0 8
160 GW 661 12 do “presen (1145. 25 69 M P 1°28 2 ch dustNo2 340 93
Ha. en oa pea Se ERE eee r CU Amer 77 Gallaheria 1252 3 do dust | 300 94
oO i)
Ibfeh orpek 1285 Abid | 5 qunisealla "lov Iz de bro orpek np of
163 670 11 ch pek 1133-18 se 8 Tat uns! dette sane Cmaen pais
164 673 18 do peksou 1300 12 98 Sylvakandy 1315 4 ch dust 400 24
166 Moratota 102 Chesterford 1327 3 ch cngou 270 «7
Estate 679 15 do bropek 1650 39bid | 103 1:30 Ghfch dust 430 24
107 682 8 do or ypek 800 33bid | 109 Dunedin 1348 2 ch bro or pek
168 685 20 do pek 1800 23 bid ‘ fans 120 or
178 Brownlow 700 22hf-ch broorpek 1295 66 113 Dunnottar 1360 8 ch _ pek sou 630 94
174 203 21 ch or pek 1932 87 bid } 115 1366 3 do peb fans 300. 20
175 706 26 do pek 23 5 34 116 1369 1 do bro mix 100 9
176 709 9 do pek sou 891 20 bid 117 1372 2 do dust No 2 260 23
177 Gangawatte 712 23 do brovurpek 2800 62 124 St. Heliers 1393 Yhfch dust 574 24
178 715 19 do bro pek 1900 26 bid 1338 Wuaratenne
179 718 42 do pek 3.80 35 Invoice No. 141490 5hfch dust 400 38
181 724 1Ohfch dust 700 25 « 136 Galkande 1425 6 ch pek sou 540 22
152 727 17 do fans 100 28 155 Kitulgalla 3486 8 ch pek sou 270 »=618
166 Theresia 7389 27 ch ek sou 2295 82 156 14469 2 do dust. 260 23
149 Giugrvanoya, 746 16 do vo or pek 16:0 41 157 1442 1 dp fans 00 25
LOD 7bL 10 do or pek 90 88 168 1495 2hfch pek sou 100 1b pr
1 764 26 do pek 2125 380 163 BD WP 1510 2 do dust 180 24
192 wh? 16 do pek 1360 30 Pistico

Hanwella 1646 6 ch hyson Nol 600 27

ao

CEYLON PRODUCE, SALES

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
176 1549 2 ch byson No2 200
1i7 1552 2. do byson siftings 260
180 WW 1561 1hfch bro or pek 60
197 Gampaha 1612 7bfch pek fans 630
205 Ruanwella 1636 6 ch dust 480
215 Belton 1€66 3hfch dust 246
216 Mahalla 1¢69 12hfch bro pek 696
217 1672 12 do or pek 624
219 1673 5 ch pek sou 400
220 1681 1 do dust 116
294 Drayton 1693 3 do sou 255
228 Nahalma 1705 8hfch bropekfans 448
226 1708 7 do dust 560
235 Monkswool 1726 9 do fans 630
236 1729 6 do dust 540
237 K WD in est
mark 1732 8 ch br or pkfans 600
251 Lochiel Vis 6 do pek sou 510
55 Weyunga-
mae wate” 1786 3 do sou 300
256 1789 3hf-ch dust 256
263 Erracht 1810 2 ch dust 350
ES in est
7 eek 1825 2 do bro pek 183
269 1828 4 do pek 320
270 183L 3 do pek sou 216
320 Maryland 1861 4hf-ch dust 320
285 poonagalls 1876 8 ch sou 680
238 AG 1888 4 do dust 620
290 Ugieside 1891 6 do dust 480
202 . 1897 4 do dust 320
296 Coldstream
Group 1909 8 do peksou 680
297 1912 4hfch fans 262
298 1915 4 do dust 320
299 1918 2 ch bro mixed 200
2 Totamora 1927 2 do peksou 184
363 1930 2 do dust 164
507 Vegan 1942 5 do pek sou 425
308 1945 Ehfch dust 425
311 Madulkelle 1954 3 ch dust 330
312 1957 8hfch fans 210
315 Kukuloya 1966 4 ch flopek 368
341 Vvillefleld 2044 2hf-ch sou 100
348 Galapita-
kande 2065 5 ch pek sou 426
349 2068 3hfch dust 265
353 Coreen 2080 3 ch pek sou 270
354 2083 G6hfch pek fans 432
355 2086 6 do dust 540
356 K V in est
mark 2089 4 do younghyson 252
363 Hanwella 2110 6 ch hyson Nol 600
364 2113 2 do hyson No.2 200
365 2116 2 do hyson siftings 260
369 Mahawale 2123 1 do dust 160
373 Queensland 2140 6 do peksou 540
374 2143 3 do pr pkNo.2 285
875 2146 5 do pek No. 2 600
377 emp lestowe 2152 4 do fans 380
378 KWD 2165 3 do fans 420
{Messrs. Somerville & Co.}
Lot, Box. Pkgs,. Name. Ib.
1 HurstPierpoint1771 4 ch bro pek 360
2 1774 3 do pek 270
3 1777 2 do ~——pek sou 190
4 1780 1 do dust 100
7”. Kurulugalla 1789 2 do pek sou 190
8 1792 1 do _ pek dust 133
12 Handrokandels04 2 ch ust 200
15 St. Catherine 1813 3hfch dust 213
24 GA 1843 7 ch sou 476
29 Derby 1855 9hfch sou 450
30 1868 5 do _ pek fans 300
31 1861 2 do dust 150
37 Monrovia 1879: 5 ch bro tea 475
38 1882 4 do pek dust 600
43 Kurunegalle
est. Co. 1897 6hfch dust 510
45 Glenalmond 410hfch or pek 500
47 10 3 ch pek sou 256
48 13 2hfch dust 160
62 Rayigam 56 6hfch dust 480
67 XX 70 4hfch_ bro or pek fans240
68 73 4 do dust 320
72 Nyanza 85 3 ch pek sou 270
73 88 4 do dust 400
84 Tavalam-
tenne 121 15 hfch pek sou 675
85 Goodwood 124 7hfch or pek 385
86 127 7 do bro pek 385
88 ° 133 6 do peksou 360
94 Maddagedera 151 6hfch dust 480

LIST. 5
pe
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, &
95 F, in estate
> mark 154 3 ch pek sou 330 83
96 157 5 hfch dust 8&5 26
9; FA, io estate
maak 160 1 ch pek sou 107 28
98 163 4hfch dust 300 24
102 Blinkbonnie 175 7 ch pek No 2 605 44
103 q 178 6 do pek sou 492 87
107 ae GarcenlS0 3 ch ek sou 3CO =—_-22
108 193 1 do ‘ans 100 26
109 196 2hfch dust 170 25
116 Theberton 217 4 ch pek sou 340 20
117 220 2 do fang 260 22
118 223 2 du dust 200 24
123 New Valley 238 Lhfch : dust 175 QL
125 Carney 244 13 hf ch pek 555 22
126 247 1Lhfch pek sou 650 =—«18
127 250 1 do bropekfans 50 20
128 253 1 do sou 50 9
129 256 1 do dust 50 22
130 Do No2259 Zhfch bro pek 100.82
131 262 1 do pek 45 18
132 265 1 do pek sou 50 16
133 Arcady 268 9hfch bro pek 450 29
134 271 8 do pek 400 17
135 274 8 do pek sou 400 16
136 277 2 do sou 100 12
127 280 1 do dust 50 20
144 Dalukoya 301 1lhfch dust 600 24
145 304 11 do pok fans 660 25
150 St. Leys 319 2kfch fans 174 20
155 Avisawella 334 6 ch fans 60® ° 25
157 AA 840 6 ch sou 400 10
158 ABC 343 5 ch bro pek 482 17
162 Ravenscraig 355 6 ch — pek sou 670 #86619
163 358 2hf-ch dust 160 824
158 Yarrow 376 8 hf ch flowy or pek fans520 29
379 5 do bro pek dust 450 24
in T WD, in es-
tatemark 382 4hfch bro pek 285 20
1 box
172 385 3hfch pek 153 7
174 H 391 Z7hfch bro pek No2 385 80
176 397 10 do pek No 2 600 18
179 406 7 do pek dust 465 19
184 Rayigam 421 6 ch bro pek fans 600 26
185 424 656hfch dust 420 24
194 Cooroondoo-
watite 451 5 ch bro pek fans 600 26
195 454 3hfch pek fans 252 8624
196 P 457 2 ch pek 160 6:19
200- Mary Hill 469 6hfch dust 400 24
201 OO R, in es-
tatemark 472 2 ch bro or pek 190 9-24
202 475 8 do pek 83016
1 hf ch
202 478 2 ch peksou 232 14
1 hf ch
204 481 3 do. dust 214 18
205 SO 484 1 ch broor pek 10827
206 487 lhfch bro pe 32 «(27
207 490 1 do pek 49 22
210 Neboda 499 6 ch bro pek 600 26
213 508 4hf 2 dust 360 8=— 24
217 Neuchatel 520 4 ch ust 600 . 24
218 S 523 7 ch sou 496 8
222 Mahatenne 536 5 ch pek sou 450 18
231 Glenalla 562 3 ch sou 255 17
232 666 1 do dust 14h 24
236 Old Madde-
gama 677 7 «ch pek sou 680 30
237 580 3 do ust 315 26
242 Harangalla 595 7 ch pek sou 560 8620
249 Bodava 616 8 ch pek sou 680 16
250 619 1 do _ bro mix 95 816
QF 622 4 do fans 520 24
22 HWT 625 3 ch bre pek 308 =. 32 bid
253 628 3 do pek 300 =. 22
257 Monte Christo 640 8hfch fans 560 =. 25
258 643 6 do dust 510 24
Ber Charlie Hill 652 9hfch pek sou 405 20
262 66 6 do bropekfans 300 24
263 658 2 do dust 140 392
oor Kumaragalla 670 2 ch sou 15217
673 1lhfch dust 63 22
an Primrose Hill 682 6 ch pek sou 480 20
685 1 do sou 76 17
oe 688 lhfch dust 80 22
276 Woodthorpe 697 4 ch peksou 320 =. 20
277 700 1hfch dust 49 22
278 «. 703 1 do sou 76017
18 Lukuwatte 712 Ghfch pek 300 §=6:16
715 5 ch peksou 475 11
283 Killarney 718 5Shfch_ bro or pek 295 32
285 TLG 724 3 ch peksou 286 & bid
299 Rambodde 766 Sbfch dust 37525
300 769 2 de con 1000 og

oa, \ Eee
6 CEYLON’ PRODUCE SALES ’ LIST.
{Mr. B. John.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib, oc. © | 144 valved +P prten ust He 4
145 e Farm ¢ us
es He adie lis MED, 2 154 MountClare 643 2 do or pek 180 95
2 427 aq 10) qa tanis adie 165 Leingford 676 1 do dust 96 20
9 | Wadhurst 208 7 do pek 680 29 169 Moratota
aS Gee aide, io PCR GU! ojnenPeP cite Estate 688 4 do pekNo.2 384 18
11 214 1lhfch dust 80 93 <
12 317-1 ch t 5 170 691 1 do bro pek fams 150 ?
a c ans 5 8 171 Nelun 694 3 do bropek 300 30
17 Mount Clare 232; 4\do fans 400 = 24 172 697 5 do pek 18
18. 235);1\,do dust 110-33 180 Gangawatte 721 7 perk sou 630 37
19 238 -4.,do bro tea 412 6 183 N 730 S8hf-ch dust 620 26
27 ; Doonhinda 262;.4;do dust 400 25 184. A 738 8 ch bro pek 263024
31 : Ratwatte 274; 7hf ch. dust 660 23 185 736 2 do
42 Bebe petton 807 5, ch’ sou 450. 21 1 hf ch k sou 225 "16.
49 -W 328 -2:do or pek 180 «25 187 Theresia 742 8 do ust 640 9-25
50. 38L 2. do. bro pek 200 24 188 745 1 ch sou 75 26
51 334 5 do 193 Craigingilt 766 1 do broorpek 110 32bid
1 hf-ch ek 530 17 197 AA 772 1 do dust 100 20
62 337). 3. ch ro mix 210 6 198 RB 775 3 do pekE 267 22 bid
59 Cresta 38-7 do.) pek sou 595 ©6118
60 30) .b bf ch dust: 40@ . 28

Sate a2 Gch pets = 400 30S | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN°*LONDON,

85 : Dalhousie 436 >4:do. bropekfans 260 28

ola aQuvab 454 -2 do dust 200 «25 ar oe

«; Vine 496 :1. ch dust: 135 89623 5 }

15 ovals nana : d 0, pages sae) an (From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
529... 3hf ch: | dust 225 24

119 Bittacy 538-3. ch. fans 297 30 Mincine LANE, May 31.

eS Bee ce EPO COE are aoe “ Alcinous.”—Wiharagalla F, 1 barrel sold at 908 ;

125 556 2 ch sou 130 17 ditto 1, 1 tierce sold at 928; ditto 2, 2 casks and

138 New Tunisgalla 595.1. do pek seu a withd’ 1 tierce sold at 75s 6d; WHG in estate mark, 1

139 598 1 do. dust 108 man | barrel sold at 328; 1 barrel sold at 60s.

Lp OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 25. CoLomsBo, Jury 1, 1901. { PricE :—124 cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; gcopies $ rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box! Plies Nine av sl. et
Sara 106 2176 15 ch broor pek 1500 40 bid
107 247 Bh EN
LARGE LOTS. WMBeaIe | 1 Saab aa bECE tre: pek © Peso Be
Tn 115 2503 24. ch pek 2040 © 26
E. Benham & Co.| ua Beata 2506 16 do peksou 1360 24
a d 2515 7 eS SUES
(12,572 Ib.] 120 Persie GaGok yoann; cet
2 121 "2521 25 do 9125
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. Ee paeCH | Shey Sr Rtcehe Toren pek 1047
3 Coodagalla 75 45hfch bio pek 2250 932 126 2536 23 ch or pek 2070 34
4 78 25 do pek 1125 127 2539 v5 de pek Sos0id i oebid
10 Valamaly 96 21 do dust 1680 20bid | 128 2542 10 bfch dust 850 25 :
11 Hornsey 99 39 do bro pek 2067 «48 H GM 2545 17 do ‘flowery or
12 2929 ch pek 2174 36 pek 1020 44
13 5 10 do pek sou 700-82 2548 15 ch pek 1350 25
———_ Sie i Dunnbar — 2551 node broor pek 700. 72
2 2554 12 ‘do bro. pe 7
Meesrs. Forbes & Walker 163 2557 14 ch or 2 beh 1190 ne
e ‘ 5 22
(695,263 1b.] 135 HOR toe hues eS
HA aA pe N ' 133 OBEC. in O) pek sou 994 37
Fe Mie seu 24 a ee k ie ey ree
a 2 2 r pe 2 8 indumalla 2572 5d 465
2 2164 16 do bro Be 1600 40 ¢ 139 : 2576 14 oo pro bek fae 2
3 2167 24 do pek 2304 ©» 37 140 2578 43 do pek 3655 See
4 Panawatte 2170 13 ch bro pek 1495 43 dil 2581 29 do ek sou 3030 a _
5 2173 14 do or pek 137257 142 OBEC,in P 2030 21. bid
G 216 ze co wee 2200 5 estate mark
217 (0) nek sou 760 5 $ 5
3 FredsRuhe 2182 42 2G Beane 4200 Be ats Forest Creek ze ll ech bro or pek 1100
9 2185 35° do pek 3325 22 144 aaa 31 do bro pek 2100
10 2188 18 do pek sou 1800 18 145 SaaS ELE OREN, 1260 |. withdn,
lL OBE ©, in 148 pore ae do pekNol 1890
estate mark 47 K PW EO ee det Rem NG rt Aeee
__Nillomally 2191 t7 ch broorpek 1700 s7bid | 118 ol PA ls Te
i2 2198 30 do or pek 276042 150 Be OU alee 2S SO
13 3197 23 do pek Nol 1540 34bid | 151 sell 18 fot eee BIDE Nee
14 9200 17 do doNo2 1496 43 Ter eb tvrarule tu 15 do pek sou 740 BC
a8 as 2203 13 do pek sou 1170-31 fe gar ee
1 encorse 22 10 ch ro pek 1000 41 revs 73° «11 ch bro pek 3
20 2:18 10 do or pek 900 36 158 Naseby 9632 30hfch bro or pek 1800 36 bid
21 2221 12 do pek 960 24 159 e 2635 30 do orpek 1410 +61
22, 2224 20 do pek sou 1500 22 160 Ambragalla 2638 4lthfch orpek 1968 31 bid
23 OB EG, in 161 2641 78 do broor pek 4680 35
estate mark 162 2644 22 ch pek 1980-27
New market 2227 19hfch broorpek 1254 56 163, 2647 20 do peksou 1560 23
24 peso 22, Ge bro pek 2164 39 164 Doorooma-
25 233 83 do do 4029-37 della 2
26 2236 18 do or pek 1620 35 fas LEVHUIAteeIoy ones BaMteGn TEEoCCEIMMROEG. iat
27 2239 10 do pek 920 33 166 2856 17. ch nobel 1960 41
30 K HL 2248 14hfch fans 98:0 33 169 Ingrogalla 2665 15 do Fe 1615.26
Beet totais 2958 Bn ess B80 | ee 170 WSs 3 2663 22 do pek’ — 10s0 28
32 esterfor 9254 34 ¢ bro pek 340) ” 5 y
33 9087 37.do opek Pp es 2 nee Baddegama ae u ea be orpek 700 41
34 2260 20 do peksou 1800 25 Tis Lesmaule 2) Seer ent ote ance as
35 2263 10 do fans 910 27 174 Deco sh al or pek £00 34
36 Walton 2265 2 ch bropek 220035 175 Pa oe) Gat Se | aes
3 2269 1 oO or pek 3170 5 Ui] z an 5 22
38 2272 11 do pek 920 oy 7 reer 3689 10 ae DEO BOK) qr 1609 3138
41 Udapolla 2281 8 ch or pek 720 32 178 Sy Gea pek 900-23
rm) 2284 14 do bropek 1400 33 179 POG oe coe aan ae
43 2237 15 do pek 1350 21 gy Patupaulng elie Hanan” ciprocEnenisee ae
416 Fetteresso 2296 2ihich broorpek 1488 58 183 O07 O8F a roorpek 1560 35
47 2293 50 do bro pek 320038 184 Say OB ae bropek 19303
48 i 202 18 ch pek 162037 185 Anes Grek ats ota pek 1870.28
50 Rockside '2308 8 ch bro pek 186 Sh) OR Ge ESR eee
53 Choisy De ween Sats otnem gaia) Wee Hee wid 12 do pek Rae ed) or
A De EN ro or pe 5 44 188 New 720 Z
54 2320 29 ch or pek Boag Yk ion ena ied) aoihyich ibrolpek: 1200) 44 \bid
55 9323 42 do ~ pek 5570, 35 192 SS aces bropek 1750 44
56 Ninfield 23/6 18 do bro pek 1800 ' 35 193 Roeberry 2737 36 Oo pek 4250 26
57 9329 25 do pek 0225022 194 Bi 26, elt) | pbrolorspek 3600) 4p50 bi
68 2532 9 do | peksou 720 18 195 ae do bropek 5700 36bid
61 Sirikandura 2341 15 ch bro pek 1540 35 196 i460 48 do, iabek 7268 81
62 9344 14 du pek 1330 21 197 Bee hand) Ggpeb sou, 54512). 24
63 2317 15 do pek sou 1380 19 198 3752 S do dust 800 24
69 Wewawatte 2365 13hfch bro pek 845 31 | 199 Ouvahkellie 2756 ae HON i26
75 PalmGarden 2333 10 ch bro pek 1:00 31 200 oes a an pek sou 990 Be
70u Wor: 2386 8 do pek 800 17 Pires) wasret do oa cbr pe ae
80 Yatiyana 2398 11 ch bro pek 1100 25 208 Tuverness 2782 1 & ro pek 1615 18
86 Clarendon 2416 47bfch bropek 2061 39bid | 209 eee ch “jgbrojor per j(/1600'_ \),43'bid
87 2419 52 ch — or pek 28303 32bid | 210 Ao 28 7 do earl bok) | 2340) yib0
s BEE oes 2660 30° | 2il Sat ae ao saa eooeniae
425 2 o =©pek sou 2300 «= 2 213 5 : A SOU U 35
92 Yelverton Beet ot Tony) GALE pek Seo 2 Bie Dunkeld Ba 61hfch broorpek 3538 46
93 : 2437 23 do _pek 2185 30 214 2860 23 eh or pek 1615-34 bid.
99 Maha Eliya 2455 27hf-ch broorpek 148 53bid | 216 Morankande 2806 12 n ioe Handa
100 2458 24 ch or pek 2400 41 217 300) 4 or pek 1020. 32
101 2461 38 do pek 3800 ° 37 218 Pee Sta eee 117020 bid
102 Yelatenne 2:64 27 ch broorpeK 1617 45 242 Galkadua Fork 93 do pek sou 910 «19
103 9467 29 do pea 1447-32 bid 223 a AOR ch bro pek 2530 32
104 2470 24 do peksou 1146 24 224 BIS he pek 2000-18 bid
105 Fassara Sd 227 Qodoowera 2839 9 on ES mek! aan0 ue
rou! o © or pek 23 ‘ pe 0 Al
P Pp 1080 = 36 228 2842 9 do pek 792 98

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

LE

Fairlawn

Killarney

BPC
Seenagolla

Battawatte

High Forest

Dea Ella

High Forest

Battawatte

High Forest

Paliagodda

Polatagama

Dammeria

Clunes

MR
EDP
Middleton

Gocd Hope

Anningkan-
de 3055

Gonapatiya

3076
Kalupahana 3088
Wewalakande3100
Macaldeniya 3109

3112

3115
Cholankande 3127
Maxim 3120
3133
3136
3139
3142
3154
8157
3160
3163
3169
8172
3175
8178
3181
8184
3187
3193
3196

High Forest
Maha Uva

Kirklees
Gampaha
Pallegodde
Weoya

rCT
Delta

10 do
50 ‘hf ch

51 do
52 do
22hf ch
80 do
40 do
46 hf ch

30 do
26 do
8 ch
43 hf ch

25 ch
10 do
53 hf ch

Name. Ib.
bro or pek 1375

or pek 830
peE 2210
bro or pek 3000
pek 1€00
dust 1445
bro or pek 720
pek 764
or pek 800
bro or pek 2795
pek 2280
pek sou 800
or pek

Nol 2900
or pek 2805

Pp 2496
bro or pek 1210

or pe 1590
pek 2000
bro or pek
Nol 2€68
or pek 1650
pek 1248
av pek 800
bro or pek 2795
pek 2375
pek sou 800
or pek
Nol 8074
or pek 1960
pek 1440
bro or pek 900
bro pek 1700
or pek 1360
pek 1105
pek sou 1080
dust 1350
bro pek 3800
pek 5185
pek sou 1425
fans 1U00
or pek 3330
ek sou 2340
ro or peks 1300
bro or pek 1700
bro pek 810
pek Nol 1120
pek No 2 1600
dust 1358
dust 720
bro pek 1995
pek 1840
bro pek 6840
bro or pek 320u
pek 2070
peK sou 720
bropek 11490
pek 1140
or pek 1000
bro pek 912
ek 1560
r pek 1100
bro pek 1036
bro yek 1020
pk No.1 935
pek 1045
fans 4200
bro pek 1800
or pek 1692
pek 1840
or pek 2362,
pek 1197
broor pek 2665
or pek 2580
pek 3800
pek sou 3060
bro or pek 1375
bro pek 1300
bro tea 720
dust 72C
bro or pek 3286
or pek 2080
ek 705
ro or pek 1045
bro pek 1400
or pek 800
pek 720
ek sou 720
bro or pek 734
bro pek 40:5
pek 2880
pek sou 2400
unast 760
br pek 2600
pek 8676
pek sou 2611
fans 1080

Lot. Box.
364 CRD 3259
366 Deaculla 3256
367 3259
368 3262
369 WHR 3265
370 3268
371 Mariawatte 3271
372 3274
373 Kumaradola 3277
374 3286
875 3283
378 Marragalla 3292
379 8295
360 3298
381 3301
385 Tillyrie 3313
386 3316
237 3319
388 Marlborough 3322
3&9 3325
390 3328
391 3331
¢92 Castlereagh 3334
393 2337
394 3340
395 3343
393 Woodend 335z
399 3355
402 Taldua 3364
403 3367
407 CB 79
408 Kenmare 3382
409 Geragama 33£5
410 3388
411 3391
412 3394
413 3397
414 Adisham 3409
415 3403
416 3406
417 3109
421 BDWG 3421
422 3424
426 M‘Golla 3426
427 3439
428 Thedden 3442
429 3245
430 3448
4¢3 Nakiadeniya 3457
436 3163
437 3466
438 3472
440 Newangamana3i78
441 34381
442 3484
443 3487
444 3490
446 Munukattia,
Ceylon, in
est.mark 3496
447 3499
448 3502
449 3505
450 Drayton 3508
461 3d11
456 Mansfield 3526
457 Pungetty 3529
458 3532
459 3535
460 3538
463 Rockwood 3347
464 3550
467 ' Hopton 3559
468 ‘ 3562
469 3565
470 3508
474 Tembiligalla 3480
475 3583
459 Poonagalla 3595
48) 2598
451 1
482 Yataderia 4
483 7
484 10
485 13
487 Ireby 19
4838 22
489 25
490 Udabage 28
492 34
493 87
496 Belgravia 46
497 ' 49
468 52
496 ; 65
602 Lechiel 64
603 67

Pkgs.

12 ch
44 hf-ch
52

34 hi-ch
58 do
16 ch
24 do

50 hf-ch
21 ch
13 do
33 hf-ch
32 do
20 do
25 ch
37 hf ch
18 ch
30 do |
51 hf-ch
25 ch

Name. Ib.
dust 1200
bro pek 2420

ek 3640
pek sou 1750
fans 1820
dust 1190
sou 2160
dust 2465
bro pek 2200
or pek 1260
pek 990
bro pek 1760
bro pek 2420
or pek 2250

ek 1980

roorpek 1950
bro pek 5200
pek 3825
bre orpek 1000
bro pek 1260
or pek 720
pek 8s
bro or pek 1400
bro pek 1235
or pek 720
pek 765
bro pek 1900

ek 2250

roorpek 721
or peE 860
perk sou 1800
bro or pek 2912
bro or pek 1870
br pok 2250
pek 2890
pek sou 2400

800
bro or pek 2100
bropek —- 2.00
pek 1955
pek sou 765
br pek 2450
pek 2400
pek 720
dust 1200
bropek 2900
pek 2430
peK sou 800
broorpek 780
br pek so0
pek 1840
pek sou 1560
br pek 2860
pek 1980
pek No.2 1536
pek sou 2070
fans 875
or pek 996
br pk No. 1 1740
pek 1760
bek sou 800
or pek 2400
pek No. 2 2295
or pek 2697
bro or pek 1680
or pek 2728
pek 2280
pek sou £00
young hyson1856
byson 855
bro or pek 3700
or pek 4406
pek 3870
pek sou 1980
broor pek 3040
pek 1620
bro pek 2576
pex 3325
pek sou 1634
bro or pek 2244
br pek 3712
or pek 1552
pek 1968
bropek = 2250
pek 1785
pek sou 1105

young hyson1650
hyson No.1B1600
hysonNo2 1000

bro pek —- 2625

bro or pek 2220 ©

or pek 1520
pek 700
bror pek 2805

ek 2050

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
eee EE

Lot. Box. Pgks. Name. lb. ¢. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. se:
508 Queensland 82 8 ch bro pek 760 44 170 1279 10 ch pek sou 1000 19
io : 85 14 do pek 1330 32 did 171 Oaklands uss 15 do pr pek 150" 32 Mia
97 18 do pek 1707 out 173 1285 13 do pe 1225 21 bid
Ba Bloemfontein 106 17hf-ch bro pek 1020-24 174 1288 13 do pek sou ao, 19 bid.
515 14 do bro pek fans $10 26 175 1291 11 do sou 30 16
176 1297. 9 do or pek fans 45 27
1/7 St. ener 1300 13 nach peo: pek 780 32
: F} i. 182 Avisawella 1316 51 -c pek 433). 21 bid
Messrs. Somerville & Oo. 183 Meddegodda 1318 19hfch pek 85586
|230,884 Ib. ] 184 1321 38 do pek 1330-25
185 St. C 1324 23 ch broorpek 2415 32
Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. © 186 1327 20 do bropek 2000 33
r vi a 187 1230 26 do cr pek 2340 20 bid
; ey nN 3 9 on Bes oak 00 7 Ge: 1333. J8bfch pek 720. 20 bid
2 i 0 bi 189 1336 42 do peksou 2100 17 bid
3 778 11 do pek sou 110 5 bid - 0 | bi
A ; ; . 190 B 1339 25hfch fans 1625 6 bid:
3 7a1 ldhfch fans 960 10 bid : 2 D1
r . 191 W 1312 1Ghfech fans 910 6 bid
4 784 18 do dust 1400 5 bid MA i t i
ae r k 300 2 bi 92 Columbia 1315 22hfch broorpek 12'0 41 bid
10 Wilpita 799 8 ch or pe 12 bid : Ore ;
y 529 8 do or pek 760 «38 193 13:8 22 do or pek 110) 87 bid
20 deni Oya 838 8 ch or pek 720 28 194 135t 23 do pek 1150 33 bid
48 Pindent OY 41 12 ch pex 1620 24 195 Hilwatte 1354 32 ch pek 2770 = 20 bid
Mahagoda 836 8 do pek 30 10 196 1357 a8 do pek sou, 1830 il bid
39 a AN ta 877 26 ch bro pek 2340 19 197 HE D 1360 20 ch bro pek 1800 30 :
36 Kannato 30 12 do pek Nol 1020 14 198 1363 24 do pek 2040 12 bid
37 ey 12 do pekNo2 960 12 199 AC 1366 § ch dust 1080-19 bid:
a Mossville 292 36hfch dust 3060 24 200 a 1388 7 do ons . £80 18 bid
Mo 1, 895 29 heeh bro pek 1740 31 204 Hangranoya 138 9 ¢ ro or pe 855, 48
42 Wiharagama 9 “7 ch oor pek 770-98 205 1384 32 do bropek 3200 35
poceminace (oe 2 en » brotpek ty 21005 82 pee Laem eed Bee Lae
907 12 do pekNo2 1200 33 207 1390 14 do pek sou 1129 20 oid
46 fio 4¢ado* pek 4140 93 208 K P 1393 14 ch pek 1330 19 bid
47, 913 28 do pek sou 2520 19 209 1396 30bfch pek sou 1 09 1t bid
FS 925 18hfch fans 138435 210 NA 1399 Sihfch orpek 3726 19 bid
52 Dartry 934. 22 ch pek sou 1760-95 911 Harrangalla 1402 9 ch or pek 7165p ol
55 Leon 937. 8 -ch pek sou §00 31 oe 1405 w do bro pek wee 36 i
ag Warakamure 955 25 ch bro pek 2500 32 pis 1418 28 do pek 2240 21 bid
: ‘ 938 18 do pek 1620 22 bid 214 1411 9 do pek soup 720 17
oe vodantela 961 14 ch bropek 1470 33 ore se a ey 1414 10 do bropekfans1000 29
65 964 27 do pek 2430 20 » In estate Ne be k
B) 987. 13. do pek sou 1040 7 4 mark 1479 ch To pe 800 19
66 Hill 973 15 eh bro pek 1530 43 218 CC 1423 1s ch bro pek 1300 24 bid
63 Forest Hi 976 26 do pek a574 OA 219 1426 14 do broorpek 1400 24 |
$° Dikmukalana 979 24bfch bropek = 1820-35 20 Lagos 43 aylos) tans BOE ie
( EMU 82 21 do Ayn ae 1056 268 222 Mousakande 1435 16 ch bro pek 1472887
at 982 95 do A 1300 21 223 1438 25 bfch broorpek 1375 38
985 2: P 227 1441 20 ch pek 9240 30
i ee Be aie oe 991 17hfch brocrpek 850 44 226 Alpitakande 1447 20hfch or pek 1060 =. 27 bid.
75 994 13 ue bre pek ie 33
997 9 ¢ pe y 28
ae woo 15 do pek sou 1125-28 (Mr. BH. John.—281,247 1b.]
ama 1003 15 ch bro pek 1650 32
ue Fae ne ial uondor pek 800-83 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib ¢
39 Yspa 1038 w an pel dust so 2 1 arawakettia 778 11 ch ae pek 1210-> 422
Dp 1 c ro p a 2 781 18 do e 1709 10 bi
a Paddawella 1000 8 ch bro pek 800 2) ae 3 Oonoogaloya 784 26 do ae pek 2340 34 pie
190 Damblagolla aneg w ae ch Eee pek sees A bid : oe 18 ots BED or per 1300 944
3 : -C ro or pe
iN 1075 20 do pek sou 1600 20 bid : No Y 770 37
103 Ambalawa 1078 19° ch _ bro pek 1200 32 6 793 14 ch peksou 11z0 37
104 i ue oe pee ee 3 i Mount Everest ts a6 ae bro Oy pek 1600 57 bid.
“ 799 19 ¢ i S
B03 al 1096 12 do brovrpek 1200 35 3 too. ade. Bek Peer
110 1099 26ido: orpek 22; 31 10 805 12 do peksou 1080 35
‘Til fee gb Ge per en 2 a Cyprus ae 2 Eien bse pek 1200 BL
() Hel L do ek 10 2
ae Doragalla 1138 19 ch bro pek 1805 41 13 814 17 do rok sou ae i
124 ie Me ae orepek aoe ae ip Natuwakelle 820 10 cb bro or pek 1000 39
rap DT Teudee aregiseu, esate ir COCR ek Ss Bord fas
128 Polgahakanda 1153 9 ch __ bro pek 945 380 16 829 16 do peksou 1440 18
129 ‘ a Ee a8 dp bee No A ae a bid a Bittacy Be e ae ne pek 3400 48
5 O 22 4 6 f
Bt 1162 14 do pek sou 112000 «17 27 Elston 856 10 a os pek 73:0 5 bid
134 Goodwood M71 iB Kone Bek ur 3 pid B 859 20 do pek 160) 25 bid
11a ch pek 21 bh 862 23 a ks 0 22di
38 Rayigam 1183 19 ch bro pek 1900 86 30 865 10 ht oe cae "0 2 Oe
139 1186 1 do or pek 10615 25 bid | 31 Birnam 868 25 ch pek sou 170u 35
i Be aa NG bd 8 Citin tee ede CS ee
140 9 52 ulloden (7 7 do dust 1085 20
j44 Annandale 1201 20hfich or pek 1086 = 46 38 Harrisland 889 16 do pek 1424 20
4b ieoe i ae aa ae ae a a Little Valley eo f ae bre or ss 7386040,
4 207 2 2 do ro pe 2 3:
up Marigold 1216 46hfcn broorpek 2300 52 42 901 11 do pek Net 1 7990 oe
150 aD oo do Sp pee a a6 ae Nahavilla ae 17 do or pek 1530 33
292 § ° 5 g 3
152 1226 22 do Bok sou 1902 34 48 919 i do Bok Le 1580 29
153 Allacollawewelz28 35 hf ch broor pek 1750 53 49 922 12 do pek sou 960 22
154 1231 56 do or pel 167 eo) 50 925 i2hf-ch pek fans 840 26
158 1234 21 do pe 966 7 ‘ 52 Ottery 931 18 ch bro o®\pek 1800 44
155 TT 1240 9hfch_ pek fans 724 26 53 : 934 30 do pek 2400 33
158 Murrayth- : star i 56 Manickwatte 943 54hfch or pek 2700 31
Fe ay Mpa | tau isecant OAGs bi) orc anek + bso Tuee
b) Z S eh pek 13 24
164 Selvawatte 1261 27hfch bro pek 1185 ot 59 952 22hf-ch pek sou 1760 22
ae m ‘ 1264 12 ch — pek 960 20 eu Kila ee as ue bro or pek 4300 38
‘169 Cooroondoo : ‘ te) or pe 1440 33
watte 1276 9 ch _ bro pek 900 43 62 961 67 do peks.n 5026 13

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

4
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Wo, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
63 964 23 ch sou 1725 17 198 369 26 ch or pek No.1 1352
64 Cleveland 967 652hfch flwy cr pek 2860 46bid | 199 372 34 do or pek 1700
65 970 54 do pek 2862 34 bid 200 375 30 do pek- 1620
66 973 17 do pek sow 850 34 201 378 14 do } ek fans £0
68 Mocha 919 26 ch bro or pek 2600 46 bid 202 SP 381 40hf-ch or pek 1920
69 982 10 do or pek 950 36 bid 202 381 27 do pek 1485
70 985 16 do pek 1536 86 205 PH 290 50 do or pek 8000
71 9388 18 do pek sou 1620 386
72 Glasgow 991 39 oe bro or pek 2925 47 bid
73 994 21 do or pek 1428 §©635 bid es 4
74 997 14 do pek 1288 35 bid SMALL LOTS.
75 1000 8 do pek sou 800 25
76 Agra Ouvah B)52 ra ch broorpek 3016 69
77 6 50 do or pek 27060 44 ,
i ie 9 23 ae pel : 2116 941 E. Benham & Co.
79 Callander 12 2ihbfe roorpek 1440 47 t. x, 3
80 15 z7 do or pek 1404 41 bid Lo Box Pkes Name. Ib.
81 183 48 do pek 2400 35 1 Battalgalla 69 7 ch pek sou 525
84 Ben Nevis 27:12 ch bropek 1224 947 bid yeas 72 5 de sou 375
86 33 20 do pek 1500 37 5 Hittuwellen-
90 Whyddon 45 16hfch broorpek 1024 48 tenne 81 4 ch bropek 406
91 48 16 ch bropek 1792, 33 6 A 84 3 do pek 300
ay 51 12 do or pek 1080 = 33 7 Belgodde 87 4hfch bro pek 200
97 Kandaloya 66 21hfch fans 1050 26 8 9011 do pek 550
99 St.Andrew’s 72 10 do dust 830 25 9 93 5 do pek sou 225
100 Gingranoya, 75 8 ch bro or pek
4 No. 2 920 34
11 do ek so 935 24
102 a GGG Ghcty Ml 810 25 {Messrs. Forbes & Walker. |
103 LEL 84 18 do pekNo.1 1620 29 = '
104 87 14 do pek No.2 1232 25 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, 1b.
105 90 16hfch dust 1280 26 16 OBE C, in
1u6 Poolbank 93 30 do bro pek 1800 47 bid estate mark
107 96 34 ch pek 3400 36 Nillomally 2206 2 ch bro pek fans am
110 Morton 105 7 do broorpek 735 37 17 2209 2 do fans
Alt 108 19 do or pek 1805 32 18 2212 2hfch dust 300
112 111 17 do pekNo.1 1530 22 28 OBEC, in
113 114 24 do pek sou 2040 18 estate mark
119 J 132 14hf-ch bropekfams 924 27 New Market 2242 4 ch pek sou 400
120 Rondura 125 20 ch bro pek 2000 34 29 2245 3hf-ch dust 285
121 138 13 do or pek 1105 34 39 Walton 275 3 ‘ch bro tea 240
122 141 8 do bro or pek $80 31 40 2278 1 do dust 150
123 144 27 do pek 2295-23 44 Udopolla 2290 8 ch pek sou 640
126 Glentilt 153 28 do bro pek 2800 47 45 2293 2hfch dust 160
127 166 22 do orpek 290 36 49 Rockside 2305 5 ch sou 400
128 159 17 do pek 1445 33 51 2311 5 do dust 675
129 162 19bfch fans 1520 86 52 2314 1 do dust No2 175
130 ON 165 15 ch broor pek 1800 35 59 Ninfield 2335 4 do fans 440
131 168 35 do bru pek 3150 = 32 60 2338 2 do dust 280
132 171 36 do or pek 3384 24 bid | 64 Sirikandura 2350 1 do bro pek fans 70
133 174 24 do pek 2208 22bid } 65 2353 1 do fans 96
134 177 17 do peksou 16i5 i18bid | 66 2356 2 do congou 184
135 P,in est. mark 180 22 do or pek 1870 32bid | 67 2359 2 do bro mee dust 233
136 LOL 183 65 hfch bro pek 3640 out 68 2362 1 do dus 170
137 186 27 ch pek 2025 2ibid | 70 Wewawatte 2368 9hfch ake 549
138 KP 189 14hfch unas 700 89-24 71 2371 7 do pek sou $92
139 Ouvah 192 <0 ch pek sou 1800-26 72 KDA 2274 2 ch bro pek 220
140 Bowella 195 10 do bro pek 1u00 = 32 73 2377 2 do pek 208
lil 298 10 do pek 850 8921 74 2 2380 1 do peksou 100
149 Ferndale 222 13 «ao bro pek 1430 50 77 Palm Garden 2389 6 ch peE sou 600
150 225 12 do or pek 1020-82 78 2292 1 do ans 110
151 228 15 do pek 127527 79 9395 1 do dust 16C
152 23L iL do pek sou 880 24 81 Yatiyana 2401 2 ch bro pek No 2 200
157 D,in est. mark 246 87hfch pek 3654 20bid | 82 2404 2 do pek 194
158 Rookwood 249 76 do broor pek 4560 50 bid 83 2407 1 do pek sou 8&6
159 252 50 ch or pek 4800 35 bid 84 Tennehena 2410 [ ch bro pek 121
160 255 47 do pek 4230 31 bid 85 2413 1 do
161 258 387hf-ch pro pek 2516 32 bid thfch pek 174£
162 261 9 do pek dust 79224 90 Clarendon 2428 8 ch sou 040
165 MPS 270 30 ch pek sou 860 6bid | 91 2431 4bfch dust 320
167 S 216 Qhfch dust 702015 94 Yelverton 2440 7 ch pek sou 644
168 Poilakanda 279 23 ch or pek 2070 = 334 95 2443 4hfch dust 380
169 282 31 do bropek 2790 = 9 96 R, in estate
170 285 32 au pek 2560 921 mark 2446 1hfch bro pek 46
172 AN 291 14 do sou 1126 out ‘7 3449 1 do pek 58
174 CG 297 12 do bro pek 1200 34 98 2452 1 do dust 72
175 300 11 do pek 880s 21 108 Passra
176 303 10 do peksou 700 ly Group 2482 7 ch pek sou 630
177 -Glassagh 306 17 do orpek 1700-58 169 2485 lhfch dust 85
178 309 7 co or pek No, 2 700 46 110 2488 2 do fans 140
179 312 17 do pek 17385 46 111 Hylton 2491 6 do bro pek 330
180 315 8 do pek No 2 840 38 112 2491 3 ch pek 255
181 318 9 do pek sou 2c0 34 bid 113 2497 3 do pek sou 255
182 Elston 321 27 do pek 2160 27 117 Matale 2309 1hfch fans 80
183 324 48 do peksou 3640 23 118 2512 2 do, dust 180
184 327 16 do or pek 1360 34bid | 122 Stafford 2524 3.do fans 210
185 Brownlow 3:0 81 do broorpek 1736 450 123 2527 2 do dust 280
186 883 24 do or pek 2040 35 124 Nynangodde 5230 8 ch dust
187 836 87 do pek 2241 9-32 136. Dunbar 2566 7hfch bro pek fans ia
188 329 18 hf ch Bip pek fang1332 26 187 °569 1 do dust 86
189 Warleigh 342 14 do broorpek 8140 50bid | 1449 KPW 2604 14 ch or pek 630
190 345 17 do or pek 935 40 bid | 152 2614 2 do bro pek fans 50
191 348 26 ch bro pek 2470 36 153 2617 2 do pek fans 150
192 851 28 do pek 2380 32 154 2620 2 do dust 170
194 MTS 857 12 do sou 1020 6 156 St. Marga-
195 ] sec 867 do fans 735 8 Tet’s 2626 8 ch ek sou 640
197 St. John’s 66 25 do broorpek 1500 46bid ° 167 2689 7 do Bra pek fans 660

c.

56 bid
52
45
33
32 bid
27 bid
20 bid

c.

Lot. Box, Pkgs.
167 Findlater 2659 6 ch
168 2062 3hfch
189 Kumbawella 2698 1 ch
181 2iOLe te ch
189 New Galway 2725 11 hf ch
190 2728 2 do
202 Uragaila 2764 1. ch
203 2767 6 do
204 2770 4 do
205 2773 1hfch
206 2776" eh
207 2779 1hfich
215 Morankaude 2803 9 do
219 2815 4 do
220 2818 2 do
221 Galkadua 2821 2- ch
225 2833 1 do
226 2836 Y do
229 Ordoowera 2845 7 ch
230 2848 1 do
234 Fairlawn 2860 7 ch
235 2863 3hfch
245 Battawatte 2893 3 ch
252 Dea Ella 2914 8 hf ch
260 Battawatte 2938 2 ch
271 Polatagama 2971 5 do
217 A 2983 3 do
179 Dammeria 2995 4hf ch
284 Clunes 3010 2 ch
285 3018 7 do
286 3016 4 do
287 3019 4 hf ch
239 EDP 3025 8 ch
297 Good Hope 3049 3 do
298 Anpringkans

de 3352 5 do
301 North Cove 3061 4 ch
BU4 3064 3 do
303 3067 1 hich
307 Ookoowatte 3079 2 ch
308 3082 3 do
309 3085 1 do
311 Kalvpabana 3091 4 do
312 3094 3 do
313 5097 3 Go
315 Wewalakande3103 12 hf-ch
316 3106 10 do
320 Macaldenia 311812 do
821 8121 4 do
322, 3124 1 do
329 NW W 814E 1 ‘ch
330 Killarney 3148 1 do
331 F W W 3151 1 do
336 MahaUva 3166 6 hf ch
344 Gampaha 3190 12 do
354 Weoya 3220 3 ch
355 Maha Oya 3223 3 do
356 3226 3 do
357 FFB 3229 3 do
363 Patchakadua 3247 8hf ch
665 CRD 3253 4 ch
376 Kumayradola 3286 4 do
377 3289 1 do
382 Marragalla 3304 7 do
383. 3307 5 do
384 Ingrugalla 3310 3 hf-ch
396 AK 3346 4 ch
397 3349 3 do
400 Woodend 3398 1 do
401 336L 5 do
404 Taldua 3370 5 do
405 3373 L do
406 3376 1 do
418 Adisham 3412 5 hf-ch
419 BB inest. :

mark 3415 5 ch
4.20 3418 4 boxes
4233 BDWG 3427 6 hf ch
424 3430 5 ch
425 M‘Golla 3133 3 do

31 Thedden 3451 1 hf-ch

432 3454. 2 ch
434 Nakiadeniya 3460 4hfch
435 3403) 0b
439 3475 2 do
445 Newangamana3493 4 do
452 Bogahagoda-

watte 3514 2 do
453 8517 4 do
454 3520 6 de
455 3528 4 do
461 Pungetty 3541 2 hf-ch
462 3644 4 do
465 Rookwood 3553 4 ch
466 3556 1 hf ch
471 Hopton 850L 2 ich
472 3574 1 hf-ch

CEYLON PRODUCZ SALES LIST.

Name.

pek sou
dust
fans
dust

bro or pek
bro or pe fan
dust

bro or pek
fans

dust

pek sou
dust

pek sou
dust

dust

fans

sou
dust No2

bro or pek
bro mix
pek son
dust

dust

pek fans
sou

dust

bro or pek

bro or pek
i

or pek

bro pek fans
dust

bro or pk
or pek

br pk fans
dust

pr or pek
bro pek

fans

hyson No, 2
siftings
fans

dust

D

lb.

552
285
325
150
605
100

50
480
320

40
125
109
504
280
150
220
110
180
602
144
560
240
300
4380
200

26
withd‘n
12

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name, Tose:
<73 KC Ainest.
mark 3577 4hf-eh hyson siftings264 13

‘76 Tembiligalla 3586 1) ch pek sou 90 18
AG 3589 1 do bro pek fans 110 22
78 3592 1 do dust 155 20
86 Putupaula 16 S8hfch dust 680 withd‘n
91 Udabage 3113 do hyson No 1A 650 9 25
94 40 6 do green tea fans 360 12
95 43 3 do green tea dust255 12
00. Belgravia 58 2 do dust 180 20
301 GL 8 do fans 600 27

£04 Lochiel WON25* ch pek sou 375 23

“05 Kehelwatte 73 3 do bro pek 321 82

506 76 1 do pek 90 20

507 79 11t'do pek sou 84 18
510 Queensiand 88 4 do pek sou 360 23 bid

511 91 2''do pek No. 2 200 18

512 94 2hfch br pek dust 156 24

(Messrs. Somervills & Wo.}

Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. IDs ince
6 Alutkelle 787 9 hfch bro pek 450 24
uf 790 5 do pek 250 16
8 793 10 do pek sou 450 9
9 Wilpita 796 6 ch bro pek 600 28

11 802 3 do pek 300 12

12 805 1 do pek sou 102 9

13 808 2% do fans 100 14

14 811 1 do dust 165 19

16 EDP 814 lhfch_ bro or pek 50-29

16 817 1 do bro pek 50 23

17 f 820 1 do or pek 50S LZ

i8 Wilpita 823 11 hfch bro or’‘pek 55081

19 826 3 ch pek 300 19

al 832 1 do pek fans 65 14

22, 835 1 do dust 80 18

°6 PindeniOya 3847 6 ch sou 540 15

27 850 1 do dust 155 17

28 Mahagoda 835 4 ch bro pek 400 21

30 Loomont 859 10 hfch bro pek 500 14 bid

31 862 6 do bro oek 300 ll

32 865 3 do bro pek 150 10

33 868 2 do bro tea 113 7

34 871 1 do dust 72 14

35 874 1 do red leaf 50 6

39 Kannatotta 836 5 ch fans 500 15

40) 889 2 do dust 280 15

44 Wiharagama 901 5 ch pek : 500 18

49 Sirinlwasa 916 6 ch bro pek fans 630 21

50 919 4 do dust 600 20

SL SLG 922 8 ch sou 680 19

53 Dartry 928 5hfch dust 465 20

54 931 1 ch bro tea 102 15

57 SRK 940 4 ch dust 640 = 27

58 943 1 do bro mix 100 15

*9 BatgoddeB 946 6 ch — hropek 672-4 bid

60 949 5 do pek 47597

61 952 2 do pek sou 180 22

67 Dodantele 970 3hfch dust 225 22

73 LL, in estate

mark 988 1 ch broorpek 100 3

80 Hewadugama 1009 5 ch pek sou 45 20

81 1012 2 do dust 220 23
82 S 1015 7Thfch dust 560 26
3 1018 10 do sou 500 9

84 A 1021 5hfch dust 400 26

35 1024 4 do sou 200 10

36 Labuduwa 1027 3 ch bro pek 326 28
7 1030 2 do pek 194 18

38 1033 6 do pek sou 680 17

90 Dyamita 1039 5 ch bro pek 525 32

OL 1042 5 do pek 425 23

92 1045 4 do pek sou 320 18
14 D 105L 6 ch pek 570 17

35 1054 7 do pek sou 630 13

96 1057 1 do bro pek dust 115 18

98 Paddawella 1063 6 ch pek 600 1l bid

99 1066 6 do pek sou 600 8

105 Primston 1084 iL hfch bro pek 605 26

106 1087 13 do pek 650 18

107 1090 5 do pek sou 400 iL

113 Kahatagala 1108 1 ch bro or pek 100 26

il4 illl 2 do or pek 170 30

115 1114 3 do pek 240 26

116 1117 1 do pek sou 80 18

117 1120 1 do fans 100 24

118 SPE 1123 2 ch broorpek 100 26

119 1126 1 do or pek 85 31

120 1129 2 do pek 160 24

121 1132, 1 do pek sou 80 18

122 1135 1 do fans 100 24

127 Doragalla 1150 5 ch fans G2E 28

132 Goodwood 1165 8 ch er pek 480 35

133 1168 7 do bro pek 420 38

136 177 5 hfch fans 3257

pa

6
Lot. Box.
137 1180
142 Rayigam 1195
143 Annandale 1198
147 1210
148 & 1213
156 pligeolla:
1237

160 Murrayth-

waite 1249
161 1252
162 1255
163 MN 1249
166 Salvawatte 1267
167 1270
168 1273

175 Oaklands 1294
178 St. Andrews 1803

179 1306
180 Heatherton 1307
181 1312
201 Donside 1372
202 1375
203 1378
217 Y K, in estate
mark 1420
221 Cairnton 1432

225 Mousakande 1444

Pkgs.

6 hf ch
4 hfch
10hf ch
6 do
5 ch

10 hf ch

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

[Mr. H. John.}

Lot. Box.
14 Cyprus “817
29 Natuwakelle 832
10 BC 835
23 Bittacy 844

£ 847
25 850
26 $53
32 NB 871
35 AWT &80
36 883
37 886

39 Harrisland 892
43 Little VaJley 904

44 907
45 910
61 YC 928
54 Ottery 937
55 940
67 Cleveland 976
82 Callander 21
83 24
85 Ben Nevis 30
87 36
88 39
89 Elemane 42
03 Whyddon 54
94 57
95 60
96 33
98 Kandaloya 69
108 Poolbank 99
109 102
114 Morton ily
115 120
116 123
117 126
118 LEL 129
124 Rondura 147
125 150
142 Eladuwa 201
143 Coundon 204
144 207
145 Taunton 201
146 213
147 216
147 219
153 Ferndale 234
154 937
165 Pitioya 240
156 YK 243
168 MPS 264
164 267
166 2738
171 AN 288
172 CG 294
193 Warleigh 654
196 MUS 463
204 SP 287

Pkgs.

4 do
16 hf eb,

Name, bb,
dust 375 26
dust 320 25
bro or pek 590 63
sou 306 26
dust 500 22
pek sou 480 36
pek sou 640 19
fans 600 26 Y
dust 340 23
pek dust 210 22
sou 85 17
fans 80 21
dust 95 16
bro pek fans 630 26
pek 500 ~=—-.20 bid
pek sou 120 17
dust 320 27
sou 150 12
pek fans 80 24
sou 180 10
dust 360 24
fans 318 25
bre or pek 648 23 bid
fans 490 27
Name. Wey,
dust 80 23
dust 400 23
bro mix 360 7
pek sou 360 33
fans 200 30
bro or pek 300 65 bid
dust 320 26
bro mix 285 fi
bro pek fans 300 27
dust 360 20
cougou 540 15
pek sou 463 19
pek sou 595 22
dust 160 24
pek No. 2 560 22
pek 206 14
pek sou 480 28
dust 170 26
fans 320 26
pek sou 252 28
bro pek fans 592 28
or pek 680 47
pek sou 360 29
dust 255 27
fans 800 23
pek 644 24
pek sou 200 a1
fans 210 27
dust 200 26
dust 500 26
pek sou 400 26.bid
dust 170 25
pek fans 240 18
dust 270 22
sou 480 8
br or pek fans 430 2a
dust No. 2 480 26
pek sou 540 18
cust 340 20
mixed 540 14
fans 136 26
dust: 180 20
pek No. 2 680 9.24
pek sou o10 19
fang 360 26
dust 100 20
dust 167 23
bro pek fans 110 24
sou 820 10
sou 400 7
bro pek 450 withd’
pek 425 8 bid
fans 400 withd’n
pek sou 635 16 bid
bro or pek 110 82
pek sou 820 80
mixed 380 7
pek sou 675 20 bid
OBSERVER

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Minctne LANE, June 17.

‘‘ Musician.”—1 Thoiulagalla, 1 tierce sold at 66s
3 ditto, 1 barrel seld at 33s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON,

“‘ Stentor.”—Ratwatte, 4 bags sold at 49s 6d5
4 bags sold at 50s.

“ Shenano Maru.’—V1'A in estate mark, size B,
7 bags sold at 68s.

“ Derbyshire.”—D in estate mark, 7 bags sold at
49s ; MM in estate mavk, 1 bag sold at 49s; Min
estate mark, 43 bags sold at 51s 6d; A in ‘estate
mark, 14 bags sold at 50s.

“ Stentor.” —Polwatta A, 20 bags sold at 798; 1
bag sold at 65s; ditto B, 3 bags sold at 52s ; ditto
C, 2 bags sold at 68s; ditto D, 1 bug sold at 50s;
ditto BK, re bag sold at 253 6d; ditto F, 1 bag sold
at 25s 6

“ Wakasa Maru.’—Ditto B, 7 bags sold at 60s
6d; ditto C, 4 bags sold at 53s 6d.

“ Alcinous.”—Wiharagama 1, 8 bags sold at 77s ;
ditto 2, 7 bags sold at 67s; ditto 3, 7 bags sold at
64s; ditto T, 3 bags sold at 40s 6d.

“ Stentor.’’—Hentimalie London, 13 bags sold at 61s.

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

‘¢ Statesman.’’—Wincbfield AA, 2 cases sold at 3s
8d; ditto A, 2 cases suid at 2s 10d; ditto B, 2
cases sold at Is 74; ditto Seeds, 2 cases sold at
Is 10d.

“ Bingo Maru.’”—Ditto 1, 3 cases sold at 251d:
ditto 2, 2 cases soldat Is Sd; 2 cases sold at 1s 104,

‘‘Bahaduri.”—CCC in estate mark, 7 cases sold
at 3s 2d; GGG in estate mark, 2 cases sold at 2s
11d; 1 case sold at 2s 9d; 1 case sold at 2s 5d;
MMM in estate mark, 5 cases sold at 3s 3d; 3

_cases sold at 3s; CT in estate mark, 5 cases sold

at 3s 8d; GY in estate mark, 1 case sold at 2g
5d; 2 cases sold at 2s 3d; M G in estate mark, 1
case sold at 33 38d; 1 case sold at 3s 2d; 2 cases
sold at 33; GY in estate mark, 1 bag sold at 2s
1d; GT in estate mark, 2 cases sold at Is 8d.

«¢ Menelaus.”’— Wariagalla Mysore C, 2 cases sold
at Is 4d; Neilo Olla 2, 1 case sold at Is 5d.

“ Stentor.’—W S in estate mark, 5 cases sold at
1s 9d; ditto S, 1 case sold at 25; 1 case sold at
Is lid.

“ Cuzco.”—Kobo Mysore O, 2'cases sold at 2s
10d; ditto 1, 6 cases sold at 2s 2d; ditto 2, 4 cases
sold at Is 8d; Q@itto 3, 2 cases soid atls 5d; ditto
Seed, 1 case sold at 28; MM in estate mark, 1 case
sold at 2s 6d.

“* Musician.”—Hlkadua O, 1 case sold at 2s 9d;
ditso 1, 5 cases sold at 2s; ditto 2, 2 cases sold at
Is is ditto, Seed, 1 case sold at 23; 1 bag sold
at le.

on Alcinous.”—Elkadua O, 2 cases sold at 2s 9d.

“ Musician.”’—Midlands O, 2 cases sold at 2s 9d;
ditto 1, 5 cases sold at 2s 1d; ditto 2,1 case sold
at Is 6d.

““Stentor.’—Midlands O, 4 cases sold at 2s 10d;
ditto 1, 13 cases sold at 2s Id; ditto 2, 3 cases sold
at 1s 62; ditto B& S, 2 cases sold at Is 5d; 1 bag
sold at 2s.

PRINTING WORKS,

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 26.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

CoLomMgBo, Juty 8, 1901.

LARGE

E. Benham & Co.|

LOTS.

lb. |
Name.

bio pek

pek Nol
pek No 2
pek sou

lb.

2470
1105
1360
2160

1710
2650
2100

980
1089
3400
2749
2430

4140
1850
3300
2880

Messrs. Forbes & Walker
[626,437 1b.]

£38,229
Lot. Box. Pkgs.
4 Velana 79 26 ch
5 @2 13 do
6 85 17 do
7 88 27 do
9 P in estate
mar 94 19 ch
10 Hornsey 97 50 hf ch
11 100 28 ch
12 Bonny bra a)
13 MN 6 12 do
146 CWW 15 34 do
17 18 29 do
18 21 27 do
19 Bunyan and
Ginca 24 69 hfch
20 O71 /3874 ch
21 30 33 do
22 33 32 do
Lot. Box. Pkgs.
7 Fetteresso 124 44 hf ch
8 127 18 ch
9 Sirikandura 130 7 ch
10 133 9 do
11 136 15 do
12 139 15 do
22 Panawatte 169 13 ch
23 172 10 do
24 175 15 do
27 RM, inestate
mark 184 21 hf ch
28 187 59 ch
29 190 41 do
30 193 20 do
32 199 18hfch
34 SR, in estate
mark 205 17 ch
35 Torwood 208 12 do
36 211 9 do
37 214 15 do
40 Corfu 223 23 bf ch
41 226 28 do
42 229 52 do
44 Yogama 235 9 ch
45 238 19 do
46 241 25 do
47 244 10 do
49 Cullen 250 50 ch
60 253 32 do
61 256 13 do
52 LL 259 30 hf-ch
53 CC 262 26 do
54 Ismalle 265 8 ch
55 268 10 do
56 Chesterford 271 40 ch
57 274 30 do
68 277 30 do
60 Tonacombe 283 65 ch
61 286 51 do
62 289 49 do
63 282 18 do
64 295 17 do
65 Glendon 298 20 ch
66 301 47 do
67 304 41 do
68 3807 14 do
69 310 10 do
72 Clyde 319 33 ch
73 322 16 do
74 325 12 do
76 328 16 do
76 331 10 do
80 M TP, in est.
mark 843 22 ch
81 Hentleys 346 23 hf ch
83 352 19 ch
87 Penrhos 864 26 hf ch
38 867 27 do

Name,

bro pek
pek sou
bro or pek

congou
bro or pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek sou
bro pek
or pek
pek sou
dust
dust

pes fans

bro pek

pek
bro or pek
or pek

28 bid

Lot. Box.
89 370
90 373
94 Digdola 385
95 388
96 391
97 394
98 Welkandala 397
99 400
100 403
101 406
102 409
103 Halwatura,
Iny. No.12 412
104 415
105 418
106 421
107 424
114. Ewhurst 445
116 451
122 Choisy 469
123 472
124 475
126 WVR 478
126 481
127 484
128 487
130 Memorakan-
e 493
132 OBE C, in
estate mark
Forest Creek 499
133 562
135 608
136 611
137 St, Paul’s,
Inv.No18 514
138 517
139 520
140 523
141 Loinorn 526
142 Vogan 529
143 ey
144 535
147. Preston 544
148 647
149 550
151 Tempo 656
152 559
153 562
157 OB ECin
estate mark
New market 574
158 577
159 580
160 683
164 Norton 595
168 598
166 601
167 HGM 604
168 607
169 Harrow 610
170 613
171 616
174 Palmerston 625
175 628
177 St. Heliers 634
178 637
179; Ardlaw and
Wishford 640
180 643
181 646
184 Middleton 655
185 658
186 661
137 664
188 Errcllweod 667
189 670
190 673
191 676
192 Erlsmere 679
194 685
195 688
202 OBEC, in
estate mark
Forest Creek 709
203 712
204 715
205 718
206 721
207 Carfax 724
208 727

Price :—12% cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; gcopies 4 rupee.

Pkgs.
32 ch

46 do
14 hf-ch

26 ch
59 do
47 do
44 do
20 hf ch

Name.

pek
pek sou
bro or pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek

pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek sou

fans

sou
fans
pek dust
dust

bro or pek
or pek

or pek

bro or pek
or pek

pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek sou
bro pek
or pek

pek

bro or pek
bro pek
bro pek
pek

bro or pek

or pek

bro or pek
pek

bro or pek
pek

bro or pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek

pek

pek sou
bro or pek
bro pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pek
or pek
pek No 1
pek No 2
bro or pek
or pek

2 CEY LON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. DSc: Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. cc.
209 730 20 ch pek 1800 35 328 1087 28 ch pek 2240 23
210 Midlothian 733 31hfch or pek 1550 36 bid 329 1090 15 do pek sou 1125 20
211 736 28 ch pek 2520 81 bid 341 Lesmoir 1096 21 do bro pek 2100 33
212 Dunkeld 739 43hfch broorpek 2494 42 332 1699 15 do pek 1350 21
213 742 12 ch or pek 1140 33 bid 333 1102 18 do pek sou 1440 20
214 745 14 do pek 1260 31 334 Nahalma 1105 35 do bro pek 2870 35
215 Inverness 748 16 do bro or pek 1900 43 bid | 335 1108 21 do pek 1914 22
216 751 24 do or pek 2166 40 bid 336 1111 20 do pek sou 1840 21
217 754 19 do pek 1710 37 339 Arapolakandell20 65hfch young hyson3575 87 bid
218 Hanwella 767 11 do young hyson1100 34 340 1123 32 ch hyson 3200 26 bid
222 Battawatte 769 35 do bro or pek 3850 56 841 1126-8 ‘do hysonNo2 9800 21 bid
223 772 8 do or pek 800 30 bid 343 Kotagaloya 1132 19 do r pe 1200 27 bid
224 775 31 do pek 2945 28 344 1135 25 do ek 2000 20
225 778 12 do pek sou 960 22 345 Moneragalla 1138 13 hf-ch roorpek 728 43
227 High Forest 784 33hfch or pek 347 1144 14 ch orpe 980 27 bid
No 1 2088 86446 348 1147 16 do pek 1030 22
228 787 42 do or pek 2362 36 bid 353 Walpita 1162 13 do bro pek 1300 31
229 790 30 do pek 1440 34 354 1165 12 do or pek 1200 26
230 Kirklees 793 38 ch or pek 3420 33 bid | 355 1168 23 do pek 2185 20
231 796 27 du pek 2700 28 bid 359 Mousakellie 1180 15 do bro or pek 900 42
232 799 33 do pek sou 2805 21 bid | 361 11-6 & do pek 760 28 bid
233 Clunes 802 12 ch or pek 900 27 365 IK V 1198 15 do pek fans 1800 26
234 805 19 do bro pek 1615 30 366 St. Paul's 1201 15hfch broorpek 990 39
25 8u8 12 do bro or pek 1260 29 367 1204 44 do or pK No. 1 2464 36 bid
236 811 13 do pek Nol 11vu6 21 368 1207 42 do or pek 2100 33
237 814 40 do pekNo2 3200 17 399 1210 33 do pek 1815 30
239 820 11 do pek sou 935 14 372 Upper Lye-
242 Dammeria § 829 58 ch bro pek 5800 39 grove 1219 27 hf-ch or pek 12850 25 bid
243 832 22 do pek 2200 33 373 1222 37 do bro peE 2220 36
244 Pallagodda 635 17 ch broorpek 1700 33 1 374 1225 15 ch pek 1350-26
245 838 30 do bro pek 3000 35 375 { 1228 10 do pek sou 840 22
246 841 20 do or pek 1700 = 28 376 Kennington 1231 9 do _ bro pek 990 30bid
247 844 18 do pek 1530 22 377 1234 18 do pek 1620 21 bid
248 847 23 do pek sou 1955 21 | 382 Trafelgar 1249 22 do broor pek 2244 39 bid
249 Polatagama 850 37 ch bropek 3700 39 383 1252 18 do or pek 1440 31 bid
251 856 55 do pek 4675 23 bid 384 1255 29 do pek 2668 25 bid
262 859 1L do pek sou 990 20 385 1258 29 do pek 2668 25 bid
253 862 1L do _ bro pek 386 1261 22 do bro pek sou 1584 18
fans 1100 9.25 387 Stranwer 1264 38 do broorpek 3800 38 bid
255 'Phedden 868 29 ch bro pek 2897 = 84 bid | 388 1267 27 do or pek 2322 48643
256 871 27 do pek 2427 28 389 1270 40 do pek 3200 31
257 874 10 do peksou 797 20bid | 390 1273 25 do pekNo.2 2250 28bid
258 Puspone 877 29 ch orjpek 2900 25 391 _ 1276 25 do br pk dust 2600 22 bid
259 - 889 20 do _ bro pek 2875 © 84 392 Bandara Wliyal279 32hf-ch or pek 1504 37
260 883 18 do pek 1710 §=6.25 bid | 393 1282 49 do broorpek 3038 43
261 886 18 do ek sou 1620 22 394 1285 12 do br pek 780 35 bid
262 889 31hfch broorpek 2170 33 395 1288 22 do pek 1034-29 bid
263 Yataderia 892 41hfch broorpek 2706 39 397 Stafford 1294 17 do broorpek 1102 43bid
264 895 48 do _ bro pek 3072381 401 Hopton 1306 25 ch broorpek 2500 42
265 898 16 ch or pek 1456 23 402 1309 35 do or pek 35C0 30 bid
266 901 21 do pek 1911 21 403 1312 29 do pek 2610 23 bid
267 Inverness 904 10 ch broorpek 994 out 407 Amblangoda 1324 13 do broorpek 1300 35 bid
268 Castlereagh 907 25hfch broorpek 1250 53 408 1327 17 do or pek 1700 §= 31 bid
269 910 13 ch bro pek 1300 36 409 1330 16 do pek 1440 25 bid
270 913 10 do or pek 800 32 413 Queensland 1342 14 do pek 1327 += 80
271 916 9 do pek 810 81 414 1345 18 do pek 1704 29
272 919 9 do pek sou 720 22 416 Naseby 1351 30hfch broorpek 1797 withd‘n
273 Lochiel 922 22hfch bkroorpek 1276 64 417 AO 1354 14 ch bro mix 1400 6
274 925 36 do bro pek 1980 41 418 St. Clive 1357 16hfeh younghyson 800 34
975 928 19 ch pek 1577 33 419 1360 17 ch young hyson 765 23
q7, + Weyunga- fa APIC 1369 5 ee me pek ep 29
42 c pe. 100 22
a ee Core aldo nek tan i. ones 424 Udabage 1375 26hfch bror pek 1430 32
279 940 31 do pek sou 2480 20 ine tae ee ae Saha ny amepeces
282 Mawiliganga- 426 1381 15 do pek 759 20
watte 49 8 do bro orpek 800 388 ae Ki 1387 2 do dust abe 18
283 952 41 do pek 4100 27 430 Kincora 1393 20 ch bro pek 2200 845
224 955 33 do peksou 2541 20 431 1396 35 do pek 2975 33
285 968 10 do dust 100024 a STAT ee eit aap oye Pe
286 Pitaratmalie 961 38hfch broorpek 2432 43 bid fee EEO ENsenle race aa de ED ok ae Bt
287 964 49 do bropek 2744 37bid | 42 A seguethacoh eee eid ee
288 967 85 do pek 4080 84 bid || 43° weltooa: Ae obit o Ren eon arma Oona
289 Waverley 970 32 ch peksou 2880-33 con HOS, x ee i h ust 7a 22 °
200 Marlborough 973 21hf-ch broorpek 1050 57 FSS ay el cei YO Balt
291 976 11 ch bro pek 110g a1 439 Sylvakandy 1420 25hf-ch broorpek 1925 30
992 979 8 do or pek 720 33 440 1423 15 ch or pek 1350 22
294 Ganapalla 985 10 do or pkNo.1 900 34 Foe) eee RY 8 GO pas so. ED
295 988 25 do orpkNo 22050 28 444 Tymawr 1435 20hi-ch broorpek 910 — 55 bid
206 991 13 do broorpek 1408 33 ae see Go acpi Canta eeoRieeneae
9 : 446 1441 22 do pek 1100 38 bid
297 994 22 da pk No. 1 1826 22 - d .
298 997 21 do pekNo.2 1722 20 ae 1444 16 do peksou 800 — 32 bid
299 1000 19 do pek sou 1520 18 448 Hanwella 1447 19 do younghyscnl045 37
200 Bargany 1003 18 do broyek 1800 = «35 452 Bramley 1459 40 do bro pek 2400 46
301 1006 20 do pek / 1800 22bia | 2°23 1462 34 do or pek 1904 34 bid
805 1018 27hf-ch bro orpek 1620 a39bia | *°4 Leen ab eaes ee
Be 103) Bo Ae or es 1250 32 bid
‘ E ¢ e. 2080 80 bid : i —
310 Woodend 1083 17 do bie pek 1700 36 ; Messrs. Somerville & Co
311 a 19 do pek 1710-23 [320,091 1b.]
312 10389 11 do vek sou 880
318 Trex 1057 26 do a pek 2600 he Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ibs ane:
319 : $ 1060 82 do pek 2880 29 9 BA 1474 15hfch dust 1350 24
325 M T P in est 14 Owilikande 1489 42 ch bro pek 4200 32
: mark 1078 22 a dust 2200 withd‘n 15 1492 1@ do pek 850 20
326 Valgaswela 1081 12hf-ch broorpek 720 26 16 1498 12hfch bropekfa 840 25
$27 1084 30 ch or pek 2550 82 17 1498 9 do dust 720 21

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, 3
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibiv eres Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 4c:
18 Kudaganga 1501 8 ch _ bropek 80C 30 196 136 17 ch _ pek 1360 22
19 1504 14 co pek 1330 22 |} 201SLG 151 11 do sou 935 15
20 1507 11 do peksou 1045 20 |; 202 Yarrow 154 18hfch fiowyor pek 9U0 46
23 Bodava 1515 29hfch bropek 1595-34 | 203 157 26 do or pek 1245 30
28 Paradise 1531 li ch or pek 1045.30 | 204 160 14 do pek sou 812-35
29 1434 7 do bro pek 770 30 205 163 28 do dust 1232 25 bid
30 153° 16 do pek 1520 20 209 Neuchatel 175, 35...ch bro or pek 3500 37
31 1540 li do peksou 990 18 210 178 31 do or pek 2480 = 23
34 Ingeriya 1549 35hfch broiek 1750-33 211 181 16 do — pek sou 1280 23
35 1552 20 do pek 960-22 212 184 6 do dust 810 923
37 1558 7 ch dust 1001 19 | 214 Neboda 190 29 ch bro cr pek —-2900 37
38 Hilandhu 1561 12 ch bro pek 1140 928 ; 215 193 28 do or pek 2296-25
39 1564 14 do pek 1260 18 ; 216 199 11 do _ pek 935 21
42 Dryburgh 1573 33 ch broorpek 1881 36 , 217 J 202 11 do pek sou 836 20
43 1576 16 do or pek 1424 32 | 220 Deniyaya 208 62 ch bro pek 6200 35
44 1579 19 do or pek L5n7 32 | 221 211 32 do pek 3200 22 bid
45 1582 42 do pek 33€0 21 bid 222 214 20 do pek sou 2000 20
46 Mahatenne 158 12 ch broorpek 1200 39bid | 225 DMR 223 11 ch dust 1100.22
47 1588 22 do bro pek 2200 =. 333 226 Kelani 226 10 ch bro pek 900 §=6.38
48 1591 18 do pek 1710-28 | 227 229 14 do broorpek 1400 32 bid
57 Meddegodda 1618 30hfch broorpek 1510 37 | 228 232 17 do _ or pek 1360 31
60 Warakamure 1627 28 ch bro pek 2800 = 32 | 229 235 21 do pek 1680 24
61 1630 22 do pek 1892 22 230 238 12 do pek sou 960 21
62 Horagoda 1633 7 ch broorpek 700 32 | 231 Yspa 241 14 ch — pek sou 1210 28
63 1636 9 do cr pek* "65 32 | 233 St. marks 262 31 ch pek sou 2820 15 bid
64 1639 13 do pek 1235 18 bid | 239 Waganilla 265 20 ch bro pek 2000 39
68 Avisawella 1651 18 ch _ bro pek 1800 2 240 268 21 do or pek 1890 36
69 1654 14hfch broor pek 700 46 241 271 11 do pek 990 34
70 1657 20 ch pek 18u0 22 242 274 9 do pek sou 720. 28
71 1660 20 do pek sou 1600 19 248 GP 292 19 ch bro or pek 2090 34 bid
78 Pindeni Oya 1681 10 ch or pek 850 22 249 295 85 hfch or pek 3825 24 bid
80 1687. 8 do sou 720 18 250 293 24 ch pek 2040 22 bid
81 / 1690 8 do bro pek fans 800 22 251 Harangalla 3801 17 ch bro or pek 1615 35 bid
87 New Valley 1708 20 ch broorpek 2000 46 252 304 10 do bro pek 850 = 32 bid
88 1711 17 do or pek 1530 33 bid | 253 307 21 do pek 168) 21 bid
89 1714 14 do pek 1400 31 254 310 13 hfch dust 975 25
90 1717 16 do pek sou 1280 30 255 BN 313 30 ch bro or pek = 3000 26 bid
92 Maddagederal723 26 ch bro pek 2640 35 256 316 46 do bro pek 4186 24 Wid
93 1726 19 do — or pek 1710 390 257 : 319 45 do pek sou 3825 16 bid
94 1729 35 do pek 2800 24 258 Raneleigh 322 28 ch pek sou 2540 13 bid
95 1732 26 ch peksou 1950 20 259 325 15 do fans 1870-22
96 1735 18hfch_ bro pek fans 1080 25 260 Abewatte 328° 23 ch bro or pek =. 2300 26
98 Nyanza 1741 11 ch or pek 1100 3 261. Marigold 331 26hfch bro orpek 1404 651
99 1744 16hfch broorpek 880 46 262 334 23 do or pek 1150 37
100 1747 15 ch _ pek 1350 28 bid | 263 337 23 do pek 110483
104 South Africa 1759 24 ch bro pek 2400 25 bid | 264 340 30 do pek sou 141035
105 1762 19 do pek 1558 22 265 343 30 do _ bro pek fans 2080 36
106 1765 20 do peksou 1560 20 266 Allakolla-
109 Mawatara 1774 19 ch brobox 1710 31 wewa 346 21hfch bro orpek 1134 50
110 1777 17 do pek sou 1275-20 267 349 20 do or pek 1000 36
112 Old Madde- 268 352 20 do pek 960 37
gama 1783 11 ch broor pek 9880 48 269 355 30 do pek sou 1380 36
114 1789 16 do pek 1360 34 270 358 13 do bro peg fans 845 35
117 Tyspane 1798 19 ch broorpek 1900 4@ 272 Rahatungoda 364 33hfch broor pek 1728 46
118 1801 30 do bro pek 3000 34 273 367 33 do pek 1782 40
119 1804 58 do pek 4814 28 274 370 44 do pex 2420 387
120 Carney 1807 30hfch bro pek 1500 34 275 Hartfield 3873 33hfch broorpek 1749 24
121 1810 22 do pek 990 23 276 376 24 eh pek 968 23
122 1813 16 do peksou 800 18 277 : 379 13 do pek sow 936 © 20
127 Aberfoyle 1828 14kfch_ bro pek 700 «87 273 Gangwarily 382 12 ch broorpek 1140 36
128 1831 14 ch pek 1400 26 279 385 42 do er pek 3780 30
133 Jak Tree Hill1846 14 ch bro pek 1400-32 280 388 39 do pek 3315 23
134 1849 8 do pek 800 22 281 391 26 do peksou 2080 8620
138 DM OG, in 283 397 8 do or pek fans 720 28.
est. mark 1861 26hfch broorpek 1300 41 284 : 4u0 s do fans 800-23
139 1864 21 ch pek 1689 28 | 286 Havilland 406 29 ch bro or pek 2900 36
140 1867 18 do peksou 1350 26 287 409 21 do or pek 16:0 31
144 Beausejour 1879 16hfch_ bro or psk 960 & bid | 288 412 75 do pek 6750 = 22
147 1888 40 do pek 1920 24 289 415 11 do pek sou 880 19
148 1891 ch pek sou 720 20 291 421 13hfch fans 910 25
153 RKP 1906 21 ch broorpek 1890 36 293 LB K 427 10 ch pek 90 7
154 1909 14 ado or pek 1120 35 294 430 13 do pek sou 1105 6
155) 1912 19 do pek 1615 21bid } 290 433 30 do sou 2250 6
158 Weygalla 16 11 ch bro pek 1100 56
19 27 do _ pek 2295 29 bid
160 Fairfield 23 29bfch broorpek 1682 70 | (Mr. H. John.—209,855 |b.)
161 31 20 ch or pek 1890 38 bid |
162 Biagiide Ubrotpek! 1968! se Ra. | oe Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. .
163 37 29 do pek 2755 35 3 Tebuwane 399 9 ch broorpek 882 30
165 43 12hfch fans 840 XG 4 402 11 do or pek 880 27
167 Citrus 49 18 ch bro pek 1800 32 5 405 1% do _ pek 888 23
168 52 19 do pek 1900 22 6 408 10 do pek sou 760 17
174 Kurulugalla 70 14 ch bro pek 1400 34 10 Gansarapolla 420 12hfch_ broor pek 840 36
175 73 11 do pek 1045 24 11 423 19 do bro pek 1140 33
180 Cooroondoo- aA a6 it ae or pek 1210 24 bid
e : 4 o pek 800 21 bid
ag PE Bee ch ae pek sO eae id 14 Winwood 432 23hfch broorpek 1150 44 bid
183 Ossington 97 37, chi bro pek 700 20 bid | 16 wee tf Oe eae Toe a bia
184 100 13 do pek 1170 16 ; ae118) doy nek 11702
187 Rothes 109 27hfch bro pek 1620 36 18 peksou Olen 26
188 112 11 ch ek 990 28 444 17hf-ch bropek fans1020 29
191 Ranasineha- we Pp 22 CGarendon 456 26 ch bro pek 2778 =31 bid
6: 23 459 18 do pek 1800 20 bid
patna 121 55 ch or pek 2750 28bid | 24 462 12 do pek sou 1200 17 bid
192 124 63 do broorpek 3780 38bid | 26 Mocha 468 20 do broorpek 2000 47
193 4 127 27 eh pek 2430 = 26 27 471 9 do _ or pek 855 ~—- 36 bid
194 130 20 do pek sou 1600 22 bid 28 474 12 do kK 1140 35
195 Murrayth- 29 477 15 do peksou 1350 34
waite 133 22 ch bro pek 2200 8635 30 480 12hfch fans 960 = 81

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. SMALL LOTS.
31 Templestowe 483 22 Gets bro oe pek 1760 46 x
32 486 22 Cc or pe 1056 36
33 489 98 ch pek 2520 26 £. Benham & Co.
41 Glasgow 513 22 do or pek 1540 37 bid | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ¢.
42 516 16 do pe 1472 36
43 519 10 do peksou 1000 34 Baton 0 ae He Bee oe
44 Agra Ouvah 522 50 Be ch broorpek 2900 69 3 76 4 do pek sou 820 18
45 525 36 do or pek 1872 45 8 Velana 91 3 ch bro pekfans 375 22 bid
46 628 18 ch pek 1656 43 14 WwW 9 2 do bro or pek 200 33 bid
51 Rookwood 543 46 do pek 4140 30bid | 16 12 3 do pek sou 278 ~=:12 bid
538 Galanda 549 20 fo bre pek 20) 27
54 552 21 do pe 1755 21 =
55 555 15 do pekA 1350 21 (Messrs. Forbes & Waiker.|
57 561 10 do sou(2 oz.lead) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib; ae;
(Ven. pkgs.) 1010 1L
59 567 10 do pexfans” 1050 16 1 Hgragaskelle TB geen cn pene Ed
61 GL 573 9 do bropekNo.2900 15 3 lie 4 do aoe Pa a4 21
62 Allington 576 11 do bropek 1110 32 4 FF, inestate 16
63 579 13 do pek 1170.20 mark 115 9hfch bro pek 495 14
67 Mount Everest 591 10 do bro or pek 1000 Gl 65 118 @ do pek 300 re)
, 68 594 12 do or pek 1080 ~— 38 bid 6 121 5 do pekjsou 225 9
69 597 21 do pek 2100 = 35 13 Sirikandura 142 1 ch bropekfans 70 93
70 Moratota Estate 600 8 do or pek 800 32bid | 14 145 2 do fans 12416
16 148 1 do congou 79 »=«16
71 Koslande 603 20hf-ch bro pek 1100 330 | Og 151 2 do bro pek dust 236 25
72 606 20 ch pek 1700 21 17 154 1 do dust 157 19
76 Gonavy 618 9 do pek sou 810 21 18 J A I, in est.
7 621 13hfch dust 975 8623 mark 157 1hfch bro pek 5025
79 627 9 ch pek sou 810 21 ue 2160 4 to per 180 16
dust 25 24 3 do pek sou 120 «11
80 So0uat pi ch Shisa aaee 21 21 166 1 do bro pek fans 57 “1
SI Pei ee Les as 25 P tt 178 6 ch k
83 639 11lhf-ch pek sou 990 21 a anaWaLbe ifs hf ch ae Jae re =
64 ; 642 9 do dust 720 24 31 BR M, in estate
86 Cabin Ella 648 17 ch or pek 1445 34 mark 196 6 ch sou 540 19
87 651 28hf-ch broorpek 1568 38 33 202 4 do dust 580 25
88 654 17 ch pek 1530 32 38 Torwood 217 7 do pek sou 490 18
89 657 9 do pek sou 810 25 39 220 8 do sou 640 «16
93 Heatherly 669 15 do pekNo.1 1350 18 43 Corfu 232 7hfch bropekfans 490 26
: 48 Yogama 247 5 ch dust 600 23
97 Higham 681 26 do bropek 2600 39 59 Chesterford 280 3 ch congou 270 17
98 684 17 do pek 1615 30 70 Glendon 343 9 ch bro pek fans 585 25
99 687 10 do peksou 900 8=. 28 71 346 8 do dust 640 22
103 Bowhill 699 20 do pek 1800 withd’n fe Clyde 334. 4 do dust 280 22
104 Coslande 702 20hfch bropek 1100 34 C8 TTR Gs aktats on ao ee
105 705 20 ch pek 170021 eke 300° ath: \ Yealten “4
108 Hila 717 78 do bro pek 6630 27 bid
: 5 82 Hentleys 349 14hfch or pek 658 36
110 720 76 do pek 6840 21 84 Bap" S ch Pebcon nee
111 723 1d do pek fans 1600 23 85 358° Shfch fans 300. 24
112 726 16 hfch dust 1275 23 86 36L 1 do pek dust 102 is
114 Ottery 732 16 ch bro orpek 1600 41 bid | 91 Penrhos 376 2 ch sou 184 17
115 735 24 do pek 1920 33 92 379 3hfch fans 225 24
116 738 11 do pek 880 33 93 382 1 do dust 91 20
119 Oakwell 747 28 do bro pek 8248 37 108 Halwatura,
120 750 29 do pek 3016 24 bid Inv. No. 12 427 4hfch dust 360 21
121 753 12 do pek sou 1164 20 109 Barrington 430 9 do bro pek 460 31
124 Caardy Goody 762 25 do bro or pek 2875 24 bid | 110 433 7 do pek 350 py
125 765 21 do bro pek 2310 23 bid | 111 436 9 do pek sau 450 17
129 Gangawatte 777 15 do bro or pek 1500 60 112 439 1 do dust 80 20
130 7380 15 do bro pek 1500 40 113 B BB, inestate
131 783 41 do pek 3690 35 mark 442 5 ch dust 410 22
135 Brownlow 795 25 hf ch eo er pek 1525 49 115 Ewhurst 448 4hfch broor pek 232 47
136 798 21 ch or pek 1911 35 117 454 4 ch pek sou 380 22
137 801 v6 do pek 2288 34 118 457 3hfch fans 231 25
138 Dickapittia 9804 30 do bro pek 3000 32 bid 119 Amblapitiya 460 4 do bro pek 200 31
139 807 41 do pek 4100 25 120 463 7 do pek 336 18
140 Elston 810 11 do or pek 990 35 121 466 7 do pek sou 812 12
141 8138 19 do pek 1615 28 129 Memorakan-
142 816 19 do pek sou 1615 22 de 490 5 ch dust 500 «18
143 Myraganga 819 46 do orpek - 1140 30bid | 131 Aigburth 496 6hfch dust 600 20
144 822 40 do or pek No.23200 28 134 OBE C, in
145 825 51 do broorpek 3100 35 bid estate mark
146 828 20 do pek 1900 26 Forest Creek 505 4 ch red leaf 340 12
147 831 13 do pek sou 1040 21 145° Vegan 638 4 do pek sou 340 20
148 Glasgow 834 21 do or pek 1428 36 146 541 5hfch dust 400 22
149 837 14 do pek 1288 26 150 Preston 553 3 ch bro pek fans 336 41
1560 MPS 840 46 do brpekdust 4140 20bid 15a Tempo 665 6 do peksou 480 19
151 843 25hfch brpekfans 1760 21bid 155 568 3hfch bropekfans 171 26
152 MountClare 846 12 ch bro or pek 1200 36 156 571 3 do dust 255 20
153 849 8 do or pek 720 24 161 OB EOC, in
154 852 8 do pek 704 20 estate mark
156 PTG 808 28 do bro or pek 2800 35 bid New Market 586 3 ch pek sou 300 24
157 861 40 do pek 8400 24 bid 162 589 3hfch fans 210 26
156 #64 12 do pek sou 840 18 bid 163 592 2 do dust 190 21
16) Goomera 873 65 hf ch aber pek 8900 82 bid 172 Harrow 619 56 ch pek sou 450 34
162 86 21 ch pek (2 oz. 173 622 3hfch © dust 240 24
lead) 2100 26 176 Palmerston 631 2 ch pek sou 156 37
168 MTS 879 13bfch pekdust 1170 17pbid | 182 Athlone 649 4 do fans 400 92
164 882 7 ch pek fan 805 17 bid } 183 652 Lhfch dust 80 19
165 Ruanwella 885 29 do or pek 2465 28 198 Erlsmere 682 6 ch or pek 480 41
166 Gonavy 888 16hf-ch or pek 1280 ©9883 196 691 5 do pek sou 425 27
167 891 25 ch bio pel 1375 46 bid 197 i 694 2hfch dust 164 22
16 694 89 do pek 2925 26 198 W, in estate y
169 TEWN 897 11 do dust 1100 =. 20 mark 697 2hfch young hyson 105

,

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, hb, fe Lot Box. Pgks. Name. Ibi ike:
199 700 2hfch hyson Nol 128 18 bid 11 1480 8 ch pek 140 27
20u 703 1 do bhyson 70 14 bid 12 1483 3 do pek sou 270 11
201 706 do twanky 52 il 13 1486 1 do fans 100 12
219 Hanwella 760 4 do byson Nol 400 24 21 Kudaganga 1510 3 do tro pek fans 285 23
220 763 3 ch hyson No2 300 15 22 1513 5 do bro pek dust 625 21
221 766 2 do hyson siftings 260 2 24 Bodava 1519 7 ch pek 630 - 21
226 Battawatte 781 3 do dust 300 20 25 1522 5 do pek sou 425 19
238 Clunes Sie sn ich bro pek fans 225 16 26 1525 lhfch bro mix 45 12
240 823 2 do 27 1528 2 do fans 280 8622
lhfch fans 245 16 32 Paradise 1543 2 ch dust 330 22
941 §26 4 ch cust 340 20 33 Ingeriya 1546 5 ch broorpek 570 28
250 Polatagama 853 6 ch or pek 540 34 36 1555 6 do pek sou 570 18
254 865 2 do aust 300 20 40 Hilandhu 1567) I. ch dust 150 20
276 Lochiel 931 6 do pek sou 480 26 41 1570 1 do bro mix 100 9
280 Weyunga- 49 Mahatenne 1594 5 ch _ pek sou 450 18
watte 943 5 ch seu 425 17 50 1597 4 do dust 400 22
981 946 4bfch dust 320 20 51 MN 1600 1 ch bro pek 72 23
302 Bargany 1009 7 ch pek sou 560 19 52 1603 2 do or pek 172 22
303 1012 1 do dust 140 38.20 53 1606 1hfch pek 47 #19
304 1015 1 do bropekfans 89 26 54 1609 1 ch pek sou 88 10
308 OBECin 55 1612 1hfch pek fans 42 15 bid
est mark 1027 4 do br or pk fans p60 26 56 1615 1 box dust 26 16
309 1030 1lhfch dust 19 58 Meddegodda 1621 4hfch dust 240 21
313 Woodend 1042 2 ch dust a 22 59 1624 1 do fans 50 23
314 1045 2 do fans 220 25 55 Horagoda 1642 7 ch pek sou 630 18
315 Relugas 1048 3 do dust 495 20 66 1645 1 do dust 100 20
316 Putupaula 105! lhfch bro pek 49 28 67 1648 1 do con 100 8
317 1054 7 do pek dust 630 22 72 Avisawella 1663 5hfch dust 350 22
320 Irex 1063 7 ch pek sou 560 21 73 Beruketiya 1666 6 ch bro pek 648 29
321 1066 1 do pek fans 110 23 74 669 1 do bro pek No2 80 23
322 1069 2 do dust 170 19 15 1672-7 do pek 638 20
323 1072 1lhf-ch br or pk fans 65 23 76 1675 1 do fans 117 20
324 M T P in est 77 Pindeni Oya 1678 6 ch or pek 540-32
mark 1075 4 ch bro tea 420 withd‘ 7 1684 7 do pek sou 595 26
330 Lesmoir 1093 7 do or pek 630 32 82 1693 1 do dust 146 18
337 Nahalma 1114 5hf-ch bro pek fans 280 29 83 WHI 1696 2hfch bro pek 100 23
338 1117 3 do dust | 240 22 84 1699 4 do pek 180 19
842 Arapolakandell29 4 do siftings 320 13 85 1702 4 do pek sou 160 12
346 Moneragalla 1141 5 ch bro pek 360 35 91 New Valley 1720 Lhfch dust v0 22
349 1150 4 do pek sou 240i); 18 97 Maddagedera 1738 6hfch dust 480 22
350 1153 do fans 264 25 101 Nyanza i750 4 ch pek sou 360 22
351 1156 3hf-ch dust 240 22 102 1753 5 do pek fans 590 26
352 Walpita 1159 4 ch bro or pek 400 37 103 1756 3 do dust 300 = 22
856 1171 8 do pek sou 640 18 107 Mawatara 1/68 4 ch bro or pek 372 40
357 1174 3 do sou 231 14 108 1771 4 do or pek 298 33
858 1177 2 do dust 300 18 109 1780 2 do dust 201 21
360 Mousakellie 1183 7 do or pek 665 80 bid 113 Old Madde-
362 1189 3 do pek sou 270 22 gama 1786 8 ch or pek 560 37 bid
363 1192 3 do dust 240 22 115 1792 5 ado pek sou 425 29
364 1195 3 do bro pek fans 165 27 116 1795 2 do dust 210 8927
370 Augusta 1213 2 do sou 96 14 123 Carney 1816 3hfch bro pek fans 150 23
371 1216 3 do dust 440 20 124 1819 1 do sou 50 10
378 Kennington 1237 4 do pek sou 340 19 125 1822 2 do dust 100 20
379 1240 3 do dust 459 20 126 Aberfoyle 1825 8hf-ch bro or pek 480 42
380 1243 4 do dust 560 20 12) 1834 2 ch pek sou 170 19
381 1243 i do unast 116 17 130 1837 2hbf ch Pek fans 142 24
306 Bandaraeliya 1291 15 hf-ch pek sou 690 26 131 1840 1 ao broor pkdust 54 22,
398 Rinest. mark1297 1 do bro pek 46 26 132 1843 2 do pek dust 148 21
399 1300 1 do pek 50 20 135 Jak Tree Hill 1852 3 do pek sou 300 18
400 1303 1 do dust 56 10 136 1855 6 ch sou 480 10
404 Hopton 1315 7 ch pek sou 630 21 137 : 1858 38hfch dust 270 20
405 1318 2 do fans 200 24 141 DM OG, in
406 1321 2 do dust 220 22 est-mark 1870 3 ch bro mix 255 10
410 Amblangoda 1333 6 do pek sou 540 21 142 1873 8hfch dust 680 25
411 1336 1 do fans 110 24 143 1876 7 do fans 420 27
412 1339 1 do dust 110 22 145 Beausejour 1882 12hfch _ or pek 640 32'bid
415 Queensland 1348 4 do pek sou 357 24 146 1885 11 do bro pek 660 3L
420 St. Clive 1363 10 hf-ch hyson No.1 450 15 bid 149 1894 2 do bro pek fans 120 24
421 1366 5 do hyson faus 250 8 bid 150 1897 1 do pek fans 60 22
427 Udabage 1384 E— do pek sou 250 17 151 1900 1 ch dust 140 21)
429 1390 3 do dust 240 20 162 1903 1 do bro mix 85 20
433 Kincora 1402 4 ch bro pek fans 520 31 18 Weygalla 22 5 ch pek sou 500 23
442 Sylvakande 1429 4 do dust 400 20 25 1 do dust 110 =20
449 Hanwella 1450 8hf-ch hyson Mo. 1 440 25 6s Fairfield 40 5 ch pek sou 500 28 bid
450 1458 4 do hyson No2 220 16 166 46 3 hf-ch ust 800 = 20
461 1456 9 do hyson siftings675 12 169 Citrus 55 4 ch pek sou 400 17
170 68 3 ch fans 300 14
aie maa 61 2 a9 dust 270 18
[Messrs. Somerville & €o.] fe Be Coat one are
176 Kurulugalla 76 3 ch pek sou 285 17
Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. Ips dic: 99/9! eh pro bea: 170 6
1 Yatagala 1450 2 ch bro pek 236 = 8c ie 82 1 do bro pek fans 100 22
1 hf ch 179 85 1 do pek dust 130 19
2 1453 3 ch pek 318 20 182 Cooroondoowatte94 5 ch bro pekfams 500 27
1Lhfch 185 Ossington 103 5 ch pek sou 450 10
3 1456 2 ch bro pek 160 7 186 106 1 do dust 140° «18
4 Udu Mulla 1459 3 ch bro pek 270 33 189 Rothes 115 1 ch ek sou 87 16
5 1462 5 do pek 400 12 190 118 lhfch dust 90 20
6 1465 1 do peksou 156 8 197 Makuluway 139 2hf-ch bro pek 11035
2 hf ch 198 142 3 do pek 12529). 21)
7 1468 1 ch bro pek fans 222 17 199 145 4 do sou 192 12
2 hf ch 2C0 148 1 do fans 64 12
8 YJS 1471 1 ch pek 525 10 206 Yarrow 166 12hfch pek sou 600 20
9 bf ch 207 169 9 do bro orpek fans 540 29
10 Hurstpier- 208 *172 3 do pek dust 246-23
point 1477 6 ch bro pek 450 29 213 Neuchatel 187 3hf-ch fans 255 12

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

6

Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. Ibs | 2:

216 Neboda 196 6 ch bro pek 600 30

219 205 2hfch dust 180 20

223 DMR 217 5 ch pek 500 23

224 220 5 do scu 500 15

232 Paddawella 244 6 ch pek 600 12

233 S, in estate

mark 247 1 ch bro pek 120 21 bid
234 250 1 do pek 110 18
285 258 2 do peck sow 220 10
1 hf-ch

236 156 1 ch dust 140 16

237 159 1 box hyson 10 with’dn

243 Malabar 277 4 ch bro pek 400 31

244 280 7 do pek 560 23

245 283 2 do pek sou 160 20

246 286 1 do pek fang 100 22

247 289 1 do dust 100 20

271 Allakolla-

wewa 361 4hfch pek dust 284 26

282 Gangwarily 394. 7 ch sou pA 9 1}

285 403 3hfch dust 240 18

290 Havilland 418 3hfch dust 270 21

292 424 2 ch bro mix 190 9

‘296 LB K 436 5 ch fans 575 8

297 Batgodde A 439 4hfch _ bro or pek PA BY

298 442 2 ch or pek 186 32

299 445 3 do pek 288 24

300 448 1 do pek sou 80 20

301 451 1 do pek dust 94 20

(Mr. H. John.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. libsaes
1 KP 393 ya Ch yp ek 595 12 bid
2 St. Andrew’s 396 6hfch dust 510 22
7 Tebuwane 411.7 ch bro pek No. 2 630 30
8 414 7 do pek No. 2 532 22
9 417 7 do pek sou No. 2 490 12

19 Danwella 447 lhfch bropek 69 20 bid

20 450 2 ch pek 164 20

21 453 Lhfch dust 88 20

25 Clarendon ‘465 1 ch dust 1°8 18

34 AA 492 1 do dust 65 18

35 Ullandapitiya 495 2hfch broorpek 110 45

36 498 2 do or pek 100 34

37 501 4 do pek 200 24

38 504 1 do fans 60 24

39 507 1 do dust 50 21

40 510 2 do sou 90 20

47 PPP Sale 2i7cn bro or pek 180 29

48 534 2 do or pek 190 34

49 537 3 do pek 240 20

50 540 1 do fans 110 23

52 Galanda 546 7hfch_ bro or pek 497 34

56 558 4 ch pek sou 320 16

57 564 4 do br or pek fans 480 24

60 570 7hf-ch dust 595 17

64 Allington 582 6 ch peksou 640 15

65 585 1 do bropekfang 110 26

66 588 1 do dust 120 20

73 Koslande 609 5 do peksou 450 18

74 612 2hfch fans 220 26

75 615 2 do dust 160 22

78 Gonavy 624 3 ch sou 255 out

82 636 10 bf ch _ pek fans 550 28

85 E 645 7 do pek fans 455 25

90 Cabin Ella, 660 8 do brorpekfans528 27

91 Heatherly 663 6 ch or pek 540 81

92 666 8 do pek sou 640 17

94 672 4 do dust 640 19

95 675 2 do bro mix 250 13

96 Higham 678 Thich broorpek 455 388

100 690 2 do dust 190 20

101 693 1 ch sou. 100 17

Lot. . Pkgs. Name. ib, @
102 696 3bfich bropekfans 22 24
106 Ccoslancve 708 5 ch pek sou 450 18
107 W1. 2 do fans 220 26
108 714 2hbfch dust 160 22
113 §S,inest.mark729 1 ch bro pek dust 161 17 bid
117 Ottery 74. 6 do pek sou 480 28
118 744 2 do dust 170 24
122 Oakwell 756 2hfch fans 152 24
123 759 1 do dust 95 20
126 Caardy Goody 768 1 ch bro pek 110 withd’n
127 CAE Son: Wag to} pek 100 16
128 774 1hfch pek fans 70 20
132 Gangawatte 786 4 ch pek sou 36C 25
133 789 Ghfch dust 420 26
134 792 7 do fans 490 27
155 Mount Clare 855 5 ch pek sou 400 15
159 Maryland 867° 5 do bro pek 400 30
160 870 4 do pek 500 16

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Mrincine Lane, June 14,

“City of Perth.”—Ditto B, 3 bags sold at 59s 6d;
ditto G, 9 bags sold at 50s 6d; ditto Pieces, 1 bag
sold at 50s,

“ Deucalion.”—Ditto G, 7 bags sold at 40s 6d;
ditto B, 11 bags sold at 43s; ditto A, 2 bags sold
at 57s; ditto G, 6 bags sold at 46s; ditto Pieces,
7 bags sold at 53s,

“Tamba Maru.”—Hylton Brown, 2 bags sold at
59s 64; ditto Black, 2 bags sold at'42s 6d; ditto T,
1 bag sold at 54s.

‘*Kawachi Maru.’’—Hylton OO, 1 bag sold at 58s;
ditto O, 5 bags sold at 64s; ditto Brown, 2 bags
sold at 53s; ditto T, 3 bags sold at 50s 6d; ditto
B, 7 bags sold at 44s 6d.

“« Austral.”—Beredewelle COC Hx. No. 1, 19 bags
sold at 87s 6d; ditto T, 2 bags sold at 48s; ditto
Brown, 3 bags sold at 33s 6d.

“Statesman,”—A Glenalpin, 12 bags sold at 648;
1 bag sold at 563; Biditto, 11 bags soid at 50s.

“ Hitachi Maru.”—A Glenalpin, 16 bags sold at
64s 6d.

‘¢ Matiana.”—Wattapalawa 1, 36 bags sold at €5s
6d; ditto 2, 2 bags sold at 56s 6d.

“Kanagawa Maru.’—* MA in estate mark, Estate
Cocoa, 60 bags sold at 58s; 16 bags sold at 59s.

‘* Cheshire.”’—Middlemarch, 3 bags sold at 66s;
4 bags sold at 60s 6d; 2 bags sold at 55s; 2 bags

‘sold at 36s.

“ Logician.”—Warriapolla, 6 bags sold at 57s 6d ;
7 bags sold at 568; Suduganga, 39 bags sold at 93s
6d; 5 bags soldat 65s; 4 bags sold at 545; 4 bags
sold at 50s 6d.

‘“‘ Derbyshire.”—2, 4 bags sold at 43s; 1 Dark, 5
bags sold at 50s 6d; Broken, 1 bag sold at 56s;
1, 11 bags sold at 54s; 2, 2 bags sold at 40s; 2
Dark, 1 bag sold at 19s; 1 Dark, 1 bag sold at 40s.

‘“‘ Hitachi Maru.”—S in estate mark, 3 bags sold
at 50s; W in estate mark, 1 bag sold at 50s; N
in estate mark, 1 bag sold at 50s.

“ Statesman.”—K P G, 3 bags sold at 54s; 20 bags
sold at 41s 6d; 7 bags sold at 42s.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TBA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

{ PrRIcE :—123 cents each, 3 coples-
No. 27. 30 cents; gcopies } rupee.
a

CotomsBo, Juty 15, 1901.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. b, ft
ae vars 83 27hfch b k
1 i 17 7 Dike ro pe 1620 53
LARGE LOTS. 107 1786 13 ch or pek 1105 51
AMET AN 108 1789 28 do pek 2520 35
E. Benham & Co.] 111 Fetteresso 1793 8 do dust 760 28
[21.928 Ib 112 G, in estate
[21,928 | mark 1801 11 ch pek sou 1012 23
or F n 4 113 Licbten
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name ip i Burg 1s(4 35 hfch_ bro pek
1 Mapitigana 71 12 ch bro pek Wey ee dust (2975 15
3 74 14 do pek 109226 114 1807 9 ch conguu 81013 7 15
3 77 12 do pek sou 900 «(19 1145 OB EG, in
5 83 6 do fans 780 23 estate mark
6 Hornsey 86 20hfch bro pekfans 1320 28 Forest Creek 1810 13 ch broorpek 1300 61 bidi
7 H go 19 ch pek sou 1710 24 bid | 116 1813 33 do bro pek 3300 42 bid
8 Battalgalla 92 1Shfch bropekfans 1133 27 117 1816 13 do or pek 1170 85 bid.
13 Bunyen and at ae 118 1819 18 do pek Nol 1620 33 bid.
Ovoca 7 47hfch broorpek 2820 45 bid | y19 1822 19 do pekNo2 1710 | 32
44 10 69 do broorpek 4140 45 bid 120 Theydon
15 13 26 do orpek 1300 38 Bois 1825 11 ch orpek 990 36
46 16 20 ch pek 2000 = 35 bid | 121 1828 21 do pek 157526
7 19 14 do ypek sou 1260-32 { 122 1831 9 do peksou 720. 2)
pees e| 125 Roeberry 1834 21 ch bro or pek 2100 54
124 2837 36 do bro pek j 40
Messrs. Forbes & Walker 125 1840 46 do pex 34
528,910 1b] 126 1843 12 do pek sou 30
[528, 4 127. Palmerston 1846 13hfch broor pes 741 70
: S i 128 1849 14 ch pek 1232 46
Yiot. Box. Pkgs. Name. . lb e: 130 Aberdeen 1855 29 ch bro pek 2842 35
5 N 1480 23 ch pesfans 2760 24 131 1858 34 do pek 2850 . 26
6 OBES, ia 132 1861 11.hf ch bre pek Bae ae
or ark ans 7 2
Sal 1483 45 ch bro or pek 2745 60 134 BA 1867 16 do fans’ 960 25
x y 1486 22 do pek 2068 46 135 Killarney 1870 50 do bro or pek 2740 40
s 1489 47 do pek sou 3854 37 136 1873 20 ch pek 1800 32
a SG 1495 10 do pek 100 20 138 Morankande 1879 21 ch — or pek 1785-29
42 Nillomally, 139 1882 36 do pek 3240 21 bid
08 BCin 3 5 140 1885 23 do peksou W725) 19
state mark 1001 24 ch or per 2208 37 bid 113° Dunkeld 1894 38Shfch bro or pek 2204 47
i 1804 19 do pek Nol 1520 33bid | 144 1847 11 ch ~ orpen 1045 33 bid
ie 150716 do . do No2- 1408 3ibid | 145 1900 14 do pei 1260 Be
SG ree inl) 18, chy, bro,pek "1710." 1 20 146 BW D 1913 12hfch dust 960 21
22 GK ; 1531 35 ch pek sou 2625 20 147 Hayes 1906 24 ch bro orpek 22:0 38
23 1534 18 do sou igo. 8-17 Lis 1949 22 do bro or pek
34 1537 13 ao ase 900 28 i ee ce No 2 2310 35 bid
eS ; F 540 25 do ro pek 25 12 do or pek 1280 28
25 albarawe 1773 13 do. pek 1350 19 150 1915 100 do pek 3000 23
ae Laxapana 1556 5lhfech bro pek 3030) 151 u 19'8 22 do pek sou 1980 17 bid
31 ei i558 32 ch or pek 2380 } withdn. 153 High Poreet 1924 34bfch or pek ;
52 1561 59 do pel . a0 * id ssl é No. 1 1972 46 bid
564 25 do ro orpek 2375 4 Zi BS eGO or pek 1848 40
a Catteratenne tee; 28 do or pek 2100 30 155 1930 31 do pek 1488 35
5 1570 32 do peksou 2560 24 166 Battawatte 19233 7 ch or pek 700 32 bid
Bi 1573 20 ch pek sou 1300 21 bid 157 1936 5Lhfch wvroor pek 3315 387
Maxim 1579 18 ch bro or pek 1800 34 158 1939 29 ch pek 2755 28
1 Dambagas- Y 159 1942 10 do pek sou 800 23
ti lawe 1588 11 ch bro or pek 1210 49 161 Ruanwella 1948 17 ch or pek 1360 BL
of ETA i501 10 do. bropek 1060 40 162 1951 31 do bropek 3100 34
aa 1594 14 do pee as 1344 387 168 1954 28 ao pek 2669 22
: y “ 35 hf ch ro or pek 164 1957 10 do péek sou S00 20
50 Sylvakandy 1615 Noi. 1925 46 167 Maha Uva 1966/45 hfch bro or pek 2925 465
51 1618 37 do bro or pek 168 1969 23 do orpek 1380 87 bid
: No 2 2035 46 169 1972 26 ch pek 2470 88
52 1621 20 ch or pek 1800 33 170 1975 11 do’. pek sou 935 31
53 1624 41 du pek 3690 27 17h ‘ 1978 llLhfch dust 990 | 26
59 BW 1612 30 ch dust 2550 = 21 12 Erracht 1981 38 ch bro pek 3420 ° 33
61 Kelburne 1648 10hf-ch dust 800 89-26 173 1981 36 do — pek 2380 22
62 Cottazanga 1631 10 do dust 800-22 & 1i4 1987 24 do pek sou 1920 19%
63 Ragalla 1654 21 do fans 1470 28 ‘ 175 1990 15 do bro pek
64 Parsloes 1657 69 ch bro pek 6900 31 bid ieee { fans 1800-24
65 1660 40 do pek 3600 23 176 Dammeria 1993 21 ch pek. 2100 30 bid
66 1663 18 do peksou = 144u 20 177 1996 27 do pek scu 2450 26
68 Penrhos 1669 28hfch broor pex 1568 49 178 i 1999 33 do or pek 2970 33 bid
69 i 1672 29 do or pek 1302, 84 179 High Forest 2002 29nfch or pek
70 1675 34 ch pek 3060 2 Nol 1624 52
mt 1678 12 do pek sou 960 22 bid 180 2003 17 do orpek 901 42
75 Waitalawa 1690. 80 hich bro pek 4090 5L 181 : . 2008 16 do pek 768 37
76 1693 124 do ek 6200 30 142 Pine Bill 20!1 24ihfich broor pek i440 49
a7 1696 25 6o pek sou 1250 22 183 2014 19 ch or pek 1710 34 bid
73 1699 8 dc dust 720. 25 184 2017 24 do pek 3160 27 bid.
79 Woodend L702 ech bro pek 1700 34 15 2020 10 do pek sou 820 22 pid
80 1705 21 do pek 1890 23 186 HGM 2023 17 hf-ch bro or pek 1105 37
83 Nakia Deniya 1714 22hf-ch bro or pekk 1210 36 137 2028 12 ch ~~ pek 1080-26
Naseby 1732 24 do broor pek 1440 70 188 Monkswood 2029 29hfich bro pek 1730 63
90 1735 24 do or pek 1128 62 189 2u32 23 do or pek 1265 57
91 1738 24 do pek 1200 54 190 ‘ 2025 25 do pek 2250 47
92 &, in estate 192 Anningkande2044 12 ch _ bro pek 4033
‘mark 1741 +9. ch pek sou 999 9 194 j 2047 12 do pel 1140 22
97. Kosgalla 1756 17bich pek 7665 23 195 Middleton 2050 17 do bro pek 1615 43
96 Galxande 1762 29 do ov pek 1450 33 196 2053 16 do pek 1230 36
100 1765 22 ch pek 1870 27 200 BD W P 2065 10 do bro pek fans!100 31
101 E Land 1768 25 do sou 175012 202 Devonford 2071 25hfch broorpek 1525 54
102 Ingurugalla 1771 12 ch bro pek 1200 42 203 2074 12 ch pek 1116 40
. 1774 12 do pek 1080 3L 204 2077 Shfch dust 720 26

103

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

a

Lot. Box. Pgks. Name. Wo, @ Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib... c-
205 Algooltenne 208) 28 ch broorpek 2800 40 bid | 338 2479 30 ch pek 2700-24
206 2082 39 do or pek 3510 28 bid { 332 2482 21 do pek sou 1690 22
207 2083 35 do pek 9800 23 bid | 340 2485 10 do fans g0u 5
208 2029 18 do pek sou 1800 21 bid | 342 Pine Hill 2491 15 do or peE 1350 33 bid
210 New Pera- 343 249% 15 do pek 1350 27,bid
deniya 2005 16bfch dust 1289 24 314 Maragalla 2447 20 do br pek 2200 35 bid
212 Dunbar 2101 14 do broorpek 700 69 345 2500 14 do or peE 1260 «8.28
213 2104 15 da bro pek 825 47 346 2503 13 do pek 1170
914 2107 9 ch or pek 702 41 348 Bellongalla 2509 29hf-ch bro pek 1595 33
215 2110 9 do pek 702 39 349 2512 21 ch pek 175 23
-218 Thedden 9119 29 do br pek 2394 35 bid | 350 2515 15 do es sou 1275 20
219 9122 21 bid | 354 Delta 2527 41 do ro pek 4100 38 bid
522 P'Kanda 22 355 2530 320 do pek 2580 29
293 Vegan 52 356 2533 25 do pek sou 2025
204 26 359 ~Lavant 2512 9 do fans $55 withd‘n
225 23 bid
298 Glengariffe 46 .
229 ee (Mr. HE. John.—157,592 |b.]
231 Ismalle 21 é 4 ¢ f :
By ers a Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib oc.
233 33 4 Glentilt 909° 28 ch bro pek 2800 «48
234 28 bid 5 912 22 do or pek 1980 3
935 23 pid 6 915 16 do pek 1360 9-32
-236 0 26 1L Morahela 930 13 do or pek No.2 1118 53 bid
238 Wavatenne 2179 20 ch bro or pek 2200 34 12 933 18 do bru or pek 1800 32 hid
239 2182 32 do brpek 2880 32 te 936 26 do pek 2184 92 bid
240 2185 37 do pek 3145 23 15 Agra Ouvab 9i2 48hf-ch broorpek 2784 71
OAL 2188 441 do pek sou 3300 20 16 945 36 do or pek 1872 39 bid
242 2191 10hf-ch dust 800 18 17 948 17 ch ypek 1664 40
243 Mansfield 2194 41hfeh bro pek 2460 47 18 Glasgow 95\ 69 do bro or pek 4620 49
244 2197 2% ch pek 1900 940 19 954 16 do or pek 1120-37 bid
246 Yatadeiya 2203 2%ht-ch broorpek 1792 38 20 957 12 do pek 1lu4 34
247 8206 44 ch br pek 4400 31 21 960 9 do pek sou 900 33
248 2209 9 do ~° or pek 855 2 22 963 9 do pek fans 855 37
249 2112 18 do pek 1656 21 23 Kandaloya 966 22hfch broorpek 990 42 bid
250 2215 11 do pek sou 1100 19 vA 969 19 do bro pek 855 33 bid
21 RAM 2218 10 hf-ch dust 800 25 25 972 %4 do or pek 1360 33 bid
252 Poonagalla 2221 28 ch or pek 2660 37 6 975 54 do perk 2160 25
253 2224 21 do bro pek 2352 46 28 Warleigh 981 14 do broorpek §87 56 bid
254 2227 29 do pek 2842 30 29 984 17 do or pek 932 5U
255 2230 25 do pek sou 2125 26 80 Oonoogaloya 987 18 ch or pek 1620 32
256 Luchiel 2233 12hf-ch breorpek 720 62 31 990 16 do broorpek 1610 45
257 2236 19 ch or pek 1900 40 32 993 25 do pek 9195 3
258 2239 17 do pek 1445 33 33 Natuwakellie 996 11 do bro or pek 1100 4.
959 Marlborough 2212 25 hf-ch Bro or pek 1250 54 34 999 14 do bro peE 140U 33
260 2245 14 ch bro pek 1400 39 35 2 23 do pek 2070 30
261 2248 9 do or pek 810 32 36 6 13 do pek sou 1170 22
262 2251 17 do pek 1224-29 38 LEL 11 25 do bro or pek a
263 Maryland 2254 19 do bro pek 1900 39 No. 1 2500 41 bid
264 2257 25 do or pek 2250 30 39 14 22 do bro or pek
965 2260 20 do pek 1800 25 No 2 2200 39
266 2263 15 do pek sou 1350 21 40 17 32 do bro pek 3200 3d
268 Kumara Dola2’69 11 do bro pek 1210 36 bid 41 Morahela 20 21 do broorpek 2100 343bid
389 2972 8 Go or pek 720 28 42 23 16 do orpekNo.11376 31 bid
270 2275 § do pek 720 23 43 26 20 doe or pek No.2 1720 24 bid
277 Summer Hill 2296 42 do Bes or pek 2520 60 bid 45 32 21 do pek 1764 22
278 9299 59 do bro pek 3835 47 bid 47 Winkly 38 3lhfch broorpek 1860 30
279 230% 24 do or pek 2160 48 48 41 8 ch or pek 720 30
284 CP H Galle, 49 Ottery 44 17 do bro or pek 1700 46
in est, mack 2317 20 hfch young hyson1000 32 bid {| 50 A 47 23 do pek 1840 32
285 2320 20 do hyson 1000 26 53 Brownlow 56 20hich broorpek 1200 53
437 WVRA 2326 6C do bropek 3000 35 54 59 14 ch or pek 1316 35
288 2329 381 do pek 1550 31 55 62 20 do pek 1700 Bt
29 2332 27 do pek sou 1215 25 56 Little Valley 65 7 do bro or pek 73. 38
290 Nahalma 2335 384 ch broyek 2720 25 57 68 15 do bropek 1575 33
291 2388 28 do pek 2116 9-4 58 71 16 do pek 1320 23
992 28341 17 do pek sou 1547 21 61 MN 80 20 do or pek 20 0 37 bid
293 Good Hope 2344 42 do bro pek 3730 28 62 83 20hf-ch broorpek 1160 57
294 2347 14 do 4 broorpek 1400 39 63 86 28 ch pek 2520 31 vid
295 2350 16 do pek 1440 24 G4 89 § do pek sou 760 31
299 BW 2362 52 do br pek 5200 34 65 92 lihf-ch fans 880 B}
304 Kitulgaile 2377 20hfch broorpek 1300 _34bid | 68 Lynford 10L 16 do dust 1168 25
305 2340 19 ch or pek 1710 27 bid | 70 St. John’s 107 25 do broorpek 1500 50 bid
306 2383 21 do pek 1575 22 71 Perth 110 24 ch bro or pek 2352 34
309 Arawa 2392 vO do or pek 1900 27 72 113 23 do or pek 1840 24
310 2395 25 do pek A 2375 24 73 116 15 do pek 1095 22,
311 2398 20 do peksou 1700 =. 20 75 Galloola 125 47 do bro pek 4700 35
312 Ambregalla 2101 48hf-ch or pek 2304 32 76 128 56 do pek 5040 30
313 2404 $6 do broorpek 5760 35bid | 77 131 29 do peksou 2320 25
314 2407 83 ch pek 2970 —- 26 81 Myraganga 140 “6 do or pek 2080 27 bid
315 2410 24 do pek sou 1920 23 82 143 59 do bro or pek £9u0 38
316 Great Valley, 83 146 18 do pek 1710-25
Ceylon, in 86 Gonavy 155 19 do or pek 1615 32
est. wurk 2412 48hfch broorpek 2880 46 vi 158 17 do bro pek 1700 44
317 2416 27 ch or pek 2430 34 88 161 33 do pek 2475 26
318 2419 47 do pek 4230 28 89 S 164 36hfch bro pek 1980 38
319 2422 19 do pek sou 1710 26 90 167 22 ch pek 1870 29
320 Findlater 2425 34hf-ch br pek 1304 41 bid | 91 170 18 av peksou 1350 21
321 2428 18 ch pek 1710-32 ‘92 Elston 173 8 do or pek 720 33 bid
329 .Bargany 2452 2 hich broorpek 1617 35 bid | 93 176 14 do pek 1190 25 bid
330) 9An; 95 do or pek 1247 30 bid 94 179 13 do pek sou 1170 21 bid
33 Q153 26 ch pek 2077 2B bid | 95 182 13hfch dust 1105 25
332 Passara,Group2iG. 16 do orpek 1440-36 102 Gingranoya 203 76 ch broorpek 1600 38
223 9464 20 do bror pek 2000 44bid | 103 206 10 do or pek 900 8632
3 2467 17 do pek 1615 40 104 209 26 do pek 2210 30

227 Chesterford 2476 32 do bro pek 22003 105 Evalgolla 212 36hf-ch broorpek 1800 37

on
CEY
ae LON PRODUCE SALES
Lot. Box ui T LIST,
we an a i Name. Ib 3
12 YK 21 zune or pek eine Lot.
118 Dicxbedd PREY clef? ate ek 1100 3 137 Box Pk
119 edde #51 IL a3 ale SSN ee 138 SB o ne
Beale 0 _bro pek 502 8 Gooiwocd 882 14 hf ch : lb. ¢
do pek 110326 Toso casein bf ch one ci pad
03—«1S bi SEES orl ages . BU a3
Mi sbid | 140 8S 1110-25
essrs. Somerville & 0 ib y eo nek eg
y pea N:P. 4 10 €
Lot. |171,487 Ib.] ° 149 Tavala 889 15 ie bek sou ET er
4 Box. Pkg x 156 dete a 893 18 Ma ch bio mix ae 20
9 ieracalle 461. 7 88s Name. 1b. 157 patna 4 91 corpek th ao
10 urn 478 1 chi pek ate c. 158 ale 45hfch or pek 25 bid
Ht 481 18hfch pel, sou eonaeee 159 os ae bro or pek 2280 31 bi
Glenanore 484 10 do ae 135 ae 160 Harra’ 928 15 pex 360-28 bid
13 487 dust O12 ngall do 202
5 P a7 7 ch pek sou | my 16k Le rdosit och eee co nae
Polgahakande 496 11 do sou 700 29 162 934 14 bro or pek 1: Cami
Hi South Rey 40 By Ona RON BEE (3 TPL B 188 gis) abla bok pek Wp, eR
2 YO a 499 21 ch rT pek 28 166 L afoot rds pek 190-33
22 514d 14 bro or 774-32 17 Lochnagar % do 1140 ¢
F = ch pek 193° Ce 77 Sout! = 949 pek so 23
2 conte nade Bua | iam yo ch doe
2 52 fch 1 id 80 988 28 ro pek 2 20
26 eee Tee bro pek 530 26bid | 28! 9 8 hf ch pek 2400
: 2 91 2 bro or °6 bid.
29 Warak boomed goi)d. Dek 1160), «37 )) | 182 eee ne pee et
30 Sey REGS ch pek sou 1350 35 193 wy4 25 do ropek 100 40
28 2h 2 3 Amb 997 2 pek 0 33
31 eaiheot ch Beene 1050 19 2) GA alawa 26 do 1250 =
do pek 95 184 Wud 22 pek so 2d
32 544 15 pek 500-32 O72 be cy Bs aoc
544 d 1003 15 bro pé Pal
33 Doragalla 547 15 ae ek sou 1806 22 i eye coun. |) 1940 at
34 Se i Ga 1275 18 960 19
85 553 82 do bro pek 108 25
37 Bli 2 a. oe pek 270338 SMALL
38 inkbonnie 562 MOREE Pe ietaen a 4L LOTS.
3 ye Mes ic Db 1350 —_—-
Sem | broek 218 4, Benh
ue Fl ai as Te eo Lot. B am & Co.
pek sou (2 40 aa Ox. cos
43 Lyndku 577 6 a bulked 5 Mavitigama Pkgs. Name
aa rst CHeee aoe ee aoe 1615 98 palagie 80 5 ch sou 2 villi Ce
i ee ey ooh eC are eee
0 g 7 Z Inwoic ust
Ge Seine Bea aice pen a aes CR pp Oi aa ha 650-22
50 oe 28 ch aa 855 22 (invoice Noval M dust
51 ear 1B de an ee zee aS 12 Hepugastenne 1 5bfich dust 512 19
LZ oO x om ra
Nellicollay- 610 22 ch ee gou —-:1125 2 do dust A]
watte ek SOU : 320 2
58 619 18hf 1080-16 ST i
ee Salawa 625 11 Ech bropek 1152 (Messrs. Forbes
a Soe ek | oho ie B oo aleer |
i !
65 613 i aor ceo ek 1350 a 1 B’Watt ox. Pkgs. N
66 ae 5 do pek pe 1540 32 2 € 1468 3 aye. lb
68 Mousa eo 7 ag pek sou 1500 22 3 N Hana auth Bronte oral a
(2 lean Beane sae tans 1330 20 Qing lid 5 do bro mix gio 13
73 gasmulle 667 10 ch PES pek a 24 PY SG ae 1 4o aust 300 2
Scar , 840 1 ro pe 31 L SG 92 1 us 15
78 Scarborough 682 ae. ao pee k 1100 34 16 Carberr 1198 5 ao pro pek 130 «22
Maye Covagoda 689) 8 Peni anes FD Be 17 y HAE ear Eee cae pore eee
89 Fanhom Tis 1p ch ror; Bao es 19 15166 do ae 2519
Be 706 30hf ch ieoloniPek 1800 ae 20 pone doen soul 201s
a8 ae 16 do Hato OE pek 1680 On 21 i255 5 do bro pek 240 ue
39 ee ae Senos eee 7 | 27 Halb ES BGR Re ou A008
90 15 14 do TECH SD ad a ama tian ar SHER: Unie Sanaa en 2
9 718 13 hf ch pek sou 112 24 29 546 9 ch ust 450 24
a 721 12 do dust re a1 37 C6. tee 2 do fa 675 te
ee ee a at =o 8 8
97 “ans ¢c Bao ‘ans858 2. 39 Maxi ch bro or 1e@4 = 20
AR 739 20 dobro or pek 2000 Be ie Mani 1582 8 sioner
100 St. makalang oe ae pie pees 1800 on 4a Deaente ae 9 hf ch pek sou aren eee
101 exine zat 16 bye De pek pera pee 45 carat 1597 sos 9 78 aa
7 16 d to or pek z £ 5 ch = 2
ae er 10 ch poke Ne 1800 2 4 Bropek tans 30 2
03 2 ans 27 \
110 165 7 ch bro or pek Spa iee Sa 1606 4 Gola: DEOL Dete Si soph a
110 Hobart 769 11 dope Becca raoiiion a 1609 2 do pek PRO es
us Revita 731 24 bf eh mele 700 27 Be Sylvakandy 1612 1 do per gou one 26
SRL eSATA a Ls aes UE ae ean ioe ce ro pek fa Bs
116 ill 796 10 . pek dust 1080 19 mack estate dust ns 140 20
119 Avisawella TON Gat (ubeoibes 1120 98 oe 1630 6 ch 400° 22
. iS ge ee i eecme i
; 311 ro f 1 4 36 27
123 Side Gio ie 150033 60 North M: 1639 do pek sou 150-22 bid
124 Ferri $20 1 do pek 2610 67. Parsloe atale 1645 6 do fans 510). 19):
124 erriby 622 aencen Tea ae k 2000 28 72 Rarslves 1€66 eiht-ch dust 1°90 ne
Ey e ek - 7 Ss " co)
in ed eo 0 i fice 8s
2 29 32 d ek Nol BBs 2 HE eh 2
Tocotkadna Saoee faei abeNeHe eee Sti Woedend ie i dol, wok “oa. Es
2 eS) Gh Rakeon ey a 84 Tech ek ai ceRiean: BO ee
ae 844 Whf ch pek sou 80 20 25 Nakia Deniv 171L 1 do pels sou 48 20
183 607 4a) do bro pek 1600 15 f ya 1717 6 ch ust 13S 19
Fae eae BBOUIBE io Las Soles 87 a do ee B40 35
: 3 22 hf ek sou 23 723 2 a e 35
4 si 2do. orpek Zeooiiqanle || be Hae 3 do, dist mp
PaMeal acm acces) |S tree ins Be Hire ee bro pek 42019
1150 aie 96 X 1750.6 do ek 350-34
id | 98 PoQigG do, satpels 405 16
TRS doin be Sar 210 «14
é
o peksou Be 35
0 12

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lbs tes Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib.) ¢;
104 IN G, in est. y 66 MN 95 3hf-ch dust 281 22
mark WT zi ch pek sou 595 21 bid 67 Sanqubar 98 7 ch sou 595 16
105 1780 5 do sou 400 18 69 Dickapittia 104 5 do pek sou 50 = 18
109 Stamford 74 Perth 119 8 do pek sou 560 19
Hill 1792 5 ch pek sou 450 26 75 122 2 do pek dust 280 22
110 1795 4ht-ch «dust 340 25 79 Galloola 134 6 do dust 600 21
129 Palmerston 1852 2 do broor pek 80 137 5 do fans 500 =
fans 11031 84 Myraganga 149 8 do pek sou 640 §=-20
133 BA 1864 7hfch dust £45 re) 96 Toisy 185 3 do bro pek 3U0- 22 bid
237 Morankande 1876 12 do bro or pek 672 3) 97 188 4 do pek 385 ot
441 1383 3 do bro or pek 93 191 2 do fans 200 out
fans 226 22, 99 194 1 do sou 90 14
442 1891 2 do dust 170 22 100 M 197 3hfch or pek 153s out
152 Hayes 1921 10 bfch bro or pek LOL 200 8 ch pek sou 300 8
fans 650 30 107 Evalgolla 218 16hfch or per 640 3t
180 Battawatte 1945 2 ch dust 200 22 _1(9 Maryland 224 4 ch bro pek 400 30
165 Kuanwella 1960 3 do fans B00 18 110 227 4 do pek 400 19
166 1363 Thfch dust 560 21 111 Anamallai 230 2hfch dust 170 2
391 Nella Oolla {033 %@ ch congou 1:6 6 113 St. John’s Wood 236 6 ch bro pek 570 27
V1 2011 4hf-ch dust 332 © ©620 114 239 6 do pek 510 20
4197 Roscrea 2056 5 en bro pek 500 3h 115 242 6 do pek son 520-17
198 2059 4 do pek 328 21 116 Poolbank 245 2 do pek sou 200 %4
199 2:62 2 do nek sou 200 17 117 2:8 2bfch dust 170 15 bid
201 BDW2 2068 2hf-ch dust’ . 130 22 120 Dickbedde 257 4 ch pek sou 403 out
209 New Pera-
deniya 2092 8 ae fa Be : ae 21
211 2098 6 ch red lea 48 7 7 =1t 5
216 Dunbar 23 3 aor, Bek sou 216 © ©29 {Messrs. Somervilis & €o.}
DAT 2116 1 hf-c ust 81 22. k ps
270 P’Kanda 2125 4 ch bro or pek 400 45 Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. c
9°71 2123 5 do or pek 475 30 1 R, in estate
226 Vogan 2143 4 do pek sou 34000 «17 wark 464 2 ch pek 1G. 37
227 9146 5hfch dust 400 21 ‘457 2 dn dust 961 1s
237 Halwatura 2176 5 do dust 450 18 3 Moragalla 46) 6 ch bro pek 600 32
245 Mansfield 2200 6 ch pek sou 510 2 5 466 6 do pek sou 600 §=618
267 Maryland 2°66 3hf-ch dust . 240 21 6 469 1 do Seu 10) 12
271 Kumara Vola 2278 1 ch bro tea 80 20 7 472 3 do fans 200 12 bid
272 2251 1 do dust 150 20 8 475 1 do dust 106 15
273 Strathisla 9264 lLhfeh sou 41 7 14 Glenanore 493 7hfch dust 595 23
274 2287. 1 do bror pk fans 70 18 17 AGA Lindula 502 3 ch pek sou 276 = 22 bid
215 2290 3 do dust 255 Z 18 505 4 do pek sou 350 19 bid
276 2293 2 do pekfans 220 «19 19 508 4hf-ch dust 320 21 bid
280 Beddegama 2205 6 ch br pek 6L0 = 380 nid | 20 511 3 ch dust 390 =. 20 bid
251 9308 5 do pek 425 %0 bid 23 PYO 520 5 ch dust 500 92
282 2311 4 do 27 Oonankande 532% 3hfch dust 219 «9h
lhich pek sou 369 19 28 535 1 do red leaf 66 7
283 9314 3 do dust 360 20 40 Blinkbonnie 571 8 ch pek sou 72 35
286 C P H in est 47 Lyndbust 592 3hfch dust 255 21
mark 2323 3 do siftings 180 11 52 Hatdowa +07 2 ch dust 300 21
296 Good Hope 2353 7 ch pek sou 630 «318 54 Hanagama 613 8S ch sou 64 12
297 2356 8 do dust 240 20 55 616 4hfch dust 296 18
298 2359 4hfch bro pek fans 300 23 57 Nellicollay-
300 BW 2365 7 ch pek 630 22 bid watte 622 13hfch or pek 676 «328
301 2268 5 do pek sou 450 21 bid £9 628-9 ch pek sou 666 20
302 2371 2 do sou 180 17 60 631 1hf-ch dust 94 21
303 2374 1 do dust 100 19 61 634 1 do fans "0 21
307 Kitulgalla 2286 3 do peksou 270 = Is 67 Salawe 652 2 ch pek dust 314.21
308 23-9 3 do dust 315 20 69 Mousa 658 6 ch pex 540 22
322 Vindlater 2431 5 do pek sou 460 23 70 661 2 do prk sou 160 18
323 9434 3 do dust 285 2B 71 664 lhfch dvst 90 «19
324 Ettie 2437 5 do younghyson 500 24 74 Hapugasmulle 673 4 ch unas 400 14
325 2140 4 do young hyson 340 18 (5) 676 2 do dust 228 18
426 2443 6 do hyson No.2 540 out 76 Castlemilk 679 3hfch dust 270 2C bid
327 2446 1 do byson fans 120 i0 79 Meetiyagoda 688 4 ch pek sou 400 14
328 2449 1 do dust 164 11 €0 - 691 1 do sou 100 8
335 Passara Group2470 7 do pek sou 665 35 81 694 5 do fans 500 7
326 2473. 4ht-ch fans 280 28 82 Mincing Lane 697 4hfch pek fans 225 o7
341 Chesterford 2488 6 do aust 4&0, win 83 700 2 do dust 180 23
347 Maragalla 2506 2 ch bro tea 169 19 92 HR 727° 1 ch bro pek "95 97
351 BG 2518 2hf-ch fans 140 24 93 730 2 do pek 163 l
352 2521 4 do dust 340 ie 94 732 ihf-ch dust 68-17
353 2524 1 ch sou BY) 7 99 Allakolla 748 5hfch dust 500 19
257 W 2536 2hfch dust 18) 19 103 St Catherine 760 3hfch broorpekK 198 95
358 Ardross 2539 6 do dust 480 19 107 S W 79421 ch or pek dust 127 1S
360 Lavans 2545 7 do dust 616 withd'n 1¢8 775 1 do dust 140 18
109 G 778 lhf-ch bro mix 66 6
lil ms vF 784 13 hfch pet 585 14
_ EE f 112 Rayigam 7&7 3 ch bro pek fans 2C0 25
[Mir H. John I 113 790 5hfch bro pek dust 400 22
Lot. Box. Fkes. Name. Jb. c. 117 Cairnton 202 9hfch fans 486 920
4 2 ; 118 805 6 do aust 324 9-20
i Bowella 900 6 ch bro pek 600 30 122 Avisawella 817 3 ch fans 300 24
2 903 5 do pek 4250 21 128 Ferriby $35 2hfch dust 17021
3 206 3 do peksou 240 18 130 M, in estate S
7 Verelapatna 913 8 do fans 330 ee mark .841 1 ch bro pek 96 438
8 i 921 6 do dust 660 ral 142 Cooroondoo-
_98t, John Del Rey v4 4 hf-ch pek fans 34022 watte R775) ch! con 500 «2
10 927 2 do dust 230 19 143 880 2 do bro pek fans 200 24
14. Morahela 939 2 ch sou 130 18 144 883 3hfich pek fans 252, 22
27 ~Kandaloya, _ 978 6 hfch pek sou 200 20 145 886 5 ch dust 500 18
47 Natuwakellie 8 4 ch dust £002 i47 Tavalamtenne 892 8hfch broorpek 480 52
44 Morahela 29 7 do bro pek 672 85 bid | 448 $95 15 do or pek 675. 30
56 36 5 do sou 450-20 149 901 9 do peksou 405 19
51 Ottery 50 6 do pek sou 480027 151 Chetnole 904 7hfch dust 450 90
52a 53 Bhfch dust 240 25 | 152 LE 907 3 ch pro pek 294. 97
69 Little Valley 74 5 ch peksou 400.20 153 910 3 do pek 235 («16
60 77 4bfch dust 320 = 20 154 913 4 do peksou 390 16

CEYLON PRODUCE

a1)

SALES LIST.

Let. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib oe.
165 916 2 ch dust 280 «17
164 Harrangalla 943 7hfch bropek dust 525 21
165 Lochnagar 916 3 ch sou 285 12
167 California, 952 Q9hfch bro pek 450 29
168 955 5 ch pek 500 17
169 958 4 do pek sou 400 9
17 961 Lhfch pek dust 80 17
171 Mudikiriya-

kande 964 2 ch bro or pek 180 39
172 967 2 co bro pek AOr 23
173 970 2 do pek 200 22
174 973 3 do pek sou 270 18
175 976 1 do sou 90 16
176 979 1 do pek faus 105 18
178 M, in estate

mark 985 1L do unas 76 «18

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,

(From Our Conmercial Correspondent.)
Mincine Lang, June 21.

‘© Clan Macnab.”—Ditto 1, 2 casks sold at 81s;
2,3 casks and 1 tierce sold at 405; ditto PB, 1
cask sold at 62s; AADT T Co. Pallavasal F, 1
barrel sold at 80s; ditto 1, 1 cask and 1 tierce sold
at 70s; 2, 5 casks and 1 tierce sold at 58s ;
ditto PB, 1 cask and 1 barrel sold at 60s; 1, L
cask and 1 tierce sold at 705; 2, 4 casks and 1
tierce sold at 563; A AADT T Co. Pallavasal F,
1 barrel sold at 73s; ditto 1, 1 cask sold at 73s.

“City of Perth.”—OBEC in estate mark, Maha-
beriatenne O, 1 barrel sold at 40s; ditto 1, 1 cask
sold at 40s; 2, 1 cask sold at 35s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

* Guadiana.”—A I in estate mark, Estate Cocoa,
20 bags sold at 59s; AA in estate mark, Estate
Cocoa, 35 bags sold at 59s; 2 bags sold at 50s
6d; O DM in estate mark, 20 bags sold at 62s;
OO DMA & Co. in estate mark, 12 bags sold at
43s; A in estate mark, 2 bags sold at 51s.

“* City of Perth."—Grove, 43 bags sold at 77s 6d;
ditto 1, 1 bag sold at 45s; B, 2 bags sold at 45s,

‘‘ Tdomeneus.”—Belgodde 1, 6 bags sold at 65s;
2, 3 bags sold at 57s €d; Meegama A, 1 bag sold
at 563; C, 1 bag sold at 61s; 1, 4 bags sold at
62s; B, 3 bags sold at 49s 6d; Bl, 1 bag sold
at 55s.

“Kanagawa Maru.”—Meegama 1, 8 bags sold at
62s ; C, 1 bag sold at 573; B, 3 bags sold at.50s;
Bi, 1 bag sold at 55s.

“Magician.”—Marakona 1, 4 bags sold at 55s;
2, 11 bags sold at 45s; 3, 5 bags sold at 433; 4, 5
bags sold at 103; 5, 15 bags sold at 10s; 6, 2 bags
sold at 7s.

“City of Perth.’’—Marakona II, 8 bags sold at 57s.

* Clan McNeil.”—M, 1 bag sold at 55s.

“Duke of Westminster.”—M in estate mark, 20
bags sold at 50s 6d; 44 bags sold at 50s; 15 bags
sold at 49s,

OBSHRVER

PRINTING

CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

CEYLON

“ Caledonia "—E CP 1 in estate mark, 1 pocket sold
23 10d; ditto 2, lcase sold at 2s 11d; dittoU 3, 1
case sold at Ils 8d; ditto 1 at 28; 1 at ls 5d;
CP 3, 1 case sold at 2s 4d; ditto, 1 pocket 2s 3d; 1
case at Is 4d; 1 pocket at 1s 11d; 1 at 238; 1 case at 2s;
1 at ls 4d; 1 pocket sold at 1s 9d.

*Tdomeneus ’—Hoolo Group 1, 9 cases sold at 2s
4d; ditto 2, 2 cases sold at 1s 10; 2 at 1s 9d; ditto seed
1 case sold at ls 11d.

| «Stentor ’’—Vedehetta cardamoms HX, 1 case sold
at 3s 5d; ditto A, 3 cases sold at 1s 9d; ditto B, 2
cases sold at 1s 8d; ditto C, I case sold at 1s 5d; ditto
D, 1 case sold at 2s.

“Magician ’’—Vedehetta cardamoms B, 1 case sold at
2s 1d; ditto D, 8 cases sold at 1s 7d; ditto KE, 1 case
soid at 2s.

“ Statesman ”’-- Vedehetta cardamoms B, 1 case sold
at 2s 1d; ditto D, 2cases sold at 1s; ditto H, 1 case
sold at 1s 11d.

‘* Lancashire.”—ditto 2, 6 casesjsold at 1s 8d ; ditto
3, 3 cases sold at 1s 5d.

‘* Statesman.’—Altwood Ceylon Cardamoms, 5 cases
sold at 2s 5d; 4 cases sold at 2s 1d; ditto, 1 case
sold at 1s 8d; 4 cases sold at 1s 7d.

“Duke of Westminster.”—Mousakanda, Mysore, 1,
1 case sold at 232d; ditto 2, 1 case sold at 1 11d;
ditto 3, 1 case sold at 1s 6d; ditto Seed, 1 case sold
at 1s 10d.

“Clan McNeil.”’—Mousakanda 2, 2 cases solc at
Qs 6d.

“ Duke of Westminster.’—Forrest Hill, Mysore 1,
1 case sold at 2s 10d ; ditto 2, 4 cases sold at 2s 5d ;
ditto 3, 5 cases sold at 1s 8d.

“ Candia.” —ditto 1, 10 cases sold at 2s 3d; ditto
2, 8 cases sold at 1s 72; ditto 3, 2 cases sold at 1s
6d; ditto Shunk, 2 cases sold at1ls 6d; ditto Seed,
8 cases sold at 1s 5d.

‘‘Tdomeneus.”—W S in estate mark A, 2 cases sold
at 2s; ditto B, 2 cases sold at 1s 8d; ditto Warria-
galla, Mysore B, 4 cases sold at 1s 9d ;;ditto C, 1 case
sold at 1s 4d; ditto D, 5 cases sold at 1s 4d.

** Candia.’’—ditto D, 5 cases sold at 1s 8d; ditto3,
3 cases sold at 1s 6d; ditto Kobo, Myscre S, 7 cases
sold at 1s 5d; ditto Seeds, 1 bag sold at 1s 8d,

“ City of Khios.’’—2 cases sold at 1s 6d; ditto OO,
3 cases sold at 2s 1d; ditto O, 2 cases sold at 1s 7d;
ditto Brown, 1 oase sold at 13 5d ; ditto Seed, 1 case
sold at 1s 9d.

“ Magician.’’—ditto 2, 2 cases sold at1s 6d; ditto
BS, 1 case sold at 1s 4d; ditto Seeds, 1 case sold
at Is.

“« City of Venice.”—ditto 1, 6 cases sold at Is 10d
ditto St. Martins 2, 6 cases sold at 1s 7d; ditto 2,
3 cases sold at 1s 8d; ditto 2, 2cases sold at is 7d ;
ditto 3, 4 cases sold at 1s 5d; ditto 4, l case sold
at is 4d.

W: RKS,

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 28.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

Cotomso, Juty 22, 1901.

LARGE LOTS.

E. Benham & Co.|

[15,912
Pkgs.

15. do
14 hf ch

19 ch
39 hf ch
20 ch
12 bf ch

19 ch

lb. |
Name.

dust

dust
pek sou
sou
dust

pek sou
bio pek
pek
dust

pek sou

Messrs. Forbes & Walker

Lot. Box.
1 Hapugastenne
(Invoice No 19) 72
3 Mandara Newera,
*Invoice No 9) 78
4 Battalgalla 81
5 84
6 87
7 B, in estate
mark 90
8 Hornsey 93
) 96
11 2
12 G, in estate
mark 5
Lot. Box.
1 WFG 2548
2561.
3 Mahayaya 2554
4 2557
5 2560
6 2563
9 Lindupatna 2572
10 2575
il 2578
144 Alvern 2587
15 2590
16 2593
17 Walton 2596
18 2599
19 2602
23 Glencorse 26:4
24 2617
25 2620
26 2623
$2 Putupaula 2641
33 2644
34 2647
35 2650
36 Maha Bliya 2653
37 2656
38 2659
39 A 2662
40 Welkandala 2665
41 2868
42 2671
43 2674
44 Robgill 2677
45 Carlabeck 2680
48 CB 2689
51 Purana 2698
52 2701
57 Udaveria 2716
68 2719
59 2722,
62 Maldeniya 2731
63 9734
64 - 2737
71 Matale 2748
72 2761
73 2764

"7 Ardlaw and
Wishford 2776

78 27719
79 2782
80 2785

81 Ardlaw and

Wishford 2788
83 Cullen 2794
84 2797
85 280C
86 2Oe3
87 Knavesmire 25u6
88 2809
89 9812
90 Fctteresso 2815
91 2818
92 2821
93 2824

[695,839
Pkgs.

44 do
10 hf-ch
123 ch
15 do
22, do
35 hf ch
43 do
21 ch
10 do

lo.
Name.

dust
pek fans
bro or pek

pek sou

bro or pek
or pek
pek

unas
sou
fans
bro pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou

fans
bro or pek
or pek

bro pek
pek

pek sou
bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek sou

1750
700
720
870

2400

1980

1600

2420

1800

1170

2300
1720
2635

700

774
44U0
1870
3784

860

11685

1125
1540
2170
2666
1995

900

{

Prick :—123 cents each, 3 copies
380 cents; gcopies § rupee.

Lot. Box.

941 OBE C, in
estate mark
sindumallydo

100 Maballa
103 Nakiadenia

105 St. Paul’s

109 Delton

113 Penrhos

12200 KPW

128 Tembiligalla

133 CTL
135 Trafalgar

141 AMB
144 Panmure

150 Coldstream
Group

159 Clyde

165 Pallagodda

170 Non Pariel

176 Ganapalla

182 Lovat

184 Inverness

137 Dunkeld

193 Hanwella
197 Killarney
200 Seenegolla
206 D, in estate

mark
208 Udabage

212 Tonacombe

2827
2830
2833
2836
2845
2854
2857
2860
2863

2866
2869
2872
28756
2878
2884
2887
2890
2398
2905
2908
2911
2914
2917
2921
2932
2944
2950
2953
2956
2959
2962
2965

2268
2977
2980
2983
2986
2989

2995
2998
3001
3022
3025
3028
8031
3040
3043
3046
3049
3052
3055
3038
8061
3064
3073
0076
3079
3082
3085
3088
3091
2094
3097
310C
3103
3106
3109
3112
3115
3118
3121
3124

3136
3139
3145
3154
3157

3163
3169
3172
3175
3178
3181
3184
3187
3190

Pkegs.

ch

Nanie.

or bro

P

bro or pek
or pek
pes

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou
broor pek
bro pek

bro or pek
pek

pek fans
bro or pek

dust

bro or pek

nek Nol
do No 2

bro or pek

bro pek

or pek

pek

pek sou
bro or pek

or pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek No 1
pek No 2
pek sou
dust
bro pek
pek
bro or pek
or pek
pek
bro or pek
or pek
pek
pek sou
pek fans
dust
young
hyson
bro or pek
pek sou
bro or pek
pek sou
dust

fans
bro or pek

pek sou

lb.

c.

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 6. Lot, Box. Aen ts Pe e
B 5 r Ek 715 70 350 Linest. mark 3595 25 hf c us! 7
a6 ESSIEN ates 18 Bich ae Ribs 1020 43 353 Marlborough 4 20 do bro or pek 1000 56
9 } 354 7 14 ch bro pek 1330 40
226 Delta oe 33 ee wo pek a Y B55 10 10 do or pek 800 33
226 23 17 do pe E
227 3226 13 do pek sou 1053 26 356 13 15 “iis rich = 169 a
‘228 Middleton 3229 14 Be ch pro or poke fp pe pee Harrow Bt ui f - BAe or pe ied a
2 3232 16 do ro pe 44 is
30 3235 16 do pek P 1280 35 366 Sylvakandy 43 48 ae u9 pek 4 od
23: Erlsmere $233 15 hfch broorpek 780 57 367 46 30 ae e 4 a “
233 3244 27 ch bro pek 151242 370 Madulkelle 55 8 do ee or a iy
234 3247 22 do pek 1760 Bs sch Bi ps * ae Er pee Bee = BA
a i 32 9 , y 1140 2 bi es
Se Hone e co 38 mice Pe 1300 42 375 Chesterford 70 40 do bro pek ue Ei
239 3262 33 do pek 1716 38 376 1B ERAS eee 10.0 88
30 SR ee | Hea aoc, SON ey eee a
onapatiya 3268 21 do ro pe 197 3 bi ‘ 4 Be
Be pongree 3271 95 do or pek 1275 43 381 Sembawtte 88 oh de bre perk ae V3
243 3274 30 do pek 1560 39 382 91 2 - pe “ae
244 3277 16 do peksou 800 26 383 v4 16 ae Be 25 ies
945 3280 11 do pekfans 748 34 a Freds Buhe ap a a8 per ath ws
249 Haputala- 8 d k 8.0.20
wella 3292 29hfch bro pek 1740 36 386 103 o. pex sou ; ~0
a0 Ce i ere Gan mea SS
i Be 63hf¢ bro pe 265 i I i A
a aaa 3310 38 nat pek fi 1600 27bid | 392 Kotagaoya 121 11 do _ bro pek 1100-36
‘256 Great Valley 396 Lean) b; :
Ceylvn in est, et aa 33 9 d or pek 7660 37
mark 3313 41 hfch bro or pek 2460 53 mar. 1 one Fe z p = Pie 7
267 3316 19 ch or pek 1710 35 397 136 32 hf-c ro pek 85547
258 3319 28 do pek 9464 29 398 139 23 do pek 1725-28
259 3322 11 do peksou 990 30 899 142 9 a pek - ate 22
260 Halwatura 402 Talgaswela 151 21 2 or pe aes 30
(Invoice No 12) 3325 59 ch cr pek 5897 28 403 154 21 do pe 30-28
92 § P 404 157 14 do pek sou 1050 20
261 Opalgalla 3328 24hfch dust 1970 18 168 Iphtch ance 800 o1
262 3331 9 ch congou 729 14 _— | 406 iE. “brctoek. agent Ge
263 Thedden 3334 29 ch bro pek 2891 32bid | 407 Holton 1 a 2 pe ee
264 3337 10 do peksou 791 21 ail Kitulgalla “178 19 do orpek 2710” astad
265) Noruhiundel: 46 WVRA 190 Qihfch bropek 1155 £3
oya 3340 25 hf ch younghyson 1375 415 R ‘ pe Pp Me was
266 3343 19 ch byson 1710 | withan. 416 Algooltenne 193 2 s ro ee 1) at 37 bid
267 3246 6 do hyson No2 990 417 ep 6 dah SPER 20805 bid
271 Kincora 3358 12 ch broorpek 1140 56 — 418 ah an p ee Sage" «aR bi a
272 3361 15 do or pek 1275 = 86 bid | 419 oe Bek on i
273 3364 9 do pek 765 34 420 : 206 pe nt en gee 1849 22
278 Vogan 3379 17 ch broorpek 1700 52 422 Patiegama 211 16 ith De = oe 24 bid
279 3382 28 do or pek 2800 30 bid a Dunnottar 214 28 fe pr or Be “ 51 bid
280 3385 42 do pek 3570 28 424 a ae oR at Sad ay 36 bid
23 HGM 3334 20hfch floworpek 1100 56 425 ao : 4 eas ° ; a 33
284 3397 20 do kroorpek 1300 40 426 ae 23 23 oe pe xa “4 33
285 3400 12 ch bro pek 1200 35 CBD sab est 235 19 3 a prep pek 1824 35
286 3403 16 0 pek 1440 27 bid 432 Yahalatenne 241 wy = ae k Bid 22 :
2909 @TD 3415 10 ch bropek 1000 31 433 N*Totum = 244 27 oe. hase 690 25 bid
291 3418 9 do pek 810 24 434 Pannapitiya 247 7 do so pe. 700 33
294 Adisham 3427 20 ch broorpek 2000 5ibid | 439 age 250 10 do pe 1000 23
295 3430 17 do bropek 1615 34bid | 440 O BE nia
296 3433 17 do pek 1445 29 bid estate mar
297 Chotankan- Newmarket 265 21hf-ch broorpek 1302 61
de 3486 5u ch pek sou 4000 18 441 268 18 ch bro pek 1980 40
298 3439 25 do unas 1500 18 442 271 11 do or pek 999 34
299 Queensland 3442 27hfch broorpek 1350 50 bid } 443 274 11 do pek 999 33
300 3445 12 ch br pek 1140 41 447 Hatton 2286 27 do - bro pek 2835 57
302 8451 37 do pek 3145 29 448 289 26 do pek 2340 43
303 3454 13 do pek sou 1105 24 451 G 298 12 do fans 9u0 20
307 Lauderdale 3466 34 do bro pek 3400 33 454 Panawatte 307 16 do br pek 1760 41
308 3469 21 do pek 1995 24 455 310 12 do or pek 1104 35
309 8472 12 do pek sou 1140 22 456 313 19 do pek 1805 26
311 Doteloya 3478 30 do bro pek 8000 34 459 Avoca 322 12 do pek sou 1152 33
312 3481 36 do pek 3060 24 461 Coombe Court 328 12hf-ch broorpek 720 58 bid
313 3484 21 do pek No. 2 1995 23 462 331 17 do br peE 1020 40 bid
314 3487 30 do sou 2400 20 464 BBY/ PIA da pek 1140 33 bid
316 Din est. mark3490 28hf-ch fans 1820 22 465 Talgaswela 340 28 do or pek ~ 2377 28
318 Yataderia 3499 31 do _ br or pk fans1984 39 466 Knavesmire 343 38 do pek 2847 22
319 3502 45 ch bro yek 4500 32 4647 LHO 846 70 do pek sou 6650 12 bid
320 350h 15 do or pek 1380 25 470 New Peacock 355 17hfch pek fans 1275 21
321 3508° 16 do pek 1424 22 471 S Hill 858 12 ch bro cr pek 1140 35 bid
323 3514 16hfch dust 1472 20 472 361 12 do pek No. 2 1080 32 bid
324 Castlereagh 3517 24 do bro orpek 1200 56 473 Marlborough 364 25 ch pek 2250 28 bid
325 4520 12 ch br pek 1140 38 474 WLesmoir 367 12 do or pek 1080 36
326 3523 9 do or pek 720 34 475 870 20 do br pek 2000 36 bid
327 3626 9 do pek 720 33 476 873 19 do pek 1710 24 bid
328 8529 10hf-ch fans 700 23 477 376 10 do pek sou 800 21
329 Laurawatte 3532 23 ch bro pek 2530 35 478 Taldua B79 8 do bre orpek 9s00 33 bid
330 3535 24 do or pek 2304 31 479 382 10 do pek 850 24 bid
82 3538 27 do pek 2403 27 483 Freds Ruhe 394 17 do pek 1530 23
332 3541 16 do pek sou 1504 23 484 Trafalgar 397 18 do pek sou 1527 22 bid
335 Poonagalla 3650 29 do br pek 3248 47 bid | 486 Kukuloya 403 10 do or pek 800 36
336 3558 30. do pek 2940 34 487 406 10 do pek 850 24
337 3556 18 hf-ch fans 1260 29 488 Pine Hill 409 25hfch broorpek 1500 47
338 3659 10 do dust 930 22 489 412 10 ch or pek 900 33
339 Weyunga- . 490 415 23 do pek ' 2070 28
watte 8562 28 ch bro pek 2300 8635 491 418 10 do -peksou 850 89-24
340 85U5 27 do pek 2430 24 493 Luckyland 424 35hf-ch brorpek 2170 53
341 8665 19 do pek sou 1425 22 494 427 30 do or pek 1650 40
344 Lochiel 8577 15 hif-ch broorpek 870 62 495 430 22 ch pek 1936 40
845 B5t0 14 ch or pek 1330 40 496 433 22hfch pek sou 1100 36
346 3583 13 do pek 1040 83 498 Carfax 439 15 ch broorpek 1500 45
247 Kirrimettia 3586 10 do congou 900 19 569 442 16 do or pek 1440 8938
248 Labukelle 8569 9 do pek sou 864 24 400 445 16 do pek 1440 36

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, 3
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. bya: Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.) c:
501 Bandarapola 448 36hfch broorpek 2520 36 121 Galphele 1366 13 ch broorpek 1300 48
502 451 65 do br pk 3445 35 122 1369 12 do or pek 1200 82
503 454 23 ch pek 2070 23 bid 123 1372 23 do bro pek 2300 35
604 High Forest 457 64hf-ch broorpek 4800 34 124 1375 18 do pek 1170-28
505 460 32 do pek sou 1472 30 128 Arduthie 1387 19hfch _ bro pek 1045 35
506 463 17 do pek dust 1530 26 129 1390 16 do pek 800 25
507 Winest mark 466 11 ch sou 1106 16 145 IP 1408 Qhfch dust 792 20
508 HighForest 469 38hf-ch or pk No. 1 2204 65 138 Barnagalla 1417 8 hfch fans 728 27
509° 472 35 do or pek 1925 41 139 1420 26 do dust 1872-22
510 475 32 do pek 1536 38 140 Walla Valley 1423 18hfch Flowyor pek 990 45 bid
511 478 70 do or pk No. 1 4060 54 141 1426 10 ch or pek 1000 34 bid
512 481 42 do or pe 2310 41 142 1429 22 do pek 1760 28 bid
513 484 40 do ek 1960 38 144 1435 18 do pek sou un-
514 Battawatte 487 70 do broorpek 4550 36 bulked 1620 22 bid
515 490 11 ch or pek 1100 33 145 Avisawella 1438 14hfch_ bro or pek 700 47
516 493 43 do pek 4085 3b 146 1441 16 ch bro or pek 1600 35
517 496 17 do pek sou 1360 25 147 1444 25 do pek 2250 23
519 Maryland 502 13 do bro pek 1300 = 39 148 1447. 28 do peksou 2240 9-21
520 505 19 do or pek 1710 31 150 1453 10 do ust 700 20
521 508 14 do pek 1260 26 151 Hangranoya 1456 10 ch bro cr pek 900 42 bid
522 511 9 do pek sou 810 23 152 1459 32 do bro pek 3200 34
524 517 18hfch brotea 1892 17 153 1462 15 do pek 1350 22
525 Wewe! elle 520 18 do dust 1496 21 154 1465 10 do pek sou 800 20
526 Lagalla 523 25 ch broorpek 2250 35 bid | 155 Cotswold 1468 13 ch broorpek 975 43
527 526 34 do or pek 2550 26 bid 156 1471 11 do or pek 715 32 bid
528 579 21 do ° pek 1680 23 bid 157 1474 21 do pek 1786 29
529 632 18 do pek sou 1260 21 162 Yspa 1489 10 ch pek sou 750 25
163 1492 7 do dust 980 21
i 173 Mcusa Hliya 1522 32 ch bro pek 3200 40
Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 174 1525 9 do pek 720, 34
175 1528 19 do pek 1805 27
[298,397 1b. ] 176 Weygalla 1531 9 ch bro pek 855 = «55
177 1534 19 do pek 1615 28 bid
Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib c. 181 Kurunegalle
1 Wavena 1006 11 ch pek sou 880 92, est. Ce. 1546 19bfeh broorpek 1140 38
3 Polgaha- 182 1549 13:do or pek 715 3
kande 1012 7 ch bro or pek 700 35 183 1562 11 ch pek 935 23
4 1015 10 do pek 800 92 184 1555 9 do pek sou 765 21
7 Wahagapitiyal024 20 ch pek 1800 23 i191 OM 156 10 ch cr pek 963 24
8 Florida 1027 14 ch bro pek 1400-98 192 Nyanza 1579 8 ch or pek 800 33
9 1030 15 do pek 1440 20 194 1585 do pek (810 28
46 Rambodde 1051 19hfch bro pek 1045 46 18 TGA _ 1597 30hfch bropek = 150025
7 1054 26 do pek 1300 32 199 South Africa 16060 23 ch beo pek 2300 ZS
18 1057 15 do peksou 750 25 201 Hopewell 1606 30hfch dust 2550 20
23 RB, in estate 203 Annandale 1612 19hfch or pek 1007 40 bid
mark 1072 14 ch sou 1190 21 204 1615 21 do pek 1176 35 bid
24 1075 16hfch dust 1360 21 205 1618 16 do pek sou 848 30 bid
26 Monte Christol0s1 34 ch bro pek 3400 39 209 Doragalla 1630 33 ch bro pek 3300 047
QT 1084 13 do pek 1170 6 210 1633 43 co pek 3526 30
32 Meenatchee 1099 14hfch bro pek 770 withdn | 21! 163621 do pel sou 1617 28
35 Warakamure 1108 21 ch bro pek 2100 32 212 1639 20bich fans | 1330 27
36 1111 16 do pek 1376 22 213 D- 1642 S8hfch bro mix 920 16
BYE 1114 12 do pek sou 1020 21 214 Fairfild 1645 20 ch or pek 1800 38 bid
38 Oolapane 1117. 9hfch dust 720 20 215 1648 18 do bro pek 1998 40 bid
40 Ravenscraig 1123 18hfch bro pek 990 43 216 K @ 1651 13 ch sou i170 18
41 1126 20 ch pek 1800 28 217 Dryburgh 1654 20hfch broorpek 1260 37
47 Ravana 1144 50hfch bro pek 2750 35 218 1657 11 ch or pek 979-32
Ag 1147 40 do pek 1809 25 219 y 1660 22 do pek 1760 28
49 1150 18 do pek sou 720 21 220 Lanchine 1663 27 hich bro pek 16512 33
51 Agra Elbeddeil56 28 hfch bro orpek 1680 47 221 Koseneath 1666 19 ch bro pek 1900 37
63 1162 36 do pek 1800 44 222 1669 17 do pek 1530 24
54 1165 16 do peksou 720 36 223 1672 26 do pek sou 2210 22
57 Tyspane 1174 14 ch broorpek 1330 42 226 Murrayth-
Fg f 1177 23 do bro pek 2185 37 waitte 1681 14 ch bro pek 1400 36
64 Mora Ella 1195 33hfch broorpek 1914 39 238 HG L 1717 9hfch dust 720. 20
65 1198 25 do or pek 1250 35 239 Badamulla 1720 8 ch or pek 720 27 bid
66 1201 18 ch pek 1620 28 240 1723 12 do pek 1200 20
67 1204 11 do peksou 957-23 241 1726 24 do pek sou 2400 (17
68 1207 13hfch bro or pek 242 1729 9 do bro pek No.2 900 = 18
fans 910 24 244 Thornton 1735 8 ch pek fans 1080 18
70 New Valley 1213 14 ch broorpsk 1400 48 245 1738 9 do dust 1350 15
71 1216 12 do orpek 1080-34 246 BE 1741 94hfch broorpek 5828 40
72 1219 10 do pek 1000-32 247 1744 49 do or pek 2352 36 bid
73 1222 11 do pek sou 880 30 249 BE 1750 48hfch pek 2496 33 eid
75 Columbia 1228 24hfch broorpek 1320 48 251 S 1756 15 hfch pek dust 1230018
76 1231 23 do bro pek No i 1495 32 252 Harangadla 1759 14 ch bro or pek 1260 35
77 1234 22 do or pek 1100 35 953 x 1762 13 do bro pek 1040 3L
78 1237 23 do pek 1150 38 254. 1765 17 do pek 1360 22
81 Rahatungodal246 24hfch broorpek 1296 49 255 1768 12 do pek sou 960 20
82 1249 22 do bro pek 1430 34 257 WG@amama 1774 33hfch dust 2805 17
83 1252 20 do or pek 1080 39 258 Cairnton 1777 18hbfch bropek fans 91s 20
84 1255 23 do pek 1265 38 260 Rayigam 1783 36 ch bro pek 3600 34
90 Bodava 1273 22hfch bro pek 1210 34 251 1786 3t do or pek 2890 25
96 Ossington 1291 7 ch bro pek 700 23 262 1789 25 do pek 2000.23
97 Mt. Vernon 1294 19 ch. peksou 1520 38 263 1792 387 do pek sou 3515 22
99 1300 i5kfech dust 1200 29, 271 St. T 1816 32 ch bro tea 2816 6 bid
100 Mary Hill 1303 19hfch_ bro pek 1045 40 274 H, inestate
101 1306 41 do — pek 1845-26 Ic 95 8 : 9992 ic
102 1309 26 do pek sou 10402 Smiter or eee meant BOE
105 Blinkbonnie 1318 9 hf ch ust 792 23 ‘mark 828 23 ch pek 2055 with dn
106 Citrus LPF ich: bre pek 1180 32 276 185 3142 i
¥ 76 1831 37 do pek sou 3142 out
107 1324 12 do ek 1200 22, 277 Cooroondoo-
lv Narangoda 1354 34 ch bro pek 3230 34 watta 1834 16 ch bro pek un-
118 1357 26 ao pek 2340 22 bulked 1600
119 1360 17 do pek sou 1530 ep 278 1237 10 do pek 1000

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot.g., Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, ©. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. A Bie cs
{ A 'pé 9 * i ry -
280 N P 1813 13 ch bro pek 1430. 35 bid | 152 713 28 ch pek 257027
281 1846 19 do or pek 177 Ri bad | 153 716 7 do sou 700 21
282 1849 22 do peksow 1650 20 nee Fordyce ie Hs 0 ae re: me) 25 =
283 1852 18 do sou 1350 138 dt cS) 2
984 Pitakande 1855 62 do peksou 5580 16 bid 45% Galloola 28 “ de Pe pek aan 37 bid
285 HB 1858 24 ch pek 2040 18 ‘ 77 1
286 WO 1861 32 ch peksou 2880 20 159 734 34 do peksou 2720 28
287 1864 17 do sou 1700 withdn | 162 GH 743 15 do or pek 1500 . 50 bid
163 746 14 do or pek 1400 50 bid
lt aS Ub aE 164 PP 749 16 do orpekNo.21440 42bid
n66 Agra Ouvah be eu Ae ch brocrpek 1218 71
. .—256,612 lb. d 46 do or pek 2392 45
(Mr. HE. John 6 ] 168 764 £ on pek 1104 44
, 770 23 hfe pet fans 1040 32
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. 172 plplek nde ie 2 ch sou , 810 15
7 GFR t. D Ti ° or pe’ 1000 35 bi
; mark yee 278 10 ch broorpek 1000 42 17a 785 12 do "
8 281 8 do bro pek 800 = 38 2hfch pek 1144 31 bid
9 284 27 do ae 2430 24 180 G@ 8c0 3 ch bro pek 720 29
13 Poilakanda 296 20 do roorpek 1800 35 183 Culloden 809 7 do bro pek 700 8929
14 6 299 28 do bro pek 2520 32 184 812 16 do pek 1360 20
15 302 26 do pek 2340 23 185 Mossend 815 lshfch broorpek 715 57 bid
17 Woodstock 308 16 Go Bee) orpek 1600 36 tee ei et ap or Pek As 40 bid
18 311 8 do pe. 760 26 pas pek Ie 37 bid
24 Glassaugh 329 28hf-ch or pek 1510 58 190 Myraganga 830 30 ch or pék 2400 28 hid
25 332 46 a bie orpek 2990 40 bid 1h a 4 de ore or pek od + 36 bid
26 335 13 c. 1365 44 e 80. 26
a7 sa5 0 AECH Wada BE oe 194 : 842 10 do pekfans 1150 23 bid
29 WBB 344 18 ch bro pek 1710 29 196 Nahavilla R48 26 do or pek 2340 8 46
30 347 15 do we 1200 20 bid tos Sen oe ae oe pek ans 46 bid
31 350 9 do pek sou 165 14 2 ek 42
32 353 3ihf-ch dust 2790 20bia | 199 857 15 do peksou 1200 30
34 Koslanda 359 13 do bro pek 715-36 an Dickapittia pe) A hf cB Aust % othe 21 hid
35 362 13 ch ek 1105 23 m g 1 CbL “5 ro pe 800 32 Bid
39 Templestowe 374 23 do BES or pek 1840 51 208 869 30 do pek 3000-25 .
40 377 i7hf-ch bropek 1105 40 204 872 12hfch dust 960 20 bid
41 380 26 ch pek 2210 § a Ladbrooke ae ue an sa Bs pek abe 60 bid
43 383 14 1190 35 c pe 24 42
43 OO eo) eas 855 38h 209 887 22 do pek 1980 36
44 §t. John’s 389 30hfch broorpek 1800 43 At Cleveland oe a ee flowy or pek oes 47 bid
45 392 380 do rT pek 1500 48 0 0 pek 23:10 34 bid
46 395 30 a ae 1620. 41 216 908 16 do peksou 800 31 bid
47 398 14 do pek sou 728 33 219 Kandaloya 917 22 do bro pek 990 36 hid
48 Glentilt 401 18 ch bropek 177749 220 92) 28 do or pek 1120 34 bid
49 404 15 do or pek 1331 34 bid | 222 923 53 do pek 2120 26 bid
50 407 10 do pek 850 32 zee Cresta 28 zt ge big pek = 34
52 413 10hfc¢ ans 800 24 Jad pe 4 22
55 Bila 422 24 ch broorpek 2400 35 226 GW. 933 24hfch sou 2300 «14
56 425 38 do brope 3420 30 227 941 9 ch fans (Ven.
57 428 10 do or pek 850 29 5 : pkgs.) 1215 14
58 431 21 do pek 1890 22 229 Wendura 947 10 do pek 200 23
59 434 42 do pek sou 3360 20
60 437 11 ook sou 770 17
61 Chapelton 440 8hf-ch dust 720 «26 a 5
65 W,inest. mark 452 12 do dust 1044-23 SMALL LOTS.
66 Coslanda 455 13 do bre pek 715 37 ee
67 458 13 ch pe 1105 23
71 Kolapatna 470 16hfich broor pek 864 58 &. Ssenham & Coa.
72 473 16 do or pek 800 39 bid E. B
73 476 18 do pek 846 33 bia. | L0t- Box. Pkgs. Name. ile
78 Gonavy 491 19 ch or pek - 1615 32 2 Meddakande,
A 5 a g - ae ae pek a Be a Gave No 11) ie 6 hf on Ges 480 20
= ernse ¢ ek sou 2 1
81 Ben Nevis 500 13hfch bropek 780 59 & y De Bees
83 506 13 ch pek ‘ 1170s 41 i
86 Winwood 515 28hf-ch broorpek 1150 49 aeaypes 2 ky
87 6’ Espoir 518 8 ch bro pek 800 35 [Messrs. Forbes « Waiker. |
88 52L 8 do pek 720 23
90 Brownlow 527 36hfch broorpek 2088 55 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
91 5380 2% ch or pek 1870 35 7 Mahayaya 2566 6 men sou 318 19
92 533 18 do pek 1476 34 8 2569 1 do dust 91 19
95 GM 542 21 do pre orpek 2184 35 bid | 12 Lindupatna 2581 5 ce pek sou 480 97 bid
6 515 39 do ro pek (B) 3510 20 13 2584 4 do bro pek fans 320 22 bid
7 Gingranoya 548 10 do bro or pek 1000 40) 20 Walton 2605 3 ch bro tea 240 22
8 541 12 do pek 1020 29 21 BB, in estate
100 Ankanda 557 9 ao pek sou 810 20 mark 2608 3 ch bro pek 300 18
1lu4 Evalgolla 669 1shfch vpeksou 800 OL 22, 2611 4 do pek 320 19
105 572 33 do peksou 1380 =. 28 27 LNS, in estate
109 Yahalakelle 4584 58 ch bro pek 5800 32 bid mark 2626 lhfch bro pek 85 25
110 587 18 do pek 1620 22 pid 28 29629 1 ch pek 91 20
111 590 19 do pek sou 1425 21 bid 29 2632 3 do pex sou 216 16
112 Cowundon 593 8 do or pek(H) 720 34 30 2635 1 do dust 138 17
115 E 602 16 do pek (H) 1440 26 31 2638 Lhbfeh dust 89 21
a Bowhill 629 21 op prope 2100 37 re Carlabeck eee 3 ce Bro pek fans 540 22
25 632 19 do pe 1710 24 4 26 oO ro pek 550 32
128 Suduganga 641, 22hfch bro or pek 1199 44 49 2692 1 do peck sou 100 20
129 644 16 ch pek sou 1260 23 50 2695 1 do bro pek fans 140 21
146 Comar 665 27hfch bro pek 1512 20 bis 53 Purana 2704 8 ch peksou 576 21
129 Rookwood 674 36 do bro or pek 2160 49 bid 54 2707 1hfch dust Nol 85 21
140 677 18 do bropek 1224 30 bid | 55 271 1 do dust No2 8 20
141 680 24 ch or pek 2304 32 pid 56 2713 2 ch fans 180 25
142 683 23 pe pek 2070 27 bid | 60 Wabragalla 2725 6hfch dust 510-20
143 626 25 do pek 2250 26 bid 61 2728 3 ch bro pek 299 29
144 Moratotu 689 1b Gu bro pek 1430 38 65 Maldeniya 2740 3 do bro or pek
146 695 18 do ek 1620 23 bid fans 300 23
150 Lameliere 707 20 do ro pek 2080 = 48 66 Hylton 2743 4hfch bro pek 220 34

161 710 21 do or pek 1890 =. 38 67 2746 2 do pek 160 22

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5
Lot. Box. Pgks. Name. Mey se, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe) \c:
68 9749 2hfch pek sou 160 22 342 Weyunga-
69 2752 1 do fans 70 21 watte 3571 2 ch sou 180 20
70 2755 1 do dust 90 20 343 3574 4hfch dust , 320 20
74 Matale 2767 2 do fans 150 24 349 Labukelle 3592 7 do bro pek fans 518 28
75 2770 2 do dust 180 21 351 AG 3598 3 ch bro tea 00 16
6 2773 6 ch sou 600 20 352 1 1 do .dust 150 21
82 Ardiaw and 357 IGA 16 3 do br pek 300 28
Wishford 2791 2bfch dust 176 20 358 19 3 do pek 270 22
98 Mahalla 2839 6 ch bro pek 600 41 359 Ingrugalla 92 2 do pek sou 180 20
99 2842 6 do or pek 600 29 360 25 6 do bro tea 510 21
101 2848 5 do pek sou 400 21 361 Harrow 28 6hf-ch or pek 6300887
102 2851 1 do dust 118 20 364 30.4 chi pek sou 380 25
112 Belton 2881 2hf-ch dust 160 21 365 40 3 do dust 255 pr
117. Penrhos 2896 1 ch sou 67 19 368 Sylvakandy 49 2 do pek sou 190 22
118 2399 1lhfch fans 75 20 369 62 3 do dust 240 20
119 2902 1 do pek dust 90 19 373 Madulkelle 64 2 do dust 220 19
125 KP W 2920 8 do bro vekfan 225 21 374 67 2 do fans 210 320
126 2923 2 do pek fans 150 20 379 Chesterford 82 1 do congou 87 14
127 2926 2 do dust 170 19 380 85 3hf-ch dust 240 20
130 -Tembiligalla 2985 1 ch pek sou 90 20 388 WA 109 6 ch pek 600 14
131 2988 1 do bro pek fans 120 23 389 Galkande 112 6hf-ch orpek 300 = 334
132 2941 1 do dust 155 19 390 115 5 ch pek 425 24
134 CTL 29:7 4hfch dust 380 19 393 Kotagaoya 124 6 do pek 510k
142 Condia 2971 4 do pek fans 256 40 394 127 6 do peksou 540 22
143 CL 2974 3 ch bro tea 318 24 395 u 130 8hfch dust 640 20
149 Panmure 2092 8hfch dust 680 21 400 Munukettia,
153 geidsrecan A ' Ceylon, in
roap 3004 4 do fans 280 28 estate mark 14 sou 100 «20
154 3007 5 do dust. 400 22 aot PE i ageuaoae not Beit so
155 3010 1 ch bro mix 109 «12 405 Taleaswela 160 9hfch bropekNo. 2540 22
156 New Gatway 3013 10 hfch bro pek 600 47 409 Holton 172 4 ch pek sou 340 21
157 3016 10 do pek 550 40 410 BA 175 5 do dust 400 ©20
158 3019 1 do_ pek sou 50 31 412 Winest. mark181 2hf-ch younghyson 105 32
163 Clyde 8034. 5 ch pek sou 376 20 413 184 2 do hyson No.1 128 22
164 f 30387 2 do ust 296 22 414 187 1 do hyson 70 18
174 NonPariel 3067 4hfch broor pek 421 Algooltenne 208 6 ch orn 551 +18
a fans 280 28 427 Dunnottar 226 2 do bropekfans 260 26
175 3070 4 do bro or pek 428 229 1 do pek fans 130 23
e HOE dust 34621 429 232 2 do pek sou 170-25
194 Hanwelia 3127 6 do hyson No 1 330 21 431 Maxim 238 6 do pek sou 480 22
195 ; 3120 3 do do No2 157 out 4236 Pannapitiya 253 7 do pek sou 665 20
196 3133 4 do hyson siftings 300 11 437 256 1 do br pekfans 100 . 22
199 Killarney 3142 6 ch bro mix 600 14 438 259 2 do dust 160 18
201 Seenegolla 3148 10hfch or pek 520 42 439 JST 262 1 do pek 100 19°
202 3151 11 do pek 627 37 444 OBECin
205 D, in estate estate mark
mark 3160 14 do sou 630 ¢ withd’n. Newmarket 277 5 do peksou 500 «25
207 3166 7 do dust 560 445 280 3hf-h fans 210 26
218 Palmerston 3199 2 ch peksou 150-34 446 283 2 ch dust 300 20
219 8202 2hfch dust 160 22 449 Hatton 292 6 do pek sou 510-28
220 Rockwood 3205 4 do hysonNo2 306 16 450 295 2 do dust 315 20
221 3208 1 do siftings 3412 452 G 301 5 do dust 425 19
222 EK W D,in est. 453 304 1 do pek 48 21
mark 3211 3hfch broor pek 457 Panawatte 316 7 do _ pek sou 630 23
fans 225 25 458 319 1 do dust 150 21
223 8214 1 ch fans 160 19 460 Avoca 325 5 do bro pek fans 675 22
224 3217 1 do _ bro tea 123 14 463 CoombeCourt 334 6 do or pek 510 37 bid
232 Erlsmere 8241 8 do or pek 640 38 468 New Peacock 349 4 do sou 340 22
235 38250 5 do peksou 425 28 469 352 5hf-ch bromixed 250 20
236 3253 3hfch dust 252 26 480 Taldua 3885 6 ch pek sou 600 26
146 Roscria 3288 1 ch 481 388 1 do fans 85 21
lhfch bro pek 133-28 482. i 391 2 do dust 11619
247 3286 1 ch ek 82 485 Warwick 400 5hf-ch dust 400 20
248 3289 Lhfch peksou 56 18 492 Pine Hill 421 6hfch dust 510 = 21
251 Haputele- 497 Luckyland 436 2 do fans 180 22
wella 3298 15 do pek sou} 675 21 518 Battawatte 499 3 ch dust 300 19
252 3301 1 do fans 80 19 523 Maryland 614 2hfeh dust 160 19
253 M’Golla, 33C4 5 do dust 400 22 530 Lagalla 585 8 ch br or pK fans 520 23
368 North Pundal- a : 531 Ettie 5388 6 do hyson No.2 537 6 bid
oya 3349 o siftings 490) iia,
260 vivoda ee 2 yoB, hysom No 285) withd’n. |
7 eligoda 3355 Shfe us 576-20 ‘ i ;
274 Kincora, _ 3307 2 ch dust 350 18 (Messrs. Somerville & Co }
275 KC A, inest. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, hb, B
mark 3370 3hfch y pune By sor Bonde 2 Wa vens 1009 4 ch unas 348 25
276 AG 3873 1 ch bro pek 95 23 Be Me a a cee BO ret
277 8376 "1 do’ pek sou 75 (18 10 Florida 1033 6 ch sou 540 14
281 Vogan 3388 5 ch pek sou 400 20 sb 1036 7 do fans 672 «18
282 3391 6hfch dust 480 20 12 1039 2 do dust 280 18
ing
237 HGM 3406 4 ch pek sou 360 24 13 1042 3 do con 270 12
288 3409 shfch fans 660 29 14 1045 2 do red leaf 180 7
289 3412 4 ch 15 1048 1 do bro mix 98 16
lhfch dust 650 8§=20 19 R, in estate
292 GTD 3421 7 ch pek sou 630 OL mark 1060 4hfch pek dust 300 21
293 3424 4 do ust 480 20 20 1063 3 do con 150 18
301 Queensland 3448 4 ch pek No. 2 400 21 21 R, in estate
304 3457 4 do dust ; 300 20 mark 1066 2 ch bro pek 214 31
305 3460 2 do bro pek No 2 200 19 22 1069 3 do pek 285 23
306 3463 3 do sou 300 16 25 1078 4 do con 348 9
310 Lauderdale 3475 6hfch dust 480. 21 28 Monte Christol087 6 ch pek sou 610 = 22
316 Dinest mark 3493 8 do fansNo2 6200 29 1090 2 do sou 160 20
317 3496 7 do dust 560 18 30 10938 4hfch dust 320 22
322 Yataderia 3511 7 do pek sou 665 20 31 1096: 4 do fans 240 22
333 Laurawatte 3544 5 ch fans 465 19 33 Meenatchee 1102 11 hfch pek 550 with-
334 Cin estmark3547 8hfch dust 696 25 34 1105 6 do pek sou 250 drawn.

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Woy Lot, Box, Pkgs. Name. ibs ~¢;
39 Oolapane 1120 10 hich fans 650 22 231 P, in estate
42 Ravenseraig 1129 5 ch pek sou 450 24 mark 1696 1lhfch green dust 73 11
43 1132 2hfch dust 160 20 2322 FAD 1699 4 eh pek dust 509 17 bid
44 MN L359 eich pek sou 88 12 233 1702 1 do per fans 108 17 bid
45 1 1138 lhfch pek fans 42 15 234 Ande 1705 7 ch pek sou 665 18
46S, in estate ; 235 1708 1 do fans 83 9
mark 1141 1 ch bro pek 1200-25 236 HG L lll Ehbfch fans 200-19
60 PD 1153 1hfch dust 85 25 237 1714 4 do sou 200 11
52 Agra Elbeddei159 10 bfch or pek 550 37 243 Sadamulla 1732 7 ch dust 595 17
55 XX 1168 2hfch broorpekfans130 22 243 BE 174710 ch bro pek 660 39 bid
56 1171 3 do pek dust 240 19 250 175812 do pek sou 636 =. 30
69 D.C, in estate 256 Harangalla 1771 3 ch bro pek fans 300 21
mork 1188 4hfch bro pek 180 . 28 259 Cairnton 1780 12hfch fans 576 16
61 1186 5 do pek 925 14 264 Rayigam 1795 1 ch bropekfans 4100 21
265 1798 4hfch bropek dust 320 z1
62 F, in estato 5 266 1801 3 do pek dust 240 18
mark 1189 2 ch pek sou 174 25 267 DBR, ines-
63 1192 4hfch dust 280ie5 9120 tate mark 1804 1 ch bro pek 90 25
69 Mora Ella 1210 5hfch dust, 450 21 263 1807 2hfch pek 106-18
74 New Valley 1225 lbfch dust 50 20 269 1810 1 ch pek sou 73 1G
79 Columbia 1240 10 hf ch peksou 600 27 270 1813 lhfch dust 95 17
80 S243 BR e Oo eames 680-22 272 Gonanbil 1819 3hf-ch fans 270 24 bid
85 Rahatungoda 1258 Ghfch pek sou 324 27 273 1822 6 do dust 510 29
86 ; “es 1261. 6 nec ani 622 92 a 279 Cooroondoo-
87 Castlemi 1264 2hfe ans 150 =. 28 bi atte 5 2
88 1267 1 do aust 85 19 bid watte 1840 5 ch pek sou 500 22
89 Diyanilkelle 1270 4hfch dust 340 20 bid
91 Bodava 1276 5 ch ber 450 23
92 1279 4 do pek sou : 340 21
93 1z82 Lhf ch bro mix 50 19 (Mr. B. John.}
94 1285 1. ch ans 140 21 >
95 1288 1bféh sou 50) wale Lot. Box. VPkgs. Name. Ib. c.
98 Mt. Vernon 1297 Shfch fans 44 29 1 Wellington 260 1 ch +» pek sou 100 24
103 Mary Hill 1312 3hfich dust 225 21 2 “263 3hfch dust 240 22
104 Blinkbonnie 1215 9hfch fans 585 29 3 Melvilla 266 12 do bro pek 600 84
108 Citrus 1327 3 ch pek sou 300 16 4 269 12 do pek 600 22
109 1330 2 do fans 200 17 5 272 5 do pek sou 250 18
110 1333 1 do dust 162 18 6 275 1 do pek dust 60 18
111 HA 1336 1 ch fans 100 8 10 GFR, in est.
112 Kerenvilla 1339 3 ch bro pek 860 31 mark 287 2 ch pek sou 180 2L
Lhf ch 11 v90 2 do dust - 280 18
113 1342 2 ch pek Nol 250 20 12 293 5 do fans 550 21
1 hf ch 16 Poilakanda 305 8 do dust 640 2
114. 1345 1 ch pek No 2 100 14 19 WK 814 4 do pek sou 420 29
115 1348 2 do pek sou 200 12 20 817 6hfch fans 450 21
116 1351 lhfech sou 50 5 ZI SUDA, 320 5 ch unas 600 12
120 Narangoda 1363 7 ch dust 560 19 22 Talawakelle 323 lhfch dust 90 20
125 GH 1378 4 ch pek sou 360 21 23 326 3 ch sou 255 21
126 1381 1 do sou 80 =. 20 28 Glassaugh 341 Q9hfch_ bro or pek
127 1384 2 do fans 300 20 E No 2 621 39 bid
130 Ardutbie 1393 4hf-ch pek sou 200 22 33 WHG 356 4 ch bro mix 400 13
131 1396 1 do dust 70 20 36 Koslanda 365 5 do pek sou 450 21
132 GB 1399 7hfch bro tea - 350 = 14 37 868 2 do fans 220 24
133 1402 7. do dust 350 21 38 371 3hf-ch dust 240 19
134 LP 1405 9 ch pek sou 675 22 51 Glentilt 410 7 ch
1386 Raxawa 1411 4hfich dust 352 20 lhf-ch peksou 667 26
137 1414 8 do bro or bok fans 560 24 53 Thotulagalla 416 3 do aust 255 23 bid
143 Walla Valley 1432 7 ch pek No 630 25 bid 54 Uvakelle 419 2 ch bro mix 272, 24 bid
149 Avisawella 1450 5 ch sou 400 16 62 Chapelton 443 2hfch dust No. 2 190 21
158 Cotswold 1477 7 ch pek sou 660 26 63 446 4 ch sou 360 23
159 1480 3 do bro pek fans 270 24 64 WP 449 3 do bromix 288 8618
160 1483 2 do dust 220 19 68 Coslanda 461 5 do pek sou 450 22
161 St. Leys 1486 lhfch fans 88 18 69 464 2 do fans 220 24
164 Heatherton 1495 3nfch dust 240 20 70 467 3hf-ch dust 240 19
165 1498 3 do sou 150 10 74 Kolapatna 479 6 do pek sou 300 27
166 S 1501 5hfch dust 400 19 75 482 3 do br or pekfans1s0 36
167 1604 6 do sou 800 11 76 485 3 do fans 210 19
168 A 1507 4 hfch dust 320 19 77 ~Fruit Hill 488 3 do fans 255 22
169 150 3 do sou 150 11 82 Ben Nevis 503 9 do or pek 432 56
170 Deeville 151% 7hfch bro pek 885 33, 84 509 2 eh pek son 184 28
171 1516 6 do pek 300-28 85 512 Lhfich dust 69 19
172 1519 2 do pek sou 100 20 89 L’Espoir 524 7 ch pek sou 602 21
178 Weygalla 1537 4 ch pek sou 400 22 93 ZZZ 536 7hfich pek dust 625 20
179 1540 lhfch dust 80 22 94 539 6 do sou 330 19
180 1543 1 do pek sou 60 20) 92 Eladuwa 554 7 ch pek sou 630 15
185 pe hE 107 Ankanda 5p 4 iG dust 140 19
tCo. 1558 2hfch dust 16C 20 5 ose 5019
1s Jak'Tree Hill 1761 4 ch bro pek 400 88 103 jbwalgolla, | ,b66 4 6ibt chy) pek 210 24
187 1564 7 do pek 69324 106 575 (5 do, sou 75 21
188 1567 8 do pek sou 286 20 ue Biot do dy fans: jo 22
189 1570 3 do sou 270 +16 Tas 81 4 do dus 24020
190 1573 2hf-ch dust 180 20 oundon 596 7 do bro pek 385 36
194 Nyanza 1482 12hfch broorpek 660 45 114 599 6 ch bropek A(H) 475 36
195 1588 4 ch peksou 360 22 116 605 7 do pekA(H) 630 27
196 1591 3 do pek fans 360 22 117 603 5bfch bropekfans 325 24
197 1594 3 do dust 300 20 118 611 5 ch pek sou 450 23
900 South Africa 1603 9 ch | pek cou 666 ©=—. 20 ae 614 pit ek fans 13600 21
202 Annandale 1609 10hfch bro or pek 583. «6D ia, A GS 617 2 do dust 180 «17
206 1621 2 do sou 64 24 GeOT Or SOrg DOME | ce aenmame
207 1624 4 do fans 240 24 ae PEs ON 193 258 20
208 1627 2 do dust 176 40 pee ‘ 626 2hfch bro mix 130-12
224 Roseneath 1675 5 ch dust 500 19 126 Bowhill 635 2 ch = dust 300,19
225 B 1678 4 ch bro mix 400 10 127 Suduganga 638 8 do or pek 670 30
228 Murrayth- 130 617 ‘ pe ; 3
waite 1637 6 ch pek sou 4co 21 oon ce sou 535 2k
229 1690 4 do bro ok fangs 360 21 650 2 do pek fans 109 20

980 goghuinde einen 132 SG 653 8 do bromix Tso are

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. | 7

——————————————— OS

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. bea Cs Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. beac
133 Iona 656 3 do dust 240 22 188 Mossend 824 5 do fans 325 37
134 659 2 do br or pek fans 140 28 189 827 2 do dust 130 20
135 AA 662 1 on a a 18 193 Myraganga 839 7 ch peksou 560 28
137 Comar 668 5 do pe : 2
138 671 4 do dust 320) 20) 201 Nahavilla 568 & ni ch or eas 560 27
145 Moratota 692 4 do orpek 400 28 bid 5 : Prot ; Se AAistcy
147 698 7 do pek No. 2 560 20 205 Dickapittia 875 9 ac fans 576 21
5 a 206 878 2 ¢ sou 200 14
re ae 3 heck ae pek fans a 28 210 Ladbrooke 890 5hfch_ pek sou 250 | 28
154 Lameliere 719 7 do pek fans 532 25 val 883) 4i3do Es: 206 a
160 Galloola 737 5 ch dust 400 20 212 BBB 896 2 ch bro congou 190 7
161 "40 4 do fans 400 24 213 Hlemane 899 2 do fans 200 21
r 752 Lhfch ek 37 3L 217 Cleveland 911 3hfch fans 240 2
165 Agra Ouvah pane p 3 ce ee
169 7 c pek sou 218 CL 914 2 ch bro mix 124 10
172 773 3hfch dust 219 = 20 224 Cresta 932 4 do peksou 340) uot!
174 MN 782 10 do bro or pek 566 55 925 935 4hfch dust 280 21
2
176 788 2 Eby a Scanh 338 27 228 Wendura oe 3 de iy pek 55035
23C 95 to) pek sou 540 22,
ate (olay a tans: reels 231 953 1 do dust 89 20
179 797 1 do bro mix 63 15 232 Cyprus 956 12 do bro pek 600
181 G 803 5 do pek 425 18 233 959 10 do pek 506 — withd’n
183 N 806 6hfch dust 522 21 234 962 8 do pek sou 400

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

eae

eet
Nee

i
AN

ioe eat

ats

*

b

i

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Price :—125 cents each, 3 copies
No. 29. CotomBo, Juzy 29, 1901. { Siicontashafecnig a srnce:
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1b ©@
Lanvin. 134 OQOuvahkellie 940 9 foe pek sou 810 30°
EB LOTS. 135 943 10bfch dust 800-22
LARG LOTS 136 Macaldenia 9146 20 do bro pek 1200 45
137 949 23 ag ugk Nol 1265 35
} 133 952 29 do pe 1595 28
Messrs. Forbes & Walker 142 St. Heliers 964 16hfch_ bro or pek
582 lb. No 1 883052
; 32.3710: 143 967 16 ch
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. (OF lhf ce bro or pek 1655 42
é 144 97 0res3ie, pek 2070 31
state > a
: ee e541 Ve eh congou 1089 20 res : O73) (lr dor, pek som, | (164° 4
7 Bogahageda- 15L Maha Eliya 991 15hf-ch broorpek 825 455 bid
watte 559 10 ch pek 950 23 152 294 10 ch orpek 1006 = 38 bid
9 Beverley (2 02 ie rn Ht ag pek 1700 = 31 bid
ae : t, F 5 b k 1375 38 5a OP oO peck sou 1440 29 bid
ey Pee ae hi ch ee Saoniniss 155 =u 23hfch pekfans 2240 5
hl 571 29 do peksou 900 9-22 159 LG B,inest. |
12 574 18 do pek Nol 900 28 mark 1015 ' 29 ch pek sou 2900 22
13 577 26 do pek No2 1300 25 160 1018 44hfich pek dust 3300 21
14 Palmearden 580 14 ch bro pek 1540 32 161 Lyegrove 1021 8 ch or pek 760 88
1 * 583 10 do pek 1000 23 13 | 1027 14 do pek 133u 30
20 Eria Olla 598 10 ch bro pek 930 34 166 Bickley 1036 21hfch pek sou 1155 24
21 601 13 do pek 988 24 167 & M 1039 16 do dust 1680 21
29 Waverley 626 17 do peksou 1615 33 168 OBE C, in
30 Dromoland 628 12hf-ch bro or pek estate mark
Sra ED PG Tavolcs Noe 104240) ch Ik 3354 34
Sek nvoice No 6 4 c pek sou
31 CE i Ss TRA Tae 169 1045 12 do do 864 30
MS ‘ 32 bid 170 1048 <9 do ans 2165 27
A Hes 10 do oe Fe i" pis 17k Ingrogalla 1051 11 oh bro pek 1100 38
At k 4 172 : 1054 11 do pek ‘ 990 32
a eae 652 36 rise tee Caper res 3 bid 157 Wilpita 1063 24hfch broorpek 1200 35
39 655 37 do or pek 2072 36 177 1069 13 cb or pék 117023
40 658 46 ch pek 2300 32 181 Massena 1081 76hfch bro pek 3800 35
41 KUL 661 12hfch fans 840 26- LSe ie 1084 37 do pek 1850-26
45 Torwocd 673 21 ch broorpek 2100 37 Weg 1087 17 do peksou | 850 22
46 676 20 do bro pek 1649-32 186 Fairlawn 1096 26 do broor pek 1430 56
17 679 90 do pek 6840 23 137 1099 22 ao or nek Bo 41
Bis k 2900 5 bi 188 1102 22 ¢ pe 1870 35
SOC ane SPS eee e G00 35 bid | j91 Galaadua i111 21 do bro pek 2310 32
50 688 34 do pek 3060 24 bid 192 lll4 14 do pek 140024
bi 691 20 do peksou 1700 ; 21 197 Letchmey 1129 14hfch pek fans’ 91021
52 694 9hfch dust 720 19 1098 1132 10 «do dust 850 21
52 Staffurd 697 18 do broorpek 1170 47bid | 200 Morankande 1138 9 ch orjpek 765 33
54 70U 24 ch or pex 2400 40 bid eon ° 1141 13 do pek 10 (24
55 703 23 do pek 2070 38 ie Coan ee 10 do pek sou 750 22
58 Dunall 712 20 ch peksou 1600 = 25 a 2 ¥
aa) awtvile OED On dist 442020 say qnatk 1153 13 ch dust 1560 21
63 Kelburne 727. 10 ch dust 850 20 207 Killarney 1159 19 do pek 1615 33
64 Gallaheria 720 16 do broor pek 1600 1 208 Maha Uva 1162 37hfch bro or pek 2590 44
65 733 15 do or pek 1275 36 209 1165 37 do or pek 2220 46
66 736 32 do pek 2720 28 210 1168 34 ch pek 3230 Bic}
67 739 16 do peksou 1520 24 211 1171 9 do pek sou 765 = 35
oy inca 2 eee ee eS
3 k 22, y ¢ ao or pe 333 2
ENE Aaa Cappo yy gpek cou ts” «688 216 1186 9 do peksow 810 22
mana «-767:«12 ch ~—sbroor pek 1080, 39 217 1189 9 do bro pek
74 760 23 do bropek 2070 34 fans 900 at
"5 763 24 do pek 2160 25 219 Dea Ella 1195 34hfch bro or pek 1870 36
76 766 22 do pek sou 1980 23 220 1198 18 do or pek 900 29
30 Strathspey 778 7 ch broorpek 714 60 221 1201 27 do pek 1350 26
81 781 14 do or pek 1414 43 222 i 1204 15 do pek sou 900 22
30 “84 16 do pek 1504 39 225 Kirklees 1213 24 do bro pek 1440 41
86 Sirisandura 796. 9 ch broorpek 900 238 2a 1219 28 ch broorpek 2610 29
87 799 7 do bro pek 70) 30 228 : 1222 6 do pek fans 720 25
88 302 11 do pek 1045-28 229 Dammeria 1225 10 ch bro or pek 1000 40
a 805 10 do. pek sou 900 2 230 1228 29 do bropek 2960 39 bid
95 Laukka 823 11 ch bropek 1155 36 zee 1231 32 do. pek 320035
98 826 15 do pek 1350 95 232 1234 11 do or pek 990 =. 36
ae) i 835.15 ch. bropek 1500 34 233 Kirklees 1237 33 ch — pe 2805 29
103 Rock Cave 847 22 ch bropek 2200 34 234 1240 9 do dust 810 21
104 350 29 do pek 2610 23 2.5 Hanwella 1243 12 do Ff
107 Yullefield 859 12hfch broorpek 780 45 lhfch younghysou 1255 29 bid
108 862 29 do or pek 1450 46 239 Seenagolla 1255 37 do bro or pek 2331 52
109 865 43 ch pek 3635 34 240 1258 20 ch or pek 1820 49
112 Drayton 874 53hf-ch orpek 2650 41 rag 1261 156 do pek 1470 38
113 877 49 ch pek 4165 33 bid 242 1264 8 do peck sou 800 35
114 880 29 do pek sou 2610 30 244 1270 10hfch dust 850 22
116 Yelverton 6886 23 do bro pek 2115 46 245 Pallagodda 1273 12 ch bro orpek 1200 35
117 889 23 do pek 2185 °3@ 246 1276 19 do bro pek 1900 §=a9bid
120 St. Paul’s Lav. : e i 247 1279 15 do or pek 127534
No 2 898 12hfch broorpek 792 51 248 1282 14 do pek 1120 26
121 901 30 do or pek 249 1285 16 do pek sou 1440 24
Nol 1680 44 250 1288 9 do sou 810 21
122 904 30 do or pek 1440 34 261 1291 17 do dust 1445 23
12) 907 «» do pek 1375 32 252 Bargan 1294 2ihfch broorpek 1145 41
124 Arbiakande 910 11 ch bro pek 1100 43 253 1297 20 do or pek 960 31
125 913 15 do ek 1290 27 254 1300 29 ch pek 2465 26
128 Coreen 922 43hich broorpek 2580 48 258 ELand 1312 22 ch sou 1870 =: 16
129 925 198 ch or pek 1672 39 259 OBE OC, in
130 / 928 14 do pek 1190 32 estate mark
132 Ragalla 934 18hfich fans 1350 27 Forest Creek 1315 11 ch bro orpek 1100 60
133 937 9 do dust 810 20 260 1318 27 do bro pek 2700 43

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. boa: Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib... 4c;
261 1321 13 ch cr pek 1170 35 bid | 429 Helton 1825 18 ch bro pek 1710 29
262 1324 12 do pekNol 10 24 430 1828 14 do pek 1190 «22
263 1327 17 do pek No 2 153 32 436 Lesmoir 1846 13 do or pek 1170 33
266 P 1386 14 do pek sou 437 1-49 19 do bro pek 1900 25
5 No 1 1190 24 438 1852 24 do pek 2160 25
267 1330 19 do pek sou 439 1855 12 do pek sou 960 22
No 2 1230 866.28 441 Vogan 1861 18 do brorpek 1800 438
268 1342 Q9hfch dust 720 BT 442 1854 30 do or pek 2850 = 82
269 USA 1345 15 ch dust 1500 17 443 1867 44 do perk 8740 26
270 Preston 1348 21 do bro pek 2100 52 446 Pine Hill 1876 24 do pek 2157 26
271 1351 9 do pek 720 49 447 Poyston 1879 53hfich bro pek 2647 39
272 1354 10 do pek sou 800 §=636 450 High Forest 1888 48 do or pk No. 1 2784 57
273 Peurhos 1357 39 hf ch . bro pek 2145 50 451 1891 27 do or pek 1485 49
274 1360 28 do orpek 1316 © 38 452 1294 23 do pek 11040 42
275 1363 86 ch pek 3132 (27 453 Clunes 1897 10 ch broorpek 1600 38
276 1366 14 do pek sou 1092 24 454 1900 16 do or pek 1200 30
280 Good Hope 1378 18 do bro pek 1620 33 455 1903 26 do bro pek 2125 34
285 O’Bode 1393 17 do bro pek 1904-38 456 1906 22 do pekNo.1 1760 25
286 1396 12 do or pek 1300 28 457 1909 38 do pek No.2 3040 22
287 1399 9 vo Pek 810 25 458 1912 9 do pek sou 765 20
290 Gonapatiya 1408 21hfch bro pek 1197s «66 462 Rusnwella 1924 12 do orpek 900 9-28
291 1411 28 do’ or pek 14/8 = -B2 463 1927 23 do brpek 2300 34
292 1414 32 do pek 1696 45 464 1930 30 do pek 2700-2.
293 1417 20 do pek sou 960 35 465 1933 10 do pek sou 90 22
294 Gonapitiya 1420 23hfch pekfans 1564 °86 468 High Forest 1942 14hfch orpkNo 1 812 56
295 1423 9 ch pekdust 9801 23 469 ® 1945 26 do broorpek 1950 36
296 Malvern 14°26 22hf-ch bro pek 1210 3941 470 1948 27 do or pek 1485 46
297 1429 58 do pek 4060 89.27 471 CB 1¥51L 20 ch peksou 1600 = 24 bid
298 1432 15 ch pek sou 1050 839-23 472 Geragama 1954 9 do breorpek £90 37
299 1435 13hfch dust 1040 «= 20 473 1957 15 do br pek 1850 32
301 Udapolla 1441 11 ch br pek 1100 =. 36 474 1960 16 do pek 1360 26
302 1544 12 do ek 1080 ©. py 1963 17 do pek sou 1360
305 Kenmare 1453 28 do roorpek 2909 44bid | 477 Vigdlola 1969 25 do bro pek 2375
306 Great Valley, 478 1972 52 do pek 4020 927
Ceylon in 483 Montswood 1987 20hfch br pek 1600 73
est. mark 1456 33hfeh broorpek 1960 51 484 1990 21 do or pek 1155 60
307 1459 16 ch or pek 1440 3937 485 1993 14 ch pek sou 1190 42
308 1462 18 do pek 1620 30 456 1996 15hf-ch fans 1050 = -.35
310 1468 11 do dust 935-23 4909 RB YCR P2008 10 do dust 1030 20
320 Yatiyana 1498 22 do bro pek 2200 28 494 CluvaSana 2020 23 do bro pek 1150 29 bid
324 Bargany 1510 23hfch broorpek 1265 42 595 2023 21 do pek 1050 «22
825 1513 22 do _ or pek 1056 31 400 WN 2088 8 ch bro pek sou 720 2%
326 1516 12 ch pek 900 26 502 Marlborough 2044 14hfch broorpek 700 453
339 Galapita- ~ 503 2047 8 ch br pek 806 = 47
kande 1555 20 do or pek 1900 =. 338 504 2050 9 do or pek 810 36
340 1558 15 do _ bro pek 1500 42 bid | 305 2053 9 do pek 720
341 1561 47 do pek 4230 35 bid | 308 S V in esp
342 1564 10 do pek sou 850 47 bid mark 2062 i16hf-ch pek fans 1140 25
344 Avoca 1570 19 do broorpek 2090 48 511 Patiagama 2071 10 ch pek 957-24
345 1573 10 do bro pek 1000 * 41 512 Delta 2074 31 do bro pek 3162 42 bid
346 1576 17 do pek 1632 34 513 2017 22 do pek 1914 31
359 Findlater 1585 65hf-ch bropek 3640 48 514 2080 18 do pek sou 1458 9-23
350 1588 35 ch pek 8325 87 515 2083 6hf-ch pek fans 720-23
353 Poonagalla 1597 32 do or pek 3040 = 38
ass 1600 31 go bro Pek 3565 47
1603 54 do pe 520283 3. § i faa
356 1600 5 ao Be a eee ee Messrs. Somerville & Ce.
609 22 te) sou 1870 24
Be 6 Aas 1612 22 neon ene 1650 29 ed esta 1.)
6 ueensland 1618 27 hf-c roorpek 1347 5L
363 Tngoya 1627 41 ch bropek 4223 34 LO Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. .
364 1630 30 do pek 2616 25 1 Monroy 1867 50 ch bro pek 4750. 29 bid
365 1633 20 do peksou 1400-22 2 1870 44 do pek 4180 22
366 Tillyrie 1636 52hfch broorpek 2860 48 bid 3 i873 18 do peksou 1710 19
367 1639 27 ch bro pek 2700 = 44 bid 8 Siriniwasa 1888 19 ch bro pek 1900 365
368 1642 44 do pek 3520 84 9 1891 11 do bropek No 21045 33
369 1645 14 do peKNo.2 1260 30 10 1894 29 do pek 2610
371 Dewalakande 1651 20hf-ch dust 1700-19 11 1897 46 do pek sou 3910 21
378 Kalupahana 1672 9 ch bropek 915 338 14 Labugama 7 22hfch bro pek 1210 38
372 Choisy 1675 49hf-ch broorpek 2695 44 16 10 25 ch pek Wey BY
380 1678 14 ch or pek 1330 35 16 13 16 do peksou 1280021
381 1681 20 do pek 1700 30 18 Horagalla 19 38hfch broorpek 2090 36
382 Karabusnawal684 30hf-ch bro yek 1500 34 19 2210 ch or pek 850 30
383 1687 20 do pek 1000 © -24 20 25 11 do pek 935 = 25
387 Rockside 1699 10 ch bropek fansl200 27 24 Yarrow 37 33 hich flowy or pek 1750 37
389 Hopton 1705 42 do broorpek 4200 40bid | 25 40 27 do pek 1215 (9g
390 1708 50 do orpek 5000 33bid ; 80 Ambalawa 55 10 ch pek 80883
391 1711 50 do pek 4500 31 38 Deniyaya - 79 38 ch bro pek 3800-36 bid
392 1714 24 do peksou 2160 26 89 82 10 do pek 950 =
395 Bandara Bliyal723 32hfch or pek 1536 34bid | 43 Eewadugama 94 13 ch bro pek 1495 35
396 1726 72 do broorpek 4464 40bid | 44 97 8 do pek 840 30
397 1729 29 do pek 1363 28 bid 47 Nugawella 106 29hfch broorpek 1746 38
398 Lauderdale 1732 26 ch bropek 2600 33 48 109 20 do pek 11L@ 37 bid
399 1735 16 do pek 1520 23 49 112 30 do or pek 1590 © 31 bid \
400 1738 9 do peksou 855 22 50 115 32 do pek 1696 26
403 T CL in est. 53 Glenalmond 124 15hfch bro pek 906 36 bid
mack 1747 8 do congou 800 «19 55 ’ 130 9 ch pek 742 4 bid
415 Ugieside 1783 23 do bromix 2185 21 64 Forest Hill 157 8 ch bropek 800 35
418 Cholankande 1792 24 do fans 9880 25 86 163 12 do pek 1152-95 ;
419 ; 1795 81 do dust 2480 ©=«18 70 Mousakande 175 20hfch broorpek 1120 37 *
420 Tunisgala 1798 14hf-ch broorpek 770 59 7 178 11 eh. bropek 1034 34 4
42h 1801 88 do bro pek 2280 ©. 38 72 181 19 do pek 1615 ~~ 32 ;
422 1504 50 do or pek 2500 33 73 Glenalla 184 27 ch broorpek 2700 37 ‘i
423 1807 34 ch pek 3069-27 74 187 24 do orpek 1920 32 >|
424 1810 19 do. peksou 1615 24 15 190 29 do pek 2465 24 4
426 Sylvakandy 1816 74 do brpek 4700 = 2 76 Glenalla 193 10 ch peksou 850 20 bid ¥

427 1819 31 do pek 2790 = BB 85 Orion 220 19 ch bro pek 1900 633 bid

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
86 223 20 ch bropekA 2000
87 226 21 do bro pek B~ 2100
83 229 20 do pek 1908
89 232 18 do pek A 1710
90 235 16 do Dek sou 1440
95 Dryburgh 250 11 bfch fans 836
96 Haraugalla 253 15 ch bro pek 1650
97 256 12 do pek 1630
101 Dodantela 268 13 hf-ch bro pek 715
102 O7leel lech pek 990
108 Depedene 289 59hfch bro pek 2950
109 292 46 do pek 2300
110 295 39 do pek sow 1950
112 801 49hfch bro pek 2450
113 304 44 do pek 2200
114 307 35 do pek sou 1750
118 Medegodda 319 24 hf ch ek 9t0
119 322 23 do pek sou 1150
121 Owilikande 328 30 ch bro pek 3600
122 331 10 do pek 9u0
129 Oononagalla 352 35 hf ch bro or pek No 1 1250
130 355 22 ch brvoor pek No 2200
131 358 34 do pek 2720
132 Warakamure 361 22 ch ro pek 2200
133 364 19 do pek 1634
134 367 13 do pek sou 1105
135 Galgedioya 370 7 ch bro pek 700
136 373 17 de pr seu 1615
137 876 16 do ro pex A, I. 1600
141 Raglan 348 11 ch bro pek 1100
142 391 23 do pek 2070
144 Allacollawewe 397 2C hfch broorpek 1040
145 400 380 do or pek 1470
146 403 20 do pe 1060
147 406 27 do ek sou 1328
148 Marigold 409 25hfch bro orpek 1300
149 412 40 do or pek 1960
150 415 382 do pek 1568
151 418 46 do pek sou 2346
152 Damblegolla 421 34hfch bro pek 2049
153 424 16 ch or pek 149%
1hfch
154 427 55 ch pek 4717
1hf ch
155 430 28 ch pek sou 2240
%7 Mahatenne 438 11 ch bro or pezk 1100
158 439 29 do bro pek 2900
159 442 25 do pek 2375
160 a45 8 do pek sou 720
164 DBG 457 10 ch fans 1060
1hfch
166 463 12 do dust 968
170 DM OG, in
est mark 475 20hfch broorpek 1008
171 478 24 do bro pek 1320
172 481 18 ch pek 1440
173 484 23 do pek sou 1725
177 Theberton 498 8 ch bro or pek 800
179 502 15 do pek 1275
182 Handrokande 411 8 ch bro pek 800
183 514 14 do pek 1190
186 Hobart 623 20hfch bro orpek 1100
187. Kirinawasa 5626 19 ch bro pek 1710
188 629 34 do or pek 2805
189 532 15 do pek 1125
199 DC 535 23 ch bo pek fans 2815
1 hf ch
538 8 ch pek fans 1200
193 Kanatotta 544 16 ch bro pek 1440
194 547 11 do pek Nol 880
195 550 15 do pek No. 2 1200
196 553 8 do fans 800
198 HIS 559 18 hfch bro pek 1080
199 562 16 do pek sou 960
204 Kurulugalla 577° 16 ch bro pek 1600
205 580 13 do pek 1235
209 Neboda 692 19 ch bro or pek 1900
210 595 25 do or pek 2125
212 601 10 do pek 880
216 Neboda 613 12 ch ~broor pek 1200
217 616 17 do or nek 1616
222 Neuchatel 631 50 ch bro or pek 5000
223 634 29 do or pek 2320
224 637 15 do pek sou 1200
226 Galkettiya- i
watte 643 8 ch bro pek 720
229 652 8 do pek sou 720
232 Kudaganga 661 13 ch bro pek 1380
233 664 9 do pek 855
234 667 8 do pek sou 720
237 BR, in estate
mark 676 37 ch ek sou 3142
238 EH’ Watts 679 13hfich dust 1170
239 682 12 ch ans 1560
241 K F, io estate
mark 688 20 ch bro or pek 2000
242 Maragalla 691 12 ch bro pek 1320
243 694 15 do or pek 1425

Lot. Box, Pkgs.
244 697 17 ch
245 TC 700 12 do
246 'T 703 11 ch
248 RS, in estate

mark 709 20 ch
249 Glentaaffe 712 Ohfch
250 LM 715 18 ch
251 MN 718 19 ch
252 Cranford 721 21 eh

Name,

pek
pek sou
bro mix

bro pek
dust

pek

bro or pek
bro or pek

(Messrs. B. John & Co.—223,526 lb.]

Lot. Box.
1 KAS, inest.
mark 956
2) 959
3 962
7 Rappahanock 974
8 Morton 7
9 980
10 983
15 Deeside 998
17 Theresia 4
21 Bittacy 16
22 10
30 Vincit 43
81 46
33 52
85 Winwoed 6
36 6:
OV 64
BY) 7
40 73
45 JD 88
47 Morahela D4
49 St. Andrew’s 100
5® 103
51 Obkiya 106
68 Elston 112
54 1165
55 Kadienlena 118
56 Gangawatte 121
57 124
68 127
61 136
63 Birnam 142
65 Long Ville 148
66 151
67 154
68 Ratwatte 167
69 160
78 163
72 MTS 169
73 172
74 Glasgow 175
75 178
76 181
77 184
78 Kton 187
79 190
80 193
84 Midlothian 205
85 208
86 211
87 214
88 217
89 Glasgow 220
90 223
91 226
92 229
93 232
95 Waragalande 238
96 241
244
98 247
100 GB 253
101 256
103 262
165 Oonoogaloya 268
106 971
107 274
109 280
111 286
112 Gingranoya 289
113 292
114 Mount Clare 295
122 Wootton 319
123 Bogawana 322
124 Natuwakelie 325
125 828
126 231
127 334
129 Poolbank 340

Pkgs.

9 do

62 hf ch

Name. Ib.
bro pek 765
pek 708
per sou 1100
dust 800
bro or pek = 735
or pek 950
pek 1800
fans 1560
pek sou 1530
bre pek 2760
pek 1170
or pek 1890
pe 1350

ro pek fans 720
bro or pek 850
or pek 1300
pek 960
pek sou $10
sou 1000
pek fans 1048

or pek No.1 1376
bro pek dust 850

dust 765
pek sou 700
pek 1040
pek sou 2560
pok fans 2240
broorpek 1300
bro pek 1300
ek 2790
ans 1120
ek sou 1836
To pek 2300
pek 1400
pek sou 10380
ro pek 2310
pek 1530
pek sou 720
r pek dust 1170
pek fans 805
broorpek 2695
or pek 910
pek 920
ek sou 760
ro orpek 2760
or pek 2850
ek sou 3500
ro pek 1500
or pek 1150
pek 2250
pek sou 1360
fans 800
bro or pek 3157
or pek 980
pek 920
pek sou 700
per. fans 855
roorpek 700
bro pek 1000
pek 1260
pek sou 810
bro pek 735
ek 850
ans 980
or pek 920
bro or pek g00
pek 765
bro or pek
No.2 770
dust 765
bro or pek 800
pek sou 880
broorpek 900
dust 1220
dust 1575
broorpek 900
bro pek 1600
pek 1360
pek sou 1080
bro pek 3120

Cc.

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. Io | 12 Lot. Bex, Pkgs. Name. ibs, ez
130 Orderly 848 Thfch broorpek 730 488 60 718 3hfch dust 240
131 846 9 ch pek 810 23 62 Etulgama 724 6 ch sou 540 «17
132 849 18 do pek sou 1548 23 68 Gallaheria 74Z 1 do dust 100 19
134 Cabin Ella 855 20 do or pek 170085 70 VY, in estate
135 368 88hfch broorpek 2128 42 mark 748 7hfch dust 560 18
186 861 19 ch pek 1616 82 71 751 2 do bro pek fans 140 22
137 864 11 do pek sou 935 25 bid | 72 754 1 ch bro tea 105 23
139 870 28hfch pek fans 2100 21 bid 77 New Anga-
142 Rookwood 379 40 do bro or pek 2400 47 bid mana 769 3 ch pek fans 330 23
143 882 19 do bro pek 1292 81 78 wiz 3 do pek dust 420 19
144 885 26 .ch or pek 2496 33 79 D, in estate
145 383 24 do pek 2160 27 bid mark 775 7hfch dust 557 18
146 $91 21 do pek 1890 26 bid | 83 Strathspey 787 4 ch peck sou 312 81
147 SH 394 26hfch or pek 1300 84 84 790 8 do dust 264 22
148 397 19 ch pek 1615 27 bid 8 Y¥PS 793 1 ch red leaf 98 ¥
149 Cleveland 400 4ihfch flowy or pek 2268 47 90 Sirikandure 808 1 do bro pekfan 7 r
150 403 46 du pek 2300 36 OL 811 1 do fans 66 17
151 406 16 do pek sou 800 32 92 814 1 ch congou 75 15
152 Callander 409 26 do bro or pek 1560 40 bid | 93 817 2 do bro pek dust 245 21
153 412 28 do or pek 1400 236hbid | 94 820 1 do dust 128 18
154 415 47 do pek 2256 36 97 Laukka 829 4 do pek sou $40 20
157 Rondura 424 43 ch bro pek 4300 33 bid 98 $3? 2hfch dust 150 17
158 427 19 do or pek 1615 30 100 M 838 7 ch pek 595 28
159 430 19 do broorpek 209u 32 101 841 1 do pek sou 85 21
160 4338 40 do pek 3600 25 102 844 2 do dust 170 18
164 Ouvah 445 20 do peksou 1806 27 105 Rock Cave 863 7. do perk sou 560 20
165 Glassaugh 448 15 do or pek 1500 67 106 856 2hf-ch dust 170 18
166 451 18hfch broorpek 1170 56 110 Yuillefield 868 1 do sou 50 24
167 454 13 ch Pek 1300 51 lil 871 2 do dust 180 19
170 B, Talawa, in 115 Meddetenne 8&3 38 ch bro pek fans 438 26
estate mark 463 12 do bro or pek 1140 47 118 Yelverton 892 6 do pek sou 552 26
171 466 19 do pek No.2 1710 27 119 895 4 do dust 360 22
172 469 19 do pek sou 1710 25 bid 126 Amblakande 916 7 ch pek suu 560 22
173 NB 472 24hfch peksou 1440 30 127 919 3 do dust 300 19
175 Veralapatna 478 8 ch dust 880 22 131 Coreen 931 4hfch dust 336 20
176 Gansarapolla 481 1ihfch broorpek 1050 49 139 Macaldeniya 95511 do wpeksou 605-23
177 454 35 do bro pek 2030 35 140 958 3 do fans 192 26
178 487 18 ch or pek 1980 25 bid 141 961 3 do dust 255 20
179 490 10 do pek 950 25 146 St. Heliers 976 7hfch dust £67 18
180 Tie Farm 493 8 do bro pek 880 37 147 979 5 do fans 285 out
184 Kerndale £05 16 do bro pek 1600 52 148 982 4 ch bro tea 75 8 bid
185 508 14 do or pek 1190 35 149 Athlone 985 2hfch dust 160 19
186 51L 12 do pek 960 31 150 288 1 ch fans 100 22
201 Delpotoncya 656 20 ae dust z 1400 20 A 156 BB, in estate
202 Kolapatna 559 16 do or pe 860 36 bi mark 1006 1 ch bro pek
203 562 18 do pek 846 83bid | 457 1008 °2%de" 9 ek OO Nias 2
204 LEL 555 25 ch RERtOE pek ga 158 1012 4 do dust 400 17
Osis O00 Ke Stine 162 Lyegrove 1024 5 do bro pek 525
205 NP 568 8 do pek S00 12 bid | yg, 7 TONG Mido igiekeen B10 38
206 571 18 do peKsou 1620 10bid | 465 1033 2 do dust 170 19
207 Mocha 574 47 do broorpek 4700 650bid | 373 IN G, in est.
208 577 18 do or pek 1710-39 mark 1057 3 ch bropekdust 420 20
209 - 580 26 do pek 2340 35 174 1060 6 do pek fans 600 25
210 583 19 do peksou 1615 32 | | 176 Wilpita 1066 5 do bro pek 41533
211 686 13hfch fans 1170 21 bid 178 1072 3 do bro mix 306 lL
212 5:9 10 do dust 1000 18 bid 179 1075 lhfch dust 65 17
213 592 11 ch bro tea 935 19 180 1078 1 do fans 55 18
214 MPS 595 11 do broorpek 1100 26 184 Massena 1090 9 do bropekfans 585 22
215 598 8 do pek 854 22 185 1093 5 do dust 400 18
189 Fairlawn 1105 7 ch pek sou 525 29
190 : 1108 3 hf gh dust 255 20
\ IS 193 Galkadua WG, hi pek sou 600 22
SMALL LOrs: 194 1120 1 do fans i202 18
ee 195 1123 1 do conte 100 12 bid
geerea. Rar i i 196 1126 1 do ust 200 12 bid
(Messrs. Forbes & Waiker | 199 Morankande 1135 10hfch bracrpek 560 38
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 203 1147 2 do hp Ge pek ae
2 KDA 544 2 ch bro pek 200 = 23 204 1150 1 do dust 90 9
3 647 1 do pek 1020 206 Killarney 1156 12hfch broorpek 660 50
4 550 1 do pek sou 100 18 212 Maha Uva 1174 3 do dust 270-22
5 Bogahagoda- 214 Polatagama 1380 5 ch or pek 425 BL
watte 553 3 ch bro or pek 330 33 218 1192 3 do dust 420 19
6 5-6 5 do bro pek 500-28 223 Dea Ella 1207 3hfch fans | 180 22
8 662 4 do pek sou 380 20 B24 1210 5 do dust 400 18
16 Palmgarden 586 4 do pek sou 400 20 226 Kirklees 1216 7 do bro or pek 490 35
17 589 1 do unas 120 16 236 Hanwella 1246 3 ch hyson Not 300 21
Ve 592 1 do congou 100-16 237 1249 2 do hyscn No2 200 15
LD aa 595 1 do dust 10 = 14 238 1252 2 do _hysonsiftings 260 9
22 Eria Olla 6U4 6 ch pek sou 480 21 243 Seenagolla V 1267 2 ch sou 218 26
23 d 607 1hbfch dust 76 «19 255 BY 1303 Lhfch dust 90 out
24 B B, in est, 256 1306 2 ch broor pek
mark 610 12 do bro pek 660 33 fans 150 out
25 613 15 do pek 645-28 257 1309 1hfch pek fans 70 out
26 616 12 do pek sou 600 20 264 P 1830 6 do bro pek 300 34
27 619 1 do congou 52 («14 265 1333 3 ch pek 270-25
28 622 1 do pek dust Si 16 277 Penrhos 1369 ihfch sou 39 «18
34 Dromoland 640 4hfch pek sou 200 3) 278 1372 3 do fans 240 22
35 643 3 do fans 195 26 279 1375 1 do pek dust 67 «19
3 646 2 do dust 170 s«19 281 Good Hope 1381 5 ch broorpek 500 37
42 KHL 664 4 do dust 360 22 282 ; 1384 6 du pek 50 4
43 Doorooma. Qd3 13h7 4 do peksou 360 24
della 667 6 ch pek sou 504 25 984 1390 1 do u 128 20
44 : 670 8hfch dust 18018 2x8 O’Bodde 1402 3 de peksou 255 22
66 Stafford 706 8 do fans 225 23 289 1405 3hfch dust 300 18
57 702 2 do dust 180-18 300 Udapolia 1438 7 ch or pek 63033

59 Dunally 716 6 ch sou 400 20 3u3 1447.6 do pek sou 480 23

Lot. Box,
304 450
309 Great Valley,
Ceylcn, in
est. mark 1465
311 Wewawatte 1471
312 1474
313 1477
314 JAS 1480
315 1483
316 1486
317 J Sinest.
mark 1:89
318 1492
319 1495
321 Yatiyana 1501
322 1504
323 1507
327 B Y in estate
mark 1519
328 1622
329 1525
330 O Fin estate
inark No. 2 1528
831 1531
332 1534
33 1537
334 O Fin estate
mark No, 1 1540
335 1543
336 1546
337 1549
3338 1552
343 Galapitakande1567
347 Avoca 1879
318 1582
351 Findlater 1591
352 1594
359 Poonagalla 1615
361 Ingrugalla 1621
362 1624
870 Kabragalla 1648
372 Kalupahana 1654
373 1657
374 1660
375 1663
376 1666
377 1669
384 Karabusnawal6s0
385 1693
386 BR ckside 1696
388 ° 1702
293 Hopton 1717
394 1720,
401 Lauderdale i741
402. TCL in est.
mark 1744
404 Eland 1750
405 ABE 1753
406 1756
407 1789
408 1762
409 1765
410 Attabagie 1768
411 1771
412 Memorakande)774
413 1777
414. Ugieside 1780
416 Augusta 1786
417 1789
425 Tunisgala 18)3
423 Sylvakandy 1822
431 Holton 1831
432 BA 1834
433 Donnybrook 1837
434 1840
425 1843
440 Lesmoir 1858
444 Vogan 1870
445 1873
448 RBY 1882
449 1885
459 Clunes 1915
460 1918
461 1921
466 Ruanwella 1936
467 1939
476 Geragama 1965
479 Digdola 1975
480 Rin e-t mark1978
431 198t
482 1984
487 Monkwood 1999
488 North Cove 2002
489 2005
491 RBYCRD 2011
492 2014
493. 2017

2

-

7
9
6

DO eS OO

b

RPO NORE RE PNR ROH Bac

Pgks.
hf ch

ch
hf-ch
do

hf-ch

CEYLON PRODUCE
SE el bl RE aL A en

Name. lb.
dust 160
pek sou 630
br pek 594
pes 368
pek sou 280
bro pek 5d
pek 250
pek sou 225
red leaf No.1 210

red leaf No. 2
dust

pek sou

dust
br or pk fans
pek fans

br pek

pek

pek sou

pek green tea

_br pek

pek
pek sou
dust
hyson
dust
pek sou
bro pek fans
peF sou
dust
dust
pek sou
bro tea
dust

or pek
pek
pek sou
tans
bro mixed
dust
pek sou
sou

sou
dust
fans
dust
dust

pek fans
sou

br pk

pek

pek sou
dust

fans

dust

bro mixed
fans

dust

dust

fans

aust Nol
dust

dust

pek -ou
br pek

br pek
pek

dust

dust

pek sou
dust

bro or pek
‘pek sou
br pek fans
sou

dust

fans

dust

dust

bro pek fans
br pek
pek

bro mixed

100

@.

17

LOWY Ww wi

DCROCOWWMH

SALES LIST.

kb,

450
450

50
300
600
420
220
620
420
550
500
520
170
4580
255
102

Lot, Box, Pkgs. Name.
496 Clova Sana ( pek sou
497 9 7 do i.
498 S ZO32 3 aeh fans
499 035 6 do dust
501 WN 2041 4 do bro tea
506 SV inest
mark br pek
504 pek
509 dust
510 63 bro mixed
516 Patchakadua 2086 dust
(iessrs. Somerville & Co.)
Lot Box, Pkgs. Name,
4 Monrovia 1876 bro tea
5 1 pek dust
Cicer Young Hyson
7 Siriniwasa bro or pek
12 bro pek fins
13 3 dust
VW Labugama 6 4 bro pek fans
21 HoragaliaK V 28 9 ch pek sou
22 3l Ghfch fans
23 Yarrow 2410 ht ch | bre or pek
28 43 10 do pek sou
27 46 8 do Flowy or pek fans
28 49 2 do bro pek dust
29. Ambalawa 52 6. ch or pek
31 San Cio iS yo ech sou
32 6 bhfch dust
33. G A, in estate
mark 64 5 ch bro pek
34 67 6 do i
35 70 5 do
36 73 1 hf-ch
7 i 4634 5e-ch bre mix
40 wbeniyaya 85,6. ch pek sou
41 88 3 do bro pek fans
42 91)6>;do. bro pek dust
45 HKewadugama 100 6 ch pek sou
46 103. L do dust
51 Nugaweilla i18 8 ch pek sou
52 12) 3hfch dust
54 Glenalmond 127 10 hfch~° or pek
86 133 3 do pek sou
57 136 2 do dust
'8 Patulpana 139 6hfich bro pek
59 142 5 do or pek
60 145 4 do pek sou
61 148 4 do pek
62 EF A, in estate
mark 151. 5 bich dust
63 Forest Hill 154 12 hf¢ch bro er pek
65 1é0 1 do bro jek
67 166.4 ch pek sou
68 169. Jtfech. pek sou
69 7289) do fans
77 Gleualla 196 3B do sou
8 $8 3hfch dust'Nol
79 2 do dust No 2
80 eh fans
81 8 do pek
82 3 do per sou
$3 Orion 1 box golden tips
84 20 boxes bro or pek
91 2hfich dust
92 ich fans
93 1 do bro mix
94 Dyyburgh 8 ch pek seu
98 Karangalla 6 ch pek sou
99 1 do sou
100 2hi ch: dust
103 Podantela 3 ch pek sou
14 dhf-ch dust unbolkel
105 M J P 2, ch bro pek
106 4 .do pek
107 2 do pek sou
111 Depedene S5hfch dust
115 0 8Shf-ch 9 dust
116 Meddegodda 3 12hfch bro or pek
117 315 do cr pek
120 2 do dust
123 Owilikande See ch pek sou
124 Shich. fans
125 3 do dust
16BA bBhfch pek fans
127 4 ch bro tea
128 Thich dust
18 Galgedioya 5 ch pel
139 6 do. pek sou AT
140 6 do fans
143 Raglan ' te ch dust
i ht ch
T5GMBeH 433.2 ch unas
161 Mahaterine 448 3 ch cust

R3°5

Cc.

bid

bid

7 bid

bid

bid

bid

bid

6 : CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Mb. sities
162 Walla Valley 451 & ch pek sou 375 withd’n | 4438 307 3 ch faustNod 270 20
165 DB G S60 techs iprommis 200m 8 119 310 2hfch dustNo.1 190° 17
167 Weywelta- 320 313 1 do fans No. 2 85 15
lawa 466 3hbfch dust 270 ~=—«18 121 316 1 do dust No. 2 6716
168 469 9 do pek fans 585 2u 128 Natuwakelle 337 4 ch dust 400 21
169 , 472 3 ch bro mix 235 16 133 Orderly 352 1 do dust 8&3 19
.174 DM OG, in 86. Cabin Ella 367 7hf-ch pek an 462 © 24
: ‘ “oO mix 35 140 373 8 bags redleaf(B) 416 &
estate mark 487 1 ch bro mix 85 14 ze & ! u 8
175 490 5hfch dust 425 18 at 376 Shf-ch pek dust(B) 450 17
176 493 3 do fans 180 21 155 Callander 418 5 do pek sou 200 3z
178 Theberton 499 7 ch or pek 630 32 136 421 7 do fans 518 7
180 505 1 do pek sou 85k 161 Rondura 436 2 ch pek fans 234 8624
181 508 1 do fans 100 17 162 429 6 do peksou 54021
184 Handrokande £17 6 ch peksou 490-2) 163 442 4 do dust 660 «(19
185 620 lhfch dust 100 20 168 Glassavgh 457 3 do bro mix 320 18
192 DC 54l 2 ch dust 349 18 bid | 169 Gingranoya 460 1 do bro or pek 10034
197 Kanatotta 556 2 ch auee es 280 14 174 Veralapatna 475 2 do fans 220 21
200 Kosgahahena 565 4 ch ro pek 400 28 181 The Farm 493 4 do aye 340 25
201 Hid BID es OS ae 182 499 5 do pek sou 425 22
202 571 1 do pek sou 100 12 G6 2
203 574 1 do fans 0 11 ee 5023 do} gust 255 «18
906 Kurulugalla 583 4 ch pek sou 400 =. 20 1a7 Ferndale 514 8 do pek sou 600 24
207 ni 586 1 do bropekfans 90 17 188 517 1 do dust 160 20
208 589 2 do pek dust 260 19 189 520 1 do bro pek fans 135 23
211 Neboda 598 3 ch bro pek 30026 190 Taunton 523 14 boxes flowy or pek 280 43
213 ane Bae pek ecu a Hs 191 56 5 ch pek No. 2 425 28
214 ce us 27 192 529 d 0
215 610 4 ch bre mix 404 14 193 ae : ao peseoe sn =
218 619 5 ch bro pek Aro 21 194 535 1hf-ch dust 100 18
219 622 4 do pek 852. 23 195 Pitioya 538 4 ch bro pek 200 35
220 He Aen per son OU get 196 541 5 do or pek 250 28
221 25 c us 2i 197 a44 2 do pek 150-44
225 eae 640 4 ch dust 560 18 193 547 1 do Por sou 75 =
227 Galkettiya- =. || 209 550 1bfch fans 65” 25
watte 3 5 ch pek <n ph Bs bid 200 Annamalai 553 1 do dust £5). 3B
22 a) (= 0 % 21 Bi
330 655 2 do fans 220 19 bid
231 658 2 do dust 240 18 bid
235 Kudaganga 670 2 do fans a 200 a8
236 3738 5 do ro pe ust 575 19
240 HWatte 685 3 ch_ red leaf 348 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,
247 Hopewell 706 6hfch dust 420 20

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

[Mesars. E. John & Co.) Mincine Lang, July 5.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib; c. ‘“«Kawachi Maru-’—Gowerakellie F, 1 barrel sold

4 K AS, in est. Roku i , e at 112s; ditto 1, 1 cask sold at 118s; ditto 2, 2
ma) eh ro m1x 300 7 P 2 i

5 Pundaluoya 968 3hfch fans 255 23 casks and 1 tierce sold at 110s; ditto S, 1 barrel

6 oh 2 ae aust a ze) sold at 53s; ditto PB, 1 barrel sold at 127s;

1L Morto 8 3 ¢ ek sou 2

ue orton ae ete ee pek fans 90 19 GKET in estate mark, 1 barrel sold at 33s;

is eee a BuO. cbse 159 8 GKH, 1 barrel sold at 34s; 1 bag sold at 85s ;
6eSL' b 3 “ .

16 Ampittakande 1 7 do dust 560 18bia | Gonakelle F, 1 barrel sold at 115s; ditto 1, 1 cask

18 Theresia 7 do dust 560 20 2 a 9 Bie

a8 OC den hilseu Apes sold at 118s; ditto 2, 1 cask sold at 106s; ditto

2x) 132! an bro mix 209 20 PB. 1 barrel sold at 110s; GK T in estate mark,

23 Bittac 22 3 do pek sou 270 32 A =

a y sauuaubaaite tae 300 27 bia | 2 barrel sold at 32s ; 1 bag sold at 87s.

25 28 pitch Loos pek 300 61 bid ““ Stentor.”—Niabedde 1, 1 barrel sold at 100s;

26 31 4 do us 320 21 . .

BT Cyprus 34 12 ch bro pek 600 32 ditto S, 1 barrel sold at 40s; ditto PB, 1 bprrel

28 37.10 do pek 50023 sold at 126s; i

29 40 8 do peksou 4002 ; NBT in estate mark, 1 barrel sold

32 Vincit 49 7 do pek sou j30 2 at 33s.

34 55 1 do dust 170 17

38 Winwood 67 6 ' don pek No. 2 600 28

al 76 7Thte ust 630k

42 79 4 do fans 240-23 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

43 82 4 do bru pek 240 28

44 JD 85 8 do nee pek fans 513 23 bid Ss

46 91 2 ch ust 215 19 3 =D

sie Mew iela OTM coumeabrolpek: 72-36 ‘* Orizaba.’’—Beredewelle COC Ex. No. 1, 44 bags

52 HH go 4 go prone 84 8 sold at 85s.

59 Gangawatte 30 3 do pek sou 300 26

60 8 133 6hfeh dust 54) 8 “ Kanagawa Maru.”—Muwagala A, 22 bags sold

62 4; 139 5 ae coon F ee 22 at 66s,

64 145 3 do red lea 270 8 66 Tet 3 9

71 Ratwatte 168 Bhtch dust 240 12 Ixion.”—Asgeria A, 2 bags sold at 54s 4d.

81 Eton 196 2 ¢ sou (H) 185 27 ‘ i Ly a

& ENN | BRED) ee 65 : Kawachi WCE Gconambil: 1 bag sold at 54s 6d.

83 ae 202 1 bag red leaf 59 7 Craftsman.”—AP & Co, in estate mark, Angro-

94 235 7 ch pek 596 15 5

99 Waragalande 270 2 do dust 200 20 wella, o Beg Sele Bo 59s ; 1 bag sold at 58s.

102 GB 259 Bich dust 475 «17 ‘* Alcinous.”—A ditto, 26 bags sold at 63s.

104 265 5 do bro mix 425 14 é ”

108 Oonoogaloya 277 2 ch pek suu 170 2 * Idomeneus. —Gangaroowa, 2 bags sold at 56s.

110 283 10hf ch fans 650 23 bid “ Lancashire.”—Ditto, 12 bags sold at 62s.

115 Mount Clave 298 6 ch or pek ' 450 37 “ Macici »_Dj .

116 Bul. 1 do. pek 199 93 agician.”—Ditto 2, 3 bags sold at 663 ; ditto 3,

117 304 8 do pek sou PP > RW) 4 bags sold at 56s; ditto Black, 3 bags sold at4ls.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 80.

CotomsBo, Aveust 5, 1901.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

B. Benham & Co.|
{12,843 lb.|

Box. Pkgs.

37 bf ch
35 do

Name.

bio pek
bro pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

fans

Messrs. Forbes & Walker
[557,462 1b.]

Lot.
4 Coodoogalla 17
7 Hornsey 26
§ 29
15 Mapitigama 60
16 53
17 56
18 59
Lot. Box.
1 Mansfield 2089
2 2092
4 2098
5 Halbarawa 2101
6 2104
8 Pingarawa 2:10
11 Ragawatte 2119
13 2125
14 Passara
Gro.ip 2128
1 2181
16 2134
17 2137
20 Waldemar 2146
21 7149
22 2152
23 215d
25 Rackarton 2161
26 2164
27 2167
28 2170
29 2173
32 Ambragalla 2182
33 2185
B4 2 83
35 2191
38 M , 2200
46 Glendon 2224
47 2227
45 2230.
49 2233
53 Tonacombs 2245
54 2248
55 2251
56 2254
57 22.57
58 H 2260
61 Sv. Paul’s Inv.
No 22 4269
62 2272
63 2275
64 2278
65 St. Paul’s Inv.
No. 23 2 81
66 228 +
67 2287
68 CL 2290
69 2293
70 2296
71 2299
72 Great V lley
Ceylon, in est.
mark 2302
73 2°05
74 2308
75 2311
738 N 2320
79 Trex 2323
80 2326
86 Laxapana 2344
87 2347
92 Erracht 2362
93 2365
94 2368
96 2371
96 2374

Pigs.
30 bf ch

8 ch
il hf ch

29 hf ch
16 ch
10 do

15 bf ch
33 do

33 do
29 do

16 do
41 do

39 do
34 ch

8 ch
17 hf-ch

Name. lb.
bro pek 1800
pek 1520
dust 900
bro pek 2200
pek 1170
dust 900
sou 720
dust 880
or pek 1170
bro or pek 1700
pek 1620
pek sou 900
bro orpek 1440
bro pek 1680
or pek 1900
pek 1620
bro or pek 1827
or pek 1600
pek 1000
pek sou 1000
bro tea 845
or pek 2150
bro or pek 4920
pek 2160
pek sou 1120
dust 910
bro pek 1575
or pek 3240
pek 3200
pek sou 2380
or pek 3800
bro pek 85u0
pek 4220
pek sou 1445
dust 935
bro pek 1575
bro or pek = 990,
or nek

Nol 1848
or pek 1650
pek 1595
bro or pek 1056
or pek

Nol 2259
pek 2106
bro pek 3400
or pek 1350
pek Nol 1620
pek No2 2810
broor pek 1860
or pe’ 1350
pek 167%
pek sou 720
pek fans 1929
bro or pek 2900
pek 2070
pek 720
pek fans and

dust 1445
bro pek 2790

ek 2080

pek sou 3200
bro pek

fans 2100
dust 875

38 bid

28 bid
35 bid
39
35
29

35 bid

{

PRICE :—12% cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; gcopies 4 rupee.

Lot. Box
98 Aberdeen 2380
99 2333
100 2386
102. Inverness 2392
103 2395
104 2398
106 Hanwella 2104
12 BA 2422
133 Gleneagles 2425
114 2428
115 2431
116 2434
117. Dunbar 2437
118 2440
119 24413
120 2446
124 D inestate

mark 2458
125 Choisy 2461
126 QWs
127 2407
128 2470
132 Yuillefield 2482
134 Puspone 2588
135 2491
136 2494
137 2497
138 Stamford

Hill 2500
139 2503
140 2506
143 St. Marga-

rets 2515
145 Tempo 2621
146 2524.
147 2527
153 Sirikandme 2545
154 2548
159 Gonapatiya 2563
160 2566
161 Gonapatiya 2 69
162 2572
163 2575
164 2578
265 Aigburth 2581
167 Kitulgalla 2587
168 Middleton 2598
169 2593
170 2596
174 Erlsmere 2608
175 2611
178 Monkswood 262
19 26 3
1&0 2626
181 Deaculla 2629
182 2632
183 2635
184 Tymawr 2638
135 2641
186 2044
137 2647
183 2650
189 Errollwood 2653
190 2656
191 2659
192 Bandara- F

polla 2662
193 2665
194 2668
195 Bramley 2671
196 2674
197 2677
199 Cullen 2683
200 2686
202, Chesterford 2692
203 2695
04 2698
205 Waratenne, Inv.

No 18 2701
206 2704
207 2707
218 2710
210 Pinehill 2716
ail 2719
212 2722
213 Hopton 2725
114 2728
ING 277311
216 2734
219 Amblangoda 2743
220 27416
221 2749

25 hf ch

do

Name.

bro pek
pek
sou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

young hysou
pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
pes
pek fans
bro or pek
bro pek
or pek
pek

hyson
bro cr pek
or pek

pek
bro or pek

bro pek
or pe&
pek

bro pek
bro pek
or pek
pek

pek

pek sou
bro pek
bro pek
or pek
bro pek
pek

pek fans
sou

or pek
bro or pek
bro pek

pek sou
or pek
bro or pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek

bro pek

or pek

bro pek

pes

or pek
Nol

bro or pek

pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

lb.

240
21:0
1476
1300
1620
1520
1400
820
5508
3071
1425
705
850
784
756
702

1900
1450

760

935

720
1445
2500
2875
1805
1430

1500
816
2070

1500
1890
2619
1880
950
900
1140
1197
1749
1160
1924
952
720
1710
700

* 2470

2240

784
1440
1440

935
171C
4015
2520

2275
3596
2750
1020
1650

1064

2800
2160
3300
2970
2700

110
1440
1360
1500
1440
153C
2340
2300
2900
2430

990
1400
1700
1440

out

44

32 bid
27 bid

22
48 bid
4% bid
53
52 bid
39

53

25 bid:

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
t
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib) es 3 Lot, Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. cc.
225 Kincora 2761 12 ch bro pek 1320 48 841 3109 27 ch pek sou 2430 36
226 2764 14 do pek 1120 85 342 3112 9 do pek fans 810 20
207 2767 10 do pek sou 750 30 318 Pallagodda 3115 10 do bro or pek 1000 35
230 Dickhena 2776 55 ch bro or pek 5509 34 bid 344 3118 19 do bro peE 1900 35 bid
231 2779 24 do or pek 2160 30 bid 346 3121 13 do or pek 1105 33
232 2782 23 do pek 2300 23 bid 316 3124 10 do pek 850 %6
233 2785 8 do pek sou 760 22 347 3127 10 do pek sou 900 24
234 2788 12bfch dust 1080 23 bid | 348 Queensland 3139 8 do bro pek 760 8648
235 Castlereagh 2791 32hfch bro or pek 1600 52 849 8133 11 do pek 935 81 bid
236 2794 14 ch bro pek 1330 38 252 Cholakande 3142 14 do or pek 1120 28
237 2797 11 do or pek 880 34 353 3145 40 do pek 3400 23
238 2800 9 do pek 720 30 854 3148 28 do pek sou 2240 19
239 2803 9 do pek sou 720 23 355 Theydon Bois3151 8 do breor pek 720 39 bid
240 Poonagalla 2806 12 ch or pek W152 42, 256 3154 16 do or pek 850 835
DAL 2809 18 do bro pek 2070 49 357 3157 415 do pek 1125 25
242 2812 25 do pek 2500 37 359 Galagama 3163 25 do bro pek 2500 29
243 2815 1s do ek sou 1170 29 360 3'66 27 do pek 2665 20
244 Marlborough 2818 15hfch bro or peK 750 52 361 Maxim 3169 22 do bro pek 2200 =30 bid
245 28291 9 ch bro pek 855 47 862 3172 19 do pek 1596 26
246 2824 12 do or pek 1020 39 364 Doorooma-
247 2827 9 do pek 720 33 della 3178 8 do bro pek 752 36
249 Mawiliganga- 365 3181 11 do pek 946 31
watte 2833 9 ch bro or pek 855 41 366 Lreby 3184 40 hfch br pek 2400 47
250 28386 44 do bro pek 3960 31 367 31s7 17 do pek 1445 35 bid
251 2839 31 do pek sou 2635 22 Bie, 3198 27 ch or pek 2700 out
252 2842 10 «o pek dust 850 19 372 3202 22 do pek 2200 out
253 Weyunga- 374 Hentleys 3208 19hfch br pek 1007 35
waite 2845 21 ch bro pek 2100 37 bid | 376 3214 14 ch pek 1329) 21
O54 2848 26 do pek 2340 27 bid 380 K P W 3226 34ht-ch broorpek 2710 38 bid
255 2851 16 do pek sou 1280 24 bid 351 3229 28 do bro psk 1540 82 bid
257 WLochiel 2857 2\hf-ch broorpekK 1218 60 382 3232 17 do or pek 765 32
258 2860 26 ch or pek 2600 38 bid | 382 3235 60 do pek 8000 25
259 2863 22 do pek 1826 35 884 3238 320 dea pek sou 1510 22
262 Woodend 2872 29 do bro pek 2900 83 bid | 388 Harrow 3250 15 do bro orpek 900 53 bid
263 2875 42 do pek 3780 25 390 3756 19 ch pek 190) 34 bid
264 2878 10 do pek sou 800 22 293 Passara Group3245 8 do or pek 720 40
266 Nugagalla 2884 22hfckh bro pek 1100 5L 394 3268 13 do bre or pek 1.00 50 bid
267 2887 50 do pek 2500 32 395 3271 12 do pek 1080 42 hid
268 2890 24 do pek sou 1200 =. 28 329 Tembiligalla 3283 30 do broorpek 2+50 34 bid
269 2893 10 do ust 900 20 400 - 3246 18 do pek 1620 25 bid
271 Delta 2899 30 ch bro pek 3060 36bid | 404 Waitalawa 3298 55hfch br pek 2750 50
272 2902 24 do pek 2088 34 405 33(1 68 do pek 3400 33 bid
73 2905 20 do pek sou 1620 27 410 Pslmgarden 3316 14 ch bro pek .540 30 bid
274 Agra Oya 2208 10 do broyek 100034 411 Laukia 3519 11 do _ bro pek 1175 ~=85 bid
975 2°11 9 do pek 765 25 414 Letienty 3322 3Lhf-ch bro orpek 1550 out
276 2914 8 do pek sou 720 22 415 Ye.langowry 3331 15 ch bro ped 1500 42
27 WVRA_ 2917 22hf-ch broorpek 1110 49 416 3334 20 do or pek 1800 32 hid
278 2970 15 do fans 120021 417 2337 16 do pek 1430 = -°26 bid
279 Talgaswela 2923 13 do broorpek 780 388 418 3340 9 do pex sou 810 2
280 29296 9 ch bro or pek 900 38 420 Richmond 3346 12hf--h br pek 720 72
281 2929 290 do or pek 1600 31 421 3319 16 do pek 800 59
282 , 29382 26 do pek 2080 26 423 Bramley 3355 26 do bro or pek 1765 27 bid
283 2985 16 do pek sou 1200 22 424 Palmerston 3358 I13hf-ch broorpek 715 74
225 Mahayaya 2911 18hf-ch bro pek 972 30 425 3361 14 do br peE 812 46
286 2914 14 do pek 1204 23 bid 426 3364 14 ch pek 1190 42
287 2947 19 do pek sou 893 21 ;
220 Dickbedde 2956 51 ch bro pek 5100 41
291 2959 58 do pek 4750 36 = ae Ax
29? 2962 12 do peksou 110i 36 Messrs. Somerviiie & Ca.—
“293 2965 Qhfch dust 855 23
294 Oakbam 2968 24 do bropek 1440 33 did |180,020 Ib.)
295 2971 22 do or pek 930 34 bid
208 2974 20 ch aoe 1800-0 bid | Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. e.
299 ogama 2683 12 do bro pe 121 0 42 1 Nikawella 724 14hfch bro pek rail :
300 2986 8 do or pek 720 35 4 WKP 733 16 ch bro ee 1680 = bid
301 e 2989 18 do pek 1620 27 5 736 16 do or pek 1440 31 bid
303 G E in est. 6 739 44 do pek 374) 27
mark 2995 40hf-ch broorpek 2400 36 7 742 17 do pek sou 1275 92
304 2998 26 ch bro pek 2600 32 bid ; 10 W, in estate
305 8001 23 do pek 1955 26 vid mark (ole ch pes fams £075 20
306 3004 10 do pek sou 800 22 11 754 7 do dust 1220 16
308 3010 10 do dust 770 20 12 757 31 do sou 2720 20
310 Carberry 3016 18 do bro pek 1890 35 13 z 769 9 «do unas 855 16
313 GK 3025 44 do jek sou 3300. =-.20 14 Ferriby 763 22 ch bro pek 1980 35
314 3028 18 do sou 1080 19 15 766 13 do pek No. 1 910 27
816 3034 10 do dust 1506 17 16 769 13 do pe: 1105 26
318 Ganapalla 3040 25 do or pek 2125 BRA Vorh2 ||) ales 772 11 do pek sou 770 22
319 3043 21 do broor pek 2310 35 19 Avisawella 773 15 hich broorpeKk 750 43
320 31146 20 do pek No.1 1720 27 20 72L 16 ch bro pek 1600 34
321 2019 31 do pek No.2 2604 23 21 784 17 do pek 1630 25
322 Dammeria 2052 13 do bro pek 1300 45 22 787 17 do pek sou 1360-21
823 3045 13hfch bro pek fans!040 32 23 Dartry 730 17 hfch fans 13019 20
824 3058 7 do dust 700 ©20 28 Aberfoyle 805. 8 ch pek 800 = -26
325 3061 23 ch pek 2300 = 35 33 Kelani 820 9 ch bro pek Sl0 88 bid
325 3064 17 do pek sou 150 30 84 823 15 do bro or pek 150) 36
BZ 4°67 14 do or pek 1260 38 38 826 9 do or pek 720 30
328 Erracht 3070 20 do br pek 2000 35 36 829 24 do pek 1920 9-25
829 3072 16 do pek 1276 27 37 832 11 do fans 990 25
330 3076 13 do nek gou 1040-28, 39 Goodwood: 838 15hfch or pek 900 35 bid
333 Maha Uva 28085 43hf-ch broorpek 3010 88 bid 41 844 17 do nek 935 33.
324 2088 32 do or pek 1970 40 bid | 43 Pare 850 11 do fans 715 21
885 2001 82 ch pek 3010 89 45 Charlie Hill 856 1Shfch bro pek 950 89-33
336 3094 9 do pek sou 810 37 46 859 15 do pek 756-24
387 Kirklees 3097 15 do broorpek 1650 48 55) P Ny 886 9 ch unas 955 10
238 8100 30 do or pek 3000 38 67 South Africa 892 18 ch pek 1440 24 bid
8329 3103 88 do pek 3610 33 59 Werby 898 15hf-ch bro pek 900 36
240 Gampah 3106 84 do pek 2992 ~=-: 36 68 925 21 do bropek 1lo5 35

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, 3
Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib oe Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. cc,
-69 924 29hfch pek 1450 25 28 ‘ 682 15 ch pek 1275 31
70 931 47 do pek sou 23850 21 29 LEL 685 14 do broorpek 1330 41 bid
71 Ranasingha- 30 688 23 do bro pek 2300 35 bid
patna 934 82hfch or pek 4100 34 bid } 3L 691 23 do pek 1840 = 30 bid
72 937 93 do bro or pek 5580 35 bid 32 Warleigh 694 13hf-ch broorpek 780 66
73 910 40 do pek 3600 33 33 697 14 do broorpek 9834 47
7x 9143 27 do pek sou 2160 26 34 700 14 do or pek 770 54
76 Mousa Eliya 949 381 ch bro pek 3100 = 39 35 703 21 ch bro pek 1995 34 bid
77 952 18 ch pek 1710 27 36 706 20 ch pek 17v0 34
83 Horagoda 970 7 do broor pek 700 35 38 712 Qhf-ch dust 20 ots
84 973 9 do or pek 765 29 40 718 13 ¢ pek 1170 23
85 976 10 do pek 950 23 43 Warriagalla 727 12 do bro pek 1200 25 bid
90 Hangranoya 991 20 ch bro pek 2000 34 44 730 11 do pek 880 | 23
93 Ramboda 1000 18hfech bro pek 990 46 bid | 50 Elston 748 13 do — or pek 117086 bid
$4 10u3 22 do pek 1100-34 5L : 751 27 do pek 2295, 84
99 L 1018 17hfich dust 1445 «19 52 754 13 do pek sou 117025
100 1021 do bro mix 810 14 57 Perth 769 27 do bro pek 2700 34
104 Beausejour 103 27hfch pek 1215 26 58 772 17 do or pek 1445 27 bid
105 1036 9 ch pek sou 720 23 59 775 30 do pekNo.1 2400 26
115 Oaklands 1066 18 ch or.pek 1620. 31 60 778 17 do pekNo.2 1241 24
116 1069 15 do bro pek 1500 33 63 Burnside Group 787 25 do bro pek 2625 35 bid
117 1072 23 do pek 2185 25 64 790 43 do pek 3655 28 bid
119 1078 14bfch dust 1330 12 bid 67 Agra Ouvah 799 34bfch broorpek 1972 68
120 1081 17 do fans 1870 20 68 802 25 do or pek 1300 46
123 K T 1090 18 ch bro pek fans1728 24 69 805 13 ch pek 119644
124 Gr nge 70 Glasgow 80s 33 do bro or pek 2541 56
Gardens 1093 12 ch bro or pek 1200 44 “At 81L 14 do or pek 980 39
125 1096 10 do cr pek 1090 36 72 814 10 do pek 920 35 bid
126 1:9) 11 do pek 1100 = 32 73 817. 7 do peksou 700-32
131 Maddagedera 1114 9hfch dust 165) a0 Un 74 Coslanda 80 24hfch bro pek 1320.36
132 Lyndhurst 1117 30 hich bro pek 1650 34 75 823 27 ch pek 2295 9-24
134 1123 47 do pek 2108 24 80 Gonavy 838 10 do pek sou 1000 24
135 1126 38 do pek sou 1701 21 84 Whyddon 850 19hfech brocrpek 1102 48
137 Galgedi Oya 1152 25 ch bropek 25(0 35 85 853 15 ch bropek 1620 42
188 1135 13 do pek sou 1235 93 86 856 9 do or pek 810 33
142 Paragaha 87 859 9 do pek 810 29
kande IAG aca) bro pek 700 29 $1 HED 871 6 do dust 909 16 bid
143 £150) 11 do nek 1045 22 92 Brownlow 874 27hfch broorpek 1566 51 bid
152 Yarrow 1177 16hfch flowy or pek 768 45 93 877 25 ch or pek 2200-87
153 1180 25 do or pek 1200 384 94 880 34 do pek 2856 34
154 1183 14 do broor pek 728 40 96 Doonhinda 836 17 do bro pek 1700 48
155 1186 21 do pek 882 28 97 889 24 do pek 2400 34
159 Cooroondoo 93 892 8 do pek sou 800 30
watte 1198 10 ch bro pek 100045 100 Kelaniya and
160 1201 13 do pek 1300 27 Braemar 898 15 do bro or pek 1500 46
163 Murrayth 101 901 14 do or pek 1400 31 bid
waite 1210 13 ch bro pek 1300-34 102 901 20 do pek 1900 32
164 1213 9 do ek 720 26 106 Ottery 9:6 16 do bro or pek 1600 48 bid
165 Hatdowa 1216 19 ch ae pek 1805 32 107 919 22 do | pek 1760 33 bid
166 1219 9 do or pek "65 30 110 RS 928 9 do broorpek 945 40
167 1222 16 do pek 1200 2% 11 931 13 do pek 1105.35
168 1225 11 do pek sou 770 Q1 114.0, in est. mark 940 8 do broerpek 896 26
174 Rayigar 1243' 23° ch bro pek 2185 34 120 Bridwell 958 24hfch dust 1800 21 bid
175 1246 21 do or pek 1785 27 126 Agra Ouvah 976 33 do bro or pek 1914 70
176 1249 21 do pek 1680 24 127 979 26 do or pek 1352 43 bid
177 1252 25 do peksou 2375 23 128 982 9 ch pek 81044
172 GH 1255 24 eh sou 2780 18bid | 129 Loughton 985 53 hich bro pek 2650 34
179 Polgahakande 1258 & ch bro or pek 00 35 130 2 988 70 au pek 3500 25 bid
120 1261 10 do or pek 760 30 131 991 56 do pek sou 2800 22
181 1264 7 do bro pek 735 31 133 997 15 do bro pek fans’ 750 24
182 1267 13 do pek 1014-23 134 Evalgolla 1000 23 do orpek 1035 85
183 1270 10 do pek sow 780 22 135 3 20 do bro or pek 1100 40
184 LL 1273 20 ch pek sou 1600 21 bid | 136 | 6 36 do pek 1440-8
185 Mossville 1276 30hfch = dust 2550 19 141 Ouvah 21 12 ch ~ peksou 1080 =. 25 bid
186 NM 1279 25 ch peksou 2000 «20bid | 142 WHG 24 8 do bromix 760 «14
189 Harangalla 12:8 14 ch bro or pek 1336 43 144 Yapame 30 48 avo br» pek 5030 © 37jbid
190 1291 14 do bropek > 1260 36 145 33 42 do pek 4200 34
191 1291 20 do. pek 1600 28 146 36 45 do pek sou 42750097
192 1297 9 do pek sou 20S 29) 147 Galata 39 Yhfch dust 720. 20
193 X X X 1300 32 do pek sou 2560 20 149 45 18 ch bropek 1%:0 (35 bid
194 G M 1303 14 do pek sou 1120 «20 bid | 150 48 20 do pek 1706.25 bid
195 Bullagolla 1306 9 ch pek 855 26 bid 142 MW 54 14 do pek sou 1190 = 36
196 Greylands 1309 40 ch pek sou 2630 out 154 Rookwood 60 32hfch bro or pek 1320 47 bid
1 hf ch 155 63 3L do or pek 1612 31 bid
156 66 45 do pek 2250 28 bid
tea sy ste 69 ua do bro pek 952 80 bid
oa » id WA ek Ss 3) +
[Messrs. 2. John & Co.—171,172 1b.] Coco EDs CUM ey LeUO dati
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe ce.
1 Mount Everest 601 7 ch bropekfans 700 24 SMALL LOTS,
2 pier ae 7 ge adast 700 19 cee
orahela 07 11 do or nek No.1 £91 31
4 ee 6.0 9 do or pek No.2 747 27 &. Benham & Ca.
sla. 325 : 0 pek 32 24 bi ;
e oslanda G28 2 pon roe pek ee a bid | Los. Box.. Pkgs. Name. Ibs iiee.
15 St, John’s 643 380hfch broorpek 1800 51 1 Hapugastenne 8 ohfch dust 400 18
16 646 30 do or pek 1500 57 2 L RL 2's ich) pek 194 25 bid
17 649 380 do pek 162042 3 14 1 do bro or pe LO 42 bid
18 652 10 do dust 780 21 5 Coodocgalla 2013 hfch pek 585 293
21 Templestowe 661 22 ch broorpek* 1760 41 bid 6 23 7 do pek sou 315 20
22 664 14 hf-ch bro pek 910 37 Y9 Hornsey 32 9 ch pek sou 630 29
23 667 26 do or pek 1170 38 bid 10 Belgodde 35 4hfch bro pes 200 37
24 j 670 27 ch pek 2295 36 11 p 38 8 co pek 4v0 23
25 i 673 10 do pek sou 800 33 12 41 4 do pek sou 18) = 20
26 Glentilt 676 26 do bro pek 2600 46 bid 13 44 1 do dust 60 18
27 679 29 do or pek 1800 34 bid 14 Hapugastenne 47 8 do dust 240 18

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

*.

a
[Messrs. Forbes & Walker. | Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. Ib. ¢.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Nape. Woy a 202 Yogama 2992 7 ch pek sou 595° 28
3 Mansfield 2095 5 ch — pek 450 35 BDr UBS EPL ae ae et, Bate ht
7 Halbarawa 2107 5 do — pek 400 18 309 ‘Carberry 3013 4 do cr pek 3608
9 R 2113 zhfen bro pek 115 41 311 3°19 7 do | pek SOR.
10 Ragawatte 2116 7 ch bek sou 560 2. | 312 3022 4 ch bru pek sen 340) 21
He rues? 2122 5hfch fans 200 22 315 GK 3031 5 eo fans 475 20
SS oDig 4 * a 317 E. Land 70:7 1 do sou 82 15 bid
_ Group 2140 3hfch dust 270 7 | 33L Erracht 2079 4 do bro pel tans 420 23
9) 1) Mahere 2143 3 do fans 210-25 | 332 3082 1 do bro pek fans 105 17
24 W, in estate i : a 350 Qveensland 3136 5 do peE sou 425 26
mark 21:8 1 ch pek 100 | 28 | B51 3179 1 do bropek No. 2100 31
30 Rickarton w176 zhfch fans 70 19 | 358 Theydon Bois3iov 6 do pek sou 460 19
31 2179 2 ch pek Nol 158 29 ! 863 D orooma-
36 Ambragalla 2194 5 do dust 425 19 della 3175 1Lhf-ch brs orpek 616 42
7M 2197 4hfch fans 260 20 | 363 Iveby 3.90 € ch pek sou 510 31
39 Moneragalla 2213 6 ch bro or pek 432 45 | 369 id 3103 Satoh ane 450 °
40 2/06 6 do bro pek 432-385 370 3196 6 do dust 510
41 2209 8 do or pek poles 373 Poengalla 3205 3 ch dust 20 17
42 2212 10 do pek 65024 | 375 Hentleys 32:1 14hf-ch or pel 644 30
43 2zigé 2 do pek sou i162 377 3417 7 ch pek sou 518 19
44 2218 2 do dust 220 18 378 3990 2hich fans 50 18
45 2221 3 do fans 246-20 379 3223 1 do pek dust ‘6 16
50 Glendon 2236 5 hfch bro pek fans 300 22 | 385 K PW 3941 2 do br pk fans 150 26
52 2239 6 do fans 36019 386 3244 2 do pek fans 150 23
52 224% 8hfch dust 640 18 387 3747 2 do dust 170 18
59 2263 6 ch pek 570-28 389 Harrow 3753 9 do bro pek 540046
60 2266 7 do pek sou 63022 391 3259 5 ch pek sou 450 32
76 Gee 392 > - 3262 2hfch dust 164 20
py e 3 sar, 327 5 ek si 5
ee gat awh ds! an | | ge PAE Gioua eae
77 N 2317 3 do sou 300,22 398 3280 8 do fans 210 7
81 trex 2329 5 ch — pek sou 40022 401 Tembiligalla 3289 1 ch pek sou 90 22
82 2332 1 do pek fans 110-20 402 3262 1 do bropekfans 108 21
83 2:35 1 do dust 55 16 403 3295 1 do dust 150 19
84 Laxapna 2338 5hfch bro pek 306-86 406 Waitalawa 3304 12 dv peksou 60028
85 2341 6 do or pek 30030 407 3307 4hfch dust 360 2
97 Erracht 2377 7 ch congou 59613 403 Tangakelle 3310 1 do brorpk fans 43 out
105 Luverness 2401 7Thfch dust | 595 18 409 Erracht 3313 1 ch bro pek fans 105 21
107 Honwella 2:07 4 ch bysonNo1l 40 20 413 Lethenty 3325 25 boxes broorpek 500 out
108 2410 1 do hysonho2 100 13 414 3328 7 ch broorpek 588 out
108 Ne ane radi nysen siftings 30 u 419 Yellangowry 3343 3hfch dust 240 19
\ 2 j c ro pew e 29 i 3259 p g
qa Sanna’ aie 32 18 422 Richmond 3352 3 do pek sou 134 48
121. Dunbar 2449 % ch pek sou 201 29
122 2452 6hfch bropekfan 342 36 r
123 2455 1 do dust 82 20 (Messrs. Somervilis & Co}
129 Yuillefield 2473 6 de bro or pek 390 44
130 2476 11 do or pek 495 41
131 2479 1 do orpek 50 41 Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib, c.
133 2485 1 do dust 50 17 bid 2 Nikawella 727 \1bfch pek 550 23
141 Stamford 3 730 5 do pek sou 250 20
Hili 2509 4 ch pek sou 360 23 By \Wys ass 12) 745 4 ch sou 304 20
142 2512 3hfch dust 270 2L 9 748 3hfch dust 185 18
144 St. Marga- 18 Ferriby 775 .bfth dust 75 &
vets 2518 7 ch bro pek fans 560 21 24 Dartry 793 3hfch dust 291 15
148 Tempo 2530 7 ch pek sou o88 22 25 796 1 ch sou 102 19
149 2533 2 do sou 160 20 26 Aberfoyle 799 JL bfich bro or pek 66 42
150 2536 3b! ch dust 255 18 27 602 9 do bro pek 473 34
151 Sirikandura 2539 6 ch bro or pek 600 34 29 808 2 ch pek sou 170 20
152 2542 6 do bio pek 600 o2 30 81L 1 do sou 87 20
155 2551, 1 do fans 60 16 31 814 2 do bro mix 146 a1
156 2554 1 do bro pek dust 138 22 82 817 1 do pek dust 125 17
157 25657 1 do dust 129 16 38 Kelani 835 45 ch dust 5v0 18
158 D 2560 4 ch red leaf 348 8 40 Goodwood 81112 do bro or p2k 660 42
166 Aigburth 2:84 3hfch dust , 270 16 42 847 7hfch peksou 325 24
171 Middleton 2399 7 do dust 526 23 44 853 2 do dust 180 18
172 Erismere 2602 11 do bro or pek 572 57 47 Charlie Hill 862 5hfch pek sou 230 20
173 2605 6 ch or pek 480 39 48 865 8 do bro pek fans 420 23
176 2614 4 do pek sou 340 27 49 863 1 do dust 70 17
177 2417 lhf-ch dust 82 19 50 Allakolla 871 2 ch sou 1.0 a7
198 Ellamulle 2680 9bags red leaf 666 9 51 Maligatenne 874 6 ch bro pek 631 29
20) Cullen 2689 7 ch pek sou 665 26 52 877 7 do pek 688 23
209 Waratenne, 53 8:0 6 do pek sou 575 20
Inv ice No 18 2713 6hfch dust 480 18 { 64 883. 3 do brotea * 318 14
217 Hopton 2737 2 ch fans 200 25 56 P £59 1 ch dust 129 il
218 2740 2 do dust 220 ly 58 South Africa 895 6 ch peksou 468 21
22z Ambalans 60 Derby 901 ithfch pek 605 26
goda 2752" 7 do pek sou 630 24 61 994.10 do pek sou 550 22
223 275 1 do fans 100 21 62 907 6 «Go sou 300 20
224 2758 Lt do dust 110 19 | 63 910 6 ado pek fans 390 20
228 Kincora 2710 2 do fans 200 30 64 913 2 do dust 150 18
229 2773 1 do dust 155 19 | 65 K 916, 5 (en bro pek 500 27
248 Marlborough 28:0 4 do pek sou 280 8926 66 i 919 6 do pek 600 814
256 Weyunga- 67 922 5 do pek sou 450 12
watte 2864 8 hfch dust 240 12 75 Ranasingha
260 C in estate patna 946 7Tbfch dust 588 20
mark 2566 2 ch 78 Mabel 955 5 ch bro pek 500 27
lhfch pek 258 26 79 958 4 do pek 400 19
261 L in estate 80 961 2 do pek sou 150 1h
mark 2869 2 ch pek 200 824 81, Hopewell 964 5hfich dust 350 18
265 Woodend 2:81 2 do dust 280 16 82 Maddagedera 967 5bfich dust 425 18
270 ~Pen-y-lan 2496 38 do | fans 300-18 86 Horagoda 979 5 ch pek sou 475 2
784 Mahsuyaya 2948 1Lhf-ch bro or pek 693 34 87 982 1 do dust 113 16
288 29,0 6 do s0u 806 17 88 985 1 do con €2 12
29 2953 2 do dust 178 16 89 Hangranoya 958 6 ch bro or pek 540 46
297 Oakbarm 2977 2 do pek fans 150 21 91 994 7 do pek 630 26
ZB « 2940 5 ch pek sou 475 23 92 997 7 do pek sou 560 23

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibs rc: Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. See ankes
95 Rambodde 1006 11 hfch pek sou 550 25 £9 865 2hfch fans 150 23
96 R, in estate 90 868 2 do aust 180 19
mark 1009 1hfch con 50 16 95 Brownlow 883 8 do bro pek fans 616 24
97 1012 3 do pek dust 195 17 99 Doonhinda 895 3 ch dust 330 18
98 1015 2 do bro pek dust 128 20 103 Kelaneiya and
191 Beausejour 1024 1 ch bro orpek 640 32 Braemar 907 6 do bropekifans 600 31
9 hf ch | 104 910 5 do sou 475 24
102 1027 11 do or pek 550 33 105 913 5hfch dust 400 19
103 1030 2 ch bro pek 664 29 108 Ottery 9225au.ch pek sou (not
8 hf ch bulked) 400 26
106 1039 2hfch bropek fans 130 20 109 925 2hfch dust . 160 20
107 1042 1 do pek faus 55 18 112 RS 934 2 ch pek sou 164 2L
108 1045) 1) ch dust 140 16 113 3387 lhfch dust 80 19
109 Mulli Totum 1048 3hfch bro pek 174 32 115 O, in est. mark 943 6 ch bro or pek
110 1051 5 do or pek 445 30 No. 2 600 19
111 1054 3 ch pek 300 22 116 946 1 do bropek 100 16
112 1057 4 do pek sou 360 19 117 949 1 do bro pek No. 2 100 16
113 1060 lhfch fans 71 16 118 952 Lhf-ch bropek 53 16
114 Farnbam 1063 8 ch sou 680 17 119 955 1 do fans 70 16
118 Oaklands 1075 3 ch pek sou 255 21 121 Bowella 961 2 ch bro pek 2.0 29
121 0 1084 3bags mix tea 255 7 122 964 3 do pek 256 22
122 1087 3 do red leaf 90 7 123 967 2 do pek sou 160 20
127 Grange 124 970 4 do bro or pek 400 33
Gardens 1102 1 do pek sou 1C0) > (20 125 973 3 do bro pek 285 29
128 1105 1 -do fans 100 20 132 Loughton 994 6hfch dust 200 18
129 1108 2 do bro mix 200 7 137. Evalgolla 9 4 do peksou * 200 24
130 11lt lhfch dust 85 18 138 12 4 do sou 180 22
183 Lyndhurst 1120 9hfch or pek 460 - 381 139 15 +1 do fans 50 27
136 1129 3 do dust 215 18 140 18 4 do dust 240 19
139 M, in estate 143. Yapme Zi Bech! bro pek No. 1 300 32
mark 1138 1 ch pek 95 26 148 Galata 42 4 do sou 380 17
140 Ritnageria 1141 8bfch bro pek 528 31 bid 151 S,inest. mark ,51 1 do bro pek dust 161 14
141 1144 5 do pek 305 23 153 LM 67 8hfch bropekfans 610 2u bid
144 Paragaha- 158 Rookwood 1 je ea (0) pek dust 184 17
kande 1158 4 ch pek sou 360 15
145 1156 4 do fans 380 13
146 1159 2 ee bro mix 200 g )
147 1162 1 to) ust 125 15 "A N S IN
148 us 1 oi ows Tage) tg CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
149 T, in estate : 7 +
mark 1168 8 hfch hro pek 480 29 LONDON.
150 1171 5 do pek 265 20 he
141 1174 10 do pek sou 630 18
156 Yarrow 1139 11 hf ch pek sou 495 93 (From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
157 1192 5 do flowy or pek fan300 24
158 1195 2 do dust 170); 4:19 Minctine Lane, July 5.
161 Coorooudoo x 5
watte 1204 6 ch pek sou 600 22 “ Bingo Mara.’—Lebanon Group Mysore D, 1
ie aa vue eee pn pee He case sold at 1s 5d; ditto Seed, 1 case sold at Qs.
uv atdowa 2 c. us 4 “6 ee Bee + aT . :
170 Scarborough 1231 4hfch dust 320 18 B Lee a veal e rae ates oe ae 5 aie
171 1234 4 ch fans 4(8 19 bid a : may Cases ye
172 1237 3hfch pek sou 180 18 at 2s 3d; ditto D Splits, 1 case sold at 1s 4d;
173 1240 4 do hrotea 280 9 ditto AG "Splits, Bases sold at Is 6d; ditto B, 6
1s7 BUS 1282 5 ch pek sou 500 11 bid cases sold at 2s 6d; ditto D, 2 cases sold at ls 6d;
168 EF 1285 2 ch pek dust 3419 out | ditto A Split, 1 case sold at Is 9d: ditto B Splits; of

2 cases sold at 1s 7d; ditto C Splits, 2 cases sold
at 1s 5d; ditto D Split, Hs case soldat 1s 4d..
“ Cheshire.’ ’—Ditto No. 2, 2 cases sold at 28 2d;

(Messrs. EH. John & Oo.}

a
ny
bo
bo
Be

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. ditto Ne By yi cases sold at ls 5d; ditto Seed, 1
: case So at 2s
5 Morahela 613 3 ch pek 252 124 ‘“ City of Perth,”—Kobo Mysore B, 2 cases. sold
6 616 6 do broorpek 600 385 at 1s 7d; ditto S, 8 cases sold at Is 5d; Seed, 1
7 619 ae ee bre or pek 63 33 bag sold fat 1s 11d.
8 Uvakellie 622) 25 .¢ ro mix 300 20 bid tT
tit Roslanda 63l 6) do. pek'sou 540. “ Ajax.” —BB, 1, case sold at 1s*5d; B, 2 cases
rs 634 1 do cougou 60 16 sold at is 5d; Seed, 1 case sold at Qs 3 1 bag sold
13 637 3 do fans 270 ~=6:19 at ls 11d; ditto 2, 1 case sold at 1s 7d; 1 case
14 640 2hfch dust 200. «17 sold at 1s "gd ; ditto 3, 1 case sold at 1s 5d; ditto
19 St. John Del Rey 655 4 do fans B, 1 case sold’ at 1s 7a; ditto Seed, 4 cases sold
20 658 2 do dust 216 «19 at 1s 5d; 1 bag sold at 2s 3d
37 Warleigh 709 2 ch pek sou 160 28 ;
39 GT 715 6 do bro pek 630 30
41 a 2 bi ch dust 475 16
42 Warriagaila 24 ¢ or pe 630 30
45 = Mage Ge tde ti pektcou 2.) | S76) |B CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,
46 736 3hfich dust 240 18 JUN eS
47 739 4 ato Bre pek fans 240 22
48 H 742 6 ¢ ro mix 6U0 8 a0, /
piwencimaade’ 745) 6hieh dust EOS (From Our Commercial Correspondent. )
53 K 757 1 ch pek US), eS Mincine LAN#, July 12.
54 Yapame 760 2 do dust 220 16 : nite)
55 763 5 do fans 550 18 “Tamba Maru,”—Tillicoultry, 6 bags sold at 34s;
56 766 3 do _ pek fans 3300-18 ditto PB, 1 bag sold at 34s.
e Perth ee Bade ae Aa 0 ‘rs “ Port Chalmers.”—PWD, 1 cask sold at 22s.
a “ee 7 » = vlc ]
65 Burnside Group 793 2 ch peksou 160 22 Karamania. me wa estate mark 2, 1 tierce
66 796 7hfch dust 560 19 sold at 18s; ditto S, 1 tierce sold at 18s.
76 Coslanda 626 6 ch pek sou 540 22
77 829 1 do congou 80 16 =
is 832 3 aio fons 270 19 ‘
9 833 2 hf-c us 200 18
81 Gonavy 841 5 do dust 400 19 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON,
@ a 4 ce eo 340 21
: 847 6hie ans 360 27 SrEeniee tit
88 Whyddon | 9862 4 ch pek sou 376 24 ‘“‘ Magician,”—A, 2 bags sold at 47s 6d.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 81.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE

CoLomBo, AveusT 12, 1901.

LOTS.

Messrs. Forbes & Walker

Lot. Box.
1 Nakiadenia 3367
2 B, in estate

Mark 3370
3 3373

10 IKV 3394

11 Hanagama 3397

12 3400

13 0103

14 New Pera-

deniya 2406

16 £409

16 34:2

17 3415

19 OBEG, in

est. te mark
Summer Hili 3421

20 3424

21 3427

22 Nillomally

OBC, in est.
mark 3430

23 3433

24 3436

25 3439

26 3442

31 Walton 3457

32 8460

33 3463

35 Chesterford 34€9

36 3472

37 3475

39 Ardlaw and

Wishford 3481

40 3484

41 0487

42 3490

43 Sylvakandy 3493

44 3496

46 WD, in estate

mark 3502

47 Beverley

(202, lead) 3505

48 3508

49 3diL

50 3614

51 Ingrogalla 3617

52 520

52 Glencorse 3523

54 3526

55 3529

56 3532

57 Roeberry, J 3535

58 3338

59 3541

‘60 3544

63 Naseby 3553

64 3556

69 Yaha Ella 3o71L

72 TUS 3580

74 Ugieside 3586

75 Udaveria 3589

76 3592

77 3595

78 Udabage 3598

80 4

31 Udabage 7

82 10

83 13

84 Ireby 16

85 19

92 Doteloya 40

93 43

04 46

5 49

96 D, in estate

mark 52

99 Deaculla 61

100 64

lol 67

102 Devonford 70

103 Q 73

103 76

[584,239 1b.)

Pkgs. Name.
22 ch pek
20 ch sou
12 do dust
11 ch pek fans
43 ch bro or pek
86 do or pek
99 do pek
20 ch bro pek
21 do or pek
40 do pek
22 do pek sou
48hfch_ bro or pek
18 ch or pek
Nol
25. do pek
33 ch or pek
2u do bro or pek
20 do pek Nol
16 do pek No 2
14 do pek sou
16 ch bro pek
10 do or pek
10 do ek
36 ch bro pek
31 do pek
24 do pek sou
26 hf ch broor pek
9 ch bro pek
9 do or pek
23 do pek
48 ch bro pek
25 do pek
40 ch sou
27 hf-ch bro pek
29° do or pek
32 do pek
22, do pek sou
9 ch bro pek
9 do pek
42 ch bro pek
22 do or pek
38 do pek
54 do pek sou
38 ch bro or pek
84 do bro pek
110 do pek
53 do pek sou
24hfch_ bro or pek
25 do pek
8 ch pek
22hrch bro mix
10 do do
40 bfch bro or pek
34 ch pek
24 do pek sou
91 ch young hyson
18 do hyson
No1B
38 hfch bro pek
34 do or pek
23. do pek
23 do bro pek
2 ch ek
20 ch bro pek
25 do pek
11 do pek No
12 do sou
22hfch fans
53 do bro pek
67 do pek
18 do pek sou
18 hfch_ bro or pek
12. ch or pek
12 do pek sou

67

53 bid
46 bid

Lot,

105
106
107

\

Tory
BDWP

RM, inestate
mark 10
112

115
118
130
133
136
139
142
145
148
151
Nakiadeniya 175
Beverley (2 02.
lead line) 184
187

Fetteresso

Lesmoir

Yataderia
Oodoowera
Hanwella

Dunkeld

Ganapalla

Bandarapolla
RG 265
High Forest

Battawatte

Weyunga-
watte

High Forest 301

Pallagodda

Weoya

Polatagama
Yellangowry

Clyde
Parsloes
Vogan
Nahalma

Krrollwood
Good Hope

Nahalma

Glendon

21
26

Prick :—12} cents each, 3 copies

30 cents; gcopies 4 rupee.

Name. IDs ce
sou 1760 17
bro pek 2430 39
bro pek
fans 770 33
bro pek 1719 39
bro or pek 810 45
bro pek 4500 34
pek 153¢ 30
pek sou 913 25
bro or pek 1440 61
bro pek 3720 42
pek 1360 42
pek sou 1445 37
or pek 900 34 bid
bro pek 1900 35 bid
bro pek 1900 35
pek 1800 27
bro tea, 830 10 biek
bro pvek 1040 42
or pek 1500-36
pek 1400 28
pek sou 810 23
bro orpek 5497 35 bid
or pek 2157 31 bid
pek 2297-26
bro pek 918 44
pek 736 35
young hyson 1300 64
bro or pek 2652 52
or pek 1045 37 bid
pek 1620-36
or pek 1376 36
bro or pek 1800 36
pek Nol 946 27
pek No2 1680 23
dust 850 29
bro or pek 2394 33
bro pek 3520 34
pek 2660 25 wid
bro pek
fans 1075 25
dust 885 24
or pek 2760 59
or pek 770 64
pek 153647
broor pek 4485 41
or pek 1300 36
pek 3895 35
pek sou 1608 29
bro pek 2097 = 36.b
pek 2337. 26 b
or pek
Nol 2668
or pek 1540 b witha.
pek 960
bro or pek 1000
bro pek 190¢
or pek 1105 7 withdn.
pek 850
pek sou 900
bro orpek 2310 40
bro pek 2565 35
ek 2340 26
pek sou 3200 24
ust 750 22
pek sou 1006 22
or pek 1797 33
pek 14387 withdn.
bro or pek 700 47
bro pek 1880 35
pek Noi &s@ 26
pek No2 = 1023 25
bro pek 5400 9-34
pek 3420 26
pek sou 1680 23
bro or pek 1700 51
or pek 2565 35
pek 3740-25
bro pek 2080 39
pek 2484 27
pek sou 1656 24
pek sou 700 23
or pekfans 715 3l
bro pek 2340 34
broorpek 1500 37
bro pek 1660 39
pek 1472 27
pek sou 1380 24
bro pek 15C0 46
or pek 2970 33
pek 2635 28

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST:

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ibe) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib gee,

243 493 15 ch ek sou 1275 24 375 889 19 ch pek 1615 27

246 Dickoya. 502 35 hf-ch roer pek 1750 51 376 892 12 do pek sou 936 24

287 5C5 26 ch bro pek 2470 35bid } 377 Oakham 895 24hf-ch br pek 1437 40 bid

248 508 26 do pek 2080 28 bid 378 698 20 ch pek 1797 30

249 511 9 do pek sou 765 24 379 Dewalakande 901 20 do bro pek 2100 84 bid

250 PTN 514 30 ch bro or pek 2695 82 bid 380 904 24 do orpek ‘ 2525 31 bid

251 Hayes 517 47 do bro or pek 4700 39 851 907 45 do pek 4230 823

252 520 16 do or pek 1280 30 382 910 18 do pek sou 1674 21

353 523 76 do pek 6460 26 883 ‘i 913 20 do bro pek 2080 35 bid

255 Coombe- 384 916 25 do or pek 2560 32 bil
court 629 12hfch broorpek 720 50 885 919 50 do pek 4500 23

256 5382 19 do bro pek 1140 46 386 922 18 do peE sou 1638 21

257 535 15 do bro pek 825 44 387 G E inest.

258 538 9 ch pek 855 37 mark 925 23 do pek 3952 26 bid

261 Macaldenia 547 17hf-ch bro pek 1020. 47 388 Delta 928 22 do bro pek 224441

262 550 18 do or pek 990 38 389 931 15 do pek 1305 33

263 552 23 do pek 1265 35 890 934 11 do pek sou 891 27

267 BB inest. 891 CNN 937 12 do pek sou 900 27
mark 565 13 do bro pek 715 33 392 Errellwood 940 14 do pek 1460 =30

272 Weyungawatte 580 16 ch pek sou 1277 26 393 Panilkande 943 18 do _ or pek 1710 37

273 Yataderia 583 54hfch broorpek 3294 36 bid | 394 946 28 do bro or pek 32080 37 bid

974 586 24 ch or pek 2184 31bid | 395 949 34 do pek 2060 29 bid

275 589 22 do pek 2090 25 396 952 30 do pek sou 2700 25

276 £92 9 do pek sou 865 22 397 955 11 do sou 935 22

978 TT 598 8 do red leaf 736 witbd'n | 405 Cbolande 979 28 do pek 2240 20 bid

279 Sembawatte 01 28 do bro pek 2800 34 406 Choisy 982 9 do pek sou 717 25

280 604 36 do pek 2808 26 407 Rowley 985 21hfch broorpek 1050 £6

281 607 10 do peksou 00) 23 408 988 20 do ek 1006 29

282 Lochiel 610 14hf-ch broorpek 812 66 409 Springwood 991 28 ch yo pek 2520 34

283 613 16 ch or pek 1500 46 410 994 28 do pek 2240 25

284 616 15 do pek 1245 41 411 997 22 do or pek fans 2200 31

285 Marlborough 619 16hfch bror pek 750 63 412 1000 9bfch dust 765 22

286 622 10 ch _ bro pek 1000 46bid | 413 SR in est.

287 625 10 do orpek 960 Bp mark 1003 21 ch congou 2100 439-22

288 628 12 do pek 960 414 Cholakande 1006 21 do or pek 1689 27 bid

292 Weemalla 640 7 do broorpek 700 415 1009 85 do pex 2975 23

263 643 9 do or pek 765 \ withd’n | 416 1012 18 do pek sou 1440 21

294 646 15 do pek 1275

299 TC Yuin est. F M
mar 661 18 do congou 1800 19 €XBrs, omervill L—

301 Peny-lan 667 26 do broyek 2600 39 ~ hee

302 ‘ 670 13 do pek i 1170-25 [172,513 Ib.]

304 anawatte 676 23 do r pe. 2576 41

305 679 12 do or pek 1200 36 Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. lb. Cr

306 682 19 do pek 1862 29 1 Avisawella 1312 14hfch broorpek 700 43

308 Thedden 6&8 26 do pek or 2600 36 2 1315 13 ch bro pek 1300 35

309 u 691 16 do pek 1520 29 3 1318 10 do or pek 900 27

313 Munukattia, 4 1321 12 do pek 1080 8625
Ceylen, in 5 1324 11 do pek sou 880 21
est. mark 703 8 do or pek 704 41 7 RKP 1330 21 ch bro or pek 1995 36

314 706 22hf-ch bro pek 1320 54 9 1336 21 do pek 1890 626

315 _709 14 do pek 1050 34 12 Caraoey 1345 27hfch bro pek 1350 35

317 Kulivathana!7!5 12 ch bro pek 1200 29 13 1348 20 do pek 9LU 26

320 _ 724 10 do pek sou £00 20 14 1351 21 do pek sou 945 21

323 Bloemfontein 733 23 bf-ch br pek dust 1955 40 19 GA 1366 10 ch pek sou 870 21

325 Walpita 739 15 ch br pek 1600 34 26 SRK 1387 14 ch pek 1288 33

326. 742 14 do or pek 1400 29 29 Warakamure 1396 37 ch bro pek 3700 34

327 745 26 do pek 2370 25 30 1399 29 do pe 2494 24

328 i 748 12 do pekK sou 960 22 31 1402 22. do pek sou 1870 21

329° OBE C in est. 32 PindeniOya 1405 19 do or pek 1710-27 bid
mark New- 33 ute am a0 per 1360 25
market 751 40bfch broorpek 2320 62 Be oh papa oe iste fa” 823

330 754 27 ch bropek 2916 44 35 BR UD Esp bes ts é

331 757 V7 do orpek —«-'1530--35 bid neat 2 oid

332 780 19 do pek 1710 32 33 Old Madde-

333 763 9 do peksou 846 -26 gama 1423, 19 ch bro or pek 1425 48

336 KX 772 24 do peksou 1920 iibid | 39 1426 12 do or pek 780 38

337 M & B 775 41hf-ch fans #870 12 40 Sag kee tee

338 Great Valley, 51 Hyde 1462 14hfch broorpek 854 40
Ceylon in est. 52 165 ow oe cep yey 36
mark 778 15 ch or 53 hs IDS ea BBY

339 Ti 19 do poke teas «Sa Pid | 67 Gwernet 1480 16. ch» _pek 140 30

340 High Forest 784 31hf-ch pek 1488 38 58 1483 8 do pek souun

341 787 15 do pek 73547 i bulked 769 27

442 LE 790 16 ch ek 1501 23 Be veces 1486 18 do or pek 1300 38 bid

345 Dammeria 799 14 5 » IM €S-

346 802 11 ee ek at 7900 3 tate mark 1498 13hfch, pek 728 8096

347 805 11 do pek 1100 +38 67 Oonankande 1510 16hfch bro pek 800 40

348 808 9 do broorpek 900 34 68 Ts Salo rao Hey EE vega rar

349 811 9 do orpek -810 40 69 4 1516 11 do pek sou 748 22

352 Tembiligalla 820 30 do broorpek 2847 36 72 Havilland are bien 715 28 i

353 823 18 do pek 1617-27 74 1531 24 ch broorpek 240 39 a

354 Waitalawa 826 68hf-ch pek 3307 32bia | 75 1534 13 do or pek 1235 32 a |

365 wt. Clive 829 18 do younghyson 900 35 bid 76 1537 54 do pek 4500 26 oe |

359 Weligoda 841 36 ch bropek 3600 35 | 27 £40 8 do pek No.2 720 25 :

360 844 20 do pek 1640 97 78 \ _ 1543 10 do pek sou 800 23

261 847 12 do peksou 900 «= «24 79 Blinkbonnie 1546 30hfch bro pek 1800- 49

362 850 18hf-ch dust 1296 23 20 2BaO) APM ch GORE ES ara a ae

363 Kincora 853 11 ch broorpek 1045 665 81 1552 17 do pek 146238

$64 856 18 do or pek 1105 33 83 Doonevale 1558 7 ch bru ov pek 784 34

6 869 9 do pek 720 37 84 1561 8 do or tk 763 «19

366 Puspone 862 25 do orpek 2497 30 bid | 85 Fe ne G98 L026 sees

368 Kehelkelle 868 18 do bropek 1710 38bid | 87 Ib 7a dso wdo ee pek son) a0

269 871 12 do or pek 980 37 bid | 92 BP Kande 1585 11 ch ek 1045 20 bid’ ,

370 874 17 do poe 1630 32 93 Neuchatel 1588 31 do roorpek 3100 37

31 B&H 877 35 hf-ch | 2800 22 94 1591 50 do broorpek 50(0 935 ;

374 Maxim 886 28 ch lee pek 2900 34 95 1594 22 do or pek 176029

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, 3:

Lot: Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec. Lot. Box. Pgks. Name. Nig Ge
96 1597 12 ch pek sou 960 22 50 225 16 ch ek 136u 30
98 Richlands 1603 27bfch bro pek 1350 41 bid | 54 Rondura 237 24 do ro pek 2400 3935
99 1606 24 ch pek 1920 31 bid | 55 240 18 do or pek 1620 34
100 HoragallaK V 1609 38 bfch broorpek 2090 36 bid 57 246 14 do pek 1260 26
101 1612 16 ch or pek 850 31 bid } 61 Glasgow 258 26 do bro or pek 2002 59
102 1615 11 do pek 935 25 bid 62 261 13 do or pek 910 38 bid
103 Naragoda 1618 26 ch bro pek 2470 33 63 264 9 do pek 828 42
104 1621 21 do pek 1890 24. 64 267 8 do pek fans 760 30
105 1621 14 do peksou 126021 65 Agra Ouvah 270 32hfch brocrpek 1856 72
109 Annandale 1636 15hfch or pek 795 53 66 273 25 do or pek 1250 48
110 1639 14 do pek 798 42 67 276 8 ch pek 720 47
111 1642 17 do pek sou 884 36 68 Natuwakelle 279 11 do bro or pek 1100 52
112 Galgedinya 1645 16 ch bro pek 1600 935 69 282 16 do bro pek 1600 = 36
113 1648 9 do pek sow 855 24 70 285 19 do pek 1710 32
118 Galkettiya- 71 288 10 do pek sou 900 24
watte 1663 8 eh bro pek 720 32 73 WL 294 29 do bro cr pek 2900 34 bidi
120 1669 8 do pek sou 720 20 74 297 35 do bro pek 3465 32
123 Ingeriya 1678 24 ch bro pek 2400 34 75 Kandy 30¢ 29 do pek sou 2610 24
124 1681 17 do pek 1615 24 76 Rillammulle 303 19hfch bro pek fans 1368 34
125 1684 21Lhfch pek sou 1008 22 77 306 10 do dust 900 20
129 R, in estate 72 Mocha 309 21 ch bro or pek 2100 56
mark 1696 37 ch peksou 3142 I8bid | 79 312 18 do orpek 1674s 4
131 IP 1702 Shtch dust 704 20 80 315 18 do pek 1620 41
132 DM 1705 20 ch sou 1600 9 bid 82 Ouvah 321 20 do pek sou 1800 34 bid:
134 Hobart 171 10) chi pek 900 26 83 AGS 321 1S8hfch dust 1620 20
137 Coorooondoo 86 Coundon 333. 36 do bro pek 1944 37
watta 1720 7 ch pek 700 By/ 87 336 23 ch pe (A) 2116 31
1388 GM 1723 24 ch sou 1920 8 bid &9 342 10 do pek sou (H) 1000 30
147 Levat 1750 28 ch pek 2296 22 92 Oakwell 351 15 do bro pek 1800 40
148 Bollagalla 1753 44 ch bro pek 4400 37 93 354 18 do vek 1980 36
149 1756 31. do pek 2480 29 94 357 Thich pek sou 721 32
150 1759 22 do pek sou 1760 93 100 Doonevale 875 9 ch pek sou 810 22
151 1762 Qhfch dust 810 23 101 378 7 do tra dust 1050 18
152 W 1765 18 ch or pek 1800 23 bid 102. Hobart 381 2¢hfch peksou 1680 21 bid
153 1768 31 do pe 2790 22 103 WN 3884 16 a, fans 960 out
154 17i1 9 do pek sou 855 16 bid | 104 BT 887 20. ch sou 1660 =—s-:18
155 Dalveen 1774 15 ch bro pek 1350 3 105 Rookwood 390 57 hfch bro orpek 3420 49 bid
156 1777, 14 do pek 1120-25 106 393 388 ch — or pek 3648 34 bid
157 1780 7 do con 700 22 107 896 45 do pek 4050 withd’n
160 BG 1789 37 hfch broor pek 2000 3L 108 399 54 do pek 4860 28 bid
161 1792 24° ch bro pek 2282 33 bid 109 Moratota 402 18 do bro pek 1980 39
162 Hangranoya 1795 14 ch ~ pekson 1190 =. 23 111 408 21 do pek 1890 931
163 1798 12 do fans 1440-22 115 Ambalawa 420 10 do peksou 750 = 22
166 Deniyaya 1807 30 ch bro pek 3000 36 116 Gingranoya 423 10 do bro or pek 950 43 bid
16 1810 14 do pek 1330 27 117 426 10 do «or pek 800 37
168 1818 9 do pek sou 810 24 118 429 13 do pek 1040 = 30
170 HO, in estate 119 432 17 do pek sou 1360 9-25
mark 1819 15 hfch pek fans 1050 16bid | 122 GW 441 12 do veksou 1080 =. 25 bid:
172 Forest Hill 1825 10 ch bro pek 1000 37 127 Rookwood 456 41hfch broorpek 2460 53
173 1828 15 do pek 1455 =-28 128 459 25 ch or pek 2400 35
176 Bodava 1937 28hfch bropek 1540 36 129 462 26 ch pek 2340 30
181 G, in estate 130 Jak Tree Hill 465 7 do pek sou 700 20 bid:
mark 1852 40: cl pek sou 3630 out 133 Nahavilla 474 24 ch or pek 2160 52
1 hfch 134 477 28 do bro pek 2800 54
182 Laxana 1855 29 ch pek sou 2378 20 bid | 135 480 16 do — pek 144047
183 Jak Tiee Hill 1858 14 ch bro pek 140035 136 Glassaugh 488 21 bfch or pek 1113. 62
184 1861 7 do pek 700 26 137 486 16 do bro or pek 1040 49 bid
187 Mary Hill 1870 25 hf-ch pek 1250 34 138 489 9 ch fek 936 46 bid
188 1873 23 do pek sou 103A 24 140 L 495 66bfch pek 2800 23 bid
190 South Africa 1879 18 ch bropek 1800 30bid | 141 Gonavy 498 20 ch or pek 170035
142 50L 19 do bro pek 1900 42
SSS SSS SS 148 604 35 do pek 2625 35
(Messrs. 8. John & Co.—187,546 lb.} 1 Cae ee ee coke Teno" 26
3)
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e. ae 2B B16 12 do pek 1200 19
3 Poilakanda 84 24 Ga Brg or pek 2160 36 151 a 328 10 ag Deck Sys 200 30 bid.
B 0 ro ; . ; H
; as Bea a) pek aorn 33 156 Mutueliya 543 8 do pek sou 720 28 did.
6 Winwood 93 18hf-ch broorpek 900 48 bid
7 ae 13 eu or pee 1300 38
8 99 10 do pe 900 32 bid 5 i
9 102 8 do peksou (720 27 SMALL LOTS.
10 Oonoogaloya 105 17 do _ orpek 1530-36
11 108 12 ge pre orpek 1200 46
12 ? 111 17 do pe 1445 32 eRe -
13 Hinela M14 2t hf-ch bro pek 1050 38 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker. |
14 117 24 do pek 1200 28
17 Elston 126 14 ch oorpek. 1260 34 bia | LO Box. Pkgs. Name. |b. e.
18 . 129 17 do — pek 1445 31 4 Amblapitiya 3376 7hfch bro pek 350. 31
19 132 15 do pek sou 1275 25 5 n 3379 11 do pek 550 23
20 135 14hf-ch dus 1190 19 6 3382 5 do ek sou 225 «17
21 Eston 138 36 ch peksou 8240 8925 7 3385 4 do sou 172 «14
22 Gangawatte 141 13 do broorpek 1300 68 8 3388 1 do bro pek fans 62 12
23 144. 9 do _ bro pek 900 45 9 3391 1 do dusp 80 16
24 147 21 do pek 1890 38 18 New Pera-
26 MN 153 27hf-ch broorpek 1539 49 deniya 3418 2 ch dust 160 18
27 156 13 ch pek 1118 = 337 27 Nillomally,
33 Harrisland 174 13hf ee bro orpek 702 42 OBEC, in est.
35 180 14 ¢ pe 4190 24 mark 3445 4 ch bro 9:
39 RBR 192 57 do bro pek 5700 =628 bid | 28 3448 5 do ie Sn 0G a
40 x 195 15 do pek 1500 9.26 28 Kennington 3451 3 ch dust 450 20
43 Manickwatte 204 47 bfch or pek 2350 33 30 3454 2 do unas “0 16
44 207 54 do broorpek 3210 87 34 Walton 3466 1 ch dust 150-21
45 210 24 ch pek 2160 9.28 88 Chesterford 3478 6 do fans 540 22
46 213 20 do peksou 1600 24 — 45 Sylvakandy 3499 3 ch dust 270 © 2,
48 Little Valley 219 7 do broorpek 700 40bid | 61 Bargany 3547 2box silver tips 6 R775

49 222 15 do bro pek 1675 34 62 3550 1 ch silver tipsfans 3 1°25.

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs.. Name, Dues Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, bb,
65 Barrington 3559 4hfch bro pek 260 35 312 700 1 ch dust 160 18
66 3662 5 do pek 250 28 816 Munukettia,
‘67 8665 6 do pek sou 300 20 Ceylon, in
68 Yaha Ella 3568 1 ch est mark 712 6hf-ch pek sou 588 26
4hfch bro pek 300 33 318 Kullivatanai7ly 8 ch pek 680 22
78 - 8574 3 ch pek sou 270 20 313 721 5 do or pek 400 27
71 3677 1 do dust 95 out 321 727 5 do congou 425 14
73 Ugieside 8583 3 do dust 240 16 322 730 4 do br pk dust 400 19
79 Udabege 1 8 ch hyson No1 A 400 withdn. 324 Walpita 736 5 do bro or pek 500 = 38
86 Ireby 22 56 do pek sou 425 3L 354 OB EC im est.
87 Ireby, ST 25 8bfich bropek 18) 41 mark, New-
88 28 3 do pek 135 30 market 7¢6 4hfch fans 300-5
‘89 31 1 do pek sou 40 24 335 769 3 ch dust 450 89.23
90 Halwatura 34 5bfch dust 450 21 | 348 AM 793 1 do hro pek 100 84635
91 BK 37 4 ch bro mix 320 14 344 GA 726 1hbf-ch bro pek 60 87
97D, in estate ; 350 Dammeria 814 2 ch br pk fans 2.0 24
mark 55 6hfch fans No2 390 27 | 85) 817 4 do dust 480 24
93 58 7 do dust 560 18 356 St. Clive 832 15 hfch hyson 675 24 bid
108 BDWP 88 1 ch sou No 2 85 out 357 835 15 do hyson No. 2 675 17
109 91 2hfch dust 180 20 | 358 838 5 ch faus 250 10
111 97 6 ch bro pek fans 660 33 367 Kehelkelle 865 11 hf-ch bre or pek 550 64
112 100 1 do sou 85 16 372 E& H 880 7 do dust ° 665 22
118 ) 103 lhfck dust 90 17 373 Maxim 883 5 boxes golden tlps % 76
115 RM, inest, 398 Panilkande $58 5 ch dust 575 21
mark 109 12 bf ch or pek 600 32 | 299 H S Finest.
119 12L 2 ch sou 184 15 mark 961 1 do bro or pek 93° 36
120 122 9 do fans 540 25 400 964 2hfch bro pek No 1108 30
121 t 127 2 do dust 300 20 401 967 2 do bro pek No. 2 126 26
130 Lesmoir | 154 8 ch pek sou 6410 22 402 970 2 do pek sou 104 18
131 Nahiadeniya 157 1 do bro pek fans 125 23 403 973 3 do unast 129 14
132 160 2hfch pek fans 200 18 404 > 976 2 do fans 132 17
183 163 1 ch dust 140 18 417 Tangakelle 101 lhfch brorpkfans «0 27
134 166 1 do bro mix 80 16
135 169 2 do bro or pek 200 30
136 172 3 do or pes 270 30 . 3 =
a5 ae 2 ae ee one 150 19 (Messrs. Somerville & €o.j
4 do ro or pe
No 2 448 31 Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. ie:
149 Oodoowera 211 5 ch pek sou 440 26
150 214 1 do dust 144 20 6 Avisawella 1327 5hfch dust 850 20
152 Hanwella 220 6 do hysonNol 300 24 8. RKP 1333 6 ch or pek 540 = 30
153 223 2 do hysonlho2 190 17 10 1339 5 do fans 650 22
164 226 2 ch hyson 11 1342 1 do dust 120 16
'_ siftings 220 11 15 Carney 13854 4hfch sou 200 «19
158 CGalla 238 2hfch dust 480 19 16 1357 4 do bro pek fans 200 22
176 Battawatte 292 3 ch dust 300 23 17 1260 2 do pek fans 100 18
191 Weoya 337 3 do bro pek fan 255 25 18 1863 3 do dust 150 20
193 AL 348 4 do bro pek 380 80 20 GA 1362 6 ch sou 420 18
194 346 3 do pek 3u9 20 21 JPE 1372 ihfch or pek 40 32
195 349 3 do pek sou 216 ity 22 1375 Ido bro or pek 60 30
196 352 2 do dust 276 16 23 1378 1 do pek 50-28
197 Gabhela 355 5hfch bropek 250 = 38 24 1381 1 do fans 50 «16
198 358 8 do pek 350 26 25 1384 1 do dust 50 18
199 361 7 do pek sou 355 18 27 SRK 1390 6 ch pek sou 600 28
200 364 2 do dust 140 17 28 1393 3 do dust 480 21
201 Kosgalla 267 6 do _ bro pek 300 35 36 Findeni Oya 1417 8 ch sou 680 26
202 370 10 do pek 450 26 37 1420 1 do dust 148 18
203 373 3 do pek sou 150 18 41 Old Madde
204 876 3 do bro pek fans 210 out gama 1482 6 ch pek sou 460 27
205 379 4 do unas 200 16 42 1435 4 do dust 460 24
213 Clyde 403 5 ch pek sou 375 22 43 Loomont 1438 2hfch bro pek 11€ 23
214 408 1 do pek fans 142 23 44 1441 1 do pek 49 15
218 Parsices 418 3hfch dust 270 = 22 45 LF 1444 1hfch bro pek 55 28
222 Vogan 430 5 ch pek sou 400 21 46° - 1447 1 do peE 45 15
223 433 6hfch ust 450 =. 22 4G 1450 2 do peksou 93 13
247 Nahalma 445 11 do bropekfans 616 30 48 1453 1 do unas 60 9
228 448 6 do dust 450 23 | 49 1456 1 do dust 72 6
233 Good Hope 463 7 ch _ pek 630 = 26 50 1459 1 do_ red leaf 60 4
234 466 2hfch dust 190 22 54 Buona Vista 1471 8hfch er pek 424 2,
235 Ookoowatte 469 3 ch pek fans 390 22 55 1474 10 do pek 469 17
236 472 lhfch ust 105 17 56 Gwernet 1477 5 ch bro pek 525 39
244 Glendon 496 6 ch bro pek fans 360 26 60 b 1489 4 do or pekfans 440 22
245 499 7 I do dust 560 21 61 VNG, ines
254 Hayes 626 6 do fans 420-26 tate mark 1492 S5hfch broorpek 250 32
259 Coombecourt 541 2 ch peksou 190 29 62 1495 12 do bro pek 672. 34
260 £44 lhfch dust 85 22 64 1501 11. do pek sou 616 22
264 Macaldenia 636 9hfch pek sou 495 24 65 1504 3hfch sou 168 19
265 559 2 do fans 150 24 66 1507 4 do fans 240 19
266 662 2 do dust 160 23 66a, 150724 do bro pek fans 224 31
268 B Binest. 70 Oonankande 1519 2hfch dust 1140) 422
mark 668 13 do pek 698 26 71 Havilland 1522 2hfch dust 170,—-20
269 571 11 do pek sou 550 22 73 1523 3 do bro mix 255 14
270 574 1 do fans 65 18 82 Blinkbonnie 1555 6 ch pe: sou 510 33
271 677 1 da pek dust 80 17 €5a Doonevale 1564a1 co pek A 76 22
277 Yataderia 695 6 do fans 540 20 86 1567 5 do pek No2 412 19
289 Marlborough 681 4 ch pek sou 280%) 927 88 1573 6 do sou 4i9 18
290 Ingrugalla 634 5 do ek sou 450 17 89 1576 1 do dust 102 18
291 637 4 hf ch ro tea 340 24 90 1579 2 Go fans 14a ens
295 Weemalla 649 1 ch ek sou 90 itha’ 91 1552 2 do red leaf 171 7
296 652 Zhf-ch bro tea 170} withd’n | 97 Neuchatel 1600 2 ch dust 280 © -23
297 Kehelwatte 655 1 ch fans 110 23 106 Narangoda 1627 4hfch sou 220 16
298 653 4hfch dust 340 22 107 F, in estate
300 T C Lin est, Mark 1630 2hfch dust 160 19
mark 664 3 ch pek fans 300 out 108 Annandale 1633 10hfch bro or pek iyi 75
808 Peny-lan 673 6 do peksou 540 = =.20 14 HR 1651 1 ch bro pek 95 31
27 Panawatte 685 6 do pek sou 600 24 116, 1654 2 do pek 185 23
810 Gallantenne 694 6 do ek sou 510 22 116 1657 lbfch dust 67 18
$11 697 2 do bya pek fans 250 23 117 1660 | do Hyson 59 10

CEYLON PRODUCE

Lot.

119

121
122
126
127
128
130
133
135

136 Cooroondoo-

139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
158
159
164
165
169
171
174
175
177
178
179
180

185 Jak Tree Hill

186
189

191 South Africa

Galkettiya
watte

Ingeriya

IP
Hobart

watte
Mousa

W iT

Dalyeen
Hangranoya

Deniyaya
Forest Hill

Bodava

Mary Hill

Box.

1666
1672
1675
1687
1690
1693
1699
1708
1714

1717
1726
1729
1732
1735
1738
1741
1744
1747
1783

1786: 5

1801
1804
1816
1822
1831
1834
1840
1843
1846
1849
1864
1867
1876
1882

Pkgs.

Name. lb.
pek No. 2 240
fans 220
dust 24(
pek dust 872
bro pek B 300
pekB 336
pek sou 450
or pek 318
pek sou 546
bro pek 500
bro pek 500
pek 360
pek sou 160
bro pek 120
pek 110
pek sou 255
dust 150
Hyson 15
or pek fans 500
dust 132
bro tea 695
bro tea 560

bro pek dust 360
bro or pek 392

pek sou 279
fans 456
pek 450
pek sou 255
fans 260
bro mix 61
pek sou 500
bro pek 504
dust 225
pek sou 624

[Messrs. BE. John & Co.}

Lot.

AA
Elemane
Hinela

Gangawatte
Riseland

Harrisiand

RBR

Manickwatte
Little Valley

Rondura

Natuwakelle
Mocha
AGS

Box.

78
81
126
123

Pkgs.

Name. Ib.
dust 120
fans 800
pek sou 200

ust 50
fans 350

young byson 210
do No. 1 200

hyson 400
fans 185
young hyson 100
or pek 658
pek sou 462
fans 225
pek dust 98
pek sou 60C
dust 600
dust 390
pek sou 400
dust 240
red leaf 240
bro or pek 690
pek fans 117
pek sou €39
dust 495
dust 400
fans 560
dust No. 2 330
red leaf 116

SALES LIST. 5
Loc. Box. Pkgs. Name. libzegac:
88 Coundon 399 6hfch bro pek fans 408 32
60 3f6 2 do fans (H) 132 23
91 345 2 do dusi (A) 188 19
95 Oak well 36C 1 do fans 78 24
96 363 1 do dust 97 21
97 Doonevale 326" 8 Gch bro or pek B26 32
98 369 3 do or pek 309 22 bid
99 372 6 do pek 570 23
110 Moratuta 405 6 do or pek 610 30 bid
112 4\1 6 do pek No. 2 450 23
113 414 1 do bro pek 80 8=—.20
114 417 1 do pek 80 18
120 Gingranoya 435 6 do br or pek No.2 660 26
12k 438 4 do dust 620 21
123 Bowella 444 6 do pek 425 23 bid
i24 447 3 do pek sou 240 22
125 450 1 do fans 106 18 bid
126 453 5 do dust 350 20
131 Riscland 468 1 box _ silver tips 74 R2°50
132. WTG 471 l1bfch_ or pek 55 32
139 Galgawatte 492 2 ch dust 200 20
la4 Verelapatne 507 5 do tea dust 550 27
14s OF E D192 do bro pek fans 220 20
149 522, 1 do bro pek dust 140 18
152 Peru 53L 6 do pek sou 510
153 534° 2 do bro pek fans 200 } withd’n
154 637 1 do dust 150
155 Mutueliya 540 1L hfch bro or pek 550 87 bid
157 546 1 do bropekfans 76 20 bid
CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.
(From Owr Commercial Correspondent.)
Mincrne Lang, July 19th,
fs ‘ Antenor.’ ’—2 Hoolo Group, 3 cases sold at 1s
y Seed, 1 case sold at 2s; Narangalle 1, 2 cases
oad at 2s 2d; ditto 2, 2 cases sold at 1s 8d; 2

cases sold at Is Hiaks ditto 3, 1 case sold at Is 4d :
AL OO Malabar, 4 ‘cases sold at 2s 5d ; Vedchette
Cardamoms Ex., 1 case sold at noe 2d ; ditto A A,
1 case sold at 2s 8d; ditto A, cases sold at is
7d; ditto B, 2 cases sold — at A; 5d; Katooloya
Cardamoms Ex., 2 cases sold at 1s ia; ditto B.
4 cases sold at Is 8d; ditto D, 1 case sold at 2s 1d,

“ Sanuki Maru.’ _Ditto B, 3 cases sold at 1s 5d,

““Statesman.’’—Ditto A, 2’ cases sold at Is 7d;
ditto B, 2 cases sold at Is 6d; ditto C, 1 case sold
at 1s 5d.

“ Ajax.”’—Ditto A, 2 cases sold at 1s 6d; Pin-
garawa Cardamoms O, 3 cases sold at Is 5d; ditto 1
3 cases sold at 2s 2d; Ratnatenna Cardamoms Eix.,
1 case sold at ls 7d; ditto A, 1 case sold atls 6d.

“ Awa Maru.’ ’_Delpotonoya, 1 case sold at a
9d; 1 case sold at Is 4d; 1 case sold at 1s 8d ;
cage sold at ls 6d; 1 case sold at 1s 5d.

cs Shrops hie,” — Wattakelly No. 1, 1 case sold at
2s; ditto No. 2, 2 cases sold at 1s 943; ditto No, 3,
= oases sold at ls 6d; ditto Reds, 1 "case sold at

3 ditto Seed, 1 case sold at 1s 11d.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

ce

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 32.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

CoLomBo, Avcust 26, 1901.

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. Benham & Co.
[22.772 lb.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
1 Rasgalla 73 28hfch dust 2240
7 battalgella 91 20 ch or pek 180
3 91 19 do nek 1425

9 Hornsey 97 39bfch_ bro pek 2067

10 10 23 ch ek 1725
1i. 3 10 ch nek sou 700
12 Battalgalla 6 9 ch pek sou 720

13 9 12 do su £40

14 Bunyan & Ovical: 45 hfeh bro cr pek 27410

15 15 34 do or pek 1530

16 18 17 ch pek 1700

17 21 13 do pek sou 1170

19 Shepperton 27 10 ch br pek 950

20 3 15 do pek sou 1350

Messrs. Forbes & Walker
[869,535 1p.)

Lot. Box. Pkys. Name, lb.
1 Géinest. mark 1018 12 ch congou 960
2 WEG 1021 49hfch dust 3675
3 1024 46 do pek fans 2530
4 New 2eacock 1027 16 do bro pek 800
7 106 18 do pek fans. 130

122 AMsB 105i 8 ch dust 1120

17 Melvurne 1066 14 do bro or pek 1400

18 1:69 7 do bro pek 700

19 1072 12 do pek 10.0

28 CP H Galle,

in estmark 1099 14 do young byson 700

29 1102, 17 ce hys n 8°90

31 Mahaila 1:08 8 do bro pek 80

32 TUT do or pek 700

33 11.4 10 do pek 90

36 Glenccrse 11/3 10 do bro pek 10:0

37 1126 14 do or pek 1260

38 1179 18 do pek 1440

39 1132 1L do pek No.2 880

40 1135 21 do peks u 1575

41 1138 8 ado dust 1232

48 Fredsruhe i159 35 do bro pek 3500

49 162 27 do pek 2430

50 1:65 15 do pek sou 1500

55 Sitisandura 11:0 12 do pek 1140

56 1:83 13 do pek sou 1170

61 St. H 1198 8 do bro pek 800

64 Gre t Valley,

Ceylon, in
est. murk 1207 32 do broorpek 1920

65 1219 13 do or pek 1170

66 12:3 17 do pek 1496

75 Clarendon 1240 43hbf-ch br pek 2772

76 1243 48 do or pek 2592

77 1246 31 ch pek 2945

78 1249 29 do pek sou 29U0

81 OBEC in

estate mark,
Sinuumullay 1253 48 do bro pek 4800

82 1261 15 do or peK 1290

83 1264 32 do pek 2560

84 167 18 «do pek sou 1260

85 1270 16 do ust 1312

86 Choisy 1273 53 hf-ch broor pek 2915

87 1276 13 ch or pek 1235

88 1-79 21 do pek 1785

89 128: 21 do pek sou 1650

90 New Pera-

deniya 12285 20 do brpek 2100

91 1283 22 do or pek 1980

92 191 40 do pek 3400

93 1291 22 do peksou 1650

96 St, Pauls 1303 15hfch broorpek 990

97 1306 40 do or pek 2240

98 1-09 41 do pek 2214

99. Yalatenne 1312 33 ch bro or pek 1920
100 115 31hfch_ pek 15£0
101 ; 1318 30 do pek sou 1410
104 OB Evin

estate mark;
Forest Creek1327 15. ch broorpek 1500
1330 35 do bro pek 3560

Cc.
25
4t
38
54 bid
40
39
36 bid
29
52 bid
39
39
37
32
23 bid

c.

19
22
27
39
24
20
38
36
27

31
22
44
33
27
42
35
29
27
25
22
37
26
23
27
24
38

bid
bid

53
38
35
37
33
25
23

40
36
32
26
24
44
36
34
31

PrRicE :-

—1l25 cents each,

3 copies

30 cents ; ycopies 4 rupee.

Lot. Box,
106 1333
107 13 6
108 139
109 Rickarton 1342
110 1345
111 1338
112 1361
113 1354
121 Putupaula 1378
122 138!
123 15&4
124 1327
125 1:99
126 193
127 1393
128 1399
132 Queensland 141
133 44
186 Templehurst 1423
1389 Tonacombe 1432
140 1434
141 1438
142 1441
143. Galaha 1444
144 Mahawale 14547
145 1450)
146 1453
149 Geragama 1462
L0 1465
151 146¢
152 1471
1.5 Corfu 1480
156 1483
158 Waldemar 14:9
1:9 1492
160 1995
161 1493
162 150]
163 Stamford Hill 1504
164 1507
165 1510
1g KPW 15 9
169 1522
val 1528
172 1531
176 Tembiligalla 1543
1i7 , 1546
1g1 Tempo 1553
182 1561
183 1564
184 1567
186 Penrhos 1573
187 1576
188 1579
189 1582
193 Poonagalla 1294
194 1597
195 1600
196 1608
197 Weyunga-

watte 1606
198 16(9
199 1612
202 Belloongalla 1621
204 1627
204 Atgalla 16°6
208 Thismoda 1689
209 1642
210 1646
211 16:8
216 Castlereagh 1663
217 1€66
218 1669
219 1672
220 Yataderia 1675
221 1678
222 1681
223 Dromoland 163+
224 1657
226 1693
2390 Bencon 1705
224 Hattcn 1717
235 1720
236 New Pera-

deniya, 1723
237 1726
238 1729
239 1732
249 EDP 1762
250 1765
254 Torwood 1777
265 1780
256 1783

Pkgs.

13 ch
13 do
20 de
30 hf ch
19 vh
11 do

3 hf ch
32

do
1U hf-ch

27 ch
31 do
27 do
14 hf-ch
ll ch
24 do
16 hich
20 do
27 do
17° do
26 hf ch
11 ch
9 eo
9 do
5. bf eh
23 ch
28 do
3 ht-ch
do

10 ch

Name.

Ib
or pek 1170
pek No.1 1!70
pek No. 2 1800
bro or pek 1500
cr pek 17'0
pek 990
pek sou 9u0
bro tea 1365
brovr pek 15745
br tek 1800
br pek 1800
bro pek fans1560
or pek 216"
pe Ne. 1 2080
rek No.2 1175
pek sou 840
bro or pek 7(0
or pek TO
bre pek 2:00
or pek 3140
bro pek 2-00
pek 4°40
pek sou 1/75
dst 2750
bro pek 3 00
pek 16 0
pek sou 1350
hro or pek 1100
bro pek 1440
pek 1615
pes seu 136)
bro pek 880
pek 120
bror pek 1560
bro yek 2400
or pez 2700
pek 1930
fans 2040
bro pek 126:
or pek 720
pek 1,36
bro or pek 13u0
bro pek 1015
pek 18:0
Pek son £00
bro or pek 33°5
pe! 1500
bro pek 2100
or pek 2600
pek 1890
pek sou 800
bro or pek 1815
or rek 1550
pek 26
pek sou Wg
bro pek 195
pek +400
jek sou 1440
dust 8.0
bro pek 2835
pek 219)
pek sou 2169
bro or pek 840
pek 880
br pek dust 2:64
bro or pek 1040
or pek 120
pek 2430
pek sou 1550
bro or pek 800
bro pek 1045
or pek 720
pek 720
bro pek 36
or pek 2139
2600

br ane No 1 7:0
tr or pk No. 2 +80
870

br pek 76
bro pek 1500
pek 1:90
bro pek 2100
or pek 1800
pek 4930
pek sou 1125
sou 1.40
dust 880
bro or pek 1300
bro pek 738
pek 3040

A Cc.

withd'n

47 bid
40 bid
36 bid
25

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Bex. Pkgs, Name. Ibs) ue: Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. ab. .¢.
259 Coreen 1792 15 ch broorpek 1620 50bid | 286 Polatagama 2173 34 ch bro pek 3400 46
260 1795 12 do or pek 934 AL 388 2179 47 do pek 4230-27
264 Weligoda 1807 28 do bropek 2800 38 389 2182 8 do peksou 760 823
265 1810 20 do pek 160 298 390 2185 & do bro pek fams 300 27
266 1813 10 do pek sou 750 24 392 Battawatte 2191 8 ch or pek 800 40
269 Cullen 1822 26 do bioorpek 2600 50 393 2194 45 do bro or pek 2925 42
270 1825 2C do or pek 1920 43 394 2197 27 do pekNol 2565 38
971 1828 10hf- h dust 70 Z 395 i 2200 11 do pek sou 880 °32
272 Dickoya 1831 9 ch bio orpek 90 50 397 Kirklees 226 18bfch broor pek 1080 52
273 1834 9 do br pek 855 25 898 2209 16 ch bro pek 1520 40
274 2837 10 ne pek z 850 32 zs A ae = p bie a id
" iff 184% 4hfch or pe 1539 38 2 0 pek sou ‘
Se ean ARAEHREOHIC SESE rE), BE 403 Erracht 2224 30 ch bro pek 3000 37
278 1849 26 do pek sou 1950 26 404 2227 23 do pek 1955 29
279 1852 18 do pekfans 1170 29 405 2230 17 do pek sou 1445 26
260 1855 Qhf-ch dust 720 © 25 406 2233 9 do bropekfans 990 2%
281 Pansalatennel858 5 ch dust 475 20 403 Inverness 2239 13 do bro or pek 1800 48
283 Matale 1864 47hf-ch bropek 2820 42 409 2242 16 do or pek 1440 48
984 1867 24 ch pek 2160 37 410 2245 15 do nek 1275 4)
286 1870 15 do pek sou 1350 31 412 Hanwella 2251 15 do TOWNE Fries
2 deni 1882 27 bro pek 2700 = 46 3 yson 14 5
suit oe Mean ee hae e760... (88 416 Killarney 2263 35hfch broorpek 2100 48
291 1888 16 do pet sou 120 26 417 2266 9 ch orpek 720 «40
994 XX 1807 24 do peksou 1920 18bid | 4148 BWD 2269 15 do unas 1590-21
995 FR 1900 37 do pek 3515 26 bid | 419 2272 16hfch dust 1280 080-22
296 1903 & do pek sou 800 20 bid | 420 Massena 2275 52hfch bro pek 2600 39
297 Yelverton 1906 16 do bropek 1575 48 421 2278 25 ch pek 1266 = -30
298 1909 14 do pek 1330 44 425 Carfax 2290 1: do bro or pek 1300 5t
296 1912 13 do pcksou 1:96 89 oe 2293 15 do or pek 1250 44
301 IK V 1918 11 do pekfans 132@ 27 ART 2296 15 do pek 1350-38
302 Mansfield 1921 50hfch bropek 3000 55 428 Seenagolla 2299 i4 hf ch bro or pek 840 66
308 1924 21 ch pek 1995 42 430 é 2305 15 do pek 855 42
304 19:7 11 do peksou 990 38 433 Bandarapolla 2314 40 do & orpek 2600 39
305 OB ECin 434 2317 60 do pek pek 3240-36
are ores 435 2320 20 ch or per 22010 29
ésv. Mar 456 2323 12 do pek 1044-26
Summer Hill1930 24 do broorpek 1488 68bid | 442 Fairlawn 2341 26bfch broorpek 1430 655
306 1933 20 do or pek 1840 53 bid | 443 2344 20 do or pek $0) 445
307 19:6 21 do pek sou 1722 4) bid | 444 2347 19 ch pek 1615 38
308 Gonapatiya 1939 22hf-ch br pek 1276 67 447 Seenagolla 2356 3hfch bro or pek 3806 66
309 1942 24 do or pek 1272 56 448 2359 11 do or pek 1065 85
-310 1945 25 do pek 1250046 449 24362 11 do pek 1133 40
311 1948 21 do pek sou 105 89 452 Queensland 237L 11 ch pek 935 31
312 Middleton 1951 14 do br orpek 700 821 453 Naseby 2374 25hfch brooxr pek 1500 40
313 1954 17 ch br pk 1700 52 454 2377 26 do or pek 1222 34
314 1957 18 do pek 1£30 43 445 2380 8 do dust fe 25
315 Kitulgalla 1960 16hf¢eh Bie orpek 960 56 456 Ingrcgalla 2383 8 ch bro pek
316 1963 17 ch or pek 1530) 32 457 2386 8 do pek 700 withdn.
317 1966 18 do pek 1380 24 462 Waverley 24:1 Qhfch fans vay!
320 CTL 19.5 14hfch fans 1050 3-23 463 Marlburovgh 2404 25 do broorpek 1250 54
321 KO 1978 18 ch br pek 15¢6 52 464 2407 18 ch bru pek 18:10 44
322 1981 26 do pek - 2086 36 465 2410 13 do or pek 1170 42,
328 19:4 13 do pek sou 975 26 bid | 466 2413 11 do pek 880 89-36
393 Purana 1987 8 do _ bro pek 819 38bid | 468 2419 28 bt ch bro pek fansi680 35
325 19960 18 do pek 1440 32 4¢9 2422 13 do dust 845 25
330 Pine Hill 2605 22hfch broorpek 1320 48 477 Poonagalla 2446 39 ch or pek 39:0 50 bid
331 2008 16 ch or pek 1440 36 48 2449 24 do bro pek 2760 52
332 2011 18 do pek 1620-34 479 2452 54 do pek 5400 89 42
335 2014 8 do pek sou 720 26 480 2455 20 do pek sou 1880 39
334 HGM 2017 18hfch fi.orpek 715 54 482 2461 18hfch fans 135034
335 2020 19 do broorpek 1140 42 483 2764 11 do dust 10s4 2%
336 2023 12 ch bro pek 1200 3 485 ed 2470 15 do bro or pek 1110 40 bid
337 2026 14 do 1eK 1260 31 486 Pretoria 2473 16 ch pek sou 1440 out
338 St. Margarets?629 7 do bropek 700 «5@ 487 2476 1; hfch bropekdust985 923
340 Preston 2045 14 do br pek 1460 65 409 Puspene 2462 28 ch or pek 2800 Bh
343) Leinorn 2044 25 do or pek 2250 53 bid 490 2485 39 do bro pek 4185 37
748 Strathspey 2059 12 do or pek 1260 43 bid | 491 2488 18 do pek LAO 125;
319 2062 9 do pek 837 4d 492 2491 19 do pek sou 1710 2
354 Haputalewella2071 80hf{ch bro pek 1800 43 | 494 Coldstream
353 2074 £0 do pek 1006. 35 Group 2494 37hfch bro pek 1850 52
“54 2077 11 do pek sou 765 31 | 494 2497 11 ch pek S&0 41
355 208@ 11 do fans 880 25 | 499 Bargany 2512 15hfch broorpek 900 G1
356 High Forest 2083 46 do or pk No. 12668 66 5(0 2515 23 de bro pek 1380 42
357 2086 28 do or pek 1540 56 501 2518 20 do or pek 10o 48
258 2089 20 do pek 968 53 502 2521 12 ch pek 1080 39
39 Hayes 2092 44 de broorpek 4180 38 505 St Paul's
360 2095 13 do or pek 11058 Inv Ne 25 2530 21hfch broorpek 1386 58
361 2098 40 de pek 3400 26 506 2533 46 do or pek 2576 43
362 2101 11 do pek 935 25 bid | 507 _ _ 2536 38 do pek 2052 33
363 3104. 26 do pek sou 1880.23 511 Theydon Bris 2548 10 ch bro pek $50. 38
364 2107 14hfch fans 980-26 512 2551 19 do pek 342500 (27
866 High Forest 2118 42 do cr pk No. 1 2136 65 Ho 2580 16 do fans 950 25
367 2116 26 do or pek 1430 56 513 Silvakandy 2563 £5 do bropek 5500 7
368 21.9 18 wo pek 86458 SL 2566 33 do pek 2970 = 39
#9 Muha Uva 2122 26 do broorpek 1730 4% 540 Findlater 2575 12 do bropek 1260 49
870 2125 #2 do or pek 1320 50 521 2578 12 do pek 1140 44
371 2128 27 ch pek 2565 41 522 _ 2581 12 do pek sou 106-38
372 2131 9 do pek sou 8108 525 Kmavespure 2590 18 do or pek 1530 34
373 2184 1@hf-ch dust 900 26 526 ‘ 2593 75 do bropek 7125 35
374 Pallagodde 2137 11 eh bro or pek 1100 56 627 25938 13 do pek 975 28
316 2140 21 do bro pek 2160 = 40 528 2599 17 do peksou 1190 25
275 2143 16 do cr pek 1360 9-32 529 Chesterford 2602 43 do brozpek 4300 47
377 2146 18 do pek 1105 28 620 2605 33 do pek 3510 32
378 2119 16 do pek fans 1170 26 531 2608 20 do pek sou 1800 26
260 Ruanwella 2165 26 do or pek 2080 86 532 Coombecourt 3611 18 hf ch Bes orvek 715 53 bid
351 2168 18 do bropek 1800 37 | 638 2614 1% do bro pek 770-37 bie
Bey 2161 26 do pek 2340 26 534 2617 13 do bro pek 715 37 bid

2% 2164 11 do pek sou 990 = 24 583 2620 10 ch pek 900 =. 32 bid

Lot. Box.
536 Cholankande 2623
637 2626
538 2629
-541 Lindula 2638
642 Queensland 2641
543 2644
548 Tynmawr 2659
549 2662
550 2665
551 2668
553 .Gallawatte £674
556 2683
458 2689
559 Talgaswela 2692
569 2695
561 2693
562 2701
563 2704
564 Strathisla 2707
565 2710
566 Algooltenne 2713
567 2716
568 2719
569 2722
570 Delta 2726
671 2728
572 2731
573 2734
576 Maha Eliya 2743
577 2746
678 2749
579 Vogan 2752
580 2755
58t 2758
682 2761
584 Digdola 2767
585 2770
588 2779
589 Ganapalle 2782
598 2786
59L 2758
592 2791
693 2794
596 Udapolla 2£03
697 2806
600 Oakham 2816
601 2818
602 2821
605 Lesmoir 2839
606 2833
607 2836
608 Meddetenne 2839
‘609 2842
610 2845
612 Drayton 2851
613 2854
614 2857
615 Amblakande 2860
616 2863
G19 Galapitakande 284 2
620 2875
621 8878
622 2881
624 Kincora 2887
625 2890
626 2893
628 Dambagas-
talawe 2309
629 2902
63uU 2905
633 DW 2914
635 Mariawatte 2920
636 2923
637 Lochiel 2926
638 2929
639 2932
640 Laurawatte 2925
642 Kotugaloya 2911
643 2944
645 Galkande 295C
646 2953
648 Rockside 2959
651 Ardlaw and
Wisaford 2968
652 2971
663 2974
654 2977
655 2980
656 2983
658 Dunnottar 2989 ”
659 2992
660 Halbarawa 2995
661 L 2998
665 Monkswood 3010
666 3013
687 3016

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Pkgs.

Name, hb,
or pek 2000
pek 4080
pek sou 1520
dust 1045
bro pek 700
pek 900
or pek 715
er pek 825
bro or pek 780
pek 750
bro pek 1800
pek 2400
pek fans 10066
bro or pek 1200
pek 2000
pek sou 1125
or pek 1600
bro pek

No 2 720
bro or pek 2900
pek 2340

bro or pek 3700

or pek 4590
pek 3680
pek sou 2000
bro or pek 880
bro pek 2500
pek 1892
pek sou 1296
bro or peK 1430
or pek 1700
pek 2300

bro or pek 1600

or pek 2280
pek 2700
pek sou 1530
bro or pek 950
pek 1520
dust 1650
or pek 916
bro or pek 3332
pek Nol 1376
pek No2 2720
bro pek fins i232
bro pek 1300

ek 1260
bro pek 960
or pek 720
pek 1080
or pek 720
bro pek 1200
pek 1440
bro pek 2500
pek 1805
pek sou 1350
or pek 3450
pek 5360
pek sou 2240
bro pek 140
pek 1520
bro pek 1100
or pek 1500
pe 3870
pek sou 763
bro or pek 1890
pek 1620
pek sou 825
broor pek 1440
bro pek 1400
pek 1350
pek sou 1870
sou 1020
dust 1785
bro or pek 870
or pek 1400
pek 1245
fans 1209
bro pek 1430
pek 1200
or pek 850

p 1360
bro pek fans 720

bro or pek 1716

bro pek 820
or pek 913
vek 1817
fans 738
pek sou 907
bro pek 700
pek 1870
bro pek 1800
pek 1020
bro or pek 1560
or pek 1210
pek 2460

20 do

11
14 hf- ch

14 ch
10 ch
9 do
39 bf ch
35 do
27 ch

ot

Name. Ib.
pek sou 1445
fans 340
broor pek 742
pek 1:75
bro pek 1612
pek 1380
bro or pek 1000
or pek
pek 2000
bro pek 2094
pek 2334
bro pek 5974
pek 2560
pek sou 1520
bro or pek 1140
bro pek 720
pek 1880
bro pek 7315
pek 1725
pek sou 1260
Young Hyson 2400
bys:‘n Not 900
bio or pek 5016
or pek 3145
ek 1330
pek fans 765
bro pek 2000
pek 1615
bro or pek 1C€00
bro pek 1500
or pek 1190
pek 935
pek sou 1170
bro pek 3100
pek 3510
pek sou 880
bra pek 1036
pek sou 1126
bro pek 1020
pek 900
bro or pek 2730
or pek 2100
sou 2700

Somerville & Coa.—

|403, 902 Ib.]

Lot, Box.
668 3019
669 : 3022
671 Palmerston 3028
672 303L
675 Norton 3040
676 3043
677 Kalawewa 3046
678 3049
679 3052
686 Weyungas
watte 3073
687 3076
691 Ingoya 308
692 3091
693 3094
696 Harrow 3103
697 3106
698 3109
701 Kaavesmire 3118
702 3121
703 3124
704 Hanwella 3127
705 3130
708 Gleneagles 3139
709 3142
710 3145
711 3148
714 Maxim 3157
715 3160
716 Pallegodde 3163
717 3166
718 3169
719 3172
720 3175
72L Woodend 3178
722 3181
723 3184
726 Moneragalla 3/93
732 V, in estate
mark 3211
735 Blarneywatte3220
736 3223
739° Maha Uva 3232
740 3235
741 3238
Messrs.
Lot. Box.
1 HJS 1885
2 Salewe 1885
3 1891
4 1894
5 1897
8 Hapugasmulle 7
9 10
10 13
12 Owilikande 19
13 22
14 Rayigam QA
15 28
16 3L
17 34
18 37
19 40
21 Ovxion 46
22 49
23 52
24 55
28 Monte Christo 67
33. Ambalawa 82
34 85
35 88
36 91
39 Mt. Vernon 100
41 106
42 Labugama 109
3 112
45 Agra Elbedde 118
46 121
47 124
51 Kelani 136
52 139
53 2142
54 145
60 Hyde 163
61 166
62 169
63 Marigold 172
64 175
65 178
66 181
68 187

Pkgs,

Name. Ib.
or pek 960
or pek 1235
bro pek 1320
pek 1615
pek sou 300
bro pek 1430
pek 10°6
unas £00
bro pek 2470
pek 2160
bro pek 1425
or pek 1190
pek 1360
pek sou 1700
bro pek fans 1520
bro pek 825
bro pek 1900
bro pek 1906
pek 1805
pek sou 1620
bro pek 2100
bro pek 1705
or pek Sto
pek 960
pek sou 750
pek sou 2573
dust 1120
bro pek 1265
pek 1530
bro or pek 960
or pek 825
pek 950
bro pek 1170
bro or pek 3200
pek 1105
pek sou 750
or pek 1000
bro pek 793
pek 840
bro or pek 1265
or pek 2058
pek 800
pek sou 864
pek dust 1276

1000 | withd'’n

37 bid

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES

LIST.

ee

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. le:
_70 Hangranoya 193 23 ch bro pek 2300
71 166 8 do pek 720
73 Svuth Africa 2vu2 27 ch bro or pek 2646
74 Allakullawewa2U5 18hfch browr pek 954
75 208 31 do or pek 1549
77 214 29 do pek seu 132
73 217 23 do bro pek fans 1449
79 Ravana 220 42bfch bro pex 2310
80 223 40 do pek 1000
31 £6 18 bfch per sou 720
85 Mamatara 233 16 ch bro pek 1536
86 241 12 Jo pek sou 960
88 Columbia 247 380hfch tkroorpek 16.0
89 260 28 do or pek 1400
90 253 32 do pe« 1600
9L Rahatungoda 256 4l)fch broorpsk 2296
92 269 30 do or pek 1620
93 202 36 do pek 1980
94 Kilandhu 265 13 ch bre pek 1235
95 268 14 do pek 1260
101 Rothes 286 14hfch bro pek 840
105 Walla Valley 298 11 ch pek 935
106 Waganilia 3801 18 ch br» pek 1.00
107 314 & do or pek 720
108 507. 8 do pea 720
112 Dikmukalana 319 19bfch bro pek fans 1045
113 3-2 29 do pes svu 1392
114 36 21 do peksou 150
115 328 23 do pek 1450
116 St. Andrew’s
K 331 13hf-ch bro pek 780
120 Thebertun 343 8 ch bru or pek 800
122 +4) 14 do pek 1190
142 E chico 409 21htch bro pek 1050
143 412 36 do bro or pek 2160
144 415 45 do — pex 2175
146 Kttie 4.1 25 ch bro pek 25110
147 424 21 do pek 2100
148 497 14 do pek sou 1330
153 Galpbele 442 15 ch broorpek 1°10
154 445 17 do or pek 1530
15F 448 14 do bro pek 14U0
156 451 19 do pek 1520
161 Lance Field 466 46hfch troorpek 2898
162 4169 30 do ro pek 3000
164 475 11 do pek sou 1100
166 4,1 13 do pek dust 1105
167 Minangoda 484 19 ch pek 1400
173 Ste Catherine 502 17 hf ch bro or pek 850
174 505 ch so pek 723
176 Kanatota 61L 2; ch bro pek 2070
181 Ganwarily 526 .5 ch bro pek 3300
182 529 20 do pet 1700
183 532 17 «wo peck sou 12860
188 Cnoornovdoo-
wutte 547 7 ch bro pek 700
189 550 10 do pek 10:0
190 553 7 do pek sou 7.0
191 Kurulngalla 6556 10 ch bro pek 10.00
192 659 10 «0 pek 950
204 Avisawella (95 16hfch See orpek 800
205 598 19 ch bro pek 1900
206 6ul 12 do or pek 1080
207 6U4 21 do pek 1890
208 607 28 do pek sou 2240
212 Grange
GarJen 619 7 ch broor pek 700
213 622. 7 do or pek 700
220 Neboda €43 78 ch bro pek 7800
221 646 21 do pek 1785
223 New Valley 652 24 ch bro or pek 2400
224 665 24 do or pek 2160
226 658 21 ch pek 2100
226 661 20 do pek sou 17.0
227 W P K 664 15 ch sou 1275
228 Oonanagalla 667 23 ch bro pek 2300
229 670 23 du pek sou 2070
230 Nyanza 673 19 bt ch Bro or pek 1145
231 676 1, ch pek 15v0
232 679 13 do pek 1170
235 BP 6e8 10 ch © sou 850
236 Kudaganga 691 14 ch bro pek 1400
241 Siriniwasa 7U6 21 ch bro pek No 1 210
mAs 712 34 ch pe 31160
244 715 35 do pek sou 3150
247 Galgedioya 724 9 ch bro pek 900
749 740 10 do pek 950
268 742 QYhich dust 720
255 Doragalla 748 21 ch bro pek 2100
256 75L 85 do ek 2800
257 754 14 do ek sou 1120
258 757 9 do ns 1126
259 Nellicollay- :
watte 760 19bfch bro pek 1178
261 766 9 ch ek 783
265 Warakamure 778 44 ch ro pek 4400
266 781 41 do pek © 3626
267 784 26 do pek sou 2210

b,

26
60 bid
36 bid
35

Lot. Box.
268 Tyspane 787
269 790
270 793
271 Ankande 796
272 799
273 8uz
275 Murrayth-

wa tte 808
280 Hatuuwa 823
282 8.9
283 832
29. Nugawella, 853
291 856
3u0 Ravenscraig 8£3
301 8&6
304 Farnham 895
8C5 848
306 901
307 904
308 Cotsw: ld 907
8U9 £10
310 913
311 916
31% Palagal 919
313 Damvlagolla 922
514 925
315 925
317 GB 934
318 DA 937
321 D W 946
593 Sadamulla 952
324 955
326 961
3:7 964
328 Cooroondoo

watte 967
329 Karang Wa = 970)
330 973
#33 Polgahakande’ 82
334 985
315 928
337 B P 994

3:8 99°
352 South Africa 1039

354 WK P 1045
355 1018
256 1051
357 1054
B60 Hanagama 10463
361 1066
362 1169
3¢3 Mousa Eliya 1072
a4 10:5
365 1078
3.6 1081
370 Menrovia 1093
371 1096
372 1099
373 11.2
375 S. Watte 1108
376 1111
377 1114
378 Scarborough 1117
379 1120
3:0 1123
353 D M OB, in
mark 1132
384 1185
885 1138
386 1141
387 GI. D M, in
est. Mark 1144
883 Dodantala 1147
3&9 1150
394 Jak Tree Hi!l1165
396 1171
399 Harrangalla 1180
40u 1183
401 1186
42 1139
403 1192
405 Roseneath 1198
406 1201
407 12(\4 -
402 Di mukalana 1207
49 1210
412 KG 1219
413 Yspa 1222
414 1225
415 Dryburgh 1228.
46 1231
417 1234
420 KV 1243
421 Cairmnton 1236
4/2 Moragalla 1249
427 Pindenivya 1264
429 1270

Pkgs.

17_ do

Name. lb.
bro or pek 1500
bro pek 2660
Tek 2635
bro pek 21.00
pek 18.0
pek sou 7-U
bro pek 1310
bro pek 220
pek 1275
pez sow 975
bio or pek 1°60
bro pek 832
bro pek 830
pek 1710
bro pek 1:36
or pe« 2380
pek 14.5
pek sou 1:90
bro or pek = 975
or pek 715
pek 1445
pek sou 700
pek 900
bro pek 720

e 1630
pek sou 880
pek 200
pek fans 805
dust 810
bro pek 1700
bro cr pek 715
pek 900
pek A 1260
pek 700
bro pek 1430
pek 935
bro pek 1800
or pek 10.0
pek 1764
pek 1 90
pek sou 1950
bio ;ek 2210
bro pez 1575
or pek 1440
pek 3400
pek sou 625
bro or pek 720
or pek 2070
pek 2970
bro or pek 900
bro pek 845
or pek 720
pek 1045
bro pek 4275
pek 3420
pek sou 1615

ro lea 1260
bro pek 2800
pek 1408
pek sou 1735
brocr pek 140
bro pek 2100
pek 2880
bro or pek 750
pek 12.0
pek sou 1275
bro pek 770
pek sou 3790
bro peg 1265
pek 1140
bro pek 110
pek sou 700
bro: rpek £375
bro pek 1890
pek 2550
bro pek dust 1425
bro pek fans 8/0
bro pek 1400
pek 1080
pek sou 1480
pek 1200
bro pek fans 990
su 960
pek sou 1360
pek dust 840
bro or pek 1240
or pek 1602
pek 1738
fans $19
bro pek fans: 1276
bro pek 700
pek * 1276
sou 765

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5

NN ———

(Messrs. BE. John & Co.—291,796 1b.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, kb; ¢,
180 Midlothian 86 22hfch bro pek 1320 53
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. 181 89 19 do orpek a2 40
2 2
5 Mel Villa 561 15hfch bropek 750 = 33 ae Be ee een puce Ty OSeY a an
11 Brownlow 579 28 do broorpek 1680 51 bid | 384 Callander 98 19 hf ch Bro k 1140 50
12 582 18 ch or pek 1638 38 185 OL 2 orspe
13 585 23 do pek 1918 38 rae 10120, dong OF wee 1000" 49
14 588 10 do pek sou 880)» 33 1s SDalhewse || Tesco) dae brolpele (1045 @a
i 591 20 do bro pek 2000 42 : © ro pe DG
15 Higham 5 : 190 116 23 do orpek 1150.54
16 594 18 ge bel 1620 34 191 119 27 do pek 1215 43
i ate oan tye Pee oan Me 194 Glasgow 128 26 ch broorpek 2002 40 bid
19 603 19hfch broorpek 1064 42 18 Bates ae ih O10 aes mak
2 ined fue se ch ee es a 197 137. 7 do peksou 700 24 bid
25 Moratota 621 Is hfch bro pek 1560 41 198 Agra Ouvah 140 34hfch broorpek 1972 71
27 627 10 ch pek 900-38 199 143 27 do orpek 1350 BL
29 Poilakanda 633 9 do broorpek 900 36 200 146 9 ch pek 810 46
30 636 14 do bro pek 1400 34 202 152 1zhfch pek fans 960 29
31 639 12 do pek 1080-26 204 Eton 158 50 do broorpek 2700 55 bid
35 Allington 651 8 do ek 720 24 205 161 28 ch or pek 2620 41 bid
43 Woodstock 675 14hfch broorpek 770 40 206 164 18 do peksou 1710 40 |
45 Bowhil 681 8 ch broor pek 800 39 208 Glasgow 170 27 do bro or pek 2079 48 bid
46 684. 8 do orpek 720 36 209 173 14 do or pek 980 36 bid
47 687 14 do pek 4260 28 210 176 10 do pek 920 38
a Perth 693 ae ne aaeee ze Ee au Vincit ue 18 we or ioe 162035
c: 3 52 212 . 182 15 do pe 1350 26
By 98 38 ao Pee No ree 38 bid 28 Rookwood 200-24 bf oh pro orpek 1440 43
p 2 72 2: 2038 : 5
56 Ratwatte 714 26 do bropek 2730 34 bid | 220 EE TRO Re So MRE
57 717 25 do pek 2250-24 221 209 22 do ae 1980 28 bid
58 720 18 do pek sow 1040 22 a52\ SKelansiva and) nia hs :
2 od 1200 53 bi
a Gangawatte ree ay AG beg ne 700 45 pid Braemar 212 20 do bro or pek 2000 47 bid
62 732 17 do pek 1530 38 223 215 18 do or pek 1800 380 bid
e 4 , ayeg k 26. 3r 224 218 25 do pek 2375-40 bid
66 Theresia 744 12 do pek sou 1026 3% s ee 2
68 Hila 750 60 do peksou 4200 33 cas LTE eae STs AO ee
69 aos espe ch iidust ears 231 SLL Soe iehtch, dust | 1688 38
¢ € bt 33
i Glentilt vit 2 oh bre per 2108 ao bid 232 Ottery 242 20 ch broorpek 2000 52
es 777 12 do Bae 1020 34 oe | S36 itlaantn pee elas vera reond a
s St. John’s 786 ae aa ou ore 1150 or pa Lameliere a6 1 ce bro or pek 1600 46
2 225 : 2, .
82 792 11 do pek fans 704 37 239 263 20 do gape 1800 30
Re Cleveland ie al de hen Gripek L786 A 38 Tellisford Be a GO Bee pek 1200 34 bid
£ 4 27 5 do e 1350 26
88 Templestowe 810 2. ch bro or pek 1575 47 251 Gonavy 299 18 do r pek 1530 86
389 813 19 do pek 1520 41 252 302 16 do bropek 1600 42 bid
ae B18 aa ch png ee ar 253 305 33 do pek 2475 = 31 bid
92 Koslanda 822 16 do bro pek 880 42 a0 Ottery os ia do broorpek 855 48
93 825 16 ch pek 1360 30 B 1112 do pek 949 387
97 LEL 837 14 do broorpek 1330 withd’n } 257 LKL 317 19 do orpek 1520-27 bid
107 Morahela Bee as oe pel : 2184 32 258 320 7 do bropek 700 31 bid
108 0 22 do ro or pek 2200 38 259 Myraganga 323 26 do or pek 2
t : g a 2 pe 2080 32
109 873 17 do bropek = 163242 260 “326 57 do broorpek 5700 37 bid
114 Kolapatna 888 18hfch pek 846 32 261 329 17 do pek 1615 31
115 Carendon 891 15 ch bro pek 1584-33 264 Maryland >
116 891 11 do pek 110027 265 ear 341 ; de ae 00 26
: eee o pe 700 26
ug G ae 10 ge sou eo) 2 He 266 Wilpita 344 11 do broorpek 1100 32
BY 'Cosland Sul Ig bfich) bropek 880.) -allbid | Soy ' SAC one Or Dem, A120) (20
es Coslanda, aio each tok pe Teo so ut 20 Lameliere 356 16 do broorpek 1600 44
129 Galloola 983 16 do broorpek 1600 40, | 272 32 20 do pee 180) 88
130 36 2 vy) ro pe 2000 38 bi a
131 939 48 do ake 4320 37 273 Kolapatna 365 Which broorpek 1045 5h
132 942 21 av peksou 1680 35 eae 368 21 do ox pek 1050 35
135 Loughton 951 56 bf ch bro pek 2720 37 275 371 19 do pek 893 85
136 954 85 do pe 4250 29 279 Rondura 383 21 ch bropek 2100 35
0 ND Bane aa? eek aap ae a BeOEIB Wes Beer poke teen ioe
141 Elston 969 16 do orpek 1440388 282 392 20 ac Bera Pe aahe 27
142 972 19 oY Bek 1615 33 285 Glassaugh 401 19hfch or pek 1007s 61
if us me ie 8 |e ee a Rok ae
145 981 19 do pek 1615 34 289 418 15 hich, oF pek No. 2 328 at
146 eae: oot 20 do cee acu 1308 a 291 Little Valley 419 7 ch broorpek 700 36 bid
147 Spoir do ro pe ¢ é 292 422 10 do pek 800 31
148 999 8 do pek 720 27 295 Birnam 431 21 do peksow 1428 =. 36
162 Gansarapolla 2 20 ie ch bro or pel 1300 =. 87 bid | 298 Bowella 440 9 do pek 765 25
153 5 31 do ro pe 1705 —- 33 bid
154 8 28 ch or pek 3080 30
18 a eeaae 14° 8 ae sou C 720 15
16 ahavi 17 22 do orpe 1980 54 SM 'S
158 20 22 do bropek 2200 50 bid ALL LOTS.
159 23 12 ae per 1080 48
160 26 12 do pek sou 960 40
161 Wahagapitiya 29 11 He x or sek 110046 Messrs. E. Benham & Co.
162 32 13 do ro pe 1300-35
163 35 15 do pek 1350 29 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ce
167 EL 47, 8 do broorpek 800 32bid | 2 L 76 2 ch pek 194 22
16 50 34 do bropek 2890 33 bid | 3 Hittuwellentenne79 4 co bro pek 400 35
one een 53 24 do pek 2040 withd’n {4 — 82 4 do pek 400-24
alem 62 7 do Cae lead) 700 sana 3 Sin est mark BS zy fis Bro pek 70 28
2 Q 2 do 2
175 BurnsideGroup 71 18 do bro pek 1890 40 18 Bunyan and y is i
176 74 29 do pek 2465 4 Ovoca 24 7Thf-ch dust 665 24

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Messrs. Forbes & Walker Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb; ~'e.
Lot. Box. -Pkgs. Name. lb. cc. 228 1699 lhich brpkfans 75 26
229 1702 1 do dust 90 23

5 New Peacock 1030 4hf-ch sou 360 27 231 Bencon 1708 6 ch pek 540 22

6 1033 7 do bro mixed 350 20 232 1711 2 do fans 200 18

8 J ATinett. 233 1714 1 do dust 135 18

mark 1039 1 do bro pek 50 29 240 New Pera-

9 1042 2 do pek 100 22 deniya 1725 2 do sou 152 22
10 1045 1 do pek sou 45 20 241 1738 4 do fans 240 27
11 1048 1 do sou 33 18 242 1741 3 do dust 240 24
18 Haldarawa 1054 1 ch fans 124 =20 243 Uragalla 1744 4 do
14 1057 2 do dust 328 = s«18 1hfch broorpek 410 382
15 M‘Golla 10690 5 do pek sou 450 23 244 1747 7 ch
16 1063 3 do dust 210 20 lhfch bro pek 640 34
20 Belgodde 1075 2hf-ch bro pek 100 40 245 1750.2 ch
21 1078 7 do pek 350 25 lhich pek 205 18
22, 1081 2 do pek sou 90 21 246 1753 2 ch brorpkfans 160 18

23 S P in estate 247 1756

| do pek sou 225 18
% 1092 3hf-ch hyson No. 2 186 14 253 1774
27 1096 1 ch byson dust 56 12 257 Torwood 1786 ch bro pek fans 240 24
'30 CP H Galle, 258 1789 4 do dust 520 «22
in est. mask 1105 2 do _ siftings 120. «11 261 Coreen 1798 9 do pek 666 32
}

3
mark 1084 2 ch young hyson 126 16 248 1759 1 do red leaf 45 8
24 1087 1 do hyson 43 21 bid {| 251 Rinest. mark1768 1 do bro pek 61 29
25 1090 2 do hyson No.1 118 18 252 1771 1 do pek 71 23
i 5 1hfch fans 64 20
34 Mahalla 1117 7 do pek sou 595 23 262 1801 3 do pek sou 246 30
35 1120 1 do dust Wh OB 263 d 1804 2hf-ch dust 160 24
42 Ettapolla 1141 10hfch or pek 500 34 267 Weligoda 1816 & ch pek dust 576 24
43 1144 13 do pek 650 26 268 Hatherleigh 1819 2 do
44 1147 5 do pek sou 250 23 1 ch pE fans 344 26
45 1150 8 do bro tea 150 21 275 Dickoya 1840 z% ch pek sou 170 25
46 1153 1 do dust 62 21 282 BG 1861 7% do bro mixed 400 19
47 1156 2 do congou 100 14 2:6 Matale 1873 lhfch fans 75 26
51 WA 1168 3 ch bro pek 330 32 287 186 2 do dust 170 24
52 1171 5 do pek 500 24 288 1879 1 ch sou 110 22
53 Sirikandura 1174 6 do or pek 570. ., 33 292 Maldeniya 189i 4 do bro pek fans 400 26
54 1177 7 do bre pek 665 84 293 1894 3 do dust 390 20
57 3186 2 do congou 165 138 300 Yelverton 1915 3hfch dust 270 24
58 1189 1 do bro pek fans 85 24 318 Kitulgalla 1969 1 ch sou 94 29
59 1192 1 do fans 77 20 319 1972 2 do pek sou 150 23
60 1195 1 do br pk dust 134 24 326 Purana 1993 7 do pek sou 504 25
62 St. H. 1201 2 do pek No. 1 160 28 327 1996 2hfch dust 170 22
€3 1204 2 do pek No 2 108 26 328 1999 1 ch fans 90 3
67 Great Valley, 329 2002 ihfch bro mixed 47 17
Ceylon in est 339 St. Margarets2032 4 ch bropekfans 320 31
mark 1216 7 do pek sou 630 28 341 Preston 2038 2hf-ch brurpk fans 224 39
68 1219 4 do ust 840 25 342 2041 2 ch unast 220 34
69 Wyamita 1222 6 do bro pek 600 387 344 New Galway 2047 7hich bro pek 420 59
70 1225 6 do pek 510 29 345 2050 6 do pek 330 42
71 1228 5 do pek sou 425 24 346 2053 1 do pek sou 50 36
72, 1231 1 do sou 85 23 347 Strathspey 2056 6 ch bro or pek 630 66
73 1234 1 do dust 130 24 350 2065 2 do pek sou 160 36
74 GV 1237. 8 do sou 285 8 351 2068 2 do dust 200 25
79 Clarendon 1252 5 do sou 400 ay 365 Hayes 2110 7hfch fans 490 26
380 1255 4hfch dust 820 24 379 Ruanwella 2152 5 ch orpek 500-27
94 New Pera- 384 2167 3hfch dust 240 «22
deniya 1297° 4 ch sou 304 23 385 2170 4 do fans 410 22
95 1300 3 do dust 240 23 387 Polatagama 2176 5 ch or pek 475 34
102 Yelatenne 1221 3 do fans 255 25 391 2.88 3 do dust 390 23
103 1324 2 do sou 150 24 396 ‘Battawatte 2203 2hfch dust 206 24
114 Rickarton 1357 Ghfich fans 510 25 401 Kirklees 2218 do pes fans 600 36
115 Agraoya 1360 8 ch bro or pek 680 37 402 2221 de dust 180 24
116 1263° 2 do pe: sou 225 24 407 Erracbt 2236 ch dust 175 22
117 1366 Lhfch pek fans 60 92, 411 Tnverness 2248 do pek sou 380 35
118 1369 1 ch * congou 90 18 413 Hanwella 2254 do Hyson Not 300 22

119 1372 1 do unast 100 29 414 2257
120 1375 3 do bro mixed 240 22
129 Putupaula 1402 5hf-ch dust 425 23
120 BB inest.

mark 1405
131 1408
137 Templehurst 1426
138 1429
147, Warwick 1456
148 W 1459
152 Geragama 1474
154 Corfu 1477
157 1486
7 Olea 1525
173 1434
174 1537
175 1540
178 Tembiligalla 1549
179 1552
180 1555
185 Tempo 1570
200 Weyunga-

watte 1615 2 ch sou 160 23
201 1618 4hf-ch dust 320 24
203 Bellongalla 162413 do or pek 650 33

BG 1630 7 ch pek sou 560 23
206 1633 Zhfch dust 160 20
212 Thismoda 1651 2 do fans 120 26
212 1654

do Hysou No2 160 16
415 2260
422 Massena 2281
423 2284
424 2287 do dust 320 22

5

2

it

4

3

ik

1 do Hyson Siftgs 12 13
9
6
4

429 Seenagolla 2332 8 do or pek 424 49

6
2
2
£
l
6
1
oO)
3
4

bfch peck sou 450 23
5 «do bro pek fans 360 26
ch bro pek 200 4
do pek 180 22
do pek 665 36 431 2308
432 2311
437 Letchemey 2326
438 2329
439 2332
440 2335
441 2338
445 Fairlawn 2350

do pek sou 312-37
do dust 160 23
do bro or pek 120 28
do dust 180 23
do pek sou 45 20
do pek fans 390 9-4
do dust 90 22
ch pek sou 400 . 23
446 2353 dh dust 240 25
450 Seenagolla 2365 do pek sou 4u0. 38
451 2363 2hich dust 172 25
458 ING 2389 4 ch pek sou 340 8925
459 2392 3 do pek fans 315 24
460 2395 3 do sou 240 24
467 Marlborough 2416 4 do pek sou 280 28
470 Claverton 2425 3bfch dust 195 25
471 IGA 2428 1 ch bro pek 100 31
472 2431 2 do pek ~ 180 24
473 Ingurugalla 2434 1 do pek sou 90 22
474 2437 lhfch bro tea 85 19
476 WM 2440 2 ch bro pek 200 33
476 2443 2 do pek 180 24
481 Poonagalla 2468 7 do sou 644 27
484 2467 2hfch unass 132 25
488 Pretoria 2479 8 do bropekfans 520 24
495 Coldstream i 1

Group 2500 7 ch peksou 560 33

do pek sou 360 30
hf-ch dust 510 25
do dust 255 21
do | dust 480 20
do or pek 500 35
bro pek fans 280 24

do or pek 450 34

do br pek fans 150 29

do’ pek fans 75 26

do dust 85 23

ch pek sou 90 23

do bro pek fans 100 29

do dust 150 22
hf-ch dust 255 28

— id
CORRE WOROAWOPR 1M
a
S)

3
214 PL 1657 1
215 1660 1 do pek 44 26
225 Dromoland 1690 8 :

227 1696 do pek sou 180 =3=88

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, 7
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe: {lessrs. Somervilis & Co.)
496 2503 2hfch fans 150 27 es os Tie 2
497 2506 3 do dust 240 24 Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name, ~ lb. e.
498 2509 1 ch bro mix 105 9 6 Salawe Ms? peli pek dust 330 33
503 Bargany 2524 Lhfch dust 95 20 7 Hapugasmulle 4 2 ch or pek 200 46
501 2527 3 do pek fans 180 24 11 16° 1 do dust 156 22
508 OK 2439 10 do bro pck 500 81 20 Rayigam 43 5hbfch pek dust 400 24
409 2842 45 do pek, 250 21 25 Orion 58 3hfch dust 240 21
510 f 2545 5 do pek sou 250 20 26 61s! 2: “ch fans : 220 18
513 Theydon Bois 2554 4 ch pek sou 560-23 a ai Ae Os Lbox golden tips 5 out
514 2557 4 do dust 380 23 By ge ete cas aes ie tease
518 Silvakandy 569 2 do — pek sou 160 25 BA UENT RE aa saineleue natisnk ac Bee 157
519 2572 3 do dust 300-24 et Garp! CaaS 2dg 3k
523 Findlater 2584 2 do dust 18095 ee CSS TOLINeeh NLINBIE CO
594 Pitaratmalie 2587 1 do bro or pek 71 36 eae aad pee LOO eo!
539 Lindula 2632 3 ch bro pek 500s Sl 7 Sani A abeitee niece BOD) ea
540 2635 4 do pek 420 22 DY sam Cio a aE ae Serta aed
d 2647 1 do pek No2 90 20 : Naat rm ae
245 Beene oesor ta tae Reena 300 30 Bo ey enon OSH teh tans B96 86
546 2653 1 do sou 105 16 as ve ugama, 15 6 ¢ pek sou 480 23
2 = ; gra Elbedde 127 7hfch pek sou 315 36
547 2656 1 do dust 75 24 XX AO) ehiche aus =
552 CRD 267: 4hfch sou 320-22 He ing Seaane a UY a
351 Gallawatte 2677 1 ch © ‘bro pek 66 40 epee AROS SER t AEH Ree oseiela oh 65-26
55D 2680 3 do broorpek 500 40 CEE RICHI GUROAISON itocee Caer Ol eetnies
557 2686 6 do bro tea 5402) ae Ted ones os soe ee
574 Delta 2737 5hfch fans 600 25 af lea ee eaee eben, 40-26
B75 2740 4 do dust 34024 a5 TeoleyMds | poe gon Bante
583 Vegan 2764 6 ch dust 489 24 67 Marigold 184 10hfch bropekfans 63 40
586 Digdola 2773 8 do pek sou 600) (,23, 69 Hangranoya 190 7 ch bro or pekx 630 51
587 2776 6 do bro pek fans 570 24 72 199 4 do pek sou 320
594 Ganapalla 2797 5 do dust 440 23 76 Allakollawewa2Zi! i3 bfich pek 650 47
595 Udapolla 2300 7 do or pek 680 35 81 Ravana 226 18bfch pels sou 7120 25
598 2308 4 do pek sou 320 9-24 82 ED 229 ihfch dust 85 18 bid
599 2312 2bfch dust 160-22 83 Mawatara, 223 3 ch _ bro or pek 309-26 bid
603 Oakham 2324 3. ch pek sou 285 23 od 235 4 ch or pek 300), 132
604 2827 2hfch pek fans 150 24 87 244 ~hfch dust 140). 290
611 Meddetenne 2243 4 ch bro pek fams 544 23 96 Bilandhu 271 1 ch dust 115 21
617. Amblakande 2866 & do pe sou 640 97 974) 2) dois. BrouWnix 184-10
618 23869 2 do dust 200,23 93 California 277. 7hfch bro pek 350. 81
623 Galpitakande 288i Shfch dust 285 26 99 280 5 ch pek 550 2)
627 Kincora . 2896 1 ch dust 140 26 1 hf ch
631 Dambagas- Oe! \Rotiés!, Se" Wen pom F Gyn. eopieiee bid
talawe 2908 4 do pek sou 360 629 103 292 3 do unas 300 20
632 2911 2 do bro pekfans 260 25 104 295 lbfch dust 90 20
634 Arslena 2917 1 ch br pk No.2 100 28 109 Waganilla 310 3 ch peksou 240 out
641 Aalwatura 2938 6hfch dust 540 22 110 213.2 ,do pek fans 140 26
644 Kotagaloya 2947 5 do dust 40024 11L 316 3 do dust 240 26
647 Rockside 2956 4 ch ~~ sou 32023 117 St. Andrews & 334 luhfch bro pek 500 26
649 2962 3 do dust 405 25 118 337 2 do pek su 90 93
650 2965 S5bich dustNo2 450 23 119 340 2 do bro pek dust 160 24
657 Dunnottar 298613 do broorpek 650 68 Ta eee rea (eromea lee) | uotiek 540-33
662 Halbarawa 5001 5 ch ~ peksou 375 12! 365 1 iS pe Sou 88 ne
663 3004 2 ae ia 248) 193 195 358 4 ao duct ane =
664 30'7 1 do dust 190 21 es sivas By as
670 Monkswood 3025 4 do — dust 360 97 Tee Re a esate) 26 apogee), RO Bom ANO 1 200, 33,82
673 Ulaveria 2024 4 do sou 360 95 ia cercattae nape Sati pned le
674 Buk; 7 -do fans 630) 30) 3G 0 4 iL ae ol 200 22
680 Kabragalla 3055 2bfich bre pek 110 38 130 a73 li ae Lbs Pe 20
681 3058 1 do broorpek 55 45 TE GrS geatinmary |) Beecu ae 18
632 3061 3 do pek 150 27 ee Sonata pek sou ee
683 3064 1 do pek sou 50.24 133 Atabah aaG hf ch file k poo 12
684 3067 2-do dust LO ees 134 SSUES He eee 5 ao ee 280 30
685 3070. 7 do bro tea 385 13 135 San : aS Lass oa aan a
688 Sembawa tte ae f cp bee pek 651 36 136 Mudikiriya- P 2
689 3032 ty pek 444 26 ‘ - pe
690 3085 10 do pek souce 680 25 137 kande ay i ce pre per 100 33
694 3097 Thfch dust 665. 2d ig Pie) eee roe re Sy
695 3100 2 ch bro tea ge a7 as saanpeats Pontons EN i
699 Harrow 3112 6 do pek sou 540. 32 140 SS do Pn ans 1100 25
700 3115 1 hf ch dust 70°35 ne areWaneds put rae i
706 Hanwella 3133 3 do Hyson No 2 260 16 whe 5
707 3136 4 do Hyson Siftgs 470 12 te leu’ a int ch con a 450 26
712 PO 3151 Zbfch bru pek 144-86 i BELO) Oe 50° 24
713 31545 do pek 38826 160 483 2icdo «pek 10020
721 Woodend 3187 5 ch _— dust 420 22 12 Feeney tcoN opek ot ao Lite
725 Moneragalla 3190 4h:ch broorpek 347 66 167 GH re x , aou 380
927 319510 do pek Nol 680-87 158 Ae 4 Dees Or 270 ee
798 1399 9 do pekNo2 594 30 ie Fe gens oa SOO
799 3202 5 do pek sou 285, 25 FOE Coil? cae one Pate eens 800 22)
730 3205 2 do orpekfans 164 26 nce Fie Ohfch Flowy pek 500 36 bid
731 3208 1 do aust 108 29 163 472 7 ch or pel 630 26
733 V 3215 7 do dust 56) «92 tea ead ae oe ce pre per fans 300 25
734 3214 2 do bropekfans 140 24 169 RCaACY, 490 S Beet SOO ae!
737 Blarneywatte 3226 4 ch — pek sou 360 26 176 aeatheaed es 300) 22
3229 2 do dust 14483, m1 Gaara IN saa a 300-19
tae Maha Uva 3241 7 do peksnu 665 84 TES ee 108 18
742 Kalupahana 3244 4 do _ bro pek 448 87 ie St. Catherine 508 1hfch broorpekfans63 24
os anes 2 fe on ae ay Bs ae Kanatota 514 5 ch pek Nol 400 22
i 7 do p 2 1 51
746 253 4 do pek sou 360 = 20 0 2a) 3 ao Ben oo 500, 33
747 3256 2 do fans 210. «14 1380 523 2 do dust 280 20
748 3259 1 do bro mix 105 8 184 Gangwarily 585 2hfch dust 170.20
756 3262 1 do dust 154 18 185 538 8 do fans 520 26
750 Pemdole 8265 2 do bro pek 138 25 186 641 5 ch sou 450 90
751 Harrow 3268 Lhfch fans 70-23 187 544.12 do bro or pek fans660 —-30

8 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, e. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec,
193 Kurulugalla 562 2 ch pek sou 190 2% 390 Dodautala 11f3 5 ch pek sou 425 20
194 565 1 do bro tea 100 9 391 1156 2bfch dust 150 22
195 BEN CRs 568 1 ch D9 pek 100 9% ae DT ae : nis ch 34 pek 3 pe
196 571 3 do e' 3u9 18 o sou ‘ :
197 674 1 do ee sou 100 15 05 Jak Tree Hulliiée 6 ch peE 600 28
198 TX L 677 2 ch bro pek 186 19 1174 3 do sou 270 AB
199 680 1 do pek 76 19 308 1177 1 do dust 90 22
900 583 1 do pek sou 153 14 404 Harrangalla 1195 8 ch pek sou 640 22
1 hf ch 410 Hopewell 1213 8 hfch dust Nol 520 27
201 586 1 ch bro ber fans 83 18 rs We ie i 1 “4 7 PEF H an -
202 589 1 ch pek fans 49 «17 an E 3 ht-¢ us' 2
203 592 1 do dust 7 16 419 1240 4 do br or pek fans 240 26
209 Avisawella 610 8 ch fans 300-24 423 Moragalla 1252 6 do pek 600 22
210 613 5hfch dust 350 23 424 aes 5 do pek sou 500 2
ALAA 616 4 ch sou 320 16 425 1258 2 ¢ ans 22 = 2
214 Grange ; 426 Pindenioya 1261 6 ch or pek 540 30
Gardens 625 6 ch pek 690 32 | a abs a ao pox S08 : 255 2
315 628 1 do ek sou 100 25 27 oO ro pek fans 2
216 631 1 ie fans 100 27 | 331 1276 1 do dust 148 23
217 634 1hf ch ust 85 22
218 St. Leys 637 1 ch sou 98° 123 ;
219 640 lhfch fans 86 18
222 Nebods 649 5 hf gi dust 450 24 | [Messrs. BE. John & Oo.}
233 Nyanza 682 3 ¢l pek sou 270 24 ,
234 685 2 do ust 200 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. Cc.
237 Kudaganga 694 6 ch pek 540 26
238 697 5 do pek sou 460 24 B TESTE a8 a Bich Bee Per ae =
239 700 1 do fans 100 24 ee 556 a! do) | pok fous 7 18
240 703 3 do bropekdust 390 25 4 HP EEO och
242 Siriniwasa 709 7 ch hropek No2 665 34 Lbfch sou 300g.
245 718 6 do bro pek fans 600 26 6 Mel Villa 56412 do pek 600 35
246 721 3 do dust 420 23 7 < - : é
7 567 4 do pek sou 200 @
248 Galgedioya 727 5 ch or pek 500 40 8 570 1 do bropekdus 8C 2
250 733 7 do pek A 665 26 bid 9 573 2 do pek dust 100 21
251 736 6 do pek sou A 570 28 10 576 1 do cougou 50 19
262 739 1 do pe® sou 95 22 Obi 612 6 d dust 510 4
2 do rane 200 26 22 lya 2 ) us } 24
254 i 745 3 2 23 EP 615 8 do bropekfans 507 24
260 Nellicollay- 24 618 2 do aust 343 22
waite 763 Qhfch or pek 450 31 26 Moratota 624 7 do or pek 600 35
262 769 7 ch pek sou 490 23 .
ss h a : ; 28 630 3 ch pek No. 2 240 25
268 dap ne use Bo 32 PKT 642 G6hich dust 480 22
20 FO GE Uf hee 33 Allington 645 6 ch bro pek 600 35
274 Ankande 805 1 ch dust 140 20 34 648 3 do bro or pek 330 35
276 Murrayth- 36 654 3 do pek sou 270 23
watte 811 8 ch pek 640 <6 37 657 1 do dust 120 «18
814 3 do pek sou 240 23 38 AWT 660 2 ch bro pek fans 220 26
278 817 2 do bropekfans 260 24 39 663 3 do pekfans 3c0 0-12
279 890 1 do dust 160 16 40 666 3 do congou 270 =««i14
281 Hatdowa 826 5 eb or pek 425 32 41 669 4 fis dust 430 17
284 835 3 do ust 450 24 42 672 2 do sou 180 21
285 Glenalmond 838 9hfch bro pek 540 40 44 Woodstock 678 6 do pek 570 28
286 841 4 ch or pek 360 33 48 Bowhill 690 1 do dust 150 24
287 ae g fe Bek oe 28 53 Perth ns g lo per son pas as
288 4 9 pek sou 21 54 oO pek dust 5 2
289 850 Lhfch dust 80 22, 55 711 1 do pek fans 94 25
292 Nugawella 859 9 ch _ or pek 450 36 59 Ratwatte 723 3hfch dust 240 23
293 862 10 Bf ch Bek 400 32 63 Gangawatte ie 2 aaa, Dek sou 200 35
295 868 2 do ust 160 24 64 7 5 hf-ce ust 450 26
296 Nugawella 871 2hfch _ bro or pek 120 33 65 741 5 do fans 350 36
297 874 3 ie bro pek 156 33 67 Theresia oe 4 ge dust 320-24
298 877 2 do pe 100 26 70: Kila 756 8 ¢ sou 400 Sh
299 850 1 ch pek sou 80 22 71 759 3hfch orpekfans 180 22
302 Ravensczraig 889 3 ch pek sou 300-24 72 762 1 ch or pek 65 32
303 892 3hfch dust 240 24 73 765 1hfch bro pek 35 32
216 GB 931 llhfch dust 550-25 74 Uvakellie 768 2 ch bro mix 300 32
319 D W 910 1 ch pek sou 85 20 78 Glentilt ae 7 ao per sou 560 32
32C 943 4 do sou 380 16 79 83 6hfc ‘ans 480 26
$22 949 1 do unas 76 17 83 Sheen 795 6 do bropekfans 510 withd’s
225 Sadamulla, 958 4 ch or pek 280 28 86 Clevelana 804 10 do peksou 50v 35
331 Karanagalla 976 4 ch pek sou 310 23 87 807 2 do fans 160 33
322 979 1lhfch dust 90 24 94 Koslanda 828 4 ch pek sou 300 25
336 Polgahakande 991 56 ch pek No2 450 22 | 95 831 1 fans 110-25
339 Park Hill 1000 ae on bro pek 520 32 bid | 96 i } hf ch ausy 80 2
Lhic | 98 Lona 40 2 do ‘ans 140 2
340 1003 3 eB Pek 201 26 { 99 “atnnaeats ae 2 fe dust ~ 179 24
341 1006 2 do pek sou 144 23 1010 abdapitiya 846 2 do ro or pe! 100 40
ae 1009 1 do sou 55 «18 | 101 819 2 do bropek 10034
343 Labuduwa 1012 4 ch ro pek 426 21 102 5 o pe 150
344 1015 2 do pek 172 23 | 108 855 2 do sou 90 24
345 1018 6 do pek sou 59L 19 | 164 C XG, in est.
346 1021 2 do unas 201 19 } mark 858 3 ch bro pek 300 33
347 1024 2 do bromix 260 ~=«10 | 105 861 6 do pek 540 9-25
2 hf ch | 106 864 4 do pek sou 360 23
318 1027 1 ch fans 161 10 | 110 Morahela, 876 6 ne Or sou 540 2s
1hf ch 111 879 d5hic ust 420 24
349 1086 1 do pek dust 63 18 112 N&H 882 3 do bro pek 120 58
260 1038 1 ch dust 132 14 113 885 5 do pek 220 22
2351 South Africa 1036 19 boxes bro or pek 380 35 bid | 117 Clarendon 897 4 ch pek sou 400 =. 23
253 1042 5 hf ch dust 435 24 | 118 as 300 1 ae ae 132 3
858 WK P 1057 3 c sou 228 22 123 Coslanda 915 4 do pek sou 360 5
359 1060 8hfch dust 186 24 124 918 1 do fans 110 26
260 Hanagama 1062 10hfch _ bro or pek 600 out 126 921 1hbfch dust 80 22
467 Mincing Lanel084 6hfch fans 450 83 126 St. John Del
268 1087 2 28 dust 180 8625 Rey ous 3 ch fas Zax a }
269 1090 1 do sou 6b 16 12 27 2 do ust 20
374 Monrovia 1105 8 ch pek dust 450 21 128 Thotulagalla 930 5 do dust 425 26
281 Scarborough 1126 @ ch pek sou 510-82 133 | Galloola 935 6 do dust 500-24 )
882 1129 7hf-ch fans 546 27 134 948 2 do fans 200 28

Lot. Box, Pkgs.
138 Loughton 969 12 hfch
139 963 13 do
149 L’Espoir 993 5 ch
150 996 3hfch
151 999 1 ch
145 N 11 7hfch
16! Wahagapitiya 38 1 ch
165 41 2 do
166 44 1 do
170 EL 56 5 hf ch
171 Salem 59 3 ch
173 65 6 do
174 68 2 do
177 Burnside Group 77 2 do
178 80 2hfch
179 83 6 do
187 Callander 107 4 do
188 110 5 do
192 Dalhousie 122 12 do
193 125 3 do
201 Agra Ouvah 149 6 ch
2038 155 1hf-ch
207 Kton 167 1 do
213 Vincit 185 6 ch
214 188 3 do
215 191 1 do
216 The Farm 194 2 hf-ch
217 Annamalai 197 1 do
225 Kelaneiya and

Braemar 221 4 ch
226 — 224 4 do
227 227 4hf-ch
230 SLL 236 7 ch
234 Ottery 248 5 do
235 251 3 hf ch
240 Delpotencya 266 1 ch
241 RWD, inest.

mark 269 3 do
242 Hlemane 272 4 do
245 Tellisford 281 5 do
246 284 1 do
247 Kattadoola 287 6 do
248 290 4 do
219 293 3 do
250 296 1 do
256 Ottery 314 1 do
262 Wendura 8382 3 do
263 835 3 do
268 Wilpita 850 4 do
269 353 (1 do
276 Kolapatna 374 7hfch
277 877 4 do
278 380 6 do
283 Rondura 395 4 ch
284 398 2 do
288 Glassaugh 410 6 do
290 416 10 hf ch
293 Little Valley 425 3 ch
294 428 1hf-ch
296 Bowella 434 4 ch

1 hf-ch

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 9
Name. Ib. «c. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. bee
dust 600 25 297 437>.5).ch bro pek 475 3L
ans 650 25 229 443 1 do fans 100 22
pek sou 450 24 300 446 3 do bro pek 300 33

ust 231 22 301 449 5 do pes 425 25
sou 98 14 302 452 4 do pek sou 400 23
dust 595 26 303 455 1 do fans 95 22
pek sou 90 23 304 St. Andrew’s 458 7hfch dust 595 20
dust 260 22
sate 120 24 a
pek fans 300 24
bro or pek CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(2 oz. lead) 300 51
pek do 540 29 bid i
nee sou do 180 (From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
fans 90 22 Mincine LANE, July 19.
ae ao aa * Antenor."“—HK T, 1 bag sold at 59s.
bro pekfans 370 38 . Idomineus.”—High Walton, 5 bags sold at 63s.
pek sou 600 33 . * Stentor,”—Yattawatte A 2, 3 bags sold at 46s
bro pek fans 225 26 6s; B 2, 2 bags sold at 40s 6d; Broken, 1 bag
pek sou 528 = 41 sold at 63s.
au ae a “ Awa Maru.”—KAS & Co., 63 bags sold at 60s ;

a 2 bags sold at 50s; ditto A, 7 bags sold at 55s
pek sou 540 23 d:
bropek fans 320 26 6d; 1 bag sold at 45s.
dust 160 23 ‘Antenor,”—Hentimalie, 9 bags sold at 58s 6d
dust 170 23 :
dust 85 19
sou 380 28 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.
fans 400 38
dust 320 23 Ted sistas
fans 693-23 (from Our Commercial Correspondent.)
pek sou 400 29
dust 240 23 Mincine Lanz, July 30th,
sou 80-22 * Antenor.”—Ditto T y, 1 bag sold at 40s; ditto

i a 4 Ya, 5. bags sold at 50s; ditto B a, 5 bags sold
pek 270 28 at. 50
fans 400 27 aa e: 5 tb eae) F
pek sou 390 24 Craftsman.”—Ditto 2, 1 bag sold at 55s.
dust 1220 20 ‘““Awa Maru.”’—Old Haloya, 2 bags sold at 65s ;
bro pek 600 31 5 bags sold at 478; 1 bag sold at 55s.
pek 400 20 ‘“‘ Stentor.”--K P G, 1 bags sold at 55s.

Bek No; 2 ae 20 ‘““Kawachi Maru.’—Ditto No.2, 7 bags sold at 45s.
aust 878d “* Lancashire.”—Monarakelle A 2, 3 bags sold at
bro pek 270 36 41s ; Broken, 3 bags sold at 56s; B2, 2 bags sold
pek Ppa at 453; 1 bag sold at 50s.

bro mix 400 13

fans 100 «618 = = = ——

k sou 455 27 us
br or pek fans 240 35 CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
ans 408 26 +
pek sou 360 24 LONDON.
peas B30 22 en
pek No.2 600 43 Mincine Lane, August 2nd.
Oe ieee a “ Shropshire.” —Gammadua No. 1 Mysore, 1 case
aust 80 33 sold at 2s 4d; ditto No. 2 Mysore, 1 case sold at

1s 8d; ditto No. 3 Mysore, 3 cases sold at 1s 5d;
broorpek 450 33 ditto No. 1 Seed, 1 case sold at 2s ld.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

4 4 \* Pe ayn A oe 7 a rg
‘ iv, Vonks * P er WE ' es r i ee |
Ay ne 7 |
f } 4 Ka . ie Ore cn
> . 5
: | Hs tae “id : r
.
y
\
1
1
~
'
i
i
’
f i
' i '
\

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

“No. 38.

CoLOMBO, SEPTEMBER 2, 1901,

Prick :—123 cents each, 3 copies
30 cents ; 9 cop:es 4 rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

{[Mossrs. Forbes & Walker.

Lot.

13 Bogahagoda-
watte

15 New Anga-
mana

16

17

18

21 Galleheria

23

25 Yatiyana

28 Baddegama

29

33 Lindupatna

34

35

38 Trewardene

39

40

4.

44 Ninfield

45

48 Olarenden

49

50

51

54 Choisy

BD

56

57

58 Wewawatte

32 Clarendon,
Invoice No. 3

63

69 Ismalle

70

71 Velana

72

75 Campion

76 CG

77 Dunally

79 Kelburne

30 Radella

81

82 Safford

83

84

88 Tunisgalla

389

90

91

93 Sylvakandy

94

96 St. Patrick

97 Taldua

98

99

102 APIC

103

104

105 Waldemar

106

107

103

109

111 Bin estate
mark

118 Dunbar

114

115

116

19 OBE C,in
est. mark,
New Market

120

121

122

126 B, in estate

127

128 Anningkande

129

mark

LARGE LOTS.

Box.

3307

3313
3316
3359
3322
3331

3337

3343
3352
3355
3367
3370
3373
3382
3385
3358
3391
3400
3403
3412

3415
3418
3421
3430

8433

3433
3439
3442

3454
3467
3475

3478

3481
3484
3493
3496
3499
3605
3508
3511
3514
4617
3520
3532
3535
3538
3541
3547
3500
3556
2559
3562
3565
3374
3577
3580
3583
3586
3589
3592
3590

[684,545 1b.]
Pkgs, ame.
10 ch pek
1l ch bro or pek
27 do bro pek
23 do pek
13 do pek sou
8 ch bro or pek
14 do pek
17 ch bro pek
10 ch bro or pek
10 do bro pek
15 ch bro or pek
12 do bro pek
14 do pek
11 ch bro pek
13 do or peE
22 do pek
18 do pek sou
14 ch bropek
17 do pek
29hfch bro pek
32 do or pek
16 do pek
10 do pek sou
26 hfch bro or pek
9 ch or pek
11 do pek
10 do pek sou
1llhfch bro pek
20hfch bro pek
19 do bro pek
11 ch bro pek
fans
10 do bro pek
dust
10 ch bro pek
9 do pek
44hbfch dust
11 ch sou
1l_ ch sou
10hfch dust
14 do fans
8 do dust
12 do broor pek
18 ch or pek
15 do pek
25 hf ch bro pek
30 do or pek
16 ch pek
2 do pek sou
52 do bro pek
29 do pek
13. ch pek
18 ch bro or pek
24 do pek
do pek sou
13hf-ch bro pek
8 ch or pek
14 do ek
24 hfch bro or pek
40 do bro pek
26 ch or pek
18 do pek
18 do pek sou
9 ch pek sou
20 hf ch bro or pek
9 ch or pek
11 do ek
i3 hf-ch bro pek
31 hf ch _ bro or pek
23 ch bro pek
10 do or pek
11 do pek
18 do sou
8 do dust
12 do bro or pek
13 do

bro pek
pek No 2

Ib.

North Cove
Devonford
Deaculla

Gool Hope

PTA
Middleton

Avoca
Pine Hill

Waratenne

Clyde

Cholankande

Tonacombe

Templehurst

Udaveria

Erracht

Lucky Land

Galkadua

Morankande

Inverness

Clunes

HF

Dea Ella

High Forest

Broadland
Dammeria

Diomoland

Elteb
Mahayaya

Yataderia

Castlereagh

Box,

373
376

379
882
388
400
403
406
409
418

17, do
16 bf ch

19 hf ch
1! hf ch
16 do
22 hf-ch
30 ch
17 do
19 do
8 hf-ch
20 do

Pkgs.

Name.

bro pek

broor pek
bro pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek

pek

bro or pek
bro pek
nek

pek sou
dust

bro pek
bro or pek
pek No2
or pek
pek

pek sou
fans

pek sou

bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek

bre or pek

or pek

pek

fans

bro or pek
No, i

or pek

pek

dust

pek

bro pex

pek sou

or pek

bro or pek

bro or pek
br pek

or pek
pex

dust

bro or pek

24

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Won Gh Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib, orc.
son SABO MAS Hi Chae Mbeipk 760 «40 400 Bedford 868 17 ch bropek 1615 34
268 472 9 do orpek 720 35bia | 402 pe I, 161528
269 475 10hf-ch fans 700 «22 402 Pen-y-land 874 23 do ro pexk 3390 39 bid
271 Lochiel 481 17 do broorpek 969 70 ae 877 17 do pe 153032
272 484 17 ch or pek 1700 43 ye #80 8 do peksou 720 26
973 487 18 do pek 1494 38 405 HGM 883 13hfch broorpek 780 43
274 Mawiliganga- 406 886 11 ch 990 33
rAttant em! ooloN do proor pek 945 41 407 Purana 889 8 do bro pek 837 29 bid
975 493 12 do or pek 924: 31 40s PRM $92 34 hfch peksou 164 33
°276 495 37 do bropek 2700 33 408 895 37 do dust 3145 23
7 499° 29 do! pek'sou 2175 95 411 Kukuloya 90L 10 ch bro pék 950 33 bid
280 Marlborough 508 25hfch br orpek 1250 56 ae Aan i 904 9 do sou 720 25
281 511 16 ch ro pek 1600 46 Wi Avge ,
982 514 16 do or pek 1350 40 ishford 907 33hf-ch bror pek 1713 50 bid
983 51714 do pek 1120 38 414 Agrakande 910 24 do bro orpek 1248 64 bid
284 Kennington 520 8 do bropek 880 34bid | f1P 913 34 ch or pek 3230 44 bid
285 593 17 do pek 1530 ©=—26 bia | 426 916 18 do pek 1620 38 bid
289 535. 9 do pksouNul 747 24bid | 129 Woodend 928 28 do bropek 2800 36
290 Yellangowry 538 19 do bropek 1900 42 op 931 37 do pek 3240-27
291 541 25 do or pek 2260 33 2 934 11 do peksou 880 24 |
902 Fagus dot spek e500 log 428 Cholande 952 28 do pex 2240 21 bid
293 517 11 do pek sou 990 25 429 Yalatenne 955 33 do bro or pek 1977 39 bid
295 Weyungawatte553 19 do bropek 1970 37 ras Bedford 955 12 do pkNo.2 1080 26
396 556 21 do pek 1890 30 L Delta 961 8 do bro or pek 877 45
297 569 18 do pek sou 1440 2A 432 KPW 964 25hfch broorpek 1500 40
300 Thedden 563 18 do br pek 1800 36bid | 423 967 28 do bropek 1485 35
301 571 13 do pek 170) ¢20/bid lane aes 973 28 do pek 1400 27
305 Adisham 583 14 do broorpek 1400 66 440 Villehena 988 68 ch broyek 6300 33 bid
306 586 20 do bropek 1900 40 441 901 34 do pek 340027
307 589 11 do pek 935 39 442 994 18 do pek sou 1620 24
309 St. Heliers 595 i6 do broorpek 1600 53 443 997 18 do sou 900 withd’s
310 598 13 do ek 1235 33 444 1000 11 do dust sso 22
311 Weligoda 601 1‘ hf-ch pek dnst 716 23 445 Castlereagh 1003 11 do bro pez 1642 36 bia
312 604 Ps gt bro pek 2688 35 bid —_———— a
313 607 17 do pe 1260 26 bid ‘
815 ave 613 10 do dust 720 23 Messrs. Somerville & Co.—
316 ansalatenne 616 66 do ro pe 3420 39 ~
317 619 30 ob pek 2440 29 4 |175,831 Ib. }
318 622 1 Cs) pek sou 1366 25 ot. Box. Pkgs, . y
319 ; 625 7 do brpe fans 875 26 ; gs. Name ap ag
320 Hayes 628 35 do br. orpek 3325 38 8 Invery 1:00 14 ch dust 2030 «og
321 631 19 do or pek 1520 35 9 Citrus 1303 19 ch bro pek 1900 34
322 634 39 do pek 7665 26 10 P 1306 22 do pek 2200 98
323 637 13hfeh_ br or pk fans9!0 ~—-33 14 Kelani 1318 19 ch bro pek 1805 38 bid
324 Weoya 640 16 ch broorpek 1680 37 15 1321 17 do brocrpek 1700 37
325 643 25 do bro pek 2315 33 16 1824 21 do pe 1785 = 332
326 646 21 do pek 1890 28 17 1327, 9 do fans 900 =—-28
327 649 23 do peksou 1840 24 18 Oaklands 1330 29 ch bropek 3045 36
329 655 6 do dust 900 23 19 1333 18 do pek 1710 = 32
334 Killarney 670 25hfch broorpek 1275 56 20 1366 9 do pek sou 765 (95
335 673 30 ch peksou 2850 32 24 Hanagama 1348 17 ch pek sou 1530 24
336 Bandarapolla 676 48 hf-ch broorpek 3216 39 25 1351 12 do pek 960 «2g
337 679 61 ch bropek 3355 34 27 Cooroondoo-
338 682 27 do or pek 3105 30 watte 1357 7 ch bro pek 700 42
339 685 12 do pek 1044 28 28° Richlands 1860 12 do broc pekK 1140 52
340 BD WP 688 7 do br pek fans 770 37 29 1363 11 do peksu 1100 27
348 Hclton 712 16 do bropek 1520 32bid | 30 Mahatenne 1366 8 ch broorpek 800 48 big
349 715 21 do pek 1785 5 31 1369 19 do bro pek 1900 35
350 718 10 do pek sou 850 2% BRN le 1372 18 do pek 1710-28
352 Tembiligalla 724 25 do broorpek 2375 38 35 A, in estate
353 727 16 do pek 1440 9 31 ~ mark 1881 17 hich pek sou 799 30
357 Nugagalla 739 20hf-ch bropek 1000 57 36 M, in estate
358 742 68 do pek 2660 33 mark 1384 24hfch peksou 1128 32
359 Penrhos 745 29 do broorpek 1595 52 38 1390 llhfch pekdust 825 19
360 748 25 do or pek 1125 38 39 : 1393 24 do con 1200 20
361 751 25 ech pek 2195 34 43 Muriatenne 1405 27 hf-ch pek 1350 44
362 754 11 do pek sou 853 28 45 Cotswold 1411 13 ch bro or pek 975 45
365 Scrubs 763 1lhf-ch fans 726 26 46 1414 11 do or pek 115-36
366 766 27 do dust 2133-83 47 1417 17 do pek 1445-33
367 LHO 769 60 ch peksou 5700 igbid | 48 1420 8 do peksou 700 (97
368 772 30 do br pek fans 3360 out 49 Mora Ella 1423 24hfch broorpek 1320 45
369 Galagama 715 4ibfch bropek 3895-38 50 1426 22 do or pek 1056 39
370 778 24 ch pek 2160 26 61 1429 15 do bro pek 930 38
371 Yataderia 781 74hfch broorpek 4588 38 52 1432 19 ch —pek 17108
372 784 24 ch or pek 9184 31 BBN a ee 1485 9 do pek sou 765.2
373 787 21 co pek 2100 27 54 Avisawella 1438 14kfch broorpek 700 44
374 790 10 do peksou 950 25 55 1441 9 ch or pek 810 30
376 Minest.mark796 8 do pekdust 1056 23 56 1444 12 do pek 1080 97
377 Binestmark 799 25 do green tea dust3250 12 57 ‘ 1447 12 do pek sou 960-24
378 6G K 802 35 do pek sou 2625 27 58 Ferriby 1450 55boxes broorpek 1100 41
380 808 do ust 1305 23 59 1453 ch bropek 1805 35
382 Bandara Eliya 8i4 5ihf-ch fio.orpek 3060 46 60 1456 25 do pek 2125 98
383 817 47 do r pek 2820 36bid | 61 1459 11 do pek sou 880 26
284 82) 27 ch pek 1850 32 bid | 66 Yarrow 1474 24hfch broorpek 1248 40
385 323 16bfch pekfans 1040 26bid | 87 1477 27 do bro pek ip 35
386 826 9 do dust 756 9-28 68 1480 27 do pek 113431
387 Lesmoir 829 11 ch br pek 1100. 35 69 1483 14 do | pek 700 27
288 832 11 do ek 990 30 72 Weygalla 1492 41 bexes bro pek 820 65
391 Ambragalla 811 82hf-ch broorpek 4920 35bid | 74 1498 ch _ pek (bulked
392 844 24 ch pek 2160 30 bid and hooped)1360 32
393 Loinorn 817 25 do or pek 2247 52bid | 75 Cumbuwella 1501 24 ch sou 2400 16
304 MahaElla 850 17 do or pek 1697 40bid | 77 Sadamulla 1507 15 ch bro pek 1428-27 bid
395 853 23 do pek 2297 34bid | 7B 1510 17 do pek 170320
296 Tymawr 856 13hf-ch or pek 715044 83 Simla 1525 8 ch orpek 840 46
397 859 12 do broorpek 756 68 84 { 1528 12 do ek 1200 40
498 862 16 do pek sou 800 34 88 Beausejour 1640 18 ch roorpek 1620 37
39 Tory 865 7 ch sou "70 #©20 89 1543 19 do pek 1520 §=6.26 bid

SEYLON

u

PRODUCE SALES

FN na nnn

Lot.

\

Lot.: Box.
92 Columbia 1552

1555
94 1568
95 Rahatungoda 1561
96 1564
97 1567
100 Meddegodda 1576
101 1579
103 Dependene 1585
105 1691
106 1594

114 Tavalamtenne 1618

121 Galgedioya 1639
122 1642
123 1645
126 SE 165¢
127 Hopewell 1657
128 1660
130 OD 1666
131 NWN 16¢€9
132 A, in est mark 167”
133 16.5
136 BR A D, ines-

tate mark 1684
137 Rambodde 1687
138 1690
wzIGyYy 1702
143 1705
144 Kurunegalle

ests. Co. 170s
146 1714
150 B M 1726
152 Mousakande Me?
153 173
154 1738
155 Bodava 1741
160 HP 1756
161 1759
162 Deniyaya 1762
163 1765
164 1768
165 1771
166 1174
171 Abberwatte 1 &9
173 AC 1795
474 Neboda 1798
175 1801
377 Neuchatel 1807
478 1810

479 1813
182 Galkertenne 1822

187 Bonside 1837
192 Hangranoya 1852
193 1865

Pkgs.

20 hf ch
20 de

Name, tb,
Eroor pek 1100
or pek 1000
pek 900
bro or psk 1120
or pek 1026
pek 1183
pek 1080
pek sou 700
bro pek 850

ek 1150
pek sou 1450
pek 300
bro pek 2600
pek 1235
pek sou 1806

pek 1260
Bro pek fansl750
dust 934
dust 1350
pek sou 1100
bro pek 900
or pek 1862
pek 769
bro peE 1155
pek 1350
pek 1615
pek sou 1200
broor pek §10
pek 1020
pek sou 2°00
bro orpek 1064
bro pek 1034
pek 1118
bro pek 1925
pek sou 850
sou 1372
or pek 3000
bro or pek 2500
pek 2755
pek sou 1230
dust 720
pek sou 156¢
dust 1080
bro pek 5200
pek 885
bro or p 4200
or pek 1760
pek sou 1200
Hyson 1067
bro pek 880
bro pek 1900
pek 810

12 bid

24 bid

{Messrs. BH. John & Co.—212,044 lb.]

Lot.
12 Wadburst

Box.
494

i FX, in est mark. 509
1g Natuwakellie 512
1g B15
20 518
21 521
23 Mount Everest 527
24 530
25 533
26 536
27 539
29 Windwood 545
30 548
31 551
36 Warleigh 566
37 569
39 Glentilt 575
40 578
41 681
42 BK 584
43 St, John’s 587
44 590
45 593
46 596
5 Kelaneiya end
Braemar 599
48 602
49 605
54 Comar 620
66 G 63
56 626
69 Mahapagalla 635
60 638
61 64i
‘62 Elston 644
63

Pkgs.

Name. Ib.
bro pek 900
br pek fans 1160
bro or pek 900
bro pek 1400
pek 1440
pek sou 720
broorpek 2365
or pek 1400
pek 2900
pek sou 1400
bropekfans 900
bro or pek 1000
or pek 1440
pek 9c0
bro pek 1140
pek 1105
bro pek 1800
or pek 1350
pek 1020
dust 837
bro or pek 1560
or pek 1356
pek 1512
pek sou 1092
bro or pek 1100
or pek 1100
pek 1425
bro pek 1260
bro pek 1400
pek §00
bro pek 1995
pek 1045
dust 720
or pek 1440
pek 15380

34 bid

Gonavy
Mocha

Galloola

Manickwatte

Pe

rth

Glasgow

Galgawatte

Brownlow

Galata

Dickapittia

MN

Lynford

oy

Oonoogaloya

bs)

L

Gaila

RC

L

Elbedde
PMA

Arncliff

GB

oO
Cabin Ella,

Oiwell

Agra Ouvah

Gingranoya

B

Kandaloya

F
E

ES
DR

bo 7]

ittacy

valgolla
K
PS

ookwood

LIST, 3
Box, Pkgs. Name. b ¢c
650 29 ch pek sou 2610 2B
656 10 do pek sou 960 26
665 34 do bro or pek 3400 5t
663 18 do orpek 1620. 44
671 18 do pek 1710 48
674 18 do pek sou 1530 40
677 24 do bro or pek 2400 46
680 23 do brupe 2300 46
683 61 do pek 5490 41
686 31 do pek sou 2480 3T
692 24bfch or pek 1200 34
695 81 do broorpek 1860 37
693 18 ch pek 1620 33
70! 16 do pek sou 1280 3L
7u7 18 av bro pek 1764 36
710 21 do or pek 1680 32
713 13 do pek 9109-27 bid.
722 30 do bro or pek 2310 54
725 15 do or pek 1050 42
728 9 do pek 828 39
78L 10 do bro pek 1000 38
734. 9 do
lhfch pek 860 29
743 24 do broor pek 1314 z
746 15 ch or pek 1245 38
749 16 do pek 1344 3T
752 17 do bro pek 1649 38 bid
75) 23 do ek 1955 32
755 19 do pek sou 1710 27
761 32 do bro pek 3200 38 bl
764 33 do pek 3300 = 35
767 3Lhfch broorpek 1767 56
770 16 ch pek 1410 38
775 10 do pek sou 880 31
779 24hfch broorpek 1320 47
732 36 ch bro pek 3600 44
735 13 do pek sou 1170 32
791 15 do broorpek 1500 21 bid
"94 40 do pek 3400 =. 23 bie
797 14 do
lbfch pek sou 1013 22
800 18 ch or pek 1620 38
803 13 do bro or pek 1300 5a
806 14 do pek 1190 §=638
809 28hfch broor pok
No. 1 1683 63 bid
812 22 ch bro or pek
No.2 = 2511-50 bid
815 43 do or pek 4475 43 bid
818 23 do pek 2165 39 bid
821 53bfch bro pek 2650 36
824 70 do pek 3500 28
842 12 do dust 1200 26
845 35 ch pek 2975 29 Did
848 25 hfch pek sou 3250 23 bid
801 16 ch bro or pek 1600 47 bid
864. 9 do or pek 810 44 bid
857 17 do pek 1530 46
360 15 do pek sou 1275 ~withd’a
8668 15 do dust 1050-22
809 21 do bro pek 2100 41
872 15 do pek 1350 37
875 10 do pek sou 300 35
881 24 do or pek 2352 35
84 27 hfch bro pek 1620 = 47
887 19 ch pek 1615 31 bid
890 43 hfch broorpek 2494 73
893 34 do or pek 1700 51
896 11 ch pek 101247
8e9 19 do broorpek 950 48
902 12 do pek 960 26
905 16 do bro pek 1600 44 bid
908 9 do pek 810 39
923 16hfch broorpek 720 52
926 26 do bro pek 1170 39
929 ‘37' do or pek 1480 36
932 73 do pek 2920-3
950 18 ch dust 1620 24
968 17hfch broorpek 935 4T
971 27 do pek 1080 3l
974 15 do peksou 750 9-27
986 12 ch pek fans 1440 24
992 12 do broorpek 1310 out
995 9 do pek 810 out
1 12hfch fans 8100-24
7 25 do bro or pek 1500 63 bid
10 17 ch or pek 1632 36
13 28 do pek 2620 30 bid
16 20 do pek 1800 =. 29 bid

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Messrs.
Lot. Box.
1 SKM 3271
Z 3274
3 3277
4 KDA 3280
5 3283
G 3286
7 3289
& 8292
9 8295
10 3298
11 Bogahagoda-
watte 3301
12 3304
14 3310
10 New Anga=
mana, 3325
20 3328
22 Galleheria 3334
24 3340
26 Yatiyana 3346
27 3349
20 Baddegama 3358
ol 8361
32 3364
36 Lindupatna 3376
37 8379
42 Trewardene 3394
43 3397
46 Ninfield 3406
47 3409
52 Clarendon 8424
63 3427
59 Wewewatte 3445
60 3448
61 3451
64 Clarendon,
Invcice No. 3 3460
6 3463
66 3466
67 BP 3469
@ 8472
73 4Velana 3487
14 3490
78 Dunally 3502
35 Stafford 3523
86 3526
87 ‘Tunisgalla 3529
92 3544
96 Sylvakandy 3553
100 Taldua 3568
101 3571
110 Waldemar 3598
112 R, in estate
mark 4
117° Dunbar 19
118 22
128 OBE C,in .
estate mark
New Market 37
124 40
125 43
136 Ookoowatte 76
137 79
138 32
139 85
147 Good Hope 109
148 112
155 Avoca 133
156 136
167 IBY 139
158 R G, in estate
mark 142
159 145
160 148
161 151
162 154
163 M’Golla 157
134 W 169
173 Waratenne 137
176 Clyde 196
178 202
179 Ouvahkellie 205
180 208
193 ‘Templehurst 247
201 Yrracht 271
202 274
207 Lucky Land 289
210 Galkadua 298
71) B0L
72) Inverness BAL
226 Olunes 346
227 349

SMALL LOTS,

POOWNE ROR ENN MOP SNE HE HEP EE

Forbes & Walker
Pkgs.

Name. Ib.
bro pek 110
per 100
pek sou 100
bro or pek 6&0
bro pek 110
pek 100
pek sou 106
unass 56
pekNho2 ° 164
pek sou 100
bro or pez 440
bro pek 570
pek sou 475
fans 360
dust 405
or pek 695
pek sou 630
unas 86
dust 156
pek 425
pek sou 320
dust 120
pek sou 630
bro pek fans 399
sou 600
dust 420
pek sou 340

ust 300
sou 240
pek dust 160

ek 434
pekjsou 174

ust 87
pek 475
peE sou 300

ust 160
bro pek 100
pek 100
pek sou 240
bro pek fans 125
dust 480
fans 75
dust 85
bro or pek = 495
dust 270
dust 300
fans 174
dust 112
fans 588
green tea 86
bro pek fans 570
dust 153
pek sou 576
fans 350
dust 300
bro pek fans 440
dust 95
perk fans 325
pek 240
bro pek fans 225
dust ; 255
pek sou 540
bro pek fans 260
pek 75
broorpek 300
or pek 270
pek 270
pek sou 160
dust 80
dust 80
pek 60
bro mix 665
pek Nol 644
pek sou 462
pek sou 540
dust 560
dust 95
bro pek fans 360
dust 142
pe fans 90
pek sou 300
fans 120
dust 426
pek sou 540

bro pek fans 625

Lot. Box. Pkgs.
228 $52 2 ch
239 Broadland 385 6 do
241 391 1 do
22 RG +94 4 do
243 397 4 do
248 Dammeria 412 4 do
249 415 3 do
252 Elteb 424 7 do
253 Maheyaya 427 11 hfch
266 436 13 do
257 439 5 do
258 442 1 do
259 Dewalakande 445 4 ch
260 448 3 do
270 Kehelwatte 478 6 bf ch
278 Mawiliganga-

watte 502 5 ch
279 605 3 do
286 Kennington 526 6 do
287 29 3 do
238 532 1 do
294 Yellangowry 530 3hfch
298 Weyunga-

watte 562 1 ch
299 565 2hfch
202 Thedden 674 4 ech
303 677 1 du
304 580 1 dv
308 Adisham 592 3 ch
314 Weligoda 610 8 du
328 Weoya 652 6 do
330 Oodoowerre 658 4 do
331 661 3 do
332 664 2 do
833 667 1hfch
341 BDWP 691 1 ch
342 694 1 do
343 697 lhfch
344 St. Johns Wood700 2 ch
345 703 2 do
346 706 2 do
247 709 3 do
351 BA 721 3 do
854 Tembiligalla 730 1 do
355 733 1 do
356 736 1 do
363 Penrhos 757 2hfch
364 760 1 do
875 Yataderia 793 4 do
879 GK 805 10 ch
381 811 5 do
389 Lesmoir 835 8 do
390 838 8 do
410 Kvkuloya 898 6 do
417 Agrakande 919 2 do
418 227 >) do
419 925 3 do
428 Woodend 937 1 do
424 Poengalla 940 2 do
425 Memorakande 943 5 do
426 Relugas 946 1 do
427 949 5 do
434 KPW 970 9hfch
436 976 10 do
437 979 1 do
438 982 1 do
439 935 1 do
446 Kennington 1006 2 ch

Name.

dust
pek fans
do

dust

bro pek fans
bro peck fans
dust

sou

or pek

pek sou

sou

dust

green fans
green dust
dust

dust

br or pE fans
pek sou
dust

unast

dust

sou
dust

vek sou

hro pek fans
dus*

peh som

vek sou

Dr. pek fans
bro pek

pek

pek sou

dust

pek No. 2
bro mixed
dust

bro or pek
bro pek

or pek

pek

dust

pek sou

bro pek fans
dust

fans

pek dust
dust

sou

fans

peE sou
dust

bro or pek
fans

pek sou
dust
dust
dust
dust

sou

dust

or pek
pek sou
br pk fans
pk fans
dust
unast

{Messrs. Somerville & Co.}

Lot.
ABC
Ss

1

2

3

4 A
5

6 Heatherton
11 Citrus

21 Oaklands

26 Hanagama
383 Mabhatenne

37
40 Muriatenne

62 Ferriby

Box, Pkgs.

1279 5 ch
282 3hfch
1285 8 do
1288 2hfch
1291 4 do
1294 1 hf-ch
1397 3 do
1309 4 ch
1312 4 do
1315 1 do
1339 5 ch
1342 6 do
1345 1 bag
1354 5hfch
1375 7 ch
1378 2 do
1387 65 hf ch
1896 12 hf ch
1399 11 do
1402 9 do
1408 18 do
1452 1 ch
1465 hf ch

Name.

bro pek
dust
sou
dust
sou
dust
sou

pek sou
fans
pek dust
fans
dust
red leaf
dust
pek sou
dust
unas
bro or pek
or pek
bro pek
pek sou
fans
dust

lb.

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. libsanc: (Messrs. EB. John & Co.)

64 Ritnageria 1468 10 hf-ch bro pek 680 35
65 : 14715 uaa: A pk : 295 88 Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib.
70 Yarrow 1486 6 hf ch fiow or pek fans 396 2
71 1489 2 do pekdust 170 22 Rie rane Bee ot mek oe
73 Weygalla 1495 6 ch bro pex No2 34 to) pek fans
8 hi 3 407 2 do congou 180
(bulked and Roeped) 600 ee pie 4 A70 he caouil hays 240
76 Cumbuwella 1504 4 ¢ ust i 2 oA z
79 Sadumulla 1513 3 ch peksou 3U3 out | 3 Bambragalla aoe é neck bre orpek ks
80 1516 4 do wnas 403 8 bid 7 479 aa 3 256
81 1519 1 do dust 142.15 ‘ 498 10 ae ore 500
82 Simla 1622 & hfch broorpek f36 42 9 aes eda er es 400
85 1531 4 ch peksou 380 36 10 aso Dds Pp ane 76
86 He OLS MGR ene i {Ua do ia aaask 170
87 1537 2 do pekdus 8 2
90 Beausejour 1546 4 ch peksou 300-24 i. Wadhurst Ba g en Bek oe
91 1549 3 do bropekfans 285 24 _— 15 SOsM oie Ee A 140
98 Meddegodda 1570 11hfch broorpek 605 44 bid | 35 FOGmnL ch fans 100
Le Toe ee outer Gio ace 22 Natuwakellie 524 3 do dust 300
104 Depedene 1585 4hfch_ or pek 200 30 23 Mount Everest 542 2hf-ch dust 300
107 Leis oy use NOE ala eer gto esa ab
107a 1597a 1 do us ° ef
108 Tavalamtenne 1600 5hfch_ or pek 300 42 bid oe Warleigh B60 : bf ch bro oe pek ioe
re en do bee oe BO 38 572 ach Bekion 80
110 1606 11 do pek sou 495 25 con
111 1609 2 do sou 90 23 | 50 Kelaneiya and
112 1612 7 do broorpek 420 46 bid Braemar 608 1 do bro pek fans 100
113 2615 10 do or pek 450 Bis} 61 611 1 do sou 95
115 1621 7 do pek sou 315 25 52 614 Lhfch dust 80
1146NWK 1624 4 ch bro or pek 223 32 53 AA 617 1 ch dust 155
117 1627 5 do or pek 437 32 5% G 629 1 do pek sou 90
118 1630 Lthfch dust 37 19 She 632 5 do dust — 500
119 , 1633 2 do fans 160 20 6 5 653 3 do bro mix 270
120 Galgedioya 1636 31 boxes bro oe pek Witte Be of Gonavy pag b at ch cnet aan
not hooped 6: 40 br () ans 3
124 1648 3 ch dust 240 8622 77 Galloola 689 5 ch dust 500
125 1651 2 do bro mix 140 18 82 Manickwatte 704 3hfch aust 225
129 Maddagedera 1663 6hfch dust 4st 20 86 Perth 716 6 ch pek sou 420
134 Pome 1678 5 eh bro pek fans 325 20 ay a He i 2 do heb dust aa
135 in es- algawe tte ) us
tate mark 1631 8hfch_ bro pek 480 20 4 G 740 1 do pekseu 95
139 Henboude . 1693 13 hfch pek sou 585 29 106 um N 4 ue 8 hf ch eae in
140 in estate yufor c ro tea
mark 1696 5hfch_ pek dust 350 24 123 Twakande 827 2 do or pek 170
141 1699 1 do con 50 20 124 830 3 do bro pek 800
145 Kurunegalle 1711 12hbfch or pek 600 3 125 833 4 do pek 360
re een aceon cata oy \\-te7: “Elbedde!,<’-jaeo!"s dor jnoa aan
20 2 con 2
149 1723 3hfch dust 240 921 135 O 863 3 do fans 300
161 SL 1729 5 ch dust 500 =. 28 140 Cabin Ella 878 6hfch bropekfans 396
156 Bodayva 1744 7 ch pek 630 28 |} 151 Bittacy 911 2 ch ~~ pek sou 180
157 1747 6 do pek sou 425 25 152 9lt 1 do fans 100
158 760 2 ata fans : 280 93 153 917 4 ne ch Bro orpek 200
159 1753 Lhfec ro mix 45 14 154 920 3 do ust 24C
167 Deniyaya 1777 6 ch pek fans 600 26 bid 159 Kandaloya 935 7 do pek sou 280
168 DMR 1780 3 ch bro pek 300 82 160 SSS 938 2 ch bro pek 200
168 1783 2 co sou 180 22 161 941 2 is pek 170
170 1786 0) ro mix 186 = 16 162 944 4 do pek sou 280
172 Abberwatte 1792 ven : pek sou 392-10 163 Mahayaya 947 4 i gee
c lhfc gou 303
176 Neboda 1804 3hfch dust 270 = 21 165 Taunton 953 5 box flowyorpek 100
is Neuchatel tb 1816 4 ch dust 660 «22 166 956 5 oh pek sou on
181 In esta 167 959 2 do fans 24
mark 1819 5 ch pek sou 435 24 168 962 lbfch dust 96
183 DK 1826 6hfch fans 450 = 21 169 Kvalgolla 965 15 do or pek 675
188 Donside 1840 2hich sou 170 —s- 20 173 977 5 do sou 225
189 1843 3 do bropekfans 210 22 174 980 1 do bropekfans 65
190 1846 4 do dust 360 19 175 983 3 do dust 180
191 Hangranoya 1849 7 ch bro or pek 630 57 177 MK 989 3 ch sou 240
194 1858 4 do peksou 3200-25 180 S 998 7hfch dust 595
195 Glenanore 1861 7hfch dust 596 22 182 4 7 ch sou 665

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

=

ae

z ys ‘
snesdescmyn int Smt Se reactant eprint 0 nea fe

0 ‘MS Siete ieweowy A pe ged
yo le Neaees EAD 20h © oe ae

} nf a5
ae nnd ofa a keh HAG OWN VE te
[eae Ase ae SRS, 4 we 7
y ea 3 te ;

<u

i dy 1 Stree ura
© tain f ‘ é
Gh > E 5
4 reds will :
‘ t thong i.
‘a wy 3 a E
PAE S
: My, fxd
ea) aye AS Sh ry
E . tanh
art
oti
: Bw dua
BY DUS SBS ee Be
r ‘ ‘ bth
Maayan yisteto wt
MOT ye | ty iplins d
Mr dg SA: ioe PLS ae be .
AS
+ i$ y
Bos :
‘ [hss
4 G
«i Day 6
Shy af oats i a
i bes Anork
re +2 Z
ee OU) IMR MARD (2G
: es
f eae 9 F : j 4
Rc DORR a) ja wa orl saa 8 4 blscht
i te AIG O Gh Pea S$ pastel
wea 2 a Bik eke =
ea f i
5, ate Gah)
=f 3
ane
Z
a Se ee Labat eo
: ipa e

it evel
tfeiis hg

ste thrdd

~ % ™~

Me = Y vj c s =;

tug be 5 i OEE
Hee Aa z 42
BID

Wake palin gyiay it :

yp be of me

atyh Mag 0

eye
Pe

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

EE

No. 34 CoLomBo, Sspremear 9, 1901.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

—_——

LARGE LOTS.

E. Benham & Co.|
[21,496 Ib. |
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name.

1 Coodoogalla 74 38hfch bio pek
2 77 16 do pek
4 CDG 83 10 do dust
5 Mapitigama 86 12 ch bro er pek
6 89 11 do bro pek
7 92 20 do pek
8 95 18 do pek sou
i) 98 7 do fans
10 Hornsey 1 33hfch_ bro pek
i 4 19 ch pek
12 7 15 do pek sou
16 Med’akande 19 Qhf-ch dust
17 NMN 22. 22 ch or pek
18 25 22 do pek sou
19 .TN 28 17 do sou

[Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

[462,116 1b.)

Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name.
8 R M,in estate

mark 1030 36 ch bropek
10 1036 12 do pek Ne 2
15 New Pera-

deniya 1051 20 ch bro pek

1054 20 do or pek

V7 1057 52 do ek
18 1060 138 do pek sou

22 Munukettia
Ceylon, in est.

mark 1072 8 ch orpek
23 10/5 25hfch bro pek
24 1078 13 ch pek
28 Sirisandura 1090 9 ch bro pek
29 1093 10 do pek
30 1096 10 de pek sou
38 CB 1120 8 ch pek
41 Torwood 1129 28 ch bro or pek
42 1132 16 do bro pek
43 1135 69 do pek
47 Udabage 1147 20hich bro pek
48 1150 20 do pek
49 1153 16 do pek sou
50 Ireby 1156 36 do bro pek
61 1159 17 ch ek
52 Roberry, K 1162 19 ech ro or pek
53 1165 42 do bro pek
54 1168 70 do pek
55 : 1171 27 do peksou
56 Roeberry 174 e7hich fans
57 1177 15 do dust
58 Sylvakandy 118 80 do bro pek
59 1183 31 ch pek

61 St. Paui’s,

Invoice No. 261189 18hfch broor pek
62 1192 38 do or pek
63 1195 28 do pek
64 OBE C,in

est, mark,

Summer Hill 1198 49hfch bro or pek
65 1201 37 ch bro pek
66 1204 29 do pek
67 Dotulgalla 1207 12 ch bro or pek
63 1210 20 do or pek
69 1213 30 do pek
70 Arslena 1216 18 ch bro per

°
71 1219 20 do pek
72 1222) 11 do pek sou
73 Springwood 1225 26 ch bro pek
74 1228 28 do pek
75 1231 17 do or pek
fans

77. St. Martin’s 1237 24hfch bro pek
78 1240 29 do pek

80 OB E C, in
estate mark
Forest Creek 1246 14 ch bro or pek
8 1249 31 do bro pek
82 1252 14 do or pek
8 1255 13 do pek Nol
8 1258 18 do pek No2

2989
2478
2755
1320
2000

1400
3 Q0
1260
1170
1620

24 bid
19 bid

Prick :—124 cents eacn, 3 copies

30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ibrike:
85 Ingrogalla 1261 8 eh bro pek 800 40
86 1264 8 do pek 720 36

91 OB HC,in
estate mark

Sindumally 1279 48 ch bro pek 4800 42 bid

92 1282 13 do or pek 1079 36 bid
5 1285 33 do pek 2640 3° bid
94 1288 18 do pek sou 1224 25 bid
9 BW 1291 .9 ch dust 792 25
96 Irex 1294 27 do bro orpek 2700 4.
97 1297 33 do pek 2970 32
102 MT P, in estate
mark 131211 ch pek fans 1155 25
103 1316 17 do sou 1630 20
104 1318 8 do pek sou 960 20
111 Gonapatiya 1339 27 hfeh or pek 1404 58
112 1342 25 do bro pek 1400 68
113 1345 35 do pek 1715 47
114 1348 20 do pek sou 940 40
115 1351 21 do pet fans 1386 41
116 1354 20 do bro pek 1140 47
117. Monkswood 12857 20bfch bro pek 1200 36
118 1860 24 do or pek 1320 72
119 136317. (chi pek 1615 66
120 1366 12 do pek sou 1020 58
121 Middleton 1369 20hfch broorpek 1000 74
122 13872929) eh bro pek 2908 48
123 1375 2a do pek 2240 42
125 Aigburth 1381 41 ch bro pok 2895
126 1384 31 do pek 200 withdn:
127 1337 16 do pek sou 136u
128 Kehelkelle 1399 24hfch broorpek 1200 54 bid
12! 1393 30 ch bro pek 3030 37 bid
130 1396 20 do or pek 1800 32 bid.
133 Puspone 1405 21 ch or pek 2100 33 bia
13 1408 31 do bro pek 3565 39
135 14:1 15 do pek 1425 38
136 1414 9 do pek sou 810 27
137 1417. 7 ~do bro mix 700 17
138 1420 Idhfch dust 1190 =. 22
139") BF Siu- 1423 42 ch pe! sou 3780 18 bids
340 Pailagodda 1425 10 ch bro or pek 1000 35
141 1429 19 do bro pek 1800 41
42 1432 15 do or pek 1275 32
1438 1485 11 do pek 935 29
144 1485 15 do pek sou 1276 26
14 ig4i 12hf-ch dust 1080 23
146 Gampaha 1444 34 ch bro or pek 3740 68
147 1447 20 do or pek 190 61
148 1450 39 do pek 3432 47
139 1453 19 do pek sou 1710 45
150 Ruanwella 1456 7 ch broorpek 700 31
151 1459 23 do or pek 1.49 63
162 1462 16 do bro pek 1600 39
163 1465 34 do pek 3060 27
154 1468 10 do pek sou 850 25
158 MahaUva 1480 19hbfch brocr pek 1336 54
159 1463 21 do or pek 1260 54
160 1486 18 ch pek 1800 56
154 Aberdeen 1498 32 ch bro pek 2944 94
165 1501 34 do pek 2754 28
166 Dunkeld 1504 40hfck bro or pek 2320 5€
167 1507 12 ch or pek 1140 41
168 1510 16 do pek 14466
169 Ganapalla 1513 36 ch bro orpek 3528 39
170 1616 10 do or pek 860 39
171 1519 17 do perk Nol 1462 3e
172 1522 31 do pek No2 2604 26
173 1525 7 do bro pek
fans 784 28
175 Vogan 153t 17 ch bro or pek 1700 5
176 i 1534 25 do or pek 2375 39
177 1537 28 do pek 25°0 31
178 1540 18 do pek sou 1530 26
184 Parsloes 1558 34 ch bro pek 340C = 888
185 156L 25 do pek 2250 34
188 Tempo 157C 16 ch bro pek 1520 47
189 1673 18 do orpek 171034
190 1576 17 do pek 1530 29
195 Cholankande 1591 47 ch or pek 3760 8
196 1594 45 do pek 382526
197 1597 12 do pek sou 960 25
168 Palmerston 1600 16hfch_ bro pek 960 68
199 1608 ,11 ch pek 935 46
201 Chesterford 1609 386 ch bro pelk 360 51
202 1612 30 do pek 2709 33
203 1615 20 do pek sou 1860 28
204 1618 10 do fans 900 25
205 Dickbedde 1621 45 ch bro pek 4500 52
206 1624 44 do pek 4180 42
207 1627 10 do pek scu 920 36
208 1630 Qhfch dust 837 2

209 Fresh Water 1633 18 ch bro or pek 1890 67

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. kb, Messrs. Semerville & Co.—
PA 1636 38 ch bro pek 4180 61 ~
a er Ee pode’
9 1654 14hfec To pe @ bi
By escent Moray eetabtalcrbules 900 37bid | Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. c.
220 Kroonstad 1666 13 ch bropek 1365 out 2 W, inestate
222 Glencorse 1672 83 do broyek 3300 44 mark 1867. 6 ch peksou 750 © 20

223 1615 14 do orpek 1260 £9 4 Polghakande 1873 11 ch bro pek 110@ 38
224 1678 14 do pek 1120-33 5 1876 9 do orpek 702 33
225 1681 45 do pek sou 3375 = -26 6 1879 14 do pek 1148 «88
226 Erlsmere 1634 22hfch broorpek 1:44 62 | 7 1882 9 uo pek sou 810 25
227 1637 1Y de bro pek DOCS 8 Mousa Eliya 1885 7 ch dust 700-28 |
298 169) 21 ch pek 1638 41 | 10 Annandale 1891 18hfch broor pek 741 75
231 Ingoya 1699 25 do bropek 2675 36 11 1894 20 do or pek 1040 © 45 bid
232 1702 39 do pek 3316-27 12 1897 18 do pek 972 41 bid |
233 1705 18 do peksou 1260 25 | 13 1 30 do peksou 102037 |
234 Forres I7us 24hfich broor pek 1336 59 | 16 Old Madde-
235 17it 26 do bro pek 162046 | game 10 12 ch broorpek 900 41
236 1714 23 ch pek 1855 387 i 18 16 15 do pek 1275 38
237 Marlborough 17:7 24hf-ch broorpek i200 55) | | 21 Dikmukalana 25 22hfch_ bro pek 1210 36
238 1720 12 ch bro pek 1200 44 bid ; 92 28 18 do or pek 900 39
239 1723 8 do orpek 720 387 bid | 23 ambalawa 31 15hfch bro pek 825 33
240 1726 @ do pek 720 36 bid | 25 37 10 ch pek i 800 36

2 i ; 26 KO 40 9 ch ro pe 900 55
282 ean amen oe Tieok cape Pie Ayer 43 13 do pek 1040 37 bid

mark 1732 10 do dus | 31 Owilikamde 55 18 ch bro pek 1710 34 bid |

243 Tugoya M7B54,46 (do | ibrospek jy, £602), 51486 32 £8 30 do pek 2700 87
244 WSs ise: (Co; upper ee. 28 | 35 Narangoda 67 33 ch bro pek 3135 35 |
245 1741 18 do pek sou 1332 25 36 79 28 do pek 2520 27
246 Yataderia 1i44 28hfch bro or pek 1736 41 | 37 73 20 do peksou 1800 24
247 747 38 ch — bro pek BEpD hes 38 Lyndburst 76 24hfch bro pek 1320 42
248 1750 21 do or pek OY 83 40 62 52 do pek 2080 29
249 1753 26 do pek 2476-26 4 85 40 do pek sou 1800 25
250 WVRA 1766 18hfch broorpek 900 61 | 44 Brecon 94 9 ch or pek 945 41
Coen sical ramen cea GQ). (sore Sore ed | 45 97 9 do pek 855 40
255 L OPS a oa 7 ) 1 ch = fans ; :

258 Panilkande 1780 20 ch bro or pek 2000 43 bid | a Hangranoya Ana a hich dust | aod 2
259 1783 10 do or pek 95040 53 Tyspane 121 15 ch broorpek 1500 46
260 1783 12 do pek 108032 BA 124 40 do bropek 2300 «3
262 Maldeniya 1792 29 do bro pek 2900 38 55 197 27 do peE 2295 ~° 81
263 1795 26 do pek Ba 56 Marigold 130 23hfch broorpek 1219 58
264 1798 14 do peKsou 112045 57 133 40 do or pek 2000 42 |
265 FU GO ens TODS 2B ee ae 136 16 do ek 768 46
267 Talgaswela 1807 12 do bro orpek 1206 42 | 59 139 29 do pek sou 1363 39
268 TSiD eats tee ormek Bay 2 Be 61 145 12 do pekdust. $64 30
269 1813 26 do pek 2080 28 62 Allakolla- x :
270 1816 15 do pek sou 11250 25 | wewa 148 13hfch broorpek 702 58
271 Queensland 1819 9 €o peksou 165 27 bid | gg 151 21 do or pek 1029 42
272 Pallagodda 1822 11 do pek sou 999 23 bid 64 154. 91 do per sou 1008 39
273 Rowley 1825 1i4hfch bro or pek 700 47 66 160 18 do pek dust 1314 99
274 18/8 13 do cr pek 70034 67 Rayigam 163 19hf-ch broorpek 1140 52
279 Amblungoda 1843 9 ch bro or pek 900 52 68 166 42 ch bro pek 3090 37
280 1846 11 do or pek 110043 69 169 34 do pek 2896-28
281 1849 11 do pek 230 AUR E|z0 172 25 do peksou 2250 96
285 Harrow 136919 do Gibroerpek 1140) 5aybid’) | o7 yavisawella pity chi) aorokseeeee azine aes
287 1867 11 ch pek 1100) 30 78 196 12 do pek 1080 7
289 Knavesmire 1873 14 do or pek 1190 33 79 199 14 do pek sou 1120 25
290 1876 76 do bro pek 7220 34 bid 80 202 14hfch bro or pek 700 “S
291 1879 14 do pek 150.28 81 Cooroondoo-
292 1882 14 do pek sou 980.25 watte 205 7 ch bro pek 700 © 46 |
293 1885 10hf-ch br pes fans 800 25 § | 9 208 14 do pek 1400 29
294 Queensland 1888 7 ch bro pek 700 50 bid ) 83 ; Ok oy ate pek sou 700 24
29) 1x91 7 do or pek 735 45 \ 94 ga 214 7 ch pek 700 20 bid
296 1894 10 do pek 950 41 | 85 Warakamure 217 47 ch bro pek 4700-34
300 Coombe Courti906 26hfch br pek 1430 38 bid | ge 220 44 do pek 3784 96
301 19°99 16 ch — pek 30 34 bid | gy 223 26 do pek sou 2210 93

305 Kincora 392L 14 do bro or pek 1400 58 88 226 14hfch fans 1050 97
306 1924 14 do pel Pe) ae 90 Killarney 232 10 ch sou 1000 20 bid
309 High Forest 1933 35 hf-ch bro or pek 2625 39 91 Hewawatte 235 35hfch bro pek 1750 38 bid
310 1936 20 do pe sou 910 41 92 238 20 do or pek 94041
311 1939 12 do pek dust 1080 26 93 241 30 do pek 1380 31 bid
312 Kirklees 1912 20 do bro or pek 1200 50 | 95 Harangalla 247 10 ch broorpek 950 43

313 19455 18 ch or pek 1710 45 | 96 950 10 do bro pek 906 37

314 1948 21 do pek 1995 39 97 253 14 do pek 1190 39

315 1951 8 do pek sou 16837 | 99 Aigburth 259 41 ch bro pek 3895 44 ;
316 HF 1954 382hfch or pk No. 11920 55 100 262 31 do pek 9790) o4 |
317 1957 22 do or pek 1232 54 Ww 265 16 do pek sou 1360 31
318 1960 17 do pek 850 45 102 Walla Valley 268 11 ch pek 935 33 bid
319 Bandarapolla 1963 55 do bro or pek 3630 40 | 107 Forest Hill’ 283 9 ch bro pek 990 41
320 1966 70 do br pek 3850 36 4 108 286 15 @o pek 1425 83
B21 959 29 ch or pek 333532 no A 292 30 eh or pek 270 ~~ «-33 bid
322 1972 17 do pek 1580) |), 20 118 By EB 310 19 ch sou 1710 out
323 BPC 1975 19 do dust 161624 | 117 Mousa Eliya 313 22 ch bro pek 2200 40 bid
3/6 Ma, yland 1954 11 do br pek 1100 43 H 118 316 9 do pek 855 33
3.0 las7 15 do or pek Mey 1233 GA 331 1Lhfch dust 880 20
38 1999 11 do pek 990 30 124 WT 334 23hfch pek sou 1150 20

431 Y Tenne 19:9 7 do br pek 700 37 t 136 367 8 do peksou 729 ©=-90
B52 2002" 18 do | pek 1620 Si bid 432 Hobart 358 20hfch or pek 1108 34 bid
333 2005 23 do peksou 1840 24 | 133 Florida 361 15 ch bro pek 1500 31
234 M 2008 7 do dust 805 19 | 134 364 16 do pek 1520 20
335 Laxapana- | 141 H 385 20 ch pek sou 1700 out

gala, 2011 7 do broorpek 700 43 | 142 Selvawatte 388 48hfch bro pek un

B26 2014 10 do bro pek 900 34 bulked 2640 41
337 2017 10 do ek 800. 27 | 143 891 16 ch pek 1280 «31
229 Velona 2028 10 do ro pek 947 36 47 NT 403 24 ch broorpek 2400 40.
310 Dunisgalla 2026 25bfch bropek 1497 = 88 148 406 19 do orpek 1520 84°
341 Toedden 2029 18 do bro pek 197 40 v 149 409 24 do pek 2040 29 bid
BA2 20382 18 do ek 1167 31 bid 160 412 15 do pek sou 1200 25
“7 Adishana 2041 26 do ro pek 1897 47 152 Halloowella 418 5 ch dust 700 =. Bs

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST,

Lot. mr, Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec.

153 E : 421 14 ch pek 1260 24
154 Mt.Temple 424 26 ch broorpek 2600 34bid
156 430 22 do pek 1870 29 bid
157 Handrookandes33 6 ch bro pek 702 34
158 436 11 do pek 990 29
161 Donside 445 19 ch pek 1425 22 bid
162 448 23 do pek sou 2070 24 bid
163 South Africa 451 23 ch bro pek 2300 30
165 O.ion 457 24 ch bro pek 2400 39
166 460 20 do pek 1900 33
167 463 21 do pek A 1995 35
168 466 18 do pek sou 1710 Bi)
172 K Kaduwa 478 16 ch pek sou 1230 out
173 DS 481 10kich pek dust 780 18
176 DM OG, in '

esti.te mark 496 12 ch jpek sou 900 26
177 Muriay-

thwaite 493 10 ch pek 800 28
17 EFDA 496 33 ch pek 2675 20 bid
179 499 22 do pek sou 1716 out
180 502 33 do sou 2640 out
185 Hanagama 517 23: ‘ch or pek 2070 25 bid

187 A C H, in estate
mark Dimbulas23 2thfeh broorpek 1248 65 bid

188 526 34 ch or pek 3230 43 bid
189 RK P 529 38 do bro pek #800 3k
190 632 14 do pek 1330 27
192 LM, in estate

mark 538 10 ch dust 1450 il bid
193 S D 541 15 hfch bre sou 750 17
202 H 668 47 hfch pek sou 2350 18 bid
204 A,in estate

mark 574 19 hf ch dust 1615 out
205 Ragalla 677 2ihfch fans 1460 25 hid
206 Sadamulla 580 15 ch bro pek 1428 = 28 bid
2077 RH L 683 14 ch pek 1260 29 bid
203 586 9 do pek sou 765 2: bid

(Messrs. BE. John & Co.—169,910 lb.}

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. | a

3 Captain’s Garden 25 $8 ch, pek sou 720° 24

4 Poilakande 28 15 do bro or pek 1500 40

5 31 25 do bro pek 2506 35

6 34 21 do pek 1890 27

7 Hinela 37 i4bfch broorpek 700 55

8 40 14 de vel. : 700 42
10 Galavilla 46 20 ¢ ro pe 1800 Peer
i 49 17 do pek 1445 } withd’n
12 H 52 15 do pek No.1 1350 23,
15 86, John’s 61 2é6hfch broor pek 1660 70
16 64 30 do or pek 1500 70.
17 67 12 do pek fans 840 27
19 Glasgow 73.26 ch ‘broorpek 2002 57
20 76 14 ado or pek 980 40 bid
a1 79 8 do pek 736 40
23 Karaw*ettia 85 9 do pek 924 26 bid
24 Manangoda 88 18 do bropek 1900-37
25 91 29 do pek 2890 820
2 RY 94 22 do bro or pek 1100 49 bid
Q7 97 30 do bre pek 1500 36
23 100 12 do pek 1026 27 bid
30 Little Valley 106 13 do bro pek DUO bars
31 109 10 do pek 800 30
35 Avington 121.8 do bro or pek 800 85 bid
36 124 20 do bro pek 1700 35

37 127 19 do pek 1615 27 bid
28 130 384 do pek sou 2210 24
42 Brownlow 142 24hfch broorpek 1363 58
43 145 16 ch or pek 1424 42
44 143 11 do pek 836 38
45 Histon 151 20 do pek 1700 83
46 154 81 do pek sou 279) 27 bid
-49 Klemane 163 23 do bro pek 2300 55
50 166 21 do pek 1890 46
51 169 12 do pek sou 1080 39
53 sXelaneiya and

hraemar 175 25 do pek 2375 29 bid

54 Ottery 178 9 do broorpek 900 57
55 181 16 do pek 1280 37
57 A 187 28-do pek sou 2240 12
59 Coslinda 1938 12 do pek 1020 37
64 Clarendon 208 7 do bru pek 742 36
67 LLE 217 16 do or pek 1308 85 bid
68 220 20 do — pek 1800 29 bial
70 Koslande 226 12 do pek 10/8 37
74 FY 238 16 do pek sou 1200 12 bid
7 AERL 241 14hfch broorpek 700 64
76 244 15 do orpek 25 43 bid
77 , 247 18 ch pek 1494 38

79 Bowella 253 12 do pek 1020-28
& Poilakande 268 14 do bro pek 1400 =. 3 bid
8 GB 271 15 do pek sou 1275 17 bid

88 Mahapagalla 2380 11 do bro pek 115547 bid

3
Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Yb. e:
89 283 18 ch pek 1710 39 bid
90 286 21 do ek sou 1890 33 bid
92 Waragalande 292 8 do Bro orpek 800 54 ~
93 295 14 do bro pek 1400 38
94 298 18 do pek 1620 32
95 301 9 do pek sou 810 28
97 Glassaugh 307 24hfch orpek 1272 33
98 310 17 do bro or pek 1105 60
99 318 10 ch pek 1050 50
100 Nahavilla 316 12 do pek son 960 36 bid
101 Doonhinde 319 16 do bro pek 1600 60
192 322 21 do pek 2100 50
105 Gangawatte 331 11 do bro or pek 1100 63
106 } 384. 8 do bro pek 800 46
107 337 14 do pek 1260 = 338
111 Troup 349 20 do pek sou 1906 29 bid
112 LEL 352, 17 ‘do pek No.2 1275 30
114. Mutueliya 358 20 do pek sou 1800 36
115 Ammakelle 361 16 do bro pek 1570 36
116 364. 9 do pek 92 18 sd
118 Bton 370 46hfch broorpek 2484 68
119 Biotech or pek 1440 43
120 376 16 do pek sou 3520 37
121 Agra ®uvah 379 385hfich broorpek 2030 67 bid
122 382 28 do or pek 1400 50
123 385 9 ch pek 828 44 bie
124 MC 388 20 do bro pek fans 2000 withd’m
125 Kandaloya 391 16bfch broorpek 720 59
126 394 18 do bro pek 310 = 38 bid
127 397 27 do or pek 1080 3
128 400 58 ao pek 2320 30 bid
131 Rookwood 409 24 do broor pek 1440 52 bid
132 412 i4 ch or pek 1344 84 bid
1s 415 28 do pek 2520 28 bid
134 418 35 do bro pek 2880 33
136 Ouvah 424 10 do pek 900 37 bid
137 NBY 427 S8bfch fans 744 33 bid
138 Counmdom 430 28 do bro pek 1568 39
139 433 22 ch pek (MH) 2090-27 bid
140 436 9 do peksou(H) 783 26
147 Ferndale 457 20hfch bro pek 1100 56
1is 460 8 ch or pek 720 39
149 463 9 do pek No.1 720 35
150 466 19 do pek No.2 1520 32
154. 0 478 15 do bro pek 1500s 2 bid
155 W, in est. mark 48i 16 do pek fans =. 2085 22 bid
156 RY 484 18 do pek sou 1620 12 bid
187 R, in est. mark 487 37 do pek sou 3142 17 bid
158 O’Gaila 490 82 do pe 6970 18 bid
159 MPS 493 22bfch bropekfans!650 24 bid
161 P, in est. mark 499 i1 ch
5hfch pek 1346 =. 22 bid
SMALL LOTS,
&. Benham & Ca,
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lbs.
3 CDG 80 3hfeh pek sou 185 26 ‘
13 Hittuwellen-
tenne 10 6 ch bro pek 600 37
14 13 5 ao pek 506 27
15 Halgolla 16 3 do dust 372 24
Messrs. forbes & Walker
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, be te!
1 Hunugalla 1009 6 ch ~~ pek sou 480 2%
2 10:2 6hfch dust 516 22
3 Halbarawa 1015 5 ch bro pek 500 84
4 1018 5 do per 425 26
5 1021 2 do pek sou 150 28
6 BM in estate
mark 1024 10 hfch bro or pek 546 46bid
7 1027 7 do or pek 364 40
9 1033 12 do pek No. 1 600 34
19] 1939 6 ch pek sou 498 27
12 1042 1 do sou 90 23
13 1045 6 do fans 300 27
14 1048 1 do dust 156 24
19 Wew Pera-
@eniya 1063 2 ch sou 152 24
20 1066 2 do fans 120 26
2 1069 2 do dust 160 23
25 Munukettia
Ceylon in est.
mack 108i 5 ch peksou 450 8630
26 108t 4hfich dust 320 24
97 Sirikamdura 1087 2 ch bro or pek 200; 33
3L 1099 1 do congou 76 18
32 1102 1 do fans 67 22
83 1105 1 do bro pekdust 122 24
34 1108 1 do aust 161 20

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Let. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibi: e (Messrs. Somerville & Qo.)
35 Carlaback 111 7 ch ek sou 665 489-35
38 1114 3 do ropek fans 3%) 26 tee Pap ch Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. .
37 @B 1117 6 do bro pek 636 39 peice |
30 1123 2 do pek sou 188 25 ner eae 4
48 1126 1 do bro pek fams 189 25 Dp: gene BBD |. AD
9 Mousa Eliya 1888 3 ch pek seu 30028
a4 eorrood 1188 A APS dust : ” 28 14 A, in estate
dabage 1141 c ro or pe 44 46 -
46 1144 8 do or pek 440-35 i Samar Sapien dane Sey ee
60 Sylvakamdy 1185 2 ch dust 2000 17 Old Maddegama 13 6 ch or pek 3900 41
78 Springwoud 1284 6hbfch dust 610-24 19 19 4 do ek sou 340 35
79 St. Martin's 1243 3 do fans 180 9-28 a beret 22 4 do ropek dust 460 26 |
87 Amblapitiys 1267 7 do or pek 350 37 2 SMbAlAwe (ee eae pao ee
88 1270 12 de pek 600 OS ee KO 46 3 ch pek sou 450 81 |
39 1273 3 do pek sou 13802 4 49.2,do dans 250 28
20 1276 1 do dust 60 14 a eee Be yA fo pe | er |
33 Owilikande 61 6hfch bropekfans 420 24
98 Trex 1300 6 ch pek sou 480 24 34 64 5 do dust 400 26
99 1303 1 do bro or pek 39 Lyndhurst 79 7hfch or pek 35035
fans 116 26 42 e 88 1 do dust 90 22
190 1206 1 do dust 85 «23 43 Brecon 91 9hfch bro or pek 540 56 |
101 1809 1 do pek fans 110 26 AG Sy HeaierenCy es AO ea eta 32092
P Pian 49 Kerenvilla 109 3 ch bro pek 330 36
105 B B, in estate 50 112 3 do pek Nol 300 «= .20
mark 1321 3 ch pek sou 240 25 51 115 1 do pek No2 100 26
106 1321 2 do bro pek 200-24 52 i 11g 2 do ek sou 26 8616
107 1327 4 do pek 320 2B po as tee a ch Pro Pek Pitt 256 40 |
lu BK 1330 6 do dust 600-23 6 UO Ld Ch: (RPO Dee eens ent! ‘
109 1333 @ do bro mix 320 «17 fl eAnee LIB sO WEB Pte ee 2 |
110 1336 4 do fans 40024 oe By ae Py sou ae .
124 Middleton 1378 O9hfich dust 630 27 74 Hurstpier
131 Kand H wey 3 do fans 2250 25 point 181 5 ch bro pek 500-38
132 1102 7 do dust 638 23 "5 187 4 do ek 40)
155 Ruanwella 1471 1 ch iansNo.1 100 28 HB Eee ee sae = Hg ae
es 7 ) pek sou 406 14 bid
156 1474 3 do dust 240 89622 89 BHG 229 ch ek sou 540 .
167 1477 1 do fans No 2 160 24 94 Hewawatte 244 2hf ch Ree sou 132 eee
161 ..aha Uva 1499 6 do pes sou 57042 OB) Haranpalla ee opem mich Te Ga 560 sea
162 1492 Gbfch dust 51025 0a WH oils che) SER Ape Pagers
163 1495 2 ch congou 200 25 104 MTA 274 4 ch Pek 320 a :
174 QGanapalla, 1523 6hfch dust 5282 105 Waverley ii arn pee sou 90 3.
179 Vogan 1643 7 do dust 569 26 106 Forest Hill 280 6hfch Sn or pek 336 46
1860 P’Kanda 1548 2 ch broorpek 200 49 109 2389 6 do ans e 456 26
418i 1649 3 do or pek 285 38 111 Charlie Hill 295 12hfch bro pek 600 36
182 1552 6 do pek 54087 ie 298 10 ido. lIapeke oakor
183 1655 5 do peksou 400 24 113 a0) eildo “tine Ron 252 25
186 Parsloes 1664 8 ch pek sou 640-26 114 304 3 do ro pek fans 150 29
187 1567 ihfch dust 90 22 115 apy) dithda (tances pitas
191 Tempo 165°9 8 ch peksou 240-24 119 T in estate ; 8
192 Blackferd 1582 7hfch bropek 355 2
193 1585 6 do pek 300 2, matk 819 12hfch bre pek 696 28 bid
194 1588 1 do pek sou 50 a4 126 322 3 do pek 168 9-25
200 Palmerston 1606 2 ch pek sou 150 37 121 325 9 do pek sou 494-28
n2 H 1642 1hfch bro pek 5244 122 _._, 328 2 do pek fans 112 28
213 1645 1 do bro pek 4242 125 D B RB in'est.
1a BBB, in estate mark 337 1 ch bro pek 90 30 ,
wark 1648 4 ch dust 332 23 126 340 2 do pek 104-25
215 Oakham 1651 12hfch_ or pek 540 42bid | 127 343 1 do pek sou 55 23 .
218 1660 3 do pek sou 985-30 128 . 3846 1 ch dust 93 20 |
219 1663 1 do pex fans 715 25 129 Labuduwa 349 3 ch bro pek 305 35 ‘a
991 Krconstad 1669 8 ch sou 680 ous 130 Boz 2 do: 4 Pek 105-28
229 Elsmere 1698 5 do pek sou 400 33 bid 131 F 355) 5 do pek 498 28
230 1696 2 do dust 16424 136 Florida 3870 5 ch fans 48021
24) M A inest 137 373 2 do dust 290 26
mark 1729 5 do sou 425 17 138 316 1 do red leaf 100 6
251 Bb WP 1759 6 do bro pek fans 660 35 139 BIS OCOD as 180 10 bid
252 1762 1 do souNo.2 85 17 140 Be 0 Sota 90 14
253 1765 lhfch dust 90 23 144 Salvawatte 394 1 ch sou 85 18
256 Waitalawa 177411 do pek sou 550 (26 145 397 3hftch fans 210028
257 W777 4 do dust 360 24 146 As deseo roe «house s8 15
261 Panilkande 1789 3 do dust 330 24 151 Halloowe ail 5 ch sou 470 25
266 Maldeniya 1804 4 ch dust 520 23 155 Mt. Temple | 427 30boxes or pek 600 41
275 Ugieside 1831 7 do bromixed 665 27 159 Handrookandei39 3 ch pek sou 255 24 |
276 B in est mark 1834 1hfch bro pek 50-32 160 aa Gee BC Gree We oOus tg? tis
277 1837 1 ch pek gou 75 21 164 South Africa 454 19 box bro or pek 380 ay i
278 1840 1 do fans 120 22 169 Orion 469 4 ch fans _ 46026 ‘
252 Amblangoda 1952 5 do pek sou 450 36 170 472 3 do bro mixed 336-28 ‘
984 1855 2 do ‘fans 200 34 171 ‘ 475 1 box golden tipo 5 out
284 1858 1 do dust 110 83 4 DS 484 2 ch "
286 Harrow 1864 10 hf-ch bro pek 600 50 1hbfch pk fans 250 20 ie
288 1870 2 do dust 160 94 175 487 4 ch ek 320 = outs a
297 Queenslamd 1897 4 ch pek sou 360 36 131 RX 505 2hf-ch bro pek 120 30 ony
228 1900 2hfch or pek dust 150 24 182 508 2 @o ek 110 22 “i
299 Coombe Courtl1903 10 do bro or pek 550 64 183 5il 2 do pek sou 170 21 cf
202 1912 2 ch pek sou 190 26 184 514 1 do dust 340 21
O38 1915 Z2ht-ch dust 150 23 186 Cumbuwella 520 4 ch dust 600 21
304 1918 1 ch sou 100 13 191 Cairnton 685 9hf-ch pek fans 630 20 bid
207 Bulugolla 1927 1 do fans 100 31 194 PL 544 7 do fans 420 20
B08 1920 1 do dust 110 23 195 547 7 do aust 695 15
324 Hopton 1978 4 do fans 400 31 196 550 6 do bro mixed 630 6 :
225 1951 4 do dust 440 24 1977 WPA 553 2 do bro pek 102 28 y,
329 Maryland 1993 6 do pek sou 540 24 198 556 2 do pek 96 28 2
220 1996 2 do dust 160 23 199 559 2>de pek sou 93 19
335 Laxapana 200 562 2 do dust 130 ©6619 }
alla 2020 3 do pek sou 255 24 201 HS F inest P
242 Thedden 2035 4 do pek sou 317 27 mark 565 8 do unast 129 14 hid d
244 2038 1 do bropekfans 127 26 203 FL 571 1 ch bro mixed 85 8

Lot. Box.
1 Captain’s Garden 19
2 22
9 Hinela 43
13 H 65
14 58
1s Fruit Hill 70
22 Karawhettia 82
29 Little VaJley 103
32 112
33 115
34 118
32 Avington 133
40 136
41 139
47 H 157
48 160
52 Elemane 172
56 Ottery 184
68 Cuslanda 190
60 196
61 4 199
62 202
63 L 205
65 Carendon 211
66 214
69 Koslande 223
71 229
72 232
73 235
78 Bowella 250
80 256
81 259
$2 262
83 265
86 Chapelton 274
87 2i7
91 Mahapagalla 289
95 Waragalande 304
103 Doonhinde 325
104 328
108 Gangawatte 340
109 343
0 =P 346
113 Mahapagalla 355
117 N 367
129 Kandaloya 403
130 406
135 Bookwood 425
141 Coundon 439
1422 HH 442
143 K 445
144 448
145 451
146 454

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5

(Messrs. B. John & Co.)

Pkgs.

Name.

fans

bro pek
bro or pek
pek sou
dust

fans

sou

fans

dust
green dust
siftings
fans

dust

bro pek
pek sou
fans

dust
green fans
pek

pek sou
bro pek
pek sou
fans

dust

bro pek
pek sou
sou

pek fans
dust

dust

su

dust

dust

pek sou
dust

pek sou
fans
green fans
pek
twankey

pek sou
unas

Ib.

row tp
ww OW

29

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. @
151 Ferndale 469 1 ch dust 160 23
152 472 1 do bro pek fans 120 26
153 475 Lhfch_ poek dust na 24
16u Little Valley 496 1 ch bro or pek 95 38
162, PrP P 502° 2 do bro or pek 200 35
163 505) “ls )do or pek 95 31
164 503 2 do pek 160 26
168 511 1 do fans 90 18

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Minorne LANE, August 16.

““Calchas.”—B in estate mark, 20 bags sold at 21s.
“ Awa Maru.’’—Gonamotawa F, 1 barrel sold at
llls ; ditto 1 1 cask sold at 92s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

* Ajax.” —Palli London T, 3 bags sold at 51s 6d.

**Calchas.”—Ditto T, 2 bags sold at 57s 6d;
Pathregalla London T, 1 hag sold at 5ls 6d,

“Tnaba Maru.’—MAK in estate mark, 8 bags
sold at 56s. :

** Cilchas.”—Monarakelle 2, 3 bags sold at 49s
64; Broken, 1 bag sold at 56s.

“Sado Maru.’—Maria 2, 4 bags sold at 493; 3,
2 bags sold at 49s.

‘“Kawachi Maru.”—Pansalatenne 2, 1 bag sold
at 49s.

* Ajax.’’-—North Matale, 4 bags sold at 55s; 1
bag sold at 56s.

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

“ Cheshire.”—Nawanagaila No. 2, 2 cases sold
at 2s 2d.

‘“*Shinano Marn.’—Vicartons A, 1 case sold at
2s 8d; ditto B, 3 cases sold at 1s 6d; ditto C, 1
case sold at Is 5d

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

“2
t F
j
F
bed
}
x
« it
oe ee

THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 35.

CoLOMBO, SEPTEMBER 16, 1901.

{

PrRIcE :—123 cents each, 3 copies

30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.
|E. Benham & Co.|

(Messrs. Forbes & Walker.]

lb. |
Name.

or pek
pek

bio pek
pek

dust

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou
bro pek
pek No 1
pek sou

Name.

or pek
bro pek
pek sou
pek
dust
pek

bro pek
bro pek
or pek
pez
pek sou

bro pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

sou

bro pek
pek

or pek
pek Nol
pek No2
bro or pek

or pek

or pek
pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek
pek sou
bre or pek
bro pek
or pek

ek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

bro tea

[20,745
Lot. Box. Pkgs.
1 Battalgalla 75-22 ch
2 78 24 do
3 Hornsey 81 34hf ch
4 84 18 ch
6 Mandara
Newera 90 10 hf ch
10 Bunyan and
Ovoca 2 41 do
11 5 28 do
12 8° 515*) chi
13 11 13 do
14 Hazelwood 14 32 do
15 N76 14 do
16 20 13 do
[436,162 1b.]
Lot. Box. Pkgs.
4 Baverley, (packed
in2oz. lead line) 2053 38 hf ch
5 2056 16 do
6 2059 26 do
7 2U62 36 do
8 2065 13 do
12 Nakiadeniya 2077 14 ch
17 FF, in estate
mark 2092 20 hf ch
21 Panawatte 2104 31 ch
22 2107 14 do
23 2110 30 do
24 2118 10 do
26 Haputale-
wella 2119 40 hfch
27 2122 24 do
28 St. Paul’s,
Invoice No. 27 2125 12 do
29 ‘ 2128 21 do
30 2151 20 do
36 Villhena 2149 18 hfch
37 Holton 215214 ch
38 2155 13 do
39 Nillomally,
OBE C,in
est. mark, 2168 27 ch
40 2161 18 do
41 2164 17 do
42 2167 11 do
45 Great Valley
Ceylon,in est.
mark 2176 47 hf ch
46 2179 30 do
47 2182 22 do
48 2185 11 do
50 Pine Hill 2191 22 do
61 2194 14 ch
52 2197 17 do
53 Ardlaw and
Wishford 2200 15 ch
54 2203 14 do
55 2206 12 do
56 2209 24 do
58 Chesterford 2215 34 ch
59 2218 32 ado
60 2221 22 do
62 Clyde 2227 22 ch
63 2230 10 do
64 2233.11. do
68 2245 7 do
69 Blocm Park 2245 18 bfich
70 2251 15 do
71 2254 10 do
75 Waldermar 2266 13 do
76 269 33 ch
7 2272 17 do
78 2275 18 do
79 Laxapana-
galla 2278 10 ch
80 ~ 2281 17 do
81 2284 31 do
84 2293 8 do

lb.

1980
1872
1802
1440

750

2460
1260
1500
1170
3200

946

975

lb.

2090

960
1170
1800
1040
1120

1000
3472
1330
3000
1000

2400
1200

792
1176
1080

900
1330
1105

2484
144u
1496
1100

2632
1500
1936

990
1320
1260
1530

1530
1316
1056
1968
3400
2880
1980
2134

920
1056

700

990
1425

950

780
190
170
1170

1000
1520
2480

720

28 bid
24 bid

Lot. Box,
85 Gonapatiya 2296
86 2299
87 2302
88 Delta 2300
89 2308
90 2311
91 2314
92 Nahalma 2317
93 2320
94 2323
96 2329
97 Cholankande 2332
93 LHO 2335
99 Anningkande 2338
100 2341
101 2544
102 2347
103 2360
104 2353
105 Rickerton 2356
106 2359
WO7 2362
lus 2365
109 2368
111 Theydon

Bois 2374
113 2380
115 Battawatte 2386
116 2389
17 2392
118 2395
121 Hayes 2404
122 Pallagodda 2407
123 2410
124 2413
125 2416
126 2419
127. High Forest 2422
128 2425
129 2428
130 Dammeria 2431
131 2454
132 2437
134 Morankande 2443
135 2446
136 2449
137 2452
140 Hanwella 2461
1th 2461
144 Fairlawn 2473
146 2479
119 Killarney 2488
150 2491
151 Bandara-

polla 2494
162 2497
153 2500
154 2503
156 Geragama,

Invoice No 21 2609
157 2512
158 2515
159 2518
161 Waratenne,
Invcice No. 22 2525

162 2527
163 9530)
154 2533
167 G, in estate

mark 2542
168 Glendon 2545
169 2548
170 2551
171 2554
174 Matale 2563
iW) 2566
176 2569
18t R 2584
189 Naseby 2608
190 2611
191 2614
192 Passara

Group 2617
193 2620
194 2623
198 Yataderiya 2635
199 26388
200 2641
201 2644
202 2647
204 Debs

Castlereagh

Pkgs.

20 hf ch
27 do
27 do
15 bf-ch
27 ch
27 do
21 do
28 ch
26 do
23 do
9 hf ch
20 ch

32 ch

68 hf ch

19 do
2 VhFich

Name.

bro pek
or pek

fans
bro «r pek
bro pek
or pek
pek
pek sou
dust
brocr pek
or pek
pek
pek sou
bro tea

bro or pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek

pek

pek sou
pek sou
bro or pek

or pek

young hiyson 28

byson Nol
bro or pek

bro or pek
bro pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek sou

pek

pek sou
dust

bro or pelt
or pek
pek

or pek

bro cr pe&
pek

bro or pek
bro pek
or pek
pek

pek scu
bro cr peck

lb.

1140
1377
1350

600
2700
2322
1701
2184
2392
2070

720
1600

3584
355
133C
810

2000

990
1045
1615

750

557
1260
2880
2720
1445
1920
1539
900
10:0
1500
1175
1250

£90
16C0
2520
1178
4800)
2200
1710
1900
1100

45 bid

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. ‘
en ne nnn ee ene
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1b,
205 2656 9 ch bro pek 855 42 i
208 2659 9 do orpek = 7203 Bop neha = ah ae ee
to) e 0 36 2 j i ‘
208 ‘Marlborough 2665 22 hfch broorpek 1100 57 oor AY “5 de ie sake ss i di
208 2688 1 en bro Pee 160047 329 Palmerston 3028 13hfch broorpek 780 17
a1 Yoxford 367 18 hf ch faa 090 37 a BEL nae jo a a He
212 2677 14 ch pek sou 1302 30 Bet ei cached PEE al
213 is 2680 47 hf a dust 3572 27 Samer nT
214 Troy 2683 11 ¢ broorpek 1155 39 i
iG Roe do oF pel Taos | Messrs. Somerville & Oo.—
216 2689 10 do pek 900 28bid
217 Curzon, Kota- i [112,064 Ib.]
giri 2692 19 do bro yek 1995 36 | d
as Ue Bere aol wee 1005) 28 Lot. ; Box. Pkgs, Name. lb.
219 2698 33 do pek sou 2904 23 1 Mossville 589 13hfch dust 1170 22
220 2701 24 do congou 17760«=«17 3 Pindenioya 595 10 ch pek 800 a
221 2704 17 do bromixed 1989 29 | 5 Fairfield 601 13kfch fans Sil 28 hia
222 Augusta 2707 5 do dustNo.1 700 22 | 8 Carney 610 16hfch pek 720 28 bid
224 St. Patrick 2713 93 do pek 2024 99 | 13 Yarrow 625 20hfch broorpek 1100 41
225 Ismalle 2716 20 do sou 1800-2. 14 628 28 do bropek 1344 41
226 CH 9719 25 do red leaf 2250 13 | 15 63L 30 do pek 1320 33
227 Nakiadeniya 2722 15 do pek 1200 ©33 16 634 14 do pek sou 700 (a7
228 2725 12 do pek sou 840 27 19 Scarborough 643 19hfch broorpek 1026 61
229 Fetteresso 2728 24hfch broorpek 1440 62 20 646 17 do or pek 884 44
230 2731 42 do bropek 2520 49 21 649 27 do pek 1377 39
231 2734 18 ch pek 1620 46 22, 652 17 do pek sou 799 36
232 2737 23 do pek sou 1955 38bia | 23 Wellesley 655 28 ch sou 2786 9 bid
ap Walpita 2 16 Be bro or pek 16060 37 a Ingeriya cet 22 ch Ree pek 2200 «35
4 2743 12 do bropek 1200 35 d 3 do ek 1235.28
235 2746 25 do aaa 2375 27 27 667 12 do pek sou 1140 26
236 2749 11 do pek sou 880 26 a0 Lonach Bs a3 oan bro Sree 2610 41
238 2755 6 do dust 700 © 28 ! oF ¢ or pe 2464-38
239 BE 2758 90 hf-ch broorpek 5580 44bid | 32 682 43 do pek 3440 82
240 2761 80 do or pek 3840 36 33 685 15 do peksou 1200 27
241 y 2764 36 do pek 1800 34 34 Doragalla 688 28 ch bro pek 2€60 47
242 Tembiligalla 2767 39 ch broorpek 3705 39 35 691 36 do pek 2680 36
243 ane 2770 25 do pek 2250 31 gs ne 2 ae nek sou 960 29
24 in est, ) ans 1485 32
mark 9782 14 do peksou 1990 35 pp Bas lan 200 tod eh eee oe Se
248 2785 10hfch dust 300 26 Bo, ane ee aeons
249 Kukuland 2788 20 do broorpek 2000 42 52 BLGEbESE 742 oE en oe aan »
7 02 2
250 Zi9) 2 fe Lt 2a) pe 53 d 745 12hfch dust 1020-24
363 CRD Sav 7 do ei 700 os 55 Galpitya 761 28 ch bro pek 2520 34 bid
257 Hayes 2812 47 do broorpek 4465 41 ae oe a de Pe seas ok
258 2315 13 do orpek 1040 38 38 eres i tar ero eo aes
259 9818 61 do pek 4580 28 ; Os nt ee ere ee
260 2871 22 do peksou 1980 25 BaGN Cie CO wee ee ee
262 Queensland 2827 14hfch broorpek 700 77 i HB. 10) Go eae se Tes
263 2830 7 ch br pek 700 58 Oo ua estate rm.
264 2833 9 do pek B10); aaa Monee ae SS inail “Ci Wee Rt ae ee
267 Udabage 2842 37hfich younghyson2035 32bid | 74 Rayigam 808 9 hf ch fee a 20
268 2845 23 do hysonNo.1A1150 27 83 Mary Hill 835 17hf ch bree k ZO pres
269 2848 30 do hysonNo.1B1500 23bid | g4 338 26 d soe aoe as
270 9851 15 do ‘byson No.2 750 16bid | gs arte vac erece TG ot
271 2854 17 do green teafans935 11bid | g7 Kelani 847 17 ch ie om TED 2
273 Tonacombe 2860 36 ch or pek 3420 89649 ee TONS el
274 psauuan) ad b k us 88 850 16 do broor pek 16(@ 41
276 2866 47 do a 1980 ie a Soap do pe yaa
276 2869 14 do peksou 1190 =-38 ay BGN AEA 8 do ans E ape 3
277 Lochiel 2872 19hfch broorpek 1102 71 92 862 22 d Bare re
7 eee ae eee ioe oy ea) ae
2 2878 21 do pek 1827 40 4 T $48 1. hive Shears 700
§ zZ re sou 20 2
283 M 2890 13 do bropek 1362 out 103 Hangranoya 895 19 ch bro pek 19:0 38
285 K’Watte 2:96 30hf-ch broorpek 1800 38bid | 104 898 11 do pek 990 32
26 2899 10 ch or pek 720 44 198 Glenburn 910 19 ch pek 1960 17 bid
sl Ae aioe 290: 16 do pek 1440 30 bid sou ‘a og ants pek sou 963 11 bid
M in est. 3 Oononagalla 925 28hfch broorpek 1100
mark 2905 36 do bropek 3597 asbia | 14 93 18 ‘eh broek 1300 with
289 © H 208 41 do redleaf 3690 11 18 oa ee Gea Pere 296. Gran
291 Lauderdale 29!4 40 do bro pek 4000 3 ue 984 12 do pek sou 1020 ie
292 2917 25 do pek 2375 28 iy Solio Bich ease wey
293 2020 28 do re a chara ies 118 Harrangalla 940 11 ch broorpek 1045 - 43 bid ‘
294 2923 16hf-ch br pek dust 1280 24 ue GeprdO GO) gbropek a: Uaeela cine f
295 T C L in est. 121 949 12 bf ch ie angen es
ro pek dust 900 2
mark 2926 13 ch gou 1235 23 122 LMR 952 9 ch bro re a 6 bid
298 HF 2935 20hfch broorpek 1220 52bid | 127 Danawkande 967 9 ch pek 900 29 ;
299 2938 26 do or pkNo.11430 ibid | 131 M 979 8 ch sou 720 out 4
300 2941 42 do orpek ° 2058 35bid | 134@ 988 8 ch sou 720 out “
301 Penrhos 2914 20hfch broorpek 1100 55
302 2917 20 do or pek 900 40 i
30! 950 18 ch ek 15303 i
204 sch aoag lard) incknoa dasa (Messrs. HE. John & Co.—226,6»9 Ib.] ve;
20 isham 2962 12 do broor pek 1200 64 bid
108 2005 1D pee yar neon aaieia Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bea es
‘ 2968 13 do ek 1105s 7
su. Salim 2074 7 do DEER 700 a1 Bs er PeeUAGT AS Glee oe ;
2077 8 do ek 79. ‘ : :
Bis Kennington 2968 8 do pe a iy 43 9 Sanquhar 438 14hfch dust 1120 26
316 socgthiy, is aa age Be if Galata 54L 7 ch broorpek 700 44
3) Q 544.10 do ek 850 32
320 3001 9 do pksouNo.1 744 25 3 y 7
get WK 3004 22hf-ch broorpek 1430 37 bid ie Elston Bee 1 ae pee a is = ee
328 B10 GObfeeh Pek wou 1000 a6 SoD oh” ipokeauy tae les
44 St. Poul’s 3013 28 do pek 1609 41 18 Culloden ges io de! ipek 000 Sh

|
|

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot: Box. Pkgs, Name. lb oc. Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib Cy
19 Kadienlena 668 24hf-ch pekfans 1680 26 651 964 21 ch pek 1883 39
20 Nahavilla 571 20 ch or pek 1800 48 bid 154 973 2L do bro pek 2205 34 bid
21 574 23 do bro pek 2300 55 155 Morahela 976 25 do pek 2100 36
22 577 10 do pek 900 46 bid 156 979 24 do or pek No. 2 2064 38
23 580 10 do pek sou 800 9 167 982 15 do or pek No. 11290 39 bid
29 Whyddon 598 21 do bro or pek 2268 45 bid 158 985 23 do bro or pek 2300 39
30 601 14 do or pek 1260 = 36 159 988 12 do bro pek 1152 47
34 TEWN 613 7 do bro or pek 700 162 Ukuwatte 997 @7hfch bropek 3105 31 bid
85 616 11 do or pek 1100 ; withd’n 163 1000 20 ch pek 1800 28 bid
38 625 13 do dust 1300 164 3 16 do pek sou 1280 24
39 Mount Clare 628 9 do young hyson 855 35 168 Navangama 15 14 do or pek 1400 37
40 631 10 do byson 850 25 169 18 15 do pek 1350 32
41 634 9 do hyson No.2 765 17
rs Glentilt 649 19 WD pro pek yan Be
4 652 11 do or pe 100 4
48 6&5 15 do pek 1425 36 SMALL LOTS,
49 ' 658 8 Heh pek sou : tae 84 A ———
50 Kila 661 10 ¢ ‘ro Or pe 000 37 bi
61 664 37 do bropek °3145 34 bid £. Benham & Co.
52 667 13 do pek 1105 28
53 Gonavy 670 17 do or pek 1415 34pia | Lote Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. .
54 673 16 do bropek 1600 48 5 Hornsey 87 7 ch pek sou 490 36
55 676 29 do ek 2175 =. 38 7 Mandara :
56 Glasgow 679 17 do broorpek 1309 62 Newera 93 3hfch dust 240-22
57 682 13 do or pek 910 43 8 Hapugasteane 96 4 do dust 302 24
68 68 9 do pek 828 41 9 Galatura 99 4 do dust 340 23
59 688 10 do pek sou 100039 LEADS OA LA TU RAT
60 ein 691 11 pale pek ans ae 29
61 Midlothian 694 16hfch_ bro pe 0 56
a5 697) 16 do of pel (736 43 Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
63 700 14 ¢ e 330 41
65 Rookwood 706 30 do broorpek 180 64 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, c.
66 709 20 do or pek 1920 36 1 Horagaskelle 2044 6hfch bro pek 356 35
67 712 22 do pek 1980 33 2 2047 6 do pek 316 24
68 Moratota 715 24 do bro pek 2640 40 bid 3 2050 5 do pek sou 284 22
70 721 20 do pek 1800-32 9 Nakiadeniya 2068 7 ch bro or pek 420 4C bid.
“el 724 13 do pek No.2 1040 28 10 2071 3 do bro or pek
74 GP 733 31hfch bro pek 170587 No 2 336 =: 36
76 MR 736 32 ch bro pek 8200 39 bid IL 2074 4 do or pek 360 37
76 739 6lhbfch pek 2867 35 13 2080 6 do pek sou 450 26
78 Kandaloya 745 22 do bro pek 990 41 14 2083 4 do bro tea 320 19
79 748 23 do or pek 920 41 15 2086 2 do pek fans 200 26
80 751 76 do pek 3040 33 16 2089 2 do dust 280 2
82 K 157 37 ch bro or pek 3700 49 bid 1s FE F in estate
83 760 43 do or pek 3655 33 bid mark 2095 13 hf ch_ pek 650 20
84 763 20 do pek 1800 32 19 2098 6 do pek sou 270 = 16
85 766 38 do pek No.2 3420 27 bid | 20 210L 1 do _ bro mix 50 «18
86 Kalawewa 769 18 do brupek 1620 34 bid | 25 Panawatte 2116 4 ch dust 600 39.28
87 772 25 do pek 2174 31 bid | 31 Beruketiya 21384 6 do bro pek 588 35
gg Glassaugh 775 \6hfch or pek 896 63 32 2137 3 do bro pek No 2 282 2%
39 778 12 do bro or pek £04 58 bid 33 2140 4 do pek 360 26
20 781 10 ch pek 1050 45 bid | 34 2148 3 do peksou 275. 24
93 GN 790 7 do i 35 2146 1 do pek dust 130 23
lhfch pekfans 1073 22 43 Nillomally,
95 G’Watte 796 20 do bro or pek 1300 39 bid OB E C, in
96 799 22 ch pek 1980 - 32 estate mark 2170 1 ch bropekfans 100 32
97 M 802 14 do pek sou 1372 out 44 2173 5 do fans 509-28
98 Rondura 805 37 do bro pek 3700 40 49 Great Valley
99 808 15 do or pek 1350 36 Ceylon, in est.
100 811 11 do broorpek 1265 32 mark 2188 4hfch dust 340-93
101 814 26 do pek 2210 29 57 Ardlaw and
104 Myraganga 823 21 do orpek 1680 37 Wishford 2212 8hfch dust 696 22
105 826 68 do hroorpek 6800 44bid | 61 Chesterford 2224 3 ch congou 270-28
106 829 15 do pe 14250 36 65 Clyde 2236 4 ch pek sou 300 35
108 Loughton 835 50hfch bro pek 2506 41 bid 66 2239 4 do dust 580 23
109 838 78 do pek 3900 36 67 2242 2 do pek fans 260 26
110 841 58 ch pek sou 2900 35 72 BloomPark 2257 2 ch bro pek fans 200 28
113 B, Talawa, in z 73 Bloom Park,
est. mark 50 15 do broorpek 1425 41 bid JST 2260 6 ch pek 600-24
114 853 23 do pek 2070 «8932 bid | 74 Bloom Park 2263 2hfch dust 180 18
116 Templestowe 859 34 do bro or pek 2550 55 82 Laxapana-
117 862 23 do bro pek 1495 39 galla 2287 5 ch pek sou 425 26
118 865 23hfch or pek 1035 41 bid } 33 2290 6 do pek fans 600 = 27
119 868 26 ch pek 2080 38bid | 95 Nahalma 2326 10hfch bro pekfans 560 2
120 871 11 do pek sou 880 35 110 Rickarton 2371 do dust 340-25
121 Ratwatte 874 32 do bro pek 3360 35 112 Theydon
122 877 30 do pek 2700-28 Bois 2377 8 ch or pek 680-38
123 $80 17 do pek sou 1360 24 114 2383 5 do pek sou 400 25
126 Higham 885 19hfch bro or pek 1235 42 119 Battawatte 2393 2 ch dust 200 24
126 889 32 ch bropek 3200 = 46 120 Hayes 240. 2 do pek 170) 25
127 €92 +0 do pek 2800 38 133 Dammeria 2440 4 ch fans 320-28
128 895 16 do wyek sou 1520, 35 138 Mcrankande 2455 8hfch bro or pek
130 Longville 901 20 do bro pek 2000 40 bid fans 560 26
131 904 12 do pek 1200 36 139 2458 2 do dust 180 24
132 907 8 do peksou 720 34 ‘42 Hanwella 2467 2 ch hysonNo2 220 16
134 913 10hfch tans 700 29 143 2470 2° do hysonsiftings 260 12
136 SRC 919 32 do broorpek 1920 60bid |} 145 Fairlawn 2476 16hfch or pek 640 48
137 922 45 ch orpek 4680 45 bid | 147 2482 5 ch peksou 400 34
138 925 21 do pek 1974 40 bid | 148 2485 2hfch dust 150-25
139 Ferndale 928 19 do broorpek 1045 54 155 W 2506 1 ch pek 90 ~—s80
142 937 16 do pek 1x80 35 160 Geragama,
144 Yahalakele 943 72 do bro pek 7200-36 Invoice No, 21 2521 8hfch dust 640 24
145 946 19 do pek ; 1520 a 165 Warwick 25386 3 do dust 255 24
146 949 18 do peksou 1260 24 166 Halwatura 26539 7 do dust 560 9-24
147 952 8 do pekfans 60 24bid | 172 Glendon 2557 5 ch bropek fans 325 32
148 955 5 do ust 80020 173 2560 7 do dust 525 24
149 «+L 958 $4 do bro pek 2887 3tbid | 177 Matale 2572 Lhfch sou 90 28
160 MN 961 13 do broorpek 1300 50 bid 178 2575 1 do fans 76 29

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. ~

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. psec s Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ce.

179 2578 1lhfch dust 90 24 98 Calfornia 380 7hfch bro pek 350 © 32
iso R 2581 3 ch sou 201 18 99 883 5 ch pek 485 yi
182 Plackard 2587 4 do bro or pek 420 28 100 896 4 do pek sou 400 21
183 2590 1 do orpek 95 = 22 101 889 1hfeh pek dust 86 «29
184 2593 1 do __ bro pek 100 27 102 Hangranoya 892 5 ch broorpek 450 49
185 2596 2 dc pek 180 20 105 901 4 do pek sou 320-26
186 2599 2 do unas 180 16 106 904 6 do brotea 400 20
187 Deyanella 2602 1 ch dust 143 22 107 Glenburn 907 6 ch bro pek 600-30 bid
188 2695 lhfch dust 85 24 110 916 1 do son 100
195 Passara 111SS 919 6hfch Hyson 485
Group 2626 1 do dust 90 24 112 922 4 do dust 392 ‘
196 2629 2 do fans 14029 123 LMR 055 4 ch son 359 out |
197 Dunkeld 2632 1 ch or pek 9 =36 124 958 2 do con 135
203 Yataderia 2650 6hfch dust 540-24 125 961 4 do dust 440
223 Augusta 2710 1 ch dustNo.2 175 out 126 Danawkande 964 5 ch bro pek 500 37
237 Walpita 2752 7 do sou 560 = 22 128 970 5 do peksou 500-24
244 Tembiligalla 2:73 1 do pek sou 90 5 129 973 3 do fans 312 97
R45 2776 1 do bro pek fans 125 28 130 976 1 do dust 138 92
246 2779 1 do dust 159 23 132 Donside +» 98212hfch bro pek 600 3
252 K WD 2797 3.do bropekfans 215 36 133 Meddegadde 85 11hfch brocrpek 605 47
254 CRD 2803 4 ae She au 20 a
255 Ella Oya 2806 11 do g. t. siftings 63 12
256 y 2cg 3 do dust 30 Od [Messrs. BH. John & Co.!
261 Hayes 2824 9 do ans 630 = 34 , os, me. ‘
965 Queensland 2836 3 do peksou 255 38 bid Lot. : Box bags Name Ib: —c;
266 2839 1hfeh br pk dust 80 26 1 Allington 514 5 ch bro pek 500 24
272 Udabage 9857 5 do greenteadust400 13 2 517 1 do broorpek 110 30
280 Ookoowatte 2881 3 ch pek fans 390 25 3 520 6 do pek 540-25
281 2884 1 do bropek fans 66 28 4 523 4 do pek sou 360 93
282 9887 1 do dust 100 23 5 526 1hfch dust 80 23 '
284 M 2893 8 do sou 677. —s out 6 HBK 529 11 do bro or pelk 660 = «57
200 CH 9911 2 do red leaf 180 7 13 Galata 550 5 do bropeKkdust 375 24
296 TC L in est 17 Culloden 562 6 ch bro pek 600 30
mark 2929 3 do pek fans 300 23 24 Nahavilla 583 4 do dust 560 89-23
997 2932 3 do pek dust 240 22 25 586 4 do pek fans 520 26
305 Penrhos 2956 2 do sou 134-24 26 ALA 589 3 do pek 318 88
306 2959 2hfch_ fans 150 25 27 522 3 do pek sou 279-28
310 Salim 2971 2 ch broorpek 200 71 28 Thotulagalla 595 4hfch dust 340 8925 f
313 2930 2 do pek sou 180 26 31 Whyddon 604 4 ch peksou 384 30
314 2983 1 do dust 100 24 Be oy ahi fans ue 2 ;
317 Kennington 2:92 6 ch pek sou 47724 ¢ us' 4 j
318 Be 2995 8 do dust 432-93 36 THWN 619 7 do pek Boe withd’n
319 9993 1 do unast 82 23 3% 622 6 do peksou 640
baie 42 Mount Clare 637 2 do byson sittings
Biase EA Ae No.1 180 10
{Messrs. Somerville & Co.} 43 640 1 do do No.2 100 1
k N lb 44 643 2 do siftings No 1 220 10
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. - C. 45 646 1 do do No.2110 12
4 Findenioya 592 4 ch or pek 360 33 64 Midlothian 703 5hfch fans 400° 24
2 598 1 do dust 142-23 69 Moratota 718 4 ch or pek 400 37
6 Fairfield 604 3 ch sou 162 20 "2 727 -3 do bro pekfans 240 24
7 607 1 do dust 95 24 73 730 1 do pek fans 80 24
9 Carney 613 12hfch peksou 54024 77 Kandaloya 742 12bich br or,ek 640 55 bid
10 616 2 do bropek fans 100 28 81 754 12 do vek sou 480 27 4
11 619 1 do sou 50 18 91 Loughton 784 4 do bro pek 200 35
1z 622 2 do dust 10023 92 GN 787 1 box bropekfans “21 33
17 Yarrow 637 5hfch bropek fans 330 31 94 793 1 ch
18 640 2 do pek dust 176 24 ihf-ch pek dust 248 22
24 Wellesley 658 38 ch dust 200 «11 102 Rondura 817 4 ch peksou 360 25
28 Ingeriya 670 2 ch pek dust 364 23 103 820 4 do dust 660 23
1hfch 107 Myraganga 832 4 do pek sou 300 28 |
29 SB &M, in es- 111. Loughton 844 7hfch dust 350 23
mark 673 10 boxes pek 100 24 112 847 7 do fans 350 30
40 Raglan 706 1 ch dust 125 22 115 B, Talawa, in
41 HJS 709 6hfch bropek 260-33 est. mark 856 7 ch pek sou 595 25 bid
42 71211 do pek 660 36 124 Ratwatte 883 2hfch dust 160 23
43 715 9 do pek sou 540-24 129 Higham $98 2 ch sou 200 26
44 718 6 do dust 450-23 133 Longville 910 4 do sou 360 25
45 GA 721 7 ch peksou 560 135 916 5hfch dust 475 24
46 724 6 do sou 396 22 140 Ferndale 931 6 ch bropek 510.41
47 IP 727 4 ch pek sou 300 26 141 934 8 do or pek 640 37
48 730 6hich dust BES iE 143 910 1 do bropekfans 113 35
50 ThiaSholah 73610 do pek 530 24bid | 152 KP 967 3bfch dust 288 24
51 739 10 do pek No 2 500 20 bid | 153 970 8 do fans 640 26
54 Blackburn 748 9hfch fans 630 25 160 Morahela 991 4 ch sou 360 24
59 Malabar 763 1 ch bro pek 100 34 161 994 3hfch dust 246 23
60 766 3 do pek 240-29 165 TKD 6 3 ch |
61 769 2 do peksou 160 «26 2hfich bro or pek 469 32bid ae}
62 772 1 do fans 70 22 166 9 2 ch or pek 170-35 #4
65 Eswatte 781 6 ch bro pek 630 17 bid | 167 Navangama 12 4 do broorpek 400 43bid 4
66 784 5 do pek 500 15 bid | 177 HED 21 2 do dust 200 23
67 787 4 do pek sou 360 12 bid a)
68 790 6 do bro pek fans 520 18 i?

70 Goorogndoo: ingen pak teat 7 aco. oa tT CEN LONG CORBEE (SAEs MiNi ol WRmeane

71 799 3 do dust 800 22

73 Rayigam 805 3 ch bro mix 261 23 (From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

75 DD 811 4 ee pes fans 52723 Minoine LANE, August 24.

76 Pauiaiy oe Dee LOD in Tee “ Calchas.”—G: kellie 1, 2 casks and 1 tierce

7 t nec bE ; alchas. sowrnkellie 1, a

ti ters 20 Dbok Wer ti He Be sold at 117s; ditto 2, 5 casks sold at 103s; GKE

79 823 1hfch peksou Asn at 5 T in estate mark, 1 tierce sold at 31s. —

Bt) 26 1box bropek fans 32 18 ‘Duke of Portland.’”—Nayabedda F',1 tierce sold ;

Dh a3 i ae per fons aS a at 118s; ditto 1, 1 cask and i iorce aula at 110; .

aH Pa acrid Bee eek oe) ¢ ditto 2, 6 casks and 1 tierce sold a 3.

95 Ht a a7 ae Bro ale i a ‘ Workman,”—Nayabedda F,1barrel soldat 115s5
96 874 2 do’ pek 160 24 ditto 2, 5 casks and 1 barrel sold at 95s 6d; NB |
97 877 lhfch dust "fh oy PD T in estate mark, 1 barrel and 1 cask sold at 37s.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. a |

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

PrIcE :—124 cents each, 3 copies
No. 36. COLOMBO, SEPTEMBER 23, 1901. { 30 cents; 6 co, ies 4 rupee.
Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. Ibs ce;
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, 123 Deaculla 3403 45 hfch bro pek 2476 «= «68
Gann 124 3406 48 ch pek 386C 39
LARGE LOTS. 125 3409 22 ane Bek sou 1540 39
126 3412 10hfc ust * 800° 25
(Messrs. forber: & Walker.| 128 CNN 3418 14 do fans 980 33
[574,575 1b.] 129 Errollwood 3421 26hfch bro os pek 1560 64 hia
" a 130 2424 11 ch or pe 1045 42 bi
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. 131 3427 14 do pek 1260 36 bid
1 Ardross 3037 11hfch dust 880 23 132 Digdola 3430 32 do broorpek 3010 41 bid
2 Narangalla 3040 23 ch bro pek 2390 39 bid | 133 3433 27 do pek 2160 30
3 3043 22 do or pek 2090 B4 135 BB inest.
4 3046 46 do pek 4140-26 mark 3439 14hfch_ bro pek 77044
5 3049 12 do pek sou 1140 23 141 Harrow 3457 19 do broorpek 1140 58
7 Strathisla 3(65 9 ch or pek 720 40 42 3460 13 ch bropek 730 48 bid
8 3058 16 do bro pek 160043 133 3463 13 do pek 1390 = 41
9 3061 25 do pek 2250 36 146 Gampaha 3472 40 bfch broorpek 2180 71
10 3u64 9 do peksou 720 26 147 3475 41 do or pek 2255 = «68
20 New Pera- 148 3478 26 ch pek 2288 51
deniya 3094 20 ch bro pek 2100 54 149 3481 38 do pek sou 34120 - 47
21 3097 20 do or pek 1800 38 150 3484 11 bfch pek fans 9908
22 3140 64 do pek 544035 151 Clunes 3487 20 ch bro or pek 2000 38
23 3103 15 do peksou 1125-28 152 3490 12 do or pek 1020-31
27 Sivikandure 3115 9 ch bro pek 900 34 153 3193 14 do per Nol 1260 28
28 3118 11 do pek 1045-28 154 349 13 do pek No2 1170 26
29 3121 12 do pek sou lurO 24 158 Polatagama 2508 37 ch bro pek 3700 40
33 New Peacock 313: 38hfch bropek 1900 41 159 3511 8 do or pek 760 5
34 3136 :0 do pekfans 1500 5 160 3:14 384 do pek 3060 =. 82
85 Choisy 3129 40 do bro or pek 2200 48 134 Hayes 3526 28 ch bro orpek 2660 42
36 3142 13 ch or pek 1235 40 165 3529 49 do pek 3920 38
37 8145 17 do pek 1445 35 166 3532 17 do pek sou 1530 23
38 3148 15 do peksou 120031 168° Erracht 3538 21 ch bro pek 2400 40
39 MTP, in estate 169 3541 26 do pek 2210 30
mark 3151 21 ch fans 2205-28 170 3542 9 do peksou 765225
40 3154 7 do dust 700 23 173 Dammeria 35483 17 ch pek sou 1520 35
42 Halbarawa 3160 12 do bro pek 1200 36 174 3556 24 do pek 2400 42
43 3163 14 do pek 1190 26 175 3559 18 do bro pek 1800 5C€ bid
47 Maha Eliya 3175 22bfch broorpek 1210 66 176 3562 10 do broorpek i000 41
48 3178 25 de bro pek 1375 49 177 3565 15 do ~ or pek 1350 = 43 bid
49 3181 7 ch or pek 700 43 bid | 178 Killarney 3568 30bfch broor pek 1650 £2
50 3184 28 do pek 2660 8 179 3571 10 dv dust 900 24 —
51 OBEC,m 1:0 Gleneagles 3574 90 hfch broorpek 5130 53 bid
est. mark, Z 18% 3577 38 «ch or pek 3230 48 bid
Summerhill 3187 39 ch bro or pek 2418 67 bid 182 35809 13 do pek 1235 42
52 3190 18 do or pek . 183 3583 10hfch pek fans 850 9-27
No 1 1620 54 bid 184 Tymawr 3586 18 do brocrpek 1080 69
538 3193 21 ch or pek 1911 = 48 bid 185 3589 23 do or pek 1265 48
54 Beverley (2 0z. 186 3592 20 do pek 1u00.— 39
lead line) 3196 20 ch bro pek 1200 52 187 3595 20 do peksou 100035
55 3199 60 hich or pek 3040 39 188 BD WG _ 3593 35 hfch bropek 1750 40 bid
56 3202 51 do pek 2550 33 189 1 34 do pek 1700 3ain
57 3205, 33 do pek sou 148527 192 Laxapanagalla 10 10 ch broorpek 1000 40 bid
59 Bcgahagoda- 193 13.17 du _ bro pek 15380 34
watte 3211 9 ch bro pek 855 32 200 HG M 34 14 ch bro pek 1400 = du bid
60 3214 13 do pek 117025 201 57 12 do pek 1680 out
61 3217 8 do - peksou 760 23 202 40 10hfch fans 700 28
62 Igalkande 3220 29 ch bro pek 2500 35 203 Ireby 43 33 do bro pek 1980 60
63 3223 23 do pek 2300. 80 204 46 16 ch _ pek 1360.42
64 3226 lu do peksou 900 25 205 49 12 do peksou 10203
66 Ingrogalla 3232 10 do bropek 1000 46 208 Glengariffe 58 42hfch broorpek 2310 [6
67 8235 8 do pek 72038 209 61 19 do or pek 855 out
68 Etulgama 3238 18hfch dust 1620 23 210 64 21 ch pek 1890 38
70 Cholankande $244 24 ch pek sou 1920 26 PLL 67 21 do pek sou 1575 26
71 3247 20 do fans 2400 24 213 V, in estate
74 Roeberry K 2256 7 do bre or pek 700 71 mark See Tan ich pek sou 1120 26 bid
75 3259 14 do bropek 1400 54 216 Palawatte 82 15 do bro pek 900. 35 bid
76 3262 13 do pek 119648 217 85 14hfch pek 700 = -Q9
77 3265 8 do pek sou 752 42 221 PC H Galle,
78 Roeberry M 3268 10 ch bro or pek 1000 70 in estate
79 3271 20 do bro pek 2000 53 mark 97 22hfch younghyson 1100 out
80 3274 21 do pek 193249 222 100 26 do ‘byson 1300 out
81 22:7 11 do peksou 103444 226 Yelverton 112 11 ch bro pek 1155 50
88 IT KV 8298 9 ch pekfans 1080 27 — 227 115 13 do pek 1235 44
8 ‘Maxim 3301 384 do — bro pek 2536 = 32 bid 229 Udaveria 121 20hfch bro or pek 1800 68
90 3304 12hfch bro or pek Ne ie 230 124 18 do pek 1710 49
dust 780-25 bid 231 12715 do pekscu 1350 43
91 Sylvakandy 383(7 70 do bro pek 3850 55 232 OB HC, in
92 3310 29 ch pek 2610 37 estate mark
95 Kitulgalla 3319 35hf-cbh broorpek 2100 37 — New market 130 40hfch brocrpek 2460 £9 bid
96 8322 18 ch or pek 1530 33 bid 233 133 59 do bro pek 354047
97 3325 22 do pek 1870 27 bid 234 136 13 ch or pek 117040
102 Rowly 3340 Jéhfch cr pek 800 36 bid 235 129 19 do pek 1710 36
103 3343 38 do pek 1900, 32 236 142, 9 do pek sou 864 34
107 Strathspey 3355 11 ch or pek 1100 46 bid 239 Nakiideniya 151 8 ch bro or pek £00 46
103 3368 11 do pek 1045 42 bid | 240 154 13 do bropek 1430 38
lil Yogama 3367 15 ch bro pek 1560 = 40 bid 241 157 12 do pek 960-833
112 3370 9 do or pek 81033 243 Beddegama 163 10 do broorpek 10CO 4%
113 3373 18 do pek 1620-30 244 166 8 do — bro pek 800 out
116 Agra Oya 3382 9 ch bro or ek 765 39 248 B’Land 173 9 ch pe: sou 720 15
lly 3385 9 do bro pek 900 39 249 Coldstream
118 3388 9 do pek 765 30 Group 181 32hfch_ bro pek 1600 47
119 3891 9 do orpek 720° 33 250 184 10 ch pek 80-87
120 / 3394 9 do pek 765 30 254 FredsRuhe 196 88. do bro pek 3800 40
121 3397 20hf-ch bio pek 1100 39 255 199 31 do pek 2790 29
‘122 3400 10 ch brocr pek 900 38 266 202 18 do pek sou 18u0 25.

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ban ce Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.

: 413 Talgaswela 673 13 do broorpek 1300
258 Galleheria 208 7 ch broorpek 700 63 414 676 26 do pek 2080
260 214 16 do pek 1360 38 415 679 17 bfch pek sou 1275
263 Chesterford 223 40 ch bro pek 4000 46 416 682 17 ch or pex 1360
264 226 32 do pek 2880 33 417 685 15 do br pek No2 900
265 229 22 do peksou 1980 6.28 418 Mansfield 688 49hf-ch bro pek 2940
267 Madulkelle, 235 13 ch or pek 1040 43 419 691 16 ch pek 1520
268 2388 13 do pek No. 1 1040 8G 492 SR inestate
271 Woodend 247 26 do _ bro pek 2600 40 mark 700 do congou 1615
272 250 32 do pek 2880 30 423 Hanwella 703 45hfch young hyson 2700
273 258 9 do pek sou 720 25 424 706 18 do hyson No.1 980
275 Taldua 259 14 do bro pek 1470 40 427 Seenagolla 716, 12 do bro or pek 720
276 262 9 do pek 792 29 429 721 13 do pek 778
278 Dunnottar 268 9 do broorpek 900 55 432 730 12 do brorpek 720
279 271 11 do bro pek 1100 45 433 733 9 ch or pek 85
280 274 31 do pek 2635 38 434 736 10 do pek 1640
286 K PW 292 32hfch broorpek 2240 41 437 Letcbemy 745 ilhfch pek fans 715
287 295 36 do broyek 2160 35 439 Carfkx 751 13 do _ bro pek 1300
289 301 42 do pek 2520 29 440 754 15 do or pek 1350
295 APIG 319 15 do bro pek 900 43 441 757 15 do pek 1350
397 325 13 ch pek 1170 = .29 442 Battawatte 760 9 do orpek 900
306 Weyungawattejs52 22 do bro pek 2200 38 443 763 54 do broor pek 3510
807 855 27 do pek 2430 81 444 766 31 do pek 2945
308 368 24 do pek sou 1920 27 445 767 12 do pek sou 960
311 Marlborough 367 31hf-ch broorpek 1550 58 447 High Forest 775 53hfch or pez No131°7
312 370 +13 ch bro pek 1300 47 448 778 24 do or pek 1320
313 373 8 do pek 720 38 449 781 25 do pek 1225
314 Laurawatte 376 18 do bro pek 1998 43 451 Dea Ella 787 20 do broorpek 1100
315 379 17 do orpek 1666 34bid | 452 790 35 do or pek 1750
316 882 21 do pek 1911 32 453 793 29 do pek 1450
317 385 14 do peksou 1344 26 454 . 798 21 do peksou 1050
819 Maragalla 891 22 do br pek 2420 42 456 BE 802 50 do bro or pek 3100
320 394 13 do orpek 1170 _ 36bid | 463 Surianalle 823 23 do or pek 1288
321 397 13 do pek . 1170 29hbid | 464 826 24 do pek 1200
324 Welmalle 406 % do broorpek 800 465 829 16 do peksou 800
325 409 10 do or pek 800 bwrhdran 4¢€7 Lochiel 835 10 do dust 850
326 412 16 do pek 1360 468 Stranraer 838 38uv ch bro or pek 3000
327 Ingoya 415 40 do bropek 4000 36bid | 469 841 19 do or pek 1520
328 418 33 do pek 2574 30 470 844 33 do pek 2640
329 421 18 do peksou 1224 26 471 847 18 do pekNo2 1440
330 Tilyrie 424 31hf-ch broorpek 1860 60 472 850 13 do _ bro pek fans 1300
331 427 27 ch br pek 2565 53 473 Walton 853 16 do bro pek 1680
332 430 23 do pek 1955 33 474 £56 13 do or pek 1105
333 Claverton 433 21hf-ch bro pek fan 1260 30 475 859 13 do pek 1105
334 436 16 do dust 1040 4 478 Broadlands &68 22 do pek fan 2420
342 Yataderia 460 58 do broorpek 3712 37bid | 479 871 10 do dust 1550
a re 0 ch or pee 3000 34 =

44. 466 2 (0 pe 2470 28 bid S
345 469 10 do peksi 1000 25 Messrs. Somervilie & Ge.—
Bae ce BD ean bro oe pek 3840 39 bid {339,001 lb. ]
4 2 c or pe 2000 34

348 478 30 do pek 2160 28bia | Lot. Box. Pes.) Name. (Bb.
349 Doteloya 481 12 do - br pek 1200 43 1 Avisawella 991 14 ch bro pek 1400
350 484 19 do pek 1710 929 2 991 12 do orpek 1080
351 487 10 do sou 750 24 3 997 10 do pek 900
854 Good Hope 495 22 do bro or pek 2200 40 4 1000 14 do pek sou 1120
BE 49) 47 do br pek 4230 36 6 Agra Elbedde1006 i5hfch bro or pek 900
360 Vogan 514 31 hfch broorpek 1860 58 8 1012 16 do pek 8co
361 517 28 ch or pek 2660 35bid | 12 Hyde 1024 12 ch or pek 1104
362 620 35 do pek 3150 32 13 1027 2lhfch broorpek 1197
363 523 20 do pek sou 1800 26 bid | i4 1030 20 ch pek 1600
865 Kumaradola 529 13 do bro pek 1430 42 19 Hapugasmullel045 7 ch bro pek 7.0
367 585 8 do pek - 720 29bid | 20 1048 11 do jek 1012
369 Findlater 541 17 do bro pek 178558 21 1051 9 do unas 900
370 544 17 do pek 1615 41 23 Salawe 1057 10 ch broorpek 1200
372 Dikbedde 550 28 do bro pek 2940 48 bid | 24 1060 13 do bro pek 1365
372 553 27 do. pek 2565 39 25 1063 13 do pek 1300
374 556 9 do pek sou 828 38 26 1066 10 do pek sou 900
876 Cullen 562 40hfch broorpek 2280 52 81 Pindeni Oya 1081 9 ch sou 765
377 565 23 do orpek 1242 46 32 1084 8 do bro pek fans 720
378 568 27 ch pek 2484 39 85 Mt. Vernon 1093 59 ch pek 5192
880 Tyrone 574 21 do bro pek 2100 38 36 1096 29 do pek sou 2407
381 577 14 ado or pek 1120 34 bid | 38 1102 12hfch dust 960
382 680 20hfch pek 1000 28pbid | 39 St. Catherine 1105 14hfeh bro or pek 703
383 588 28 ch pek sou 2240 24 bid 40 1108 8 ch pek 703
387 Bandara Eliya595 117 hfch bro orpek 6669 41 bid 1 hf ch
388 698 74 do pek 347 36 bid | 43 Hanagama 1117 18 ch or pek 1620
389 601 21 do pek sou 945 32 44 1120 23 do or pek 2070
390 604 381 do pek No. 2 1457 85 45 1123 12 do pek sou 108:
391, 607 21 do pek fans 1260 20 51 Warakamure 1/4L 41 ch bro pek 4100
393 Weligoda 613 14 do perk dust 980 23 | 52 1144 33 do pek 2838
394 Bulugolla 616 19 ch broorpek 1900 out 53 1147 23 do peksou 1955
395 619 29 do or pek 2900 45 | 54 Oononagalle 1150 28hfch broorpek 1400
396 622 30 do pek 2700 «= 88bid | 55 1153 13 ch bro pek 1300
397 625 18 do pek sou 1620 35 66 1156 37 do pek 2960
898 628 8 do fans 800 26 57 1159 12 do pek sou 1620
499 631 8 do dust g00 38-28 58 1162 14hfch dust 1120
400 Kincora 654 18 do broorpek 1890 58 59 Ettie 1165 23 ch bro pek 2300
401 637 18 do pek 1440 38 bid | 60 1168 15 do pek 1500
403 Pansaltenne 643 84 do bro pek 3230 89 bid 61 1171 10 do pek sou 950
404 646 82 do pek 2560 82 62 1174 10 do sou 950
405 649 16 do pek sou 1280 2 78 GB 1222057 ch pek fans 765
406 Putupaula 652 12 do bro or pek 1260 61 1hf ch
407 655 25 do bro pek 2250 46 80 Ravenscraig 1228 14hfch bro pek 770
408 658 20 do or pek 1700 84 81 1280 17) “chi pek 1530
409 661 18 do’ pekNol 1440 82 84 Bollagalla 1240 38 ch bro pek 3809
410 664 12 do ek No 2 900 29 | 86 1243 21 do pek 1680
411 667 6 do r pek fam 760 #1 86 1246 15 do peksou 1200

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec. Lot Box Pkgs Name Ib. «.
235 Annandale 1693 13hfch_ bro or pek 728 66
87 Dartry 1249 21hf ch fans 1638 23 236 1696 21 do or pek 1050 = 43
91 MahalInge 1261 13hfch_ broor pek 780 3= 54 237 1699 14 do pek 756 40
92 1264 26 ch bro pek 2470 = 87 bid | 238 1702 18 do pek sou 918 36
93 1267 21 do or pek 1785 30 bid | 241 Murrayth-
94 1270 15 do pek 1275 29 bid watte 1711 16 ch bro pek 1600 40
95 1278 15 do peksou 1350 25 bid | 242 1714 11 do pek 880 29 bid
96 Galphele 1276 14 ch broorpek 1400 47 245 Elehico 1723 20bfch broorpek 1200 43 brad
97 1279 16 do or pek 1440 36 bid 246 1726 25 do or pek 1250 34 bid
98 1282 16 do bro pek 1600 34 bid | 247 1729 44 do ek 1200 29 bid
99. 1285 22 do pek 1766 82 249 1735 13 ko bro pek fans 910 26
102 Hatdowa 1294 22 ch bro pek 2090 35 bid 257 Mahatenne 1759 20 ch bro pek 2000 36
103 1297 8 do or pek 3680 31 bid | 258 1762 14 do pek 1330-29
104 1300 17 do pek 1275 26 264 Harrangalla 1780 15 ch kroor pek 1425 40 bid
105 1303 10 do pek sou 700 25 265 1783 16 do bro pek 1440 33
107 Neuchatel 1209 35 ch bro or pek 3500 41 266 1786 25 do pek 2125 30 bid
108 1312 21 do or pek 1680 32 267 1789 12 do pek sou 960 25 bid
109 1315 9 do pek sou 720 28 270 GPA 1798 45 ch bro pek 4500 32 bid
112 Paragaha- 271 1801 31 do pek 2604 27
kande 1324 8 ch pek 760 26 272 1804 24 do pek sou 1920 24 bid
117 Galkettiya 273 Kudaganga 1807 10 ch bro pek 1000 = 36
watte 1339 17 ch bro pek 1700 32 bid 278 1822: 12 ch pek sou 960 20 bid
118 1342 22 do pek 1980 26 bid | 279 Glenalmond 1825 15hfch or pek $00 37 bid
119 1345 13 do pek sou 1170 = 24 bid | 281 1831 10 ch pek 900 »=—-29
122 Blinkbonnie 1354 25hfch bro pek , 1500 49 284 Kurunegalle
123 1357 11 ch orpek 1034 46 bid est. Co. 1840 i2hfch_ bro or pek 720 42°
124 1360 17 do vek 1496 44 286 1846 9 ch pek 765 29
126 Neboda 1:66 72 ch bro pek 7200 34 hid 288 Jak Tree Hill!852 12 ch bro pek 1200 37
127 1369 12 do pek 1140 26 289 1855 7 do pek 700 28
129 Monte Ch istoi375 19 ch bro pek 1900 5L 290 1855, 9 do pek sou 893 24
137. New Valley Wo) 15 ch broorpek 1500 61 293 Nugawella 1867 i6hfch broorpek 960) Jit.
138 18 do orpek + 1620 42 294 1870 17 do bro pek SBE quate
139 rh eB 15 do pek 1500 39 296 1876 14 do pek 700 ne
140 1408 19 do peksou 1615 37 300 Galpitiya 1888 28 ch bor pek 2520 «= 84 bid
142 Orion 1414 22 ch bro pek 2310 41 301 Monrovia 1891 45 ch bro pek 4275 =. 33 bid
143 1417 27 do ek 2565 34 302 ; 1894 42 do pek 3990-37
153 Oolapane 1447 10hbf ch dust 800 24 3.3 1897 17 do pek sou 1615 22
155 Farnham 1453 9 ch or pek 765 34 304 1 i3 do bro tea 1235 14
156 1456 57 hfch bro pek 3192 38 306\ Labugama 7 27hfch_ bro pek 1485 39
157 1459 13 ch bropek 1235 31 bid | 307 10 22 ch pek 1870 30
158 1462 15 do peksou 1275 26 bid | 309 16 11Lhfch dust 880 23
159 1465 19hfch fans 1254 25 310 Awisawella 19 16 ch bro pek 1600 35 bid
160 D 1468 7 ch bro pek 700 3h 311 22 11 do or pek 990 3
167 Sudbury 1489 19 ch bro pek 1843 . 33 bid | 312 25 8 do pek 720303228
168 14192 23 do or pek 2070 32 bid | 318 28 13 do pek sou 1040-24
169 1495 25 do pek 2975 28 bid } 315 34 20hfch proor pek 1000 44
170 1498 8 do pek sou 720 26 316 7 10 do dust 700 24
171 Beausejour .1501 16 ch bro or pek 1490 38 317 Meddegodde 40 23hfch broorpek 1265 44 bid
172 15(4 18 do pek 1440 28 318 43 21 do or pek 945 41
176 Deniyaya 1516 16 ch or pek 1660 38 319 46 33 do pek 1440 31
177 1519 9 do bro or pek 900 48 323 Dikmukalana 58 22hfch pek 1100 26
178 1522 15 do pek 425 82 324 61 16 do pek sou 768 24 bid
179 1525 10 do peksou 900 ‘27 325 64 17 do dust 1020 22
180 Polgaha- 326 AP 67 18hfch dust 1620 18
kande 1528 11 ch bro pek 1100 38 328 S T, in estate
181 1531 13 do pek 1066 28 mark 73 25hfch dust 2125 14 bid
182 Cooroondoo 329 76 10 ch red leaf 950 6 bid
watte 1534. 7 ch bropek 700 «44 335 Ambalawa 94 9 ch “pek 720 26
183 1537 13 do pex 1300 31 336 97 13 do pek sou 1040 24
184 1540 9 do pek sou 900 25 339 Mt. Temple 106 29 ch bro or psk =—.2755 34 bid
185 Oonankande 1543 14hich bro pek 700 45 340 109 87 do pek 8071 29 bid.
186 1546 22 do pek 1100 80 bid 342 Theberton 115 11 ch broor pek 1100 35 bid
187 1549 12 do pek sou 840 25 343 118 11 do or pek 990 32 bid
190 Hobart 1658 12 ch pek 1020 29 bid 344 121 21 do pek 1785 28 bid
191 Ravana 1561 18 pie or per el) 30
192 1664 45 do ro pe 2475 3 ®
a08 1567 18 do pek 810 28 bid (Messrs. BH. John & Co.—190,469 lb.]
194 1570 18 do pek sou 720 25 i
195 Marigold 1573 36hfch bro pek 1944 49 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c.
196 1576 20 do pek 1040 49 2 Captain’s Garden 27. 7 ch _ bro pek 700 36
197 1579 27 do pek sou 1350 44 : 30 8 do pes 720 27
198 Allacolla 6 Wilpita 39 11 do bro or pek 1100 35
wewa 1582 26hfch bro pek 140450 7 42 13 do or pek 1212 . 28
199 1585 17 do pek 850 50 11 Poilakanda 54 19 do bro or pek 1710 38 bid
200 1588 16 do pek sou 800 43 12 57 35 do bro pek 3150 =. 34 bid
203 K VT 1597 34 ch bro pek 3400 = 32 bid | 13 60 26 do pek 2340 28
904 1600 22 do or pek 1760 382bid | 15 Oonoogaloya 66 16 do orpek 1440 35 bid
205 1803 15 do pek sou TObOY 24th 16 69 13 do bro or pek 1300 53
207 Weygalla 1609 17hfch bro pek 935 6Lbid | 17 72 22 do pek 1870 2
208 1612 12 ch pek 1080-33 18 75 10hfch dust 850-23
211 Cotswold 1621 12 ch bro orpek 900 48 19 TEWN 78 7 ch broorpek 700 33
212 “1024 17 do pek 144534 20 81 11 do or pek 110027
213 1627. 7 do Bre pek fans 23 90 18 do dust 1300 22
(not bulked) 700 =. 26 24 Natuwakelle 93 7 do broorpek 700 54
215 Diuest mark 1633 11 ch bro pek 1086 32 25 96 11 do bro pek 1100 »=—37
216 1636 11 do pek 1103 20 bid | 26 99 17 do pek 1530 33 bid
218 Lreby 1642 17 ch pek 1445 35 bid | 97 102. 8 do pek sou 720-27
2195S EB 1646 35 hfch bro pek 1785 34bid | 299 Gingranoya 108 12 do broorpek 1140 48 bid
220 1648 35 ch ek 3045 28 bid | 30 ill 12 do peksou 960 27
227 Monrovia 1669 30 ch bro pek 2850 33 bid | 32 Craigingilt 117 15 do bro pek 1500 ©41 bid
228 Ranasingha- : 34 123 16 do pek 1280 =: 84 bid
patna 1e72 49hfch or pek 2450 36 35 126 20 do peksou 1400-25 bid
229 1675 97 do broorpek 5820 41 | 37 Kolapatna 132 21hfch broorpek 1134 53 bid
230 1678 39 ch pek 3510 32 bid | 38 135 23 do or pek 1081 38 bid
231 1681 33 do peksou 2640 26 bid |} 39 138 22 do pek 1034 35 bid
233 MG D,AKA 43 Perth 150 27 ch bro pek 2565 36
in est, mark 1687 14hfch bropekfans 980 25 bid ‘ 153 46 do or pek 3680 33 bid
234 1690 5 ch pek fans 800 25 bid 4 4 156 24 do pek 1728 28 bid

b CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST.

Lot. Box. Pees ce foe Toth Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib.
48 Galloola 165 26 ¢ ro pe. 5
49 168° 38 do ake 3420 46 18 Gabhela 38073 7bfch bro pek 360
50 171 25 do ek sou 2000 41 14 3076 9 ch pek 405
53 Gansarapolla 180 20hfch broorpek 1320 40 16 3079 9 do pek sou 460
54 183 28 do bro pek 1680 35 bid 16 Bel Godde 3082 3hfch bro pek 150
55 186 13 ch orpek 1495 34 17 3085 3 do pek 150
56 189 11 do pek 1015 30bid j 18 3088 2 do pek sou 90
57 Elston ‘192 18 do pek 1530 34 19 3091 1 do dust 60
58 195 20 do peksou 1900 28 24 New Pera-
69 Theresia 198 15 do peksou 1275 = 86 2 deniya 3106 4 ch sou B04
62 Bittacy 207 13 do bropek 1300 55 Boy Tale 3102 3 do dust + 240
68 Kila 225 25 do bro pek 2125 34biag | 26 Sirikandure 3112 2 do broorpek 2.0
69 228 20 do pek 1700 28 bid | 30 3124 1 do congou 81
70 231 43 do peksou 2795 = 24 bid | 3h 3127 1 do bro pek fans 98
38 St. John’s 240 30hfch or pek 1500 68 bid 32 ; 3130 2 do bropek dust 284
74 243 30 do pek 1620 68 41 MTP,inest.
Ti Lamiliere 246 15 ch broorpek 1500 655 mark 3157 2 ch bro tea 200
76 249 13 do or pek 1144 43 44 Halbarawa 3.66 8 ch pek sou 600
77 262 19 do pek 1710-39 45 3169 2 do fans 248
78 "955 10hf-ch pek fans 760 26 46 3172 2 do dust 828
79 Vincit 258 15 ch orpek 1350 34bid | 58 Bogahagoda-
80 281 9 do pek 810 28 watte 3208 6 ch bro or pek 660
'88 Gonavy 285 10 do pek sou 950 30 65 Igalkande 3229 2 do dust 180
91 Cresta 294 42hf-ch bropek 2100 37 bid | 69 Kelvin 3231 4hfch dust 360
92° 297 18 ch pek 1548 29 IPX LEN 1 3250 1 ch bro pek 100
95 Brownlow $06 2Lhfch broorpek 1197 69 73 3253 1 do pek 100
96 309 12 ch or pek 1104 41 82 Roeberry M 3280 5 ch fans 500
97 312 24 do pek 1968 39 83 f 3283 6 do dust 600
98 Birnam 315 23 do peksou 1725 38 84 Dehigalla 3286 1 ch bro pek 100
99 Cabin Ella 318 18 do bro pek 1800 41 85 3289 1 do pek 92
100 321 12 do pek TUSON ST 86 ,3292 2 do fans 200
101 324.10 do ypeksou 900 27 a7 3295 1lhfch’ dust 100
103 Agra Ouvah 330 36hfch broorpek 20388 72 93 Sylvakandy 3313 2 ch pek sou 170
104 333 32 do or pek 1600 48bid | 94 fi 3316 2 do dust 200
105 336 11 ch pek 1012 45 98 itulgalla 3328 4 ch pek sou 320
108 346 14hfch pekfans 1120 28 99 3331 3 do dust 405
110 Glasgow 351 29 ch broorpek 2233 54bid | 100 3334 2 do bro or pek
111 354 10 do or pek 950 43 bid % fans 220
112 357 9 do ypek 846 30bid | 101 3337 1 do sou 75
115 Mocha 366 35 do broorpek 3500 61 104 Rowley 3346 ll hfch pek sou 550
116 , 369 19 do or pek 171044 105 3349 3 do dust 150
117 352 25 do pek 2660 43 106 Strathspey 3352 5 ch bro or pek 530
119 Poolbank 378 20hfch bropek 1200 654 109 3361 2 do pek sou 132
120 381 12 ch pek 1200 36bid | 110 — 3364 2 do dust 200
123 Woodstock 390 10 do broorpek 1000 38bid | 114 Yogama 3376 8 ch ek sou 610
125 Avondale 396 12hfch broorpek 720 53bid } 115 33 3372 3 do dust 360
126 399 7 ch 1277 CNN 3415 6 ch peksou 450
lhfch pek 758 38 134 Digdolla 3436 3 do bro pek fans 270
129 Kelaneiya and 136 B B, in estate
Braemar 408 10 ch broor pek 1000 58 mark 3442 15 hfch pek 660
130 411 9 do or pek 900 37 137 3445 10 do peksou 460
131 414 18 do pek 1235 37 138 8448 1 do congou Zz
137 Bowella 432 10 do pek 850 29 bid 139 3451 1 do pek fans 57
1388 DH 435 14hfch pek 700 41 140 8454 1 de pek dust 85
139 438 13 do bro or pek fe 144 Harrow 3466 5 ch peksou 450
fans $71 25 bid 145 3469 1Ibfch dust 70
140 CLH 441 26 do broor pek 1300 58 bid 155 Clunes 3493 6 ch pek sou 540
141 444 19 ch or pek 1710 41 bid 156 3502 3 do bro pekfans 336
142 447 18 do pek 1494 37 bid | 157 3505 1 do dust 155
143 450 18 do peksou 1620 26bid } 161 Polatagama 3517 5 ch peksou 475
144 Gonavy 453 20 do or pek 1700 40 162 3520 4 do bropek fans 400
146 456 14 do bro pek 1400 48 163 3523 2 do dust 260
146 £9 33 do pek 2475 34 167 Hayes 3535 8hfch _ bro or pek
147 Gangawatte 462 11 do bro or pek 1100 63 fans 560
148 465 8 do bro pek 800 46 171 Erracht 3547 1 ch bro pek fans 12v
149 468 13 do pek 1710 39 172 3550 1 do dust 130
152 Ohiya 477 14 do pek 1260 89 199 BDWG 4 3hfich jek sou 150
154 Tellingtcn 483 27hfch bro pek 1485 39 191 Tf 74. ele) dust 180
155 486 13 ch pek 1170 =. 333 195 Laxapana-
157 Glassaugh 492 18hf-ch or pek 1026 62 galla 19 6 ch pek son 510
158 495 13 do bro or pek 897 57 196 22 5hfech dust 487
159 498 9 ch pek 972 AG ian 197 25. 2 ch bro mix 160
160 Ranakelle 501 26 do bro pek 2600 89 bid 198 28 6 do sou 510
161 504 20 do pek 1800 28 bid 199 81 2 do pek fans 200
162 507 12 do pek sou 1020 26 bid 206 Ireby 62 5hfch fans 280
164 WP 513.7 do sou 700 18 bid | 207 55 9 do dust 630
165 Rookwood 516 40hf-ch broorpek 2400 52 bid 212 Glengariffe 70 8 do pek fans 560
166 519 40 do or pek 2080 38 214 V, in estate
167 622 40 do pek 1920 35 mark 76 5hfch dust 400
169 Callander 528 16 do orpek 864 51 215 79 1 do bropekfans 70
170 631 86 do pek 1800 46 218 Pallawatte 88 3hfch pek sou 150
173 Agra Ouvah 540 32 do broorpek 1856 73 | 219 91 2 Go sou 100
174 543 27 do or pek 1350 47 bid 220 94 2 do pek dust 160
178 Peru 555 10 ch broorpek 1000 538 223 PB C H Galle,
179 558 10 do pek 850 46 in estate
186 Hladuwa 579 11 do ypek 1045 23 bid mark 103 3hich siftings 180
197 MP 612 12 do bro or pek 1310 28 224 Hilla Oya 106 7hfch siftings 385
226 109 1 ch dust 92
———>>———_——————————ES 228 Yelverton 118 3hfch dust 261
SMALL LOTS. 237 © B E| GC, in' =
Neen mar 4 ;
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. gag’ a | i a8 3 Be auSe ae
Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. lbieeves “42 Nakiadeniya 160 4 ch peksou 280
6 Norangalla 3062 6 ch dust 480 23 44i5 Baddegama 169 4 ch pek 340
11 Strathisla 8067 3 do unas 330 24 246 172*65 do pek sou 400
12 8070 2 do dust 255 22 247 175 1 do ust 110

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. a
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec;
251 Coldstream : 15 Hyde 1033 5 ch pek sou 416 a}
Group 187 7 ch pek sou 560 29 16 1036 5hfch fans 326 24
26°. 199 2hfch fans 140 39.24 17 1039 3 do dust 258 22
263 193 7 ch dust 560 20 18 Hapugasmulle 1012 2 ch or pek 200 «8660
257 PCH Galle, 22 1054 1 do dust 150 22
in estate i 27 Salawe 1069 2 ch peK dust 330-28
mark 205 1box silver tips 5 R2°75 28 Pindeni Oya 1072 7 do orpek 630 = 32 bid
259 Galleheria 211 7 ch or pe 60 44 29 1075 7 do pek 560 28
261 217 7 do peksou 630 §=6.26 30 1078 4 do pek sou 820-25
262 220 1 do dust 100 +=—-2s 33 1087 1 do a 91 with-
266 Chesterford 332 6hfch dust 480 22 34 1090 1 do_ red leaf 90 drawn
269 Madulkelle 241 2 ch dust 220 «24 | 37 Mb. Vernon 1099 5hfch fans 3350-29
270 244 1 do fans 105 20 | 41 St. Catherine 1111 3hfch fans 198 Bs
274 Wocdend 266 2 do dust 280 «28 ' 42 Hanagama 1114 10 hfch broor.pek 600 36
377 Taldua 265 5 do pek sou 440 27 46 1126 2 do dust 150 22
281 Dunnottar 277 3 do pek sou 255 37 47 Meetiagoda 1129 6 ch bro pek 600 836.27 bid
282 280 2 do ro pek fans 260 28 48 1132 4 do pek 400 15 bid
283 283 1 do pek fans 130 24 49 11385 1 do sou 55 8
234 286 1 do 50 1138 4 do fans 400 8
1 Bich dust — 200 23 63 Ettie 1177 2 ch fans 240 20
985 289 bro mix 116 0«o17 64 Patulpana 1180 9hfch_ bropek 495 35
338 KPW 298 13 hich or pek 585 36 65 1183 6 do pek 330 28
290 304 9 do pek sou 450 25 66 1186 5 do pek sou 250 25
291 307 2 do bropek fans 176 30 67 1189 5 do sou 250 21
292 310 2 do bropekfans 176 28 68 Donside 1192 2 ch sou 190 =
293 313 2 do pek fans 176 26 69 1195 2hfch dust 170 22
294 316 2 do dust 210 23 70 1198 1 do fans 70 22
26 APIG 822 7 ch or pek 610 = 38 71 Lachime 1201 12 hf ch_ bro pek 600 out
293 Lynstead 328 5hf-ch dust 525 26 72 Ellukettia 1264 3 ch bropek 300 =. 34
299 Ella Oya 331 1L co sittings 630 11 73 1207 3 do pek 800 9-25
300 334 3 do dust 189 =: 18 74 1210 3 do peksou 270 =. 22
301 Bellongalla 337 7 do bro or pek 420 38 75 1213 6 do sou 480 20
302 340 7 do or pek 350 33 76 GB 1216 & ch sou 672 16 bid
303 343 1 do dust 80 23 1 box
304 ‘346 5 ch pek 400 30 77 1219 3 ch bro pek fangs 433 24 bid
305 319 4 do peksou 320 25 1 bf ch
309 Weyungawatte 361 2 do sou 170) 22 79 Allakolla 1225 4kfch dust 400 22
310 864 3hf-ch dust 255 22 82 Ravenscraig 1234 3 ch pek sou 300 =. 28
318 Laurawatte 388 2 do fans 168 22 83 1237 3hfch dust 240022
322 Maragalla 400 2 ch bro tea 160-24 88 Dartry 1252 6hfch dust 546 18
323 403 2 do dust 250 22 88 1255 2 ch bro tea 186 22
335 AG 439 4 do bro tea 400 ©6619 90 Maddegeddera 1255 5hfch dust 400 = 2
336 442 1 do dust 150 23 100 GH 1288 4 ch pek sou 360 24
337 Ingurugalla 445 6 do ek sou 540-24 101 1291 3 do fan 450 22
338 448 6 hf-ch ro tea 510 19 103 Hatdowa 1297 8 ch or pek 680 32
339 Kirrimettia 4&1 3 ch congou 270 22 106 1306 1 do dust 150 Pp
340 454 5hfch fans 800 26 110 Neuchatel 1318 4 ch dust 560 = 23
341 457 3 do dust 246 0 =—-28 111 Paragahakandel321 6 ch bro pek 600 32
352 D, in est. mark 490 3 do pek dust 240 20 113 1327 3 do peksou 285 15 bid
353 493 10 do fans 650 27 114 1330 4 do fans 380 out
356 Woodend 502 10 do bro pek 500 42 115 1333 2 do bro mix 200 vi
367 £05 10 do pek 540 32 116 1336 1) do con 105 10 bid
368 Usgieside 508 3 ch dust 240 «21 120 Galkettiy-
359 511 do _— bro mix 380 =. 25 watte 1348 2 ch fans 210. } ouk
464 Vogan 526 7hfch dust 560.24 121 1351 2 do _ pek dust 280
366 Kumaradola 532 7 ch or pek 630 35 bid 125 Blinkbonnie 1363 7. ch pek sou 595 33
368 538 1 do bro tea 80 24 128 Neb: da 1372 b5Bhf-ch dust 444 22
371 Findlater 547 4hfch dust , 348 = 24 130 Monte Christo 1378 6hfch bro pek fans 380 30
375 Dikbedde 559 6 ch dust 522 23 131 1381 6 do dust 480 24
379 Cullen 571 5 do pek sou 520.87 132 1384 3 ch pek fans 300 3-28
384 R,in est, mark 586 1 do bro pek 84 33 bid 133 1387 2 do bro tea 160 26
885 589 1 do pek sou 86 25 bid 134 1390 2 do sou 156 23
386 592 lhfch fans 74 22 bid 135 F, in estate
392 Bandara Eliya 610 7 do dust 595 24 mark 1393 1 ch pek sou 93 34
402 Kincora 640 4hfch peksou 280 85 136 1396 8hfch dust 225 24
412 Putupalua 676 9 ch peF sou 630 25 141 New Valley 1411 1hf-ch dust 9) 23
420- Mansfield 694 6 do pek sou 540 42 144 Orion 1420 5 ch fans 600 28
421 697 4hfch dust 360 25 145 SRK 1423 3 ch pek 276 31
425 Hanwella 709 4 do hyson No. 2 260 20 146 1426 2 do pek sou 200 28
426 712 5 do hyson siftings 375 11 147 1429 2 do dust 820 24
428 Seenagella 718 7 do or pek 350 57 148 Grange Gardens'432 6 ch bro or pek 660 50 bid
430 724 5 do pek sou 200 =. 38 149 1435 6 do or pek F00 38 bid
431 727 2 do dust 168 24 150 1438 5 do pek 50u 3L bid
4385 V 739 4 ch pek sou 412 26 151 1441 1 do pek sou 190 =. 26
436 742 2bfch dust 170 23 152 1444 lhfch dust 85 23
438 Letchemy 748 4 do dust 340 = 28 { 154 Oolapane 1450 6hfch fans 390 = 23
448 Battawatte 772 1 ch dust 100 23 161 D 1471 6 ch pek 570 25
450 Dea Kila 784 1bfch anery or per, 60 61 162 1474 5 do pek sou 450 22
455 799 8 do fans 480 31 163 1477. 1 ~do con 80 15
457 Harrow +05 1 do siftings 70 26 164 St, Leonards-
458 Surianalle 808 2 do bro or pek 128 44 on'sea 1480 1 box silver tips 24 70
459 811 7 do or pek 392 387 165 1468 7 hfch Hysonfans 420 12 bid.
460 814 7 do pek 350 30 bid | 166 1486 4 do Hyson siftings 320 10
461 817 6 do pek sou 300 2s bid | 173 Beausejour 1507 4 ch pek sou 300 26
462 820 11 do broorpek 660 44hbid | 174 1510 3 do _ bro pek fans 270 28
466 832 4 do ans 280 24 175 1513 3 do dust 390 22
476 Walton 852 2 ech bro tea 160-28 188 Oonankande 1552 5hfch dust 318 25
47 865 1 do dust 140 23 201 F A, in estate
jie Livmsitncaatyeye ie aS nin mark 1F9L 1 aa Bee sou Be 30
202 1594 2 do ust 4 24
[Messrs. Somerville & Co.} 206 KVT ‘ 1696 10bfch pek fans 600 25 i ia
207a Weygalla 1609a 5 ch bro pek No 2 525 35 bi
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. ¢. gaa vs Heipiae aoe taper aaa ae os
5 Avisawella 1003 3 ch fans 30024 210 1618 3hfch dust 240 22
7 Agra Elhedde 1009 12hfch or pek 660 46 214 PD 1630 1hfch~ dust 85 20
9 1015 4 do pek sou 180 36 217 Dickbedde 1639 3 ch pek sou 300 17
10 1018 2 do broorpek fans120 33 221 Mudikiriya
Nl 1021 2 do dust 160 3 kande 1651 1 eh bro or pek 90 384

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES

ES A A ES A

Lot. Box.
292 1654
223 1657
224 1660
225 1663

226 166
932 MG D, AK A,

inest. mark 1684
239 Annandale 1705
240 1708
243 Murrayth

waite 1717
244 1720
248 Elchico 1732
250 S 1738
251 1741
252 A 1744
203 1717
254 Heatherton 1750
255 1753
256 Mahatenne 1756
259 1765
260 , 1768
261 Labuduwa 1771
262 L774
263 1177
268 Harrangalla 17.92
269 1795
274 Kudaganga 1810
275 1813
276 1816
PNT 1819
280 Glenalmond 16828
252 1834
2x3 1837
585 Kurunegalle

est. Co. 1840
287 1&49
291 Jak Tree Hill 1861
292 1864
295 Nugawella 1873
297 1879
298 1882
999 MPS 1¢85
305 Monrovia 4
308 Labugama 13
314 Avi-awella 31
320 Meddegudde 49
321 6 bY}
322 55
327 AP 70
330 6B D 79
331 82
332 A WP 85
333 iY 88
334 91
337 San Cio 100
338 103

341 Mt. Temple 112

Pkgs. Name. lb.
1 do bro pek 75
1 do pek 80
1 do pek sou 70
1hfch fans 60
2 ch red leaf dust 320
8hfch bro pek 488
8hfch fans 204
3 do dust 268
2 ch ek sou 160
2 do ro pek fans 230
6hfch peksou 300
8hfch dust 240
4 do sou 200
2hfich dust 160
8 do sou 150
lhfch dust 80
3 do sou 150
6 ch brovor pek 60
7 do pek sou 665
2 do dust 200
3 ch br. pek 335
2 do pek 621
6 do pek sou 160
Thfch bro pek fans 625
8 do pek fans 985
7 ch pek 665
3 do pek sou 210
3 do fans 270
3 do bro pek dust 336
ll hf ch _ or pek 650
3 ch pek sou 270
lhich dust 80
8hf ch or pek 400
2 do aust 160
4 ch sou 370
1hfch dust 100
Shfch or pek 384
5 ch pek sou 400]
1hfch dust 80
5 ch bro or pek 6500
2 ch pek dust 320
6 ch pek sou 480
3 ch sou 240
4hfch sou 180
3 do dust 180
1 do fans 55
4hfch fans 260
8hfch bro pek fans 180
7 do dust
8hfch_ or pek 38
2 do bro or pek fans 128
2 do pek 211
3 ch con 240
2 do unas 146
10 hf ch or pek 500
2 ch pek sou 170
2 do fans 200
1 do dust 100

345 Theberton 124
346 127
347 130
1 AA 24
4 Captain’s Garcen 33
5 36
8 Wilpita 45
9 48
10 51
144PKT 63
Aa TEWN 84
22 87
28 Natuwakelle 1C5
31 Craigingilt 114
33 420
36 129
40 Kolapatna 141
41 144
42 147
46 Perth 159
47 162
51 Galloola 174
52 177
60 Theresia ZOL
61 204
63 Bittacy 210
64 213
65 216
66 219
67 222
71 Kila 224
72 237
gl Vincit 264
32 267

1 ch

dust 120
pek sou 360
dust 230
or pek No, 2 380
aps 230
dust 98
dust 560
pes 630
pek sou 540
dust 300
bro or pek 500
or pek 360
dust 255
pek sou 384
bro or pek

fans 290
fans 350
pek sou 630
pelk dust 675
dust 300
faus 400
dust 400
sou 75
pek 630
pek sou 180
fans 100
bro or pek 200

dust 160
sou 586
dust 480

bropekfans 240
dust 160

LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, ib. sc,
83 Ullandapitiya 270 2hfch ‘br or pek 110 46
84 273 2 do hro pek 100 39
85 276 1 do. fans 45 Sl Se
86 279 4 do ypek 200-38
87 282 3 do sou 135 28
89 Gonavy 288 5 do dust 400 24
90 291 6 do fans 3£0 26
93 Cresta 300 6 ch sou 510 24
94 k 303 S5hfch dust 370-23
102 Cabin Ella 327 8 do bro pek fans 528 29
106 Agra Ouvah 339 6 ch nek sow 54u0 44
107 342 6hfch ro or pek
ians 20
109 318 2 do dust 104 o
113 Iona 360 2 do fans 149 320
114 363 1 do dust 90 23
180 Mocha 375 6 ch fans 480 28
121 Poolbank 384 1 do pek sou 100 29
122 oastock 2 ght gh dust 170. 24
2 y oodstoc 343 6 ch pek 57) 3
127. Avondale 402 7 do : aie he
lhfch pek sou 670 86
128 405 1 ch ex “
132 Kelaneiya and oe oie =
Braemar 417 1 do fans 100 37
133 420 2 do sou 190 28
134 423 2hfch dust 160 24
135 Bowella 426 3 ch bro or pek 300 38 bid
136 429 4 do bro pek 400 32 bid
150 Gangawatte 471 3hfch dist 210 =—-22
151 i 474.5 do fans 350 32
153 Tellington 480 9 do bro or pek 495 50
156 489 3 ch pek sou 255 30
163 WP 510 7 do pek sou 5€0 23
168 Callander 525 10 hich bro or pek 600 68
171 534 6 do pek sou 278 39
ue aw Aan a 3 2 bro pek fans 222 35
7 gra Ouva a6 7 ¢€ ek
176 Be. Jone Del “ i a
me ey 549 4hfich fans ‘00
177 552 2 do dust O00 ay
180 Peru 561 2 ch pek sou 170 24
181 564 1. do dust 150 22
182 567 1hfch fans 60 26
183 Sy] ea Or unas 738 23
184 Eladuwa 673 6 do or pek 570 34 bid
185 276 3 do bro pek 360 2. bid
187 582 4 do pek sou 360 18 bid
188 r 585 3 do mixed 420 18
189 Anamallai 588 Lbfch dust 85 withd’n
190 St. Johnswocd 591 3 ch bro or pek 300 = 83
191 594 3 do or pek 270 32
192 597. 3 do bro pek 300 26
193 600 5 do ek 400 26
194 602 2 do pek sou 160 23
isi 606 1 do fans 130 22
196 Pitioya 609 2 do sou 150 18
193 St. Andrew’s 615 5hfch dust 425 23

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Mincine LANE, August 30th.

_“‘ Hitachi Maru.”—Gonamotava 1, 3 casks and 1
tierce sold at 104s; ditto 2, 8 casks and 1 tierce
sold at 90s; ditto S, 1 cask and 1 tierce sold at
46s 6d: ditto PB, ii cask and 1 barrel sold at 98s
6d ; Gonamotava, 2 bags sold at 78s.

e Workman.’—J H & Co., J cask sold at 40s;
ditto 2, 1 barrel sold at 278; ditto 3, 1 box sold
at 27s.

“*Machaon.”—Size 0 Pingarawa, 1 barrel sold at
10ls; Size 3 ditto, 1 barrel sold at 41s; T Pin-
garawa, 2 barrel sold at 253; O Roehampton, 1
barrel and 1 tierce sold at 104s ; ; ditto lL. 2 casks,
1 barrel and 1 tierce, sold at 95s 6d; ditto 2, 1
barrel, sold at 46s; PB ditto, 1 barrel sold at 70¢ ;
ditto B, 2 casks and 1 barrel sold at 102s 6d:
ditto Cc, 1 cask sold at 51s; ditto PB, 1 barrel
sold at 75s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

“ Sado Maru.”—Daisy Valley, 13 bags sold at 30.
20 bags sold at 60s 6d; 9 bags gold at 503 Gd ©
bags sold at 50s; 1 bag ‘sold at 30s.

re

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES

LIST. 7

“ Antenor.”—Kumaradola A, 28 bags sold at 54s ;
T, 3 bags sold at 29s; ditto RA, 8 bags sold at 64s.

“ Austral.”—OBEC in estate mark, I, Kondesalle
Ceylon O, 1 bag sold at 58s; ditto O, 11 bags sold
at 75s; ditto 1 F, 3 bags sold at 63s 6d; ditto D,
6 bags sold at 57s; ditto G, 5 bags sold at 40s;
OEC in estate mark, Mahaberia Ceylon O, 62 bags
sold at 82s 6d; C ditto 1, 1 bag sold at 58s; 8
bags sold at 71s; F ditto O, 24 bags sold at 66s
6d; 1 bag sold at 58s; F ditto 1, 6 bags sold
at 61s 6d..

‘* Historian.”—Warriapolla, 54 bags sold at 74s;
4 bags sold at 67s 6d; 7 bags sold at 49s 6d; 9
bags sold at 503; Suduganga, 38 bags sold at 37s
6d; 4 bags sold at 54s 6d; 9 bagsjsold at 46s 6d.

CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

“ Calchas,’—Lebanon Group Mysore O, 2 cases
sold at 2s 2d; ditto 1, 2 cases sold at ls 9d; ditto
2,1 case sold at 1s 54; ditto B2cases sold at 1s 4d;
ditto Silcase sold 1s 4d; ditto Seed 1 bag sold at 1s
7a; ditto Knucles Group Mysore O, 4 cases sold at 2s
Qd; ditto 1, 6 cases sold ai 1s 9d; ditto 2, 6 cases
sold at 1s 5d; ditto B, 2 cases sold at 1s 4d; ditto
S, 3 cases sold at 1s 4d; ditto Seed, 1 bag sold
at 1s 9d. i

“Hitachi Maru.’—Winchfield Park A A, 1 case
sold at 3s 5d; ditto A, 4cases sold at 2s 4d; ditto
Splits, 4 cases sold at 2s 2d; ditto B. 2 cases sold at 1s
8d ; ditto B, 3 cases sold at 1s 9d; ditto Splits, 3 cases
sold at 1s 6d; ditto Seeds, 3cases sold at 23 4d;
Nawanagalla 1, 2 cases sold at 28 8d; ditto 2,
4 cases sold at 232d; ditto2, 2 cases sold at 2s 3d;
ditto 3, 1 case sold at 1s 5d; ditto 4, 1 case sold at
Qs 1d; ditto 5, 2cases sold at 1s 6d.

. _ * Socotra.””—Kobo Mysore O, 2 cases sold at 2s 8d;
ditto 1, 8 cases sold at 1s 11d; ditto 2,4 cases sold at
1s 7d; ditto B, 2 cases sold at 1s 4d; ditto B, 1 case
sold at 1s 6¢; ditto S, 8 cases sold at 1s 5d; ditto
Seed, 1 case sold at 2s 4d.

‘« Antenor,’’—Midlands O, 3 cases sold at 2s 7d;
ditto 1,6 cases soldat ls 11d; ditto 2, 1 case sold at
1s 5d; ditto Band S, 1 case sold at 1s 5d; ditto B
O,1 case sold at 2s 6d; ditto 1, 1 case sold at 1s
lid; ditto 2, 2 case sold at ls 4d; ditto Band §, 1
bag sold at 1s 94; ditto Elkadua O, 2 cases sold at
2s 6d ; ditto 1, 2, 2, 2, cases sold at 1s 11d; ditto 2, 2
cases sold at 1s 5d; B and S, 1 case sold at 1s 4d,

© Culchas.”—Hikudua, No 2, 4 cases soldat 1s 11d;
ditto No 3, 2 cases sold at Is 6d.

“ Socotra,’—Hlkadua 2, 4 cases sold at 1s 7d ; Mar
Lodge S$, 6 cases sold at ls 5d; ditto Seed, 1 case
sold at 23 4d.

“Duke of Portland’ A, MAK, in estate mark, 6
cases sold at 1s 9d.

“ Socotra.”—W B,
at 1s 2d.

CEYLON

in estate mark, 8 cases sold

CEYLON CINNAMON SALES
LONDON.

“Machaon.”—-C H de S, Kandewatte, 5 bales sold
at lid; 9 at 10d; 15 at 94d; 5 at 94d. PHdeS,
Rustoom, 3 bales sold at lld; 9 at 10d; 8 at 93d;

IN

1 at 9d. CH de S,.Salawa, 4 bales sold at 11d;
6 at 10d;6at 93d; 6 at 94. CH deS, Ratmalane,
3 bales sold at 114d; 4 at 103d; 5 at 93d; 2 at 9d.
C H de S, Bagatelle, 5 bales sold at 114d; 5 at
104d ; 2 at 10d; 1 at 94d. CHde S, Morotto, 1
bale sold at 11d; 4 at 10d; 5 at 94d; lat 9d. G
H de S, Koottareavalle, 3 bales sold at 11:d; 4 at
103d; 3 at 93d; 1 at 9d.

“Inaba Mara.’—C H de S, DK, W, in estate
mark, 3 bales sold at lljd; 3 at 10d; 1 at 93d.
CHde §, Kurruvitte, 7 bags sold at 7d.

‘‘Shinano Maru.”—C, in estate mark, 5 bales sold
at 6d; 3 at 7d.

‘* Machaon.”—C R, SA, in estate mark, 1 bale
sold at 1s 10d; 6 bales at 93d; 17 at 9d; 1 parcel
at 84d; 6 at 9d; 1 parcel and 4 bales at 84d; lat
8d; GR1, SA, in estate mark, 4 bags sold at 24d.

“* Socotra.” —B, in estate mark, 2 cases sold at 7d;
ditto 1, 1 bag sold at 6d; 3 bags at 22d.

“ Workman.’—D B& Co. 449, in estate mark, 1
bale sold at 10d.

“* Calchas.”—Ekelle Plantation, 1900, 6 bales sold at
10d; ditto DB &Co. 446, in estate mark, 20 bales
sold at 94d; 30 at 934d; 6 at 10d; 10 at 93d: 3 at
7d; 30 at 9d.

‘«Guadiana ’’—Ekelle Plantation, D in estate mark
No.1, 4 bales sold at 83d; ditto2, 2 bales sold at 8d;
ditto 3, 12 bales sold at9d; 2 at 63d; ditto 4, 2 bales
sold at 83d.

“ Stentor’”’—Ekelle Plantation, D in estate mark,
No. 4,2 bales sold at 83d; 2 at 82d.

“*Socotra””—ASGP in estate mark, Kaderana, 12
bales sold at 1s 6d:14 at 1s 4d; 6 at 10d;6 at 9d;
1 box at 83d. ASGB in estate mark, Kaderana, 21
bales sold at 18 5d; 12 at 1lld; 4 at 93d; 5 bags
at 73d.

‘*Machaon "—ASGP in estate mark, Kaderana, 4
bales soldat Is 7d; 10 atls4d; 12 at1l0d; 6 at 9d.
ASGB in estate mark, Kaderana, 7 bales sold at ls
5d; 2atls3d3;6at 93d; 1 box at 82d.

“Stentor” —FSWS in estate mark, North Kade-
rana, 5 bales sold at 1s 4d; 5 at ls ld; 1 at 9a;
9 bales at 1s 2d; 2 at93d; 1 bag’at 8d. RSWS in
estate mark, Jaela, 5 balessold at 1s 3d; 3 at Is 1d:
lat9d; 5at1s2d; 2 at 93d; 1 bag at 73d. FSWS
in estate mark, Kaderana, 3 bales sold at ls 4d; 5 at
Ils 1d; 1 at 82d; 6 at1ls2d; 3at 93d; 1 bag at 73d.
FSK in estate mark, Kaderana, 2 bales sold" at 1s
4d; 3 at 10d; 3at Sid; Gatls 3d; 6 at9d; 1 bag
at7z. JVSW inestate mark, Kanoswena, 6 bales sold at
1s2d;7 at 10d; 1 bag at 74d; 12 bales at 114d; 4 at 83d,
L in estate mark, Kanoswena, 2 bales sold atis; 5
at 10d; 4 at 94d; 1 at9d; 4 at 84; 1 beg sold at
74d; FS WS inestate mark, Kaderane, 7 bags sold
at 8d; 2 at 22d; ditto North Kaderane, & bags sold
at 8; FS K Kederane, 7 bags sold at 77; RS K Win
estate mark, Jaela, 1 bag sold at7$d; 30 at 32d,

‘“Workman’’—Havahena Hstate J BS Rin estate
mark, Kaderana Plantation, 2 bales sold at Is 4d;
7 at 1s 3d; 1 parcel at Is 3d; 19 bales at Is 2d;
1 at 1s 1d; 1 bag at 74d; JRKP in estate mark,
5 bales sold at 1s 2d; 1 parcel at 1s; 3 bales at lld;
6 at 95d; 2 at 9d; 2 parcels and 10 bales at 84d; 1
bag at 7d.

‘‘Socotra’’—F S K Kaderane, 7 bales sold at 1s 3d;
13 at 1s 2d;-6 at ls 1d; 6 at 93d; 1 box at 7d;
FS WS in estate mark, North Kaderane, 6 bales
sold at Is 4d; 11 at 1s 3d; 14 at 1s 1d; 6 at 10d; 6
at 94d; 12 at 9d; 1 box at 9d; 18 bags at 3d; 1
at la; FS WS'in estate mark, Kaderane, 3 bales
at ls 4d; 2 bales at 1s 3d;1 bagat 7d; 28 at 34d

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

CoLoMBO, SEPTEMBER 30, 1901.

{

PricE :—125 cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

No. 37.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.
LARGE LOTS.
|E. Benham & Co.|
[37,218 lb.|
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
Battalgalla 76 25 ch or pek 2250
2 F; 79 92 do pek 1718
3 82 12 do p-E sou 960
4 €5 11 do aot ae
5 Hornse 88 13 hfch fans
6 ‘Mapitioanaa 9L | 7 ch bro or pek 735
7 v4 7 do bro pek 735
8 97 14 do pek 1310
11 Bunyan and
5 Onis 6 46hfch broorpek 2760
12 9 24 do or pek 1080
13 12 . fo-\ch pek 1500
14 15 11 do pek No. 2 1155
15 18 14 do pek sou 1260
18 Hittuwellan- ef
tenne 75. 47*4ch bro pek 700
21 Hazelwood 386 24hfch bro pek 1320
22, 39 14 ch pek 1120
23 42 11 do pek sou 957
24 N. Eliya 45 11 do bro or pek 1045
25 48 20 ee pek 3 100
Torrington 51 24 ¢ or pek 92
oT Sika 54 59 do , broorpek 5900
28 57 14 do nek 1339
{Messrs. Forbes & Walker. |]
[698,565 1b.1
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
4 Rockside 883 6 ch bro pek
fans 720
8 MP 895 8 do pek fans 910
15 Rock Cave 916 18 ch bro pek 1800
16 919) 19 rat pek % a70
7 gan 952 21 hic ro pe
sine y 955 16 do or pek 800
29 958 17 ch pek 1530
30 961 11 do pek sou 950
32 Halbarawa 967 7 ch bro pek 700
36 . Holton 979 14 ch bro pek 1330
37 982 10 do pek 850
42 New Pera-
deniya 997 46 ch pek 8910
43 Mousakellie 1000 14 do bro or pek 840
60 Moneragalla 1021 12 do bro pek 900
1 2 0Z.
it Bed na 1042 42 hfch bro pek 2100
58 1045 25 do pek 1250
59 1048 18 do pek sou 810
t. Paul’s (Inv.
oe No. 28) : 1051 17 hfch bro or pek 1122
6L 1054 26 do or pek 1456
62 1057 28 do pek 1512
63 Glenorchy 1060 26 ch bro pek 2860
64 1063 26 ae pek ie 2600
d ayton 1¢69 69 c or pek 345
a Day 1072 64 ch pek 5440
68 1075 24 do pek sou 2040
69 Clarendon 1078 22hfch bro pek 1386
75 Aden 1096 24 do dust 1800
77 Torwood 1102 17 ch bro or pek 1700
78 1105 =9 do bro pek 733
79 1108 34 do pek 2584
85 Stafford 1126 12 ch or pek 1200
86 1129.12 do pek 1080
88 Evulgarna 1135 9 ch sou 720
90 Dunally 1141 16 do sou 1280
91 1144 9hfch dust $10
92 Welkandala 1147 9 do dust 738
93 Udabage 1150 21hfch young byson 1155
95 1156 26 do hygon
NolB_ 1300
9 Doorooma-
: della 1168 11 ‘ch ‘peksou 924
100 1171 22hfch bropek 1188
101 - 1174 20 ch pek 1726
Weveltala-
A wa 1180 28hfch broor pek 1680
104 1183 J6 do or pek 800
105. 1186 16 ch pek 1360
307 Sylvakandy 1192 86hfch bro pek 4730
108 1195 33 ch pek 2970
lll Ardlaw and
Wishford 1204 19hf-ch broorpek 1197

bid

Box.

Glencorse

Macaldeniya

Cholankande
Passara
Group

El Teb
St. Cliue
Amblakande

Weligoda
Pungetty

Massena
Dunkeld
Morankande
Inverness
Hayes

Ruanwella

Pallagodde

Waldemar

Delta

Monkswocd

Erlsmere

EDP

1207
1210
1213
1222
1225
1228
1231
1234
1237
1240
1252

1255
1258
1261
1264
1270
1273
1235
1288
1294
1297
1300
1303
1306
1312
1315
1327
1330
1333
1345
1348
1354
1360
1363
1366
1372
1378
1381
1384
1387
1393
1396
1399
1402
1405
1408
1411
1414
1417
1420
1423
1426
1429
1432
1441
1444
1437
1453
1459
1462
1465
1468
1477
1480

Wewawatte 1486

OBEC,in
est. mark,

4 Forest Creek 1495

210
2i1
212
213
214
215

Paspone

Ewhurst

Fetteresso

G
Palm Garden 1555

Panawatte

Pearhos

Udapolla

1498
1501
1504
1507
1510
1513
1516
1519
1525
1528
1537
1540
1643
1549

1573
1576
1579
1582
1585
1588
1591
1594
1606
16(9

Name. lb.
bro pek 1649
or pek 765
pek 1479
bro pek 2000
or pek 2160
pek 2080
pek sou 2800
bro pek 1020
or pek 1155
pek 1540
pek sou 2400
or pek 126C
bro or pek 2100
pek 2970
pek sou 1800
pek sou 1530
younghyson 900
bro pek 1000
pek 1280
pek dust 980
bro or pek 828
or pek 1624
pek 1760
pek sou 800
bio pek 1850
pek 1050
brocr pek 2736
or pek 1235
pek 1530
or pek 1105
pek 1260
pek sou 770
bro or pek 3500
or pek | 3960
pek 3690
pek 2720
or pek 1440
bro pek 2400
pek 1539
pek sou 935
bro or pek 1800
ro pek 2000
or pek 1350
pek 1275
pek sou 1350
sou 810
bro or pek 1080
bro pek 2520
or pek 1500
pek 1170
bro or pek 1260
bro pek 3400
pek 2762
pek sou 2106
bro pek 1260
or pek 1550
pek 2850
fans 770
bro orpek 884
or pek 1360
bro pek 1120
pek 1794
sou 1195
dust 720
bro pek 726
bro or pek 1200
bro pek 4200
or pek 189¢
pek Nol 1620
pek No2 2070
or pek 2000
bro pek 3220
pek 1330
pek sou 810
bro pek 936
ek 1164
or pek 1140
bro pek 3360
pek sou 1105
fans 975
pek 800
bro pek 1584
or pek 1785
pek 1900
pek sou 700
bro or pek 825
or pek 855
pek 1445
pek sou 780
bro pek 1000
pek 1080

bid

pan MLO - CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot: Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib, .¢ Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
249 Dunbar 1618 23hfch broorpek 1150 70bid | 373 1990 44 do bro pek 8960
250 1621 9 ch or pek 711 48 B74 1993 29 do ek sou 2175
251 1624 14 do | pek 1120 40 876 Forres 1999 32hfch broorpek 1782
252 1627. 13 hbfch bropek 728 43 377 2002 32 ch bro pek 3446
253° 1680 9 ch pek sou 702 36 378 2005 35 do pek 2099
256 Siriwatte 1636 12 do bro or pek 1200 43 381 Preston 2014 19 ch bro pek 1900
256 _ 1639 12 do. pek 1080 86 388 Tempo 2035 16 do bropek 1600
258 Hatton 1645 22 ch bro pek 2200 62 389 2038 15 do or peE 1425
259 1648 21 do pek 1890 43 390 2041 17 do q pek 1530
262 Kmnavesmire 1657 79 ch bro pek 7505 37 391 2044 10 do pek sou 800
263 1660 13 do pek 975 29 395 Tembiligella 2056 37 do broorpek 3515
264 1663 20 do pek sou 1400 26 396 2059 24 do pek . 2160
265 1666 10hfch bro pek 400 O’Bode 2071 12 do bro pek 1344
fans . 800 24 401 2074 14 do or pek 1400
266 Adisham 1669 12 ch bro or pek 1200 64 402 2077. 12 do pek 1020
207 1672 22 do bropek 2090 48;:bid | 404 Devenford 2983 24hfch broorpek 1440
268 ¢ 1675 14 do pek 1190 40 405 2086 12 ch pek sou 1104
270 Lesmoir 1681 12 do or pek 1080 35 bid 406 Gonapitiya 2089 26hfch broyek 1560
271 ' 1684 17 do bro pek 1700 39 407 2092 29 do or pek 1508
272 1687 21 do pek 1890 30 bid 408 2095 18 ch pek 1800
273 Ganapalla 1690 10 ch or pek 860 40 409 2.98 12 do pek sou 1092
274 1693 40 do brofor pek 3920 36 410 GE inestate
276 ; 1696 17 do pek Nol 1462 81 mark 2101 21 do bro pez 1995
276 1699 28 do pek No 2 2380 29 411 2104 11 do pek 935
277 1702 9 do bro pek 416 Munukettia,
fans 1008 26 Ceylon, in
279 Lesmoir 1708 13 ch or pek 1170 37 estmark 2116 9 do or pek 792
280 1711 19 do bro pek 1900 39 416 2119 32hfch bro pek 1920
281 1714 21 do pek 1890 81 417 2122 19 ch pek 1402
282 1717 17 do pek sou 1360 26 418 2125 7 do pek sou 700
284 Queensland 1723 7 do bro pel 700 54 428 Pen-y-lan 2155 21 do bro pek 2100
285 1726 7 do or pek 770 46 429 2153 21 do pek 1899
286 1729 8 do pek 760 42 430 2161 8 bx pek sou 720
290 St. Heliers 1741 38hfch broorpek 2090 47 431 Coreen 2161 30hfch broorpek 1800
291 1744 19 ch per 1767 36 432 2167 11 ch or pek 968
293 Cholankande 1750 7 ch fans 840 25 434 Chesterford 2170 31 do bro pek 3100
294 1753 10hfch dust 300 21 435 2173 $1 do pek 2790
297 Geragama Inv. 436 2176 21 do pek sou 1890
No. 23 1762 7 ch bro or pek 770 5 437 2179 8 do fans 720
298 1765 12 do bro pek 1140 37 438 MGH 2182 18 do bro pek 1800
299 1768 20 do pek 1800 80 439 2185 26hfch pek 1170
EXH0) 1771 21 do. peksou, 1680 27 440 2186 20 do peksou 1800
301 1774 Qhfch dust 20 Nee 443 BC 2191 19 do dust 1710
302 Geragama Inv. 443 Dehiowita 2200 57 ch bropek 3700
No. 24 1777 7 ch broorpek 770 38 444 203 41 do pek 3690
303 1780 13 do . bropek 1235. 37, 447 Ismalle 2212 21 do broorpek 2205
304 1783. 16 do pek 1440 29 448 2215 32 do pek 2880
305 1786. 12 do pek scu’? 1020 26 bid | 449 2218 11 do or pk No 1 1045
306 Pinehill_ 1789 28hfch br orpek 168) 58 450 2221 21 do or pkNo2 1890
307 1792 18 do or pek 1620 45 451 2224 19 do pek sou 1805
308 1795 24 do pek 2160 40 452 Udabage 2227 16hfch or pek 880
309 1798 8 do pek sou 704 36 463 2230 42 do bro pek 2100
310 1801, 8hf-ch dust \ 704 22 454 2236 22 do pek 1100
311 HGM 1804 16 do floworpek 880 58 460 Yogama 2254 15 ch _ bro pek 1557
312 1807 23 do broorpek 1380 43 461 PCH, Galle
813 1810 8 ch ek sou 720 30 in est mark 2254 22hfch yong hyson 1097
315 Dotelcya 1816 23 do ro or pek 2300 49 462 2257 26 do hyson 1297
316 1819 81 do pek 2790 33 466 Galkadua 2269 11 ch bro pek 1210
317 1822 11 do pek sou 825 26 467 2272 10 do pek 1000
823 Castlereagh 1840 24hf-ch broorpeF 1200 60 . 471 Bandarapola 2284 55 hfch broorpek $075
824 1843 11 ch bro pek 1100 39bid | 472 2287 69 do brpek 4140
825 f 1846 9 do or pek 720 38 473 2290 19 ch or pek 2090
326 1849 11 do pek 880 35 474 2293 20 do pek 2000
327 Yataderia 1852 47hf-ch broorpek 2961 39 475 Ganapalla 2296 34 do pek sou 2720
328 1855 16 ch . or pek 1568 33 479 Polatagama 2308 44 do br pek 4400
329 1858. 32 do pek 2944 28 480 2311 9 do bro pek 865
330 1861 35hfch broorpek 2240 40 481 2314 8 do pek No 1 760
331 1864 20 ch pek 1840 29 482 2317 28 do pek No2 2520
332 1867 10 do peksou 930 24 486 Mahauva 2529 36hfeh broorpek 2520
333 Poonagalla 1870 8 do or pek 760 53 487 2332 38 do orpek 2280
334 1873 15 do bropek 1725 655 488 2335 18 ch pek ——_ 1800
935 1876 26 do pek 2600 45 489 2338 8 do peksou 760
836 1879 14 do pek sou 1288 41 490 Strathspey 2341 11 do or pek 1097
338 1885 38hf-ch dust 720 23 bid | 491 HF 2344 27hfch orpek No! 1620
339 1888 18 do broorpek 1332 44 492 2347 21 do or pek 1176
344 Lochiel 1903 14 do broorpek 812 72 493 2350 14 do pek 700
845 1906 20 ch or pek 2060 47 494 High Forest 2353 49 ch | orpk No 1 2891
346 1909 17 do pek 147 40 495 2356 29 do or pek 1566
347 Marlborough 1912 35hfch broorpek 1750 53 496 2359 15 do pek 720
348 1915 15 ch bro pek 1500 44 497 Galapitakande2362 14 do or pek 1400
349 1918 9 do pek 810 39 498 2365 11 do broipek 1100
350 Kennington 1921 11 do peksou 880 25 499 2368 24 do pek 2280
B51 1924 5 do dust 725 21 bid 503 BDWG 2380 35hfch bropek 1750
863 Laurawatte 1930 18hfch fans 1620 20 bid 504 Tonacombe 23883 36 ch or pek 3420
854 Yellangowry 1938 17 ch bropek 1700 48 505 2386 83 do br pek 3300
856 1926 28. do or pek 2070 33 506 2389 32 do pek 2880
356 1939 16 do pek 1440 29 607 2392 12 hf ch . pek sou 1020
867 1942 12 do pek sou 1080 26 508 2395 11 do dust 935
259 Dromoland 194% 12hfch broor pek 509 Bulugolla 2398 19 ch broor pek 1897
Nol 720 58 510 2401 30 do pek 2697
860 1951 9 do bro or pek 611 Summerville 2104 19 « bro pek 1900
, No2 864 45 612 2407 29 do pek 2900
862 1957 8 do. pek 720 40 ' 613 Yataderia 2410 58hfch broor pek 3709
268 Poonagalla 1976 8 ch pek 800 45. 514 2418 60 do broorpek 3837
871 Dewalakandel934 10hfch dust 800 22 615 OO in estate
272 Mawiliganga- } mark 2416 pek sou 845.

f 8 ch
watte 1987 10 ch broorpek 960 41 517 Coombecourt 2422 30hfch bro or pek 1650.

CEYLON PRODUCE, SALES. LIST,

Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib.
518 2425 38 hich bro pek 2990
519 2428 14 ch ek 1330

521 Theddon 2484 18 do ro pek 18(0

522 2437 18 do pek 1170

526 Irex 2449 33 do broorpek 3300

527 2452 35 do or pek 3150

Messrs. Somerville & Co.—
[236,988 lb. ]

Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. lb.
1 KG 183 11 ch sou 1045
3 BA 139 Shfch dust 720
4 Yspa 142 18 ch peksou 1530
5 145 6 do pek dust 840
6 Polgahakande 148 14 ch or pek 1120
8 CL 154 17 ch pek sou 1564
9 Siriniwasa 157 27 ch bro pek 2565

10 160 39 do pek 3705

lL 163 28 do pek sou 2520

16 Rambodde 178 25hfch bro pek 1375

17 181 33 do ek 1650
2B 196 8 ch Young Hyson 848

23 Roseneath 199 14 ch bro pek 1:00

24 202 11 do pek 990

25 205 18 do pek sou 1530

26 WKP 208 15 ch bro pek 1575

27 211 15 do pek 1350

98 214 41 do pek 3485

32 Nyanza 226 i19hfch broorpek 1045

33 229 15 ch bro pek 1500

84 232 13 do pek 1170

37 MW 241 20 ch bro or pek 1780

88 Mora Ella 244 18hfch broorpek 1026

39 217 16 do or pek 768

40 250 12 do bro pek 780

41 253 15 ch pek 1350

43 Tyspane 259 14 ch bro orpek 1400

44 262 30 do bro pek 8000

45 265 37 do pek 3145

46 Yarrow 268 23 hf ch bro orpek 1334

47 271 20 do bro pek 960

48 274 22 do pek 920

62 HAC 286 28 ch pek sou 2587

1 hf ch

53 Old Maddegama 289 11 ch bro or pek 880

54 292 12 do bro pek 960

55 295 20 do pek 1700

56 298 10 do pek sou 850

57 Citrus 301 21 ch bro pek 2100

58 304 26 do pek 2587

63 Meddegodde 319 22hfch peksou 1100

64 Depedene 322 17 hfch bro pek 850

65 325 20 do pek 1000

68 Tavalamtenne 334 12hfch broorpek 720

69 337 15 do or pek 750

73 Columbia 349 20hfch broor pek 1000

74 352° 15" do bro pek 975

75 355 24 do or pek 1200

"6 348 28 do pek 1400

WT 361 20 do pek 1000

78 Rahatungoda 364 24hfch broorpek 1344

79 867 25 do or pek 1375

80 870 38 do pek 2052

81 Nugawella 373 21 hfch broorpek 1260
2 376 22 do bro pek 1144

84 382 26 do pek 1300

85 885 11 ch pek sou 880

88 lonach 394 45 hfch’ broorpek 27(0

89 397 33 ch or pek 2970

90 400 31 do pek 2480

91 403 14 do pek sou 1120

92 Brecon 406 12hfch broorpek 720

93 409 7 ch or pek 735

93 Ahamed 424 8 ch pek sou 760

99 Mt. Temple 427 24 ch bro or pek 2400

100 430 80 do bro pek 3000

101 433 36 do pek 3060

102 Kelaui 436 28 ch bro pex 2660

103 439 19 do bro or pek 1900

104 442 17 do pek 1530

105 445 7 do fans 700

107 GB 451 15hfch dust 750

110 RKP 460 22 ch bro pek 2090

112 466 do fans 770

113 PK 469 5 ch dust 700

114 Ambalawa 472 10 ch bro pek 1000

115 475 9 do or pek 765

116 Mousa Eliya 478 16 ch broorpek 1600

117 } 481 11 do bro pek 990

118 484 13 do ek 1285

119 Oononagalla 487 14hfch broorpek 700

120 490 12 ch bro pek 1140

121 493 20 do pek 1600

122 ‘ 493 9 do ek sou 855

123 Avisawella 499 14hfch broorpek 700

Lot. Box.
194 502
126 605
126 508
128 Rayigam 514
129 DM OG, in

est. mark 517
130 520
131 523
135 535
136 Cooroondoo-

watte 538
137 Paradise 541
138 644
139 547
140 550
142 556
144 St. Andrews K 562
146 Mary Hill 568
147 571
150 RW 580
151 Walahanduwa 583
152 586
153 589
154 592
155 595
156 598
157 P K, in estate

mark 601
158 Annandale 604
159 607
160 Galgedioya 610
161 613
162 616
163 619
166 Orion 628
167 631
168 BP 634
169 Deniyaya 637
170 640
171 643
172 646
175 G 655
176 Woodcote Nil-

gris 658
178 Scarborough 664
179 667
180. 670
181 673
182 Kanatotta 676
183 679
188 Bodava 694
189 697
195 Ashton 715
196 718
197 721
198 724
200 Mt. Vernon 730
201 Hewawatte 733
202 726
203 739
204 Theberton 742
206 745
208 D 754
211 Hobart 763
212 JRH 766
213 Galphele 769

Pkgs.

16 ch
12 do
16 do
12 hf ch

14 hf ch
14 ch
19 do
14 hfeh

16 bf ch

Name. lb,
bro pek i600
pek 1080
pek sou 1280
dust 960
bro pek 170
pek 1120
pek sou 1425
broor pek 700
pek 900
or pek 760
bro pek 1575
pek 13:0
pek sou 1080
unas 800

bro pek 840
bro pek 880

k 1600

bro pek sou 2000
bro or pek 1680
or pek 1805
pek 2880
bro or pek 1575
or pek 1400
pek 2070
bro pek sou 1045

or pek 1040

pek 972
bro pek 4200
bro or pek 896
pek 1900
pek sou 3040
bro pek 3150

ek 1995

bro or pek 770
or pek 15u0
bro or pek 1100

pek 1330
pek sou 720
fans 1152
pek 1000

bro or pek 864
or pek 1248
pek 1581
pek sou 1020
bro pek 1900
pek 765
bro pek 1870
pek 720
or pek 1360
bro or pek 1409
pek 1053
pek sou 1860
pek 5192
broor pes 1750
pek 2125
pek sou 840
or pek 990
pek 1785
bro pek fans 78)
pek 1020
bro sou 1300
bro pek 1600

(Messrs. Hi. John & Co.—219,759 lb.]}

Lot. Box.
5 Elston 630
6 623
7 Alplakande 636
9 MW, in est.mark 642

14 Winwood 657

15 660

16 663

17 666

18 669

19 L’Ganga 672

20 675

21 678

22 681

23 Natuwakelle 684

24 687

25 bid 690

26 ; 693

28 Mount Everest 699

29 702

30 705

34 Wattagalla 717

35 720

39 MM 132

40 Glasgow 735

41 738

42 741

Pkgs.

16 ch
22 do

Name. |b.
pek 1360
pek sou 2090
sou 7-0
pek sou 5040
bro or pek 950
or pek 1620
pek 1260
pek sou 720
bro pek fans 720
or pek 1275
bro pek 2400
pex 2349
pek sou 1520
bro or pek 800
bro pek 1400
pek 1710
pek sou 810
bro or pek 1320
or pek 1050
pek 1700
bro pek 14140
pek 1900
pek sou 4500
broor pek 2002
or pek 950
pek 940

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ID ies aps ad LOTS.
47 Gingranoya 756 9 do orpek 720 40 E. Benham & Co.
48 769 14 do ek 1120 37
49 Rookwood 762 25 ea ro ge pek 1500 53 bid | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb... |e;
ay ren Be a beke Ba oy bid 9 Mapitigama 100 7 ch pek rou 609 26
52 Cleveland ae 29 hf ch Boxy orpek 1566 54 10 3 4 do pre cr pek =
es a0 flo \ per k cto Ul es 16 Bunyan and oa re 5
57 Brownlow 16 25 do roorpek 1475 58 , a
58 789 17 ch or pek 1479 = 40 bid Ovoca 21 6 bf ch dust abs aL
59 792 22 do pek 1870 38 17 Halgolla 24 2 ch dust 252 20
61 Vila 798 9 do sou 837 23 ao rattaweltcn: ‘i ‘ Pvt
62 Culloden 801 18 do bromiz 1710 15 bid bere aT eae a
63 804 10 do dust 1400 20 20 . 33 1 do dust 70-20
64 LS 807 12 do broorpek 1310 23bid | 29 Torrington 60 6 ch peksou 48081
65 AgraQuvah 810 33hfch broorpek 1980 65 bid | 20 63 7 do sou 63021
66 813 27 do or pek 1485 48 bid 31 Rasagalla 66 3hfeh dust 240 20
67 816 9 ch pek 873 41 bid at ee EEE
68 SEA 819 7 do broor pek 700 52
8 ee Hd go pre, pek gon e Messrs. Forbes & Walker
hy pe :
74, Bowhill 837 11 do broorpek 110041 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. z.
75 840 10 do or pek 1000 36 i
76 843 20 do pek 1890-30 { Laee crate 874 1 ch bro pek fans 82 20
77 Kandaloya 846 26hf-ch broorpek 1170 56 2 877 | do bro or pek 55 32
78 849 28 do bropek — 1260, )\43 3 Rockside 880 4 ch sou 320 30
79 852 27 do or pek 1080 40 5 886 4 do dust 540 25
80 855.111 do pek 4440 33 bid 6 MP 889 5 ch sou 425 22
85 Warleigh 870 14 do orpek 770 50 7 892 3 do dust 560 28
86 873 20 ch bro pek 1900 40 9 898 3 do dust No 2 510 17
87 876 20 do ek 1700-38 ; rs
93 Heatherley a4 a ao yson 800 oe 10 Tokatiamulla 901 llhfch bro pek 550 = 33
95 Glentilt 900 25hfch broorpek 1500 63 i 907 4 Ha Por sou 200 oA
96 903 21 ch — bro pek 2100 48 13 910 1 do fans 50-83
97 906 81 do pek 2945 27 14 313 1 do bro mix 55 14
103 AH 922 11 do young byson 1154 30 bid 17. Rock Cave 924 5 ch pek sou 425 w
105 RW 928 21 do bropek 2205 33bid | 3 925 2 do dust 240 21
106 Morton 931 34 do broorpek 3400 36 falc s : 274 a9
107 934 20 do bropek 1600 33 Bp} tomas ols oes came ae Pa EA aheks
108 937. 27 do pek 2160-26 ay 934 2 ce aa sou 1c0 22
111 Mount Clare 946 12 do younghyson1140 36 9 i 37 , 5 2
112 yO) SG nyaon 1020 36 22 Mehalla 937 5 ch bro pee 550 43
113 952 13 do hyson No.2 1144 16 a eo 3 ip pale nit ap
123 -Mount Vernon 982 54 do pek 4968 40 25 4G aundo. pek sou 340 97
124 Medenpenne- 26 - 949 1 ; or fust 144 24
‘ . 3l argany 964 2hfc ust 280 22,
ws ss 20 dope © S600 e bid | 38 Halbarawa 870-8 ch pk 80 24
4 co)
128 M K, inest. ; lhfch pek sou 265 #8 23
mark 1000 .8 do fans 960 23 35 976 1 ch red leaf 90 withdn
135 Evalgolla 18 17hfch or pek 765 38 38 Hotton 985 6 do pek sou 51024
136 21.19 do broorpek 1045 62 39 988 4 do dust 320. 19
137 24 28 do pek 1120 81 40 Bickley 991 Shfch pek sou 464 32
138 27 17 do ek sou 850 27 41 994 6 ch dust G00 22
142 Maryland 39 7 ch bro pek 700 ©33 44 Mousakellie 1003 5 ch or pek 475 40
143 42 7 do pek 700-25 45 10C6 5 do pek 450 36
144 Arncliff 45 22hfch pro pek 1210 48 bid | 46 1009 2 do pek sou 180 33
145 48 9 ch or pek 810 49 47 1012 2 do dust 160 22,
146 61 30 do pek 2700 42 bid 48 1015 6hich bro pekfans 230 36
147 A 54 29hfch pek fans 2175 26 bid 49 -Moneragalla 1018 2 ch bro or pek 160 69
148 Orwell 67 19 ch or pek 1900 42 61 1024 7 do pekNo.l 511 37
149 60 17hfch broorpek 1037 59 52 1027 4 do pek No.2 284 033
150 63 9 ch pek 855 34 53 1030 2 do pek sou 130 28
151 66 12 do peksou 1020 27 54 1033 1 do — dust 116-22
152 Mabapahagalla 72/81 do ‘bropek 3255 «45 =| 6. Beverley(20z. dor fans mae a
ye 76.26 bf ch... broorpek 1600. 46 pid Lead line) 1039 Shfch broorpek 400 56
166 a op 4 aa? pone aa 65 Glenorchy 1066 2 ch pek sou 200 40
157 pais aS aa LE Ween (Cae 70 Clarendon 1081 12hfch or pek 648 40
159 Carendon 90 10 do bro pek 1060 35 a ae , eh nee. sou aie ae -
160 93 8 do pek 800 30 73 1090 3hfch 2 k dust 2
163 LL 2 17 do orpek —-16s3._——«33 bid a a. eee sa iosE
164 105 24 do pek 2004 aT bid | 28 Aden EG am ade oes cy
Aes HO AAO ya S ON EE BON ots 80 Nyangodde 1111 4hfch dust 32020
167 Myraganga 114 26 do or pek 2080-37 81 R., aie 11146 sow ‘fans 450 31
168 117 90 do broorpek 9000 44 bid | gp 8 1117, 5 do dust 450 9
169 120 13 do k 1235 34 5 zn Us pee
171 126 8 do tani 920 26 83 1126 3 ch bro mix 300 16
172 Kandy 129 20 do ekaai 2700 24 bid 84 Stafford 1123 8hfch _ bro or pek 52u 81
173 Craigingilt 152 10 do broorpek 1000 47 bid | 8) say, TBR Gos8O gene rede =
174 135 11 do Browek 990 38 bid 89 ulpama 1138 5 do dust 45 22
175 seems pele soc ga big | 24 Udabage 1153 13 do hysonNoiA 650 30
176 141 11 do pek sou 825 28 ae Hs § fo ne x o2 20 aa
182 Bowella 169 10 do pek 650 28bid | o4 TG Std, Bobet ete ecek acy tue
188 Woodstock 162 10 do bro or pek 1000 38 102 UG 1177. 1 ch unas “95 22,
145 Perth 168 46 do or pek 3680 30 bid } 40 Weyweltala- 3
186 171 24 do pek 1728 27 bid a, 1180:.7tho: Hee onl! con. Ves
187 Nahavilla 174 20 do or pek 1800 49 lvakand y 5
168 Kolapatna 177 23bfch orpek 1081 38 ie Sylvakandy “oan 3 oo p ek sou 160 32
189 180 22 do pek 1034 84 bid ht a BOO ee
100 Craigingilt 183 16 ch pek 1260 88 bid |) 445 Nera MANS TZRig aan gRtoppelya) 20 ie
191 D’Ella 186 20 do peksou 1810 24bid | 354 yfacaldenia 1243 Dhich beck 33043
192 Ouval’L 189 39 do pek 3510 38 ope ent teigteetio HORT nae. éepannee
193 SW 192 15 do broorpek 1545 28;bid | 15p rome oNde | aaae rag tae
198 NB 185 17 do 133) assures
lhfch pek sou 1575 =: 84 bid Group 1267 2 do fans 140

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES

Lot Box. Pkgs. Name.
135 St. Clive 1276 15 hfch hyson
136 1279 15 @o do No2
137 128% 6 do do fans
140 Amblakande 1291 6 ch pek sou
146 Pungettty 1309 Lhfch dust
149 Massena 1318 6 do pek sou
150 1321 7 do bro pek fans
151 1324 3 do ust
155 F, in estate
mark 1326 2 hf-ch dust
156 Morankande 1339 10 do pe orpels
(0)
157 1342 3 do bro or pek
No 2
160 1351 6 do bro or pek
fans
162 1357 2 do dust
166 Rookatenne 1369 2hfch dust
163 Ruanwella 1375 5 ch bro or pek
173 1390 3 do dust
138 Delta 1435 8hfch_ pek fans
189 Patchkadua 1438 65 do dust
193 Monkswood 1450 7 ch pek sou
195 1456 4hfch dust
200 Erlsmere 1471 6 ch pek son
201 1474 2bfch dust
204 EDP 1483 5 ch bro mix
206 Wewawatte 1489 7 do pek
207 1492 do _pek sou
217° Ewhurst 1522 shfeh_ bro or pek
220 L531" 5) ch pek sou
221 1534 65 hfch fans
225 Fetteresso 1546 7 do dust
227 Palm Garden 1552 6 ch bro pek
229 1558 4 do pek sou
230 1561 1 do fans
231 Weralupe 1°64 1 ¢ bro pek
232 1567 1 do pek
233 1570 1 do pek sou
242 Penrhos 1597 1lhfch fans
243 16.0 1 do pek dust
244 Udapolla 1603 a ch or pek
Ot7 1612 5 do pek sou
218 16:5 2hfch dust
254 Dunbar 1633 1 ch dust
257 Siriwatte 1642 5 do bro pek sou
260 Hatton 1651 51 ch pek sou
261 1654 2 do dust
209 Adisham 1678 6 ch pek sou
278 Ganapalla 1705 b5Bhfch dust
283 Lesmoir 1720 7 ch dust
287 Queensland 1732 3 do , peksou
338 735 2 do or pek dust
239 1738 1 do sou
292 St. Heliers 1747 7 ch dust
295 Ouvahkellie 1756 4 do pek sou
296 1759 8 do dust
314 HGM 1813 3 ch sou
318 D inest mark 1825°10hf-ch fans
319 1828 3 do pek dust
320 USA 1831 4 ch sou
321 1834 5 do dust
322 14387 1 do fans
337 Poonagalla 1832 6hf-ch fant
340 Weemalla 1891 3 do pek sou
341 1894 4 do bro tea
342 APK 1897 3 ch bro pek
343 1900 2 do pek
352 Kennington 1927 2 do fans
358 Yellangowry 1945 3hf-ch dust
361 Dromoland 1954 do or pek
363 1960 2 do pek sou
364 1063 2 do fans
365 1966 1 do dust
366 Poonagalla 1919 1 ch or pek
367 1972 6 do bro pek
369 1978 2 do pek sou
3870 1981 lhfch dust
376 Mawiliganga-
watte 1996 5 ch dust
379 Forres 2008 do _pek sou
380 2011 6hfch dust
382 Preston 2017 2 ch bror pk fans
383 Augusta 2020 3hf-ch br or pk fans
384 2023 2 ch dust Nol
385 ABC 2026 5 ch bro pek
386 2029 4 do pek
387 2032 2 do pek sou
392 Tempo 2047 1 do fans
393 2050 2 do sou
394 2054 1 do dust
397 Tembiligalla 2062 2 do pek sou
398 2065 1 do bro pek fans
399 2068 1 do dust
403 O’Bode 2080 3 do pek sou
412 G Bin i
estate mark 2107 7 do pek sou

bid

bid

LIST. ‘5

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib; >. c.

413 2110 1 do sou 110 19

414 2113 2hfch dust 140 20

419 Mount

Pleasant 2128 5 do _ bro pek 250 = 37

420 2131 10 do pek 500 26

421 21384 1 do pek sou £0 18

422 2137 1 do sou 50 12

423 2140 1 do fans 50 17

424 LN Sin :

estate mark 2143 2 ch pek sou 182 15

425 21146 1 do ust 123 19

426 2139 Lht-ch pek 35 24

427 2152 1 do _ bro pek 24. 32

441 WN 2191 5 do fans 300 10

442 Qneensland 2197 2 do dust 150 21

445 Dehiowita 2206 % ch bro pek fans 330 24

446 2279 4 do dust 4:0 19

455 Udabage 2236 10bfch peksgsou 500 23

456 2239 1 do fans 55 23

457 2242 6 ch dust 480 20

458 B Bin

estate mark 2245 3 do bro pek 300 26

459 2248 5 do pek 400 4

463 Ondoowerre 2260 2 do bro pek 204 40

464 2°63 2 do pek 184 38

465 2266 1 do pek sou 90 37

468 Galkaduwa 2275 5 do peksou 600 = 24

469 2278 1 do fans 125 22,

470 2281 1 do dust 195 18

476 Rinest mark 2299 i ch bro pek 81 33

477 2:02 1 do pek sou 83 18

478 2205 1lbfch fans 71 17

483 Polatagama “320 4 ch pek sou 400 26

484 2323 2hfch bro pek fans 200 23

485 2325 2 ch dust 300 20

500 Galpitakande 2371 5 do pek sou 500 32

601 2374 5hfch dust 400 24

5u2 AG 2377 4 ch bro tea 397 19

510 OO inestmrk 2419 1lhfch green tea 38 8

520 Coombecourt 2431 5 ch pek sou 475 31 bid

523 Theddon 2440 4 do pek sou 320 27 bid

524 2443 1 do bro pek fang 130 29

525 2416 1 do dust 156 22

528 Trex 2455 6 do pek sou 480 25

529 2458 1 do sou 44 10

530 246L 1 do fans 110 30

531 2164 3 do dust 255 30

532 Udabage 2167 1 do fans 55 9

530 2470 1 do dust 55 27

(Messrs. H. John & Co.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, g.
1 Katadola 618 5 ch bro pek 560 82
2 621 3 do pek 315 24
3 624 1 do bro mix No.l 115 13
4 627 1 do do No.2 117 8
5s oN 639 6hfch dust 510 23

lo AT 645 5b ch bro or pek 650 28

lt 648 7 do pek sou No. 2 630 24

12 651 1 do congou 90 13

13} 654 2 do dust 240 ls

27 Natuwakelle 696 2 do dust 240 23

31 Mount Everest 708 6 do pek sou 540 41

32 71L 2hf-ch bropek fans 140 32

33 714 1 do dust 100 22

36 Wattagalla 723 11 do pek sou 495 3t
7 726 7 do fans 315 3

388 729 3 do dust 24) 23

43 Eton 744 2 ch bro or pek 210 49

44 747 2 do or pek 19u 41

45 750 1 do pek sou 100 29

46 753.2 do sou 200 28

54 Cleveland 777 lOhtch pek sou 500 39

55 730 2 do fans 160 24

66 Uvakellie 783 1 ch bro mix 131 23

60 Brownlow 795 7bfch dust 595 29,

71 SEA 828 1 ch pek sou 105 27

72 831 1 do tans 12u 26

73 834 1 do oust 110 22

8L Kandaloya 858 12hfch pek sou 480 28

82 S61 7 do fans 350 30

83 864 3 do dust 150 21

84 Warleigh 867 1L hfch bro cr pek 660 76 bid

88 879 1 ch pek sou 80 32

89 882 5hfch dust 400 24

90 Kandaloya 88 4 do bro pek 160 45

OL 888 3 do pek 120 30

92 891 12 do bro tea 480 22

94 Heatherley 897 4 ch hysonNo,2 400 21

98 Gientilt 909 7hfch fans 660 Qt

99 Hinela 912 9 do or pek 450 46

100 915 6 do pek 300 39

10L 918 2 do pek sou JOO Bt

102 92L 1 do dust: 50 pal

104 Annamallai 925 1 do dust 85 2y

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
See

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, kb, ce
: 177 QL 66L 5 ch pek 500 24
109 Morton 9410 4 do pek fans 320 22 : :
i o18 § do pekan ios | yet Ranatta © G2 7 ch ek sou Os
114 Mount Clare 955 2 ch hyson sifringe 168 9 186 Meetiyagoda 688 6 ch bro pek 600 26
115 958 1 do do No.2 90 10 Ae aaa pias Sb Eee eet
116 961 3 do siftingsNo.1324 9 ete ae ee ee Sagat
117 964 1 do do No,2104 12 gay oe 5 ae
118 Taunton 967 3boxes floworpek 60 50 192 P ha c
119 970 3 ch pek sou 255 33 ep grim Se A + ae is
120 973 1 do fans 120° 33 spe ee eae Ce cea ade
121 976 3 do sou 240 20 Dee oe fy Ger ee ee Gh
122 ; 979 1hfch pek sou 9 18 199 SiH (27 iB iE hee ni hee
126 MK, in est. 206 D Pea chakengee, tne ane
mark 991 6 ch bropek 600 26 om eth S ity eld ee
127 994 2 do _ pek 160-24 oe fey gece 4 oka
128 997 2 du peksou 140 20 210 760 as eelincaeie Ad 14
130 3 3 do sou 210 12 se a ae Be le a ReA
131 Oakwell 6 6 ag bro pek 696 43 LARS ae or obs t 1800
132 9 6 do pe 654 38
133 12 3 ao nee sou 300-38 ee
134 15 1 do ust 97 21 T
139 Evalgolla Baa E cht ant nant nso CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,
140 ae 33 3 de dug 1&0 20 se
141 e Farm 386 2 do ust 160 21 (Fy , Ono), y,
tly Rueee aoe acts au se ren pi ge (From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
158 Mabanahagalla § 87 5 do aust 400 23 Mincine Lane, Sept., 6th,
161 96 4 ¢ 400 28 3
162 Bean a 99 1 do Peete To50eoTl *‘ Soudan.”—Lockhart 2, 4 casks and 1 tierce sold |
166 B 11l 8 do peksou 640 14bid | at 49s 6d; ditto S, 2 casks sold at 40s ; Lockhart; |
170 Myragangez 123 Aue fuss 560 2 1 bag sold at 30s.
- 22 bi
Uae Cralgingile ie 3 fen pare a 34 a “ Austral.’’—Craig 1, 2 casks sold at 87s ; ditto 2,
179 150 4 ch bro pek 360 33 bid | 2 casks sold at 65s 6d; 1 tierce sold at 358 Ara bag }
180 Bowella ib 3 a9 Bre or pek ooo 39 sold at 65s.
181 156 4 do ro pek 40 32 “ 5
184 Woodstock 165 6 d k 570-81 _‘* Prometheus.”’—Craig O, 1 cask sold at 106s;
i a ditto 1, 2 casks sold at 96s ; ditto 2, 2 casks and
1 barrel sold at 66s: ditto T, 1 barrel sold at 36s.
‘ “‘ Dardanus.”—Mausagalla A, 3 casks sold at’ 97s ;
(Messrs. Somerville & €o.} ditto C, 1 tierce sold at 553; ditto PB, 1 barrel
sold at 95s; ditto T, 1 barrel sold at 34s.
Lot, Box, Pkgs. Name. Ie @ 3 Peemerhene ”_Ditto B, 2 casks sold at 99s;
2 BA 136 9hfch pek faus 565 31 ditto C, 1 tierce ld a 56s; ditto T, 1 parcel sold
7 Polgahakande 151 4 ch dust 600 18 gt Z .
12 Siriniwasa 166 6 ch bropekfans 600 27 at 34s.
13 169 2 do dust 300 20
ie 172 a ae Bio pek No2 95 30
176 Co) ro tea 425 10 v
18 Rambodde IsshUnhTchuapomenn Tors CEYLON COCOA SAJUES IN LONDON.
in estate ————
mark 187 thfch con 60 = 23 “Duke of Portland.*—% MAK in estate mark O
20 190 3 do pek dust Doo memD?, il bam sak) aa y
21 193 2 do bropekfans 103 24 rie bre agian i
29 WKP 217 9 ch peksou 675 26 “ Japan.’’—Middlemarch Forastero, 10 bags sold at
30 220 2 do sou 1624 64s 6d; ditto 2, 3 bags sold at 58s; ditto Caraccas,
31 223 3hich dust 237 20 5 bags sold at 64s 6d; ditto Black, 2 bags sold
36 Nyansa 235 2 ch peksou 180 28 at 40s ‘
36 238 2 do dust 800 20 R
42 Mora Ella 256 8 ch ‘pek sou 680 33 - “Staffordshire.” —Ditto Forastero, 2 bags sold at,
49 Yarrow 277 12hf ch pek sou 606 3L 60s; ditto No. II, 1 bag sold at 59s 6d; ditto
fy Be i Ae prowek fans ge 2 Forastero, 4 bags sold at 52s 6d; ditto Caraccas,
59 Citrus B07 oh nae Sou 400 oe Ae cid at puede, re bags sold at 52s 6d; ditto
60 310 4 a fi 40 2 aC. Ei) Kee es
61 313 3 a6 dust ome Hs ty Soudan,”—A 1 Yattawatte, 65 bags sold at 72s,
62 HA $16 2 ch red leaf 173 7 B1 ditto, 26 bags sold at 53s; Al ditto, 6 bags
6 Vepedene 328 11 hich Woe sou 550 24 sold at 49s 6d,
5 331 1
70 Tavalamtenne 340 11 hfeh ae pee a ‘* Stentor.’ —Yattawatte Bi, 20 bags sold at 62s,
zy 343 2 do fans 130 27 “City of pee apitts = oD) = “oe at 61s,
2 346 2 do dust 150 24 “ Austral.”’—Betworth Coodoogalla, 6 bags sold at
83 Nugawella, 379 10 hf ch or pek 480 38 64s ; 8 bags sold at 61s; 1 bag sold at 15s.
ee a 2 de a sp Ee * Clan McArthur.”—Woodthorpe, 2 bags sold
oe Brecon 412 2 oe. es sou 200 32 at 50s 6d.
‘ 415 6hfch fans 39032 ‘¢ Cheshire.’”—Kotua i, 15 bags sold at 54s 6d;
oo Ahamed ay 4 en pre! pek oe pe 2, 2 bags sold at 43s 6d; T, 1 bag sold at 57s. —
106 GB 448 Ghf ch aa tea 300 9 “ Austral.”—Udapolla B, 5 bags sold at 55s; ditto
108 K PT 4545 ch fans A, © 1 C, 5 bags sold at 42s; ditto G, 8 bags sold at 393 :
109 RKP 457 6 ch _ bro or pek 570 33 ditto Pieces, 1 bag sold at 56s.
111 463 4 do Kk , 360 24
6 : : Pe EBON ‘‘ Hitachi ’Maru.”—Beredewelle COC Ex, No. 1
Be REO dene AAO Slates 13 bags sold at 71s 6d; ditto 1, 4 bags sold at 62s 6d.
mark 626 2 ch bro mix 170 16 paleneent ys ’—A Glenalpin, 20 bags sold at 65s ;
16g By Begs Be PSS AD B ditto, 2 bags sold at 45s 6d; C ditto, 2 bags sold
3 632 do ans 420 7 at
141 Paradi p 2 E epee
143 peal rip be 5 a Ce tay an “ Hitachi Maru.”—Hylton OO, 7 bags sold at 64s
144 St. Andrews K 665 9hfch pek 450 26 6d; ditto Brown, 1 bag sold at 64s 6d.
SE Mary Hill oe oH ae peroe ao Be ‘* Dardanus.”—B Elmhurst, 9 bags sold at 40s;
c us Y4
ia. Galgedioya 622 pat oe dust 400 20 C ditto, 1 bag sold at 41s.
5 625 2 ¢ fans 200 23 & Shj M ”?__Hylt OO, 12 b old t
7 ‘ener ; 3 inano Maru. ylton age sold a
17g Deniraye G18 Abt ce bro pok dust $3 3 | oe Gd; ditto 1, 1 bag sold at 4s

RUN Scie er e
OBSERVER PRINTING Works.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

No. 38.

CoLoMBO, OcTosneE 7, 1901. {

PricE :—12% cents each, 8 copies:

30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

Lot.

1 Hornsey
2

4 Shepperton
5 GM

8 Torrington

Bunyan and
Ovoca

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

Lot.
1 G, in estate
mark

2 GK

5

6 Yuillefield
7

8 Haputale-
wella

Detengalla
New Anga-
mana

Glengariffe

Oakham
OBE C, in

est. mark,
Sindumallay

Drayton
Mahaoya
Ninfield
Kosgalla

Sirikandura

Palmerston

Torwood

Campion

Katooloya
Perawatte

Rajawatte
Rockhill
Tunisgalla

Cholankande
Clyde

101
115 Naseby
116
117

LARGE LOTS.

E. Benham & Co.
[20,350 Ib.|

Box.

17
80
86

89 32

98 1

1 48

4

10
13

Pkgs.

28 hf ch

Name.

bro or pek

pek

bro or pek
ek

pek sou

|574,870 1b.]

Box.

2473
2476
2485
2488
2491

2494
2497
2500
2521

2524
2527
2530
2533
2542
2548
2551
2563
2666

2575
2578
2681
2584
2587
2590
2596
2602
2611
2614
2626

2629
2638
2641
2644
2668
2671
2636
2689
2692
2695
2698
2701
2704
2707
2710
2713
622
2725
2728
2731
2734
2737
2743
2746
2749
2761
2764
2770
2773
2815
2818
2821

Pkgs.

°6 ch

Name.

sou

pek

pek sou
pek sou
bro or pek

pek sou
bro or pek

Pp
broor pek

pek sou
bro or pek

dust

pek sou
bro or pek

bro or pek
or pek
fans

lb.

1800
2500
2340
1260
1650

Lob. Box.
118 Great Valley
Ceylon, in est.
mark 2824
119 2827
120 2830
121 2833
123 Ingrogalla 2839
124 2842
126 OBE C, in
est. mark
Summerhill 2848
127 2851
128 2854
129 Kotagaloya, 2867
130 2860
135 Vogan 2875
136 2878
137 2881
138 2834
142 Nugagalla 2896
143 Waitalawa 2899
144 2992
148 Agra Oya 2914
149 2917
150 2920
161 2923
165 Good Hope 2935
156 2938
157 2941
158 2944
160 Tory 2950
161 BDWG 2953
162 2956
167 Rowley 2971
169 Kennington 2977
170 Havva Gama 2980
171 2983
172 Thanni 2986
175 Dammeria 2995
176 2998
179 3007
180 3010
181 3013
182 Broadlands 3016
183 3019
184 Weoya 3022
185 3025
186 3028
187 3031
188 3034
189 3037
190 Erracht 3040
191 3043
192 3046
195 Kirklees 3055
196 3058
197 3061
198 3064
200 Polatagama 3070
201 3073
202 3076
205 Gleneagles 3085
206 3088
207 3091
209 Ganapalla 3097
210 3100
2t1 3103
212 3106
214 3112
2156 Killarney 3115
216 3118
217 Lucky Land 3121
218 3124
219 3127
222 Non Pariel 3136
225 3145
226 3148
228 Theydon
Bois 3154
229 3157
230 3160
231 Laurawatte 3163
232 Shrubs Hill 3166
233 Glencore 3169
234 RE 3172
236 8176
236 3178
237 Tismonda_ 3181
238 Ardlawand
Wishford 8184

Pkgs.

34 hf ch
oO

Name, Ib.

bro or pek 1972

or pe! 1650
pek 1936
Ree sou 1530
ro pek 1100
pek 900
bro pek 2310
pek 2068
eK sou 2460
ro pek 2200
ek 2100
broor pek 1860
or pek 2755
pek 3600
pek sou 1700
pek 2150
bio pek 1750
pek 2000
bro or pek 720
bro pek 700
pek 1148
ek sou 1105
ro pek 1710
bro or pek 1100
pek 1800
pek sou 810
sou 770
bro pek 2300
pek 1300
pek 1000
dust 722
bro or pek
‘ans 1440
bro or pek
dust 2805
bro mix 935
pek 1900
ek sou 1350
ro pek 1800
or pek 900
bro orpek 1100
pek fans 770
ust 960
bro or pek 2310
bro pek 3420
pek 3600
pek sou 1440
bro pek
fans 1045
dust 1200
bro pek 2600
pek 2210
pek sou 850
bro or pek 1560
or pek 1235
pek 1900
pek sou 720
bro pek 3300
or pek 1000
pek 3600
ro orpek 5130
or pek 3526
pek 959
bro or pek 5586
or pek 1260
pek Nol 2494
ek No 2 5185
ust 840
or pek 800
pek 1530
bro or pek 1980
or pek 1235
pek 968
pek 1250
bro or pek 1347
or pek 1000
or pek 990
pek 1750
pek sou 720
fans 1617
pek 8652
pek sou 1617
or pek 855
bro pek 2100
pek sou 1620
pek 1440
pek 744

Cc.

ae GEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. - Ibe.
. 239 Kirklees 3187 20 do or pek 1800 383bid | 377 Tonacombe 1 27 ch bro pek 2565 44
240 IK V $190 18 ch ..- x 378 4 24 do bro pek 2400 48
‘lhfch pekfans 1000 24bid | 379 , 7 27 do pek 24B0' 38
241 Springwood 3193 20 ch bro pek 1800 40 380 10 11 do peksou 935 37
242 3196 16 do pek 1280 82 381 RPandarapola 13 48hfich broorpek 3264 43
243 3199 14 do or pek fans 1400 83 382 16 54 do bro pek 3132 35 bid
244 3202’ 21 do congou 1995 26 385 Clunes 25 14 do pek No2 1330 27
249 Errollwood 3217 11 ch or pek 1045 42 386 28 11 do pek Nol» 1045 29
250 3220 14 do pek 1260 36 387 81 14 do or | ek 1260 31
254 Woodend 3232 84 ch bro pek 8400 42 888 34 19 do bro or pek 1862 39
256 \ 3235" 11 do pek sou 880 26 229 Pallagodda 87.18 do bro or pek 1800 38
257 Agrakande 3241 21bfich broorpek 1050 71 890 40 23 do bro pek 2300 41 bid
258 8244 41 ch or pek 4018 43 bid 391 42.17 do’ +or pek 1830 34
259 3247 18 do BPE 1710 38 392 46 14 do pek 1190 30
263 Preston 3259 7 do roorpek 735 60 393 49 14 do peE sou 1260 27
266 Moneragalla 3268 12 do bro pek 900 48 394 Hanwella 52 43 hich’ young hyson24s0 3
267 Yataderia 3271 15hfch bro or pek 1005 41 bid | 395 55 20. do hyson No 1 1200 28
268 3274 28 ch bro pek 2800 35 bid | 3988 AP K 64 12 do hyson No2 720 17
269 2277 23 do or pek 2257 35 329 O BE Cinest :
270 3280 32 do pek 2944 28 bid mark, Nilloo-
271 32838 10 do pek sou 910 25 mally 67 7 ch broorpek 700 58 bid
272 Ingoya 3286 45 ch bro pek 4545 36 bid 400 70 27 do or pek 2484 43
273 3289 40 do pek 3200 30 401 73 19 do pekKNol 1120 36 bid
‘274 3292 18 do pek sou 1224 27 402 76 16 do pek No2 1408 37
275 'Tillyrie 3295 13hfch broor}eck 845 57 bid 403 79 17 do pek sou 1462 26
276 3298 15 ch bro pek 1575 52 407 Parsloes 91 33 do bro pek 8200 26
Q77 3301 23 do pek 2070 39bid | 408 94 25 do | or pek 2250 38
278 3304. 15 do pekNo2 1425 37 409 97 11 do pek 880 97
279 Lochiel 3307 13 bfch broorpek 754 €8bid | 411 Penrhos 103'-13 hi-ch broorpek 741 53
280 3310 16 ch or pek 1680 45 bid 412 106 16 do or pek 752 41
281 8313 15 do pek 1305 38 bid 413 109 17 ch pek 1581 34
282 Weyungawatte}3316 21 do bro pek 2100 41 414 112 10 do pek sou 800 30
283 8319 26 do pek 2340 31 418 Amblakande 124 9 do bro pek 900 36
284 3322 22 do pek sou 1760 29 419 127 13 do pek 1040 99 «(tl
287 +S V inest. 422 136 9 do brorpkdust900 50 pid
mark 3331 10hfch pek fans 700 32 423 139 9 do or pek 900 40 bid
289 Dunedin 3337.19 ch broorpek 1995 © 46 424 142 10 do pek 900 86 bid
290 3340 18 do bro pek 1872 88 426 Dambagas-
291 ; 3343 15 do or pek 1275 388 talawa 348 15 bhf-ch bro or pek i590 58
292 3346 37 do pek 3330 33 $27 151 17 ch bro bro 1700 43 bid
293 3349 11 do pek sou ° 935 28 428 154 16 do pek 1530 39 bid
294 3352 16 do dust 2160 22 229 157 99% do peE sou 700 36
295 Tillyrie 3355 20 do fans 2=00 24bid | 431 Bulugolla 163 20 do bro or pek 2009 51 bid
296 Marlborough 3358 40hfch broorpek 2000 53 bid | 432 166 18 do or pek 1800 41 bid
297 ; 3361 13 ch bro pek 1300 44 bid 433 169 15 do pek 1350 36 bid
298 3364 9 do pek 720 88bid | 435 Glendon 175 12 do bro pek 1200 53
299 Maragalla 3367 17 do bro pek 1785 40 bid | 436 178 32 do orpek 3040 36
800 3370 15 do or pek 1275 33 bid 437 181 33 do pek 2805 32
301 { 3373 15 do pek 1275 30 bid 438 184 20 do pek sou 1700 7
305° Troy 3385 20 do bro or pek 2100 42 440 Templehurst 190 25hfch bro pek 1375 49 bid
306 3388 13 do or pek 1235 34 441 193 7 do pek 700 44
307 8391 14 do pek 1302.31 444 Palmgarden 202 Shfch pek 797 26
308 Erismere 3394 17hfch. broorpek 884 60 445 Queensland 205 7 ch bro pek 770-50
309 Tymawr 3397 .21 do bro or pek 1365 5} 446 208° 8hfch pek 760 41 bid
310 3400 28 do’ or pek 1540 43 448 St Heliers 214 18 do broorpek 1008 43
311 3403 26 do pek 1300 37 449 21% 10 ch pek 950 ae
312 3406 24 do pek sou 1200 32 450 Maldeniya! 220 32 do br pek 200 42
313 Sylvakandy, 3409 94 do broyek 5170. 51 451 223 '28 do pek 2520 30
314 | 8412 34 ch pek 3060 37 452 226 11 do pek sou 880 27
316 Harrow 8418 25 hfch ‘broor'pek 1500 54 bid | 455 Ismalle 235 10 do br pek fans 1300 25
317 8421. 21 do | bro pek 1260 40bid | 456 238 8 do pekfans 1000 94
318 3424 12 ch pek 1200 39 457 Thedden 241 18 do bro pek 1797S 42,
320 Elteb 3430. 13hfch dust 1092 «21 458 244 13 do pek 1167 32 bid
321 Galagama 8433 27 ch bro pek 2565 36 460 Delta 250 13 do bro or pek 780 56
322 3436 21 do pek 1890 30 461 253 24 do bro pek 2400 45
323 3439 14 do bropkfans 1568 26 462 256 26 do pek 2236 87
324 Corfu 3442 18hfch or pek 900 34 463 259.21 do peksou 1701 = 38
326 3448 18 do pek 900 =. 28 464 Ginest mark 262 19 do pekdust 2622 20 bid
329 Coreen 3457 30 do br orpek 1800 out 465 Summerville 265 29 do pek ~ 2897 36 bid
330 WVBA 3460 14 ae pro orpek 728 57
331 3463 .9 do ans 720 19 = ;
333 Nahalma 3469 45 ch bropek 3600 35 Messrs. Somerville & Ce.
334 8472 42 de bok Bu6s 31 [227,212 lb.J
335 8475 41 do pek sou 72 26
333 BDPW 3484 9 do bropekfans 990 38 Lot. , Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. ¢.
342 Delta 38496 24 do bro pek 2400 1 Ferriby 775 21hfch broorpek 1155 46
343 3499 26 do pek 22s | withd’n 2 778 16 ch bro pek 1520. 35
344 8502 21 do peksou 1701 °3 781 24 do wpek 2160 30
345 Gonapitiya 3505 27hfch pekfans 1836 388 4 784 16 do peksou 1280 927
346 3508 10 ch dust £90 26 f6 Hangranoya 790 9 ch bro pek 810 48
347 Talgaswela 3511.12 ch broorpek 1200 40 i 793 37 do bro pek 3700887
848 3514 16 do or pek 1280 36 18 796 12 do pek 1080 31
B49 8517 24 do pek 1920 28 11 Hanagama 805 19 ch or pek 1900 27 bid
850 3520 16 do pek scu 1260 26 12 808 25 do or pek 2375 6bid ;
251 Yatiyana 3528 7 do br pk Nol 700 29 13 811.11 do peksou 990 28 bid
352 3526. 7 do bro pek 700 28 14 Dryburgh 814 17 hfch broorpek 1105 40
254 Glenorchy 3535 16 do dust 1280 23 15 817 18 ch or pek 1620 38
857 Bandara Bliya 3544 95 hfch bro or pek 5766 44 bid | 16 f 820 24 do pek 1920 30 =e
38 8544 21 ch pek 2816 38 8 17 Laukka 823 24hfch bro pek 1344 39
261 Purana 3553 8 do bro pek 840 41 18 826 18 ch pek 1710 30
2638 3559 27 do pek 2160. 84 21 Owilikande 835 12 ch or pek 1200-32 bid
B64 8662 11 do pek sou 792 81 22 838 10 do bro pek 1000 39
268 Putupaula 3574 80 do bro pek 2700 47 23 841 31 do pek 2915 28
869 8577 12 do or pek 1030 83 24 844 10 do pek sou 900 Zo #f)
870 3580 14 do pekNol 41120.) 32 25 Warakamura 847 25 ch or pek 2500 383 bid
871 8588 12 do. pekNo 2 29 26: 850 25 do bro pek 2500 37 bid

900 i
476 SH 2595 19 do pek 1767 withd’n } 27 853 47 do pek 4042-28 :

4

Doragalla

Elchico

Neboda
Polgahakande
Galgedioya

Harrangalla

Lyndhurst
Depedene

Orion
Aigbirth

Neuchatel
Dalveen

Old Medde-
gama,’

Avisawella

Richlands

102

110 Brecon
117 Rayigam
118

119

120

121

123 Mahagoda
124 Southwark
125

126

127 Yahalatenne
129 Avisawella
ao Kurulugalla

137 Raylgam
139 Mahaousa
140 UD E
141 Hobart
142

148 KE
144 RKP

145

148 Cairn Hill
149 Brentwood
150
151
152
154 Kre
155 Etti
156
157
158 N Galla
159

160
161 MTE
162 Deniyaya
163 (
164
165
166 C Hill
171 A’teune
173’ Mawatara
175

177 P, in estate

mark
180 Galkettiya-
watte
81
182

Box.

856
859
862
865

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Pkgs.
24 do

17 do
15 hf ch
36 ch
do
ch

Name, Ibe.
pek sou 2040 26
dust 760 19 bid
bro pek 3600 46
pek 3400 36
bro sou 1530 32
fans 1440 35
bro or pek 1140 47
or pek 760 38
pek 1000 34
bro pek 6200 37
pek 1235 29
bro pek 1100 39
pek 960 29
bro pek 1700 35
pek 950 28
pek sou 1045 27
bro or pek 1520 41 bid
bro pek 1440 937 bid
pek 2125 30 bid
pek sou 800 28
bro pek dust 975 24
bro pek 880 43
pek 1400 =.29 bid
pek sou 1305 28
bro pek 1650 40

ek 1600 29
pek sou 1300 26
dust 1235 19 bid
bro pek 4275 41
pek 2880 35
pek sou 1445 32
bro pek fans1050 26
pro or pek 3600 40
orpek . 1840 32
bro pek 1350 37 bid
pek 1360 30
broorpek 800 51
pek 850 39
bro or pek 700 49
bro pek 1800 37
or pek 1620 30
pek 810-28
pek sou 880 26
bro or pek 700 54 bid
bro pek 1140 45 bid
pek 1520. 35 bid
pek sou 760 30

ek 760 36 bid
bro or pek 960 56
bro pek 2185 37
or pek 1530 31 bid
pek 1105 29 bid
pek sou 2430 26 bid
pek 1195 out
bro pek 6300 36
pek 1785 30
pek sou 1710 27 bid
dust 880 19 bid
pek 1020 26 bid
bro pek 3100 36 bid
pek 1995-29 bid
pek 1105 27 bid
dust 2160 i8 bid
pek sou 1250 20 bid

bre pek 1040 86 bid
pek 1020 29 bid
bro tea 1330. withdn.
bro or pek 950 37
or pek 950 35
pek 1797 26 bid
bro or pek 2400 28 bid
or pek 1980 30 bid
pek 1360 29 bid
pek sou 960 20 bid
pek sou 1537 22 bid
bro pek 1600
pek 2700 | with
pek sou 1710) drawn
bro pek 900 27 bid
pek 4140 26 bid
pek sou 1200 19 bid
pek sou 720 withdn.
or pek 1100 40
broorpek 910 47 bid
pek 956. 35 bid
pek sou 900 32
pek sou 1372 =. 20 bid

i pek sou 1494 21 bid
bro pek 2060 36 bid
pek sou 1232 27 bid
bro tea 720 16 bid
bro pek 1700. =. 36 bid
pek 1980 27 bid
pek sou 1170 =. 24 bid

a Na

Lot. Box.
189 Mt. Temple 1339
190 1342
191 1345
192 Cooroondoo-
watte 1348
193 1351
194 1354
195 Yarrow 1357
196 1360
197 1363
202 Maradanella 1378
204 Woodcote :
Nilgris 1384

20 hf ch

Name.
bro or pek

pek sou
bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek

pek

Ib.

2500
1170
2576

900
700
900
1400.
960
1242
978

1000

|Messrs. H. John & Co.—222,979

Lot. Box.
1 Avington 198
2 201
3 204
4 207
8 Elston 219
9 222

10 Poilakande 225

at 228

12 231

13 Koslande 234

14 237

18 St. John’s 249

19 252

20 255

ral 258

23 Fordyce 264

24 Whyddon 267

25 270

29 Coslanda 282

30 285

34 Ottery 297

35 300

38 Gonavy 309

39 312

40 315

41 Koslande 318

42 Rookwood 821

43 324

44 327

45 830

46 333

48 Mossend 339

49 j 342

50 345

58 Rondura 354

54 357

55 360

56 363

60 Glasgow 875

61 78

62 381

63 Eton 384

64 387

65 390

67 Ben Nevis 396

68 399

69 402

722 MM 4\1

73 414

7 DK 420

76 Brownlow 423

78 Navangama 429

79 432
4 Salem 447

85 Natuwakelle 450

86 453

87 456

90 Kelaneiya and

‘Braemar 465

91 463

92 471

93 Coundon 474

98 HBK 489

99 492

101 Mocha 493

102 501

103 504

105 Gingranoya 510

106 K 513

110 Ferndale 525

112 53L

113 534

117 Coundon 546

118 549

119 552

123 Bandara Eliya 564

125 Gingranoya 570

126 573

pees:

Name.
bro or pek

pes
pek sou
bro or pek
bro pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou
dust

bro ov pek

or pek

or pek

bro or pek
pek

bro or pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek sou
bro pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek
pek

pek sou
pei

or pek

pek

pek °

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pek

or pek

bro pek
bro or pek
or pek

bro or pek
bro or pek
No. 2

lb.
1400
1700
2550
2470
1800
2470
1600
3300
2430

716

720
1500
1400
1350

i770

c.

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name, kb,
127 BD 676 20. do peksou 1800
1400 S 615 9 do sou 765
143 MG 624 12hfch fans 960
1456 Ukuwatte 680 21 ch bropek 1680
146 623 24 do pek 1920
147 636 382 do peksou 2560
148 Mutueliya 639 8 do pek 720
149 642 9 do pek sou 783
161 Battalawatte 648 16 do peksou 1440
152 AEB 651 18hfch_ bro pek fans 1116
153 654 22 do dust 1540
164 Hoiyagalla 657 22 do youngbyson1210
157 666 23 do hyson No.2 1150
158 Ewella 669 14 do young hyson 700
159 672 17 do hyson 8650
160 Tellington 675 18 ch ~ or pek 900
161 678 26hfch bro pek 1430
162 681 12 ch ek 1080
165 Ratwatte 690 30 do bro pek 3150
166 693 27 do ek 2430
167 696 10 do peksou 800
169 Glassaugh 702 46hfch or pek 2530
170 705 40 do broorpek 2600
171 708 21 ch ~~ pek 2289
172 711 7 do ek sou 770
174 Mamickwatte 717 8 do roorpek 840
175 720 9 do ek 574
178 Kandaloya 729 16hfch broorpek 720
179 732 19 do bro pek 855
180 735 18 do or pek 720
181 738 538 do pek 2120
182 741111 do pek 4440
183 Lameliere 744 19 ch pek 1710
184 St. L 47 11 do broor pek 1155
185 750 22 do or pek 1980
186 North Pundalu-
oya 753 20hfch younghyson 1200
187 756 16 ch son 1620
188 759 12 do hyson No.2 1140
191 Templestowe 768 30 do broorpek 2400
192 771 13hfch bro pek 910
193 774 19 ch or pek 1893
194 777 26 do pek 2375
195 780 9 do fans 855
196 Woodstock 783 10 do broorpek 1000
200 TEWN 795 14 do orpek 1400
201 798 13 do pek 1170
202 801 9d pek sou 810
204 AgraOuvah 807 34hfch broorpek 2040
205 810 27 do or pek 1485
206 813 8 ch pek 736
207 Elemane 816 18 do bropek 1800
208 819 24 do ek 2160
209 822 15 do peksou 1380
SMALL LOTS.

E. Benham & Co.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
3 Hornsey 83 8 ch peksou 560

6 Rasagalla 92 8hfch bro or pek
fans 480
7 Wapugastenne 95 2 do dust 160

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
8 GE 2479 10 ch sou 650
2482 1 do fans 95
Hapatele-
a Wella 2603 4hfch dust 280.
12 Overton 2506 11 do bro pek 605
13 2509 2 ch ek 170
14 2512 3 do pek sou 255
15 2515 lhfch fans 30
16 2518 1 do dust 100
22 New Anga-

mana 2586 5 ch pek fans 650

23 2539 4 do pek dust 660
25 Glengariffie 2545 9hfch orpek 450
28 2554 6 do fans 420
20 2667 8 do dust 240
80 Oakham 2560 11 do or pek 495
88 2569 2 ch ek sou 190
34 2572 lbfch fans 46
41 Mahayaya 2593 9 do broorpek 460
43 2599 12 do pe 648
45 2605 3 do sou 169
46 2608 1 do dust 86
49 Ninfield 2617 6 ch pee 800 425
50 2620 1 do ro pek fans 110
61 2628 2 do dust 240

Lot, Box. Pkgs,
64 Kosgalla 2632 1 do
3hf ch
56 2635 8 do
69 Sirikandura 2647 1 ch
60 2650 1 do
61 26653 1 ch
62 2656 2 do
63 Ingoya 2659 6 ch
64 2662 6 do
65 2665 5 do
68 Palmerston 2674 8hfch
69 CB 2677 4 ch
70 2680 5 do
71 2683 1 do
82 Perawatte 2716 7 ch
83 2719 5 do
90 Rockbill 2710 4hfch
94 Tunisgalla 2752 6 do
95 2755 12 do
96 2768 2 do
99 Clyde 2767 6 ch
102 2776 6 do
103 2779 1 do
104 2782 1 do
105 Kalupahana 2785 6 ch
106 2788 3 do
107 2791 5 do
108 2794 3 do
109 2797 2 do
110 2800 1 do
111 Harrington 2803 3 hf ch
112 2806 5 do
113 2809 5 do
114 2812 1 do
122 Great Valley.
Ceylon, in estate
mark 2836 65 ch
125 ING, inest.
mark 2845 65 hf ch
131 CM 2863 2 ch
132 2866 1 do
133 2869 L do
134 2872 1 do
139 Vegan 2887 6hfch
140 2890 3 ch
141 Nugagalla 2893 13 do
145 Blackford 2905 3hfch
146 2908 5 do
147 2911 1 do
152 Agra Oya 2926 4 do
153 2929 2 do
154 2932 2 do
159 Good Hope 2947 4 ch
1468 BDWG 2959 7 hich
154 2962 6 do
165 Rowley 2965 11 do
166 2968 11 do
168 2074 5 do
173 Hunugalla 2989 5 ch
174 2992 3hfch
177 Dammeria 300! 3 do
178 ; 3004 3 do
193 Erracht 3049 2 ch
194 3052 1 do
199 Kirklees* 3067 4hfch
203 Polatagama 3079 6 ch
204 3082 2 do
208 Gleneagles 3094 7 hfch
213 Ganapalla 3109 5 ch
220 LuckyLand 3130 7 do
221 3153 2hfch
223 Nonpariel 8139 3 do
224 3142 3 do
227 8151 8 do
245 Springwood 3205 5 do
246 PK 3208 4 ch
247 3211 5 doe
248 3214 5 do
251 .Memorakan-
de 3223 2 ch
252 5226 2 do
2538 Poengalla 3229 3 ch
256 Woodend 3238 3 do
260 Agrakande 3250 2 do
261 3253 2hfch
262 3256 3 do
264 Preston 3262 8hfch
266 8265 4 do
285 Weyungawatte 3325 1 ch
286 3328 2 hf ch
288 +S V inest
mark 83384 4 do
802 Maragalla 3376 1 ch
303 3379 1 do

Name.

pek

pek sou
bro or pek
fan

bro pek fans
dust
bro pek fans
dust
dust
bro pek fans
dust
ek fans
ro pek fans
pek sou
pek fans
bro or pek
fans
bro or pek
dust
pek sou
dust
bro mix
dust
fans

pek fans

CEYLON’ ‘PRODUCE ‘ SALES ©.LIST. 5
> 2 iT : ey > = 1 cy
‘Lot. Boxy” *Pkgs. Name. 1hy22e, Lot. Box. Pkgs! Name. Ib. @:
304-F CA “3382 5 hf-ch__ “dust , 425. 20 bid 111 7 1105 2 hf cho odust 180); 0-20
315 Sylvakandy , 3415 3. ch’°o dust’ =~ 3800" 20 112LF £4108) hf cho-' bro pek 200 «27
349-- Harrow = 3497 2 hf-chS fans 160¥" 22) 113 11119 38:¢do o:pek 150 22s
2325 Corfu iS (3445 Pacdo“<! brepek 660) 2548) 114 11la 2cdo pek sou 93 17)
327 3451 3 do br pek fans.2{210).. 230 115 1117: “cdo unas 68 5
328 cece B 45 Avvwe $n LO renee St, oe 340 18 116 1120 sa:do 5dust 89 15
332, WR A, 3466, 3. do ~ ro tea 4 20t yr 0 122 a A 1138; Go cho tbro tea 652 al?
336. Nahalma-< 3478-\2./do> \—.bro-pek fans. 112. 1.93 128 ¢ 1166 Zoveh ‘\pek sow 644 «17 bid
337 3481 6 dnj\y ¢ dust 480 21 130 St. Ryin"est. vos og ‘
339 BDWP 3487° “I> ch pek No 2 85 26 mar. 1162 <dhf cho *bré of pek 54 39
340 3490 Ihf-ch-— sou No 2 60 1 131 Kurulugalla 1171 “Buch “opek sow 500 12592
a4bloe Bs 8 184934 1 doy) dust HBV 97 ALS 181 1174) 32 \ dor) 2 bro tead yhoo!) 180s159 9e
35380 Yeatiyana; 8529, 6).ch -..pek 564 . 522 <5 135 1477) 2ido ohbro pek fangs; 200)3:127
454 Glenorchy . 3£32 1 do _,,:or pek 66 out 136 11802:4:!do o5dust© sll nb2Qi0H19 ae!
356 | 3538 1 do unas 59 yi 138 © O ' .off860e41ch oobro pek sou 368 16bid
359 “BandataBliya3547 6 do: pek sou 546 ~~ 33 146R KP 1210. 40ch “opek 101860!) 0 [28
860 ~ 3550-3 do. dust 270 19 147 12134) doc® fans 120 19bal
3620 Purana, 3556 25 bx D\or pek) { 450 42 153 KA 1231 jet hf cho) fans stblbisal4e
365° 8565) 2 hf eh. -dust 5k 470 19\< 167 Malabar 12785sqicch dobro pek’ often A2As5 i406
366 <i js > -Bb68 3 do..,.fans_ (270, 36 168 12762 30"do ek 285 3855
“367 Putupaula 3571 2 ch pro. or pek - | 230..7, 61 169 1279 ¢4i: dono ipek sou 95 = - B25
372, _ 8586.7 do ° pek.sou 490-25, 170 1282 1hfch _ bro mix 48370125
373 35891 “dobro ‘pek fans 130-26 172 Mawatara 128804 \ch cobro or pek 412svo 49
BTHO'S 3592 “6 do dust - 430 20 174 1294:)'°6 «do or'pek 450 34
376 cHalwatura ©3598 i6 hich dust 540 be 19\¢ 176 - 1300 “8:hf cho> dust 2195020
383) Clunes 219 1 ch |); dust 1405, 19 178 ‘PB, in estate = 0 é :
384 - 5 +22. 4 doc ek sou... 380 24 mark 13060 3:hf cho >pek 160 1 7269
396 Hanwella 68‘ 4 hf-ch . hyson.No2-- 260° .18 179 1309 2 5do ©>pek sow 100-24
Ogee ice 61 5 do hyson Siftings 3700 etl, 183 Galkettiya- é molh ols
404° O BE © Nil- ; ; Watte A821. Qo CAeenefans.. 21 22
O):15° Joomally, ‘in 4 i 134, wre 1324-2 do —pek- dust 280 19
estate mark §2 1 ch bro pek faus/100 0226 85 Mj if ‘estate AG Otho fOTVAC
405 5 p85 23 Tdor—'fanse{jroF 3B002y (23 mark 1327/1 eh bro pek 11036
406 88 2 do dust 200 20, 186 1330 1° do ~~ pek 105 28
410 Parsloes 100 3hfch -pek sou 240; 17 187 oes ae 2\ do... pek.sou ....¢) 20 522
415. Penrhos 115" Leh <= son. flirty 188 try do.” dust 14 ‘19
416 118 .Vhféh” fans 7 9°92 198 Yarrow 1366, a hf ch? pek, sou. 520 3
417 221 &1 do 0 cpekedust 91715 19: 199 18 yeegl 4s do)" 4bro’or pek ‘fans264'' 34
420:. Amblakandesd30;/70ch «ypeksou 5600 |. 26 200 audib 22187213 dove ipekidust. 2 2705 ;20°0!
421 133. 2 do dust 200 18\bid | 201: Maradan Ella 1375 6 ch yybro-orpek f £80 yyy e4ibid
425. 145 5 do. peksou 450,84 203 91381) 4 ch 1) sow - oie j oot Pid
Bide a a 160 3 7602 SseBoR fi 3. 20 ; Cc. }
Be “tilawa, do ro pek fans 384 Y 5
434 Bulugolla 172 6 do peksou 450° 34 i - ‘pitesars. E. Foun & od. 3
439 .Glendon®+ 18? 4 do.A dust 840 20 Lot. Box:® Pkgso! iNanre. f Ibi 2 ey
443 Templehurst -196;,5 hfeh pekcsom eo 5 —450: (185 °5'°Avington’ §°5°210 5 ‘eh! sou’ TY 8360; 2020 3
445 Palmgarden 199 6 ch bro pek 657; 83 bid fovue21d 6. dollvofams -5) ead 28
447,.Queensland, 211.2 do... pek sou: ,,...180, .,.36 2 otal 260.5 h£-ch,- cust fass 4005 19
453° Maldeniya 229° 2 do ree bek fans 200° 29 15.) Koslande 240, 2pch,,,,;pek.sou,, },|480)..,.24
454 232 2 ae du 260 ~ 20 16 543 1 do. fans, «200... 29;
459 Thedden 247'4° do ait sou B17" 29 246. Tht qin tge “30° 419
«0 © (Mesersl Gothetvill # me St ee osktcaprem Ronee:
Sie ‘$) Somerville°é: €o. 26 yddew® 'o:273 4 chOl’péksow 2s 38n103
(Messrs. Somerville°& Co: ) 27 lo87éohedo! famsi oisico 180‘ 28/!
Lot... Box, .oPkgs.... Names ¢:.-1b.) .j pe: 28 vreearine LL Yr edenr DQ nryecee USE woe 160 20
65 ‘Ferriby EYL OR Ne eh. fans 144, 22 81 Coslanda ---—-288—-2—do-—-pek-sou----_ 180 82
9 Hangranoya 799,,5 ch +; pek,sou _. 400-29 827 ()¢ { 29Lo 7 ht cho fans 20C} 7 \29
10 ‘soz’ 9hf eh’ broor pek’” ~ 540 © 40 Bylo. ieee “204°"T do dust Sea S20
18a 8lla2 do > dust S 1609s) 18) 36 Ottery 303 5~-ch~—~pek sou or 36
19) Laukka, 829259 ch Spek sou 2450 18 26. Hk y b Js 80bon8 bie Sdust 4—", 28"
20 832 2bt eh) «dust 160 adih |} 47 Rookwood 336 7 do pek dust ain : Blo
37, Elehico $83 <4 hf.ch. \pek,seu 200; -; 128 51 Mossend; 9; 348...7.,d0,,, ibe. on pek.fans; oe Bs)
40. Neboda 692° 3 hf.ch dust » 270-19 Dee iat 5h 15° dd uaa 139 bo
43° Gracelyn | 901 2 hfich bro pek 100. 37 57°. Rondura, 66! 4 ch. i Bets fans” & 8 SKg@ So are”
Bae 904 4° de> pek 260 °° 26 5g Ploe ER) 69: 7) do” “Pek/sou 255° 630 .~ 26 ©
45 907 5 do pek sou 250 23 59 e 1372) Sedaec dust leic@epte Qe!
346 blow essco S OlOxoky Wo sc csou- 50) 11020 66 Eton 393 y be che dust .2(99 te 20fo
47 Galgedioya 13 12 b£ch_ broor pek 672 39 70, -Ben Nevis. _. ef pek sou} 34427,
51. Pussetenne... 925,,,6 hich) bro pek fans: ,420,.,,,-26 Yhige flee 40 Sur ahs dust 976° “a0
52 : 928 <6 day dust 489 20 74 MW. '5 Dloc4appcg! do” ‘fans 08 608° 23
e550 931°2 ch” ‘bro mix (Ones | 70S Nawangama 426 bi chsiebro-oripetl «6001s Vas
60° Lyndhurst)’ 952: @hf ch or pek 450 - 38 1 Bed © S& ollodeds86047 do ho peksoms Hloe86Qcd 25,
68 28 ts bles age 18 db) ehaust igo) 19 81 » 438)[h- 4, dustosiorg) : LOO j¢. 18/-
-67| Depedene)'o» 973:43 hf ch «dusts: 24090619 | 82) Salem; 441 e) Qn-) “bro. or pek. 200. 53.
68.., 97655. do.) bro pek fans... 275 81 83 ; 444 6 ‘do: yennol pek “600° 38
70 Orion 932.2, ch =. bro mix 240, 22 | 88 Natuwakelle 459 7 do°° pek: sou, 280 80. C9 BRL
71. G,Watte 985. 3 ch’ unas Bi 29 ' B9 NioR Bt £2 4633» doo dust! B60 2-21
74 Aigburth 994- Thf-ch “pek No. 2 50 28 | 92) AUR asd477 ;)0do0.€ iordybek. 208d 4715; bdB2
Eracna 1000 7 ch sou 595 QT | 95 480 5 do pek je Pate 2 Be
80 Neuchatel 1012 8 ch pek sou ; 640.5 28 | 96 483 1 do sou 90 18
83 Dalveen 1021 7 ch con 665 26 | 97 486 1 do fans 70 20
84 1024 6 do _ or pek fans 600 32 { 100 HBK 495 2hfich dust 160 20
85 1027 2hfch dust 170 19 | 104 Mocha 507 7 do fans 588 26
88 Old Medde | 107 K 516 6 ch pek 450 23
gama 1036 4 ch bro pek fang 400 34 ; 108 519 4 do peksou 300 = «18
94 Avisawella 1054 4hfch dust 250 19 | 1o9 522 1 do unas 78 17
95 T, in estate 111 Ferndale 528 7 do bro pek 630 44
mark 1057 12hfch bro pek 672 33 114 637 3hfch dust 265 20
96 1060 9 do pek sou 504 26 1165 540 1 do brorpekfans 62 39
97 Dalukoya 1063 10hf-ch dust 600 20 116 548 8 ch pek dust 360 28
98 1066 7 do pek fans 420 19 120 Coundon 555 4 do fans 230.28
103 Richlands 1081 5hfch dust 875 19 121 568 1 do duat 90 19
104 Handrokande 1084 4 ch bro pek 420 934 122 HH 561 8 do red leaf 288 9
105 1087 5 do pek 450 667 1 ch dust 106 18
106 1:90 1 do pek sou 85 579 1 do _ bro or pek 85 = 82
107 1093 1 do ust es 98: eos $ 682 1 do or pek 90 29
108 Brecon 1096 2kfch broor pek 130 585 2 do pek 160 2
109 1099 « ch or pek 420 683 1 do pek fans 110 18

5 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot Box Pkgs Name Ib. ce.
132 Bowella 591 1 do

2hf-ch bro or pek 226 36
133 594 4 ch bro pek 400 34
134 597 8 do pek 680 27
135 600 4 do pek sou 320 24
136 603. 1 do fans 105 26
137 § 606 7hfch bro pek 385 38
138 609 4 ch pek 340 28
139 612 7 do pek sou 525 25
141 618 7bfch fans 490 23
142 G 62. 4 ch ek 400 19

p
pek fans 450

144° Carady Goody 627 6 hf ch
broorpek 400 50

150 Battalawatte 645 8 do

155 Hoiyagalla 660.8 do hynson 480 2
156 663 6 do hysonNo.1 330 27 bid
163 Tellington 684 4 ch pek sou 360 =. 29
164 687 6hfch dust 450 20
168 Ratwatte 699 38 do dust 240 20
173 Manickwatte 714 7 ch = or pek 672 =» 40
176 723 7 do pek sou 574 28
177 726 1hfch dust 80 19
189 North Pundalu-

' oya 762.3 ch bysonNo.2 255 10
190 765 4 do siftings 420 9
137 ‘Woodstock 786 6 do pek 576 8= 32
198 789 2 do pek sou 192 26
199 TEWN 792 5 do bro or pek 500 32
208 04 5 do dust 500 19
210 EKlemane 825 2 do fans 200. =382

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Mincinc LANE, Sept. 13th.
‘¢ Prometheus.’’—Wiharagalla F, 1 barrel sold at
1218; ditto 2, 1 barrel sold at 104s 6d; ditto S,
1 barrel sold at 528; WHG T in estate mark, 1
barrel sold at 348; W H G, 1 barrel sold at 30s ;
Nayabedda F, 1 barrel sold at 111s; ditto 1, 1 barrel
and 1 cask sold at 110s; ditto 2, 1 barrel and 5
easks sold at 95s; ditto S, 1 barrel and 1 cask sold
at 608; NBT in estate mark, 1 cask and1 tierce
sold at 35s 6d; Poonagalla A, 1 barrel sold at 95s ;
ditto B, 1 cask and 1 barrel sold at 958; ditto C,
1 barrel sold at 453; ditto T, 1 barrel sold at 44s.
‘* Awa Maru.”—Gonamotawa 2, 1 barrel and 3
casks sold at 80s; ditto S, 1 barrel sold at 40s.
“Sanuki Maru.’—Ditto S, 1 barrel sold at 40s;
CMT T in estate mark, 1 barrel sold at 32s,

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

‘‘Machaon.”—K K, 2 bags sold at 46s;
sold at 35s.

“ Hitachi Maru.”—Alloowihara A, 10 bags sold at
59s; 18 bags sold at 60s; B, 10 bags sold at 50s
Gd; C, 4 bags sold at 47s 6d; D, 10 bags sold at
20s; Strathisla A, 1 bag sold at 443; B, 1 bag
sold at 30s.

“ Austral.”—New Peradeniya B, 1 bag sold at 54s;
A, 2 bags sold at 293; C, 1 bag sold at 40s.

“Wakasa Maru.’’—Batagolla C, 1 bag sold at 22s ;
D, 5 bags sold at 40s 6d; Monarakelle 2, 2 bags
sold at 44s; Broken, 1 bag sold at 54s.

“ Machaon.”—Monarakelle, 4 bags sold at 44s;
Broken, 1 bag sold at 55s,

“Kanagawa Maru.”—Suduganga, 44 bags sold at
85s 6d; 5 bags sold at 578 6d; 3 bags sold at 57s;
6 bags sold at 45s,

7 bags

“ Kawachi Maru.”—Warriapolla, 3 bags sold at
568; 4 bags sold at 64s 6d; 6 bags sold at 45s.

** Alcinous,’—Warriapolla, ] bag sold at 658s; 4
bags sold at 528;3 bags sold at 49s; Suduganga,
40 bags sold at 888; 12 bags sold at 335; 9 bags
sold at 42s.

—_—_—_—X—X—X—

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

“ Awa Maru.”—St. Martins No. O, 6 cases sold at
2s 6d; ditto 1, 10 cases sold at 2s 2d; ditto 2, 16
cases sold at le 9d; ditto 3, 4 cases sold at 1s 4d ;
Oeylon Mysore O, 2 cases sold at 28 4d; ditto 1,
4 cases sold at ls 8d;§ ditto 2, 2 cases sold at Is
4d; ditto B, 1 case sold at Js 4d; ditto S, 2 cases
sold at 1s 4d; ditto Seed, 1ibag sold at 2s 41d.

“Prometheus.”—Vicarton, 1 case sold at ls 3d;
1 packet sold at 1s 6d.

“ Statesman.’—Gammadua O, 1 case ’sold at 3s
5d; ditto 1, 5 cases sold at 28 4d; ditto 2, 3 cases
sold at ls 8d; ditto 1 Seed, 1 case sold at 2s 4d.

“ Jumna.”’—Foresti{Hill 1. 2 cases sold at 2s 10d;
ditto 2, 3 cases sold at 23 2d; ditto 3, 4 cases sold
at 1s 6d; ditto Seed, [2jfcases] soldfat 2s f4d.

‘© Prometheus.” —Ditto 2 ditto, 2 cases sold at Ils;
AL 1 Mysore, 7 cases fsold at 1s 6d; ditto] 2'tditto,
1 case sold at 1s.j

“Duke of Portland,”’—1 MAK? in estate {mark} 12;
cases sold at Is 4d.

“ Wakasa Maru.’—Galantenne Oardamoms AA,
1 case sold at 3s 6d; ditto D, 6 cases! sold atis
6d; ditto E, 1 case sold at 2s 5d.

“ Calchas.’—Pingarawa Cardamoms OO, 3 cases
sold at 1s 10d.

“ Socotra.”—Altwood Ceylon Cardamoms, 3. cases
sold at 1s 9d; 2 cases sold at 1s 6d;%1 case sold
at 1s 5d.

“‘ Statesman.”—Ditto AA, 3 cases sold at 2s 4d.

“ Ajax.”—Ratnatenna Cardamoms AA, 1 case sold
at ls 10d.

“ Statesman,”—GalantennaCardamoms A, 2 cases
sold at 1s 10d.

“ Musician.”—Tonacombe Special,*3 cases fsold at
3s 5d; ditto No.1, 7 cases sold at 2s 9d; ditto
No. 2, 2 cases sold at ls 8d; ditto No. 3, 3 cases
sold at 1s 9d.

“ Statesman.”’—QOonanagala Cardamoms, 1 case sold
at ls 8d; 1 case sold at 1s 7d; 1 case sold at Is 4d.

“ Derbyshire.’”—CCC Mysore O, 1 bag sold at 2s
4d; ditto 1, 3 cases sold at 1s 10d; ditto 2, 2 cases
sold at 1s 6d; ditto 3, 5 cases sold at Is 4d;
ditto Seed, 1 bag sold at 2s 5d.

“« Antenor.’’—Kobo Mysore O, 12 cases sold at,ls
11d; ditto 3, 2 cases sold at ls 4d; ditto S, 1 case
sold at 1s 5d; 9 cases sold at 1s 6d; ditto Seed,
1 bag sold at Is 6d.

: sue of Perth.’’—Kobe Mysore 3, 3 cases sold at

Ss °

‘‘Socotra.’’—Midlands O, 3 !cases sold at 2° 7d;
2 cases sold at 2s 8d; ditto 2, 1 case sold at Is
5d; B&S, 1 case sold at ls 4d; 1 bag sold at Is 9d,

‘““ Magician.”—Midlands O, 3 cases sold at 2s 7d.

“ Socotra.’—Hlkaduwa 1, 4 cases sold at Is lld-
ditto 2, 2 cases sold at 1s 5d; ditto B & S, 1 case
sold at 1s 4d; ditto Seed, 1 case sold at 2s 3d.

“ Hitachi Maru.”—Ditto 3, 2 cases sold at Is 5q:
ditto 4, 1 case sold at 1s 6d; ditto Seed, 6 cases
sold at ls 6d.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Prick :—12% cents each, 3 copies
No. 39. re CoLomBo, Octoser 14, 1901. { 30 cents; 6 cuovies $ rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ec.
— 89 632 20 hf ch or ek 1000 8
a} ~ 90 635 21 ¢ pe 19!
LARGE LOTS. 91 Handford 588° 8 ch broorpek 760 47
=e at 92 541 14 do bro pek 1330 37
E. Benham & Ce. 93 544 13 do or pek TAO) SER
t 15 Ib 94 647 9 do pe 810 28
(13,315 Ib. | 98 Middleton $59 24hfch broor pek 1200 78
99 662 38 ¢ ro pe 5 6
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Nanie. lb. Cc. 100 565. 33 do pek P Fs 2805 oe Fes
78, 2 or pek 2418 48 102 Algooltenne 571 60 ch bro or pek 6000 38 bi
I HISAR ie 4 on ae 2496 38 103 574 68 do or pek 5220 30 bid
3 Hornsey 84 28hfch bro pek 1540 58 104 577 39 do pek 5120 28
4 87 20 ch pek 1700 =. 39 bid 1055) 5380 12 do pek sou 1200-26
5 Battalgalla 90 14 do pek sou 1120 36 106 Kitulgalla 583 26hfch broorpek 1560 33
6 93 13 do sou 910 35 WT 585 12 ch or pek 1080 34
11 D’Oya 8 7 do bro or pek 7v0 44 bid 103 589 6 do pek 1440 29 bid
12 11 14 do pek sou 1260 26 bid 112 NorthCove 601 34hfch or pek 1700 58
113 D, in estate
Wali mark 604 14 ch hyson vue 2 fe
ssxrs. Forbes & Waiker. 114 MahaEliya 607 20hf-ch broor pek 1100 57 bi
Messrs. i Sate aie i 115 We Ac eton iad doe « bioipekiny/ 1080s n4e\bid
1501,337 1b.) 116 613. 7 ch __ or pek 700 43 bid
5 117 616 23 do pek 2350 38
Lot. hoe, Lies asia 1 @ » 118 Maha Eliya 619 10 ch pexsou $0034
3 Rickarton 274 36hfch broorpek 2160 56 119 622 12hfch pek fans 1020 27
4 4 277 23 ch or pe& 207042 140 Avoca 625 21 ch broorpek 2205 659
5 230 24 do pek 2400 38 121 628 22 do bro pek 2244 44 bid
11 Choisy 298 23hfch broorpek 1265 47 122 631 21 do pek 1890 89 bid
12 301 19 ch or pek 1805 42 129 Dunbar 652 1thfech broor pek 700 60 bid
13 804 28 do pek 2380 36 130 655 9 ch pek TAT 33
14 307 21 do pek sou 1680-33 131 Palmerston 658 2!thfch bro pek 1536 50
15 Landupatna 310 18 ch broorpek 1890 60 132 661. 9 do pek 765 39
16 313 18 do bro pek 1836 46 bid 133 Queensland 664 13 do brovurpek 715 72
17 316 18 do pek 1620 39 134 667 8 cha pek 720 ahi
20 St. Paul’s Inv. 138 G’Uorse 679 31 ch bro or pek 3069 48 bid
. No. 29 325 i8hfch broorpek 1188 60 13). Treby 68% 36hfch bro pek 2160 53
21 328 21 do or pek 1176 47 WW 685 18 ch pek 1530 41
22 331 22 do pek 1188 43 14l Barton 6388 10 do bropex 1009 41 bid
23 Kincora 334. 16 ch broorpek 1760 49 146 Pansalatenne 703 34 do bro pek 3400 4. bid
24 3:7 21 do pek 1680 37 147 706 30 do pek 2400 32
25 340 10 do flowery or 148 709 23 do peksou 1840 9.28
pek 990 64 149 712 6 do bro pek
26 Kuda Oya, 343. 17 ch peksou 1275 2 4 fans 750 = 383
28 Lauverdale 349 21 ch bro pek 1995 45 153 Welkandala 724 15hfch dust 1215 22,
29 352 16 do pek 1520-33 154 Pingarawa 727 13 do dust LTO Meee
30 355 12 do pek sou 1080.27 155 El Teb 730 10 do dust 800 23
32 TCL, in estate 156 Loinorn 733 23 ch or pek 2070 withdn.
mark 361 14 ch sou 1330 25 157 Aberdeen 736 33 do bro pek 3168 40
34 Ardlawand 158 739 39 do pek 3237 31
Wishford 367 20hfech broorpek 1240 62 159 742 l1lhf-ch bro pek
35 370° 16 ch bro pek 1552 43 fans 748 27
36 373 10 do — or pek 850 45 163 Fairlawn 754 20hfch broorpek 1265 63
37 376 12 do pek 984 40 154 757 26 do or pek 117047
40 Sylvakandy 385 87hfch bro pek 4785 46 165 760 22 ch pek 1870 39
41 388 28 ch pek 2520 37 168 BPC 769 14hfch dust 1190 2
43 Chesterford 354 33 ch bro pek 3300 43 169 Dunkeld 772 62 do bro or pek $2964 47
44 397 ‘32 do pek 2850 34 170 1715)13 ck or pek 1235 41
45 400 26 do pek sou 2340 31 171 778 16 do pek 1440 37
46 Yogama 43 Ol chi bro pek 1900 38 172 Inverness 781: 22 ch hroor nek 2200 49 bid
47 406 8 do or pek 720 36 173 78k 33 do or pek 2970 51
48 409 15 do pek 1350 By 174 787 30 do pek 2700 40
51 AM B 418 23 do dust 3220 21 175 Bandarapola 790 5Lhfch broorpek 3315
52 Nakiadeniya 421 7 ch broor pek 728 47 176 793 53 do bro pek 3074 } withdn.
53 4924 21 do pek 1786 g 177 796 20 ch or pek 2100
54 427 10 do pek sou 700 381 178 Killarney 799 50hfch broorpek 2750 50
567 OBEC,m 179 802 11 ch pek sou 1045 37
est. mark, 18t Hayes 808 19 do pek {520 28 bid
New Market 436 42hfch broorpek 2562 52 bid 182 Battawatte 811 8 ch or pek 800 42
68 429° 63 do bro pek 896 44 bid 133 814 47hfch bro or pek 3055 43 bid
59 442 30 ch pek 2700 27 bid 184 817 29 ch pek PARSE 36
60 442 10 do pek sou 920 35 185 820 12 do pek sou 960 26
61 RM, in estate 187 Hayes 8°96. 22. ch broor pek 2090 42
mark 448 13hfch broorpek 702 43 188 829 14 do or pek 1120 38
63 454 26 ch bro pek 2600 3Y 189 $32 do pek 3340 29 bid
65 460 Tt do pek No2 935 30 190 Hayes $35.22 ch bro or pek 2090 44
70 Lasapana 475 47bfch ro pek 2320 48 bid 194 838 ad. or pek 104089
71 478 27 ch or pek 2430 «9387 bid | 192 841 47 do pek 3760 29 bid
72 481 50 do pelx 4500 Bh 194 Ruanwella 847.8 ch bro orpek 800 33
73 Pine Hill 484 30hfch broorpek 1800 58 195 850 22 ao or pek 1760 37 bid
74 487 18 ch or pek 1620) 44 196 853 17 do bro pek 1700 41
75 490 23 do pek 2070 §=.39 197 856 20 do pek 1800 = 30
76 Weyweltalawa 492 10hfch broor pek 800 47 168 859 12 do pek sou 1020-27
77 496 11 do bro pek S80 36 «OL Puspone 868 17 eh or pek 1700 BY
78 499 12 do or pek 750 38 20. 871 22 do bro pek 2530 41
79 5U2 22 ado pek 1510 33 203 374 14 do pek 1330 35
83 OBE C, in 204 Waldemar 877 18hfich broor pek 1080 73
est. mark 205 880 40 do bro pek 2400 55
Korest Creek 514 14 ch broorpek 1400 47 bid | 206 883 17 ch or pek 1700 BL
84 517 39 do bropek 3900 46 bid | 207 886 12 do pek 108046
85 620 18 do or pek 1620 41 208 889 14hfch fans 1190 es
86 523 18 do pek Nol 1620 836 bid 209 Ca-tlereagh 892 34 do bro or pek 1700 58
87 526 20 do pek No 2 1800 36 210 895 18 ch bro pek 1710 39

88 Monkswood 529 17hfch bropek 1020 86 il 898 12 do or pek 960 36.

\

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Woe rey Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib:) ce:
212 901 13 hfch pek 1040 82 bid | 375 1390 30 ch pek . 2700 38
213 904. 9 do pek sou 720 28 376 1393 19 do pek sou 1710 36
214 Yataderia 907 44hfch bro or pek 2816 41 377 1396 7 do fans 700 81
215 910 19 ch bro pek 1900 35 379 Bulugolla 1402 18 do or pek 1800 withd’n
216 913 18 do or pek 1800 36 380 1405 30 do pek 2694 39
217 916 85 do pek 8220 28 381 Amblangoda 1408 9 do or pek 897 withd’n
218 Marlborough 919 35 hfch ae or pek 1750 53 bid | 382 Rajawatte 1411 20 do or , ek 1797 87 bid
ee a ut en a pek oe aA ea $3 Gleneagles 1414 90 hf ch bro or pek 5127 48 bid
g 2d oO e ooo 3
221 Yellangowry 928 19 ch bro pek 1900 43 2
222 931 26 do orpek 234035 Messrs. Somerville & Co.
223 934 18 do pek 1620 3 [195,340 lb.]
224 937 12 do pek sou 1080 7 ; %
226 Tismada 943 1é¢hfch broorpek 1010 40 4 Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. &
997 916 34 do or pek 1870 24 1 Yspa 1387 14 ch pek sou 1190 29
258 949 98 ch pek 2380 29 2 Hyde 1390 10 do or pek 950 840
999 952 13 do pek sou 1170 26 3 1393 17 bf ch bro or pek 1003 40 bid
233 Ingoya 964 53 ch bropek 5300 36 4 1856 Tse tees 1330-36
234 967 40 do pek 3040 98 bid 5 Narangoda ep 22 do ee pek 2090 33 bid
235 970 30 do peksou 2100 26 el 8 ee ae ue Ses a wa 4 bid
g i 2 k 620-1 bi A ‘ 4 2
Bee Hoonaealla dee broek 2070 gbbid | 8 Meeriatenne 1408 15hfch bropek 825 49 bid
238 679 24 do pek 2400 42bid | _9 1411.5 do. pek 750 44
239 NWD 982 10 do fans 1200 35 a tee AG ch cr oe Renee
Ah 429 a) r pe fi 23 bi
ar Memalazande Deh CD se vo pat 18 Nyanza 1438 20 bfch broor pek 1100 49
Sera 994 I8hfch dust 1512 22 19 1441 16 ch bro pek 1600 37 bid
244 Glenlyyn 997 19 do dust B1g5 22 20S aNanis AMES RD. Gaye mek 1850 82
245 Lochiel 101u ~Obf-ch bro or pek 1160 64 bid | 28 Ossington 1153 1G do bropek 1000 80
- 246 1003 23 ch orpek 2415 42bid | 24 Leb Sie) AS ee ie ce bs
247 3006 a7. do pek 1445 37 bid 33 Welgampola 1483 12 hfch bro or pek 744 33
248 Panawatte 1009 14 do broor pek 1568 42 a Finca 1486 29 do pek 1682 3
249 1012 19 do bor pek 1900 39 BT) Boragota! ) ee pieae ct) i020 eee meee ee
250 1015 24 do pek 2400 B5 He OBO Bah er tee eee
258 Walpita 1039 26 do bro pek 2600 36 39 1501 16 dol gek 1520 29
; 40 1504 8 do ek sou 720 26
259 1042 23 do pek 2185 = 29 1 Nellicoll P
260 1045 11 do peksou 380 26 Se Ee Malden eae eee b x
263 Yeletenne 1054 15 hfch ites orpek 900 49 ENDS iy c topek = 228043
264 1057 15 do pek 750 40 Be ek ab 16 ae Ch ee 1204 32
268 Dammera 1069 16 ch pe 1600 38 Ag Ost tone 28 “Cn ee ee ey
269 1072 14 do peksou 126) 36 eS 2 bRB IS dat ase eae tee
270) 1075 15 do bro pek 1500 48 bid 50 Monte Christo 1534 uy do bro pek 1900 86.46
272 1081 12 do or pek 1080 41 SL ie 1oa7 2) do pek 1890 32
975 Erracht 1090 23 do bro pek 2300 39 58 New Valley 1558 16 do broorpek 1600 60 bid
276 1093 18 do pek 1530 31 pa BES is 22 Les a a
280 Seenagolla 1105 11 do orpek 1045 +55 ep ASBENTM AO) SER Yas (0
281 1108 15 do pek 1500 42 Ee 1:67 19 do peksou 1615 37
282 Passara Groupllil 15 do or pek 1350 39 bid oayapane ToD bro or pek 1300 aS
83 1114 24 do broorpek 2400 42bia | % ASTELaD » Git. HEC ER ISA avon ae
284 1117 28 do pek 2520 39 ee J o16 83 Ge! ees a ine ee
285. 1120 9 do pek sou 810 36 65 Oononagalla 1579 l4hich broorpek 700 49bd
288 Coombecourt 1129 34hfch broorpek 1870 53 ee ie i eR oe pek 152037 bid
289 1132 29 do bropek 1595 44 Be Asc ado Neeeen pes eS bid
2, ek 132 2 4
a HGM see nich a F lieagiti lige 78 Farnham 1618 49hfch bropek 2940 42
296 1153 27 do pek 2430 82 ita oy 2 ee Cone Ess Mee ee
297 Weligoda 1156 11 do bro tea 71529 3 venseraig 163913 hich) bropek (a i7ia 449
805 Nugagalla 1180 43hfch pek 2147 32 pid 86 M . 1622, He ch pek teal 36
306 Nahalma 1183 22 ch , bropek 1848 43 90, Monrovia 1654 35 do bropek 3325 34 bid
307 1186 27 do _pek 2482 34 a AGSYigyeT 7 don weet 3315-29
308 1189 20 do peksou 1860 28 p PESO SD (Gb) Pek en eet ames
309 Northcove 1192 13 do _ pek 1170-38 28 Pindeni a ae 1S 22 eel
319 Thedden 1222 13 do pek 1164 30 bid ee Ince Oye tens o de or bee 810 38
320 Bandara Eliyal225 27 hfch_ or pek 1350 41 } bl eel eo ae 960. 32 -
291 1298 117 do bro or pek 6669 40 pia 103 Damblagolla 1693 29hfch broor pek 1740 89 bid
328 1231 36 do ‘broor pek 2376 48 ae La oMaa ieee ang ON
323 1234 19 ch pek 1862 41 tO Ha puee tiie ceo tea ae dee se
326 Erlsmere 1248 21hfch broorpek 1092 61 1 0 purasmulle TCs og Be 108029
327 1246 15 ch orpek 1200 45 Teena De 10s do acy tunas 10008 e028
308 1249 23hfch_ bro pek 1988 45 1 visawella 1717 14hfch broorpek 706 46
329 1252 25 ch pek 1950 41 we 1720 18 ch bropek 120036
330 1255 9 do peksou 720 87 a Vee EO (0: yee eu 1 9
432 Adisham 1261 16 do broorpek 1690 60 192 d PPA ae es sale
995 1264 93 do pro pek 2185 49 bid 12 Lonach 1750 43 hfch broorpek 2580 40
334 1967 14 do pek 1260 37 123 ASS Ol or pek 2430 36
3338 Yataderia 1279 28 do bro pek 2797 = 33 bid ae 176 oF do ree eee 20
339 Tembiligala 1282 47 do bro pek 4465 39 z , TiD9 226 Gor. g DEON Saree aze
340 1985 23 do pek 9070 31 129 Columbia 1771 21 hich .broor pek 1050 By
344 Stamford Hill 1297 38hfch bro pek 2230 59 320 LITE, 20. de) OOF BERS echo age urd
345 1300 16 ch or pek 1360 55 ue UNG a Giey | Bs nO ee
346 130% 31 do pek 2790 38 bid 132 Rahatungoda 1780 21 do bro or pek 1197 53 bid
349 Henfley 1312 15hfch bropek 795 48 nee TUBS (NB) (Oia, Oe BERS oe eae ae
351 1318 13 ch pek 1092 28 wee ACEC 22) AO ge 118839 bid
355 BDW 1830 44hf-ch bro yek 299041 135 Weygalla 1789 17 do bro pek 935 56 bid
256 1383 24 do pek 1200 33 use Ea Bak D2 te 20m fe3
359 Ingoya 1342 45 ch bro pek 4542 38 148 ELN 1813 27hfch bro pek 1520 59 bid
360 ‘Tillyrie 1345 J3hfch broorpek 842 53 pia | 24¢ Tere) 20). eek 2208 39 bid
361 Marlborough 1348 9 ch pek Gig Basie || ace sewiGal ag! Omemeen ch ee mareaee
362 Matale 1351 19hfch bro pek 1140 46 1g Walon Tee eo nek woe 20 bag
264 1354 10 ch pek 900 36 147 F 1825 29hfch pekfans 2175 21 bid
364 1357 8 do peksou 720 32 iB Cooroendod,
468 Udabage 1369 16hfch gren tea fan 880 9 wate 1928 ot Boek, ibrenek. ee em
369 ea 1372 15 ch or pek 1272 = 35 bid ie ABST ede | doy spe Pe oe }
372 Tro 1381 14 do pek 1299 29 pid 150 Harrangalla 1834 18 do ise orpek 1710 85 bid i
a73° Bulugolla 1984128 do Wlibeolér pek 2800 49 Lae ABBr gine GO, t Dre Bek Co eee j
374 1387 82 do orpek 3200 42 uh Teeunine Bec cce See lige a :;

160 BE 1864 72 hfch broorpek 4464 38 bid ig

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibs =e: Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bee cs
161 Havilland 1867 18 ch broorpek 1800 41 99 125 28 hfch_ or pek 1540 46 bid
162 1870 12 do or pek HOSOR MASI i 100 128 8 ch pek 760 42
163 1873 31 do pek 2697 = 29bid | lok B&D 131 18 do pek 1710 = 38 bid
170 Ganawarily 1894 80 do bro pek 8000 43 102 Harrisland 134 13hf-ch bro pek 702 50
171 1897 22 do pek 1870 33 164 140 12 ch pek 1020 29
172 1 10 do pek sou 80u 28 108 Sejour 152 14 do bro pek fans 858 26
176 Glenalla 13.16 do bro or pek 1600 38 bid 110 Suduganga 158 16hfch bro or pek 880 52
177 1é 9 do bro pek 855 34 lll 161 13 ch pek sou 975 30
178 19 19 do ek 1615 29bid | 113 Brownlow 167 17 do or pek 1479 38 bid
181 Deville 28 15hfch bro pek 825 40 114 Gangawatte 170 13 do bro or pek 1300 60
182 31 14 do pek 700 33 115 1738 9 do bro pek 900 49
185 Ranasingha- ik 116 176 23 do pek 2070 3
patna 40 39 do or pek 1950 33 bid 19 S 185 1IlLhfch dust 880 22
186 43 68 do bro or pek 4080 39 121 Ohiya 19 «15 ch or pek 1545 46
18, 46 32 ch pek 2970 32 122 194 12hfch broorpek 744 52 bid
188 49 30 do pek sou 2400 28 124 Glassaugh 200 28 do or pek 1540 63
190 Doragalla 55 17 ado bro pek 1700 47 125 203 20 do broor pek 1340 49 bid
191 58 33 do pek 2970 36 126 206 12 ch pek 1296 42 bid
192 61 15 do pek sou 1350 Pa 128 Mapitigama 212 7 do bro pek 735 BYf iets
193 64.12 do fans 1440 34 129 D’Oya 215 24 do pek sou 228C 35
196 Rambodde 72 2;bfch pek pek 1265 49 130 LEL 218 22 do pek 1870 29 bid
197 76 29 do pek 1:50 63 131 221 15 do pek No,2 1125 29 bid
132 Postend Ff 224 18 he co ok pek 990 43 bid
1 133 ookwoo 227. 22, do ro or pek 1320 51 bid
Messrs. #. John & Co. 134 230-20 ch or pek’ 1920 37
|195,853 1b.] 135 ; 233 20 do pek 1800 35
136 Hoiyagalla 236 22 hfch young hyson 1210 35 bid
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. cs 137 239 23 do ‘hyson No.2 1150 17 bid
a . 5 2 :
10 Cabin Ella 955 29 ch bro pek 2900 41 ys Nahavilla Bae 35 ch or pees 3150 44
858 21 do ak 1890 37 lk 245 26 do bro pek 8600 46
11 ; Pp 140 248 7 do bropekNo.770 42
12 861/10 do pek sou UY tae 141 251 18 do pek 1620 40
13 Birnam 864 17 do peksou 73 37 | agp 254 13 do peksou 1010 37
14 Brownlow 867 29hfich broorpek 1066 53bid | 143 Moravia 257 17 do pek sou 1615 20bid
15 870, 10 ch or pek SI A ee 144 Gonavy 260 16 do or pek 144041
16 - Bigpeeei dole wince Noli) 2520) 5/36 145 263 11 do bropek 1155 45 bid
17 SiGe FOO IPERS NO 2120018), /85 146 266 27 do ek” 2160 36
18 Gonavy 828) 11 do pek sou B00 é 147. V 269 19hfch bropeksou 950 24 bid
19 882 I4hfch fans 107 28. |) 148 \ Higham 272 37 ch bropek 3700 41 bid
22 Kolapatna g91 29 do bro or pek 1566 45 bid 149 5 275 19 do pois 1805 33 bid
23 Be aed oo onpel Ta coune a | 150 278 11 do pek sou 990 32
24 i 8 Cie On ys iP: SAO ule pn 154 Templestowe 290 30 do broorpek 2400 withd’n
Zemmenpingtony) ) 900G 27) chy Proor pe 2700; s8bld | 456.4 Pal 296 9 do broorpek 900 37
29 912"-2i_ do, or pek 1827 89 bid | 160 Moratota 308 17 do bropek 1870 42
30 915 25 do pek 22S 0 MES\DIG |) T¢9 314 24 do pek 2160 32bid
al Pan aie ae COnmy Ponjeeuy 6 TEs i eabia | 183 317 14 do pek No.2 1120 28
32 St. John’s oer ae an ore Sr per 1600 ae 165 Gingranoya 323 12 do pek sou 960 29
33 we P 166 Avondale 326 9 do or pek 900 36
34 Oni 289 dos) Pek eee es 167 329 8 do pek 177-38 bid
35 930 15 do pek fans 1050 38 e P
36 Morahela 933 21 ch bro or pek 2100 3
37 936 16 de or pek No.l 1376 38
38 939 25 do or pe 0.2 2150 35 ‘
39 942 10 do bro pek 980 49 SMALL LOTS.
40 945 37 do pek 3108 34 aria
43 Mount Clare 954 ‘© do bro or pek 1425 36 Messrs. &. Benham & Ca.
957 10 do or pe 850 30
aa Gene don eke Ear es Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec.
46 Kandaloya 963 18hfich broorpek 655 58 DW 96 5 ch bro tea 475 6
47 966 21 do bro pek 945 44 8 W 99 2 do bro tea 190 11
48 969 22 do orpek 880 42 9 2 2hfch fans 156 = 20
49 972 77 do pek 3080-34 10 CDG 5 7 do sou 35022
54 AO 990 6 ch pekfans 1086 22 bid Wiha teutiienad
566 TG 996 7 do bro mix 735 33 PR TONG
57 Elston 999 14 do pek 1190 87 Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
3 2 16 do pek sou 1440 34
He eo aaiialetin deck ooo ee Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ibs ove:
60 Perth 8 24 ch bro pek 2400 38 1 Tennehena 268 1 ch bro pek 81 32
61 1L 41 do or pek 3280 33 2 271 1 do pek 106 23
62 14 ¥4 do pek 1680 29 6 Rickarton 283 5 do pek sou 500 33
63 17 10 do ek sou 700 26 7 286 5hfch dust 425 22
65 OK 23 13 hf ch ro or pek 8 Wyamita 289 5 ch bro pek 525 44
fans 715 9 9 292 6 do pek 510 29
66 26 18 do peksou 810 15 10 295 4 do pek sou 36u 26
68 Midlothian 32. 18 do bro pek 1080 55 18 Lindupatna 19 6 ch pek sou 562 36
69 35 23 do or pek 1150 44 19 322 2 do bro pek fans 260 26 bid
70 38 16) ch pek 1425 41 27 Lauderdale 346 4 do broorpek 400 38bid
71 41 9 do peksou 810 38 3l 358 6hfch bro pek dust 480 22
72, Eton 44 32bf-ch broorpek 1728 57 bid 83 TC L, in est.
"3 47.18 ch — or pek 1620 45 mark 364 2 ch pek fans 200 27
74 50 14 do pek sou 1330 40 88 Ardiaw and i
75 Glasgow 53 38 do bro or pek 3040 58 Wishford 3879 5 do pek sou 450 32
16 56 21 do or pek 1470 43 39 282 5 do fans 590 25
Wie 59 14. do pek 1316 41 42 Sylvakandy 391 3 ch dust 300 23
78 Rondura 62 17 do bro pek 1700 40 49 Yogama 412 5 do pek sou 425 26
79 65 13 do or pek 1170 48 50 415 3 do dust 357 20
20 68 26 do ek 2210 32 bid 65 § 430 1 ch bro or pek 44 32
83 Glentilt 77 \7hbfch broorpek 1020 61 56 433 1 do pek 75 28
84 80 14 ch bro pek 1400 945 bid } 62 R M in estate,
85 83 10 do or pek 900 41 mark 451 8hfch or pek 416 39
66 85 15 do pek 1425 39 64 457 11 do pek Nol 550 33
92 Ottery 104 16 do bro or pek 1600 47 bid 66 463 8 ch pek sou 664 25
93 Yahalakelle 107 52 do bro pek 5200 35 bid 67 466 3hfch sou 138 24
94 110 20 do pek 1700 28bid | 68 469 6 do fans 360-23
95 113 20 do pek sou 1400 25 bid 69 472 3 do dust 207 22
97 Wattean 119 24 do bro pek sou 2150 24bid | 80 Weyweltalawa 505 5 do dust 460 21
98 AgraOuvah 122 35hfch broorpek 2100 62bid | 81 508 2 do bropek fans 140 24

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. os, 2, 1 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec.
82 511 4hfch bromix 260 22 367 1366 i1hfch sou 60 5
95 Handford 550 2? ch dust 220 21 868 a % J do dust 65 26
96 Anningkande 553 5 do dust 620 22 370 Maragalla 1875 1 do dust 137° 21
97 556 2 do dust 220 22 371 FCA 1378 5 do dust 422 22
101 MiddJeton 568 7hfch dust 625-28 878 Bulugolla 1399 6 ch dust 660 22
109 Kitulgalla 692 2 ch pek sou 180 26 a
an OE GO te Sa era auc eee (Messrs. Somerville & Co.)
fans 216 927 Lot. Box, Pk Name. ibs:
123 Avoca 634 7 ch peksou 6444 10 Meeriatenne 1414 11 hfch pek sou 550 al
124 = 637 4 do bro pek fans 520 23 11 1417 4 do bropekfans 272 35
‘ 135 Queensland 670 2 ch pek sou 170 37 12 1420 2 do aust 160 By
\ 136 673 1Lbfch bropek dust 80 24 13 Hanguran-
\ 187 676 1 ch sou 90 89628 ketta 1423 3 do dust 261 «16
2 142 Barton 692 8 do pek 640 31 1RKP 1432 3 ch pek 270 25
a 143 694 7 do pek sou 560 27 17 1485 2 do fans 24020
144 697 1 do bro pek fans 125 27 bid | 91 Nyanza 1447 4 do peksou 360 29
145 700 1 so dust 150 22 22 1450 2 do dust 200 22
150 Nynangodde 715 4hfch dust 320 20 25 Ossington 1459 3 do pek sou 270
151 Etulgama 718 7 ch sou 630 9-23 26 Maligatenne 1462 4 do bro pek™ 459 32
152 721 5hbfch dust 425 22 97 1465 5 do pek 546 26
160 BA 745 8 ch pek sou 640 25 98 1468 6 do unas! 684 18
161 748 8hfch pek fan 520-24 29 1471 6 do pek sou 631 20
162 751 5 do dust 425 20 30 1474 3 do bro tea 339 16
166 Fairlawn 763 7 ch pek sou 560 36 81 1477 1 do dust 136 15
167 766 2hfch dust 17023 32 Welgampola’ 1480 12hfch or pek 696 §= 35
180 Killarney 805 5 do dust 425 24 3h 1489 10 do pek sou 580 97
186 Battawatte 823 2 ch dust 200 22 36 1492 3 do dust 195 22
193 Hayes 844 4 do pek sou 360 86-26 43 Nellicollay-
199 Ruanwella 862 4 ch fans 400 23 watte 1513 8 ch pek sou 624 25
200 865 2hfch dust 160 22 44 1516 1lbfch dust 88 Qy
225 Yellangowry 940 9 do dust 240 22 45 1519 1 do fans 81 23 |
23C =Tismada 955 2 ch congou 180 23 47 Orion 1525 7 do bro or pek 392 72
2231 958 4hfich fans 260 26 49 1581 4 ch fans 480 Ws
232 961 3 do dust 246-22 52 Monte Christo 1540 3 dv sou 2706 |
240 N WD 985 8hfch dust 672 22 53 1543 2% do pek fans 200 32
242 Cinest mark 991 8 do dust 672 23 5A 1546 1 bro tea 20 26
251 Panawatte 1018 2 ch fans 224 28 5d 1549 4hfeh bropekKfane 240 35
252 1021 3 do dust 450 22 56 1552 2 do dust 160 22
253 Rosebury 1024 3hich bro pek 165 36 57 Glentaaffe 1555 5 do fans 460 20
254 1027. 2 ch pek 110 30 59 Paddawalla 1591 5 ch bro pek 500 26
255 1030 4 do pek sou 200 26 70 1594 5 do pek 500 24 H
256 Ugieside 1033 6 do bromix 570-21 71 1597 5 do sou 500 «22
257 Relugas 1036 3 do dust 510 21 72 Patulpana 1600 9hfch bro pek 495 38
261 Udaveria 1048 2 do sou 180 36 73 1603 5 do pek 275 7 '
262 1051 8 do fans 680 26 74 1606 5 do pek seu 250 25
265 Yeletenne 1060 14hf-ch pek sou 658 27 75 1609 2 do sou 100 92 /
266 1063. 3 do sou 135 33 76 1612 4 do unas 200 25
267 1066 2 do fans 170 23 "7 1615 1 do dust 70 20
271 Dammera 1078 38 do broorpek 300 42 70 Farubam 1624 8 ch pek sou 688 2%
273 1084 7 do br pek fans 560 26 81 Mulli Totum 1627 1hfch or pek 50 7 ‘ |
274 1087 4 do dust 400 22 82 1630 5 ch bro pek 285 32
277 ~Erracht 1096 5 do pek sou 425 26 83 1633 2 do pek 194 95
278 1099 1 do bro pek fans 140 23 84 1636 1 do pek sou 90 23
279 1lu2, 1 do dust 14321 87 Ravenscraig 1¢45 3 ch pek sou 288 499 » |
286 Pagsara Group1123 2 do dust 240 22 88 1648 2bfch dust 168 22 |
287 1126 2 do fans 240-25 89 Monrovia 1661 5 ch broor pek 575-26
290 Coombecourt 1135 6 do pek 570 36 bid 94 1665 3 do pek dust 450 18
291 11388 2 do pek sou 190 33bid | 97 Pindenioya 1675 4 do wpeksou 320 29
292 1141 2 do sou 190 27 bid | 98 1678 7 do bropekfans 630 31
293 1144 2hf-ch dust 150 23 99 1681 8 do sou 680 26
298 Weligoda 1159 4 do pek dust 320 21 100 1684 Ll do dust 148 18
299 Amblangoda 11€¢2 2 ch ans 00 26 11 I FE 1687 7 do pek sou 560 30
300 1165 2 do dust 220 22 102 1699 3hfch dust 264 21
301 WS Bin 106 Damblagolla, 1702 8 ch pek sou 640 29
estate mark 1168 2% do bro pek 155 33 107 Hapugasmullei705 6 do bro pek 669 36
302 1171 +1 do pek 66 26 109 1711 3 do pek sou 288 25
303 1174. 2 do pek sou 148 922 115 Avisawella 1729 3 do fans 306 8625
304 1177. «1 bf-ch =fans 53 22 116 Carney 1732 15hfch pek 675 31
310 Northcove 1195 4 ch pek sou 368 28 117 1735 10 do pek sou 450 26
311 1198 lhfch dust 85 22 118 1738 3 do bro pek fans 150 25
312 1201 2 ch bro mix 220 26 119 1741 1 do pek fans 50 23
312 Agraoya 1204 7 do brovek 665 34 120 1744. 1 do sou 50) 228
314 1207 5 do bro mix 450 24 121 1747 1 do dust 50 21
315 Nellaoolla 1210 1 do bro pek 90 34 126 Donside 1762 1 ch sou 95 26
316 12137 an do pek 86 26 127 1165 Lhfch dust 85 16
317 1216 1 do pek sou 65 23 128 1768 2 do fans 120 24
318 1219 1 do sou 62 23 138 Weygalla 1792 6 ch bro pek No. 2 630 37 bid
324 BandaraEliya 1237 5 do pek sou 475 37 138 1798 3 do pek sou 240 28
325 1240 4hfch dust 360 21 139 1801 2hfch dust 157 21
331 Erlsmere 125873) Ao dust 240 22 140 Linestmark 1804 5 ch bro pek 500 30 bid
325 Adisham 1270, 13° «eh pek sou 255 31 141 1807 6 do pek 504 24
326 1273 6hfch dust 450 22 142 1810 4 do dust §40 20
337 1276 9 do unassorte1 495 28 153 Harangalla 1843 6hfch bropekdust 450 22
341 Tembiligalla 1288 1 ch pek sou 90 26 154 Wee Malla 1816 3 ch pek sou 270 25 bid
842 1291 1 do bro pek fams 125 24 155 California 1849 Thich bro pez 350 34
343 1294 1 do dust 150 20 158 1852 5 ch
247 vamford Hill 1306 5 do pek sou 450 Bo lhfch pek 550 23
318 1032 4hfch dust 340 23 157 1855 5 do
350 Hentleys 1816 11 do or pek 484 36 1kfch pek sou 550 18
2 1821 7 ch pek sou 63 26 158 1858 Lhfch pek dust 62 17 5
352 1324 8hfch fans 228 22 159 BE 1861 10 do bro pek 660 37 bid we
254 1327 1 do pek dust 100 «17 164 Havilland 1876 3 ch peksou 240 25 3
357 BDW, G 132 6 do pek sou 300 26 165 1879 5 do pek A. 680 30
358 153! 4 do dust 360 22_ 166 1882 2hfch dust 160 20
265 Matale 1360 2 do dust 160 22 167 1885 7 do fans 434 23 ‘
366 1368 1 do fans 70 24 168 1888 1 do bro mix 65 10 j

Lot. T ox.
139 Gangwarily 1891
173 4
174 7
175 10
179 Glenalla 22
180 25
1&3 Deville 34
185 37
1e9 Cc 52
194 LO 67
195 Dinest mark 70
198 Rambodde 79
199 82
200 85
201 HR 8&8
202 91
203 92

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Pkgs. Name.

Ib.

br or pek fans 325

dust

fais

sou

nek sou
dist

pek sou
dust

p ksou

bro pek sou

pek
pek sou
dust
en
bro pek

pek
dust

1G

[Messr:. BE. John & Co.J

Lot. Box.
1 Mel Villa 628
2 831
3 B34
4 B37
5 340
6 843
7 L’Espoir $46
8 819
9 82

20 Gonavy 885

21 883

25 Kolapatna 960

26 903

27 906

41 Morahela 918

42 951

60 Kandaloya 975

51 273

52 981

63 AO 937

55 993

64 Perth 20

67 OK 29

81 Rondura 7

82 74

87 Gientilt &9

$8 22

89 Lichaa—Knd 95

20 98

‘PL 101.

Vkgs.

6 hf ch

Name.
bry pek

pek sow

bro pek dust

fans

bro pek

pek

pek sou

dust

su

pak -ou

bro or pek
fans

fans

sou

dust

Pek sou

fans

«ust

bro pek fans

dust

pek dust
dust

pek sou
bro pek
pe! sou
fing

bro pek
bro o- pek
pek fans

Jb.

700
100
350
150

70

60)
360

430

584
#40
100
450
230
481)
160
43h
977
697

Cc.

y
Lot. Bkesy (Box. Name.) Tbe e;
96 YK 116 3 ch dust 540 22 bid
10% tiarvisland 137 12 bf hor pek 540 33
105 143 6 ch pek sou 462 26
16 146 thfch fins 75 22
107 149 1 do yek dust 92 20
19 Suduganga * 145 5 ch or pek 425 BS
2 164 3 do sou 20 25
1i7 Gangawatte 179 38 do pek sou 300 Ba
118 182 6hfch fans 40 33
12 Ss 183 6 ch su 510 16
122 Chiya Wyo7 f do pex $50 42
127) Giassiugh 29 6hfeh dust 57024
15t M. ralieia 2st 3 ch or,ek No.&% 258 32
152 284 1 do or pek No.l 86 35
1643 G 237 6 do bro pek @o0 ro hid
1545 Carady Goody 233 6hfch pek fans 40 withd’n
17 APA 299 6 ch pek 640 26
13 302 5 do pek 460 2t
19 305 6 do bro pek fans 540 3B
lit) Morat ta 311 5 do or pek 500 36 bid
144 30 1Lhfch bronek fans #0 22
168 Avondale 332 5 ch pek sou 442 &S bid

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent )
Mincine LANE, Sept. 20th.

“Clan McNeil,”—OBEC in estate mark, Konde-
salle Ceylon O, 41 bags sold at 64s,

““City of Perth ’’—OREC in estate mark, Konde-
salle Ceylon O. 11 bags sold at 67s.

*“ Calehas’’—Rockhill AA, 4 bags sold at 62s;
dit'o B, 5 bags sold at 293 6d; ditto C, 3 bags
sold at 39s 61.

“Tfitachi Morn.’—Rockhill AA 2, 1 bag sold ak
51s ; ditto T, 3 bags cold at 3ls

“ Tnaba Marn.”—Katugastota, 5 bags sold at Ags
61; 6 bags sold at 553 6d; 3 bags sold at 52s 6d;
4 begs sold at 34s,

“Clan McN b.”—Katugastota, 15 bags sold at 63s;
3 bes sold at 55s 6d3 2 bags sold at 34s.

““M ichaon,”’—Kalugastota, 11 bags sold at 64s 6d;
7 bags sold at 593; 2 bags sold at 34s,

“City of Khios.’—Warriapolla, 21 bags sold at
883 61; 2 bags sold at 63s; 6 bags sold at 58s 6a;
8 bags sold at 593; 11 bags sold at 46s, —

“* Stentor.”—Suduginga, 3 bags sold at 695; 4
bags sold at 6ls 61; 1 bag sold at 51s.

** Ajix.”"—Suduganga, 7 bags sold at 693; 3 bags
sold at 62; 2 bags sold at 579; 4 bags sold at 385.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TRA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Price :—124 cents each, 3 copies
x 2 d
No. 40. CoLomBo, Ocroser 21, 1901. { 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Pkgs, Box: Name.’ 1b.) ¢:
eee i 1813 30 ch bee pek 8C00 43
\ : 13 1816 30 do pe 2580, 37
LARGE LOTS. 135 1819 28 do peksou 2268 86
—_—_ ‘ 136 Agra Oya 1822 12 eh pro or pek 1080 31
3 t 137 1826 10 do ro pek 100035
Messrs. E. Senham Co 138 1828 15 do pek 1275 28
112,853 lb. | 145 Good Hope 1849 23 a bro pek rs 2070 33
146 1852 10 do ro or pek 1000 38
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. © arora 1855 12 do pek Pee 1080 29
3 ‘ ro pek 2150 38 bid 149 Malvern 1861 50hfch bro pek 2750 50
2 cooaealla e e a ae 765 30 0 He 55 de pek iy HY
7 mies “0 or pek 2160 36 bid 5 1867. i8 do pek sou p
; Hazelwood Be 3b oh ae y 2080 29 bid 152 Devonford 1870 12 ch or pek 1200 52
6 91.13 do. pek sou 1105 2bid | 153 _> 1873 12 do. pek 112843
7 A—T 97 1L do bro pek 1067 86 bid 154 Gallaheria 1876 15 ch or pek 1200 40
8 100 37 do pk 3145 25 bid | 165 1879 12 do broorpek 1200 53
ADIN 156 1882 26 do pek 2210 36
Mies WY vail ; ae a | 1885 8 do pee sou ; 720 35
3. Farwer & Faaikker. 15 addegama 1888 9 ch ro or pe 900 37
Messrs. For 5 159 1891 7 do bro pek 700 out
[543,246 1b.j 163 LG F, in est. : ‘ f
= mar 1903 35 ¢ pe 2975 29
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. : Ib. fe 134 1906 27 do peksou 2160 26
blapitiya 1423 21hfch pek 1050 ou 165 1909 12 do dust 1680 21
1! iactereate 1456 44 do bro pek 2728 44bid 166 1912 9 do sou 900, 24
15 1459 11 ch pek 990 40 i67 Harrow 1915 34hfch broor nek 2010 42 bid
16 Maryland 1462 11 ch bro pek 1100 39 168 1918 12 ch bro pek 1200 48 bid
17 1465 15 do or pek 1350 30 169s oe 1921 12 do pek 1200, 38.
18 1468 11 do pek 990 29° 174 Kincora 1936 14 ch broorpek 1400 44 bid
-25 Knavesxire 1489 19hfch broorpek 1140 38 bid 175 1939 17 do pek 1369 36
26 1492 100 ch bro pek 9500 = 36 179 Amblakande 1951 8 ch bro pek 800-39
27 1195 25 do pek 1875 30 180 1954 13 do pek 1040 = 30
28 1498 28 do pek sou 1960 26 183 Upper Hewa-
-29 1501 13hfch bro pek hetta 1963 32hfch broor pek 1920 44
fans 975 22 184 1966 30 do or pek 1560 40
30 Carlabeck 1504 10 ch peksou 960 28 185 1962 29 ch pek 2610 36
32 St. Martins 15'0 18hfch bro pek 720 39 186 Tyrone 1972 19 do bro pek 1843 36 bid
33 1513 20 do pek 300 32 187 1975 23 do or pek 2070 3Lbid
37. Ardlaw and 188 1978 17 do pek 1530 29 bid
Wishford 1525 19hfch broorpek 1140 62 189 1981 .6 do pek sou 1440 26
38 1528 21 ch bro pek 2079 = 48 190 G 1984 17 ch pek fans 1102 23 bid
39 1531 14 do or pek 148 43 191 Geragama
40 1534 10 do pek Nol 700 = =—39 Inv. No 25 1987 8 ch broorpek 880 41
41 1537 i1 do pek 902 38 | 192 1990 12 do bro pek 1140 36
45 Mahalla 1549 8 ch pek 760 381 193 1993 19 do pek 1710. 31
48 Ingrogalla 1668 10 ch bro pek 1000 43 194 1996 12 do pek sou 1020 28
49 1561 9 do pek 810 937 196 Talgaswela 2002 14 ch bro or pek 1400 44
fe USt. Pauls 197 2005 25 do pek 2000 31
Inv. No 30 1582 14hfch broorpek 924 64 198 2008 19 do peksou 1425 2
57 1585 17 do or pek 952 45 bid 199 2011 16 do or pek 1280 39
58 1588 J4 do pek 75643 200 2014 15 hfch bro pek
66 Naseby 1612 23 do bro or pek 1380 71 bid No 2 900 25
67 1615 28 do or pek 1316 70 201 2017 9 do dust 765 19
68 1618 30 do pek 1500 51 bid 20? Gonapalla 2020 26 ch bro or pek 2808 86
69 Dunbar 1621 l4hfch broorpek 760 o56bid | 204 2026 16 do pek Nol 1350 31 bid
70 1624 10 ch or pek 790 40 bid 205 2029 19 do pek No2. 1615 27 bid
71 1627 10 do pek 860 37 208 Galkadua 2038 12 ch bro pek 1320-36
“72, 1630 17 hfch _ bro pek 952 45 209 2011 12 do pek 1200 28
75 Narangalla 1639 12 ch bro pek 1200 37 210 SOR 20 24 Gao, pek sou 706 25
76 1642 12 do orpek 1140-34 213 Morankande 2053 11 ch — or pek 990 9-87
"7 1645 22 do pek 1980 27pbid | 214 2056 17 do pek 1530 = 30
80 Walton 1654 18 ch Lro pek 1890 45 215 2059 11 do pek sou 770 26.
81 1657 16 do or pek 1360 = 35 bid 222 Gleneagles 2030 90 do bro or pek 5130 48 bid
82 1660 15 do pek 1275 31 223 2083 41 ch or pek 3526 40 bid
$1 Mousakelle 1687 24 ch bro or pek 1440 48 bid 224 2086 11 do pek 1045 40
92 1690 10 do or pek 950 39 226 Dunkled 2092 9 ch pek sou 855 34
93 1693 10 do pek 900 36 227 2095 15hfch pekfans 1020 30
97 Tempo 1705 i5 eh bro pek 1500-52 228 2098 11 do dust 968-22
-98 1708 17 do or pek 1615 40 229 High Forest 2191 60hfch or pvek
99 W7il 22 do per 1980-33 ( Nol 3600 = 69
102 Vogan 1720. 32Lich broorpek 1920 56 230 2104 34 do or pek 1870 56
103 1723 24 ch or pek 2280 38 231 2107 25 do pek 1200 51
104 1726 36 do pek 8240 31 232 Ruanwella 2110 20 ch pek sou 1700 24
105 17/9 21 do pek sou 1785 27 233 Pallagodde 2113 18 ch bro or pek 1800 37
lue KP W 1738 24hfch broor pek 1680 40 bid 234 2116 25 do bro pek 2500 41
109 1741 28 do bro pek 1540 35 235. 2119 17 do or pek 1530 32 bid
111 1747 36 do pek 2160 32 236 2122 15 do pek 1275 30 bid
117 Great Valley, 237 2125 15 do pek sou 1350 28
Ceylon In est. 238 2128 16 do dust 1440 21
mark 1765 56hfch broor pek 3248 51 239 Polatagama 2131 48 ch bro vek 4800 46
118 1768 44 do or pek 2200 40 249 2134 10 do or pek 1000 36
119 L779 35) ch pek 3080 35 241 2137 39 do pek 8510 33
120 1774 21 «do pek sou 1390 34 243 2143 11 do bro pek
123 Beverley (2 0z. fans 1100 29
lead‘ lined) 1783 46hich pek 2300 38 245 Broadlands 214) 15 ch pek fans 1650 24
124 1786 24 do pek sou 1080 35 246 2152 5 do dust 860 20
126 1792 41 do or pek 18415 42 247 Carfax 2.55. 18 ch bro or pek 1800 54
127 Tymawr 1795 19 do bro or pek 1197 50 24 2158 19 d or pek 1716 44
198 1798 19 do or pek L045 41 24¢ 2161 18 do pek 1620 41
129 1801 22 do pek 10 3 250 Seenagolla 2164 14hfch bro or pek 840 64
130 1804 20 do pek 1000 37 251 2167 15 do pek 570 45
131 1807 12 do pek sou 1034 35 262 Theydon

182 Delta 1810 3lhfch broorpek 1860 48 Bois 2170 8 ch bro or pek 760 = 46 bid

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
} /
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ns Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c.
258 2173 9 ch or pek 765 38 472 2680 17 ch or pek op ve. 67
254 2176 14 do pek 980 30 423 2688)-18 40: ae aaa
259 New Peacock21¥i 39hf-ch bro pek 1950 40 424 2686 14 do pek No2 a
260 2194 9 ch sou 810 33 425 2689 3) do peksou 2 A
961 2197 23 do peksou 1725 24 426 Fredsruhe 2692 29 do ro pek 290085
262 Bandara- 427 2695 4 ip cE Hh) a
olla 2200 29 ch orpek 3332 30 bid | 425 2695 19 do pek sou ae
263 Gareiion 2203 10 ch browwek 1057-32 434 Lyegrove 2716 8 do bro pel any 41 bid
267 Rickarton 2215 36hf-ch broor pek 2160 64 436 eae 8 do Or. 760 33
268 2218 20 ch or pek 1800 = 41 43 2722 8 do pe é 30 bid
269 221 27 do pek 2322 38 439 Havyagama 27381 8 do bro pek 800 iL
273 Monfragalla 2233 14 ce ae pek 1050 42 saat 442 iCal
279 Galpitiya 2251 138 (0) e 1437 28 bi =, = =
asd Hal patawa 2266 16 ch bro pek 1600 6.36 _ estate mark 2160 8 do or pek 7040 40
285 2269 9 do or pek 810 30 443 2748 2B hf'ch “bropek #560066
286 2272 14 do pek 1120 28 444 2746 17 ch pek 1226 34
287 2275 10 do pek sou. 750 25 ie Strathspey Bio} ie ae ate aot ra
2 y 3} 5 5 DB 276 a) B22
SO capil Sima 3! amen Wass iw eee tc 459 Agrakande 2791 24hfch broorpek 1248 70
293 2290 9 do or pek 720 37 460 2794 16 ch or pek 1568 42 bid
293 2993 9 do pek 720 33 461 Taldua 2797 16 do bro or pek 1680 55 bid
294 2296 1) hfch fans 700 24 462 2800 16 do pels 23BD: zp
(295 Yataderia 2209 50hfch brocrpek 3200 40 4630 E08, 1 oe. Rae, ee
296 2302 25 ch bropek 2500 34 464 Woodend 2806 28 do ro "pe 8 40
297 2305 18 do ar pek 1800 36 465 2809 52 do pek eps) 31
298 9308 35 do pek 3220 20 466 2312 9 do pek sou BED 2T
299 2311 12 do pek sou 1104 “6 468 Dunnottar 2818 10 do bro or pek 1060 52 bid
300 Mawiliganga- 469 2821 14 do bropek 1400 41
watte 2314 11 ch broornek 1133 41 470 2874 12 do pek - oes 38
301 9317 51 do bro pek 4560 33 472 Madulkelle 2830 13 hf-ch bro or pe’ ‘| 54
302 2320 33 do peksou 2840 26 473 2633 20 do bropek 120 41 bid
304 Atgalla 23296 33hfch pek dust 2145 22 474 2836 12 Pe pek slide ne “4
310 Claverton 2344 38hfch broyek 2280 33 476 ZBa Malt OD TPES ; f
311 2347 28 do brpek fans 1820 25 476 2842 12 do sou Bon ew)
212 2350 13 do dust 1040 22 479 Kukuloya 2651 12 hf co _ bro or pek fe) 48
313 Marlborough 2353 45hfch broorpek 2250 55 480 = ae 19 do 33 Pe es an
314 2356 19 ch bropek 1900 45 481 Mahaoya 2857 11 do us BE 22
315 2359 11 do pek 990 38 433 Penrhos 2863 14 do br or pek 728 51
316 Lochiel 2362 ¢0hfch broorpek 1160 65 434 2866 21 do bro pek 1197 = 40
317 2365 21 ch or pek 2205 41 485 2869. 20 do, or pek pep 88
31s 2368 18 do pek 1530 37 486 PETE 2b ERY hePek a abe
824 Weyungawatte2386 22 do broorpek 2200 40 487 2875 12 do pe aa ae 27
395 2389 97 do pek 2430 30 490 Selborne 2884 38 do ro pe ; 33
326 2392 23 do peksou 1840 28 491 Darton 2887 28 do bror pek fans 3550 25 bid
329 Tillyrie 2401 18 do» broorpek 1980 51 492 Oxford 2890 29 do pek fans ““4240'" 21 bid
330 2494 22 dof bro pek 2090 43 494 BEynsford 2893 ll hf-ch dust 1770 20
331 2407 31 ao ek 2635 36 494 Maha Uva 2896 3lhfch bro or pek 2170 44
332 2419 20 do pekNo.2 1800 36 495 2899 99 do or pek 17400 43
333 Mariawatte 2413 11 do sou 990 26 496 2902 22 ch pek 2090-38 bid
334 2415 20hfch dust 1700 22 498 2508 (10: Bibs cast ee
335 Good Hope 2419 22 ch bro pek 1980 oe 499 Hanwella 2911 42 ch young hyson 2520 31
336 2422 15 do broorpek 1500 37 500 2014 25 do hysonNol 15:0 26 |
397 Spmesiido pek 720 97 503 Lindupatna 2923 18 do pek 1617 38 bid
340 Penylan ae 18 tg bro pek 1800 40 bid
341 2437 93 do pek 2070 34 3 Ss i ;
342 2440 10 do pek sou 900 29 Messrs Somerville eee
343 KG 443° 17 do bro pek fans 1615 22 sah [242,549 ib. ]
344 2446 13 do pek sou 1040 25 bi =
351 BDWP 2467 7 do bropekfans 770 34 Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. ¢.
255 Dambagas- 1 Polgahakande 97 13 ch or pek 1040 387
talawa 2479 11 do bro or pek 1155 53 bid | - 2 100 13 do bro pek 1300 39
356 2482 12 do bro pek 1200 43 3 103 15 do pek 1125 29
357 2485 12 do pek 1080 37 4 106 9 do Pek sou 765 27
364 Coreen 2506 33hfch bro or pek 2145 £0 bid 5 Mt Temple 109 94 ch bro pek 2400 30
365 2509 13 ch or pel 1104 39 bid 6 112 31 do ek 2573 29
366 2512 16 do pek 1360 37 bid 7 Theberton 115 13 ch broorpek 1300 37
869 Pine Hill 2621 27hf-ch broorpek 1620 51 8 118 10 do or pek 900 35
370 2524 20 ch or pek 1800 40 9 121 29 do perk 2465 32
371 2527 37 do pek 1630.36 13 Mousa Eliya 133 27 ch bro pek 2700 42 bid
372 WK 25380 19 do bro pek 2090 34 bid | 14 136 10 do ek £0 30 bid
873 2582 14 do pekNo.1 1120 30bid | 17 FF 145 8 ‘eh beoorpes 888 45
375 Bandara Eliya 2539 43hfch broorpek 2709 47 18 Rothes 148 20hfch bro pek 1200 47
376 2542 19 ch pek 1862 40 19 151 9 ch pek 810 37
$80 Kelburne 2554 10hfch dust 850 23 21 Ingeriya 157 22 cb bro pek 2310 36
384 Sylvakandy 2566 100 do bro pek 6510 45 22 160 14 do pex 1400 29
385 2569 28 ch pek 2520 36 23 163 9 do pek sou 918 26
288 Roeberry 2578 16 do bro or pek 1600 60 bid 25 WB inest mark169 i3hfch bro pek 702 27 bid.
889 2681 43 do bro pek 4300 50 6 W2nel ay ech pek sou 1235 20 bid
390 2584 59 do pek 4428 49 27 175 12bfch dust 1008 19
391 2587 21 do pek sou 1974 43 29 Warakamure 181 19 ch or pek 1805 52 bid.
892 2590 7hf-ch fans 700 82 30 184 34hfch bro pek 1870 36
593 St. Helier’s 2598 25 do bro or pek 1400 44 31 187 32 ch pek 2752 29
394 2598 15 ch pek 1395 35 32 190 16 ch peksou 1360 25
395 2599 9 do pek sou $55 98 33 Ravana 193 3Lhfech broorpek 1705 41
306 BC 2602 19hf-ch dust 1707 21 84 196 31 do bro pek 1550 37
397 Panilkande 2605 22 ch broor pek 2200 46 85 199 31 do pek 1395 aL
393 2608 17 do pek 1530 39 36 202 18 do pek sou 72000 2
899 2611 8 do pek souH 720 26 38 Blinkbonnie 708 30hfch bropek 1800 50
4% Yuhaella 2623 J6hf-ch pek 720 32 29 211 23 ch pek 2024 40
407 Sb. Margaret’s 2685 11 ch bro pek 1100 43 bid 44 Tavalamtenne 226 27hfch bro pek 1620 40
414 vewalakande 2653 24 do young hyson 2304 out 45 229 20 do pek 1000 «34
414 2656 21 do ° hyson 2016 21 bid 46 252 14 do pek sou 700 29
416 PTA 2662 16 do pek sou 1437 out 47 Oaklands 935 15 eh bro or pek 1575 36.
4\7 Villehena 2665 16 do bro pek 1500 83 48 228 14 do pek 1190 29
418 2668 IL do pek 990 3) bid 49 241 11 do pek sou 825 26.
421 Glencorse 2677 16 do bro pek 1600 46 58 Horagoda 253 10 ch bro or pek 1000 40

Pkgs.

14 do

14 do
14 do

22 do
29 hf ch
22 do

Al
CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
ee

Name. lbs Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. [ibs ke:
or pek 900 34 214 Bury 736 84 ch ek 2972 27 bid
pek 1615 29 215 G 739 9 «do Las sou 963 18
pek sou 810 25 216 Uonoonagalla 742 22hfch bro pek 1100 41 bid
bro or pek 1200 51 bid 217 745 16 ch bro pek 1520 36 bid
or pek 1200 40 218 748 12 eh pek 960 34
pek e 1100 37 219 751 20 do pek 1630 33
bro or pek 741 66 220 764 & ch pek sou 760 27,bid
or pek 1352 45 221 A 757 14 ch bro tea 1330. out

ek 969 42 223 Dalukolawatte763 14 ch pek sow 1260 24 bid
pek sou 1250 38 224 Ashton 766 17 ch bro pek 1683 32 bid
bro or pek 810 56 bid 225 769 24 do or pek 1968 35 bid
or pek 113438 226 772 12 do pek No2 900 28 bid
pek 1350 39 227 Oonoonagalla 775 37 ch pex 2960 31 bid
pek sou 765 38 229 Minestmark 78) 11 ch
pek sou 900 26 r Lhfch pek 978 16
broorpek 2254 35 231 Mousakanda 787 2ihfch bro or pek 1176 40
bro pek 2700 30 232 790 23 do bro pek 1196 40
pek sou 1232 27 233 793 18 ch pek 1548 35
bro or pek 1900 37 bid | 234 796 1Uhtch fans a0 22
pek 1766 28 bid | 236 RKP 8u2 10 ch or pek 950 34
bro or pek 7U0 44 pees Se SP Ra ae ey Ee)
or pek 1620 30 :
bre pek 1200 35 Messrs. &. John & Co.
pek 7: 28 5 ;
pek sou 800 25 [246,459 Ib. }

Lot. ‘ ‘

Weblog. 0750 040 Box. Pkgs. Name. IDs ics
or pek 728 «933bia | 15 GB. 377 10 hfch_ fans 700 27

ek 765 29 17. Warriagalla 323 J4 ch bro pek 1370 93
bro pek 1700 39 USF ab 386 11 do pek 902 28 bid
pek 810 29 19 Bittacy 389 17 do bro pek 171.0 50 bid
or pek 1900 39 20 392 8 do pek 720 42 bid
pek 2280 97 23 Oonoogaloya 407 17 do or pek 1530 37
pek sou 1260 25 26 410 15 do bro or pek i400 45
bre or pek 703 48 27 . 413 27 0 pek 2295 32
bro pek 703 38 28 Winwood 416 83hfch broorpek 1630 48 bid
pek 938 81 29 419 23 ch or pek 2u70 38
bro pek 2000 36 30 422 19 do pek i710 37
or pek 765 35 31 425 10 du pek sou 900 36
pek 1575 28 12 428 8 do sou 7-0 30
pek sou 1610 26 33 431 9Obfch dust 810 21
bro or pek 1792 46 34 Morahela 434 12 ch bro or pek 12v0 42
or pek 810 40 bid 35 437 10 do or pek No.1 560 i9
pek A 2 BB} 36 440 13 do orpekNo.21118 36
pek sou 774 2Bbid | 38 446 21 do pek 176436
bro or pek 1320 52 40 Wadhurst 452 7 do or pek 700 46
bro pek 2945 25 46 Ottery 470 17 do bro or pek 1780 49
or pek 1680 28 bid 47 473 22 de pek 1930 36
pek 765 «27 bid | 51 GW 485 45 do dust 4050 24 bia
pek sou 2090 §=25 52 Gansarapolla 488 24hfch broor pek 1536 40
bro or pek 1740 45 bid 53 491 25 do bro pek 1475 34 bid
or pek 1210 43 54 494 12 ch or pek 1260 30 bid
pek 1400 4G 55 Histon 497 19 do pek 16:5 35
bro pek 2400 37 56 5vu0 20 do pek sou 1800 32
pek 3325 29 65 Glentilt 527 16 do bro or pek 960 5
pek sou 2430 25 66 530 11 do bro pek 11v0 44
bro pek fans 735 28 68 586 18 do pek 1660 38
bro or pek 1200 43 74 Sd 654 Q9hfch aust 810 20
bro pek 4900 35 75 Moeha 557 21 do broor pek 210u 58 bid
bro or pek 3300 | 39 76 560 18 ch — or pek 1620 48
or pek 1120 31 7 663 20 do pek 1900 45
or pek fans 780 24 bid 73 566 18 do pe& sou 1530 39
bro pek 120: 40 79 Galloola 669 46 do bro pek 2600 44 bid
pek 720 30 8c 672 34 do pek 3060 40
bro orpek 1815 37 bid } 81 515 23 do pek sou 1840 38
pek 935 31 84 G’Watte 584 44 do bruor pek 2400 35 bid
bro pek 2160 35 bid $5 587 22. do or pek 1980 34 bid
pek 2520 29 bid 86 5690 17 do pex 1360 28 bid
pek sou 1620 24 bid 87 593 28 do pek sou 2240 25 bid
pek 2070 29 bid 88 Kadienlena 696 3d hfch pekfans 2625 24 bid
pek 2880 29 bid x9 N 599 9 do dust 765 23
bro pek 150 36 92 Dickapitiya 608 380 ch bro pek 3000 39
bro orpek 810 46 93 611 .30 do pek 300€ 34
bro pek 3515 38 94 Chapelton 614 1Lhfch dust 991) 022
pek 1080 30 96 Brownlow 620 31 do bro or pek 1736 5U bid
pek sou 720-28 97 623 23 ch or pek 1955-38

98 626 43 do pek 3655 3% bid

pek 900 29 99 629 10 do vek sou 890 30 bid
pek sou 700 25 100 Wattagalla 632 22 do bro pek 9310 39 bia
broorpek 1870 45 101 635 40 do pek 3600 86

or pek 1440 939 102 6388 11 do pek sou S8u 31
pek 123234 103 641 22 do fans 1870 9.29
pek sou 700 80 104 644 lu hf-ch dust 850 22
broorpek 900 385 105 Glasgow 647 45 ch brvorpek 3600 46 bid
pek 880 30 106 650 18 do or pek 17l0, al
bro pek 900 41 107 653 18 do pek 1692 Bt
pek 1430 30 1038 656 16 do pek sou 1600 37
pek sou 1050 26 bid } 109 659 15 do pek fams 1425 27
bro or pek 1700 45 1138 Agra Ouvah 671 10 do pek sou 900 38
or pek 1530 36 114 674 20hfch pek fans 1600 27
bro pek 1800 9635 116 68 40 do brocrpek 2400 FY bid

ek 2160 32 117 683 30 do or pek 1650 41 bid
bro pek 2100 31 bid ] 118 686 9 ch pek 855 43
pek 1000 =. 27 bid } 119 Mount Vernon 689 49 do pek 4410 40
pek sou 810 22 bid | 120 692 30 do pek sou 2580 39
bro pek 1040-35 123 701 15hf-ch dust 1200» -.23
pek 1190.29 124 Ferndale 704 10 ch broorpek 1000 51

Lot, Box.
54 256
55 259
56 262
60 Grange Gardens274
6L 277
62 280
66 Annandale 292
67 295
68 298
69 301
70 Scarborough 3204
71 307
72 310
73 313
76 GA 322
79 Mt Temple 331
80 334
81 337
82 Molescroft 340
83 343,
87 Avisawella 355
88 368
89 B61
90 364
91 367
96 Kurunegalle Est
Company Ltd 382
97 385
98 883
101 Jak Tree Hill 397
102 400
107 Hanagama 415
108 418
109 421
112 St Catherine 433
ld 436
115 439
116 Hatdowa 442
117 445
118 448
119 451
122 Mora Ella 460
123 463
126 472
127 475
130 Rayigam 484
131 487
132 490
133 4193
134 496
135 AgraElbedde 499
136 502
137 505
141 Siriniwasa 817
142 520
143 523
144 626
147. Neboda 535
148 38
151 Neuchatel 547
152 550,
154 556
162 Murraythwaite 580
163 683
166 Selvawatte 692
167 595
170 KW 604
171 607
172 610
1733 WHA 613
174 616
175 Charlie Hill 619
179 Hangranoya 631
180 634
181 637
182 640
183 Coorocndoo-
watte 643
184 646
188 Yarrow 648
189 661
190 664
191 667
193 Ambalawa 673
195 679
197 Oonankande 655
198 688
199 691
20. Galphele 697
202 700
203 703
204 706
209 Soham 721
210 724
211 727
212 Hobart 730
213 733,

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

4
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib.
125 07% 49) 2 or pek 765
126 710 23 do pek 1840
laneiya and
me feconte 716 13 do hroor pek 1300
129 19 11 do bro pek 1100
130 722 21 do pek 1995
134 SRC 734 22hfch broorpek 2508
135 737 21 ch pek 1974
136 Rookwood 740 40hf-ch broorpek 2400
187 743 40 do bro orpek 2400
139 749 24 do or pek 1218
140 752 £@bfch pek 2700
142 Cresta 158 33bfich bro pek 1650
143 761 16 ch pek 1376
146 Woodstock 770 11 do bro or pek 110)
147 173 8 do pek 769
149 Gingranoya 779 12 do broorpek 1140
150 782. 17 do pek 1360
151 Myraganga 785 48 do bro or pek 4800
152 788 13 do or pek 1040
153 791 9 do pek 855
154 MPS 794 21 do br pek dust 1890
155 797 12 do bro pek fans 540
156 Cleveland 800 29hfch flowy or pek 1450
158 806 37 do pek 1850
161 Lameliere 815 19 ch bro or pek 1995
162 818 19 do or pek 1072
163 821 27 do pek 2484
164 824 12 do pek sou 1224
166 MC 830 9 do
thfch pek fans 1110
167 Callander 833 12 do bro or pek 720
169 839 29 do pek 1450
172 Kandaloya 848 20 do bro pek 90u
173 851 21 do or pek 840
174 ‘ 854 68 do ek 2720
175 St. Andrew’s 857 50 do bro pek 3000
176 860 22 ch or pek 1980
177 £63 30 do pek 2700
184 Wilpita 884 do or pek 855
194 Tillington 914 18hfch broorpek 900
195 917 25 ch bro pek 2250
196 920 11 do pek 880
199 Waragalande 929 8 do broorpek 800
-200 932 12 do bro pek 1200
201 935 16 do pek 1440
202 988 8 do pek sou 720
904 B, Talawa, in
est. mark 914 16 do pek 1440
205 947 14 do pek sou 1260
206 DA 950 22 do pek sou 1716
907 Poilakande 953 30 do broorpek 2700
“208 956 46 do or pek 4140
209 959 80 do pek 2700
210 PKT 962 9 do dust 720
211 W’Eliya 965 10 do pek sou 880
212 ABC 968 47 do pek 3760
213 G’Galla 971 8 do pek sou 720
214 B 914 58 do pek 5046
SMALL LOTS.
Messrs. & Benham & Co.
Let. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
3 Halgolla 85 3 ch dust 381
Messrs. Forbes & Walker
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
1 M’Golla 1417 3 ch bro pek 303
2 Amblapitiya 1429 10hfcen or pek 530
4 1426 6 do pek sou 300
5 1429 3 do sou 132
6 14:2 1 do dust - 80
7 Trewardene 1435 3 ch bro pek 300
8 1448 3% do or pek 300
9 1441 5 do pek 500
10 1444 4 do pek sou 400
ML 1417 2 do sou 200
12 1450 3 do bro mix 300
12 1453 L do dust 145
19 Maryland 1471 7 ch pek sou 630
20 1474 2hfch dust 160
21. Bwhurst 1477 2 do bro or pek 112
22 1480 4 ch bro pek 400
28 1453 6 ch
1 hf ch el 588
24 1486 1 do Mins 33
31 Carlabeck 1507 4 ch bro pek fans 528
$4 St. Martins 16516 4hfch pek sou 160
a) 1519 6 do fans 360
86 1622 1 ch unas 100
42 Ardlaw and
Wishbford 1540 2 ch pek sou 202

c. Lot. Box.
37 bid | 43 Mahalla 1543
33 44 1546
46 1652
47 bid | 47 1555
37 50 Ingrogalla 1564
36 51 IN G,in estate
50 bid mark 1567
37 bid | 52 1570
51 bid 53 Palmgarden 1573
48 bid | 54 1576
38 55 1579
34 59 Kalupahana 1691
36 bid | 60 1694
30 6L 1597
36 bid | 62 1600
30 63 1603
45 64 1606
33 65 Eland 16.9
42 bid 73 Dunbar 1633
37 bid 744 UN 1626
35 78 Narangalla 1648
21 79 1651
23 83 Walton 1663
52 84 AUD 1666
39 8% OLSSR 1669
43 bid | 86 1072
57 bid 87 1675
az bid | 88 1678
te} te}
lo 9 1684
i 94 Mousakellie 1696
61 id 95 1699
38 bid | 96 1702
41 bid 100 Tempo 1714
39 101 1717
35 106 Vogan 1782
Ww7 1735
110 KPW 1744
withd’n 112 1750
113 1753
Fe 2) 114 1756
33 115 1759
53 116 1762
38 121 Great Valley
36 Ceylon in est.
30 mark 1777
122 Beverley, C OZ, 3
i lead line 178
SB Ih 1789
16 bia | 139 Agra Oya 1831
37 bid 140 1834
31 bid 141 1837
30 42 Ella Oya 1840
19 143 1843
30 bid 144 1646
out 148 Good Hope 1858
37 bid 160 Baddegama 1594
out 161 1897
162 1900
‘170 Harrow 1924
171 1927
172 1930
173 Kincora 1933
a 176 1942
19 ‘ 177 1944
178 1948
18: Amblakande 1957
182 1960
195 Warwick 1999
Cae 2u3 Ganapalla 2023
34 bid | 206 2032
35 207 2035
16 21 Galkadua 2047
14 212 Morankande 2050
16 216 2062
32
26 217 2065
28 218 @Qodoowere 2U68
24 219 2071
20 220 2074
13 221 2077
out 225 Gleneagles 2089
23 242 Polatagama 2140
21 244 2146
45 255 Theydon
36 Bois 2179
" 256 Valhalla 2182
50 bid } 257 2185
23 258 2188
26 264 Siriwatte 2206
26 265 2209
Be 266 - 2212
4
270 Rickarton 2924
30 271 2227

Pkgs.
ch

eI ne
Q
°

eRe Or ON oie HO
°
in”

7 hf ch

11 hf ch
10 do
6 ch
2 do
4 bf ch
6 hf ch

10 do
2 oO
4 hf ch

Name. lb.
bro pek 660
or pek 570
pek sou 450
dust 136
pek sou 340
sou 240
bro pek dust 560
bro pek 440
pek 500
pek sou 200
bro peE 645
or pek 190
pek 450
pek sou 270
fans 200
dust 150
sou 77
bro pek fans 580
dust 432
pek sou 450
dust 246
bro tea 240
unas 150
or pek 500
pes 450
pek sou 260
bro tea 150
dust 62
bro mix 60
pek sou 450
dust 320
bro pek fans 420
pek sou 480
dust 90
dust 480
pek fans 360
or pek 660
peE sou 450
bro peE fans

Nol 150
bro pek fans 75
pek fan 300
dust 180
dust 595
bro pek 550
bro or pek 500
pek sou 510
dust 180
pek fans 280
siftings 340

do 550
dust 180
bro pekfans 280

ek 425
pek sou 320
dust 120
pek son 300
fans 280
dust 240
flowery or

ek 630
pek 350
fans 26)
dust 160
pek sou 560
dust 1U0
dust 170
or pek 602
bro pek fans 430
dust 480
congou 100
bro or pek 672
bro or pek

ans 280
dust 90
bro pek 306
pek 270
pek sou 180
dust 80
pek fans 680
peé& sou 600
dust 600
pek sou 400
bro or pek 390
bro pek 330
pek 320
bro or pek 672
pek 640
bro or pek

fans 480
pek sou 206
dust oy )

26 bid

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5
Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Noe as Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibs wanes
272 Moneragalla 2280 4 ch bro or pek 320 54 478 2848 1 ch fans 105 28
274 pee 6 da pek No 1 438 oa bid 482 Mahaoya 2860 2hfch sou 180 = -.26
208 gee 3 do do No2 213 28 bid 488 Penrkos 2878 2 do fans 150 22
276 pee 2 do pek sou 130 ous 489 2881, 1 do bro tea 92 18
277 2245 2 do fans 172 23 497 Mahauva 2005 3 ch pek sou 270 33
278 ne. 2248 1 do dust 117. 21 501 Hanwella 2917. 6 do hysonNo2 385 17 bid
280 Kudaganga 2254 7 ch pek 662 29 502 ; 2920 7 do hyson siftings 525 10
281 Hes in estate CSU A ELE ee i 504 Dunally 2926 2hfch ust 170 19
© o
232 2260 1 do pek sou\ 55 out PG, Hai
283 2263 1 do fans ' 90 19 bid ve L
288 Halbarawa 2278 1 ch fans 124-22 (Mesers. Somervilis & Co.)
289 2281 2 do dust 328 18
303 Mawiliganga- artes Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib... tet
watte 2323 fic ust 525 20 i 3 —
305 Ingurugalla 2339 4 ch pek sou 360 25 x0 PASO ae 2 eh pene ae a
306 2332 3hfch_ bro tea 255 20 12 13002. do. ‘dust 200 «18
307 2335 6 ch red leaf 540 Okbids ||" aise Tochise 130e0 1. ch z, 1
308 Kabragalla 2338 3hfch dust 255. 20 pagar ch = WOW poze
309 9341 8 do brotea 440 12 Py ae iaioye BE eit: cuss seo eae
319 Ballongalla 2371 8 do bro or pek = 480 82 9 ° ere ins ae chy ase 20 %
320 OSTA sh de eee 400 39 24 Ingeriya 166. 2 oh pek dust 262 20
301 5377 as ane s Souler 28 WSinestmark 178 2kfch dstunbulked170 17
399 2380 6 Pah ck 480 28 37 PDinestmark 205 lhfch dust 85 18
302 2333 unas SR ou 390 26 40 Blinkbonnie 214 4 ch pek sou 340 35
507 Wesunga- mile) Pp u a 41 Sb Leys 217. 2 ch ~~ pek sou 190 27
watte 2395 2 do sou 180 25 a 220 eC peers 86 a
328 2398 2hfch dust TO) aot Co AA cae BeBe chat mecilead: (- uguods hal
338 Good Hope 2428 7 ch pek sou 630 25 pum O celands ote riie Ree dus SoC er ate
339 2431 5hfch dust 385 20 it oth celnaeia cairo cae Te
345 Ookoowatte 2449 7 ch pek sou 560 25 Be .
346 2452 6hf.ch bro pek fans 360 26 Pn EI Peas ECCI a DRO an eed eae
347 © 2455 1 ch brpkfansNo1130 22 AA tite one sel aausn Noy .
348 2458 1 do pekfanNo2130 22 ee a Dee a alee
349 2461 %Ilhfch pek fans No3 85 28 Pes G Gard aA 9 ch S REeat ie aS
350 2464 1 do aat 100 19 range Gar ens 3, 2 ¢ pek sou 200 29
352 BDWP 2470 1 ch pekNo.2 85 % Bs PaO a tO tans LOO ieee
353 . 2473. 1 do sou No.2 90 22 8 260i) BE CH dues 1 a
354 2476 1hfch dust 90 20 i4 Scarborough 316 4hfch dust 240 21
358 Dambagas- = Be 73 319 5hfch fans 400 24
talawa 2488 5 ch peksou 460 36 TENG A Be c19d CH AOU peace
359 2491 1 do bro pk fans 135 22 Se Moleacroft 346)" 5 veh m '
360 DGT 2494 3 do bro pek 330 33 7 Thf ch k 39
361 2497 5 do pek 500 28 PA monary eae ees SOK nad
362 2500 2 do pek sou 196 25 te 849),2 chi bropek fans 285), 20
363 2503 1 do bro pek fans 135 20 a Atri ll B54 3 peed, dust Bes ie
367 Coreen 2515 31 do pek sou 240 33 ‘5 visa B00 3 ¢ ust O00 Le
368 2518 4hfch dust 320 21 Boe Gas SiS ie Ai 0), ree rag
374 BandaraBliya 2536 8 do or pek 400 = 42 95 M. Png d 379 «8 hf ae aus
377 2545 5 ch pek sou 450 36 50) Kanunecallo Bate Coase bats Birdg
378 2548 3 do dust 270 20 1 WS Garren i uaegoiene ich i Ronee
379 Dunally 2551 4hfch dust 3402 Panne SUSIE Aweeee 8: S40. a8
281 Kelvin 2557 8 eh peksou 640 % 103) Jak hee HL 40 ho Mook 830s
382 2560 7hfch or pek 455 20 103 Jak Lege A eae city spon ee” BEI ae
383 2563).3'ch bro mix 240 out cae N tee z aS use Foe ue
386 Sylvakandy 2572 3 do peksou 285 33 106 . Hanag: 412 10 hfich ee ang 2¢
387 2575 3 do dust 300-23 TO ee TSO Ah. Saket nn) tee. ae
400 Panilkande 2614 2 do sou H 180 Sle |. ayocsmanenG Feere ean Hemeen apes. 8
401 Bolyeeiidoy | GustsH! wip B90 mony Nas 0 atm enta iene oe Pree cor il vee
402 Yahaella 2620 11hfch bropek 600 40 ity Teilite alt eS Fook as
404 2626 10 do peksou 425 27 Le aeO ita coy tit Deke 308 acorns
405 2629 3 do fans 195 22 120 ey oe he Ah eel Oe
406 2632 1 do. pek fans 60 26 ue 457, 8 do unas 640-19 bid
408 St. Margarets 2538 % ch — fans 360 31 SE EE ob ete aL RR ol ae em eet TEES
2 ¢ <2 : r4 ) us é
on Allacolla art 5 bik proants ay sous 128 Finest mark 478 2 ch pek sou 15081
ail 2647 9 do’ fans 49527 re ASI ne chy Faust AO on 28
412 Dewalakande 2650 7 ch _ siftings 697 —s «10 138 petayelbeddes ole g Dechy Bekasou EOF oe
415 aH 2659 8 do — hyson Ne 2. 672 out Be blvine (oe pray Pek 13624
aa illehena ae p do neeee 3 ze HEAD sd My 514 4 do pek dust 320.20
M29) Beruketiya <2701 ;'5,.d0, broek... ;7660) al bid | tgaveuni cage Gtio dust ages 38
430 2704 5 do pek 450 26 Peete SO SOU BON ire C
431 2707 3 do pek sou 285 94 ie Neboda 41 6 ch pek 55931
432 2710 1 do pek fans 108 19 ay eae eaasie BEER aust qo uterse
433 2713 «1 «do pek dust 90 18 53 euchate 553 5 ch pek sou 400 25
487 Lyegrove 2726. Tao nek sou 630 29 aS B09! 8 do dust a50 12
438 2728 Jhfch dust Saami ae ee inacaeanmnena, 262,78) /ch yy bro pek Ue
440 Havyagama 2734 4 ch — pek 360. 28 bia | ae 565)17;2 “doy, : on pek ran Wi fase
441 2787 7, do sou 5g. out | ae Pee ita, OO) 41 Dek a00 side
445 Munukettia 159 Oe LN LO pek sou 100 16
aWUstabe i 574 1 ge sou 100 12
3 pds i ¢ L6 Biitry ok + do fans 100 14
446 mark Sues ‘ Ag pet AO a av 164 Murraythwaite586 3 do — pek gou 256 | 25
447 2755 «4hfch. dust 340 50 165 589 1 do bro pek fans 130 22
448 Strathspey 758 6 ch ~broorpek 642 69 FRM Cada PEC peep Me eo ue
451 2767 3 do pek sou 240 40 176 Charlie Hill 62 h ¢ ang 1
452 2770 2 do dust dasiro) em hy 20) Chara BAN 0225 ,8ne ch, pek so ote
453 Horagaskela 2773 7hfch or pek 432 33 | v6 ee g do, pele sou ove a
tes arid i ee Oe as ee A | 185 Mincing Lane 619 5hbfch pek fans 875.23
456 Danwella 2782 2 do pek 96 26bia , fo Cn Cu toe BO yae
457 D7e5 ido, |), pekfans 4), 6ly800 |) W54 ya. RE RS IR a ae AU
458 Harrow 2788 1 ch peksou 100 36 | 1? Yarrow CionnGaas Co prone DOr it. og
5 s i 2
tof Woodend tS 2 to, dust) 3 oy Amtaame 0G Gch orpek
aur ze : é | 19 | 2, Oo pek sou f 2F
aS Eee rae coos dus AD ae 230 Oonankande 691 4hfch | dust 280 21

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name lb. oe.
05 GH 709 56 ch pek sou 450 26 191 C 905 7hfch bro pek 350 32
206 712 8 do fans 460 22 1232 908 5 ch pek 485 out.
207 715 1 do sou 90 23 193 911 lhfch pekgou 50 15 bid
308 Minest mark718 1 ch unas 72 18 197 Tillington 923 3 ch pek sou 270 26
292 Dalukolawatte7300 8hfch broorpek 440 48 bid 198 926 3bfch dust 210 22
228 Minest mark 778 6 ch bro or pek 680 22 bid 203 Waragalande 911 3 ch dust 300 22
230 784 4 do sou 320 cut 215 St. Andrew’s 977 lhfch dust 85 is
235 Mousakanda 799 S8hfich bropek fans 520 23 a oe ee
Y f T ™ a] T
ienere B gpnnl eros) CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.
Lot. Box. Fkgs. Name. lb. e. (From Our Commercial Correspondent. )
1 ch yaa - 6
1 Dovedale 335 A HEeH Boro hale saeladh MINCING LANE, Sept. 27th.
2 Allington 338 5 do bropek 500 3B “ Kanagawa Maru.”—Hentimalie London A, 17
3 341 2 do broorpek 220 28 bags sold at 59s 6d; ditto B, 8 bags sold at 51s 6d.
4 au i ae Pes ye 30 2B “ Alcinous.”—Goonambil, 3 bags sold at 435 64.
5 66 DD iadiak S 9
; aug do ee sou rage ; ‘ oralteman. aa A 20 bags sold at 63s 6d; K 2,
7 353 1 do dust 12e@ 18 De Aa ae aed Jee I ;
8 AT 356 2 do broorpek 226 30 Stentor.’—Ross Brown, 3 bags sold at 50;
9 339 3 do pek Ppa AB Ross T, 4 bags sold at 43s 6d; X Ross X, 2 bags
362 8 do pek sou 270 = 23 sold at 40s.
11 865 2 do pek sou No. 2200 18 “© Ajax.”—X io estate mark O 1, 42 bage sold at
12 368 1 de dust 120, 18 63s; 1 bag sold at 48s.
a GB au & nfleh ane a A “« Prometheus.”—Maragalla Y, 20 bags sold at 65s
16 380 3 do bromix 255 16 6d; A, 22 bags sold at 65s 6d; ditto R, 20 bags
21 Bittacy 395 1 ch peksou 90 39 sold at 65s; A, 19 bags sold at 65s; ditto A, 5
22 398 2 do fans 200. 35 bags sold at 53s 6d; T, 3 bags sold at 40s 6d;
23 401 5hich broorpek 230 8@bid | ditto 2 A, 8 bags sold at 61s; T, 8 bags sold at
24 404 3 ag puse k Fa a pia | 408 64; A, 2 bags sold at 54s.
a Morahela ie 4 a3 Sa pe 360 26 b “Java.” —Bandarapola I, 14 bags sold at 60s;
4t Wadhurst 455 5 do bropek 450 29 id | ditto XK, 10 bags sold at 60s; T, 1 bag sold at
42 468 6 do pek sou 540 26 86s 6d; X T, 1 bag sold at 36s 6d.
43 461 2hfeh bro mix 1¢c0)— 12 “ Historian.””—Bandarapola I, 17 bags sold at 60s ;
44 a6 4 ag Aust ° ge T, 2 bags sold at 362 6d.
45 2. , : “Land Carriage.”—G, 8 bags sold at 738; T, 8
" 9 ’ > )
“a Ottery, ig acne pergn a7 eo bags sold at 748; 8, 2 bags sold at 66s.
50 GW 48 8 do peksou 560 26 bid ——————————
aes sna do aust i 0) | CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
T 509 2 ¢ ro pek fans 240 24 +
a ian ee 612 2 do aust 260 19 LONDON,
61 W,inest. mark515 6bich dust 504 22 —
62 NB 518 3 do dust 270 23 “‘Calchas.”—Midlands 1, 7 cases sold at 1s 10d;
63 ot 3 de Sou oe te oh ditto 2, 2 sases sold at 1s 5d; ditto B & S, 1
oF Glentilt oe 6 en or pe 510 «40 case sold at Is 4d ; ditto Seed, 1 bag sold at 2s 3d.
69 539 6 do pek sou 480 34 Derbyshire.’—Midlands O, 4 cases sold at 2s
70 542 5 do fans 400 24 7d; ditto 1, 9 cases sold atls lid; ditto 2, 2 cases
71 BT 545 6hfch bro pek 360 35 sold at ls 5d; ditto B & S, 2 cases sold at ls
72 548 5 do pek 28027 4d; Seed, 1 bag sold at 2s 2d; MD, 1 case sold
73 551 3 do pek sou 168 22 at ds 5d.
82 Galloola eae 2 ch dua ae a “ Machaon.”—Vedehette Cardamoms EX, 1 case
90 8 602 4hfch dust 340 21 sold at 8s 2d; ditto AA, 4 cases sold at 2s 4d;
91 605 2 do fans 120» 43 ditto A, 2 cases sold at ls 8d; ditto B, 2 cases
95 Chapelton 617 5 ch sou 450 21 sold at ls 6d; ditto C, 1 case sold at ls 5d; ditto
us Eton bee d ae bro et bok 0 36 D, 1 case sold at 2s 4d.
1 8 a ROS “ Prometheus.’—Pingarawa Cardamoms B X, 2
ae Agra, Ouvah Be Pnaeh pen son rae ze cases sold at 3s ld; ditto No. 1, 2 cases sold at
121 Mount Vernon695 4 ch bro mix 400. 14 2s 1d; 2 cases sold at 2s; 4 cases sold at Qs id.
122 698 6hfch fans 408 31 ‘* Calchas.’’—Kitoolmoola Cardamoms E X, 1 case
127 Farm 713 2 do dust 180 withd’n | sold at 3s ld; ditto A A, 3 cases sold at 2s 4d;
131 Kelaneiya and ditto A, 1 case sold at 1s 8d; ditto B, 2 cases sold
We Braemar ae 4 cH gan aaa a at 1s 6d; ditto C, 1 case sold at Is 5d.
133 731 3 hf on ett 240 98 “Prometheus.” —Katooloya Cardamoms A A, 35 cases
138 Bookwood 7469 do fans 630. 29 sold at 2s 4d; ditto A, 2 cases sold at 1s 7d;
14] 765 7 do pek dust 616 20 ditto B, 2 cases sold at 1s 5d; ditto C, 1 case
a Cresta 768 aheon pel seu i 25 gold at ls 5a.
4hfc us 3 19 ve “0.26 : Lo ,
148 WK 776 2 ch cusbNo.1 150 19 eee tee Ce a se xt anaees
157 Cleveland 808 5hfch bro pek 310 44 bid as _St. Marti O 51d t
159 309 12 do pek sou 600 35 Socotra.’—St. Martins O, 7 cases sold at 2s
160 812 2 do fans 160 33 9d; ditto 1, 12 cases sold at 23 3d; ditto 2, 3
165 MC $27 3 ch pek 250 out cases sold at 1s 9d; 10 cases sold at Is 8d; ditto
168 Callander 836 11 hfch or pek 59447 Splits, 6 cases sold at 1s 5d.
170 842 4 do pek sou 180 37 “ Derbyshire.”—Wariagalla Cardamoms Mysore A,
“oe Bt. Atrew's oe Z op rea Bee a5 5 cases sold at 2s ld; ditto B, 6 cases sold at
179 Iona 869 3 do brorpekfans2i0 95 1s 6d; ditto C, 6 cases sold at le 4d; ditto D, 7
180 872 3 do dust 270 20 cases sold at 1s 5d. ;
181 ES 875 5 ch pek 500 12 bid ‘*Omrah.”—Naigalla 1.4 case sold at 2s 1d;
182 ‘ 878 4 do peksou 360 out ditto 2, 2 cases sold at 1s 7d; ditto 3, 2 cases sold
183 Wilpite 881 6 do broorpek 600; at Is 4d; ditto B Seed, 2 cases sold at 2s 3d.
4 887% doy \ fans ay “¢ Collegian,”—Delpotonoya, 1 case sold at 3s 2d;
186 890 3 do congou 270 3 Bian) Tale ya, 1d y ane
187 Ketadoola 893 4 do bro pek 400+ withd'n cases sold at 2s 7d; 5 cases sold at 2s 2d; 6
188 296 4 do ek 380 cases sold at Is 9d; 1 case sold at 1s 6d; 1 case
139 399 2hfch bro mix 164 sold at 1s 2d; 2 oases sold at Is 8d; 2 cases sold
ia 902 1 ch fans 11h at 1s 5d; 1 cawe sold at la dd; 2 casem sold at 2s 4d,

THA, COFFHH, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 41.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.
LARGE LOTS.
Messrs. H. Benham & Uo.
[30,825 lb.|

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
1 Battalgaila 80 40 ch or pek 3800
2 83 43 do pek 3€55
6 Battalgalla 95 14 do pek sou 1120
7 Hornsey 98 45hfch bro pek °475
8 1722) ‘ch pek son 1760

16 Bunyan & Ovoca 25 62hfch _ bro or pek 8720

17 23 60 do or pek 2700

1S 31 18 ch pek 1800

19 34 15 do pek No 2 1575

20 37, MIO do: pek sou 2185

21 40 20 do pek fans 1400

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
1576,600 1b.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
2 N 2932 42 ch pek fans 5040
8 FF in estate

mark 2950 14hf-ch bro pek 700

13 V in estate

mark 2965 19 ch pek sou 1520

16 Sirikandure 297! 7 do bro pek 700

17 2977 8 do pek 760

18 2988 12 do pek sou L080

22 Bogahagoda-

watts 2992 8 do bro pek 760

23 2995 12 do pek 1080

24 2998 12 do pek sou 1140

29 Nakiadenia 303 7 do or pek 700

30 3016 7° do bru pek 805

31 3019 9 do pek 756

32 Holton 3022 30 do bro pek 2850

33 3025 25 du pek 2125

84 3(28 lu do pek sou 850

37 Galkanda 3037 25bfch or pek 1250

38 3040 22 ch pel 1870

39 3043 14 do pek sou 1260

40 Glenorchy 3046 35 do bro pek 3850

4\ 3049 3L do ek 3100

43 Drayton 8055 21hfch or pek Nol 945

44 3068 32 do or pek No 2 1600

45 3061 ¢4 ch pek 5440

46 8064 35 do pek sou 2975

47. Udaveria 3(67 36 do broorpek 2160

48 3070 21 do or pek 1995

49 3073 19 do pek 1710

50 2076 "12 do pek sou. 1020

53 Oakham 3085 10 do uek 900

56 Yuillefield 3094 1ishfich or pek 900

57 2097 14 ch pek 1120

58 3100 20 do pek sou 1600

€¢7,0 BEC in E

estate mark 31/6 40 bfch broor pek 2440

61 3109 21 do or pek 1932

65 Rockside SIZIOe Guach bro pek fans 720

69 Udapolla 3138 8 do bro pek BUG

70 3136 39 do pek 810

76 LIrex 3154 29 do oro or pek 29U0

77 3157 26 do pek 2340

81 B Binestate

mark 3169 25 do pek sou 2250

82 Mansfield 3172 48hfch bropek 2880

63 3175 22 ch pek 2090

84 ‘3178 12 do pek sou 1U80

85 Ch isy B3l8i_ 55bfch br cr pek 3025

86 3184 17 ch or pek 1615

37 Bie7 26 do pek 2210

88 3.92 20 do pek sou 1600

$9 Nillomally,

OB EC in
estate mark 2193 37 do or pek 3404

90 3196 34 do pek 2924
91 3199 18 do peksou 1512
92 3202 10 do bro or pek 10U0

94 M 3208 7 do bro pek 700

99 Pamsalatenne 3223 85 du bro pek 3325

100 » 3226 29 do pek 2320

101 3229 20 do pek sou 1600
104 Chesterford 3238 29 do pek 2610
105 ' 8z4l 20 do bio pek 3000
106 8244 18 do pek sou 1620

107 3247 10 do fans 90

lus Cullen 8250 42hfch broorpek 2436

bid

COLOMBO, OcToBER 28, 1901.

i

Prick :—123 cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee,

Lot. Pkgs, Box.
109 32538 20 hf ch
110, 3266 14 ch
112 OBEC in
estate mark,
Sindumallay 2262 45 do
113 3265 14 do
114 3268 34 do
115 3271. 20 do
16 OBEC in
estate mark,
Forest Greek 3274 16 do
U7 3277 43 do
1s 3780 21 do
119 3283 «0 do
120 5286 25 do
l:| Bargany 3289 45 hf ch
122 3292 15 ch
123 3295 14 do
174 3298 10 do
126 Passara Group 3304 16 do
127 3307 39 do
128 3310 29 do
129 3313 14 do
132 Ireby 0322 34 hf ch
133 33825. 16 ch
134 3328 11 do
137 BB in estate
mark 3337 16 bfch
1388 3340 17 do
143 Fetteresso 3355 14 do
144 3358 35 do
145 B86L, at ch
150 Nakiadenia 3376 8 do
151 4379 11 do
156 Beverley 3394 13 hfch
157 Hatton 3397 30 ch
158 3100 30 do
16) Middleton 3406 25 hf ch
161 3409 42 ch
162 3412 33 do
163 Tymawr 3415 24 hf ch
164 3418 29 do
165 8421 38 do
166 Gonapatiya 3424 22 do
167 3:27 25 do
168 3430 18 ch
170 Kitulgalla 3436 2Uhfch
171 3439 10 ch
176 Monkswood 3454 20 hf ch
77 3457 31 do
178 3460 25 ch
179 3463 13 do
180 3466 11hf ch
182 Agra Oya 3472 10 ch
183 3475 14 do
184 3478 16 do
186 Errollwood 3484 47 hfch
187 3487 16 ch
188 3490 9 do
190 3496 =9hf ch
191 WVRA 3199 22 do
192 Devonford 8542 27 do
193 3605 12 ch
194 Findlater 2508 42hf ch
195 Soli 423) ich
199 Pin estate
mark 3423. 7 do
200 IK V 38526 10 de
<01 HE 3529 40hf g
2007 $6820.15.
203 8535. 3 do
204 Gampaha 3538 =z do
205 8541 39 do
206 3544 8 en
207 Battawatte 3547 47hf eh
208 3550 44 do
210 3556 26 ch
211 3559 11 do
218 Dammeria 3565 32 ch
214 356s 15 do
216 High Forest 38474 60 bf ch
ai 3577 35 do
218 3580 24 do
219 Pallagcdda 3583 19 ch
220 3586 23 do
221 3539 16 do
222 3692 13 do
223 3595 14 do
224 Kirklees 3593 18 hf ch
225 1-14: ‘ch
226 4 17 do
228 | 10 7 do
229 Erracht 13 23 do

Name. Ib.
or pek 1040
pek 1316
bro pek 4680
or pek 1232
pek 2924
pek sou 1450
bro or pek 1€00
bro pek 4300
or pek 1890
pe’ Nol 1800
pek No2 250
bro pek 2700
or pek 1425
pek 1400
pek sou 900
or pek 1440
bro or pek 3000
pek 2610
pek sou 1260
bro pek 2040
pel 1360
pek sou 935
bro pek 896
pek 799
bro or pek 870
bro pek 1960
pek 990
bro or pek 832
pek sou 770
or pek dust 104u
bro pek 3000
pek 2700
bro or pek 1250
bro pek 4200
pek 2805
bro or pek 1512
or pek 1595
pek 19uC
bro pek 1320
or pek 1275
pek 1746
bro or pek 1260
pek 820
bro pek 1200
or pek 1550
pek 2375
pek sou 1040
fans 770
bro or pek 900
bro pek 1400
pek 900
broor pek £820
pek 1520
pek son 855
dust 720
bro or pek 1200
bro or pek 1620
pek sou 1128
bro pek 2352
pek 2208

vy pek sou 700
pek fans 1200
or pek No1 2400
or pek 825
broor pek 2325
bro or pek 2520
or pek 2028
pek 704
bro orpek 3052
bro pek 2860
pek 2470)
pek sou 880
pek 3 00
bro pek 1497

or pek No 1 3480
or pek 1855
pek 1104
bro or pek 1900
bro pek 2300
or pek 1440
pek 1105
pek sou 1190
broorpek 1080
or pek 1330
pek 1615
pek fans 770
bro pek 2800

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Wy Ces Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. ioe
230 16 19 ch pek 1615 33 394 Queensland 508 13hfch broor pek 715 61 bid
231 19 9 do pek sou 765 30 895 511 16 ch bro pek 1680 50
223 Dunkeld 25 61bfch bro or pek 3477 48 396 5'4 8 do or pek 8v0 46
234 28 15 do or pek 1425 41 897 617 12 do pek 1080 41
236 81 18 do pek . 1620 36 401 Macaldeniya 529 14hf-ch bro pek 840 47
236 Bandarapolla 34 47 do bro or pez 3055 42 40% 632 17 do or pez 935 a8
237 37 50 do bro pek 2850 37 403 585 21 do pek 1155 84
23} 40 20 ch or pek 2100 84 408 Cholankande 550 20 ch fans 2400 23
239 Killarney 43 14 do orpek 1120.42 409 553 20 do dust 100 = 20
240) 46 16 do pek 1520 37 416 Troy 556 J4 do pek 1296 with‘dn
242 Stafford 52°12 de or pek 1200 46 bid | 411 Dromoland 549 15hf-ch brorpkNo1990 58
243 5 11 do pek 412 662 18 do brorpkNo2972 44
247 Adisham 67 12 do bro or pek 1200 52 bid 414 568 9 ch pek 810 38
248 (iO neliZaanG. 0} bro peck 1615 z 418 Lochiel 680 13hf-ch broorpek 754 63
249 73 10 do pek 850 37 419 583 16 ch or pek 1648 43
251 Palmerston 74 17 hfch broorpek 1020 63 420 586 14 do pek 1190 2
Q52 82 12 ch pek 1020 43 421 ‘Tillyrie 589 13hfich broorpek 839 46 bid
254 Ouvahkellie 88 8 do peksou 720 86 427 Knavesmire 697 ¥%2 ch or pek 1k70 © 37
255 91 14bfch dust 1120 22 428 610 77 do bro pek 7315 38
264 Waldemar 118 18 do bro or pek 1080 6C bid | 429 613 27 do pek 2095. = 82
265 12185).ich bro pek 2100 50 430 616 13 do pek sou 910 30
266 124 19 do or pek 1900 50 431 619 13 hfch bro pek fans 975 22
267 127d do: pek 1045 45 433 Dunbar 625 10 ch or pek 787 41
270 HGM 186 16hfch fluworpek &s0 54 434 Lesmvir 628 9 do or pek 810 3b
271 139 21 do bro or pek 1260 45 435 63L 15 do bro pek 1500 = 40
272 142 11 ch bro pek 1100-38 436 634 19° do pek 1710 = 33
273 145 16 do pek 1440 33 437 Ambragalla 637 22 do or pek 1980 38
274 148 llhfch dust 990 21 438 640 43 do bro or pek 4720 40
275 151 10 do fans 700 29 439 643 38 do pek 3420 36
276 Preston 164 18 ch bro or pek 1890 56 bid | 440 646 31 do pek sou 2542 33
278 160 12 do pek 1008 = 45 445 Tonacombe 661 34 do or pek 523041
280 Roeberry 166 9 do bro or pek 900 54 bid | 446 664 40 do bro pek 4000 48
281 169 25 do bro pek 2500 46 bid 447 687 37 do pek 3330 38
232 172 26 do pek 2392 41 bid 4418 670 10 do ek sou 850 34
283 175 8 do pek sou Roce 37 449 673 9 do se! 765 23
284 Coombecourt 178 2Uhfeb broorpek 1100 48 bid | 451 EDP 679 9 do sou 720 29
°285 181 43 do bro pek 2365 39 bid | 464 Lindupatna 688 16 do bro or pek 1680 52 bid
289 Moneragalla 193 14 ch bro pek 1047 42 455 691 14 do bro pek 1400 42 bid
294 Upper Hewa- 456 694 14 do pek 1260 39
hetta 208 sOhfch broorpek 1800 53bid | 459 WN 702 7 do brpek fans 840 24
295 211 30 ch or pek 2880 41 bid | 462 Penrhos 712 13hf-ch br or pek 700 50
296 214 30 do pek 2700 39 463 715 17 do bro pek 1020 38
298 UE 220 20 do fans 1797 —s out 464 718 19 do or pek 874 40
299 Puspone 223 17 do or pek 1700 ~—-35 465 721 21 ch pek 1680 34
300 226 19 do bro pek 2185 40 466 724 12 do pek sou 960 31
301 229 14 do pek 1140-84 469 TPembiligalla 733 34 do broorpek 3230 39 bid
302 232 13hfch pek sou 1325 31 470 736 16 do peh 1440 32
30¢ Yataderia 244 61 ch broorpek 3904 40 475 Woodend 751 21 do ro pek 21000 41
307 247 24 do bro pek 2300 36 _} 476 764 34 do pek 306033
308 250 18 do or pek 1800 3 482 Galapitakande 772 21 do or pek 2100 38 bid
309 253 386 do pek 3312 31 483 775 32 do bro pek 3200 42 bid
310 Castlereagh 256 30hfch broornek 1500 53 484 78 30 do pek 30002
311 259 13 ch bro pek 1235 38 —_ ——_—_. -
312 262 9 do or pek 720 37
313 265 9 do pek 720 34 Messrs: B. Jenn & Co.
ot Marlborough 268 48 pick br Supe 2400 8954 [267,140 1b.
15 271-37 ¢ or pe 3700 40 ‘
ae 274 oY do pek Son. BGR Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb-& Sic;
317 Dunedin 277 18 ch or pek 1530 87 1 Theresia 980 18 ch peE sou 1620 37
318 230 21 do pek 1806 32 6 Wilpita 995 9 do or pek 855 31
-319 283 15 do pek sou 1200 30 14 Captain’s
321 WHR 289 18 do peksou 1530 =. 33 bid Garden _ 19 10 do pek 900 =
$22 292 18hfch ans 1269 28 16 Oonoogaloya z5 12hfch broor pek
823 295 12 do dust 1080 No. 2 810 33
324 Troy 293 23 ch broorpek 2415 40 bid | 17 28 23 ch pek 1955 89633
#25 301 12 do or pek 1080 35 18 Wahagapittia 31 11 do bro orpek 1100 47 bid
326 304 12 do pek 1080 32 19 34 11 do bro pek i1u0 38
327 37 14 do pek 1296 32 2U 37 15 do pek 1350 32
328 Poonagalla 310 25 do or pek 2375 43 bid | 24 Mount Everest 49 385hfch broorpek 1925 50 bid
329 813 42 do bro pek 4330 50 25 52 19 do or pek 950 50
330 316 44 do pek 4400 40 26 OZone Ch! pek 2500 39
331 3.9 23 do pek sou 2070 37 31 Vincit 70 12 do bro pek 1z0u 39
832, 3:2 13 do fans 1014 25 bid | 32 73 12 do pek 1140-32
334 Havvagama 323 8 do _ bro pek 797 out 36 RB 85 17 do bro pek 10087
337 Panawatte 337 10 do bro or yek 1120 48 37 &8 14 au bro pex 1400 33
338 340 26 do bro pek 1610 42 38 91 10 co pek 100u. 31
359 3.3 16 do pek 1€00 34 42 Balado 103 1s do or pek 1620 40 bid
3.9 Clunes 573 26 du pek 2170 32 43 16 zl do pek No.2 178 24 bid
3 376 40 do bro pek §000 37 | 44 109 9 do peksou S10) 31
351 Geragama 379 13 do bro or pek 1430 41 45 Kataboola 112 10 do pek sou 850 31
352 322 19 do bro pea 1900 =37 46 115 l0hfch pek fans 700-24
353 385 2) do pek 2250° 33 47 Galata 118 15 do or pek 7200-38
354 388 21 do pek sou 1785 30 48 121/20) ‘de bro pek 1130 42 bid
260 Corfu 406 23hfch or pek 1150 37 bid | 49 124 18 ch pek 1630 32 bid
361 409 19 do bro pek 1045-46 50 127 16 do pek sou 1440 29 bid
262 412 17 do pek 850. 36bid | 51 Mahanilu, MN 130 22 do
365 Agrakande 430 20hf-ch broor pek 1040 58 bid lhfch broorpek 2260 47
369 433 15 ch or pek 1568 46 52 133 26 ch
370 436 16 do pek 1408 38 bid lbfch pes 2112-36
374 Dunnottar 448 20 do pek 1800 88 53 136h usec pek sou 728 oz
280 Yatiyans 466 14 do bro pek 1400 9.27 56 Tellisford 142 11 do _ bro pek 1100.41
381 469 7 do bro pek 700 27 56 145 15 do pek 1350 33
284 Thedden 478 24 do bro pek 2400 39 59 Templestowe 154 23hfch broorpek 9240 47 bid
385 481 17 do pék 1530 85 60 157 12 do bro pek 816 4u
239 Coldstream 61 160 18 do or pek 846 46
Group 493 80hfch bro pek 4000 45 . 62 163 21 ch pek 2160-38
390 496 27 ch pek 2160 86 63 166 13 do pek sou 1105 36

891 499 15 do pek sou 1200 34 64 169 llhfch dust 990 22

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Hoss Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lbaeacy
65 Ashburton 172 21 ch bropek 2268 42 293 646 19 hfch or pek 950 39 bid
66 175 10 do pek 900386 224 649 33 do pek 1650 34
70 Cabin Ella 187 21 do oro pek 2100 44 225 652 20 do pek sou 1000 31
71 190 15 do pek 1350 38 227 Cresta 658 33 do bro pek 1650 withd’n
72 193 8 ao peksou 20) *36 228 Perth 661 13 ch bropek 1300 = 40
76 205 1: hf-ch pek dust 880 22 229 664 16 do or pek 1280 34
77 Elston 2u8 16 ch pek 1560 36 23 667 16 do pek 1120 32
78 211 14 do pek sou 126u 32 231 670 10 do pek sou 700 30
79 Alplakande 214 10 do sou 90023 234. Manickwatte 679 10 do bropek 1030 | 40
80 Gonavy 217 1L do or pek 935 40 335 682 8 do pek 728 36
81 220 1L do bro pek 1153 49 bid 238 H’Wela 691 10 do
2 223 22 do pek 165u 34 bid lhfch young hyson
83 Ottery 926217 “do bro or pek 1700 50 siftings 1046 10 bid
a4 229 do pek 1755 86 239 NE 'liya. 694 10 ch pek sou 880-83
87 Ladbroke 238 |0hfch dust Suu 21 210 Bittacy 697 17 do bro pek 1700 ~=—-50 bid
88 Kolapatna 241 20 do bro or pek 10:0 49 bid 2941 MPS 703 7 do bro or pek 770 30
i) 244 21 do orpek 937 38 bid | 243 B Talawa 709 16 do pek 1440 33
90 247 v8 do pek 1516 35 bid | 244 Bowhill 712.7 do broorpek 700 40
91 HG 250 9 ch pekfansA 1U08 22bid | 245 715 15 do or pek 1500 38
92 253 lhfch pek fans 820 22 bid 246 718 18 do pek 1620 32
93 AgraOuvah 200 45 do broorpek 2610 60 248 Comar 724 33hfch bropek 1650 36
gata 259 387 do or pek 2035 44 249 727,17 ch pek 170031
95 26% 36 ch pek 1488 41 250 Templestowe 730 34 do bro or pek 2652 49 bid
96 Glasgow 165 52 do bro or pek 4160 48 bid 251 733 12hbf ch bro pek 816 42
97 268 21 do or pek 1995 42 252 736 20 do or pek 940 45
98 271 20 do pex 1880 89 253 739 24 ch pek 2040 ~=—-39
99 Dickbedde 274 9 do bro pek 908 35 254 742 17 do unas 1445 = 37
100 277-- 9 do pek 903 7 255 745 1Nhfch fans 90) 33
103 Gangawatte 26 17 do broorpek 1700 653bid | 258 Battalawatte 754 14 ch peksou 1260 withd’n
104 239 13 do bro pek 130044 261 Warleigh 763 21 do bropek 1995 38 bid
105 292 16 dv pek 23400037 262 766 19 do pek 1615 iian87
109 Mahapahagalla 304 14 do ae pek He 42 pia SR Oa Ati Irene lah
307 19 do e Led 37 =
sat SIORCLGORE PEE SOUISE TAG 3 Messrs. Somerville & Co.
112 Natuwakelle 213 9 > bre or eek 9.0 652 [270,482 Ib. ]
113 316 16 do ro pe 1600 4U “ ;
a4 319 18 do pek 1620. 35 Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. lpi 5c:
117 Kandahar 328 22hfch bre or pek 1210 44 bid 3 Bodava 811 30hfch bro pek 1650 37
118 331 13 do or pek 715 40 bid 4 81¢ 8 ch pek 720 31
119 334 50 do pek 2750 37 bid 8 Dryburgh 826 9 ch pek sou 792 28
1221 TEWN 340 11 ch or pek 11¢@ 29 10 832 16hfch broorpek 1040 34 bid
122 343. 8 do pek 720-28 il 835 16 ech or pek 1440 = 85 bia
127 Bowella 3o83 15 do pek 1275 30 12° 838 2: do pek 1680 2
133 Kandaloya 376 i7hfch broorpek 765 d1lbid | 13 Dikmukalana S41 17hfch pek 850. 82
134 379 46 do pek 1840 35 14 $44 21 do bro pek fans 1155 28
138 Kadienlena 391 35 do pekfans 2625 22 bid 15 Dartry 847 26hfch fans 1976 22
139 Koslande s¢4 29 do bro pek 1595 40 18 Galgedioya 856 25 ch bro pek 2500 36
140 397 16 ch pek 1440 33 19 ; 8:9 14hfch broorpek 784 43
144. Mocha 4u9 23 do bro orpek 2200 d3bid | 99 S62 15 ch pek 1425-32
145 412 18 do or pek 1710 48 21 865 19 do pek sou 1805 29
146 415 20 do pek 1900 46 94 Orion 874 31 ch bro pek 3100 41
148 Weirna 421 47 do pek 8760 out 25 877. 21 do pek 1995 834
149 Coslanda 424 29hfch bro pek 1695 4€ 26 880 24 do peksou 2160 32
150 427 16 ch pek 1440-33 298 DM OG inest
154 Gonavy 439 9 do pek sou 900 33 mark 886 16hfch brcoorpek 800 46
157 Midlcthian 448 16 do pek 1520 38 29 8389 16 ch pek 1280 34
158 4/1 10 do pek sou 9L0 36 5() 892 17 do pek sou 1275 30
159 Dalhousie 454 22hfch_ or pek 1210 43 bid 31 $95 13hfch bropek 715 37
169 457 20 do bro pek 1200 66 92 Raxawa 898 13hfch bro pek fans 845 34
161 460 19 do pek 950° 38 36 Doragalla 910 26 ch bro pek 2392 44
164 M’Wood 469 20 ch pek sou 1000 34 bid 37 913 35 ch pek 2800 33
168 St. John’ 38 916 10 do pek sou 830 30
Woo 481 9 do pek 745 29 40 D 922 12 ch bro mix 1560 16
173 OFE 496 9 do bro pek 9U0 36 $1 Kelani 925 27 ch bro pek 2710 45
174 ‘ 499 7 do or pek 700 29 42 928 20 do bro or pek 2000 42
175 502 14 du pek 1400 28 43 931 18 do pe 1710 35
176 505 do pek sou 900 27 44 934 7 do fans 700 31
178 Ferndale 511 9 do bro orpek 900 50 45 Tientsin 937 21 ch pek sou 1785 2
179 514 10 do or pek 350 89 16 910 7 do dust 980 26
180 517 18 do ek 144034 47 Owilikande 943 lv ch or pek 100036
ls4 MK 529 12 do pek fans 1440 24 48 946 10 do bro pek 1000 389
186 North Pundul 49 919 28 do ek 2660 30
oya 535 20hfch young hyson 13275 37 bid 50 952 9 do pek sou 810 28
187 Hssy eich hyson 1530 31 bid 53 RKP 961 16 ch bro or pek 1520 36
188 541 11 do hyson No.2 990 23 bid 54 964 10 do or pek 950 34
191 Pitagalla 550 58 do pek 5046 25 bid | 57 Horagalla KV 973 14hfch broorpek 770 37 bid
192 Brownlow 553 34hf-ch vcroorpek 1904 40 bid 58 976 9 ch or pek 765 35 bid
193 556 21 ch or pek 1869 40 5G 979 9 do pek 720 32 bid
194 £59 25 du pek 2150 36 60 ys2 10 do _pek sou 700-99 hid
195 662 14hf-ch bropek ans 1120 23 bid | 6) Laukka 985 14hfch bro pek 840-29
193 Holbrook 565 388 do bro or pek 2090 66 bid } 62 9-8 13 ch pek 1300 36
197 568 24 do bru pek 1320 4 36 Rambodde 997 27hfch broorpek 1485 44
198 671 10 ch or pek 900 56 66 000 386 do nek 1500 32
199 574 9 do pek 810 47 69 Nyanza 1609 21 hfch bro orpek 1155 47
200 Glassaugh 577 58h ch orpek 3190 65 70 10.2 13 ch bro pek 1300 RR
201 680 50 do bro or pek 3250 46 bid val 1015 16 do bro pek 1600 withd’n
202 583 29 ch pek 2045 40 bid 72, 1018 15 do pek 130 3:
203 Birnam 586 33 do pek sou 2376 33 75 SS 1027 22 hfch yng hyson 1710 28
204 Ratwatte 589 24 do bro pek 2520 38 76 1020 23 do hyson No 1 1150 21 bid
205 592 21 pek 1890 30 77 Band D 1033 14hfch dust 1120 21
212 EVA 615 20 do broorpek 1777 31 78 Moragalla 1036. 9 ch — bro pek 900 37
213 \ 616 12 do pek sou 957 25 79 1039 7 do pek 200 Fa)
214 Mount Clare 619 15 do broorpek 1500 38, 53 New Anga-
215 622 13 do or pek 1170 32 mana 1051. 21. ch bro or pek 2100 20
216 625 9 do pes 765 32 bt 1054 22 do bropek 2000 387
217 628 9 do pek sou 720 27 85 1057 30 do pek 2700 32
222 Evalgolla 643 24hfch broorpek 1320 42bid ! g¢ 1060 10 do peksou 900 20

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. ot Box. Pkgs. Name, lbs,
89 Glasgow 1069 12 ch or pek 840 40 241 Aigburth 1525 42 ch bro pek 3990 42
90 Mahatenne 1072 10 do bro or pek 10(0 51 bid 242 1528 30 do pek 2700 37
91 1075 27 do bro pek 2700 3 243 153! 15 do pek sou 1275 3%
92 1078 21 do pek 1995 32 245 Wawa Ella 1537 8 ch Pek sou 720 87
95 Kurulugalla 1087 14 ch bro or pek 1310 35 247 K O 1543 13hfch br or ps fans 715 6 bid
96 1090 12 do pek 1080 82 218 BE 1546 25 do broor pek 1600 39
99 Old Madde- 249 1549 9 ch pek 200 32
gana, 1099 14 ch broorpek 1120 49 251 1555 8 do pekNo2 «768. 82 -
100 1102 11 ch bro pek 825 41 254 G 1564 12 do bro tea 1152 6 bid
101 1105 10 do pek 850 37 255 Deniyaya 1567.8 do or pek £00 4Q
105 Damblagolla 1117 8 cb bro or pek 720 39 256 1570 10 do bro or pek 1000 51
106 1120 12hfch bro pek 720. «40 257 1573 10 do pek 950 34
107 1123 10 ch pek 850 31 258 1576 9 do pek sou 810 31
108 1126 9 do pek sou UK) SI) 262 Ranasingha-
109 Columbia 3129 20hfch bro orpek 1060 49 bid patna 1588 14 do bro or pek 1512 40
110 1132 30 do or pek 1FCO 83-37 bid _ | 263 1591 13 do pek 114434
111 1135 27 do pek 1350 37 264 1594 10 do pek sou £00 32
112 1128 10 do dust ° 8cO 21 266 JRH 1600 13 do bro tea 1300 6 bid
114 Hatdowa 1144 14 ch bro pek 1330 38 269 EKewadugamal6U9 16 do bro pek 184C 41
116 1150 14 do pek 1050 31 270 1612 10 do pek 1050 39
117 1153 15 do pek sou 1050 29 273 ‘Phia Sholah,
119 Glenalmond 1159 20hfch bropek 1200 39 Nilgris 1621 13hbfch broorpek 715 42
120 1162 14 do or pek 700 37 274 1624 14 do pek 700 34
121 1165 11 ch pek 990 33 275 Labugama 1627 35 do bro pek 1925 46
125. Abergeldie 1177 26hfch bro pek 1503 52 276 1630 27 ch pek 2295 31
126 1180 27 ch pek 2430 37 278 Invery 1626 5 do dust 774 20
134 Avisawella 1204 14hfch broorpek 700 49 279 Mossville 16:9 15 hbfch dust 1360 vy)
135 1207 13 ch or pek 1170 34
136 1210 156 ae Bro pek pee 37 =
13 1213 10 (0) e 32 1 ~
13 1216 13 do mek sou 1040 29 SMALL LOTS.
139 Ferriby 1219 21hf eh bee or per 108 46 ae oe
140 1222 18 ¢c ro pe 7 37 Z e
a tee 18 ao bel 1809 Bf Messrs. &. Benham & Co.
142 1228 11 do pek sou 83 29 i % i Ni i 3
ja46 Annandale 1610 13hfch broorpek 74 64 vet Box Pkgs Name lb ra
147 41243 22 do or pek 1144 42 3 Coodoogalla 86 4 hf ch pek sou 180 30
148 1216 15 do pek 870 42pia | 4 8) 76) do) Glee 420 23
149 1249 18 do peksou 900 39 5 92 1 do congou 45 (26
153 Scarborough 1252 17bfch brocorpek 952 54 bid 9 Harusey 47 ch = pek sou 62587
151 1955 8 ch or pek 760 43 10 Halgolla 7 2 do dust 254 20
153 1261 14 do pek 1260 39. 11 19 82 doy Aiab 393-20
154 1264 16 do pek sou 850 56 12 Hapugastenne 13 2hfch dust 160 20
155 MtTemple 1267 22 ch broorpek 2156 36 13 Glenshee 16 2 ch bro or pek 205 44
156 1270 16 do bropek 1600 30pia | 12 19 2 do pek 200 32
157 1273 31 do pek 2578 31 15 . 22 2 do pek sou 2c0 30
iss OS 1276 8 ch bro pek 720 98 23 Bunyan and . e
159 Kanatota 1279 14 ch bro or pek 14% 38 Ovoca 46 1 ch redleaf 87 9
1€0 1282 9 do bro pek 765 29 24 Hittuwellan-
161 1285 9 do pek 720 30 tenne 43 6 ch bro pek 600 49
164 1294 9 ch sou 720) (26h he \h25 52.5 do pek 516 B
165 Oononagalla 1297 22hfch bro pek 1160 39
166 1300 10 @2 pek 800-832, -—=— 9 | ae
167 1308 8 do pek sou 760 19
168 Yspa 1306 17 ch pek pow 1360 52 Messrs. Forbes & Walker
169 1309 9 ado pek dust 1260 20 5
170 Florida 1312 12 cb bropek 1200 37 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. |b.
71 1315 15 do pek 1439 29 1N 2929 4 ch sou 400 29
172 1318 9 do pek sou &55 28 3 Uragalla 2935 6 ch bro pek 510 32
174 1324) 04%. do fans 700 22 4 2938 2 do pek No. 1 170 28
183 Glenalla 1351 16 ch broorpek 1600 39bid 5 2941 2 do pek No.2 17027
184 1354 8 do bro pek 760 36 6 2934 1 do unas 85 2
185 1257 18 do pek 1476 31 7 2947 Lhfch unas 50 25
186 1330 19 do pek 1615 20 9 FEB, in estate
189 Forest Hill 1369 9 ch bro pek 882 40 mark 2953 15 do pek 600 29
190 1372 14 «co pek 1288 84 10 2956 12 do pek sou 48U 27
193 Cotswold 1381 13 ch bro or pek 1040) 47 ll 2959 3 do fans 138 23
194 1884 18 do bro pek 1440 41 13 2962 1 do dust Nol 60 21
195 1387 19 do pek 1615 36 14. V, inestate
196 1390 1C do pek sou 850 33 mark 2968 ‘hich dust 560 21
199 1399 10 ch fans 910 20 bid 15 2971 1 do bro pek fans 125 26
200 Harangalla 1402 20 ch bro or pek 1969 37 19 Sirikandura 2933 1 en dust 142 20
201 1405 20 do bro pek 1700 35 20 2986 1 do congou 1c4 24
202 1408 383 do pek 2640 30 21 Bi gahagoda-
203 1411 15 do pek sou 1200 28 watte 2989 5 ch bro or pek 550 36
205 1417 7 do br pek fans 700 =. 27 25 Nakiadenia 28001 4hfch bropekfans 280 25
207 1423 12 hf ch dust 900 23 2 3004 6 do dust 510 21
208 A 1426 14 ch fans 979 16 bid { 27 3007 3 ch pek fans 300 29
913) 1441 1Lhfch dust £80 18 23 #010 2 do dust 170 26
1444 10 do dust £00 1S 36 BA 3:24 4 ch dust 320 26
Meddegodda 1450 21hfch bro pek 1155 47 bid 42 Glenorchy 3052 1 ch pe. sou 100 38
1458 16 do or pek 800 40 tid dl Oakham 3079 8hf ch orper 360 43
1466 31 do pek 1550 33bid | 62 £03211 ch bro pek €69 49
1559 19 do pek sou 950 30 54 3U88 3 do peksou 255 33
CGP 1465 8 ch_ brorpek fans 920 21 65 3091 2 do pek fans 150 23
Mousa Eliya 1468 23 ch bro pek 2310 41 69 Yuillfield 3105 2hfch sou 80 ©6300
147L 10 do pek 1000 34 62 EF F, in estate
Mousa Hila 1480 27 ch bro pek 2710 | vepha? mark 3112 1 do dust No2 74 withdwn..
1483 10 do pek 1000 Wabhe nis) 163) oN 3:15 1 ch sou uo 14
Coorcondoo- 64 Rockside 3lls 4 ch sou 320 30
watts 1446 12 eh bro pek 1200 43 66 124 3 do dust 405 22
1489 49 do pek 900 32 67 3127 2 do do No2 340 20
1499 7 do pek sou 700 28 68 Udapolla 3130 5 ch or pek 450 39
WLY 1502 28 ch pek sou 2786 = out 71 4139 4 do pek sou 320 86.29
Theberton 1504 34 do bro pek 3325 © 40 72 . 8142 2hfch dust 160 19
1507 387 do pek 8145 82 73 New Galway 3145 8 do bro pek 480 5G,
HC 1519 85 ch bro pek sou 3150 6 bid | 74. 8148 7 do ek 385 = 41.
GUS 1522 22 ch bro pek sou 1760 22 out © 75 3151 1 Go pek sou 50 38636

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5:
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. pierce Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibseuyes
78 Trex 3160 2 ch pek sou 160 31 £56 Warwick 394 2hfch dust 170 22
79 3163 1 do fans 110 25 357 Lynsted 897 4 do dust 340 22
$0 3166 2 do dust 170 20 358 Be 400 1 ch bro pek 100 34
93 Nillomally, 359 403 1 do pek 100 29
O BEC, in estate 3863 Corfu 415 6hfch pek sou 300 32
mark 3206 4 ch fans 400 23 364 418 4 do bro pek fans 280 23
95 8211, 7 ch pek 630 32 365 42lL 2 do dust 150 18
96 3214 2 do pek sou 160 29 366 Memorakande 424 4 do pek fans 320 31
97 3217. 1;.co fans 1u0 24 367 427 2 do dust 209 20
98 3220 Lhfch dust 50 20 371 Agrakande 439 2 do pek sou 190 37
102 Pansala- 372 442 2 do dust 166 22.
tenne 8232 4 ch bro pek fan 480 25 373 445 2hf-ch fans 136 3L
103 8235 2 do dust 300 20 875 BK 451 4 do dust 320 22
111 Cullen 3259 65hfch dust 400 23 376 454 3 ch red Jeaf 265 2
125 Bargany 8301 4 do dust 340 21 377 457 5htch fans 350 29:
130 Passara 378 BDWG 460 38 do dust 270 23
Group 3316 Shfch dust 270 21 379 463 2 do dust 180 23
131 3319 6 do fans 350 28 382 Yatiyana 472 3 do pek sou 300 26
135 Treby 3331 4 do fans 280 35 383 475 1 do pek sou 89 18
136 3234 6 do dust 420 23 386 Thedden 484 6 do pek sou 480 30
139 B B, in estate. 387 487 5 do bro pek fans 625 26
mark 33143 13 hfch pek sou 650 28 588 490 1 do dust 150 18.
140 3346 1 do ccngou 48 27 392 Coldstream
141 8349 2 do ans 106 23 Group 502 5hfch fans 350 25
142 8352.1) do pek dust 85 20 393 505 3 do dust 240 22
146 Blarney- 398 Queensland 520 5 ch pek sou 425 37
watte 8364 6 ch bro pek 618 41 339 523 2hfch orpek dust 160 23
147 3367 6 do pek 600 35 400 526 1 ch sou 95 18
148 3370 3 do pek sou 270 31 404 Macaldenia 538 7hfch pek sou 385 30
149 PNG 3373 3hfch dust 225 20 405 541 2 do fans 140 25
152 Tokatiamulla 3382 11 do bro pek 605 34 406 544 7 do bro mix 420 24
153 3385 5 do pek 250 28 407 647 2 do aust 164 20
154 3388 1 do pek sou WO 9 25 413 Dromolani 5¢5 13 do or pek 624 41
155 Beverley (2 oz, 415 571 2 ech pek sou 180 38
lead) 3391 4hfch bropekfans 260 32 416 574 Lhfch ians 75° 29
159 Hatton 3403 4 ch pek sou 340 35 417 5 PE do dust 87 21
169 Kitulgalla 3433 8 ch or pek 680 35 422 Kumaradola 592 2 ch bro tea 160 828
172 3442 2 hfch pek sou WO 89.29 423 595 2 do” @ust 280 20
173 3445 2 do dust 170 21 424 Augusta 598 3 do fans 331 25
174 CRD 3448 3 ch pek 270-28 425 601 3 do dust 429 20
175 38451 4 dy sou 320 26 426: 604 1 do con 165 out
18: Monkswood 3169 4hfch dust BEV Rea: 432 Dunbar 622 14 hfch bro or pek 697 56
18 BEB 3481 6 ch 441 Ambyragalla 649 5 ch dust 480 20
lhfich unas 685 24 442 652 lhfch_ red leaf 55 8 bid:
189 Errollwood 3493 10 do or pek fans 650 24 443 Trewardene 655 3 ch bro mix 297 12 bid
196 Findlater 3514 4 ch pek sou 368 33 444 658 1 do dust 142 17
197 3517 3hfch dust 270 23 450 IngurugaJla 676 6 do red leaf 537 8 bid:
198 Beatrice 3520 11 do bro or pek abd 45 452 EDP 682 Sbhfch dust 610 21
209 Battawatte 3553 6 ch or pek 600 40 453 685 3 do bro mix 285 13
212 3662 2: do dust 200 21 457 Lindupatna 697 5 ch pek sou 480 36
215 Dammeria 3571 8 ch bro or pek 297 42 458 700 3 do bro pek sou 390 27.
227 Kirklees 7 7 ch pek sou 630 2) 460 WN 706 4 do pek sou 400 31
232 Erracht 22 2 ch d. st 310 20 461 709 3 do dust 450 18
241 Stafford 49 10bfch broorpek 650 56bil | 467 Penrhcs 727 2hbfch fans 150 23
244 68 1 do dust 99 21 » AN 730 1 do pek dust 96 18
245 Ragalla 61 4 do fans 300 24 471 Tembiligalla 739 .L ch nek sou 90) 29,
246 64 6 do dust 640 29 472 742, 2 do bro pek fans 250 24
250 Adisham 76 2 ch pek sou 170 34 473 745 1 do dust 150 19
253 Palmerston 85 2 ch pek sou 150 36 474 Danwella 748 2hfch pek 93 withd’n
256 TC 94 1-ch bro pek 113 27 477 Woodend 757 6 ch pek sou 430 29
257 97 1 do pek 97 25 478 766 1 do dust 140 20
58 100 1 do pek sou 96 23 479 S Vinest mark 763 4 ado pek sou 400) 30,
259 103. 3 do dust 414 20 480 766 &hfch pekfansH 5¢0 22
260 R 106 4hfch dust $20) 21 451 2 769 3 do dust H 255 18
261 B B, in estate 485 Galapitakande 731 4 ch pek sou 380 BL
mark 109 2 ch bro pek 200 33 486 784 3hfch cust 255 21
262 1124 do pek 360 30 -
263 115 3 do pek sou 210s (Messrs. ili = sO.
268 Kuda ya 130 1 ch pek sou 75 31 Somenyilte &; Co.)
269 133 1 do pek sou 75 30) Lot. Box, EF kes. Name. lb. Cc.
277 ~Preston 157 24 box or pek 480 63 air Re Nily ; 5 oe ht
OWRD), 163 4 ch © fans 448-38 5 hen ae gach ae aye i is
286 Coombecourt 184 6 ch pex 570 33 bid 5 vcdava 817. 6. eb pek sou 510 29
287 187 3 do pek sou 285 32bid | 6 820 lhfch bro mix 55 «12
288 M 190 8hfch dust 560 20 7 823 3 do fans 225 21
290 Moneragalla 196 6 ch pekNol 435 35 9 Dryburgh $29 8hfen. fans 640. 21
291 199 3 do pek No2z 210 82 16 Dartry 850 Ghfeh dust 564 18
292 202 2 do nek sou 12730 17 853. 1 ch sou 100 = 97
293 205 2 do fans 169 25 22 Galgedioya 868 8hfch dust 610 QL
297 AUD 217° 2 do unas V7. 24 23 871 2 do fans 200 25
803 Puspone 235 3 do bro mix 291 24 27 Orion 883 2 ch — fans 240 27
B04 ag 238 Thfch dust 602-20 33 Raxawa 901 8hfeb dust 27082) ),21
305 Melvin 241.38 ch bro mix 237 95 34 FAinest mark 904 4 ch Fi
320 Wunedin 286 5. do dust 675 21 : ‘
. 2 lhfch pek sea 400 33
333 Poonagalla 325 Ghfch dust 570 22 35 907 4 ch fans 464 29
335 Havvagama 331 4 do — pek 357 28 39 Dovagalla 919 5 ch fans £75 29
336 334 7 do sou 557 23 51 Owilikande 955 4bfch fans 280 20
310 Panawatte 346 6 do pek sou 600 = 82 62 958 6 do dust 480-20:
341 349 3 do ust 450 21 55 RKP 967. 2 ch pek 160 30
342 Wewawatte 352 6hfch_ bro pek 402 39 56 970 2 do fans 240 «18
343 355 3 do pek 192 39 63 Laukka 991 4 ch . pek sou 372 32
344 : 338 3 do gou Wi 85 64 994 1hfch dust 830
345 Lochiel 361 1 ch — pek 87-86 67 Rambodde 1003 7hfch_ pek sou 315 38
316 BA 364 1 do pek sou 80.28 68 1006. 3 do bropek fang210 23
347 Clunes 367 2 do dust 300 20 73 Nyanza 1021 3 ch pek sou 270 33
348 870 5 do peksou 475 = 29. 74 1024 2hfch dust 200 20
355 Halwatura 391 Ghfch dust 640 19 8@ Moragalla 1042 6 ch pek sou 600 28

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lose) axe? Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name lb. «4.
81 1045 3 ch fans 336 28 | 13 Captain’s Gardenié 6 ch bropek . 600 36
2 1048 1 do pek dust 145 19 15 22 3 do pek sou 270 28
& New Anga- 41 Wahagapittia 40 1 do pek sou 90 29
mana 10623 6 ch pek fams 660 28 | 22 43 di do dust 140 20
88 1066 8hfch dust 420 20 23 46 3 do fans 34h 24
39 Mahatenne 1081 5 ch pek sou 475 82 27 Mount Everest 48 7 do pek sou 630 37
94 1084 3 do dust 300 20 28 61 ghfich bropek fans 280 26
97 Kurulugalla 1093 4 ch pek sou 360 29 29 64 9 do dust 20 22
98 1096 i do pek dust 130 26 30 AM 67 4 do bro mix 65 16
102 Old Madde- 33 Vincit 76 3 ch pek sou 690 29
gama 1108 3 ch pek sou 240 85 34 79 4 do per sou No. 2 84 27
103 Le Bie Clb) bro pek fans 500 32 35 82 3 do dust 260 19
104 Eel wy by ahs} dust liu 17 | 29 RB v4 5 do pek sou 5u0 29
113 Finest markl14| 3hfch dust 210 19 40 97 1 ao dust 150 18
115 Hatdowa 1147 6 ch or pek 51@ 34 41 100 1 do pek fans 125 26
118 1156 1 do dust 140 18 | 4 Mahanilu,MN139 6pfch fans 456 24
122 Glenalmond 1165 3 ech pek sou 270 31 7 Tellisford 138 3 ch pek sou ¥B5 40
123 1171 2hfecbh dust 160 19s 58 151 1 do dust 112 20
124 LBK inest 67 Ashburton 178 g do pek sou 28% 33
mark 1174 7hfch pek 308 = 33 68 181 1 da fans 130 26
127 Abergeldie 1183 8S ch pek sou 680 24 69 18: 1 do dust 155 22
123 A 1186 4hfch sou 200 28 73 Cabin Ella 196 3 do sou 270 32
| 129 lis9 2 do dust 160 20 74 199 9 do bro pek fans 494 28
130 Heatberton 1192 3hfch dust 240) 21 75 202 3hfch pek fans 225 24
131 1195 4 do sou 200 27 85 Ottery 932 5 ch pek sou 400 a
132 S 1198 4hfch dust 320 21 86 235 3 do dust 246 20
133 1201 6 do sou 800 28 101 Dickbedde 280 3 do pek sou 303 19
143 Labuduwa 1231 3 ch bro pek 351 Bid 102 283 2 do unas 142 7
144 1234 2 do pek 222 eC 106 Gangawatte 295 2 do peksou 200 25
145 1237 6 do pek sou 634 29 107 298 4hfch dust 360 26
152 Scarborough 1258 5 bf£ch_ bro pek 300 44 108 801 8 do fans 560 ZL
162 Kanatota 1288 6 ch pek sou 480 28 115 Natuwakelle 322 7 ch pek sou 630 32
163 12910 el do dust 140 14 116 325 5 do dust 500 2
173 ~Florida 132122) Yeh dust 300 19 1200 TEWN 337 6 do bro or pek 600 33
145 1327 2 do red leaf 190 8 123 346 7 do pek sou 630 27
176 1320 3 do congou 273 25 124 349 3 do dust 300 20
177 1333 1. do bro mix i 90 26 125 Bowella 352 4 do bro or pek 400 39
178 Attabahena 1336 12hfch _ bro pek 657 35 126 355 5 do bro pek 500 36
179 1339 10 do pek 550 26 128 361 ¢hfch dust 280 19
180 1342 7 do pek sou 385 26 129 364 1 ch fans 100 24
181 1345 3 do pek dust 204 17 130 E& 367 4 do pek sou 340 30
182 ABC 1348 S8hfch bro per 488 22 131 370 5hfch dust 450 21
187 Glenalla 1363 6 ch pek sou 480 30 132 373 9 do fans 675 22
188 Forest Hill 1366 S8hfch broorpek 448 46 135 Kandaloya 38212 do pes sou 480 5L
191 1375 6 ch pek sou 558 30 136 385 g do fans 400 24
192 1378 7hbfch_ fans 539 35 137 388 5 de dust 250 26
197 Cotswold 1393 8 ch bro pek fans 300 } withd’n 141 Koslande 400 5 ch pek sou 450 30
196 1396 1 de dust 110 142 403 2 do fans 200 29
204 Harangalla 1414 4hfch _ bro pek dust300 22 143 406 1hfch dust 80 Hu
206 Rayigam 1420 2 ch fans 200 27 147 Mocha 418 8 ch fans 640 24
209 Glentaffe 1429 2hfch fans 190 18 151 Coslanda 430 5 do pek sou 450 31
210 H 1432 2 ch bro or pek 200 26 152 433 2 do fans 200 32
2i1 1435 1 do pek 98 22 158 436 lhfch dust 86 21
212 14388 1 do pek sou 90 20 155 Gonavy 442 4 do dust 320 9-22
215 1447. 1lhfch sou 60 18 156 445 4 do pek fans 240 33
220 CGP 1462 6 ch bro pek 540 25 162 Dalhousie 463 7 do pek sou 330 37
224 Mousa Eliya 1474 3 do pek sou 285 30 163 466 4 do bro pek fans 3°0 23
225 1477 6 do dust 600 20 165 St.John’s Wood 472 4 ch bro or pek 370 = 34 bid
231 Cooroondoo- 166 475 5 do or pek 415 33
watte 1495 4 ch congou 400 22. 167 47a 5 do bro pek 460) 32
232 1498 6 kfch peF fans 420 20 “169 484 2 do pek sou 166 28
236 Theberton 1510 4 ch pek sou 340 28 170 487 1 do sou 55 23
237 1513 +1 do fans 100 20 171 490 Lhfch fans 120 15
238 1516 2 do dust 260 17 172 Annamallai 493 1 do oust 85 18
244 Aigburth 1534 2hfch dust 200 «18 177 OFE 508 1 ch bropekfans i00 18 bid
246 HawaElla 1540 2hfch broorpek 110 53 181 Ferndale 520 5hfch pek dust 400 22
250 BE 1552 2 ch pek sou 190 29 182 523 1 do bro pek fans 65 36
252 1558 2 do dust 180 18 1838 YK 526 3 ch dust 450 19
253 1661 3 do pek fans 210 23 185 Pitioya 532 3 do sou 225 22
269 Deniyaya 1579 4 ch dust 380 20 | 189 Noth Pundul-
260 1582 2 do fans 200 = 27 oya 644 1 do hysonNo.2 §&5 11
261 Ranasingha- \ 190 547 lhfch _ bro or pek 65 36
patna 1585 8 ch or pek 696 38 2u6 Ratwatte 595 8 ch pek sou 640 29
265 1597 2 do dust 160 20 207 598 2hfch dust 160 20
267 DDD 1603 1 do red leaf 90 8 208 Carady Goody 601 6 do _ bro pek 330 ©6322
268 Minest markl606 4 do sou 320 a 209 604 6 ch sou 570 25
27\| Kewadugamal615 6 ch pek sou 540 32 210 607 4hfch_ pek fans 280 27
272 1318 thfch dust 70 19 211 610 8 do dust 640 15 bid
277 Labugama 1638 4 ch pek sou 320 29 218 Mount Clare 631 2 ch fans No. 1 ZrAly 2PA
219 684 1 do fans No. 2 75 21
220 637 1 do dust No. 1 110 19
221 a 640 1 do dust No. 2 1u0 12
i i 226 Ww 655 8 do pek sou 560 29
(Messrs. B. John & Co.] 232 Perth 673 3 “ pek dust 405 21
ny j 233 Manickwatte 676 5 do or pek 425 36
Lot. Box. 1 kgs. Name. 1 Cc. 236 685 6 do pek sou 498 30
237 688 1 do ust 114 20
2 Theresia 983 6hf-ch dust 480 22 | 242 MPS 706 6 do pek 503 out
3 886 1 ch sou 85 = 35 247 Bowhill 721 2 do dust 200 20
4 PPP 989 4 do — bro pek 320 35 256 AT 748 2 do broorpek 220 35
5 Wilpita 992 6 do broorpek 600 33 257 Battalawatte 751 8hfch broorpek 440 Avithd’n
7 996 2 do fans 200 9-15 259 Warleigh 75711 do broorpek 660 72
8 1 4 do congou 270 21 260 76011 do or pek 605 50
9 Ketadoola 4 4 do _ bro pek 400 35 | 263 769 2 ch pek sou 160 33
10 7 4 do ek 380 29 | 264 Evalgolla 172 2hfch sou wo 28
11 10 2 do ro mix 164.28 265 775 1 do bropeKfans 55 2%
12 131 do fans 11616 #2!

266 778 3 do dust 180 20

CHYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.
(From Our Comuncnaial Correspondent. )
Mincina LANE, Oct. 4th,

“ Omrah,”—Craig 1, 1 barrel sold at 69s 6d; ditto
2,1 tierce sold at 69s 6d; ditto T, 1 bag sold at
25s; JMK, in estate mark, D,1 bag seld at 41s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

* Alcinous.’”—B 2, 17 bags sold at 57s; 1’. 10 bags
stod at 47s.

* CeHegian.’—Arduthis, 1 bag sold at 56s; 1 bag
sold at 40s; 3 bags sold at 20s; 1 bag sold at 20s.

“ Hitachi Maru,’”—Arduthie, 2 bags sold at 538
6d; 3 bags sold at 31s; 8 bags sold at 20s; 2 bags
sold at 45s; Arungalla, 11 bags sold at 64s; 1 bag
sold at 53s 6d; 1 bag sold at 45s.

“Kanagawa Maru.’—Marakona II,
at 57s,

40 bags seld

‘“ Machaon.”—Nerth Matale, 3 bags sold at 36s

“Clan Menzies.’”—Kotua 1, 1 bag sold at 54s;
2, 1 bag sold at 49s; 5, 1 bag sold at 3ls 6d
K @ 1, 1 bag sold at 548; 2,1 bag seld at 495;
3, 1 bag sold at 31s 6d; Belgedde 1, 2 bags sold
at 54s; ditto 2, 1 bag sold at 498; 1 bag sold
at 31s 6d.

“ Calchas.”—Sirigalla T, 7 bags sold at 55s.

‘* Alcinous.”—Wiharagama 1, 16 bags sold:at 70s
ditto Black, 4 bags sold at 45s.

“ Kanagawa Maru.’—Warriapolla, 3 bags sold at
53s; 13 lags sold at 528 6d; 16 bags sold at 5ls.

“ Collegian.’—F Warriapolla 1, 23 bags sold at
62s 6d; ditto O, 8 bags sold at 86s; ditte 2, 4 bags
sold at 51s; OBEC im estate mark, Kondesalle
Ceylon O, 4 bags sold at 64s 6d; F ditto 1, 4 bags
sold at 58s; ditto D, 2 bags sold at 57s 6d; ditto
O, 2 bags sold at 70s; ditto G, 1 bag sold at 35s;
ditto B 18 bags sold at 45s 6d.

“ Antenor,’—H K2, 1 bag sold at 41s,

‘*‘ Prometheus.’—D B Estate Cecoa, 19 bags sold
at 588.

orn
OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TBA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

lpipeeeie 8

a N Pricse :—123 cents each, 3 copies
“No. 42. ; CotomBo, Novemser 4, 1901. { 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Pkegs. Box: Name. Ib. ¢
ey 102 Clyde 1090 23 ch bro pee j 7500 me bid
E LOTS. 103 1093 13 do pek No ; t
LARG - s 104 1096 12 do pek Ne 2 vias 33
Tey 106 Nakiadenia 1102 11 ch orpe 90 40
Messrs. E. Benham & Oo. 107 1105 14 do | pek 1178 36
[16 738 Ib. | lus Dotulgalla ae 18 do bro or pek eee BO me
f H % 109 : llll Oo orpe i
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibis? ic: Llu 111i 40 do pek 3600 38
1 9 111 1117 30. do pek sou 2700 38
1 Battalgala 81 15 gi ore teas 112 rg, 120 Whfeh dust 1280 23
P : ek 1955 6 bid 114 Weyweltala- 4
CHa e ee Seine GEIL: cong aarona "Way 1126 10 ch broorpek 800 47 bid
5 93 17 do pek 1360 33 115 1129 10 do bro pek 8u0 39
116 1132 11 do or pek 715 40
6 96 20 do pek sou 1600 31 u : k ae 7
7 LL y9 4hfch pekfans 1680 22bid | 1i7 113bg119)- doch. Be ro
8 2 1 do bropekfans 715 24bid | 18 WSS glSodook: pelssul'y) a Biby Bt
> { 119 Pine Hill 1141 26hfch bro orpek 1560 52
9 Battalgalla 5 10 ch sou 700-25 20 NWac pioiichisy touwel 1170, 43
2) 2 + y
17. «~Rasagalla 29 eeeica SE hae |: 1120 22 it 114721 do pek 1890 38
122 1150 10 do pek sou 5 3
Messrs. forbes & Wauiker. 124 Maha Bliya 1156 26hfch broorpek 1430 53 bid
[558,793 1b.] 125 1159 23 do bro Fes 1334 46 /
3 < 126 1162 12 ch or pek 1200 47
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lbs5 .c: 127 1165 34 do pek 3220 38 bid
2 Sr. Paul's, Inv. és 128 Kincora 1168 8 do flowery or
No. 31 790 15hfch broorpek 990 59 bid pek 720 62
3 793 18 do orpek 1008 51 129 1171 223 do broorpek 2300 45
4 796 14 do pek 756 = 42 130 1174 29 do pek 2390 88
5 N’Pitiya 799 31 hf-ch PED PEE Ee 134. Palmerston 1188 12 nec bro Or. pek 720 58 a
us 13) 1189 12 ¢ bro pek 744 44 bil
6 A O, in estate 136 1192 9 do pek 765 9 bid
mark 802 7 ch pek son 775 30 138 CC 1198 18hfch dust 144v 20
8 Fetteresso 808 15 hfch brvor pek 870 49 bid 139 Monterey 1291 1t do dust e809 2205
ig eit Fh ae bro pek 26 i 142. Avoca 1210 19 gn ae orupels 1998) 49 pid
0 e pe 143 1213.17 do ro pe 1706 43 bi
11 817 16 do pek sou 1440 33 144 1216 16 do pek 1440 38
16 Yelverton 832 19 ch bro pek 1030 41 147 OBEC in
19 Glengariffe 841 33hf ch Dre) orpek 1815 47 estate mark,
20 844 23 ch pe 2139 387 Forest Creek 1225 12 ch — sou 108035
21 847 2thfch or pek 966 41 148 gene: 1228 15° do fans 1500 28
22 850 15 ch pek sou 1125 36 150 1234 40 do pek dust . 2690 32
23 853 12hfch fans 780 32 151 1237 35 do dust: 2975 25
26 Erlsmere 862 18 do br or pek 936 54 152 Sv. Paal’s Inv.
Hi ae be one a3 Per iia0 re No 34 1240 a hfch bro or pek ie: 56
2) 3 c ro pe 153 1243 15 do or pek 0 48
29 871 27 ch pek 2106-38 154 1246 21 do pek 11i3. 43
33. Alver Be 1 bee dust ‘i 1615 22 155 Drayton 1249 44 ae oF Pek 2200 45 bid
35 $ (0) ro pe 156 1252 49 ¢ pe 4165 38
; } fans 112530 157 Bargany 1255 27hfch bro pek 1620, 44) &
32. Mah Dole ucene ences | errant || 8 Loiiee coe perean 760) Gabtdl
4 ahayaya 2hfc ro pe 732 159 1461 8 do pek 6 38 bi
4y Sr Faure Inv. ani AM a dees sas 162 Naseby 1270 23 hf ch bro pek :
0. 32 g 0) us P ans 1680 60 bid
50 - Chesterford 163 1273 25 do or pek 1.75 65
Inv. No. 10 934 20 ch bro pek 2000 46 164 1276 25 do * pek 1250 60
51 937 18 do pek 1620 36 165 1279 8 do dust 720 28
52 z 940 9 do pek sou 810 34 166 Carfax 1282 12 ch sou 1089 20
eS Attampettia a ap oH pro pek ras a0 167 Aberdeen 1285 36 ae be pek 8384.43
(0) pe 2 38 168 1288 40 do pek 3080) 34
56 ; 902 17 do pek sou 1615. 36 169 Seenagolla 1291 13bfch broorpek 806
68 St. Paul’s 958 18hfch broor pek 1188 55 bid 170 1294 12 ch or pek 1140
ee br We dg or pel 1086 47 171 1297 9 ; aes pek 9CU 41
One DE. be 42 173. Killarney 1303 45hfch broor pek 2475 60
62 Ardlawand - ~ 174 1306 8 ch bro mix 700-85
Wishford 97u 18hfch broorpek 1080 62 175 Maha Uva 13/9 58hfch broorpek 4060 42
$3 973 22 ch bro pek 2156 46 176 1312 50 do or pek 2800 42
ef ae HO de onpek a £5 177 1315 36 oe per 3240 38
. 7 2 do pel 4 178 1318 13 do peksou L735
66 982 6 do fans 756 28 180 HF 1324 4Lhfch or pek
67 Narangalla 935 12 eh bro ber 1200, 41 Nol 2378 63
kite} 988 13 do or pe 1105 35 181 1327 21 do or pek Y165 47
69 991 24 do pek 1920 31 bid 182 1330 25 do pak 1200 43
72 Kotagalcya 1000 18 ch bro pek 1930 41 183 Damceria 1333 33 ch bro pek 8300 45
73 1003 20 do pek 2000 36 184 1336 15 do pek sou 1350 36
74 1006 12 do pek sou 1200 BES | 185 1339 27 do or pek 2430 39
a) eplor Gul 1009 1lbfch dust 9/5 22 188 Dea Ella 1348 22 as bro or pek 1210 44
c alle, 189 1351 32 do or pe 1600 38
in estate 190 1354 24 do pek 1200 35
Ey mark 1012 a ch bro or pek Ae a 194 Polatagama 1366 40 cu per : 3600 36
5 (0) or pe 195 1369 46 do ro pe 4600 44
q “1018 20 do pek 1800 32 196 1372 9 do or pek £00 38
80 Bickley 1024 165 ch pek sou 780 35 197 1375 12 do bro de fans 1200 32
82 Clovaseena 1030 26hfch peksou 1300 30 = 198 1378 7 do pek sou 700 32
85 Ingrogalla 1039 8 ch bro pek 800 46 200 Hayes 1334 10 ch broor pek 1050 46
86. 1042 9 do pek 810 35 201 1387 9 do bro pek 945 40
af Vogan inte uy ao bro oF bok 1000 6 202 1390 12 ae or pek 960 40
to} or pe 2565 3 203 | 1393 50 do pek 4250 33
89 1051 37 do pek 3330 35 204 1396 17 do pek sou 1530 30
90 1054 21 do pek sou 1785 33 207 Delta 1405 40 hfch broorpek 2450 51
98 KPW 1068 43 hich bro or pek 2580 44 ! 208 1408 26 ch bro pek 2600 42
94 1066 39 do bro pek 2145 40 209 : 1411 22 ch pek 1892 37 bid
95 1069 21 do or pek 945 39 210 1414 17 do pek sou 1377 36

96 1072 37 do pek —»«-_-1850 36 211 Hayes -—«s«-1417.:«9-s do)_—sbrocor pek 93546

ys CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Noy e. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name lb oc.
212 1420 8 ch bro pek 240 842 355 1849 66 ch bro pek 3696 38
214 1426 50 do pek 4250 24 355 1852 22 do or pek 2310 25
215 Hayes 1429 25 ch pek sou 2250 30 357 Ganapalla 1855 17 ch ar pek 1496 = 38
216 1432 1C do dust 750 19 358 1858 33 do bro or pek 3300 39
217 Yogama 1435 24 do bro pek 2400 42 359 1861 18 do peE 1620 34
218 1438 10 do or pek 900 40 360 1864 28 do pek sou 2296 32
219 1441 17 do pek 1530 85 863 Torwood 1873 27 ch bro or pek 2430 44
222 Woodend 1459 22 ch pek 1980 34 364 1876 16 do bro pek 1344 39
230 Gonapatiya 1474 25hfch or pek 1275 61 365 1879 34 do pek 2788 = 8B
231 1477 20 do bro pek 1200. 71 368 Carlabeck 1888 9 ch } ek sou 828 41
232 1480 13 ch pek 1222) 67, 370 Talgaswela 1894 12 ch broorpek 1200 45
234 1483 10 do pek sou 920 51 371 897 17 do or pek 1360 39
234 Delta 1486 20 do bro pek 2000 42 372 1900 24 do pek 1920 35
235 14389 15 do pek 1290 87 373 1903 18 do per sou 1350 32
236 1492 13 do pek sou 1053 36 374 Rookwood 1906 25 hf ch youne byson ; 375 = 38 bid
237 1495 33hfch broorpek 1986 54 377 Doteloya 1915 16 ch 1440-36
238 1498 12 do ans 816 32 378 1918 18 do ie orpek 1728 44
24) Maldeniya 1504 39 ch bro pek 3900 39 42 380 D 1924 llhfch fans 715 28
241 1507 28 do pek 2520 35 382 Kuda Oya 1930 18 ch pek sou 1260 35
_ 242 1510 12 do pek sou 960 33 885 CTL 1939 12hfich pek fans 900 25
245 Great Valley, 383 Putupaula 1948 29 ch bro pek 2610 42 bid
Inv. No 20 1519 40 ch bro orpek 2326 48 389 1951 19 do bro pek 1615 86
246 1522 29 do or pek 1459 41 390 1954 20 do pek 1500 34
247 1525 25 do pek 2200 36 391 1957 13 do pek sou 910 32
248 1528 15 do pek sou 1350 85 397 Palmerston 1975 12bfch bro orpek 720 60 bid
250° Dunbar 1634 15hfch broorpek 750 56bid | 398 1978 12 do _ bro pek 744 ©6444 bid
253 1542 15-ch pek 1275 37 399 1981 9 ch pek 765 39 bid
264 1546 12hfch bro pek 401 St Heliers 1937 13hfch bro or pek
fans 708 35 Nol 702 53
256 GK 1552 23 ch peksou 1725 30 402 1990 18 do broorpek 930 46
259 1561 18bfch dust 1530 22 403 1993 19 ch pek 1710.36
260 Tembiligalla 1564 19 ch bro or pek 1805 42 404 1996 9 do dust 738 28
261 1567 16 do pek 1440 B34 405 Tunisgalla 1999 49hfch bro pek 2940 42
265 Laxapana- 406 2002 60 do or pek 3000 = é
galla 1579 9 do broorpek 900 46 407 2005 23 ch pek 2070 36
266 1682 10 do orpek 900 37 403 2008 10 do pek sou 850 ©» -38
267 1585 15 do pek 1200 84 409 2011 380hf-ch brocr pek 1650 51
273. Nahalma 1603 23 ch bro pek 1932 43bid | 410 2014 8 do dust 720,021
274 1606 22 do pek 2068 34 4113 Ambalangoda 2017 9 ch broorpek 900 49
215 1609 21 do pek sou 1890 32 412 2020 12 do or pek 1200 42
281 Anningkande 1627. 8 ch broorpek 800 45 413 2023 10 do pek 900 637 bid
282 1630 16 do bro pek 1520 42 417 Bullugolla 2035 27 ch bro or pek 2700 49
283 1633 14 do or pek 1330 40 418 2038 29 do or pek 2900 41 bid
284 1636 8 do pek 720-387 419 2041 30 do pek 2700 37 bid
287 Good Hope 1615 18 ch broorpek 1800 42 420 i 2014 18 do pek sou 1620 35 bid
288 1648 33 do bro pek 2970 36 423 Weligoda 2053 41 ch bro pek 4100 40
990 Yataderia 1654 59hfch br pek dust3717 44 424 2056 18 do pek 1440-34
291 1657 31 do bro pek 3038 ~=—-38 425 2059 12 do pek sou 900 86 3L
292 1660 20 ch or pek 2000 88 426 206% 14hfch dust 1008 21
293 1663 41 do pek 3690 35 427 Glengariffe 2065 23 ch pek sou 1800 34
294 1666 20 do pek sou 1760 31 428 Adisham 2068 12 ch bro orpek 1200 48 bid
295 Castlereagh 1669 19hfch broorpek 1450 53 429 Roeberry 2071 25 ch bro pek 2500 48 bid
293 1672 13 ch bro pek 1235 40 430 2074 26 do ek 2392
297 1675 10 do or pek 800 38 433 BDWG 2083 32hfch _ bro pek 1600 40 bid
298 1678 9 do pek 720 36 443 2086 23 do pek 1150 34
269 Lochiel 1681 16hfch broorpek 928 658 bid | 435 2069 14 do pek sou 700 31
300 1684 17 ch or pek 1751 44 bid 436 Harrow 2092 27 ch bro or pek 1512 52
801 1687 19 do pek 1615 38 bid 437 2095 10 do bro pek 1000 43 bid
304 Weyunga- ‘ 438 2 2098 18 do pek 1800 = 39
watte 1696 23 ch bro pek 2300 42 440 Kennington 2104 11 ch pek sou 880 30
305 1699 25 do pek 2250 35 442 Hanwella 2110 23 ch young hyson2300 29 bid
306 1702 25 do peksou 125 32 444 2113 13 do hyson Nol 1300 25
309 Waverley 1711 28 ch pek sou 1932 38 bid | 447 Dunnottar 2125 10 ch bro pek fans 997 47
312 Tillyrie 1720 16 ch broorpek 1760 49bid | 449 Cullen 2131 64hfch brpekfans3172 44
313 1723 24 do bropek 2400 43 bid - 450 2134 28 ch pe 2576 87
814 1726 36 do pek 3060 38 bid 451 2187 13hfch orpekfans 845 33
315 1729 18 do pek No 2 1620 87 bid
a6 Summerville Vee eb ch eo lper 2500 52 bid M le &C
3 ope 3185 40 ; i o.
318 Forres 1738 18hf-ch broor pek 992 50 bid SES STE
at 1741 33 do bro pek 1956 42 bid [260,796 lb.]
29 Le, } 2487 36 bid
321 1747 9 do an sou 703 34 Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. c.
323 Ingoya 1763 35hfch dust 3080 19 bid 5 Salawe 1654 12 ch bro or pek 1500 39
324 1756 27 ch bro tea 2700 =. 24 hid 6 1657 14 do bropek 1540 36
325 Wallaha 1759 60 hfch bro or pek 7 1660 16 do pek 1600 32
fans 3720 49 8 1663 13 do pek sou 1235 29
326 1762 25 do bro tea 2000 26 9 1666 10 do unast 1050.28
327 Marlborough 1765 61hf-ch broor pek 2550 52 12 Brecon 1675 16hfch or pek 960 42
328 1768 36 ch bro pek 3600 40 14 P 1681 35 ch bro pek 3675 46 bid
329 1771 18 do pek 1440 36 15 1684 25 do or pek 2250 7
335 Geragama 1789 9 ch bro oryek 990 42 16 * 1687 66 do pek 5610 33 bid
336 1792 15 do bro pek 1425 «339 17 1690 25 do peksou 2000 30
837 1795 28 do pek 2520 55 20 Elchico 1699 20hfch broorpek 1200 43
338 1798 14 do pek sou 1120 32 22 1705 15 do pek 750 34
340 Mahawale 1804 26hfch bropek 1560 46 24 Ettie 1711 21 ch bropek 2100 38 bi
341 1807 18 ch or pek 1800 39 25 1714 26 do pek 2500 33
842 1810 26 do pek 2340 34 26 1717 14 do ek sou 1330 29
843 1813 27 do peksou 2025 = 32 27 Mary Hill 1720 26hfch bro pek 1430 3» 44 bid:
346 Simal 1822 7 ch or pek 700 49bid | 28 1723 36 do pek 1800-36
B47 1825 10 do ek 900 34 81 Warakamure 1732 16 ch or pek 1520 36
348 BRuanwella 1823 13 do roorpek 1300 41 32 1735 29hfch bropek 1595 40
349 1831 80 do or pek 2400 38 33 1738 27 ch pek 2322 32
350 1834 15 do bro pek 1500 841 34 1741 11 do peksou. 935 30
851 1887 20 do pek 1800 365 85 1744 17hfch fans 1275 26 4
B52 1840 20 do ek sou 1700 = BB 86 Ravenscraig 1747 14 do bro pek 770044
254 Muendeniya 1846 76 ch r pek fans 4783 42 37 ‘ 1750 22 ch pek 1980 35.

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ne te Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ¢.
2 lyt 322579" chi pek sou 720 32
= as Tee i hase ee fe a 188 se : 325) 5.6 de or ek fans 780 32
2 1765 14 do ek sou 700 30 alukolawa te334 8 do pek sou 720 38
46 Bilandhu t7i7 16 VeRu bro pek 1520 34¢bid | 199 HJS 337 13 hf ch bro pek 780 37
47 1780 13 do pek 1170 30 201 i 343 14 do pek sou 840 31
51 Laxana 1792 49 do ae Deniyaya 358 13 on ee pek : 1300 40
Lhfch pek 4461 10 bid | ° 361 12 do toorpek 1200 47
57 Kudaganga 1810 10 ch bropek 1000 37 aes 364 13 do pek 1235 36
62 Galgediuya 1825 12hfch bropek 120) 38 209 367 8 do pek sou 7200 32
Ce 1828 13 do or pek 72ay Al bid: || 21L Fees er SO eU LITT | ASED 20 bie
65 1831 8 ch pek sou 760 31 212 ugawella 316 24 o ro or pek 1440 46 id
66 Monte Christol837 23 do bro pek 2300 46 bid Be 2 do ae pek ile -
1810 8 d k 20 36 = . oa
as CELL aa eae ea aierue! 383 13 ch peksou 1040 34
= 1 box fans 1430 28 218 Thain 394 10 do bro pek 1000 36 bid
73 Hyde 1853 9 ch or pek 810 44 221 403 13 do pek 104¢ 33 bid
74 1861 16 do bro pek 1584 43 224 Y R Ww 412 26hfch broor pek 1404 85_bid
"5 1864 13hfch broorpek 754 46 225 Orion 415 25 ch bro pek 2500 42
76 1867 11 ch pek 924 38 ae Sy 2e AOdy, Dro meR a) 2800, 82
79 KG 1876 12 do sou 1116.6 oe zl 20 do pek 1
4 * 1891 22 hf el b spek 1320 5( 228 424 25 do pek sou 2250 36
BeicHty | (Tek Mae) CRT Broce. weoecontves 231 HB K 433 24 do bropek, 2400 34 bid
86 1807 9 do or pek 765 34 232 Rahatungoda 436 24hfch bro orpek 1368 48 bid
87 Leo do pek 763 32 ae 439 21 a ox pek 1155 43
88 4 22 do peksou 2090 30 234 442 14 do ro pek 980 30
69 New Valley 7 22 do broorpek 2200 52 bid e388 445 xlbfch pek 1674.38
90 10 17 do or pek 170044 236 A 438 10 do — dust 87022
91 1340.90' do pek 2000 39 238 Rains Heath 454 42 ch bro pek 4326 out
92 16 23 do pek sou 2070 38 239 Glenalmoni 457 12hbfch bro pek 720 40
93 Roseneath 19 24 do bro pek 2400.43 or R Tin est 460 & ch pek 7200 3h
22 17 a K é 35
a Be uy a6 Pe sou pet 3a mark 463 29hfch bropek dust2730 24 bid
8 SRE 3 8 do pek 736 38 242 466 17 do dust 1630 18
TOLMRVANIn est: 243 469 11 ch bro mix 1118 26
mark 430089) do 245 mt | 475 10 do sou 810 out
Lhfch pek 765 ont eee OL CONC COa ae \ ero eal
104 Waganilla 5212 chi bro pek 1224 48 pid 250 Wwalte eh y rae eee us ne
105 55 18 do pek 1710 38 5 _ x
108 Hangranoya 64 8 do broorpek 720 47 Thich pek 118534
109 67 34 do bre pek 3230 39 —
llu 70 14 do pek 1260 34
112 76 12 do fans 1440 23 Messrs. H. John & Co.
113. Yarrow 79 24hfch broorpek 1344 45 9
114 82 30 do or pek 1500 41 [189,623 Ib.]
115 85 20 do pek 920 36 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. oc.
120 Gwernet 100 12 do bro pek 1140 40
121 103 19 ch pek 1615 36 2 Culloden 784 9 ch Bek 765 28
122 1¢6 10 do pek sou 850 32 4 790 12 do ust 1800 19
126 Marigold 118 26 beh bro pek 1456 63 8 Tillington 802 22 neces bro pek 1100 37 bid
127 121 16 do pek €00 44 9 805 10 ¢ vek 850 35
128 124 15 do pek sou 750 41 19 Orwell 814 12 bece bro or pek = 732 59
129 127 11 do _ bropek fans 737 42 3 817 14 ch or pek 1400 40
131 Allacollawewal33 28 do bro pek 1568 54 M4 820 13 do pek 1274 37
ta ee te A ie ee 8
B § 0) pek sou 700 41 92 co) ro pe 4
135 145 10 do pek dust 770-88 23 847 35 do pek 316034
137 Oolapane 151 10hfch dust 800-20 34 850 23 do peksou 1610 31
138 Avissawella 154 14 do broorpek 700 49 mo) 853 18 do pek sou 117081
139 157 12 ch bropek 1200 39 58 St. John’s 862 25 ba ch or Pek 1250 60 bid
140 160 11 do orpek 990 386 29 865 25 do pek 135051
141 163 12 do pek 1080 32 “0 A ee 868 16 dy pek sou 83241
142 166 16 do pek sou 1280 30 L enti 871 32 do bro or pek 1920 61 bid
re pean ane tre 18 ag PEG pek 1800 39 2 ee ut ch broper 2000 44
7 oO pe 4 34 ‘ ) or pe 41jbid
148 Hanagama 181 18 do orpek 1800 34 34 880 17 do pek 1530 37 bid
149 187 18 do pek 1800 30 a Mocha 889 22 to bro or pek 2200 49 bid
150 190 16 do pek sou 1440 28 28 892 18 do pek 1620 42,
152 Blackburn 196 13 do peksou 1105 31 39 “i 895 18 pion pek sou 153038
153 199 13hfch_ fans 910 25 0 898 1Chfch dust 860 18
155 Hobart 205 21 do bropek 1092 88 ae Kitoolgalla 907 13 oe bro pek 702-38
156 208 12 ch pek 1020-33 5 913 12 © pek 950-35
158 Lammemoor 214 7 do bropek 700 | 39 51 Nahavilla 931 35 de or pek 3150 35
159 , 217 8 do ek 7 P £2 934 36 do ro pek 3600
160 220 8 do pek sou en aa 53 937 19 do pee 1710 4
16t Doragalla 223 2€ do bropek 2392 43bia | 54 910 10 do pek sou 80036
165 Mt. Temple 235 25 do. broorpek 2500 387 76 Winwood 946 25 pie bro or pek 1250 50
166 238. 9 do or pek 810 41 7 949 18 ¢ or pek 1620 40
167 241 15 do bropek 1500 31biad | 8 952 14 do pek 1260 37
168 bs 244 28 do pek 2324-33 59 955 9 do pek sou 810 35
169 Monrovia 247 39 do bro pek 3900 =. 38 “6 Navangama 976 IL dg or epee 1100 38
170 250 36 do pek 3420 32 67 979 11 do pe 990 34
172 256 12 do pek sou 1200 29 73 Glasgow 997 60 do broorpek 4000 48
173 Murraythwaite 259 13 do bro pek 1300 = 43 “4 1000 21 do or pek 1932 42
178 RE 274 12 do bropek 1320 75 3 18 do pek 1710-33
179 277 «12 ae pek 12.0} withd’n | 76 Agra Ouvah 6 36 be ch broorpek 2088 — 53 pia
180 280 9 do peksou 816 OY 9 32 do or pek 176046
181 Doragalla 283 26 do bropek 2170 43bid | 78 12 13 ch_— pek 1209 40
182 x 286 22 do pek 1870 85 fo Midlothian 15 20 ae ch bro pek 1200 42 bia
185 Avongrove 295 8 do 0 18 18 do orpek 900 43
4 1hfch bropekfansll0l 21bia | 82 Ro 21 32 ch bropek 3357 38
186 298 fn 4 &3 Potuville 27 23 as bro pek 2300 §=—- 36
if ¢ ust 954 18 4. 30 15 do pex 1425 31
188 Neboda 304. 10 do broorpek 1000 49 85 83.12 do peksou 123397
189 307 58 ch bro pek 53800 89° 86 Dovedale 36 17 do bropeéekfans2074 9g
190 310 13 do pek 1235 ©) 35 87 39 23 do pekfans 1787 ibid
192 Neuchatel 316 32 do broorpek 320) 42 88 Gampola 42 30hfch young byson
193 319 19 do orpek 1520. 35 siftings 980 10

4 | CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. ‘Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c¢. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib,

. 39 Ottery 45 16 ch broorpek 1600 44bid | 57 Attampettia 955 6hfch dust 549 29
90 48 24 do pek 2040-38 61 Sylvakandy 967 3 ch dust 300 2
93 H’Wela 57 14 do A 70 Narangalla 994 6 do pek sou 460 28
1hfch hyson sift- " 71 997 4 do dust 320 21
ings 1714 8bid | 79 CP AH Galle, in
94 Nahavilla 60 35 ch orpek 8150 42 bid estate mark 1021 6 do pek fans 360 = 32
101 Kolapatna, 81 20hfch broorpek 1980 S\bid | g1 Bie ley 1027 6 do dust 600 21
102 84 21 do orpek 987 389 83 Clovaseena 1033 4hfch sou 200 25
104 Battalawatte 90 14 ch peksou 126) 37 bid | gy 1036 1 do fans 50 20
107 Tallegallakande 99 8 do s0u 760 out $l Vegan 1057 2 ch pek fans 240 29
109 Rookwood 105 79hfich broorpek 4730 53 92 1(60 6hfch dust 510 =20
110 108 19 ch or pek 1824 43 97 KPW 1075 9 do pek sou 450 31
111 111 81 do pek 279) 38 93 1078 1 do br pk fans Nol 75 33
112 114 28 do h 99 1081 2 do br pek fans 180 33
4bfch pek 2712 36 bid | 100 1084 3 do pek fans 225 BB
113 117 16 ch fans 1120 30 ‘ 101 1087 2 do dust 130 20
117 Pitagalla 129 28 do pek sou 2237 15 bid | 105 Clyde 1099 7 ch pek sou 569 31
118 132 14 do sou 1257 14 bid 11% Yunally 1123 5hbfch dust 495 = -QY
119 Weirna 125 40 do peksou 3280 16 bid | 123 Pine Hill 1153 2 do bro mix 120 «14
120 Ladbroke 138 8 do pek 760 66 131 Kincora 1177 2 ch peksou 140 34
121 Glassaugh 141 80hf-ch or pek 1650 132 1180 % do bro pek fans 269 35
122 144 23 do broor pek 1587 | Citing 133 1183 1 do dust 170 21
123 147 14 ch pek 1512 137 Palmerston 1195 2 do pek sou 150 36 j
124 150 50;hfch bro or pek 3250 140 Allagalla 1204 2 do bro mix 150 28
125 Elston 153 35 ch pek 2975 37 141 1207 7 do dust F95 21
126 156 32 do pek sou 2830 3F 145 Avoca 1219 6 do pek sou 576 3
127 MG 159 10hf-ch fans 850 24 146 _ 1222 3 co bropek fans :90 22 bid
123 Brownlow 162 24 do broorpek 1344 149 OBEC in
129 165 16 ch or pek 1456 estate mark,
130 168 24 do pek 2064 | vitha’n Fu rest Greek 1231 3 do red leaf 255 24
131 171 Qhfch dust 765 160 Bargany 1264 6 do pek sou 540 34
132 174 34 do bro or pek 1£04 161 1267 2hfeh dust 180 20
133 Vi v4 ‘do bro pek fans 1120 172 Seenagolla, V 1300 3 do dust 205 22
136 Westhall 186 16 ch bro mix 1600 19 179 Maba Uva 1321 6 do dust 640 22
138 Galata 192 10hfch dust 750 21 186 Dammeria 1342 7 do fans 560 30
140 Heatherly 198 46 ch younghyson 4140 36 bid 187 1345 4 do dust 400 20
141 20L 45 do hyson e780 20 bid 191 Dea Ella 1357 9 ch pe& sou 450 31
142 204 45 do hyson No. 2 3915 23 bid 192 1260 9 do fans 540 32
143 2:7 10 do sittings 1400 9bid | 193 1363 4 do dust 320-22
144 Gangawatte 210 17 do broorpek 1700 50 bid 199 Polatagama 1381 2 do dust 300 20
145 Poilakande 7213 29 do bro or pek 2610 39 205 Hayes 1399 3 do fans 210 23 ¢
146 216 89 do bro pek 3900 36 206 1402 7 do dust 499 19
147 219 25 do pek 2250 63 213 1423 8 do or pek 610 79
148 Orpington 222 27 do bro or pek 2700 39 220 Yogama 1444 5 do pek sou 425 BY
149 225 25 do pek Ped) | Bb) 221 _ 1447 38 do dust 360 22
150 BK 228 19 do pek sou 1710 7 bid | 223 BDWP,in
151 Wahagapittia 231 7 do broor pek 7(0 47 estite mark 1453 6 do bro pekfans 630 36 |
152 234 9 do bropek 900 38 nia | 224 u ae oe ch Ber No. 2 sa 2 |
: C) ek 810 33 bi 225 5 9 ro mix 3
138 aoe ve 226 1462 1 do dust(H) 90 19 )
| 27 CRD 1465 6 ch ek 540. 31
\ 228 1468 4 do sou 320 29
SMALL LOTS. | 229 1471 2 do red leaf 150 10
Ten of 239 patchareds 1501 6 fe dust 510 20 }
How) (he & Co. 243 Malden‘ya 1613 2 do fans 200 = 26
Messrs. EB Benham 0 214 1516 2 do dust 269 21
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 249 Great Valley 1531 4 dust 340 22
7 E 65 22 2651 Punbar 1537 1L hfe ro pe 605 48
Ag Battalgalla ic i he be peo nek fans eo a2 ED 140" Bch of pak ae Ge
12 W 14 1 ch or pek 105-34 2355 NB 1549 lhfch dust 150 18
13 17.1 +°dce pek 103.27 257 GK 1555).56) Chl sou 390 86-28
14 Gaatura, '20 6hfch dust 600 18 258 at 1558 2 do fans 180 29
15 Mandara 262 Tembiligalla 1570 1 do peksou Be st
Newera 23 Thfch dust 525-4 263 1573 1 do bropekfans 1:5 25
16 26 3 do dust 240 22 } 264 1576 1 do dust 150 =:18
°68 Laxapanagalla 1585 4 do pek sou 360 31
TRE RR RN TT F 269 1591 1 do sou 87 28
Messrs. Forbes & Walker 270 1591 2 do pek fans 200 26
271 1597 1 do dust 104 20
Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. oc. 272 1€00 4 do bro tea 36014
1 BBBin ’ : 276 Nahalma 1612 5hfch bropekfans 280 34
estate mark 787 5hfch dust 420 24 277 1615 7 do dust 560 21
7 AOinestmark805 1 ch dust 101 20 278 Tory 1618 6 ch sou 660 4
12 Fetteresso 820 7hfch bro tea 609 23 279 Hunugalla 1621 5 do sou 400 a)
13 Belgodde 823 6 do bro pek 300 38 280 1624 Ghfch dust 510 21 3
14 826 7 do pek 350 = 82 285 Anningkande.1639 2 ch peksou 180 30. '
15 829 2 do peksou , 90 29 286 1642 2 do dust 920 20
17 Yelverton 835 7 ch pek 67287 289, Good Hope 1651 2 ch bro pek fans 230 23
18 838 1hfch dust 702 302 Ingurugalla 1690 3 ch pek sou 270 =: 81 bid
24 Dehiowita 856 3 ch pek sou 240 381 803 1693 shfch brotea 255 20
25 859 2hfch dust 150 20 , 38L7. Wevanga- ;
80 Erlsmere 874 5 ch pek sou 400 35 watte 1705 1 ch sou 90 99
BL 877 2hfch dust 158 308 1708 2hfch dust 170 20 bid
32 Alver 880 2 do sou _ 170-26 810 Dewalakandel714 5htch siftings . 325 8
34 886 2 do bro mix 200 = 38 311 1717 2 do green tea dust162 8
37 Minest mark 895 6 ¢h broorpek 630 38 322 Forres 1750 4hfch dust 336° 20 bid
38 898 6 do pek 510 »3= 84 330 Bellongalla 1774 8hf-ch . brorpk 480 36
39 901 1 do peksou 86 80 331 1777 7 do orpek 350 35
40 904 1 do dust 80 21 332 1780 2 do dust 160 21
41 Mabayaya 907 65hfch orpek 27541 333 1783 6 ch pek 480 34
43 91312 do pek 600 = 34 334 1786 2 do .pek sou 160 3L =
44 916 8 do pek sou , 400 31 339 Halwatura 1801 6hfch dust 540 20
45 919 2 do _ fans LOSi iol 314 Mahawale 1816 3hfch dust 270 19 ;
46 922 1 do dust 89 20 ‘| 345 Salim 1819 3 ch bro or pek 300 651
47 St Paul's #925 10 do pek sou 460 38 8hs. Ruanwella 1845 4 ch dust 320018 : .
48 928 7 do bro pek fans 490 87 361 Ganapalla 1867 4 ch bropekfans 440 26 4
£3 Chesterford 918 7 ch fans 630 928 862 1870 6

do dust 400 19 p |

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5,
Lot: Box, Pkgs. Name. Ibs, % sek Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. bse:
366 Torwood 1882 4 ch bropek fans 480° 28 143 Avissawella 169 3 ch fans 200 30
567 1885 2 do dust 260 20 146 XZ 178832) teh
369 Carlabeck 1891 4 ch bro pek sou 540 26 lhfch_ red leaf 274 10 bid
875 Rookwood 1909 13 hich I47 Hanagama 181 10hfch bro or pek 600 43
1 box hyson C7128 151 193 2 do dust 156-18
376 1912 1hfch 154 Blackburn 202 Shfch dust 680 21
1 box siftings 96 9 157 Hobart 211 € ch pek sou 480 31
379 Dotel« ya 19215 5 ch pek sou 875 32 162 Kerenville 226 6 ch bro pek 600 84
381 D 1927 4hfch pek dust 296 23 163 229 6 do pek 600 26
383 KHL 1933 5 ch fans 650 24 164 232 4 do pek sou 400 24
384 1936 2 do dust 320 19 171 Monrovia 2535 3 ch or pek 330 33
3860 CTL 1942 QOhfch congou 470 26 174 Murraythwaite262 7 ch pek 665 34
387 Putupaula 1945 6 ch bro or pek 690 56 175 265 2 do pek sou 160 31
392 1960 4 do bro pek fans 480 29 176 268 1 do bro pek fans 135 26
393 1963 8hfch dust 240 = Qk 177 271 1 do dust 165 18
394 Rinestmark1966 lhfch bro pek 62 34 183 Doragalla 289 7 ch pek sou 560 32
395 1969 1 do pek sou 65 26 184 292 6 do fans 550 29
396 1972. 1 do fans (5) 17 187 Avongrove 301 4 ch aust 620 19
400 Palmerston 1984 2 ch pek sou 160 36 191 Neboda 313 4hfch dust 360 18
414 Ambalangoda2026 7 ch pek sou 630 34 196 Neucbatel 328 2 ch dust 300 20
415 2029 1 do fans 100 23 197 Dalukolawatte331 12 bf ch bro or pek 600-4.
416 2032 1 do dust 110 ~»=-.20 200 HT 340 7hfch pek 420, 33
421 Bullug. Va 2047 8 ch fans 800 24 202 Blackheath 346 3hfch dust 225° 18
422 2050 2 do dust 220 20 203 349 1 ch bro tea 80 18
431 Kineora 2u77, Lbfch dust 170 £0 204 H Weia 3852 6hfch young by son
432 ZYX 2080 2 ch dust 160 20 sifting 425 10 bid
439 Harrow 2101.4 ‘ch fans 320 23 205 355 2 do young byson
441 Kennington 2107 3 ch dust 459 22 dust 159 10 bid
444. Hanwella 2116 1 ch hyson No 2 105 with’n |} 210 Deniyaya 370 2 ch dust 190 1d
445 2119 13 do hysn siftings 390 8 214 Nugawella 382 5hfch_ or pek 140 39
446 Pcengalla 9122 3 ch dust 270 19 217 391 2 do dust 160 20
448 Augusta 2128 1 ch dust No 1 162 13 219 Thain 397 9 ch or pek 675 37 bid
220 - 400 7 do pek sou 560 33 bid
oa Min est mark 406 1 BKe h_ bro pek 49 37 bid
re i i Moy 22 409 1c unast 88 27 bid
ieee so menvalle 500) 29 Onion #27 Bhfch dust 640 20,hid
430 3 ¢ ro mix 360 19
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Iba (ei: 44 M 472 2 ch pek 200 out
1 Rinest.mark 1642 6hfch pek dust 450 20 & 478 2 Co pek fans 200 out
2 Meddegodde 1645 1 do Bio pek fans 65 ¢ 247 Handrokande 481 2 ch — bro pek 210 36
3 1643 4 do sou 200 29 248 434 4 do pek 360 30
4 Indl 3 a ase 180 19 ed
10 Salawe 1669 2 ¢ pek dust 3350 21 srs. &. Jo!
11 Brecon 1672 >hfch bro or pek 520, 52 [Messrs a ohn) &) Co.)
13 1678 6 ch pek E70. 3! Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb oc.
18 WKP 1593 5 do sou 38) 29 1 Culloden 78lie7> ch bro pek 665 34
19 1096 4kfch dust 348 20 3 787 7 do sou 660 20
21 Eleiico 1702 5 do or pek 250 39 5 Talawakelle 793 3 do
23 I 1708 4 do pek seu 200 31 lhfch sou ny 24
29 Mary Hill 1726 13 do pek sou 585 33 6 Hoonoocotua 796 2. ch congou 180 2L
30 1729 5 do dust 350. 22 7 Tillington 799 8hfch_ bro or pek 400 43
38 Ravenscraig 1753 3 ch pek sou 300. 31 10 808 3 ch peksou 255 381
39 1756 4 hf ch ust 320 22 M1 811 2hfch dust 140 22
43 Carney 1768 7 do bro pek fans 350 32 15 Orwell 828 7 ch pek sou 595 34
44 1771 2 do sou 100 28 16 Wilpita 826 6 do bro pek 600 36
45 1774 4 do dust 200 20 17 829 3 do or pek 300 3
48 Hilandhu 1783 2 ch bro tea 189 27 18 832 4 do pek 400 31
49 1786 1 do dust 14¢ 19 19 835 Lhfch fans 50 3-26
50 1789 1 do bro mix 100 10 20 838 1 do congou 504
62 Arcady 1795 5bf£ch_ bro pek 250 84bid | 26 Hila 856 6 ch fans 630 29
53 1798 6 do pek 300-28 27 859 8hfch dust 640 =. 20
54 1801 7 do pek sou 350) 26 35 Glentilt 883 5 ch pek sou 450 36
55 1804 1 do sou 50 20 36 886 5hfch fans 400 25
56 1807 1 do dust 50 36:16 al 1 901 2 do fans 210 8 bid
58 Kudaganga 1813 6 ch _ pek 570 = 33 42 Kitoolgalla 904 12hfch broorpek 672 465
59 1816 2 do pek sou 180 30 44 910 6 do or pek 270 36
60 1819 2 do fans 1s0 29 46 916 7 ch pek sou 56031
61 1822 4 do bro pek dust 480 22 47 919 3 do fans 270 86
64 Galgedioya 1831 7 do pe 65 23 48 922 lhfch dust 82
68 Monte Christo 1843 1 do sou 100 29 49 Sorana 925 3 do dust 265 20
69 1846 3hfch dust 225-8 50 928 2 do fans 12024
70 1849 3 do brpek fans 165 33 60 Ullandapitia 958 2 do broorpek 110 42
71 1852 3 do pek fans 303-30 61 961 2 do bro pek 100-86
77 Hyde 1870 5 do pek fans BRO. BR 62 964 2 do pek 100-34
78) 1873 4 do dust 336 23 63 967 2 do sou 90 31
80 Nikawelle 1879 9 do _ bro pek 495 37 64 970 1 do fans 40 29
81 1882 8 do pek 400 83 65 Navangama 973 4 ch bro or pek 400 40 bid
82 1885 3 do pek sou 150 28 68 982 2 do pek sou 180 28
83 1888 1 do dust 80 19 69 985 1 do dust 150 20
96 Selvawatte 28 1 do bro pek 55 38 70 Carendon 988 6 do bro pek 636 35
97 31 1 do dust 75 24 71 991 5 do pek 500 84
99 SRK 37 4 ch pek sou 400 34 72 994- 3 do pek sou 300 32
100 40 3 do dust 480 21 81 Midlothian 21 5bhfch fans 425 22
102 IP 46 8 do pek sou 600 32 91 Ottery 51 5 ch pek sou 430 36
103 49 6hfch dust 528 18 92 54 3hfch dust 240 22
106 Waganilla 5g 3 ch pek sou 255 85 95 OOR, in estate
107 61 2hfch dust 190 20 mark 63 1 ch bro or pek 70 34
111 Hangranoya 73 8 ch pek sou 640 32 96 66 2hfch_ bro pek 110-30
116 Yarrow 88 14 hfch pek sou 658 33 97 69 1 ch
117 91 4 do brorpg fans 280 26 lhfch pek 140 28
118 94 4 do dust 340 22 98 720) 2 ch pek sou 190 25
119 Gwernet 97 4 ch bro or pek 420 43 99 75 1 do
123 109 5 do bropekfans 600 25bid lhfch sou 112-23
124 112 2 do br pek dust 300 19 100 78 2 do dust 160 17
130 Marigold 130 7hfch pek dust 539 28 103 Battalawatte 8&7 8 do _ broor pek 440 45
184 Allacollawewal42 7bfch bropek fans 469 42 105 Tallegallakande 93 2 ch bro pek 200 34
186 LO 148 4 ch bro peksou 368 out 106 96 2 do pek 200 =—-.28

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
i

Lot. Box. Pk s. Name. Ib. ce.
114 Rookwood 120 6 do pek dust 528 =: 22
115 123 1 do bro mix 40 26
116 126 2 do bro tea 98 14
134 GB 180 4 do bropek 400 32
135 183 5 do pek 450 32
137 Galata 189 8 do pek sou No. 2 240 27
159 195 4hfch sou 340 26
154 Wahagapittia 240 1 ch dust 140 19
155 248 2 do fans 240 22
156 Eton 246 8 do bro cr pek 300 835
157 249 3 do or pek 300 34
158 252 2 do pek sou 200 29
159 255 2 do sou 200 29

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,

(From Our Commercial Correspondent. )
Mincine LANE, Oct. 11th,

“Sado Maru.”—Size 1 Ampittiakanda, 2 barrels
old at 648; Size 2 ditto, 1 barrel sold at 55s 6d;
1 cask sold at 55s 6d; Size 8 ditto, 1 barrel sold
at 463; PB ditto, 1 barrel sold at 38s; Size 1
Thotulagalla, 1 barrel sold at 893; Size 2 ditto, 3
tierces sold at 85s 6d; Size 8 ditto, 1 barrel sold
at 458; PBditto, 1 barrel sold at 36s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

‘ Alcinoaus.”—Rockhill AA, 11 bags sold at 71s ;
1 bag sold at 54s; ditto A, 6 bags sold at 663; 4
bags sold at 54s; ditto B, 1 bag sold at 54s; ditto
D, 4 bags sold at 40s.

‘* Prometheus,’’—Maousawa AA, 38, bags sold at
663 ; ditto O, 2 bags sold at 40s.

**Omrah.”—Dynevor B, 10 bags sold at 59s ; ditto
C, 4 bags sold at 463, D, 1 bag sold at 35s.

**Oruba,”—Bandarapola 1, 12, bags sold at 62s;
T, 1 bag sold at 35s.

‘* Austral.”—Betworth, 4 bags sold at 59s.

“ Hitachi Maru.”—Ross 1, 19 bags sold at 64s 6d;
D 1, 3 kags sold at 588; T, 3 bags sold at 46s.

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

** Deucalion.”—Hoolo Group 1, 5 cases sold at 1s
11d; 2, 2 cases sold at 1s 6d.

“* Collegian.’’—Kelyin Cardamoms Ex, 1 case sold
at 38; ditto AA, 2 cases sold at 2s 5d; ditto A,
1 case sold at Is 9d; ditto B, 2 cases sold at 1s
6d; ditto C, 2 cases sold at 1s 5d.

“* Liancashire.’”—Altwood Ceylon Cardamoms, 2
cases sold at 28 7d; 2 casessold at 1s 11d; 2 cases

sold at 1s 5d; 1 case sold at Is 4d; 1 bag Seed
sold at 23 3d.
“Qmrah.’—Nicholoya Oardamoms Oeylon No.

1, 2 cases sold at 2s 5d; ditto No. 2, 2 cases sold
at 1s 10d; 2 cases sold at 1s9d; ditto No. 3, 1 case
sold at 1s 4d; ditto No. 4, 2 cases sold at 1s 3d.

* Kawachi Maru.”—Mahanoa Mysore Cardamoms
O, 4 cases sold at 23 9d.

‘“* Sustral.”—Mousakanda O, 1 case sold at 3s 1d;
ditto 1, 1 case sold at 2s 6d; ditto 2, 2 cases sold
at 2s 3d; ditto 3, 2 cases sold at ls 9d; Seed 1,
1 case sold at 2s 4d.

“Jumna.”—Yellamallai 1, 1 case sold at 2s 6d;
ditto 2, 1 case sold at 2s J0d; ditto Seed, 1 case
sold at 25 2d.

“ Deucalion.”—Gavatenne Mysore O, 1 case sold
at 2s 3d; 1 case sold at 2s; ditto 1, 2 cases sold
at Is 8d; 5 cases sold at 1s 8d; ditto 2, 3 cases
sold at 1s 4d; 4 cases sold at 1s 5d; ditto B,1
case sold at Is 3d; 5 casessold at 1s 5d; ditto S,
1 case sold at 1s 4d; ditto B, 1 bag sold at 1s 3d;
ditto 8, 1 bag sold at is 2d; difto Seed, 5 bags
sold at 1s 10d.

“Collegian.” —Tonacombe Special, 4 cases sold at
8s 6d; ditto Splits, 1 case sold at 1s 9d; ditto No. 1,
18 cases sold at 23 94; ditto No. 2, 3 cases sold at
1s 7d; ditto No. 8, 6 cases sold at 1s 9d.

“Duke of Devonshire.’—Forest Hill 1 Mysore, 1
case sold at 2s 10d; ditto 2 Mysore, 2 cases sold
at 2s 3d: ditto 3 Mysore, 1 case sold at ls 7d;
ditto No. 2 Seed Mysore. 1 case sold at 28 3d;
ditto 4 Mysore, 1 bag sola at 1s 5d.

(at
OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES-

No. 43. CotomBo, NovemBer 11, 1901. {

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.
Messrs. E. Benham & Ca.
[18,886 lb.}

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
1 Hornsey 82 45hfch bro pek 2475
2 85 23 ch pek 1840
4 Mapiltigama 991 15 ch broorpek 1575
5 94 9 do bro pek 945
6 97 22 do pek 2046
Uf 100 12 do pek sou 1020
8 3) 6 260 bro or pek

fans 780
9 Torrington 6 10 ch or pek 850

10 9 35 do bro or pek = 3500

a1 12 10 do pek 800

12 15 6 do dust 840

13 18 15 do pek fans 1725

Messrs. Forbes & Waiker.
[538,989 1b.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
1 AMB 2140 14 ch dust 1960
2 sirikandure 2143 7 ch bro pek 700
3 2146 .8 do pek 760

4 2149 8 do pek sou 720
110 Beverley 2 oz.
leadlined) 2167 17hfch broor pek 975

11 2170 41 do bro pek 2550
12 2173 40 do pek 2000
13 2176 24 do pek sou 1080

14 OBE Cin
estate mark,
Summer Hill 2179 38 ch bro or pek 2280

15 218% 40 do bro pek 1920
16 2185 22 do or pek 2024
17 2188 25 do pek 2325
18 2191 14 do dust 1288

19 Nillcmally,
OBE Cin est.

mark ch pek 2408
729 do or pek 2392
x do pek sou 1428
22 Z do bro or pek 1300
24 Glenccrse p ch bro pek 1700
25 ‘ do or pek 3350
26 28 do pek 1120
27 2218 20 do pek sou 1510
28 Kosgalla 2221 15hfch bro pek £0
32 D,in estate

mark 2233 11 ch byson 1100
28 Bin estate

mark Seay Ue RY Asie ed) dust 1050
39 Laxapana 2254 33hbfich pek fans

dust 2805

40 Ninfield 995721) ich bro pek 2100
41 2260 20 do nek 1800
51 Waldemar 2290 20hfch br cr pek 1300
52 22938 39 ch bro pek 2535
53 2296 18 do or pek 1800
54 2229 11 do pek 1045
65 2302 12 do pek son 1140
56 Sylvakandy 2305 83hfch bro pek 4565
57 23(8 27 ch pek 2420

69 Ardlaw and
Wishford 2314 14hfch broorpek 7&4

66 2317 15 ch bro pek 1470
61 2320 10 do or pek 870
62 2323 12 do pek luda
63 Chesterford 2326 26 ch Lro pek 2600
64 2329 24 do pek 2160
65 2332 8 do pek sou 726
66 23385 12hfch dust 930
67 LL 2333 24 do dust 1920

70 OBEC, in
estate mark
Forest Creek 2347 12 ch bro or pek 1200

wal 2350 45 do bro pek 4500
72 2353 20 do or pek 1800
73 2356 18 do pek Nol 1620
74 2359 26 do pek No2 2330
75 Choisy 2362 25hf-ch’ bro orpek 1375
76 2365 11 ch or pek 1045
77 2368 19 do — pek 1615
73 2371 18 do peksou 1440
79 Haputala-

wella 2374 25 hfch bro pek 1250
80 2377 18 do pek 720

~

42 bid

46 bid
40 bid
35 bid

Prick :—123 cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

Lot. Box,
8L Nugagalla 2380
82 2383
83 2386
86 Blackford 2395
88 Springwood 2491
89 2.04
90 2407
OL 2419
95 Amblakande 2122
93 Glendon 2431
99 2424
100 2137
101 2440
102. El Ted 2443
103 2446
10¢ HGM 2449
105 2452
106 2455
107 2458
lus Templehurst 2461
109 2164
llu OB EC, in
estate mark
New Market 2467
11L 2470
112 2373
113 2416
114 Tempo 2479
* 2482

2527
Coombecourt 2530
2533

Theydon
Bois 2545
2543
2551
2554
Agra Oya 2563
2566
2569
Deaculla 2572
2575
Eila Oya 2578
258L
2584
Middleton 250
2593
2596
2599
Handford 260?
2805
2608
2611
Northecove 2520
Nakiadenia 2623
OB EC, in
in estate mark
Loolecondera 2632
2635
Valpita 2641
244
2647
W, in estate
mark 26°3
Pallagoda 2659
2662
2685
2663
2671
2674
Mcnkswood 2677
2680
2683
Tymawr 2686
2689
7692
2695
2698
Zirracht 27ul
2704
2507
Polatagama 2713
2716
2719
2725

Pkgs.

18
47
16

hf ch
do
do

23 hf ch

37
36

Name. ib.
bro pex 900
pek 2350
pek sou 800
pek 1150
bro pek 3:30
pek 2830
or pek
fans 1200
pek sou 1330
pek 8u0
bro pek 1650
or pek 2550
pek 27390
pek sou 900
pek sou c74
dus& 924
bro or pek 1620
bro pek 13C0
pek 1620
pcE sou 720
bro pek 2530
pek 1045
bro or pek 2745
bro pek 3960
pek 2700
pek sou 1056
bro pek 1500
or pek 171C
pek 2700
bro or pek 1100
or pek 1520
pek 2.60
pek sou 1020
bro pek 1365
pek 720
bro or pek 3705
bro pels 2200
bro or pek 720
or pek 765
pek 1610
pek sou 750
bro or pek 1170
bro psk 1700
pek 1369
oro pek 3575
pek 4210
bro or pek 750
or pek 720
pek 1560
bro or pek 1250
bro pek 4600
pek 3230
dust 700
bro or pek 700
bro pek 1330
or pek 1235
pek 720
or pek 1650
pek sou 81
pek fans 2400
dust 2250
bro pek 2409
pek 2090
pek sou 890
sou 720
broor pek 2600
bro pek 2800
or pek 189C
pek 1615
pek sou 1785
sou 765
bro pek 1020
or pek 1000
pek 1900
bro or pek 1440
or pek 1540
pek 1750
pek sou 1504
dust. 810
bro pek 3200
pek 1615
pek sou 850
bro pek 5100
or pek 1900
pek 4590
bro pek
fans 1400

45 bid

Z.- CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c¢ Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec.
198 High Forest. 2731 26hf ch en Bee eee hes ae Bp sp eh Bek sen 700031
Cc. 6 o r peE fans 1280
8 pi 29 fe or pek 1503 49 ee PassaraGroup‘97 11 ch or cs 930 33
2g 2727 24 do pek 1104 943 32 3100 18 do bro ek 180 id!
201 Weoya 2740 36 ck broor pek 8780 43 322 3103 33 do Se 2970 38 *
202. 2743 385 do bro pek 3325 38 823 3106 10 do peE sou 9U0 BR
203 2146 37 ae pek 3330 33 bid pee Adisham 3.15 20 ch bro or pek 2000 51
4 2749 21 do pek sou 1630 32 227 3118 31 do bro pek 2945 4
2066 HF 2755 24hfch broor pek 1752 35 bid 328 3121 23 do pek ? 2070 5 )
207 2753 21 do pek sou 987 39 332 Rajawatte 3133 13hfch dust £00 23
208 2761 15 do pek dust 150 23 333 Pine Hill 3136 20hfch broorpek 1°00 44 bid
209 Dankeld 2764 49hfch pbroorpek 2812 49 634 3139 10 ch = crpex 990 42
210 2/07 16 ch or pek 1520.41 335 3142 16 do pek 1440-38
211 z770 18 do pek 1710 dvf 336 Tymawr 3145 2ihfch broor pek ‘512 42 bid
212 Ganapalla 2773 42 ch broorpek 5990 41 33 3148 29 do orpek 1595 sg
213 s 2776 13 BO bro pek 1430 37 333 Yellangowry 3151 22 ch bro pex 2200 42
213 2779 23 do or pex 1978 35 339 3154 30 do or pek 2700 4
215 2782 22 do pex 1818 33 340 3157 18 do a 162 3
216 2785 18 do per sou 1440 31 341 3160 13 do pek sou 1:70 31
217 2778 =Ohfch dust T2022 344 Marlborough 3169 46bfch broorpek +300 44 bid
218 Fair] wn 2791 26hfch brvor pek 14:0 53 345 3172 23 ch bro pek 23u0 3
219 2794 28 do cr pek 125043 316 3175 16 do pek 1440-38
220 2797 22 ch pek 1870 41 347 Lochiel 3178 J6hfch broorpek 925 £0 bid
223 Seenagolla 2:03 19bfch broorpek 1140 63 348 318L 19 ch pek 1612 29
224 2208 i do or Per 884 65 aap Forres 3184 18hfch broorpek 99 43 bid.
925 2ols o pe 1044 43 50 3187 32 do bro pek 195: bi
226 2815 13 do peksou 715382 3:1 Digdola 3190 15 ch bro dr pee 1435 on
223 KW 2221 20bfch brocrpek 10/0 38 352 3193 26 do pek 20802
229 2824 20 do or pek 1000 = 3h) 355 Penrhos 3202 1shfch broornek 702 47
230 Algooltenne 2327 49 ch bruorpek 49% 39 356 bro pek 1276 38
231 283u 46 do orpek 4140 9-35 357 or pex 72 39
232 2833 414 do pex 395033 353 pek e035
233 Kitulgalla 2836 19hfch broorpek 1110 40 559 pek sou 960 =. 82
234 2839 10 ch — or pek * 850 37 362 EDP sou 720 29
235 2342 12 do pek 984 33 3¢4 Ingoya dust 2007, 2A
938 Pannawatte 4851 10 ch broorpek 1150 £0 365 bro te. 9697 £7
239 2854 32 do bro pek 320. 42 3€8 Bulugolla or pek 2:97 41
240 2857 19 do pek 1900 37 369 pek 497 37
243 Siriwatie 2366 13 ch bro or pek 13€0 4l 370 pek sou 1617 35
244 2869 9 do pek 810 - 33 371 LM in est
249 D, Ceylon in mark 3250 26 ch pek 2340 32
estimark 2884 8 ch pek 600 32 372 Bandara Eliya3253 22 ch orpek 1826 59 bid
250 Waitalawa ote 44 Bt ch bro pek 92.) 48 ae 3256 110 bf ch_ bro or pek 6160 45 bid
251 290 61 do ek 30.0 47 Di 37 3259 27 ct k
252 2698 18 do oe sou 9-V ig 375 3262 11 25 DEE sou aa &
255 Castierea‘h 2902 :4hfch brocr pek 1200 50 376 2235 27 do pekNo2 2616 38
56 £9)5 11 ch bro pek 1045 Pe: 372 3271 13hfch pek fans 871
O57 2908 9 ue Ur Bek 720 37 Be Maha Eliya a 25hfch broorpek 1130 63
258 2911 9 do pe 720 36 3 3277 24 ch pek 32
259 F aoe 9 agen pek sou 720 33 PP 34
260 Yataderia 2917 42hfc¢ bro or pek 2646 42 =
aoe 5520; TUT SLATE EEO GEL OAT 1D wae Messrs. Semerville & Co.
22 - 2993 13 do or pek 1300 «638 * 1] lb.
26% 29°6 23 do pek 2520 34 18.989 103
264 Lochiel 29-9 17hfch broorpek 983 49 Lot. , Box. Pkgs, Name. lpi e.
as sib ay” Js bea| | Geen 8 ae
269 Mahawiligan- = wyanza Oat SN or pek LD BT
gawatte 2944 9 ch broor pek 900 41 6 ae 6 me we per 4 a a Aes
Yi 90 G 5 ‘ F
a syeb) on do! yok on. Sees); guy wel) qe Cemosaeny Ely Outen eee ee
972 £953 10 hf-c 7 2: Pp J 33
oe Ingoya 2956 49 ane oa aa 5145 7 i: Bonen ae e Eee sa oe 38 2 228 oF bid
274 2959 50 do pek 4050 34 16 528 33 So oa Bee Be
278 2462 18 do pek sou 135) 32. 17 541 25 do Fee sou Bie 22
276 Poonagalla 2965 25 ch bro pek 2875 46 18 Weygalla 4 16hfch b 4 Pie
257 2968 58 do pek 3800 40bid | 39 OAR aR eo
28 abrasalla, wt #8 4 Pek sou 2520 a bid | 20 5) Salata Ga) ast
280 Ri ragalla, DoT aBIMEeh ipeadten sn bn bid a Old Maddesean ath) at oS bre or pek 80 47 bid.
281 Tonacombe 2930 47 ch or pek 4465 39 25 pee 13 de RoE bel: ee a2
9RI 5
ae coe ie ee Baie aes a 34 Harangalla 592 28 ch broorpek 2185 40
284 2989 lv do pek sou 850 34 ge oe Fe do Dry, pels ay By
288 Avoca 3001 19 do bro oryek 1992 A y Pa
) witha’ 87 601 il do pek sou 880 0
289 3004 17 do bro pek — 1697 Bah38 604 14hfch bro pek dust1050
293 Tymawr 3916 23 hf-ch or pek 1265 49 39 d IL 607 12hfch b 8 See 29
994 3919 17 do bro or pek 1020 42 bid Sedum a eh rolermer 20 ef
295 3022 22 do pek 103438 a ie 5 ao peter 1040
6 ALOK bo ‘ a B) s
ee aes 3025 34 do pek sou 1598 36 43 619 13hfch_ bro pek fans 954 20
mark S02R,),d2 ich jy pek buy: 2880/1880 Ct de Cone) Cee eer Gee pee 168) 36 bid
298 3031 15hfch dust 175 31 ie eh) pre Se
300 St Martin 3037 31 he ch pek 1240 36 a REL Aa sen i 35 ae Pe ios 38
Sa er Be eonast Gooneae Memes | ap omens ce ee
rye a ‘ ‘ 3 ¢ pe 24 41
B02 é fe 2 2945 =
ad Hae ar ae purer tan ae bid | 53 Depedene 649 43hfch bro pek 2150 39 bid
209 Battawatte 38064 73hf-ch broorpek 4745 39 a one 39 Re Bee s 1050 =
210 go67 11 ch or pek 110044 58 R abi Och, \nekicoa caged
a io yapdo |Pekeou) no) ie | ge) Motos Ce
414 Knavesmire 3079 15hfch bro on pek iad it 62 _, 676 13 do peksou 1014 31
$15 3082 18 ch bro pek 1040 37 ef Gangvarwy ae “i ao peor pee ane #
316 3085 70 do _ bro pek 6650 = 887 65 685 29 do Bek 3465 33 bid
817 3088 22 do pek 1650 33 1 66 688 12 do peksou 960 31 bid

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib
69 Havilland 697 22 ch bro or pek 2200
70 700 16 do or pek 1520
7 703 30 do pek 2700
Tz 706 10 do peE A s0u
75 715 11hfch fans 748
77 Fernham 721 50 hfch bro pek 3000
18 724 12 ch pek 114)
719° en Wan Stedo) fans 975
80 Narangoda 730 27 ch bro pek 27 65
81 138385220 GO) pek 1890

2 736 15 do pek sou 1350

84 Avisawella 742 15hfch brocrpek 730

85 745 13 ch or pek 1170

86 748 14 do bro pek 14110

87 751 9 do pek 810

88 i764 12 do pek sou 960

90 Doregalla 760. 33 ch bro pek 3135

91 763 16 do pek 1440

94 Dikmukalana 772 20hfch bro pek 1100

95 774 17 do or pek 850

96 778 17 do pek d50

93 Mcusakande) 78! 18hfch broorpek 1608

99 787 22 do bro pek 1100

100 79) 18 ch pek 1548

101 793 13 do pek sou 1105

202 Oonankande 796 16hfch bro pek 800

3 799 22 do pek 1210

104 802 12 do pek sou 8410

106 Ellukkettia 8¢8 8 ch sou 720

107 Tinest. mark 811 16b£ch_ bro pek £96

108 814 13 do pek sou 728

109 Lemmermoor 817 10 ch bro pek 1000

110 820 10 do pek 900

111 823 10 do pek sou 900

112 ODA 826 9 do bro pek 882

114 Cooroondoo-

watte 832: 4 9) n¢ch pek 900

115 835 8 do pek sou 800

124 GB 862 IShfch dust 900

125 Wibaragama 85 24hfcu bro orpek 1512

126 863 23 do bro pek 1265

127 87t 10 ch or pek 1050

129 Henly i721 ch bro pek 2100

130 Fermoy 880 380 ch pek 2700

135 Ettie 895 6 ch fans 720

136 93 8 do dust 1200

137 APL 901 11 ch pek 1012

143 Einmest mark 919 101 ch pek 909)

144 K’Bedde 922 8 ch bro pek 8:0

146 926 8 do fans 800

148 M 934 10 ch pek fans 1107

151 L 943 1Lhfch pek dust 926

153 G 919 13 ch pek 1050

15¢ N 952 33 ch pek 2640

155 M‘Tenne 955 35 ch sou 3300

157 M 96L 11 ch

lhfch pek sou 975

159 UB 967 60 ch pek sou 5100

160 Pindenioya 970 8 ch or pek 720

161 973 10 do pe 800

164 982 11 do fans $90

Messrs. EH. John & Co.
[200,988 1b.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
6 Allington 273 2 ch bro pek 900
7 276° 10 do pek 990

11 LEL 288 23 do pek 2125

12 291 16hfch dust 1280

14 Gingranoya £97 25 ch pek 2125

15 300 9 do pek sou 765

16 Kelaneiya and
Braemar 303 18 do bro or pek 1800

17 3U6 12 do bro pek 1200
18 309 81 do pek 2945
20 Hinela 315 17 bfch pek 935
24 Navangama 327 8 ch bro or pek 800
25 330 18 do or pek 1800
26 333 20 do pek 1800
28 Dickapitiya 339 30 do bro pek 8000
29 342 35 do pek 3500
32 Mahanilu& MN 351 21 do bro or pek 2100
33 354 24 do pek 2088
34. GB 357 11 do
lhfeh peksou 1035
Brownlow 360 14 do oro or pek 812
36 363 15 ch or pek 1380
37 366 24 do pek 2016
38 Gonavy 369 13 do or pek 1105
39: 372 10 do bro pek 1000
40 A 375 25 do pek 1875
4. Handu Eliya 378 12 do peksou 1080
42 Rondura 381 17 do bro or pek 1935

. C,

31 bid
16
19
witkhd‘n

out

out

Lot. Box.
43 384
44 337
45 390
46 393
48 399
39 Agra Ouvah 42
£0 405
51 408
52 Glasgow 411
53 414
64 417
55 4.0
56 423
57 Wattagalla 426
53 479
59 432
60 Ben Nevis 435
61 438
62 441
65 Mount Everest 450
76 Kandaleya 483
77 480
78 489
79 492
so Ottery 495
dl 498
82 5UL
85 Oonoogaloya 510
86 613
87 516
88 519
s9 Natuwakelle 522
90 525
91 528
92 531
94 Galagama 537
95 540
96 543
97 646
99 St. Jobn’s 552
100 555
101 Mocha 558
102 56L
103 564
106 Galpotta 673
107 576
114 Ferndale 597
115 Wannarajah 600
117 606
121 Gingran.ya 618
122 621
123 624
124 627
126 Columbia 633
127 626
128 Rabatungoda 639
1:0 Rondura 645
13L 648
132 651
135 Wattagalla 660
136 663
137. Balado 666
138 669
129 672
140 Birnam 675
141 678
142 681
143 Cabin Ella 684
144 657
146 Gangawatte 693
147 696
148 699
151 Ohiya 708
155 Ottery 720
156 Dunkeld 723
167 Gingranoya 726
158 729
159 NB 732
169 735
161 Bowella 738
162 741
164 Perth 747
163 750
166 753
167 756
17t Glassaugh 768
172 7i1
173 774
174 HBK 777
175 780
179 Taunton 792
180 795
183 Moratota 504
184 8U7

12
10

hf ch

ch

Name. Ib.
bro pek 3900
or pek 3420
yek 3525
pek sou 1030
dust 1320
bro or pek 2640
or pek 1870
pek 1196
bru orpek 3700
or pek 2300
pek 1900
pek sou ¥U0

pek fans $10
bro pek 1995

pek 3240
pek sou 720
bro pek 1140
or pek 72)
pek 1080

bro or pek 1925
broorpek 762

bro pek 765
or pek 720
pek 1760
bro or pek 1000
or pek 380
pek 1615
or pek 2520

broor pek 2:00
pek sou 1615
dust 765
broor pek 1200
bro pex 1800

pek 1830
pek sou 990
pek 10sU
pek sou 630
bro pek fans 23:0
dust 8:0
bro or pek 1620
or pek i3c0
bro or pek 200v
or pek 1710
pek 1620
natural leaf
No.2 765
do No.3 1395
pek 12:0
fans 207u
dust LENG

bro or pek 1363
bro pek 190

pek 2125
pek sou 765
bro or pek 1060
or pek 1F00

bro or pek 1368
bro pek 140

or pek 1100
pek 2635
fans 1uzu
dust 850
bro pek 1980
pek 1620
pek sou 820
bro pek 330
pek 759

bro or pek 160
bro pek 1360

pek 2700
pek sou Sto
broor pek 16.0
or pek 1235
broor pek 18uu
or pek 950
bro pek fans 210!)
dust 2100
bro pek 900
pek 85uU
bro pek 1900
or pek 1360
pek 1050
pek sou 75U
or pek 1650
bro or pek 1587
pek 1512
bro pek 2530
pek 2380
or pek No.1 120)
pes 720
bro pek 2200
pek 2250

61 bid

65
43 bid
41 bid

34
30 bid

o4

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,
Sa eee

SMALL LOTS.
Messrs. £&. Benham & Co.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Wo te
3 Hornsey 88 7 ch pek sou 490 39
Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bse ces
5 Sirikandura 2152 1 ch bro pek fans 65 3L
' 2:55 1 do funs 87 30
7 2158 1 ao bro pek dust 145 29
8 2161 1 do dust 150 22
9 2164 1 do congou 87 27
23 Nillomally,
OBE Cinest,
mark 2206 3 ch fans 300 23
29 Korgalla 2224 Ju bfich pek 600 BL
30 2227. 3 vo pek sou 150 28
3L 2220 1 do bro pek fans 70 22
33 Beriington 2226 4hfich bropek 240 38
34 2239 5) do pek 300 32
35 2242 6 do pek sou 3°0 29.
36 2245 1 do sou 50 27
37 ~=B, in estate
mark 2248 7 ch sou 630 31
42 Nivfield 2263 8 do pek sou €49 BY}
43 2266 bhfch dust 450 24
44 Kalupahana «269 6 ch bro pek 648 38
45 2272 2 do or pek 200 32
46 2275 5 de pek 450 30
47 2278 3 do pek sou 255 29
43 2281 2 do fans 200 24
49 2784 2 do bro mix 196 24
50 2287 1 do dust Os abye) 23
68 Sylvakandy 2311 3 ch aust 300 25
65 Udabege 2341 8hfch fans 440 é
69 2344 3 do dust 240 22
81 Nvgagalla ¥389 5hfch dust 450 25
85 Blackrord 2492 11 do bro pek 65 86
87 2293 3, do pek sou 150 fe
‘92 Springwood 2418 Bhfch dust 425 24
93 Amblakande 2416 1 ch bro or pek 100 35
94 2419 6 do bro pek 600 41
96 2425 7 do pek sou 560 32
97 2:28 1 do dust 100 23
117 Tempo 2488 4 ch pek sou 320 32
118 2491 2hfch dust 130 21
119 P’Kande 2494 2 ch ~ broorpek 210 6L
2 3 or pek 235 41
5 pek 450 34
3 pek sou 240 3
% dust 289 23
2 pek fans 240 31
4 pek 380 37
% pek sou 190 33
dust 150 23
140 Theydon
Bois 2557 4 ch dust 380 23
141 2560 6 do fins 570 84
160 Ella Oya 2587 8 do pek sou 610 3L
153° Handfurd 2614 2. ch pek sou 180 29
160 2617 2 do dust 200 23
163 Nakiadeniya 2626 1 box fluwery pek 14 R150
164 OBEG, in
estate mark
Loviecondera 2629 8 ch bro mix 680 32
167 3 3 do sou 205 18
171 Walpita 2620 1 do dust 140 20
173 W,in estate
mark 2656 2 ch fans 200 25
191 Ervacht 2 do pek fans 324 25
195 Polatagama 6 dou pek sou 600 82
197 4 do dust 600 23
205 Weoya 4 ch dust 600 24
271) Fairlawn 7 do pek sou 595 36
222 e003 4hfch dust 820 26
227 Seenagolla 2813 3hfch dust 245 24
226 Mitulgaia 2845 2hfch dust 160 24
237 28143 3 do br or pek fans 180 34
2411 Pannawatte 2360 6 ch pek sou 630 34
242 2663 2 do dust 300 25
245 Siliwatte 6 ch bro pek sou. 570 32
246 2 do fans 230 25
247 SP 1 ch bro mix 63 10
248 , Ceylon in
est mark 2831 9hfch bro pek 468 34
25% Waibtalawa 2590 7Thfen dust 630 27
254. Cinest mark 229) 8hfch dust 672 2?
267 Ingoyu “948 4hfen fans 280 out
263 204L 1 do twankey a) out
279 Kabragally,
I 2074 4hfch dust 840 22
285 Digalla 2092 Lhfech fans 60 27
286 ‘995 1 ch bro pek 70 3=37

Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib.
287 2998 1hfch pek sou 58
290 Elfindale 3007 7 ch pek sou 630
291 3010 6 do fans 600
292 3013 5 do dust £00
299 St Martin 3034 13 hf ch bro pek 520
305 Agrakande 3052 3 ch peksou 3.0
306 8055 2hfch dust 163
307 3058 3 do fans 189
308 Augusta £061 2 ch dust 290
313 Battawatte 3176 2 ch dust 400
324 PassaraGroup3109 2hfch dust 180
325 2112 3 do fanning 210
329 Etulgama 3124 5hfch dust 425
330 Rajawatte 3127 4 ch nek sou 400
331 3130 7hfch fans 490
342 Yellangowry 3163 4hfch dust 320
343 3166 2 ch sou 200
353 Digdola 3196 5 ch pek son 350
354 3199 4hfch dust 380
360 Penrhos 3217 2bfch fans 150
361 3220 2 do pek dust 189
363 EDP 8226 7 ch dust 625
366 WD 3235 1 ch dust 90
367 CND 3238 3hfch bro pek 179
377 Randara Eliya3263 6 ch dust 540
381 Ugieside 3280 5 ch bro mix 475

(Messrs. Somerville & C€o.}

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb.
2 Glenanore 496 6 ch pek sou 540
B) 499 6hfch dust 480
7 Nyanza 5il 3 ch pek sou 270
8 5141 2 do Gast 200

11 Bambodde 623 10bfch pek sou £00

12 526 3hfch pek dust 240

13 528 1 do congou 60

21 Weygalla 553 5 ch pex sou 500

22 556 2hfech dust 160

26 Old Maddegama568 4 ch pek sou 340

27 671 2 do bro pe¥ fans 2.0

28 Patulpana 574 4 ch bro pek 440

29 577 5 do pek 500

30 580 3 do pek sou 300

31 583 4 do sou 360

32 6&6 2 do unast 200

33 589 lhfch pek £0

41 Sadumulla 613 7kfch pek 335

44 622 4 do dust 324

49 Mahatenne 637 4 ch pek sou 230

52 Blinkbonnie 646 4 ch pek sou 340

56 DWepedene 658 4hfch dust 320

57 66i 4 do bro pek fans 240

59 R 667 3 ch unast 240

67 Gangwarily 691 6 ch sou 540

€8 694 5hbich dust 400

73 Havilland’ 709 5 ch pek sou 400

ey 712 3hfch dust 255

76 718 1 ch kro mixed #85

83 Narangoda 729 Thfch dust 595

8&9 Avisawella 757 5hich dust 350

92 Doragalla 763 1 ch pek sou 96

93 769 3 do fans 375

97 Dikmukalana 731 14bfch pekscu 672

105 Conankande §05 4hf-ch dust 272

13 ODA 829 3 ch fans 339

116 NP 838 2 ch hyson Ne. 2 190

117 841 4hfch dust 200

118 844 9 do fans 540

119 Charlie Hill g!7 12hfch bro pek €00

120 850 7 do pek 350

121 853 4 do pek sou 200

122 86 3 do fans 180

123 GB 859 7hfch_ bro tea 350

128 Hoiyagalla £74 6hf-ch or pek 369

13L T in est. mar$83 1 ch pek 76

132 Dinest. mark886 Lhf-ch pek 30

133 Kittie 889 4 ch sou 380

134 892 5 do bro pek fans 600

128 AP W ¢0Ot 2hfch bro pek 120

139 907 2 do ypek 110

140 1 910 3 ch pek sou 240

141 913 1 do dust 150

142 916 1 box hyson 10

145 K‘Bedde 925 5 ch pek 395

147 31 2 do dust 24

149 WL 937 8 ch pek 640

150 L 910 ihfch peksou 60

152 TT 916 1 ch pek 100

156 Macaldeniya 9583 5hf h unast 300

158 Ugieside 964 6 ch bro mixed 570

162 Pindenioya ¢76 5 do pekseu 400

163 979 5 do 50u 425

165 935 1 do dust 193

Cc.

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5

{Messrs. HB. John & Co.]

Lot. Box
1 AT 258
2 261
3 264
4 267
5 270
8 Allington 279
9 282

10 285

13 Gingrancya 294

19 Hinela 312

2L Cyprus 318

22 321

23 324

27 Navangama 336

30 O 345

31 348

47 Rondura 866

63 Ben Nevis 444

64 447

66 Bambragalla 453

67 456

68 459

69 462

70 465

Tl RT 468

72 471

73 474

74 477

75 480

83 Ottery 504

&4 507

93 Natuwakelle 534

98 IXL 549

104 Mccha 567

1065 Galpotta 570

108 679

109 582

110 585

1li E88

112 Ferndale 591

113 594

116 Wannarajah 603

118 K 609

119 Taunton 612

120 615

125 Gingrancya 630

129 Rondura 642

133 654

134 657

145 Cabin Hilla 690

Pkgs,

ORE ATOR HR oD
Q
°

13 hf ch

WNT BSH OHEOaam brow tw
Qu
°

a
a
fo}

Name.
dust

bro pek fans 110
pek fans No.2 100
pek fans No.1 100

cong: u 180
pek sou 630
bro pek fans 110
dust 120
bro pek 540
bro pek 440
bro pek 200
pek 300
pek sou 350
pek sou 540
bro pek 35
pek 61
pek fans 460
pek sou 258
dust 328
bro or pek 360
bro pek 357
or pek 200
pek 450
pek sou 308
bro pek 180
pek 40
pek sou 8)
pek fans 33
dust 20
per sou 320
dust 160
dust 300
bro pek fans ilg
fans a)
natural leaf
No.1 645
sun-dried No.2 110
do No.3 55
do No.4 120
natural leaf
fans 140
bro or pek 600
or pek 510
sou 104
unas 600
sou 80
fans 65
pek dust 100
bro or pek 575
pek fans 230
cust 495
peE sou 30

Lot. Pkgs, Box “Name. «lb. ¢
149 Gangawatta 702 4 ch pek sou 400 36
£0 705 7hfch fans 490 33
152 Ohiya WL eo fans 5€0 25
153 Wedaemulle 7/4 4 ch or pek 884 39
154 717 6 do pek 558 33
1¢3. Bowella 744. 6 do pek sou 480 31
168 Perth 759 3 do rek dust 405 24
169 CD 762 7 do pek sou 60 withd’n
170 CG 765 6 do . bropek €00 36
176 HBK 7s3 5hfch dust 410 22
177 Taunton 786 4 boxes flow or pek 0 withd’n
178 789 6 ch bro pek 690 39
181 798 2 do rek No. 2 170 85
182 &1 2 do pek sou 180 34

185 Moratcta &10 5 do pek No, 2 400 29

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Mincine LANE, Oct. 18th.

‘Penus.”—Mabodda F, 1 barrel sold at 116s;
ditto 1, 1 cask and 1 barrel sold at 110s 6d;_
ditto 2, 10 casks sold at 953; 1 cask and 1 tierce
sold at 958; ditto S, 6 casks sold at 65s; ditto PB,
1 cask and 1 barrel sold at 1108; NBT in estate
mark, 1 cask sold at 43s; Gowerakelle 2, 6 carks
andl barrel sold at 105s; ditto 8, 1 cask sold at 60s.

“ Alcinous,’—Gonakelle F, 1 tierce sold at 101s;
ditto PB, 1 barrel sold at 110s;GK T in estate
mark, 1 barrel sold at 38s,

‘© Derbyshire,’”,—GK P in estate mark, 1 barrel
sold at 30s, ‘

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

“ Ajaw.’—Warrlapolla, 1 bag sold at 55s,

“Awa Maru.’”—Warriapolla 2 bags sold at 51s;
1 bag sold at 40s.

“ Machaon.’’—Snuduganga, 3 bags sold at 49s 6d,

“ Prometheus.”— Warriapolla, 3 bags sold at 548
6d; 6 bags sold at 57s 6d; 7 bags sold at 41s; 1
bag sold at 30s.

“ Cuzco.”’—Warriapolla, 5 bags sold at 538 6d;
8 bags sold at 523 6d; 1 bag sold at 49s; 2 bags
sold at 50s 6d; 3 bags sold at 40s 6d.

errr
OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

No. 44,

CotomsBo, Noveussr 18, 1901. {

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE

LOTS.

Messrs. B. Benham & Co.

[6,405 Ib. |

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb siae:
1 Battaigalla 88 18 ch or pek 1710 = 46
2 86 24 do pek 2040 37
3 Coodoogalla 89 3Lhfch bro pek 1550 89 bid
Messrs. Forbes & W aiker.
[384,560 1o.]
Lot.” Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibi je:
16 3283 9 ech dust 765 23
7 BR M, inestare
mars 3301 19bfch bro or pek 1026 4. bid
9 3307 41 ch bro pek 4100 37
10 3810 16hfch pek Nol 800 36
41 3313 13 ch pek No2 1105 8
12 3316 9 do pek sou 747 32
16 Palmgarden 3328 8 ch bro pek 830 37
17 3331 9 do pek 900 31 bid
20 OBE Cin
estate mark,
Sindumaliy 3340 43 ch bro pek 4386 43
21 3343 13 do or pek 1131 40
22, 3346 34 do pek 2890 a7
23 3349 16 do pek sou 1136 33
24 3352 16 do dust 1296 25
27 Umaoya 3361 20 ch bro pek 1700 50
29 3367 14 do pek son 1260 41
30 Ireby 337C 3Lhfch bro pek 1860 42 bid
31 3373 14 ch ek 1260 42
32 Matale 3376 24hfch bro pek 1440 45
33 3379 12 ch pek 1080 © 37
34 3382 8 do pek sou 720 33 bid
38 Chesterford 3:94 22 ch bro pek 2200 44 bid
39 3397 21 do pek 1890 37
40 3400 9 do pek sou 810 34
42 Attempettia 3406 23 ch bro pek 2300 40 bid
43 3409 24 do pek 2280 37
44 3412 10 do pek sou 940 33
46 Ing Oya 38418 13 ch young hyson 1300 37
49 Dunedin 3427 20 do or pek 1700 36
50 3430 16 do pek sou 1289 31
52° Trey 3436 13 ch bro pek 1365 39 bid
53 3439 11 do pek 880 34 bid
67 Yataderia 8451 46hfch broorpek 2852 42
58 8454 28 ch ro pek 2800 35 bid
59 3457 16 do or pek 1606 38
66 3460 32 do ek 2880 34
61 3463 13 do pek sou 1144 31
62 MT P, inest.
mark 3466 17 ch fans 1700 34
63 3469 7 do dust 735 24
65 Clyde 3475 24 ch bro pek 2400 87
66 3178 16 do bre or pek 1600 51 bid
67 348L 13 do pek Net 1170 35
68 3484. 9 do pek No 2 828 32 bid
72 Ingrogalla 3496 8 ch bro pek 800 45
73 3499 8 do pek 720 39
74 Stamford
Hill 3502 39hfch bro pek 2310 50 bid
75 3505 29 do or pek 1392 56
76 3508 25 ch pek 2250 40
79 Naseby 3517 30hfch broorpek 1840 49 bid
80 3520 25 do or pek W117 59 bid
81 3523 15 do pek sou 750 47
82 3526 28 do br or pek 1677 60
83 Templehurst 3529 14 ch bro pex 1400 43
86 Parsloes 3538 30 ch bro pek 3000
87 3541° 20 do pek 1800 | withdn.
88 3544 11 do pek sou S80
90 M’Golla 3550 10hfch dust 750 22
91 Baddegama 3553 13. ch bro or pek 13C0 41 bid
92 3556 11 do or pek 1045 38
95 Wocdend 3565 29 ch bro pek 2900 * 40
96 3568 34 do pek 3C60 35
99 Walton 3577. 22 «ch bro pek 2310 42
100 8580 15 «do or pek 1275 37
101 8583 14 do pek 1190 35
104 Gampaha 3594 33 ch bro or pek 8630 42 bid
105 38595 23 do or pek 2185 47
106 3598 88 do pek 3344 40
1u7 z LS do pek sou 1550 38
103 Dammeria 4 11 ch bro orpek 1100 39 bid

PRIcE :—123 cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

Lot. Box, Pkgs.
109 7 15 do
110 10 12 do
111 13 3L do
112 16:15 5do
115 High Forest 25 68hfch
116 28 37 do
117 31 26 do
118 Mahauva 34 39 hf-ch
119 387 42 do
120 40 57 ch
11 43 17 do
122 46 il bfch
123 Kirklees 49 25 do
124 52.17 ch
125 65 19 do
126 58 8 do
127 Hayes 61 12 ch
128 64 14 do
129 67 16 do
30 70 50 do
131 73:17 do
132 Pallagoda 7611 ch
133 79 21 do
134 82 13 do
135 85 16 do
136 88 16 do
137 91 14 do
138 Galkadua 94 11 ch
139 97 10 do
143 Killarney 169 50 hf ch
144 11275) Och
145 115 14 do
146 118 8, do
147 Dunkeld 121 51 hf ch
148 124 17 ch
149 127 19 do
150 Henwella 139 46hf ch
151 133 24 do
154 Delta; 142 19 ch
155 145 14 do
156 148 13 do
157 15. 38 hbfch
158 WVRA 164 14 ch
160 CRD 160 10 ch
162 Devonford 166 21 hf ch
163 169 13 do
164 bi2;5.15).;00
165 175,..18) do
167 Palmarston 181 12hfch
168 184 12 de
169 187,'\ (9'.ekr
170 St. Heliers 190 23hfch
171 193° 13 ch
172 196 19 do
173, Queensland 199 13 hfch
174 202: s 7!) ch
17d! 205 8 do
179 Preston 217 21 ch
180 220 18 do
184 232 7 do
188 Castlereagh 244 21hfch
189 247 11 ch
190 250 9 do
191 253 9 do
194 Laurawatte 262 18 ch
195 265 20 do
196 268 21 do
197 271 15 do
199 Weyunga-
watte Qi 25! ch
200 £80 34 do
201 283 25 do
204 Marlborough 292 41 hfch
205 295 15 ch
206 298 9 do
208 Kirimettia 304 17 hf ch
209 807 11 do
212. Taldua 816 19 ch
213 319 15 do
214 822 11 do
218 Moneragalla 334 24 ch
219 $37, 15 do
223 Tembiligalla 349 28 ch
224 3852 15 do
228 Dambagasta-
lawa 364 14 ch
229 367 16 do
230 70 15 do
233 Bulugolla 379 33 ch
234 882 37 do
235 885 35 do
236 388 22 do

Name. lb.
bro pek 1500
or pek 1080
pek 3100
pek sou 135v
or pek
Nol 3808
or pek 1924
pek 1196
bro or pek 2730
or pek 2520
pek 5136
pek sou 1530
dust 935
bro or pek 1500
or pek 1530
pek 1710
pek sou 720
bro or pek 1200
bro pek 1470
or pek 1360
pek 4250
pek sou 1530
bro or pek 1100
bro pek 2100
or pek 1170
pek 1360
pek sou 1440
dust 1260
bro pek 1210
pek 10U0

bro or pek 3000
or pek 720

pek 1260
pek sou 720
bro or pek 2958
or pek 1615
pek 1710

young byson 2700
hysun No 1 1440

bro pek 1900
pek 1204
pek sou 1053
bro or pek 2090
bro or pek 770
dust 1000
bro pek 1260
or pek 1300
pek 1485
pek sou 1222
bro or pek 720
bro pek 744
pek 765
bro or pek 128
pe 1235
pek 1787
bro or pek 715
or pek 700
pek 720
bro or pek 2205

broor pek 189¢
bro pek fans 784
bro or pek 1050

bro pek 1100
or pek 720
peky 720
bro pek 2016
or pek 1920
pek 1911
pek sou 1500
bro pek 2625
pek 3060
pek sou 2125
bro or pek 2050
bro pek 1500
pek 810
fans 1042
dust 818
bro or pek 1976
pek 1350
pek sou 1056
bro pek 1800 °
pek 1050
bro or pek 2660
pek 1350
bro orpek 1470
bro pek 1600
pek 1380
bro or pek 3300
or pek 3700
pek 3150
pek sou 1980

% : CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Pkgs. Box. Name. Ib. ec, Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
237 Penylan 891 22 ch bro pek 2200 43 42 1111 13 hfch bro pek 845
238 394 31 do pek 2790 36 43 1114 20 ch pek 1800
240 Carfax 400 19 ch bro or pek 1900 50 - 44 1117 9 do pek sou 765
241 403 19 do or pek 1710 = 44 bid | 45 Scarborough 1120 13bfch brocrpek 754
242 x 406 19 do pek 1710 41 46 ‘ 1123 9 do or pek £64
243 Munukettia, 47 1126 13 do pek 1170
Ceylon in est 50 Theberton 1135 26 ch bro pek 2600
mark 409 16hfch or pek 768 41 51 1138 32 dco pek 2720
244 412 20 ch bro pek 2100 46 bid 54 L 11447 20hbfch dust 1700
245 415 21 do pek 16802 55 1150-12 ch bro mix 1080
246 2 ,_ 418 7 do pek sou 700-36 £6 Lyndhurst 1153 20bfch broorpek 1100
247 Nakiadenia 421 9 ch bro pek 972 42 58 1169 28 do pek 1710
248 ips 424 12 do pek Nol 1020 36 59 1162 27 ad pek sou 1215
249 N’pitiya 427 12 ch sou 102021 61 Mary Hill 1168 21bfch bro pek 1155
250 430 19hfch bro pek dust 1520 21 62 1171 29 do pek 1450
251 Lindupatna 433 12 ch bro or pek 1272 50 bid 65 Blinkbonnie 1180 13hfch fans 910
252 436 12 do bro pek 1200 43 66 1183 10 do dust 900
253 439 12 do pek 110439 70 Kuruvlugalla 1195 9 ch broorpek 900
256 Findlater 448 26hfch bro pek 2016 42 "1 1198 10 do bro pek 950
257 451 20 ch ek 1900 Bi) 72 1201 13 do pek 1170
260 Cullen 460 42 ch broorpek 4200 42 bid 77 Bodava 1216 39hfch or pek 2145
261 463 26 do pek 2522 38 bid 81 DC 1228 9 ch bro pek 810
262 466 13hfch dust 1079 25 82 1231 16 do pek 1360
264 PassaraGroup472 20 ch or pek 1800 38 87 Rayigam 1246 20hfch broorpek 1200
265 475 37 do broorpek 3700 40 88 1249 14 ch or pek 1330
266 478 23 do pe 2070387 89 1252 22 do bro pek 209)
267 481 20 do pek sou 1800 23 rn) 1255 32 do pek 2560
268 Harrow 484 22htch broorpek 1320 47 bid 91 1258 20 do pek sou 19800
269 487 18 do bro pek 1030 48 92 Oononagalla 1261 31hfch kropek 1580
270 490 11 ch _ pek 110042 93 1264 9 ch or pek 720
276 MTP inest 95 1270 9 ch pek sou 310
mark 508 9 ch pek fans 945° 31 96 Hangranoya 1273 8 ch broorpek 720
277 511 § do sou 720 298 7 1276 36 do bro pek 8€00
279 Cinestmark517 28 ch bro pek 2800 29 98 1279 14 do pek 1260
280 Binestmark520 10 ch pek sou 970 = 29 100 Mt. Teraple 1285 25 ch bropek 2:00
291 Macaldenia 653 13hfch or pek 715 38 101 1288 28 do pek 2360
292 656 26 do pek 1430 87 102 Ambalawa 1291 9 ch _ or pek 765
296 KrJsmere 568 20hfch brocrpek 1040 60 bid 103 1294 90 hfieh bro pek 1100
297 571 11 ch or pek 8044 104 1297 11 ch pe¢ €80
298 574 25 bt-ch bro pek 1400 43 105 Monrovia 1500 24 ch bro pes 24(0
299 577 26 ch pek 2080 39 107 1205 38 do pek 3610
303 Lesmoir 589 15 ch bro pek 1500 40 108 1303 9 do pek sou 200
304 592 16 do pek 1400 35 169 1312 5 do pek dust EO
305 595 16 do pek sou 1280 31 110 Annandale 1315 15hfch broorpek 915
307 601 12 do or pek 1080 39 M11 1318 21 do or pek 1(92
308 604 22 do bro pek 22.0 41 113 1324 18 do pek 1026
308 607 23 do pek 2070 35 114 1327 30 do pek sou 1500
310 610 10 do pek sou 800 31 bid 118 Avisawella 1339 16hfch broorpek 80
312 K Tin est 119 1342 17 ch bro pek 1700
mark 616 25 ch pek 2250 29 bid 120 1345 11 do or,pek 990
313 G 619 18 ch fans 1800 25 121 1348 10 do pek 910
314 Kelburne 622 1lLhfch dust 935 24 122 13507 ich pek sou 1260
315 Pingarawa 625 9 ch sou 720 389 125 Ferriby 1360 21 hfch broorpek 1155
316 628 10hfch dust 900 26 126 1363 21 ch bro pek 1995
317 Lochiel 631 14hfch broorpek 812 50 bid 127 1366 18 do pek 1620
318 634 18 ch or pek 1890 40 bid 125 1369 12 do pek sou 260
319 637 14 do pek 1190 38 131 BKO 1378 20 ch pek sou 1700
326 Dunbar 658 17hf-ch bro or pek 850 54 bid 132 1381 9 do pek fans 879
329 667 11 ch pek 924 41 134 Lonach 1487 5ihfch broorpek 2995
332 Bogahagoda- 135 1390 26 ch or pek 2392
watte 676 11 ch bro pek 1145 36 136 1393 47 do pek 37 60
333 679 12 do pek 1080 33 137 1396 25 do pek sou 2000
334 682. 9 do pek sou 855 80 138 Richlands 1399 30hfch bropek — 1500
139 1402 20 ch pek 1600
TOMAR) eet 8D
4 141 4 Oo orpe p
Messrs. Somerville & Oo. mn WA ON scene
[225,799 1b.] 143 1414 24 de BSE : 2
i DELON GC: ro pe
Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. 1b. e¢. ae Murrey chalet a) dork Eee 760
1 RKP 988 22 ch bro or pek 2090 37 150 St. Catherine 1435 17 b£ch_ bro or pek 853
2 991 15 do orpek 1425 34 151 ; 1438 28 do pek 108s
5 Ingeriya 1000 21 ch bropek 2205 37 152 Orion i441 22 ch bropek (2200
6 1003 10 do pek 910 32 153 ldi4 23 do pek 2185
7 1006 9 do peksou 900 154 4 1447 20 do peksou 1800
9 Hatherleigh 1012 15 ch bro orpek 1500 39 156 Beausejour 1453 23 ch bro or pek ze
10 1015 20 do pek 1900 33 157 1456 26 do pek 2080
11 1018 13 do pek sou 117031 161 New Valley 1468 £0 ch broor pek 2(00
12 1021 9 do pek fans 900 30 162 1471 13 do or pek 1°00
14 Oononagalla 1027 9 ch orpek 7204. 163 1474 15 do pek en
15 1030 9 Go pek sou 810 §withd'n | 164 : 1477 18 do peksou 162
16 Halloowella 1033 6 ch bro pek 708 34 167 Columbia 1486 13hfch bro wee pek ye
19 Mousa Eliya 1042 22 ch bropek 2200 «41 168 1489 21 do erin 1050
20 1045 10 do pek 1000 35 169 1492 20 do pe e
3 Kelani 1054 28 ch bro pek 2800 40 171 NS 146g 13 ch pek 1047
2 1057 16 do broorpek 1600 41 172 1501 40 ch peksou 3400
26 1060 19 do pek 710 35 173 1504 11 do A
26 10683 7 do fans 700 30 lhfch peksouA 972
3. Warakamure 1078 32 ch or pek 8040 35 bid 174 : 1E07 35 ch sou ~ a8
82 1081 63hfch bro pek 2915 38 bid 175 Jak Tree Hill 1510 16 ch bro pe 108
83 1084 49 ch pek 4214 35 176 1513 11 do per wae
$4 1087 20 do ek sou 1700 3L 177 1516 11 do pe som LOG
5 Orion 1090 20 ch ro pek 2000 =©.40 bid 181 Ravana 1528 19hfch_ bro pe on5
86 1093 24 do bro pek 2400 41 182 1531 16 do pek ee
37 1096 22 do ek 2090 837 183 1534 26 do pek seu am a
40 Mora Ella 1106 28hfch broorpek 1640 47 191 Sadumulla 1558 15 do bro pe i a
41 11:8 16 do or pek 720 43, 193 1564 8 do pek

SYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name; Ib. ec. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. basones
194 UGE Oa pek sou 810 29 130 Watteau 200 22 ch pek sou 1980 24 bid
200 California 1585 8 ch 131 E H, in estate 4
1lhfch pek 850 30 mark 203 45 do pek 4050 81 bid
203 St. Andrews K1594 2.hfch bro pek 1260 36 1322 DK 206 8 do
209 Glenalmond 1612 8 ch pek 720 withd’n 1Thfch bropekfans1019 24
213 Lonach 1624 62hfch br orpek 359 37 bid | 133 209 23 do pekfans 1754 (23
134 Gonavy 2195 8iech pek sou 800 34
aie Lo en 135 A 224.11 do dans No: 2 979 16 bid
7 146 GB 248 9 do pek fans 1005 24
Messrs. EH. John & Co. 147 251 10hfch pekfans B74
[180,682 lb,]} 14a GT 254 24 ge pek sou 2160 30 bid
150 TEWN 260 12 do or pek 1200 32
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. « 151 263 9 do pek 810 30.
Te erlston! 813 15 ch pek 1275 87 154 ae mark 272 32 do pek 2880 31 bid
2 816 26 do peksou 2340 36 a aedes niama ean a : Bae aeh May
3 819 1Lhfch dust 990 25 ae Se Na anh OT be 2 H
4 L’Espoir 822 7 ch bro pek 700 37 : y 2 i
7 Tong 831 10 do pek sou 1000 = $3 Braemar 278 9 do broorpek 900 48
. 2 42 = 5 157 281 8 do bro pek 800 40
11 Higham 843 42 do bro pek 4200 44 = Ss Pile one
TOM 846 22 do pek 1980 38 158 284 13, do. pek Les ory oan
3 10 ea - z 162 Elemane 296 33 do bro pek 3300 47 bid
13 849 10 do pek sou 850 34 4 ; as
16 Ohiya 858 13 do orpek 1339 40 163 poem cor Cemnabes ee Sle
7 y sanneaibozes 164 302 14 do pek sou 1260 38
1 ch bro or os
(venesta) 700 44 bid Si ¥
18 864 18 go per i 1620 39 SMALL LOTS.
19 Longville 867 21 do ro pe 2100 39
20 e 870 13 do pek 1300 33 Messrs. &. “Benham & Ca.
Pal 873 9 do pek sou 810 36 ne
2 ZZZ 876 8bfch pek fans 720 24 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibs) -e.
23 Mahapahagalla 879 21 ch bro or pek 2310 40 bid a4 >
ah pahag: 82 18 do apr 1800 39 ‘ Coodoogalia Be iB hy ck pek 85 34
25 885 36 do bropek 3780 38bid | 6 98 6 do, dust 426. 26
26 &88 23 do pek 2185 38 x
7 €91 15 do pek sou 1350 33 TiS RAEIN OMI Ngaio Sen
29 Mutu Eliya 897 14 do broorpek 1400 45 bid Messrs. Forbes & Waiker.
30 900 17 do pek sou 1530 = 84 bid
31 Gingranoya 903 16 do pek 1280-36 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe,
32 906 20 do pek sou 1600 33 2AUD 3286 1 ch bro pek 95 35
33 Morton 909 44 do bro or pek 4620 37 bia 3 8289 1 do pek sou 97 28
84 912 37 do bro pek 2930 34 bid 4 Gabhela 3292 7Thfch bro pek 885 3
35 915 19 do pek 1520 33 5 3295 11 do pek 545 31 bid
88 Craigingilt 924 9 do bro or pek 990 44 6 3293 8 do pek sou 430 29
39 927 8 do or pek 760 38 8 RM, in estate
40 930 9 do pek 810 38 mark 3304 12hfch or pek 624 41
41 933 1 do pek sou 1040 34 13 3319 3 do sou 168 30
44 MountClare 942 do broor pek 700 38 14 3322 6 do fans 360 30
56 Kolapatna 978 21 hfch broorpek 1134 53 15 3325 3 do dust 240 24
57 981 22 do orpek 1034 941 18 Palmgarcen 3334 6 ch pek sou 600 ¢&
58 984 16 cn pek 1200 36 19 8237, 1 do dust 165 20
59 987 10 do pek sou 750 34 25 Sylvakandy 3355 3 do dust 800 26
60 Hila 990 13 do bro pek 1365 46 26 Umaoya 3358 3.ch bro or pek 330 47
62 996 15 do pek No.1 1350 35 98 3364 7 do or pek 655 58
64 2 13 do peksou 1010 =. 32 35 Matale 3385 Lhfich fans 70.» 31
65 5 16 do pek sou 1040 31 36 3388 2 do dust 150 24
66 Glentilt 8 8lhfch broor pek 1705 48 bid 37 3391 1 do sou 60 29
67 25) chi bro pek 2500 43 _41 Chesterford 3403 2 ch pek sou 190 32
68 14. 20 do pek 1800 40 45 Attempettia 3415 3hfch dust 270 24
69 Koslande 17 18hbfch bro pek 990 39 bid 47 Ing Oya 3421 5 ch hbyson 500 29
70 2) 18 ch pek 1105 84 48 3424 6 do do No 2 558 24
74 Loughton 32 28hich bropek 1400 2 51 Dunedin 3433 3 ch dust 40524
15 35 36 do pek 1800 37 54 Troy 3442 7 do pek sou! 516 33
76 88 28 do pek sou 1400 34 55 Ing Oya 8445 1 do twankey 100 12
78° Brownlow 44 13 do broorpek 741 49 56 3448 1 do fans 129 8
"9 47 16 ch or pek 1600 42 64 MT Pin estate
80 50 17 do pek 1445 38 mark 3472 2 ch bro tea 200 18
81 SL 53 ii dO dust 700 23 69 Clyde 3487 6 do pek sou 462 32
83 Midlothian 59 21hfch pek 1134 40 70 3190 4 do dust 603 24
84 62 18 ch pekjsou 90 35 71 3493 2 do pek fans 260 28
@5 Coslanda 65 18hfch_ bro pek 990 = 40 77 Stamford
86 68 13 ch pek 1105 34 Hill Solty. chi pek sou 630 87
93 Welbedde 89 8 do sou 720 23 78 3514 6 do dust 540 26
94 Templestowe 92 32 do bre cr pek 2560 47 bid 81 Templehurst 3532 7 ao pek 630 40
95 95 2Lbfch or pek 987 46 85 3535 6 do pek sou 489 38
96 93 26 ch pek 2262 40 89 Parsloes 3547 2hfch dust 180 23
97 101 16 do pek sou 1360 33 93 Baddegama 3559 5 ch pek 425 85
100 Maryland 110 7 do bro pek 700 35 94 3562 5 do pek sou 400 33
101 113. 7 do pek - 700 82 97 Woodend 3571 8S ch pek sou 640 32
104 OFE 122 9 do pek 900 30 bid 98 3574 2 do dust 280 23
107 Coundon 131 28hbfch bro pek 1540 88 bid 102. Walton 3686 3 du bro tea, 240 32
108 134 14 ch pek 1350 30 bid 103 3589 1 dé dust 150 yy
109 137. 8 do pek sou 760 30 113 Dammeria 19 2hfch bro pek fans 160 32
113 Mount Vernon 149 73 do pek 6497 114 221 do dust 100 24
114 152 35 do pek sou v7 withd’n | 140 Galkadua 100 6 ch pek sou 600 30
116 158 18hfch dust 1440 141 103 1 do fans 120 26
117 Meeriabedde 161 24 ch sou 1920 19 142 106 1 do dust 185 13 bid
118 Kadienlena 164 31 hfch bro pek fans 2325 29 152 Henwella 186 5hfch hyson No2 325 22
119 Glasgow 167 49 ch bro or pek 3920 46 153 139 6 do _ hyson siftings 450 i
120 170 21 do or pek 1932 40 159 CRD 164, 20.ch pek 180 30
121 173 18 do pek 1710 39 161 163 8 do sou 240 24
122 Cabin Ella 176 12hfch Bio pek fans 792 BB NG 166 BDWP 178 4 do bro pek fans 440 35
123 179 10 do pek fans 750 25 176 Queensland 208 65 ch pek sou 425 38
125 Hoolbrook 185 39 do bro or pek 2184 58 bid | 177 211 2hfch a3 pek dust 1) 26
126 ; 188 28 do bro pek 1540 44 bid 178 214 1 do sou 24
127 191 24 do or pek 1200 46 bid 181 Preston 223 o ch bro pek 600 47
128 194 13 do nek 1105 41 bid 182 226 27 box or pek 540 48
129 H 197 10 do fans 910 20bid & 193 229 5 ch _ fans 420 41

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,
Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. bey me Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e.
185 Richmond 235 10 hf ch bro pek 600 59 73 Kurulugaila 1204 4 ch pek sou 360 29
186 238 10 do pek 500 44 bid | 74 1207 1 do bro tea 90 14
187 241 2 do pek sou 90-88 15 1210 1 do pek dust 124) “98
192 Ingurugalla 256 3 ch pek sou 270 = 330 76 Allakolla 1213 2 ch sou 180 27
193 259 4hfch bro tea 340 22 78 Bodawa 1219 7 ch perk 620 34
198 Laurawatte 274 2hfch fans 160 22 79 1222 7 do peksou 695 = 31
202 Weyunga- 80 1225 2 do br pk fans 260 25
watte 286 2 ch sou 180 30 83 Romania 1234 4 ch bro pek 403 34 bid
203 289 8hfch dust 255 22 $4 1237 5 do pel 503 29
207 Kirimettia 80L 7, ch congou 630 28 85 12490 2 do pek sou 166 27
210 AG 310 4 do bro tea 400 24 86 1242 1 do fans 105 23
211 313 1 do dust 150 22 29 Hangranoya 1282 7 ch pek sou 560 3L
215 TD 325 2 do broorpek 220 . 38 106 Monrovia 1303 4 ch or pek 400 BL
216 828 2 do pek \ ORS 2 112 Anandale 1321 6hbfch or pek A 354 42
QT ‘ 331 2 do pek sou 190 30 115 1330 4 do fans 284 81
220 Moneragalla 340 4° ch pek sou 244 33 116 1333 4 do dust 362 25
221 343 4 do fans 344 33 117 Finest mark1326 4hfch dust 300 26
222 346 1 do dust 107 24 128 Ayisawella 1354 7bfch dust 490 24
225 Tembiligalla 355 1 ch pek sou 90 30 124 AA 1457 3 ch sou 240 24
226 358 1 do bropekfans 125 31 129 Ferriby 1372 2 ch fans 240 30
227 364 1 do dust 150 23 130B KO 13756 8 ch pek €37 29
231 Dambagas- 133 1384 3 do dust 236 22 bid
talawa 373 6 ch pek sou 552 36 144 GH 1417 4 ch pek sou 260 81
232 876 3 do bro pek fans 405 27 145 1420 2 do fans 450 27
239 Penylan 897 8 ch pek sou 680 32 148 Murraythwaitel429 2 ch pek sou 180 31
254 Lindupatna 442 4 ch pek sou 876 = 36 149 1432 1 do bropekians 140 26
255 445 2 do bro pek fans 270 27 155 Orion 1450 5hfch dust 425 24
258 Findlater 454 4 ch pek sou 368. 3 158 Beausejeur 1459 6 ch peksou 420 80
259 457 Qhfch dust 180 25 159 1462 4 do bro pek fans 3:7 30
263 Ardlaw and 4160 1465 2hf-ch dust 150 23
Wishford 469 4 ch br or pek fans 504 83 165 New Valley 1480 1lhfch dust 90 23
271 Harrow 493 4 ch pek sou 400 38 166 Din estmarkl483 lhfch dust €6 20
272 496 2hfch dust 140 24 170 F, in estate
273 BB in est mark 1495 3hfch dust 210 27
mark 499 2 ch pek 180 30 178 Jak Tree
274 502 3 do bro pek 300 33 Hill 1519 1 ch dust 100 24
275 505 5 do pek sou 400 37 179 1522 1 do soo 6! 26
278 MTP inest y 180 1525 1 do fans Gi <6
mark 514 5 ch pek dust 600 28 ‘ 184 P D, in estate
981 Rin est mark 523 3 ch pek sou 273 21 bid mark 1587 lhfch dust 35 20
282 526 1 do Cust 90 out 1’5 Donside 1540 4 ch sou 340 28
223 Ambalapitiyai29 7hfch or pek 336 = 35 186 1543 shfch dust Zp: 22
284 532 6 do bro pek 250 30 187 1546 2 do fans 140 27
985 535 10 do pek 480 27 188 Ambalawa 1549 8 ch per sou 608 29
226 5388 4 do peksou 180 25 189 San Cio 1552 3 do sou 270 27
287 541 1 do bro pek sou 64 20 190 1555 2 do dust 287 22
288 544 1 do sou 42 18 192 Sadumulla 1561 2hfch ocr pek 110 37
289 Macaldenia 547 !1hfch broor pek 660 47 195 LN 1570 2hich dust 170 10
290 55012 do bropek 660 44 196 Havilland 1573 2hfch dust ABDI nds
293 559 7 do pek sou 885 = 332. 197 1576 4 do fans 280) 14:
294 562 1 do dust 85 23 198 1579 1 ch bro mix 88 16
295 566 2 do fans 130-28 199 California 1582 6 ch
309 Erlsmere 680 6 ch pek sou 480 36 lhfch bropek €54 35
Set 583 3hfch dust 940 25 201 1588 5 ch pek sou 500 = 24
30% Lesmoir 586 7 ch or pek 630 © 39 202 1591 1Lhfch peck dust chs ee}
306 598 5 do dust 400 24 204 St Andrews 1597 13hfch pek 650 «32
311 Alton 613 1 box bro pek (22 51 205 1600 3 do pek lou 150 3
320 Wand W- 640 2 ch bro pek 180 out. 206 1603 2 do dust 160 24
821 643 2 do pek sou 160 26bid | 967 Glenalmond 1606 11 bfch br pek 660
322 646 1 do jpeksou 80 25 bid | 208 1609 12 do ocrpeb 600
323 649 2 do pek 160 «28 210 1615 1 ch peksou 90 ¢ with dn
B24 652 3 do peksou 262 «22 bid | 911 1618 1 do fans 100
325 655 1 do pek 87 29 bid | 212 1621 3hfch dust 240
»27 Dunbar 661 5hfch orpekNol 270 i SES
38 664 6 do orpekNo2 228 44
330 67010 do bropekfans 590 42 [Messrs. E. John & Co.]
831 Bogahagoda-
watte 673 6 ch bro or pek 660 38 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. tb. e.
(Messrs. Somerville & Co.} 5 LEspoir 825 7 ch pek 59532
6 828 7 do pek sou €30 3@
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. btm ie. 8 Sanquhar ee 3 ao sou 22 24
3 RKP 994 4 ch fans 440 26 eye SEI ol GO auaehs pn
4 St. Catherine 997 3hfch bropekfans 198 31 10 Higham 840 Shfch bro or pek SRA
8 Ingeriya 1009 3hf-ch pek dust 243-4 14 8522 ch sou a tae
13 Hatherleigh 1024 1 ch dust 150 23 15 Bbdje Abe ch bre Detar eee
17 Halloowella 1036 5 ch pek 410 32bid | 23 Mabapahagalla99i 6 do dust as 23
13 1039 3 do dust 426 22 36 Morton 918 4 ch pek sow Se pale
21 MG 10/8 1 ch unast 90 Q21bid | 387 921 4hfch pekfans 340 20
22 1051 1 do red leaf 90 10 42 Gingranoya 936 4 ch bro or pek ¥
27 Kahatagalla 1066 3 ch bro pek 200 38 Noy waoites
28 1069 2 do broorpek 200 38 43 O30 coo ueue rt
29 1072 4 do pekj 360 34 45 Mount Clare 945 6 do ox pek bad 34
30 1075 1 do fans 100 28 46 918 8 do pek rt 24
28 Orion 1099 5 ch fans 60081 47 95112 do pek sou ae ay
49 1102 4 do bro mixed 480 23 48 SE ae ide wees eae ene Sa) SE
48 Scarhorough 1129 6 ch pek sou 510 38 49 957 2 do fans No. = Zou Be
49 1122 4hfch fans 320 29 50 DlO 2! COR CRS USN Cle She ia
52 Theberton 1141 2 ch sou 170 30 51 963 1 do dust No. 2 Gh. ay
5B 1144 8 do fans 300. 25 52 Melvilla 966) )7 hi ch) bro pek BAD cid
67 Lyndhurst 1166 Dhfch orpek 450 39 53 969 10 do pek 500 31
60 1165 1 do dust 90 24 54 972 2 do pek sou 100) 29
62 Mary Will 1174 13hfch pek sou 585 BIL 55 975 1 do orpek UUs 0
64) 1177 6 do dust 420 24 6) Hila 993 6 ch or pek 510 39
67 HR 1186 2hfch bro pek 90 26 63 9097 .do' pek No.2 | 560 38
65 1189 4 do pek 170 = B2 71 Koslande 23 3 do pek sou 270 Be
65 1192 1 do dusv 80 20 26 2 do ians 220 3

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5

73 99 2 hfch dust 160 25
77 Loughton 41 8 do bro pek fans 400 35
62 SL 66 3 ch bro tea 270 1B}
87 Coslanda Zi Be ay pek sou 270 32
88 74 2 do fans 220 33
89- 77 2bfch dust 160 25
90 Welbedde £0 4 ch bro pek 400 38
91 83 4 do pek No. 1 360 30
92 86.6 do pek 540 29
98 Iona 104 6hfch _ bro or pek
; jans 420 34

¢9 107 4 do dust 340 26
102 OFE 116 6 ch bro pek 600 39
103 119 6 do or pek 600 83
10E 125 6 do pek sou 600 28
1€6 128 1 do bropekfans 6&0 29
110 Coundon 140 5hbfch fans BE 31
11t 143 1 do dust 93 18
112 HH 146 1 ch sou 85 12
115 MountVernon155 6hfch fans 896 withd’n
124 Cabin Ella 182 4 do pek dust 360 22
135 Gonavy 215 5 do pek fans 3800 34
136 218 3 do dust 255 24
137 221 3 ch sou 255 81
139) 0 227 9hfch fans 450 24
140 Wahagapittia 2230 4 ch bro or pek 400 46
141 33 5 do bro pek 500 39
142 236 7 do pek 630 34
143 239 1 do pek sou 85 30
144 242 1 do dust 130 “4d
155 245.1 \ do fans 120 28
149 TEWN 957)-(5) do bro or pek 500 85
152 266 7 do pek sou 630 28
153 269 3 do dust 300 23
159 Kelaneiya and

Braemar 287 3 do fans 300 34
160 290 4 do pek sou 380 33
161 293 4 do dust 320 24
165 Elemane 305 2 do fans 200 3

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,

(From Our Commercial Correspondent. )
Mincine LANE, Oct, 25th,

“ Shropshire.’”—JB Onvah O, 1 barrel sold at
107s ; ditto 1, 1 tierce sold at 100s3 ditto 2, 3 casks

OME

sold at 92s; ditto 3, 1 tierce sold at 44s; ditto 1
Pb, 1 barrel sold at 85s; ditto Triage, 1 cask sold
at 37s.

CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

‘“* Duke of Devonshire.’’—Mousakanda ditto No, 2,
1 case sold at 2s 4d.

“Peleus.’—Seed Midlands O, 2 cases sold at 2s
7d; 2 cases sold at 2s 6d; ditto 1, 8 cases sold at
Is 1ld; ditto 2, 2 cases soldat 1s 5d; dittoBa&S,
1 case sold at 1s 6d; 1 bag sold at 1s 6d.

“Sado Maru.”—OBEC, Nilloomally Special, in
estate mark, 1 case sold at 2s11d; ditto O, 2 cases
sold at 2s 6d; ditto 1, 3 cases sold at 1s 1ld;
ditto 2, 2 cases sold at Is 6d; ditto B & S, 1 case
sold at 1s 5d; ditto Seed, 1 case sold at 2s 4d;
Mysore, 1 case sold at 1s 9d; 1 case sold at Is
8d; 1 case sold at ls 5d; Dromoland, 1 case sold
at 2s 3d; 1 case sold at Is 10d; 1 case sold at Is
Td; gies Seed, 1 case sold at 2s 3d; 1 bag sold at
1s 7d.

“Peleus.’—Dromoland No.
at 2s ld.

** Shropshire.’’—Dromoland No. 1 Seed, 8 cases
sold at 2s Id.

‘““Peleus.”—Vedehette Oxrdamoms Ex, 4 cases sold
at 22 5d; ditto A, 3 cases sold at 1s 9d; ditto B,
2 cases sold at 1s 6d; ditto C, 2 cases sold at 1s 5a.

‘‘ Shropshire.”—Katooloya Cardamoms AA, 2 cases
sold at 2s 6d; 2 cases sold at 2s 5d; ditto A, 2
cases sold at 1s 8d; ditto B, 3 cases sold at 1s 6d;
ditto C, 2 cases sold at 1s 5d; ditto D, 1 case sold
at 2s 4d.

‘Tnaba Maru.”—Mahanva Mysore Cardamoms 1,
12 cases sold at 2s 1d; 18 cases sold at 1s 10d; 6
cases sold at ls Jld; 4 cases sold at 1s 8d,

“ Logician.”—Kandaloya Cardamoms A, 1 case
sold at ls 6d; ditto B, 1 casesold at 1s 5d; ditto
C1 case sold at 1s 5d.

CEYLON

1 Seed, 3 cases sold

Fes 6

CSARLKO

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

{ PricE :—123 cents each, 3 copies

No. 495. CotomBo, Novemzrr 25, 1901. 30 cents; 6 copies } rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Pkgs. Box. Name. lb. «
j Sore aa 93 Strathspey 961 10 ch bro or pek 1030 59 id
LARGE LOTS. 94 964 13 do orpek 1300 42 bid
rs led 95 lial 967 20 do pek . 19c0 42 bid
v 767 18) 2e, bro 180
Messrs. E. Benham & Co. Be mL, Uo are SBI IOC Ree c caeeyos ces
[22,115 lb.| ae Kuda Oya oes 32 gh proper e200 44 Lo
0 44 do ek 396 36 bi
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e. 104 908 1a do) tockisou! © S11DU! 3d
1 Battalgalla 84-22 ch pek sou 1650 38 106 Good Hope 1000 28 ch bro pek 2520 36
3 Hornsey 90 4¥hfch bro pek 2695 44bid 107 1003 16’ do = broorpek 1600 29
4 93 24 ch pek 1920 38 103 1006 20 do pek 1800 34
16 Bunyan and 169 1009 8 ado pek sou 720 30
Ovoca 11 6lLhfch broorpek 3669 46 bid lili Middleton 1015 20hfch broor pek 1000 60
11 14 34 do or pek 1530039 45 112 1018 382 ch bro pek 3200 44
12 L720 cch' pek 2100 38 113 1021 28 do pek 2380 39
13 20 14 do do No2 1470 40 116 Beverley (2 oz.
14 23 18 do pek sou 1626 37 lead lined) 1030 35 hfch _ bro pek 1750 89
15 26 2ihfch pek fans 147033 117 1033 382 do pek 1600 35
16 29 19 do dust 950 24 119 Drayton 1039 56hfch or pek 2800 51
17 H BB. py an bro or pek 200 42bid 120 1042 49 ch pek 4165 40
eR LE 121 an 1045 40 dp pee sou 3400 88
122 Sirikandura 1048 8 c¢ ro pe 800 38
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 123 1051 9 Go pele 855 84
ie 124 1054 10 do pek sou 900 31
(509,041 1b.) 127 Bargany 1063 24hfch bropek 1440 39
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. ec. 128 1066 10 do — orpek 900 42
1 Rickley 685 15hfch pek sou 825 34 132 Hatton 1078 26 ch bro pek 2600 55
2 Yogama 688 9 ch bro or pek . 990 43 133 108l 24 do pek 2160 40
3 691 13 do or pek 1300 37 135 Detanagalla 1087 25 hich pek 1250 40
4 694 16 do pek 1520 34 126 1090 90 do pek sou 1000 38
7 Mansfield 703 61 hfch bro pek 3060 5 138 Fredsruhe 10%6 36 ch bro pek 8600 37
8 706 22 ch pek 2090 4% 139 1199 26 do pek 2340 33
9 709 10 do pek sou 900 39 140 1102 17 do pek sou 1700 3L
10 New Peacock 712 30hfch_ bro nek 1500 44 1441. WA 1105.7 .ch pek 735 27
1l 715 16 do bro mix 800 28 144 Kotagaloya 1114 138 do bro pek 1430 38
12 718 22 do pekfans 1650 27 145 1117 17 do pek - . 1700 34
13 Waldemar RAS aT Kako) bro or pek 1122 58 bid 146 Gonapatiya 1120 22hfch or pek 1100 56
14 724 41 do bro pek 2370 42 bid 147 1123 18 do bro pek 1044 63
165 727 16 ch or pek 1600 44 148 1123 16 ch pek 1440 £2
16 Narangalla 730 11 do bro pek 1100 39 149 1123 1zhbtch _pek fans 804 42
17 733 12 do or pek 1020 36 150 Errollwood 1132 48 do bro or pek 280 47 bid
18s 736 25 do pek 2000 34 151 1135 8 ch or pek 800 42
22 St. Paul’s Inv, 152 1.38 14 do pek 1380 36
No. 35 748 25 ch bro or pek 1550 49 153 Deaculla 114t 45hfch bro pek 2475 40
23 751 23 do or pek 1242 50 154 1144 45 ch pek 3150 34
24 75t 30 do pek 1590 44 155 1147. 25 do pek sou 1750 3L
25 Glengariffe 767 40 bf ch bro or pek 2200 at 156 CNN 1159) 17 “ch pek sou 1275 33
26 760 26 ch pek 1800 35 157 1153 14hfch fans 1050 33
nai 763 24hfech or pek 1104 89 159 Geragama, Ps 2
28 766 19 ch pek sou 1425 33 Inv. No 28 1159 8 ch broorpek 880 39
29 769 1) bfch pek fans 715 30 160 1162, 12).do bro pes 1140-3
380 Bandara Eliya 772 17 ch or pek 153041 161 1165 21 do pek 2169 33
31 775 6lhbfch bro or pek 3660 44 162 1168 10 do pek sou 750 31
32 78 22 ch pek 2068 37 bid 164 Ardlaw and
33 78L 24 do pek No 2 2280 38 Wishford 1174 17hfch broorpek 986 57
27 Weyweltalawa 165 1177 24 ch bro pek 2424 42
0.2 793 18 ch pek 1170 34 166 1180. 9. do or pek 783 44
44 HGM 814 14hbfch fl. wery or 167 1183 15hfch pex Nol 720 39
pek 770 55 168 1186 19 ch pek 1615 38
45 : 817 15 do bro or pek 900 42 169 Maba Eliya 1189 Y3bfch broorpek 1265 52 bid
46 37010 Schl bre pek 800 37 170 1192 21 do bro pek 1218 4L bid
CU ins 823 15 do pek 1550 35 17i 1195 8 ch or pek 7176 42
48 Purana 826° 7 ch 172 1193 33 do pek 3035 38 bid
ibfch broorpek 776 42 f ha Eliya 1201 10 do pekson 840 37
50 EE Ce oa pek 1920 37 174 1204 13hf-ch pe fans 1040 31
51 835 10 do pek sou 720 32 175 K PW 1247 40 do bro or pek 24uU 40
55 Pine Hill 847 2ihfch broorpek 1260 46 176 1210 40 do bro pek 2200 387
56 850 13 ch or pek 1170 42 178 1216 51 do pek 2050 35
57 853 16 do pek 1440 89 183 Battawatte 1231 43 hfch broorpek 2795 38
58 Sylvakandy 856 49 ch bro pek 4900 42 184 1234 25 ch pek 2376 36 bid
59 859 27 do pek 2430 37 185 1237 10 do pek sou 800 33
64 OBE OC, in i 187 Polatagama 1243 16 do bro or pek 1600 37
estate mark 183 1246 29 do bro pek 2900 41
F.rest Creek 874 13 ch broorpek 1300 48 bid 190 1262, 33 do pek £970.34
65 877 88 do bro pek 880 = 40 bid 194° Erracht 1264 32 ch bro pek 3200 = 88
65 880 18 do or pek 1620 42 195 1267 24 do pek 2040 33
7 883 20 do pek Nol 1860 38 200 Weoya T2524 12. eh dust 1800 22
68 8&6 26 do pek Noz 2340 37 <01 Ruanwella 1285 14 ch br sr pek 1470 39
69 Torwood 8:9 17 ch broorpek 1530 44 202 1288 24 do _ or pek 1920 35
70 892 14 do bro pek 1204 38 203 1291 21 do bro pek 2100 38
71 895 34 do pek 2788 35 204 1294 380 do pek 2700 3:
72 Avcca 898 16 ch bro pek 1600 42 205 1297 13 do pek sou 1170 31
73 901 14 do broorpek 1484 48 207 Massena 1303 60hfch bro pek 3000 45
74 904 16 do pek 1440 40 218 1206 386 do pek 1750 35
77 Nakiadeniya 913 10 ch or pek 112) 38 214 Merankande 1324 9 ch or pek 765 36
78 916 10 do pek 850-83 215 1327 16 do pek 1440 34
79 Vincit 919 33 hfch or pek 1848 38 216 1330 11 do pek sou 770 32
€0 922. 19 do pek 1045 . 33 219 Killarney 1339 47bfch broorpek 2585 47
$5 PK 937 12 ch broorpek 1140 35 220 1342 9 ch or pek 720.» 47
86 $10 12 do pek 1020 33 221 1345 22 do pek 1980 38
88 Galleheria 946 11 ch broorpek 1100 56 223 Muendeniya 1351 75hfch broorpek 4500 35
89 949 14 do or pek 1120 43 224 1354 68 do bio pek 3672 32
90 952 384 do pek 2890 =40 225 1357 23 ch or pek 2185 = 29

91 955 14 do peksou 1260 8387 230 Oakham 1372 12 ch pek 10:0 338

; CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
aT RIT 7ST a

2
‘Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
934 Dotala 1384 12 ch bro pek 720
237 ~Yuillefield 1393 15hfch bro orpek 900
2238 1396 40 do or pek 1800
239 1399 49 ch pek 4165
248 RB Min in estare

mark 1411 28 ch bro or pek 3080
244 1414 36 do or pek 3240
245 1417 ¥O do pek 1740
246 1420 20 do pek sou 1806
256 B B, in estate

mark 1450 28 ch pek sou 2520
261 Castlereagh 1465 24hfch broorpek 1200
262 14638. 9 ch bro pex 900
263 1471 10hich fans 800
264 Ingoya 1474 30 ch bro or peE 3090
265 1477 44 do pek 3564
266 1480 18 do pek sou 1350
267 PRM 1483 25hfch pek sou 1200
268 1486 19 do ust 1615
269 Claverton 1489 38hfch br pek fans 2220
270 1492 16 do dust 1312
271 Marlborough 1495 42hfch broorpek 2100
272 1448 15 ch bro pek 1500
273 1501 8 do ek 720
276 Palmerston 1510 12 hfch roorpek 720
277 1513 12 do or pex 756
278 1516 9 ch pek 765.
279 Theydon Boisl519 8 ch broorpek 720
231 1525 19 do pek 1330
283 Kineora 1531 9 ch flo or pek 810
284 1534 20 do bro or pek 2000
285 1537 16 do pek 120
286 1540 14 do pek sou 1050
287 Udaveria 1543 36hfch broor pek 2160
288 1646 26 ch pek 2346
289 1519 19 do pek sou 1615
290 Dunnottar 1552 25 ch bro pek 2500
291 1555 24 do pek 2160
296 Woodend 1570 24 ch bro pek 2400
297 1473 27 do pek 2430
304 Glenorchy 1594 22 ch bro pek 2310
305 1597 33 do pek 3135
307 IK V 1€03 10 ch pek fans 1200
808 Kullevathanal6v06 14hfch bro pek 840
313 G 1621 10 ch fans 800
314 Talgaswela 1624 13 ch broorpek 1300
315 1627 14 do or pek 112C
316 1630 24 do pek 1920
317 1633 16 do pek sou 1200
318 1636 13bfch br pek No2 780
320 Bulugolla 1642 25 ch bro or pek 2500
321 1645 29 do or pek 2900
324 Coreen 1654 53hfch bro pek 3445
326 1657 22 ch or pek 1870
326 1660 18 do ek 1476
827 North Cove 1663 32hfch bro or pek 1920
328 1666 22 do or pek 1100
329 1669 33 ado or pek 1650
330 1672 31 ch pekNol_ 3100
331 1675 15 do pek No 2 1425
333 1681 10hfch dust 900
337 Anningkandel693 8 ch broorpek 800
338 1696 12 do or pek 1140
33 1699 17 do bro pek 1700
340 1702 8 co pek 720
343 Kitulgalla 1711 24hfch broorpek 1440
344 1714 9 ch or pek 720
845 1717 13 do pek 1105
347 Corfu 1723 28hfch orpek 1400
348 1726 24 do bro pek 132C
349 1729 24 do pek 1200
354 Madulkelie 1744 15hfch broorpek 900
355 1747 25 do or pek 1128
256 1750 14 do bro pek 170
857 1753 17 do pek Nol 850
360 Chesterford 1762 31 ch bro pek 3100
361 1765 22 do pek 1980
363 Ginest mark1771 11 ch hyson 1067
364 H H 1774 24 ch green tea

dust 3240

366 Clunes 1780 25 ch bro pek 2560
367 1783 26 do pek 2470
868 17t6 «68 «do pek sou 720
270 Gampaha, G 179% 57 do bro or peK 6270
871 1795 15 do or pek 1425
372 1798 45 do pek 3825
873 1801 16 do pek sou 1440
375 Letchemy 1807 18 hf ch ek fans 1170
877 Aberdeen 1818 23 ch ro pek 2185
378 1316 27 do pek 2187
879 1819 16 do sou 1232
280 1822 16 do br pek fans 1104
263 BA 1831 10 bfch dust 750
489 Panilkande 1849 11 ch bro or pek 1100
890 1852 9 do pek 810
395 Vogan 1867 14 do broorpek 1400
296 1870 18 do or pek 1710
897 1878 28 do pek 2620

c.

Lot, Box. Pkes. Name. lb.

398 1876 15 ch peE sou 1275

400 Tempo 1882 13 ch bro pek 1300

401 1885 14 do or pek 1260

402 h 1885 28° do pek 2520

404 Minest mark1894 34 ch pek 2380

406 Palm Garden 1900 9 ch perk 897

407 Maha Uva 1903 51 hfch bro or rek 3060

408 19U6 “7 do or pek 1512

409 1909 14 ch pek 1260

411 Lauderdale 1915 18 ch bro pek 1710

412 1918 9 do broorpek 900

413 1921 18 do pek ' 1710

414 1924 14 do pek sou 1260

415 1927 15 do sou 1425

420 Weyunga-

watte 1912 34 ch pek 3057

421 Rookwood 1945 %5hfch yng byson 1372

422 KK 1943 10 ch pek fans 1200

Meesis. Somerville & Co.
(260,376 1b.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib.
1 Polgahakande 1627 12 ch or peE 960
2 1630 12 do bro pek 1200
3 1633 12 do pek 960
4 1636 9 do pek No. 2 765
5 Neboda 1639 10 ch

lhfch broorpek 1065
7 1642 63 ch bro pek 6300
7 1645 16 do pek 1520
9 Neuchatel 1651 44 ch bro or pek 4400

10 1654 27 do or pek 2160

11 1657 9 do pek sou 720

14 Cooroondoo-

watte 1°68 14hfch bro pek 910

15 1669 10 ch pek 1000

18 Grange Gardens1678 15 ch bro orpek 1500

19 1681 14 do or pek 1400

20 1684 13 do perk 1300

24 Pitaoya 1696 19hfch or pek 950

25 1689 17 do bre pek 850

26 1702 13 ch pek 1040

32 Doragalla 1723 35 ch bro pek 3500

34 1726 16 do pek 1504

36 1732-7 do fans £80

37 Monte Christol735 25 ch bro pek 2500

46 Glenalmond 1762 8 ch pek 720

53 Ellukattia Lio. nen bro pek 700

57 Mahatenne 1795 10 ch bro or pek 1090

68 1798 12 do bro pek 1200

59 1801 8 do pek 760

62 Owilkande 1810 18 ch or pek 1200

63 1813 15 do bro pek 1:00

64 1816 25 do pek 2375

65 1819 19 do pek sou 1710

66 Galketiya-

watte 1€22 15 ch or pek 1350

67 18259 ido bro pek 1700

68 1828 17 do pek 1530

72 Yarrow 1810 32 hich broorpek 1760

73 1813 36 dou or pek 1656

74 1846 25 do pek 1150

75 1849 14 do pek sou 700

78 Marigold 1658 49hfch bro pek 2891

719 1861 20 do pek 1060

80 1864 21 do pek sou 165¢

8t Allacollawewals67 41hfch bro pek 2337

82 1870 17 do pek 901

83 1873 14 do pek sou 700

84 Agra Elbedde 1876 48hfch broorpek 2880

85 1879 32 do or pek 1760

86 1882 47 do pek 2350

94 Richlands (aeolach or pek 120

95 10 9 do pek sou 810

97 DM OG in est.

mark 16 16hfch broorpek 800

98 19 12 ch pek 960

99 22, 13 “do pek sou 975

193 Cetswold 34 9 ch bro or pek 720

104 37 13 do bro pek 1040

105 40 12 do pek 1020

107 BD 46 21hfch dust 1630

108 Kttie 49 10 ch pek sou 950

109 Deniyaya 52) 17 ch bro or pek 1700

110 f5 12 do or pek 1200

111 58 12 do pek 1200

112 61 10 do pek sou 200

113 64 8 do sou 720

116 Lammermoor 73 10 ch bro pek 1000

117 76 8 do pek 720

119 Rambodde 82 27hfch bro pek 1485

120 85 28 do ek 14u0

122 Paragahakande91 7 ch bro pek 7.0

~124 97 8 do pek 760

129 Bollagalla 112 40 oh bro pek 4000

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. WS te
130 115 30 ch pek ZOE oe Pid “1-8 874 12hfch bropek fans720 30
131 118 21 ch — pek sou 168031 24 Natuwakelle 377 12 ch broorpek 1200 47
133 Kanatota 124 14 ch bro or pek 1400 37 25 880 17 do bro pek 1700 38
134 127 10 do, bro pek 806 33 26 333 14 do pek 1260 36
138 Kelani 139 27 ch bro pek 2700 38 27 386 8 do pek sou 720 32
139 e216) Co: (> brojorpekk’ 1600) °8) 29 Mossend 392 1bhfch broor pek 825 53
140 Pee Ordos Ape Ne 30 395 34 do or pek 1870 52
141 148. 7 do dust 709 23 31 390 48 do pek 2160 41
145 UM TOR Odo pecust PAO oube ict (B73 Nibedde 416 12 do dustB 1140 23
146 Harrangalla 163 35 ch broorpek 3325 38 bid 39 Lamiliere 422 25 ch broorpek 2550 45 bid
147 166 38 do bro pek 3230 «| 36 4u 425 22 do or pek 1870 41
ute HAD 9 OO pe S080 Teoma | add 428 31 do pea 2852 38
149 W217, do pek sou 1360 30 bid 42 431 17hfch pek fans 1292 32
150 175 Ilbfch bropek dust $25 24 43 Cleveland 434 29 do floworpek 1421 52
LEL 178 8 ch bro pek fans 760 29 bid 44 437. 37. do pek 1850 40
152 Abbotsford 181 30hbfch bro pek 1860 48 bid 48 Fordyce 449. 15. do, fans 1050 «29
153 184 30 do or pek 1500 43 bid 49 452 14 do dust 1260 23
154 187 13 ch pek 1310 4¢ bid |} 5 Chapelton 455 10 do dust a0 2a
155 ROOT Aaa do mapek oui ete fO 20 54 N 467 11 do dust 935 24
1°6 193 2Uhf ch’) bromix 1176) //)\80 55 Westéall 470 2g ch bromix 2300 20
160) “Monrovia, 205° 12 ch’ brotea — ©1200 28 56 Ashburton 473 7 do broorpek 742 45 bid
161 K‘Bedde 208 8 ch bro pek 880 27 57 476 12 do bro pek 1296 39 bid
163 Selvawatte 214 13hfch bro pek 715 39 68 479 9 do pek 846 36 bid
167 Ranasingha- i 62 Kandaloya 491 17 bfch_ bropek 765 45
patna 226 10 ch or pek 860 37 : 63 494 20 do or pek 800 40
168 229 20 do bro or pek 2020 28 bid 64 497 23. do pek 920 38
169 232/17 do’ pek 1513 30 bid | 6g st. Andrew’s 509 10 do dust 850 26
170 235 11 do peksou (801 32bid | ¢9 Bittacy 512 22 ch bropek 2156 47
172 RSE 241 21 ch bro or pek 2100 31 bid 70 5ib 2 do pek 1764 4.
173 244 9 do pek 810 24 bid 72 521. 7 do fans 700 39
174 Pail CO pepe sow | a 1105/25 78 Wilpita 539 13 do broorpek 1300 36
176 Farnham 253 26 ch bro pek 2750 58 7 542 7 do or pek 700 33
177 256 13 do pek 1170 34 80 645 8 do pek 800 31
178 259 15 do peksou 1275 31 95 Capts. Garden 590 11 do pek 990 31
179 262 ll hbfch dust 1045. 22 99 Navangama 602 10 do or pek 1000 36
180 Aigburth 265 48 ch bro pek 4560 40 100 605 10 do pek 900 34
181 268 32 do pek aBORig 82 2 HFD 611 7 do dust 700 23
182 pho Orga De SOU? apt OLd S125 103 Dikbedde 614 7 do bropek 703 34
183 274 to hich, bropek fansllz5 28. 108 Loddington 629 18hfch broorpek 990 46
184 G 277 9 ch dust 765 23 bid | 199 632 51 do bropek 2805 39
185 Mt.Temple 280 26 ch bro pek 2600 38 bid 111 Kandaloya 638 16 do broor pek 720 48
186 283 12 do pek sou 960 32 i 112 641 26 do pek 1040 38
187 286 9 do ‘bropekfans 900 29bid | 113 mt. Vernon 644 73 ch pek 619742
iss DTG 289 36 ch or pek 3600 43 bid 1i4 647. 35. do pek sou 2975 38
190 Gangwarily 295 45 ch bro pek 4500 38 116 653 18hfch «ust 1440 7
191 298-30 ch _pek PARED Bes 117 N. Punduloya 656 26 do young hyson 1430, 39 bid
aay ADI TE) CR RS EOS ERD 118 659 17 ch “hyson 1530 34 bid
195 Glenalla 310 18 ch bro or pek 1620 37 119 662 9 do hyson Nov 2 810 28 bid
196 313 13 do bro pek 1365 87 122 Callander 671 19hfch broor pek 1140 44 bid
aon CHG a) Geos TS Oqaos 123 674 18 do or pek 972 47
202 Scarborough 331 14hfch broorpek 798 64 124 677 45 do pek 2250 38 bid
203 334 10 ch bro pek 1000-46 130 AgraQuvah 695 44 do broor pek 2610 62
au Boe cay 9 Deke eS 131 698 36 do orpek 1980 48
“205 340 9 do pek sou 765 37 132 701 15 ch pek 1395 42
206 NPT 343 3Lhfch dust 2480 92 ise 70d a2) dg iipek sou. 1140; 2/40
207 Elchico 346 17hfch broorpek 935 43 135 710 21hfch pekfans 1680 33
sau BON 2S do pep bcke Non Ty 2200 ag ao 137 Ratwatte 716 35 ch bropek 3500 37
209 soz) Ty doy Aor pel feos 138 719 24 do pek 2160 33
CSD PD AU 1s Oe) Sa Ee 141 Brownlow 728 i5hfch bro orpek $25 50
213 Brentwood 364 23 ch pek 2070 29 bid 142 731 18 ch or pek 1710 42
214 367 14 do pek sou 1148 30 bid 143 734 26 do pek 2236 39
zloty ashton 310) 028) chy 4 (or pek 1955) withdsn 144 Theresia 737 48 do broorpek 4800 45
216 373 18 do bro pek 1710 36 bid 145 740 63 do pek 5355 38 bid
ae SS US ees 1040 88 bid) |. 146 743 18 do sou 1620 87 bid
ae Sadi 28) der aupek sow 224031 149 Cresta 752 27hfch bropek 1350 40
219 A 382 10 ch pek fans 730 28 150 755 12 ch pek 1032 34
penton ogg 7/208) 18. ch) Wy bro.ct pek 800K nal 153 Ottery 76 11 do broor pek 1100 48
221 388 9 do or pek 510 85 154 56% 15 do or pek 1200 42
zee Beacon) eee ey TE 155 770 20 do pek 1600 38
e28 Be ney ameen ced ae 6, 800. (5) BD 158 Suduganga 779 9 do or pek 76538
228 Hava Ella 409 14 ch pek sou 1260 37 159 782 1Z3hfch broorpek 715 44
229 FF 412 11 ch’ “brotea’ 1100 "17 160 RBG chi, pekisow ‘1200, 82
eee ae aus yt ae chy. ,orpelk | 7.2400) 86 163 Avington 7%4 15 do bropek 1500 41 bid
eae (Aa DS Oa ma 164 797 8 do or pek 720 39
233 Lonach ‘424 46hfch broorpek 2663 87 165 800 80 do 'pek 2700 32 bid
aes deve ean chy) a Crinck 1 en260)2 37 166 803 11 do pekNo.1 880 32 bid
285 pee Sound Or ss Pek se0O ates 167 806 9 do pekNo.2 720 32bid
236 Pa sop ey gre soy (2820) SLs Sires 809 52 do peksou 3900 31 bid
242 YVataderia 451 31hfch broorpek 1922 38 bid 177 Myraganga 836 24 do or pek 2040. «39
178 839 61 do bro or pek 6100 42 bid
Messrs. E. John & Co. 179 Dinest mark 842 8 73°, ee ie i
¢ x Lhie ro pe ou
[238,750 1b. ] 180 BGE 845 42 ch EE} pek eal het
» 181 848 24 do e 1968 | withd’n
Lot. Box. FPkgs. Name. Ib.) xet iS BRITE. doe Ick aoa 1968
4 Duawatte 817 15 ch broorpek 1515 87 183 Glasgow 84 43 do broor pek 3440 42 bid
7 Gampola 826 10 hfch dust 710 5 bid 184 857 24 do or pek 1848 40
8 Poilakande 329 31 ch broorpek 3100 37 185 860 16 do pek 1520 38
9 332 46 do bro pek 4140 36 186 Glassaugh 863 54hfch_ or pek 2916 ~=—«60
10 3385 41 do pek 3690-82 187 866 40 do broor pek 2760 47
lt PKT 338 12 do dust 960 22 188 869 23 ao pek 2530 42
12 Harrisland 341 13hfch broorpek 702 45 189 Cabin Ella 872 21 do bro pek 2100 41 bid
UE Sous 347 12 ch pek 960 34 190 875 14 do pek 1260 38
19 Windwood 362 23 hfch broorpek 1150 43 bid 194 BC 887 14 do broorpek 140 45 bid
20 365 14 ch or pek 1260 43 195 890 8 do pek 720. 39 bia
21 368 32 do pek 2880 38 196 893 12 do pekson 1080 34 did
22 371 8 do sou 720 34 197 MK 896 11 do pekfans 1210 34

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib. ce.
199 Avon Grove 902 18 hfch 181 1225 3 hfch pek fans 225
1 do broor pek 1848 38 bid 152 1228 2 do dust 180 Z
200 905 9 ch 186 Battawatte 1240 1 ch dust 100 2
1hfch or pek 798 38 bid 189 Polatagama 1249 6 ch or pek 570 “6
201 MPS 908 8 ch bro orpek 840 out 191 1255 4 do pek sou 400 +
203 914 16hfch bro pek 1088 out 192 1258 4 do bro pek fans 400 0
204 917 382 do bropekfans2880 23 bid 193 1261 3 do dust 450 23
205 K 92) 8 ch pek fans 809 18 bid 196 Erracht 1270 8 ch pek sou 680 BL
206 923. 7 do 197 1273 3 do dust 5u4 22
l1hfch pekdust 1031 20 198 Weoya 1276 6 ch bro tea 600 28
209 Talgalaela 932 21 do dust 1750 =—:18 199 1279 3 do bro pek fans 315 28
213 St. P 944 12 ch pek sou 1132 30 106 Ruanwella 1300 5 ch fans 500 28
214 Galloola 917 29 do bro pek 290 42 209 Massena 1309 13 hf ch] pek sou 65 32
215 950 44 du pek 3960 38 210 1312 8 do bro pek fams 440 2
216 953 26 do pek sou 2080 34 211 “1315 3 do dust 210 23
219 Rookwood 962 18hfch bro or pek 1080 651 212 Morakande 1248 12bfch broorpek 672 40
220 965 10 ch or pek 960 41 213 1321 3 do bro pek 150 38
221 $68 11 do pek 990 37 217 1333 5 do bro or pe fan 350 29
222 Y‘Gowrie 971 12hf ch 213 1336 1 do dust 90 23
tech pek sou 1175 By 222 Killarney 1338 6 do dust 450 23
223 Peru 914 12hfch broorpek 1204 44 226 Belgodde 1360 5 do bro pek 2 Bi
224 977 11 ch pek 1045 34 bid 227 1363 5 do pex 250 ol
223 1366 3 do pek sou 135 29
229 Oakham 1369 10 hf ch Dro Bes €00 48
& 231 1375 3 ¢ ek sou 285 25
2 SMALL LOTS. 232 1378 2 do ae fans 150 26
———o 233 Dotala 1381 10bfch or pek 450 52 ae
235 1387 6 ch pek 540 40
Messrs. &. Benham & Ca. BB Bee 1330 2 0, Seon 190 36
240 Yuillefie 1402 lhfe sou 60 32
Let. Box. Pkgs. Name. Wp re: DAI 1405 2 doy, Vaan 160 22
2 Battalgalla 87 10 ch bro pek fans 680 35 242 WA 1408 1 ch dust 150 22
5 Halgolla 96 2 do dust 262 22 247 RN, in estate
6 99 3 do dust 378 21 mark Bopitiya 1423 4hfch dust 252 24
7 Hapugastenne 2 2hfch dust 160) 22 248 Etulgama 1426 4 do dust 340 23
8 W bey ch pek sou 100 34 249 Kelburne 1429 8 do dust €80 24
9 M 8 6 do bro mix 570 25 220 Ragalla 1432 7 do funs 5v5 28
plats SA) Copia SRS Lt 251 5 1435 6 ioe dust 5s 540 23
| 252 Kelvin 1438 6hfch bropek an 420 26
Messra. Forbes & Walker. 253 1441 2 do ash 130 92
254 1444 1 ch ro mix 80 26
Lob. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. sc. 235 EM MTS waaay 10028
5 Yogama 697 5 ch pek sou 425 31 257 B Bin estate
6 700 2 do dust 300 23 mark 1453 8hfch dust 650 24
19 Narangalla 739 5 ch pek sou 400 31 258 R, in estate
20 a 742 5 do dust 400 23 mark 1456 lhtch bropek 58 34
24 _ 745 1 do sou 80 86-28 259 1459 2 do peksou 80 30
34 Bandara Eliya 784 3 ch dust 2710 eae 260 1462 2 do fans 142, 93
35 787 Shfch pek fans 560 28 274 AG 1504 1 ch _ bro tea 10¢ 26
36 Weyweltalawa, 275 1507 1 do dust 130 18
No 2 790 Q9hfch broor pek 495 39 bid 280 Theydon Boisi522 7 ch or pek 595 34
38 796 5 ch pek sou 325 32 282 1523 9 do pek sou ~ 675 30
39 799 5 do bro mix 300 29 292 Dunnottar 1558 4 ch pek sou 380 34
40 Weweltalawa 802 Shbfch dust 270 22 293 1561 2 do bro pek fans 2&0 28
41 805 3 do fans 210 29 294 1564 3 do pek fans 230 25
42 €08 1 ch red leaf 65 19 295 1567 2 do dust 1-0 22
43 811 2 do bro mix 120 30 298 Woodend 1576 6 ch pek sou 480 33
49 Purana 829 21 box or pek 378 45 289 1579 2 do dust 280 23
52 838 2hfch dust 170 23 3c0 BE 1582 5 ch bro pek fans 500 34
53 841 2 ch fans 180 25 301 1585 8hfch dust 64U 22
54 844 ibfch bro mix 46 26 302 1588 8 ch bro mix 640 25
6G Sylvakandy 862 3 do peksou 270-84 303 1591 6hfch fans 320 896-29
61 865 3 ch dust 300 25 306 Glenorchy 1600 1 ch pek sou 95 39
62 B 868 7hfch dust 560 23 309 Kullevathanal6é09 5 bfech bro cr pek 285 33
63 871 2 ch bro pek fans 140 =.28 310 1612 3 ch or pek 270 34
75 Avoca 907 2 ch bro pek fans 270 28 B11 1615 3hfch bro pek fans 210 26
76 910 5 do pek sou 470 37 312 1618 4 ch pek seu 340 31
81 Vincit 925 7bfch peksou 350 29 319 Rinestmark1639 1 ch yng hyson 29 = 20
82 928 6 do bro pek fans 420 29 322 Bulugolla 1648 5 ch fans 550 30
83 931 2 do dust 140 22 323 1651 6 do dust 660 21
84 PK 934 6 ch or pek 420 36 832 North Cove 1678 4 ch peksou 400-86.
87 a 943 5 do pek sou 425 30 334 1684 3 do sou 285 27
92 Galleheria 958 1 ch dust 100 23 335 1687 1 do bro mix 100 28
96 Strathspey 970 2 ch pek sou 194 37 336 1690 lhfch bro mix 65 29
97 978 2 do dust 240 24 341 Anningkandel705 1 ch pek sou 90 30
100 Rock Cave 982 5 do peksou 425 30 342 1703 2 do dust 180 =: 20
101 985 3hfch dust 225 22 346 Kitulgalla 1720 3 ch dusé 240 823
105 KH L 997 2 ch dust 310 22 850 Corfu 1732 Q9htch pek sou 450 33
110 Good Hope 1012 2hfch bropek fans 150 26 351 1735) 76) do: bro pekfans 375 26
114 Middleton 1024 4 do dust 300 24 352 Memora-
115 Beverley kande 1738 3 ch dust 200 22
(2 02. lead lined) 1027 10 hf ch _ bro or pek 550 £0 353 1741 5 do fans 400 25-
Lig 1036 14 do peksou 630 = 82 358 Madulkelle 1756 3hfch dust 240 24
126 Sirikandure 1067 { ch congou 104 27 359 1759 3 do fans 225 28.
126 1160 2 do red leaf 189 19 362 Chesterford 1768 6 ch fans 540 30
129 Bargany 1069 7 ch ~~ pek 665 36 365 HH 1777 1 ch green tea 121 9
120 1072 5 do pek sou 460 33 369 Clunes 1789 2 ch dust 300 89-22
121 1075 2bfch dust 180 23 374 Gampaha, G 1804 3 ch pek fans’ x70 26
124 Hatton 1084 4 ch dust 580 23 376 Letchemy 1810 4hfch dust 360 22
137 Detangalla 1093 8bfch pek fans 240 26 381 R 1825 2 ch unassorted 190 30
142 WA 1108 3 ch pek sou 815 9-25 382 BA 1828 6 ch peksou 480 30
143 1i11 2 do dust 300 14 384 1834 Shfch fans 480 26.
168 Halwatura 1156 6hfch dust 640 withdn. 853 Ambalakandel837 4 c bro pek 400 37
168 Geragama | 286 1840 7 ch pek 560 33.
Inv. No 26 1171 8 do dust 640 = 28 387 1848 6 do peksou 450 8631
177 KPW 1218 14 do or pek 630 39 388 1846 1 do fans 100 24
179 121918 do peksou 650 82 891 Panilkande 1855 4 ch pek:sou 360 40
140 1222 2 do bro pek fang 160 29 392 ‘ 1858 2 do sou 190 86.

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Tyee Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib,
393 New Galway 1561 Shfch_ bro pek 180; 77 189 Gangwarily 292 7hfch broorpek 455 31
304 1884 6 do bek 330 42 193 34 4 ch aust 820 “2
399 Vogan 1879 4 ch dust 56022 194 4 do sox 340. 23
403 Tempo 1s9t 4 ch peksou 320-32 193. Glenalla 8 ch + pek sou 610 38)
405 Montery 1:97 4 ch — pek sou 26) . 31 109 é6hfch dust 4800 22
410 Mahauva 1912 6 ch pek sou 510 35 200 G doch fans | Ties
416 Lauderdale 1930 6hf-ch bro pek dust 4:0 25 201 Havilland lveb) tabro mix Soa 2s
417 1933 2 ch pek dust 160 o4 210 Elchio 12hfech pek No.2 0 > 33 |
418 TCLinest 1936 5 ch pel fans 50081 212. Brentwood 361 12kich or pek 672 35 bid
419 Galkadua 1939 L ch dust 132-19 224 Horagoda 97.1 ch dust 100 20
225 4u0 1 con couseu aoe 18 ae
5 S = 202 SI 403 6hic TO pek 50 82 bi
(Messrs. Somervilis & To.) 227 HawaEla 4:6 5 ch brocr pek 500 = 45 bid
230 EFF 415 .7 ch red leaf 560 12
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb, c. 7B 436 2bfch dust 130 22 bid
8 Neboda 1648 4hfch dust 360-26 Pa US 439 2hich bru pekfans 16) 24 bid
12 Neuchatel 1660 5 ch orpekfans 650 0 ak MC 412 5 ch jek 400 a bid
13 1663 3 do dust 450 22 2.0 P 445 2 ch dust 300 0 bid
eelCcoroondoo: 211 D 448 4hich pek dust 296 21 bid
MRD 1672 5 ch pek sou 50) 29 243° W 454 uhtch dust 170 21 bid
17 a a 1675 3hfch dust 300 21 ES ena
21 Grange Gardens1687 3 ch pek sou 800 34 mp i i
22 1690 1 do fans 100 29 [Messrs. E. John & Co.]
23 1693 2hf¢ ust 170 23 z Fi
27° ‘Pitaoya 1705 8 ch pek sou 620 31 Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name, b,c
28 1708 6hfch orpekfans 360 39 bid 1 Karawaketia 308 3 ch bro pek 341 35
29 Ahamad 17lL 5 ch bro pek 500 32 2 311 3 do pek 520 22
30 1714 4 do pek 4(0 3 5 314 2 do pek sou 205 28
3l 171; 4 do peksou 690 =. 28 5 Duawatte 320 6 do bro pek 558 35
32 1720 1 do dust 150 17 6 BYBy calc Gy pek fans 152 22
35 Doragalla 1729 1 ch pek sou 92 34 13 Harrisland 344 11 bfch or pek 506 40
38 FA inestate 15 850) 5 ch pek sou 390 3
mark 1738 7 ch 16 353 lhfch bro mix 37 30
1hfch pek sou 664 37 17 356 2 do fans 150 23
30 1741 9 do fans 6:0 34 bid 18 359 1 do pek dust 91 21
40 GA 1744 3 ch pek 234 30 28 Natuwakelle 389 3 ch dust 800 24
41 1747. 8 do pek sou 600 30 32 Mossend 401 2hfch dust 140 24
42 1750 6 do sou 438 28 38 DG 404 4 cn bro or pek 890 41
43 1753 Shfch dust 4U0 23 34 407 7 do bro pek 683 38
44 Glenalmond 1756 1Lhfch bro pek 660 389 35 410 2 do pek 1449 37
45 1739 12 do or pek 600 29 36 Elbedde 413 6 do souA 480 30
47 1765 1 ch pek sou 20 30 33 Great Western 419 1 do or pek 105 41
4s 1758 1 do fans 100 25 45 Cleveland 410 11 hfch pek sou 550 37
49 Vi7l 3shfch dust 240 9-22 46 443 6 do bre pek 37244
50 Loomont 1774. 6 hfch_ bro pek 253 “8 47 446 3 do fans 240 26
61 1777 3 do pek 151 25 51 Cbapelton 458 2 do dust No. 2 180 21
52 1780 1 do pek sou 38 19 52 461 5 ch sou 450 29
54 Ellukattia 1:86 6 ch. pek 600 26 53 WP 464 1 do pek fans 125 23
65 1789 4 do pek sou 386 24 59 Ashburton 482 3 do pek sou 276 36
56 1792 3 do sou 25519) 60 485 2 do fans 250 26
60 Mahatenne 1804 3 ch peksou 28531 61 483 1 do dust 150 922
61 : 1807 3 do dust 300 22 65 Kandaloya 500 5hfch peksou 200 33
69 Galketiya- 66 503 7 do fans 350 = 382
watte 1831 6 ch pek sou 570 29 bid 67 506 4 do dust 200 23
70 1834 5 do pek fans 550 25 bid 71 Bittacy 613 7 do broorpek 350 85
TL 1837 2 do dus 200 21 bid 73 524 6 do pek sou 540 38
76 Yarrow 1852 3hfch brorpkfans 198 28 74 527 4hfch dust 320-23
77 1855 2 do dust 174 24 75 530 2 ch bro mix 150 23
87 Agra Elbedde 1835 11 hfch pek sou 495 = -88 76 PPP 533 3 do bropek 235, 33
88 XX 1888 3hfch broorpkfansl9; 25 77 mes 536 1 do fans 115-22
89 1891 5 do dust 400 23 81 Wilpita 648 1 do sou 100 26
90 Goonambil, 1894 1 ch bro pek 87 86 bid 82 551 2 do dust 200 21
91 CS 1897 10hf ch fans 500 18 bid | 838 554 2 do fans 200-24
92 1 8 do sou 4C0 21 84 Ketadola 657 4 do bro or pek 400 35 bid
93 4 4 do pek sou 200 22 85 660 2 do pek 184 28 bid
96 Richlands 138 4hfch dust 320 24 86 563 2 do or pek 200 32
100 DM OG in est 87 566 1 do con 65 23
mark; 25 1 ch kro mixed €5 18 &8 569 1 do dust 100 out
101 28 3 do dust 256 21 89 XX Ceyl(n 672 1 do bro or pek 74 15
102 81 8 do fans 430 29 90 575 6 ch peksou 450 27
1¢6 Cotswald 43 7 ch pek sou 594) 1487 91 578 6 do brorpkfans 375 21
114 Deniyaya 67 3hf-ch dust 285-22 92 58L 2 do dust 190 = 15
115 70 4 ch pek fans 400-332 93 681 5 bag fluff 520 8
11s Lammermoor 79 4 ch pek sou 360 32 94 CaptsGardeh 587 6 ch bro pek 600. 34
121 Kambodde 88 10 hf ch pek sou 450 31 96 £93 1 do pek sou 90 27
123 Paragahakande94 3 ch or pek 63) 30 97 ‘96 2 do post 244 21
125 100 3 ch pek sou 285, 28 938 Navangama 599 4 do bro or pek 400 41.
126 103 1 do fans 100 22 Wt 608 3 do pe sou 270 3L
127 106 1 do bromixed 100 14 10! Dikbedde 617 6 do el 603 30
128 1u9 1 do congou 100 18 105 620 1 do pek sou 10025
132 Bollagalla 121 4hfch fans 280. 27 106 623 1 do con 72 16
135 Kanatota 130 8 ch pek 600 29 107 636 2 do fans 173 18
136 133 7 do pekson £60 =. 28 110 Loddington 635 4 ao pek 380 35 bid
137 16 2 do dust 260 20 115 Mt Vernon 650 6hbfch_ fans 396-38
142 Lakande 151 lhf-ch bro pex 66-33 120 N Punduloya 665 2 do hysonNo2 10 17
143 154 3 do pek 110 28 121 663 4 do siftin7s 420 8
144 157 2 do dust 112 20 125 Callander 68 6hfch pekscu 270 36
157 Abbotsford 196 4hfch dust 360 22 126 683.5 do bropek fans 850 25
158 V 199 9hfch yng byson fansi40) 7 bid 1.7 Eton 686 2 ch broor pek 200 35
159 202 2 ch hyson No.2 190 12 bid 128 689 2 Go or pek 200 Bt
162 K‘Bedde 211 5 ch pek 305 19 129 692. 2 do pek sou 200 29
164 Selvawatte 217 6. ch pek 510 83 134 Agra Ouvah 707 9hfch_ br or pek fans 612 38
165 220 1 do pek sou 100-30 136 “13% 2> do dust 194 23
166 223 lhfch fans 80 23 139 Ratwatte (2 2enen Ch pek sou 640 29
171 Ranasingha- Tw dy 725 3hfch dust 240-22
_. _patna 288 2 ch dust 216 22 147s Theresia 746 6 do dust 480 23
175 RSE 250 5 ch fans 500. 19 bid 148 749 1 do sou 9 33

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. |

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name Ib. ¢. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢.

5 191 Cabin Ella §78 6 ch pek sou 540 85
Tou Greate pps been pee een ae 192 KP 88L 3bfch dust re)
156 Ottery 973 4 do pek sou 230 36 193 #84 8 do fans 816-23
167 778 2hfch dust 168 23 198 The Farm 899 2 do dust 180 22
161 Sudugng2 7&8 lhfch fans 70 22 202 MPS By B ch = pek 94 27
162 791 5 ch sou 360 28 AMS SOE ao er pate}
1€9 Avington 812 8 do fans 300 6 208 Talgalaela 929 6 hfch dust Nol 510 21
170 815 8 do dust 300 22 210 936 rae Ae, oes
171 U 818 1 do pek sou 0 32 ae baa ti
172 GK 821 5 do 211 S EEF inestate =

1bfch bro pek 577-39 mark 938 2 Go hysouNo1; 118 out
173 824 4 ch pek 359 84 aun OH 1 0 py AVGONEE oe I.

174 Carendon 827 6 do bro pek 636 «= -36 217 Galloola 256 4 ee dust 400-28
175 830 4 do fiek 400 32 218 959 3 do fans 300 28
186 833 2 do pek sou 200 99 225 Peru 980 2 ch pek sou 140 29 bid

- 226 983 L do dust 150 21

a a I
OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 46.

Lot.
4 OBE C, in
estate mark
Summerhill

Wewawatte

li Great Vall-y

Ceylon in est,
mark

Udapolla
0 BE GC, in
estate m rk
Nillomally
Yelatenne
Ardross
Mahayaya
47 Coldstream-
group
Nakiadeniya
Tred en
Cholankande
Ouvah: elle

Maldeniya
El Teb

Kalu pabana
Tonacvmbe

Galapitakan-
de

Naseby
Nougagalla
Agra Oy

Monkswood

Tymawr

Delta

Beruketiya
Halbarawa

Nahalma

Pricr :—124 cents each, 3 copies
7.
CoLomsBo, Dscemser 2, 1901. { 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. IDs.
RETO! 137 Mahala 2359 8 op bro pek ae rH
138 2362 9 do or pe 5
LARGE LOTS. 139 226512 do! pek 108034
140 2363 8 do pek sou 720 ay)
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. aie, CE Salle,
[482,870 1b.] mark 2377 9 ch pek 810 30
146 Bandarahen-
Box. Pkgs, Name. Ibs) ye tenne 23386 9 ch pek 765-32
156 Matale 2416 40hfch bro pek 2400 39
157 2419 17 ch pek 1430-336
1960 26hfch broor pek 1508 59 bid 158 2422 12 do pek sou 1080 33
1963 34 do bro pek 2142 44 bid 162 Digddla 1434 16 do bro or pek 1520 39 bd
1966 23 ch er pek 2024 48 bid 163 2137 19 do pek 1526 34
1969 32hfch fans 2368 35 164 2440 17hfch bro pek
1972 18 do bro pek 1098 34 fans 850 33
165 Cullen 2443 34 ch bro orpek 2430 41
166 2446 44 do pek Nu 2 3552 37
1981 42hfch broor pek 2436 39 bid 170 Dewalakan-
1984 30 do orpek 1500 40 de 2458 10 ch pek sou 895 =. 30
1987 27 ch pek 2376. = 37 174 Sv. Meliers 2470 18hfch broorpek 1003 44
1990 15 do pek sou 1350 33 175 2473 «12 ch pek 1140 38
2014 12 ech bro pek 1200 39 176 z476 10 do pek sou 950 3%
2017 14 do pek 1260 = 35 177 Queensland 2479 14 ch bro or pek 1400 52 bid
178 2482 7 do or pek 700 44
179 2485 8 do pek 720 40
2026 25 ch or pek 2300 44 182 A, in estate
2029 21 do pek 1848 39 mark 2494 31 ch broor pek 3100 36 bid
20382 13 do bro or pek 1300 50 bid i84 Dammeria 2/00 18 do bro pek 1800 39 bia
2050 17hfch broorpek 96 40 bid 185 2503 10 do or pek gC 42
2053. 1! ch pek 935 40 186 2506 25 do pek 2500 38
2065 1Lhfch dust 850 23 187 2.09 11 do pek sou 990 3
2074 16 do bro pek 944 «38 191 High Forest 2521 46hfch or pek
No. 1 2622 52
2082 91 do bro pek 4550 40 ba 192 31 do or pek 1643 48
2092 35 ch pek 2800 o 193 20 do pek 920 4
2095 25 do pek sou 2000 33 194 Pallagodda? 19 ch broor pek 19:0 36 bid
2107 10 ech br> or pek 1040 49 195 35 do bro pek 3500 4
2:10 10 do pek 800 37 196 26 do or pek 23-0 36
2125 25 ch bro pek 2800 38 97 22 do pek 187) 34
21"8 14 do pek 1260 36 198 25 do peksou 212533
2110 19 do fans 2280 27 199 High Forest 35 bhfch or pek
2143 12bfich dust 96C 24 No. 1 1995 61
2146 14 ch pek sow 1260 32 bid 200 22 do or pek 1144 47
2149 '5hfch dust 1700 24 201 17 do pek 782 40
2152 33 ch bro pek 3300 40 20” ~~ Kirklees 25 hfch broor pek 1500 38 bid
2155 24 do pek 2160 36 268 15 ch or pek 1350 40
2158 10 do pek sou 800 32 04 22 do pek 2095 37
2164 14 ch pek sou 1204 36 208 Seenagolla,
2167 1Ohfch ust 790 24 Vv 2572 17 bfch bro or pek 50 bid
2170 & ch bro pek $48 36 209 2575 15 ch or pek 48
2185 29 do or pek 2753 38 2:0 2578 23 do pek ace 4)
2188 47 do bro pek 470041 213 Seenagolla 2587 12bfch broorpek 720 48 bid
2191 46 do pek 4140 37 214 2590 13 do pek 741 47
2197 12hbfch dust 1020 4 217 New Peacock 2599 18 do pek fans 1350 27 bid
218 North Cove 2602 14 ch pek sou 1120 36
2200 32 ch or pek 8200 37 2:9 M'Golla 2605 15 hfch bro pek 750 34 bid
2208 32 do bro pek 3200 39 bid 220 2608 20 ch pek sou 1700 31
2206 30 do pek 3000 35 bid 224 Ingrogalla 2620 8 do bro pek 810 42
2230 30 hfch bro orpek 1800 5. bid 225 2623 8 do pek 720 40
2233 30 do pek 1500 46 229 Ingoya 2685 25 ch bro pek 26°5 39 bid
2226-19 do bro pek 959 49 230 2683 40 do pek 3320 33 bid
2239 87 do pek 1850 337 231 2641 18 do pek sou 1350 30 bid
2219, 14 ch bro or pek 1400 40 28° East Holyrood2647 &hfch dust 760 23
245 14 do or pek 1260 a7 234 Troy 2650 33 ch bro or pek 3455 37 bid
2248 13 do pek 1105 33 235 i or pek 2295 37 bid
2251 22hfch bro pek 1219 71 236 pek 14406 33 bid
2254 22 do or pek 1100 67 237 p pe sou 75C 31
2257- 21) do pek 1100 53 230 Marlberongh 266 bro or eR 2109 44 bid
2260 17 do pek sow 1445 48 241i bro pek 2 50 39
2263 10 do fans 700 39 242 pek 120) 39
1269 12 ch per son 90 29 2:3 Poonagalla or pek 1140 45
2275 46 do bre pek 244 bro pek 4140 50 bid
fans 720 35 245 pek 3500 42
2284 270 hfch orpek 1160 44 246 pek sou 2070 33
287 17 do bro or pek 1020 46 bid 248 dust 950 28
2290 23 do pek 1 04 39 249 Laurawatte fans 1710 27
2293 25 ¢ bro pek 2500 37 250 Weyunga-
296 16 ch pek 1376 37 watte bro pek 2500
2299 15 do pek sou 1215 32 251 pek 2210-33 bk
2302 45 hfch broorpek 2620 44 252 2704 25 do pek sou 2000 32
2305 16 do fans 088 =. 265 WLinest mark 2713 18hfch dust 14222
2311 7 ch bro pek 700 = 335 266 Cinestmark27!6 Qhfch dust TIL 24
2314 10 do pek 850 = 30 257 Castlereagh 2719 17hfch bro orpek 8650 58
2323 21 ch bro pek 2100 36 258 2722 7 ch bro pek 700 40
2326 10 do or pek 900 32 259 2725 10 do or pek 800 40
23°9 17 do ek 1360 30 240 2728 11 do pek 880 37
2332 14 do pek sou 1050 28 261 Yataderia 2731 61hfch broor pek 3343 40
2341 37 hfch broorpek 2294 43 262 2734 27 ch bro pek 2700 35
2344 68 ch or pek 6244 37 263 2737 20 do or pek 2000 36
2347 28 do bio pek 1932 41 bid 264 2710 37 do pek 8367 33 bid
23:0 81 ¢o pek 2076 85 267 Bellomgalls: 2749 16hfeh bropek 880 38
2353 16 do pek sow ECO 8— 32 263 3762 12 ch ek 905 «83
3366 10hfch dust 800 272 Geragama 2764 18 ch ro or fek 1430 8688

Ooko watte °

2, CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. Lot. Pkgs. Box. Name. Ib. e,
278 POR PAN bro pek 2090 37 24 55 18 ch pek 1620 42
274 Geragama 2770 34 do pek 2720 33 25 68 18 do pek sou 1530 38
275 2773 20 do pek sou 1400 31 26 St. John’s 61 24hfch or pek 1200 58 bid
278 O’bode 2752 10 ch bro pek 1120-38 27 64 30 do pek 12% 49
279 d 2785 10 do or pek 1000 35 28 €¢7 12 co ek fans 840 35
280 27-8 11 do pek 990 33 29 Templestowe 70 34 ch rocrpek 2060 41 bid
283 Trex 2797 88 ch bro or pek 3800 39 30 73 13 do bro pek 910 40
284 2:00 82 do pek 2880 34 bid 31 76 2 hich orjek 940 47
288 Putupaula 2812 11 ch bro or pek 3210 45 bid 32 79 18 ch pek 1620 38 bid
289 2815 32 ch bro pek 2886, 38 33 8% 10 do unas 910 36
290 2818 30 do or pek 2520 39-35 34 ’ 8 9 do dust 90 4
291 281 23 do pek 1725 34 oh 6Glentilt 88 44bfch broor pek 2420 61
292 2:24 912) do pek sou £40 22 “6 91 31 ch or pek 3100 42
294 Yataderia 230 60 bfch brocr pek 3780 40 bid | 37 94 % do yek 2250 39
295 2883 26 ch bro pek 2600 35 hid 38 97 ll hfch fans £80.26
296 28:6 15 do or pek 1500 38 “9 Oonoogaloya 100 16 ch or pek 144039
297 2839 36 do pek 3276 33 bid 40 113 16 do bre or pek 1400 45
298 2842 13 do pek seu 1:05 29 bid 1 16 29 do pe} 2465 36
29 HGM 2045 24hbfich broorpek 1440 33 42 108 10 do pek sou 80 32
300 2548 9 ch bro pek 900 36 43 Woodstock 112 7 do bio pek 70 40
301 Y8b1 17 de pek 1530 36 44 115 9 do pek 855 = 35
208 Ketocleya 2872 15hfch dust 1275-293 46 Morahela 121 50 do pek 400 29 bid
311 AB Pitiya 2181 2! bfch bro or pek 47 124 20 do or pek No.1 1600 32 bid
dust 17&5 17 bid 45 1z7 24 do bro pek 2400 = 42
319 Holton 2905 10 ch broorpek 950 36 49 130) 8 do) ‘son 720 25 bid
320 2918 19 do pek 1615 31 61 Gonavy 136 19 do or ;ek 1710 43
321 2911 10 do pek sou £50 28 bid 52 139 15 do bro pek 1575 42 bid
330 Wattawella 2935 8 ch dust H JO 22 53 142 35 do pek 209 36
335 Palmerston 2953 12hfich broorpek 720 54 hid 54 B’Galla 145 15 do pek sou 1350 82 bid
336 2956 12 do bro pek 756 42 55 Kolapatna 148 ifhfch broor pek 810 49 bid
337 9959 9 ch pek 765 39 bid 56 151 16 do or pek 752 38 bid
339 Puspone 2965 15 ch or pek 1560-34 tid | 57 154 20 do pek 940 ©6336
340 2968 24 do bro pek 268 39 58 157 13 do bre pek fans780 34
341 2971 13 do pek 1235 . 35 BD ly ax 160 11 do fans 770,29
342 Harrow 2974 21hfch brceorpek 1260 48 bid 60 MidjJothian 163 18 do bro pek 1080 42
3438 2°77 11 ch bro pek 1:00 42 61 166 18 do or pek 900 42
344 2980 14 do pek 140641 62 169 26 do pek 1430 39
347 Waldemar ‘9:9 17hfch bio or pek 1119 56 bid 63 172 17 do pek sou &50 36
248 2992 41 Ao bro pek 2867 41 Vid 65 Ben Nevis 118 24 do bro pek 1146 48
349 FassaiaGroup2995 16 ch or pek 1440 387 bid 66 ls1 16 do or pek 768 50
250 2998 30 do bro or pek 20/0 38 bid 67 184 19 ch pek 1710039
25] 3001 25 do pek 2250 35 bid i Wattagalla 193 20 do bro pek 2100 38 bid
352 8004 15 do pek sou 1850 33 bid 7h 196 33 do pek 270 35
355 Carfax 3013 26 ch bro pek 2860 37 73 2902 11 do fans 935 % bid
356 Roeberry 2016 27 do bhroorpek 2700 43 74 205 9bLfch dust 765 28
457 20019 ¥7 do bro pek 5700 =. 338 75 AgraQuvah 28 54 do bro or pek 3730 54 bid
358 3022 73 do pek 6716 37 76 211 38 do or pek 209u 42 bid
359 3(25 34 do pek sou 3196 36 “7 214 15 ch per 1350 39 bid
360 3028 12 do dust 100 23 78 Glasgow 217 +6 do broorpek 28&0 44 bid
361 Roeberry 3031 28 ch i. or pek 2x00 45 "9 220 2Uv do or pek 1640 40
362 3034 56 do bropek 5600 ggbid | 50 223 1z do — pek 1140-37
363 3037 73 do pek 67 6 37 +1 Brownlow 226 17hfch broorpek 952 49
364 3140 35 do ek sou 3290-95 34 229 15 ch or pek 1365 41
365 2043 15 do fans 140 26 83 232 19 do pek 1577 3
36- Bandara Eliya3' 36 19 ch or pek 1:96 49 34 : 235 12 do pek sou 1020-38
367 30359 61hfch bruor pek 3/6) 4gbiad | §5 Mount Clare 238 11 do obroorpek 1045 38
368 2052 28 ch — pek 2640 © 3g bid | 88 241 13 do or pek 1105 36
369 3055 22 do pekNo2 2200 37 87 : 244 9 do pek 720, 35
372 Glenorchy 3064 22 cb bro pek 23207 56 bid 93 Bowhill 262 10 do broorpek 1000 46
377, Pulatagama 3079 37 ch broorpek 3700 41 o4 265 20 de or pek 2000-35 bird
378 3082 54 do bre pes 6400 37 bia | 95 268 23 dco pek 2070 34 bid
379 3085 55 do pek 4950 32 bd 97 Loughton 274 30 bfch bre or pek 1500 40
380 305 & do fons S00 27 98 277 «43—=«Cdlo pek 2150 37
382 Preston 3094 21 ch ty orpek 2205 48 ind 99 280 30 do pek sou 150 34
383 3097. 18 do droorpek 1890 48 bil 102 Mount Kverest v89 40 ao bro or pek 2200 40 bid
384 Coreen 3100 f3hfeh ‘.v pek 3142 40 id 13 292 21 do or pek 1050-50
385 Ambalangoda310? 13 ch tvoorpek 1300 41bid | 104 295 24 ch pek 2110 40
386 3106 13 do or pek 1360 38 108 Morahela 307 22 do bro or pek 22/0 38
387 3'09 14 do pek 1260 37 109 310 17 do bro pek 1530 35
ss09 BPC 3115 li bfch aust ‘ 1445 22 10 313 14 do or pek No.21252 33 bit
300 Pungetty 3118 I8hfch brocrpek 1188 50 bid 112 319 15 do pek 1200 = 31 bid
1 8121 25 do or pek 1F00 46 bid 113. Perth 3z2 22 do bro pek 2260 38
292 8124 206 ch pek 1900 40 1i4 25 21 do CP pch 1785 36
398 £8 in est mark 47 hf ch_ ek sou 3061 25 bid 5 328 19 do pek 1325 36
eine 121 Be wella 346 8 do pek 720 33
126 aduwa 361 10 do pek 90 26 bid
Messrs. E. John & Co. 129 Mt. Vernon 370 62 do pek 5456 38 bid
(217,577 li] 1.0 ae ses Be 3 GER pek No. 7 720 28 did
" 136 Battalawatte 291 20 hfe broor pek 1100 4: bid
Lot, Box. kgs, Name. MS) 9G, 137 194 13 ch pek sou 1170 34bid
2C 989 14 ch \ek 1190 30 1-8 Hlemane 697 +2 do bro pek 2200 4° bid
4 Mahoanilu and 139 400 20 do pek 1890 40
M 995 32hfch bro pek 1760. 41 bid | 140 403 14 do pek sou 1260 36
6 994 20 ch pek 180-0 40 142 Gallatota 409 11 do pek 1045 out
6 1 8 do pek sou Tad 36 143 412 §& do pek sou 760 1- bid
8 7 10bfch fans 750 33 144 Moratota 415 13 do bro pek 1430 3? bid
Doonhinde 10 25 ch bropek 2610 B8 bid | 145 418 15 do or pek 1425-33 bid
10 18 33 do pek 3300 37 146 421 20 do ek 1700 = 31 bid
il 16 8 ae pek sou $00. 33 148 Gangawette 427 \l4 do bro or pek 1480 50 bid
18 Alplabande 22 1! dy Hou 990 = 28 149 430 12 do bropek 1210. 40 bid
14 Orwell 25 17 do wr ock “615 40 1:0 $23 99 de nek 2R10°— 39
16 28 14 do pes 1.60 35 15s 4? Ohfel fins 700 28
14, 31» do, peksvuu 7.0 34 165 Gansarapollu 443 3L do bru or pek 1391 36
19 Kiston 40 23 do pek 1916 33 156 451 %5 do bro pek 1300 84
20 43.23 do pekson 2250 2 1A7 454 9 ch or nek 855-27 bid
7 Mocha 49 24 Wo bro orjek 2100 46 bid JGi Dichapitiyn 4:6 lo do bro pek Tsuv Bibby
2B 462 18 do or pek 1640 | 163 469 31 do 41L0 386

bid

pek

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
163 472 Qhfch dust 720
164 475 11 do fans 770
165 Gingranoya 478 12 ch bro or peE 1200
166 481 23 do pek 1840
167 Wazrleigh 484 16hfch broorpek 96uU
168 437 18 do or pek 99U
169 490 20 ch br pek 190)
170 493 2L do pek 1725
173 Rondura 5u2 7 «do broer pek 805
174 505 20 do bro pek 2000
175 503 22 do or pek 2200
176 511 37 do pek 214!
179 ~Halvita 520 25hfeh pek 1250
180 Avington 523 I1 ch pek No, 1 580
181 526 9 do pekNo-2 720
182 Peru 629 11 do pek 1045
Messis. Somerville & Co.
[214 067 1b.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib.
3 WwW 463 7 ch fans 875
7 Labuduwa 475 6 do pek sou 834

13. Yspa 493 29 ch pek sou 2520

14 496 9 do pek dust 1760

15 Walahanduwa 499 38 ch bro or pek 339)

16 502 32 do or pek 3u4d0

Vv 5U» 63 do pek 56:0

18 Striniwasa 6l8° 25 ch bro pek 2500

19 511 33 do pek 3610

20 514 29 do pek sou 26.0

21 517 7 do bro pek fans 700

24 Nyanza 526 9 ch or pek 810

25 529 3lLhfech_ bro pek 1705

26 532 15 ch pek 1350

29 Rothes 541 19hfch bro pek 1235

30 514. 8 ch pek 800

34 WK P 566 42 ch bro pek 4410

35 559 25 co or pek 2250

36 562 76 do pek 6460

37 565 17 do pek sou 1360

41 Hanagama 577,13. ch bro or pek 780

42 580 23 do pek sou 2070

43 Dryburgh 583 1lshfch broorpek 1235

44 586 17 ch or pe 1530

45 589 18 do pek 1512

46 Nellicollay-

watte 592 5Chfch_ bro pek 3000

47 695 14 ch- pek 1260

48 598 10 do pek sou 780

61 Thia Shola 607 22hfch pek 1100

52 MUA 613 16 ch or pek 1550

66 Warakamure 622 19 ch or pek 1805

57 625 19 do bro pek 1900

58 628 37 do pek 3182

59 621 19 do pek sou 16!5

6L GB 637 17 ch pek 1379

63 Dartry 643 21hfch fans 1596

66 D 652 7 ch bro pek 710

69 Avisawella 661 15hfch broorpek 750

70 €64 13 ch ro pek 1300

il 607 10 do or pek 900

72 670 8 Wo pek 720

78 673 10 do pek sou 800

76 Mousa Eliya 682 24 ch bro pek 2400

77 665 10 do pek 950

82 Laukka 700 29hfch bro pek 1624

83 708 14 ch pek 1305

86 Galgedioya 712 20 ch bro pek 2000

87 715 16hfch broorpek 9596

8s 718 12 ch pek 1140

89 721 17 do pek sou 1615

91 Hobart 727 22hfch_ bro pek 1144

92 730 13 ch pek 1079

94 Kurunegala

Estaies Com-
pany, Ltd. 736 35 bfch broorpek 2100

95 739 23 do or pek 1400

96 942 22 ch pek 1870

97 745 12 do pek sou 1020

100 New Angam- j

mana 754 20 ch bro or pek 2.09

101 757 22 do or pek 2090
102 760 82 do pek 2880
103 763 11 do nek sou 1005
104 766 18hfch fans 1180
106 Ravenscraig 772 i9hfch bro pek 1045
107 775 26 ch e; 2310

111 EP 787 ithfch dust 968
112 Kitool Patna 790 26 ch bro pek 2340
113 ' 793 13 do pek 1040
114 796 12 do pek sou 900
116 Tientsin 802 14 ch pek sou 1190

ERY 805 5 do dust 700

bid

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ¢
124 Cooroondoo- a
watte 826 .8 ch bro pek 260
125 829 14 ch
6hfch pek 1730 35
126 832 7 ch — pek sou 700 29
128 Labugama 838 20hfch bro pek 1100 39
129 841 24 ch pek 203031
138 Old Maddegamat68 14 ch broorpek 1:20 48
139 871 12 ch _ bro pek g00 44.
140 874 15 do pek 1275 = 40
144 OLW 889 7 ch bro pek fans 710 26
151 Mt.Temple 907 28 ch bro pek 2300-36
152 910 24 do pek 2516 tl bid
153 913 12 do or pk fans 12°06 31
154 LL 916 24hfch d st 1968 22
155 019 12 ch bro mix 1080-21
1°56 Nugawella 922 271'fch broorpek 16.0 40
157 925 29 do bro pek 1450 40
159 931 23 do nek 1150 =. 36
Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name bance
162 Dalukolawatte39 9 ch broorpek 900 43 bid
163 940 14 do pek sou 1260 38
164 Hanguranketa946 13hfch bro pek 715 44
165 949 14 do pek 70 39
166 952 14 do unast 770 30
170 Doragalla 964 49 ch bro pek 4655 )
171 967 20 «ia pek 1970 + withd‘n
73 973 9 do fans 1125
174 Ossingten 976 8 ch bro pek 800 34
175 979 13 do pek 1105, 27 bi
177, “Havilland 935 27 ch bro or pek 2760 37 bid
178 938 10 do or pek 900 37
179 991 29 do pek 2610 = 31 bid
180 994 10 do pek No. 2 900 32 bid
185 Rahatungodal0v9 24 hfch broorpek 1596 47
186 1012 20 do or pek 1080 40
187 1015 32 do ek 1664 36
190 Ouvah 1024 19 ech pek sou 1704 30. bidl
191 Sadumulla 1027 30hfch bro pek 1580 34
192 1030 9 ch or pek 900 20 bid
194 L Dand P 1039 llhfch dust 946 16
196° Gonanagalla 1042 9 ch or pek 720. 39
197 1045 18 do bro pek 1800 38 bid
193 1048 23 do pek 181035
199 1051 12 do pek sou 1080 3h
200 Marigold 1054 49hfch bro pek 2891 49
201 Allacullawewal057 41 hfch bro pek 233746
202 Abbcotsfurd 1060 30 bfch or pek 1510 42
203 Brecon 1063 11 bfch broorpek 715 52
204 1066 17 do or pek 1026 3
SMALL LOTS.
Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name, Ibis ees
1 Tokatiamulla 1951 10hf ch bro pek 550 32
2 1954 6 do pek 300 30
3 1957 Ll do pek sou 50 27
9 Wewawatte 1975 9 do pek 685 80
10 1978 5 do peksou 290i Nn8.27,
16 Great Valley
Ceylon, in est.
mar 1993 5hf-cb dust 425 28
16 Mount Plea-
sant 1996 6 do or pek 300 83
Ww 1999 3 do bro pek 180 38
18 2002 5 do pek 250 30
19 2.05 1 do nek sou 50! 1) 27
20 2008 1 do fans 40 28
21 Udapolla 2011 6 ch or pek 540 Bict
24 2020 7 do pek sou 560 30
25 2023 lhfch dust 80 22
29 D, in estate
mark 2035 2hfch bro pek 400 39
30 2038 6 do fans No 1 390 20
31 2041 3 do pek dust 240 23
32 Norton 2044 3 ch bro pek 279 36
33 2047 2 do pek 200 «86030
36 Yelatenne 2056 8 ch pek sou 640 36
37 2059 1 do sou 90 8628
38 2062 2 do fans 170 26
40 Ardross 2063 3 ch sou 210 (24
41 Mahayaya 2071 4hbfch_ or pek 220 88
43 2077 14 do pek 686 32
44 2080 8 do pek sou .400 28
45 2083 3 do fans 159 28
46 2086 1 do dust 88-22
~ 60 Coldstream-
group 2098 4hich dust 320
51 2101 6 do fans 326 «(27
52 Lionakelle 2104 3 ch fans 270024
55 Nakiadenia 2113 ch _ pek fans 400 = 31
56 2116 5 do pek sou 840 ba)
57 ‘2119 2 do bro pek fans 120 28
58 2122 5hfich dust 425 on

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name lb. ¢. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec.

61 Thedden 2131 5 ch pek sou 400 = 3 305 Relugas 2868 4 ch dust 640 2
62 21384 3 do bro pek fans 876 29 306 Ne: 2868 2 ch dust 300 a
68 : 2187 1 do dust 160-23 307 Dunally 2869 5hfch dust 425 23
71 Maldenia 2161 3 ch dust 390 23 309 Nynongodde 2875 5hfch dust 400 92
75 Kalupahana 2173 7 ch pek 630 out. 310 Welk:ndala 2878 7hfch dust 574
76 2176 3 do pek sou 270 ~=—-.25 bid 312 ABPitiya 2864 Tbfch bro pekfans 455 ont
q7 21 79 3 do fans 300 26 313 9887 8 ch sou 640 out
78 2182 1 do dust 150 20 314 Hillwatte 2890 2 ch broorpek 200 38
82 Tonacombe 2194 8 ch pek sou 680 34 315 293 5 do bro pek 526 33
‘ 87 Galapitakan- 316 2886 2hfch orpek 120 «33
de 2209 5 ch _ pek sou 50032 317. Holton 2899 4 ch bro pek 380 6-35
38 2212 3hfch dust 270 3=- 28 318 2902 3 do or pek 270-3
89 Barrington 2215 4 ch bro pek; 240 836 299 2914 5 do dust 400 © 98
20 2218 5hfch pek 275 30 323 Deyanella 2917 2hfch dust 160 98
91 2221 5 do pek sou 278 27 321 O Finest
92 2224 1 do sou 45 24 mark 2920 4 ch bro pek S87 gy
93 2227 1 do dust 70 21 325 2928 4 ch pek 300 28
106 Monkswood 2266 3hfch dust 270 26 326 2926 4 do pek sou 273 out
108 Ovokoowatte 2272 1 ch sou 80 25 327 9929 2 do dust 250 20
110 2278 4 do pek fans 400-29 328 2932 1hfch greentea 55 — ont
ill 2281 1 do dust 150-20 329 Wattawella 29:5 6 ch sou 630 97
120 Patchakadua 2308 6hfch dust 510 2 331 2941 9 do pek fans H- 675 23
123 C F, in estate 332 B Binest
mark 2217 4 ch pek 360 30 mark 9944 3 ch bro pek 300 31
124 2220 2 do pek sou 200 §©20bid 233 2947 3 do pek 270 3-29
120 Halbarawa 2335 2 ch fans 248 26 334 2950 2 do peE sou 160 35
130 2338 2 do dust 328-20 338 Alton 2962 6hf-ch dust 57038
141 PC H Galle 315 Harrow 29:3 3 ch pek sou 270-385
in estate a “ 316 2956 3hfch dust 210 25
mark 2371 5 ch broorpek 506 i 3.3 PassaraGroup307 3 ¢ dust 270-28
142 2474 4 do orpek 630 33 354 3010 6 do fans 420 RB
144 2380 4 do pek fans 240 26 370 Bandara Eliya3 58 5 ch dist eG) os
445 Bandarahen- 371 3:61 7 do pek fans 462 30
tenne 2383 6 ch bro pek 60038 373 Oodoowere 3(67 6 ch or pek 612 40
147 2389 4 do pek sou 320-29 374 3070 7 do perk 630 «237
148 2392 1 do = sea 7627 375 3°73 5 do pek sou 450 35
149 2395 1 do fans 60 6 376 3076 1hfch dust 80 24
150 : 2398 Ubfch dust 8522 381 Polatagama 3091 3 ch dust 450 23
151 LN SD , in Ore tl cut NBEO pk go) Olas 338 BPC 3112 3 2 bro pek 276 #18
ar: p 2 3127 6 ek s 53
152 paaal do pel ies 5 393 Pungetty 31 re pek sou 4 36
153 2407 2 do ek sou 164 26 2 :
154 2410 1 do eet 97 99 (Messrs. Somervills & €o0.|
165 2413 lhfech dust 68 22 . : Tr. H
159 Matale 2425 1 ch sou 85 29 Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. &
160 2428 2hfch fans 140 29 1) OW: ALi ch fans 623 «(85
161 2431 3 do dust 225 23 2 460 2 do dist 340 21
167 Cullen 2449 3hfch pek sou 150 »= 38 4 466 1 do dust Tl (eperes Ee
168 Macaldenia 2452 11 do bro cr pek 660 41 5 Labuduwa 469 4 ch bro pek 45 34
169 Dewalakan- 6 472 4 do pek 426 30
de 2455 6 ch pek 538 32 8 Maligatenne 478 3 ch bro pek 353 30
V1 2461 1 deo bro pek 80 «87 9 481 2 do pek 219 830
172 Digalla 2464 1 ch pek 86 30 10 484 3 do pek sou 304 28
173 2487 1 do pek sou 87 = -28 il 4s7 2 do unast 236 624
280 Queensland 2488 5 ch pek sou 425 387 12 490 4 do bro tea 442 24
181 2491 2hfch pek dust 168 28 22 Siriniwasa 520 3 ch dust 456 21
188 Dammeria 2397 5 ch broorpek 560 37 23 522 2 do sou No.2 199 48
188 2512 3 do bro pek fans 210 28 27 Nyanza 535 3 ch pek sou 270 32
189 25156 2 do dust 200 23 28 5:8 3° do dust 300 23
199 DM 2518 1 ch or pek 100 33 31 Rothes 547 1 ch pek sou 100 29
2705 Kirklees 2568 2 ch congou 210 «28 382 ; 550 Llbfch dust 90 21
206 2566 5 do pek fans 550 30 33 653 1 do | bro mix Fibber. AU
207 2569 Thfch dust 630 24 33 WKP 568 4 h sou 20t 30
2711 Seenagolla V 2681 3 ch pek sou 315 32 59 571 11 hf-ch fans 660 27
212 2§8t 3hfch dust 255 24 40 574 3hfch dust 171i 23
215 WW 2593 1 ch — or pek 85-85 49 Nellicollays
216 2596 2 do pek 161 34 watte 601 2hfch dust 160 24
221 Amblapitiya 2611 2 ch fans Duty O83 50 604 2 do fans 152 = 26
222, 2614 1 do brotea eae 52 MUA 610 1 ch brypek 100 3=—- 36
23 2617 1 do dust 157 22 64 616 6 do or pek No. 2 625 4 bid
224 ING, in est. BA 619 lhfch fans 81-2 _ bial
tmaark 2626 5 ch pek fans 500 28 60 GB 634 4 ch bro pek , 426 out
P27 2629 3 do red leaf 270 «16 2 640 2hfch dust 135 20
ABB 2632 3 do bre pek dust 4z0 24 o4 Dartry 616 4hf€ch dust 368 © 29
452 Yast Holyrod 264 3 ch sou 291 23 65 649 1 ch sou 92-25
238 Troy 2°62 3 do dust 435 293 67 D 655 6 ch pek 570-30
939 2666 1 do fans 96 «(1 63 68 6 do pek sou 51026
947 Poonaglla 2689 5Shfech fans 400 26 74 Avisawella 676 3kfich dust 210 23
%3 Weyunga- 76 EL 679 Lbfeh bro or pek 50 37 bia
watte 9707 1 ch sou 85 27 78 Karangalla 688 6 ch bro pek 660 37
Wet 2710 3hfch dust te s3 79 691 6 do pek 510 30 bid
265 Bellongalla 2743 7hfch broor pek 420-37 80 694 1 do pek sou &5 27
366 2746 7 do or pek 360 34 8L 697 Lhfch dust 90 - 21
269 2755 4 ch pek sou 330 30 84 Laukka 706 3 ch pek son 288 27
20 2758 3hfch fans 210 23 85 709 3hfch dust 240 28
FUL 2761 3 do dust 260 24 90 Galgedioya 724 Shf-ch dust 400 923
276 Gevagama 2776 Shfch dust 6410 24 93 Hobart W733)" 4) ch pek& sou 595 27 bid
277 ~Warwick 2779 2hfech dust 170 24, 98 Kurunegalle
781 O'boue 2791 ch pek sou 425 80 Estates Com-
WB2 2794 Lhfch dust 100 =—_22 pany, Ltd. 748 5 ch congou 4(0 26
%5 Irex 2808 4 ch pek sow 320 30 99 751 6hfch dust 400 28
286 2806 1 do fans 110 26. 105 New Angamana769 5hfch dust 375 21
957 2819 2 do dust 170 «3619 103 Ravenscraig 778 3 ch pek sou 300 89-29
9% Putupaula 2827 2 ch dust 260 89-22 109 781 3hfch dust 240 89-28
W2 Walballa 2854 9hfch broorpek 640 38 110 IP 784 7 ch pek sou 632 §630 a
HB 28:7 % ch ~ bro pek 300 36 116 Kitool Patna 799 8hfch pek dust fans 40 26 bid
4 2860 4 do pek 860 8. 118 H, Heatherton 808 4hfch dust — 320 oS

Lot: Box,
110 811
120 S 814
121 817
122 A 820
123 §23
127 Cooroondoo-
watte 835
130 Labugama 844
131 847
132 DB Rinest.
mark 850
133 853
134 856
135 859
136 862
137 865
141 Old Madde-
gama 870
142 880
143 Chetnole 883
144 OL W 886
146 UK 892
147 895
148 -V 898
149 Pol
150 904
158 Nugawela 928
160 934
161 937
167 Hangurauketa 955
168 Minest mark 958
169 961
172 Doragalla 970
176 QOssington 982
181 Havilland 997
182 1000
183 1003
184 1006
188 A in est mark1018
189 1021
193 Sadumulla 10:3
194 LDand P_ 1026
2C5 Breeon 1069
26 1072
207 1075

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5

Name, Ib.
sou 300
sou 550
dust 400
dust 320
sou 300
pek fans 240
pek sou 480
dust 640
bro pek 68
pek 81
pek sou 48
byson 54
dust 68
red leaf 42
pek sou 340
bro or pk fans300
dust 640
dust 220
bro mixed 640
bro tea 615
bro pek 384
pek 68
dust 58
or pek 240
pek sou 560
dust 170
fans 210
bro pek 52
unast 75
fans 180
dust 270
pek sou 255
dust 255
fans 198
bro mix 47
pek £79
fans 97
pek sou 180
pek dust 280
pek 665
pek sou 100
dust 180

(Messrs. H. John & Co}

Lot. Box.
1C 286
3 992
7 Mahanilu and

MN 4

12 Docnhinde 19

17° Orwell ; 34

18 37

VR AG 46
45 WK 118
50 Morahela 133
64 M 175
68 Ben Nevis 187
69 190
72 Wattgalla 199
88 Mount Clare 247
89 250
90 253
91 256
92 259
96 Rowhill 271
100 Loughton 2t5
101 286
105 Mount Everest 298
106 801
107 304
111 Morahela 316
116 Perth 331
117 334
118 EandH 337
119 340
120 Bewella 343

122 349

Pkgs,

Name. Ib.
bro pek 665
pek sou €30
dust 184
dust 440
dust 215
fans 126
red leaf 540
pek sou 196
dust 415
bro tea 180
pek sou 276
dust 270
pek sou 640
pek sou 320
fans No. 1 212
fans No. 2 113
dust No. 1 110
dust No. 2 62

ust 800
dust 250
fans 200
pek sou 630
bropekfans 260
dust 200
or pek No.1 400
pek sou 600
pek dust 520
fans 450
dust 450
bro pek - 600
pek sou 320

37

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. c@.
128 352 3hfch dust 210 23
24 Eladuwa 355 4 ch or pek 380 34
195 358 2 do bro pek 24031
197 264 5 do pek sou 450 24 bid
198 267 2 do mixed 260 16
131 AT 376 6 do pekNo.2 540 26
132 372 1 do brocrpek 110 36
133 382 1 do pek fans 100 23
134 385 2 do ccengou 180 20
125 388 4 do dust 430 20
141 Elemane 406 2 do fans 200-24
147) Morateta 424 2 do pek No, 2 160 27 bid
151 Gangawatta 436 3 do- pek sou 300 =. 32, bid
152 439 6hfch dust 540 25
154 445 3 ch sou 270 29
158 GT 457 4 do bro pek 420 31
159 460 7 do pek 616 29
160 463 Tbfch dust 665 22
171 Warleigh 496 2 ch peksou 160 83
ae - 499 Thfch dust 560 24 bid
17; Rondura 514 2 ch pek fans 230 . )
78 517 3 do dust ag5 y Withd’n

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Mincine LANE, Nov. 8th,

‘“« Stentor.’’—Nellaoolla U, 2 cases sold at 1s 11d;
ditto 1, 4 cases sold at 1s 7d; ditto 2, 1 case sold
at Is 5d; ditto B&S, 1 case sold at ls 4d; ditto

Seed, 1 case sold at 2s 2d.

“ Kawachi Maru.’’—M in estate mark, Mysore 2,
2 cases sold at 1s 7d; ditto B, 3 cases sold at 10
5d; ditto Seeds, 1 case sold at 23 4d; ditto S, is
cases sold at 1s 4d; 2 cases sold at Is 5d.

“ City of Perth.’—H in estate mark, Oonanagalla
1 case sold at 1s 3d.

“ Tosa Maru.”—Gallantenne EK, 2 cases sold at 28
3d; Warriagalla, 1 case sold at 2s 3d.

“Clan Ranald.”—A L 1, 1 case sold at 1s 7d;
7 cases sold at 1s 8d.

‘Clan Drummond.”’—A L Malabar, 6 cases sold

at Is 5d.
** Hector.’—H L 1, 6 cases sold at1ls 6d; 2 cases

sold at 1s 7d.

“ Shropshire,’—Duckwari_A1, 2 casee sold at 4s ;
ditto D1, 2 cases sold at 1s 6d; ditto A Splits, 1
case sold at 3s ld; ditto C Splits, 3 cases sold at
1s 10d; ditto D Splits, 1 case sold at 1s 4d; ditto
E Splits, 4 cases sold at Ils 6d; ditto Seeds, 1 case
sold at 2s 3d; ditto C, 6 cases sold at 1s 10d;
ditto D, 3 cases sold at 1s 5d; ditto BB & S, 1
case sold at 1s 6d; dittoC, B&S, 2 cases sold at
1s 4d; ditto D, B &S, 1 case sold at 1s 4d.

“‘ Bingo Maru.’”—Winchfield Park A A, 1 case
sold at 3s 6d; ditto Splits, 5 cases sold at 1s 6d;
ditto B1, 4 cases sold at 1s 4d; ditto Seed, 1 case
sold at 23 4d; ditto B, 3 cases sold at 1s 8d,

“Awa Mura,”—Gallantenne Cardamoms, 3 cases
sold at 23 2d,

“ Stentor.”—E NJDS in estate mark, 2 cases sold
at 1s 5d; JWC De S, Mahauva Mysore 1 4 cases
sold at 1s 11d; 5 cases sold at 23; 6 cases sold at
1s 11d; 2 cases sold at 1s 7d; 14 cases sold at 1s
8d; 5 cases sold at 1s 9d; 1 case sold at 1s 4d;
JWC De S, Malabar 1, 2 cases sold at Is 9d; 2
cases sold at Is 10d; 2 cases sold at 1s 4d; 19
cases sold at 1s 5d.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

ot

'
i

THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

—— =

is Pricz :—12% cents each, 3 copies
No. 4 CotomBo, Dscamser 9, 1901. i 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee..
3 3 ples 5 rap
CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name ib. e.
LONDON. 102 3433 22 ch pek 1980 38
is 1405 Tymawr 3442 26 hf ch i pek . 1480 43
APH . 106 3445 22 do ro orpek 1320 43 bid.
LARGE LOTS. 107 3448 31 do pek 1483-40
ace tanS 108 8451 21 do pek sou 1008 87
Messrs. &. Benham & Uo. 109 3454 21 do peksou 1008 37
« 110 Laxapana-
[11,436 1b. | galla 3457 13 ch broorpek 1300 38
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ibe saics 116 Middleton 3475 23hfch broorpek 1265 60
1 Battalgalla 85 28 ch or pek& 2660 44 7 3478 39 ch bio pek 3900 42
2 &8 37° do pek 3145 37 lis 3451 28 do pek 2520 39
8 Mapitigam, 91 8 ch broorpek 760 41 119 Algooltenne 3184 46 ch bro or pek 4600 38
5 97 16 do pek 1366 32 120 3487 2 do or pek 2450 34
6 1.0 13 do pek sou 975 30 121 349)) 27 oO pek 2430 33
18 Meddakande 21 10 hbfch dust 800 24 122 3193 -22hfch ‘ust 1870 244
1223 WVRA 3496 17 do broor pek 935 42 bid
i 124 3409 15 do fans 1200 24
Messrs. ¥- ms . 128 Great Valley
rs (508, 990 He } en ai 5i' 36hfeh broorpek 1608 4t
Tee Box, Pkys. Name. Ib. ce. igNa Gaide rau deh VcPREE. |) ATS00W a0 ERG
EE ea cstate 120 257 ch bropek 737 — 34 bid
mark 8130h. 7) ‘chi pek sou 780 30 131 3520 30 de pek 2640 35
3 Galkanda 3136 24hfch or pek 1200 39 132 ined pek sou 1350 31
4 _ 3189 2$ ch pek 2160 38 133 Weligoda 41 ch bropek 4100 35 bid
8 a Bey in 134 ; 29 36 do pek 1280 BL bid
Sta a r 5 aya 1 or F
Newmarket 3151 47 hfeh broor pek 2820 46 bid Be RUN oe 29 me ae ripee a ae
5 2
9 Biba as | cH orowpeky |) 4044) 28 bid. | 439 “i413 do pek son 1170 BB
10 BibT 26 do) /pek 2300 37 bid | 149 Pine Hill 3553 20hfch broorpek 1740 44
il 2 3160 8 do. pekson 736 36 143 3656 18 ch or pek 1620 38
16 Choisy 3175 22 do pek sou 1760 35 144 3559 20 do pek 1800 36
18 Rockside 3181 10 ch bro pek 145 3662 lO Bech dust 850 94
sedate. fans 1200 al 146 ~Findlater 565 28 do bro pek 1563 41
20 Yatiyana 3187 23 do bro pek aly 147 3568 15 ch pek 1425 35
: Nov diy | 2200 0/30 150 Tunisgalla 3577 25hfch broor pek 1375 48
- tas tat a aE 151 368) 30 do bropek 1800 37
Sere : Ba. 3 P 3583 61 a@ 5 ,
Sindumally 3139 48 ch bro pek 4809 40 bid te 3586 A oh ore Soe 38 ee
25 govzaats a dori cr pee ay 154 23539 9 do peksou 765 30
26 346 387 do pek 2097-36 156 Glendon 3695 13 ch bro pek 1300 49
27 S208 Se (doje Dek sou) |) 260i oe 167 3598 32 do or pek 3200. 36 bid.
28 Bickley 8z1L 15 bfch pek sou 870 35 158 1 42 do pek 3780 33
29 Glencorse 3214 16 ch bro pek 1600 42 159 aiiean pek sou 760 30
30 3217 16 do or pek 144037 162 Cocmbecourt 3 14hfch broorpek 77 46
al 3220 16 do pek 1280-34 163 1647 do bropek 2585 4!
32 3223 23 do pek sou 1726 32 164 19 8 ch pek 760 36
33 Dunbar 3226 17hfch broor pek 850 51 166 Theydon Bois 25 15 ch pek 1050 39 bid
ae Sree) Cah Gwen! | deaga ae 168 Clyde 31 32 do bropek 3200 36
ow 232 14 do, pe 2 Gal 169 34 18 do broorpek 13800 53 bid
36 3235 14hfch bro pek 170 37.17 do pek No. 1 1530 32
37 «St. Paul’s Inv. fans 826 38 val 40 lo do pek No.2 1395 31
No. 36 3238 26hfch broorpek 1556 49 173 SH 460 7 Gh redileat 770) 8 bid
38 3241 27 do or pek M465 4% bid | 174 Lyegrove 49 8 do bropek 810-38
39 3244 18 do pek 954 40 175 52.8 do or pek 760 38
40 Carlabeck 3247 8 ch pek sou 800 38 176 BSeegeido pek 760 35
43 Treby 3256 47 hfch bro pek 2820 «46 177 58 8 do pek sou 7) 33
44 3259 20 ch pek 1806 4b 179 OBE G, in
45 326212 do pek sou 1080 38 estate mark
op Pe ae do pek sou 91836 Forest Creek @4 13 ch broorpek 1300 53 bid
51 Ardlaw. an a es 180 67 38 do bropek 3800 40 bid
Wishford 3280 22hich ‘broor pek 1254 él 181 70 19 do or pek 1718 38 bid
52 3283 22 ch bro pek 216641 182 73 19 do pekNo.1 1710 37 ,
53 Benet Uy acas, vormek Ba Be 183 76 22 do pekNo.2 1980 36
54 328912 do pek nO8d> 38 187 Battawatte 88 49hfch broorpek 3185 38
57 Manstield 3298 49 hfch bro pek 2940 47 188 91 13 ch or pek 1300 36 bid
58 330L 2 ch — pek 1995 40 189 91 26 do _ pek 2470 34 bid
59 3304 8 do pek sou 12038 190 97 10 do peksou 4 800 30bid
66 _ 3307 Wbfch dust - Eee ae 192 Dammeria 103 16 ch bropek 1600 41
61 Nakiadenia 3310 12 ch pekNol 960-33 bid 193 106 12 do or pek lug) «40 bia
6z Dea Ela 3313 28hfch broorpek 1540 39 194 109 36 do pek 36.0 37 bid
63 B16 TAO den sr onbek 7) 2200) 38 195 112 8 do peksou 720 33 bid
64 3319 35 do pek Wo0 32 198 Bloomfield 121 19 ch bro pek 1857 41
67 Knavesmire 3328 14 ch or pek 1190 36 199 124 11 do pek 1045 37
488 3331 105 do bro pek 9976 35 bid 20? ~Pallagodda 133. 10 ch bro or pek 1000 37
o BEE a) Abs AG ees 208 136 2a do wropek 2400 39
wo BRL PESO pe ON TE 204 139 15 do or pek 12u0 33 bid
72 Udaveria 3343 9bfch fans 705 30 205 142 14 do pek 1050 32
73 Penrhos 3346 27 do bro pek 1666 37 bid 206 145 15 do bek sou 1125 30 bid
74 3349 26 do or pek 1196 38 208 161 11 do ust 936 24
15 3352 33 ch — pek 261036 210 Killarney 157 40 bf ch as or pek 2400 41
76 3355 17 do pek sou 1360 31 211 160 9 ch or pek 720 42
79° Vogan 3364 22 ch bro orpek 220¢ 56 212 163 13 do pek 1235 37
80 3367 28 do or pek 266 40 214 Hanwella 169 54hfch young hyson 3510 36
a aud = He ee ane 3 215 172 17 do ~ hysonNol 1105 32
BY ip cA RD rind id
Si) Tembiligallamigssxive7 (chet broorpek sols s7bid il eax eee ae Ze chi, | bro or pek, (2200, (40. bid
ia 219 184 29 do bro pek 2755 = 40
86 3365 27 do pek 2430 32 220 187 30 do pek 2700 38
9 KPW 3397 25hfich broorpek 1600 39 ; :
221 199 8 do peksou 720 34
91 : 3400 25 do bropek = 1640-36 222 GoodHope 193 22 ch broorpek 2200 40
93 - 3406 23 do pek 1160 38 223 196 61 do bropek 4590 35
98 Waitalawa, 342L 55 do bro pek 2760 47 226 Great Valley

99 8424 66 do pek 2800 37
100 Strathspey 8427 10 ch bro or pek 1027 56 bid
101 Ninfiel 3430 21 do bro pek 3100 39

Ceylon, in est.
mark 205 42hfch broorpek 2433 withdn.

9 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. LDsc Nes Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib. "Ss:
2 ringwood 214 8 ch or pek fans 800 33 360 Palmerston 667 12hfch broorpek 720 57
Sr, Peatats P 381 670 10 ch pek 850 40
mark 220 9 ch congou 855 29 bid 384 Queensland 679 10 ch broorpek 1000 52
232 Yataderia 223 56hfch broorpek 3528 38bid | 335 682 10 do or pek 1000 41
233 226 19 +h bro pek 1900 34bid | 387 688 11 do pek 935 41
934 229 11 do or pek 1100 35 bid 388 Presten 691 22 ch broorpek 23'0 44
236 232 29 do pek 2581 31 vil | 390 697 11 do pek 90240
236 235 2 do pek sou 1020 30bia | 3% i 700 8 do brirpek fanss96 36
237 Bromoland 238 17hfch broorpek 396 Tembiligalla 715 19 ch bioorpek 1805 39
Nol 1020 47 hid 397 718 15 do pek 1350-33
238 241 20 do brocrpek 403 H 736 17 ch or pek 169! withd‘n
No 2 1040 39 bid 404 739 31 do pek 2573 ~withd‘n
240 i 217 8 ch ek 720 35 bid 405 Fungetty 742 1shfch broorpek 1135 52 :
244 Summerville 259 20 ch bro pek 2060 41 bid 406 745 25 cco or nex 1497 48 bid
246 262 32 a pek . 3040 37 I rn es
246 Poonagalla 265 18 ¢ or pe! 1764 45 . BE. John
247 268 23 do bropek 2530 52 Messrs. E. Jo & Co.
248 271 ¥2 do ek 2156 = 40 [205,405 1b]
249 Dewalakande 271 14 hfch siftings 840 12 P ’ é
250 377 deh! dase Paphtas Lot. Box. Fkgs. Name. Re are
251 Mawiliganga- 4 Ohiya 541 9 ch or pek 900 ~—- 87 bid
watte 280 17 ch bro or pek 1615 38 5 544 14hfch broorpek 840 40 bist
262 233 12 do or pek 810 34 6 547 20 ch pek 1su0 36
253 286 68 do bro pek 6120 34 7 M,inest mark 550 7 do unas 700 30
254 28: 42 do pek sou 3234 29 8 Gamsarapolla 553 33bfch broorpek 1930 37
259 Troy 304 19 ch bro or pek 1993 37 bid 9 556 24 do bro pek 1248 33
260 307 17 do or pek 1445 34 bid 10 559 «9 ch or pek 255 29
261 310 1! do ek 820 32 11 Nahavilla 562 32 do or pek 2he0 40
262 Atgalla 313 30 ch pekdust 1950 23 12 565 41 do bro pek Ai00 = 42 bid
265 Yelatenne 822 17hfcb broorpek 983 39 bid 13 568 18 do pek 1620 39
266 Yogama 3825 17 ch bro orpek 1783 39 14 571 do pek sou 720 35
267 328 16 do bro pek 1600 36 15 574. OShfich dust 72024
268 331 17 do pek 1615 33 16 577 10 ch eb fans 700 26
271 Drayton 340 67hfch or pek 3350 45 17 ‘Tillington 5e0 24 hfch ro or pex 1200 42 bid
272 343° 52 ch pek 460 39 18 582 .70 do bro pez 3500 out
273 Talgaswela 346 12 ch broorpek 1200 41 bid 19 586 33 ch pek 2305 = 3
274 349 18 d6 or pek 1440 935 bid 23 Balado 798 17 co pek 1570 ~=—-34 bid
275 352 24 do pek 1920 33 bid 24 Higham €Ol 38 do bro pek 3800 38 bid
276 365 17 do pek sou 1276 31 bil 25 604 25 Go pek 22.0 34 bid
277. Coldstream 26 607 15 do pek sou 1350 33
. Group 358 Q91hfch bro pek 4547 withd'n 30 RE 619 16 do dust 1440 withd’n
278 Putupaula 361 11 ch bro or pek 1207 44 bid 32 Halpita 625 25hfch pek 1268 30
279 364 32 do bro pek 2877 =. 35 bid 34 Comar 63L 53 do bro pek 20:0 32 bid
280 Mun: kettia 38 Wadburst 643 16bfch bro pek 20 41
Ceylon in est 39 646 10 ch pek 9UU 7
mark 2 ch or pek 1020-36 41 LEL 652 27 do pek 2025-37
281 870 36hfch bro pek 2160 42 42 Rondura Go5nu et) aD broorpek 8&5 36
482 373 21 ch pek 1680 33 43 658 20 do bro pek 2000 8BT
285 Sylvakandy 282 53 ch bro pek 5300 848 44 661 22 do or pek 2200 «37
286 385 29 do pek 2610 37 45 664 37 do pek 3°45 33
258 Penylan 391 23 ch bro pek 2300 36 48 Gonavy 673 16 du or pek 1360 43
289 394 21 ch pek 1785 32 49 676 16 do bro pek 160 40 bid
292 Castlereagh 403 29hfch obroorpek 1450 48 bid 5U 6.9 30 do pe- 2250 37
293 406 12 ch bro pek 1200 38 bid 51 682 11 do pek sou 1045 33
294 4099 9 do or pek 720 39 54 Heatherly @91 7 do siftings 950 9
295 412 9 do pek 720 36 55 Moratote 694 22 do bro pek 2420 34 bid
206 Lochiel 415 29bfch broorpek 17640 50 th 700 57 do pek 4560 32 bid
207 418 28 ch or pek 2884 39 bid 60 Ratwatte 709 27 do bro pek 270 34
298 421 27 ch pek 2241 36 61 712 v4 do pek 2160 29
307 Marlborough 44% 3i bfch broorpek 1700 41 bid 62 71a do pek sou 720 27
308 451 58 ch bro pek 6091) 38 bid 64 Birnham 72L 19 do pek sou 1425 37
309 454 26 do pek 2340 34 bid 65 Glasgow 72424 do bro or pek 1560 57
311 Moriawatte 460 20hfch dust 1700 23 66 727 38 do bro pek 3040 44
314 Try 469 33 ch bro or pek 3462 38 bid 67 io0 26 do or pek 1930 39 bid
315 472 27 do or pek 2292-34 bid 68 {350101700 peb sou 15u0 = 337
316 475 18 do pek 1437 32 bid 69 MS 736 8 do broor pek 840 cut
325 N'‘Pitiya 502 10hfch bro pek dust 850 20 70 732 16hfch bro peb fans 1u88 23
326 6&5 14 ch bro mix 1260 16 71 Holbrook 7#2 24 do or pek 1200 43 bid
328 PassaraGroup5ll 9 ch or pek 810 40 72 73d, 23 do bro pek 1540
329 614 17 do bro or pek 1700 42 73 748 39 do bro cr pek 2184 61 bid
330 517 16 do pek 1440 38 74 (Ole GE pek 1102 40 bid
334 Erlsmere 629 15hfch broorpek 780 53 75 SJ 754 13hfch bro pek 780 37
885 i 532 11 ch or pek 88) 45 76 757 «13 do ek 702 34
336 635 33 do bropek 1818 42 77 Templestowe 760 30 ch broorpek 2700 45
337 538 23 du pex 1840 38 ai 763 23hfch or pek 1160 48
540 A. M.B. 547 14 «ch dust 1980 24 79 766 39 ch peé 1805 38
345 G. K. 56% 17 ch pek sou 1275 = 28 bid 80 769 12 do pek sou 1080-36
848 571 16hfech dust 1360 24 8L 772 10 do ans 950 31
251 Stattord 580 22 ht ch 82 Mccha 775 26 do bruor pek 2600 46 bid
lbf¢h bro orpek 1491 47 83 iis 23 do pek 2250 42
352 583 29 ch 84 73! 19 co pe- sou 1615 38
1 do or pek .906 42 8&6 Navangama 78i 10 do or pek 10v0 34
686 19 do pek 4520 40 87 7yu 11 do pek 990 32
861 Digdola 610 16 ch bro or pek 1517 37 hid 90 Galloola 799 33 do bre pek 330uU 46
362 “New market 91 802 50 do pek 450036
inest mark 613 1% ch fans 1560 29 92 £05 30 do peK sou 2400 0-34
363 616 i8 do dust 1015-25 95 Deniyaya, si: 1¢ do or pek 13u0 37 bid
365 Salem 624° 8 ch broor pek 3800 40 96 Ovonvugaloya Sti 17 do — or pex 15300 4
366 625 11 do or pek 110035 97 s2u.1/ do broorpek 1700 49
367 628 21 do pek 1890 33 98 823 19 do pek 165035
369 Ganapalla 631 45 cb or pek 4060 34 bid 99 826 12hfich bro or pek
470 687 10 do bro or pek 1100 39 No 2% 840 37
$71 610 16 do pek 1360 = 31 100, Ferndale $23. i8 ch broorpek 180 42
372 i 643. 20 do pek sou 16u0 =. 30 101 832 15 do or ek 1200-39
374 Macoldenia 646 Ihiea broor pek 780 41 102 335 23 do per 1725 36
374 649 14a do bro pek 770 38 wo Y K 844. 7 do du3t 1165 21
376 652 16 do or pek 825 36 107 Ottery 85y 7 do bro or pek
376 655 19 do pel 1453 uals) Nox + 770

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES_

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb.
108 853 11 ch bro or pek
No. 2 990

109 856 3L do pek 2480

ill Elgolla 862 20 do bro pek 1970

113 Evalgolla 868 zéhfch broorpek 1430

114 871 20 do or pek 1000

115 874 38 do pe& 1900

116 877 1g do pek sou 950

120 Elsten 689 42 ch pek 3370

121 $92 28 do pek sou 2380

122 Glassaugh 825 53bfch or pek 2968

123 Svs 43 do bro or pek 2967

124 901 25 ch pek 2700

125 c4 8 do pek sou 880

126 Brownlow 90; 21 hfch broorpek 1113

127 9.0 17 ch or pek 1698

128 913 -0 do pek 1740

129 9i6 10 hfch — bro pek fans 780

130 Waragalande ¥i9 11 ch broorpek 1100

131 922 18 do bro pek 1800

132 92 20 do pek 18.0

133 928 10 do pek sou 900

135 Hill Grove 934 18 do

1hfech bro or pek 1845

136 937 °° 9 ch

lhfch or pek 795

137 Battalawatte 9:0 20 do bru orpek 1100

138 Bladuwa 943 10 eh pek 950

140 Bowella 919 6 do

lhfch bropek 650

143 Mount Everest 958 4U do bro or pek 2200

144 AM 961 29 ch or pek 2639

146 964 52 do pek 4620

146 907 6) do pek sou 5220

147 Callander 970 19bfch bro or pek 1130

148 Dalnousie 973 20 do or pek 1106

149 976 19 do bro pek 1140

150 919 24 do pek 1080

Messis. Somerville & Co.
{268,184 1b.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. lb.
2 BA 1(8i1 14 hfch pek fans 910
3 1084 9 do dust 810
4 Avisawella 1037 1bhfich broorpek 300
5 luv0 16 ch bro pek 1520
6 1093 10 do or pek £00
7 106 8 do pek 720
8 1092 9 do pek sou 720
13 Polgahakande 1114 18 do bro pek 1800
14 1117. 9 do — or pek 720
15 1iv0..17° «do pek 13.6
16 1123 9 do pek No.2 720
17 1126 10 do pek sou 850

18 Dalveen 1129 16 ch bro pek 1520
19 1132 17 do pek 130

21 1138 9 do congou 855
25 Theberton 1150 16 ch bro pek 1590
26 1153 15 do pek 1275
29 Hyde 1162 17hfch broorpek 936
30 1165 8 ch or pek 712
31 1163 13 do bro pek 1222
82 1171 15 do pek 1290
33 1174 9 do pek sou 792,
37 Galgedioya 1186 23) ch bro pek 2000
38 1189 linfch breorpek 3:0
39 1:92 13 ch pex 1235
40 1195 21 do ° pek sou 1995
43 Annandale 124 13hfch broorpek 78)
44 1207 20 do or pek 1040
45 1210 14 do pex’ 784
46 1213 16 do pek sou 784
49 Kudaganga 1222 10 ch bro pek 100)
50 225 9 do pek $55
54 New Valley 1237 24 ch bro or pek 2410
55 1240 12 do or pek 1240
56 174; 15 do pek 1500
57 1246 16 do pek sou 1440
59 Scarborough 1°52 12 ch or pek i140
60 1255 15 co pek 1350
61 DMOG in

ess. mark 1258 14hfch broorpek 700
2, 1261 20 do bro pes lLuv

63 1264 11 ch pek 880
64 1207, 14 do pek sou 1000
66 Old Madde-

gama 1273 10 ch broorpek 750

67 1276 10 do bro pek 7d
68 1279 12 do pek 960
71 Yspa 1283 1: ch pek gou 1275
72 Lonach 1zyl 40 hfch broorpek 2400
73 1294 34 ch or pek 2850
74 19? &6 do pek 2952
75 130 16 do — pek gou 136)
76 Narangoda 1303 33 do bro pek B1t5

39 pid

3 bid

LIST,

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name, Ib.
77 1306 25 ch pek 2250
78 1309 »0 do pek sou 1800
81 Oononagalla 1218 19hfeh bro pek 950
82 1321 11 ch _ pek 880
83 1324 8 do pek'sou 760
85 Damblagolla 1330 12 hich bro pek 720
86 1333 13> ch pek 1105
Ss GB 1359 1 hfen dust 750
89 Hapugasmulle 1312 7 ch or pek Tu
90 1345 16 do bro pek 1760
91 1-48 22 do pek 1980
93 1354 7 do unast 7U0
95 Rayigam 360 33 hfch bro or pek 1980
96 13863 26 ch or pek 1900
97 1366 19 do bro vek 1805
98 1369 44 do pex 3520
99 1372 16 do nek sou 1520
100 Orion 1875 19 ch bro pek 1900
101 ; 1378 17bfch broor pek 935
113. Neboda 1414 .15 ch bro or pek 1500
114 1417 57 do bro pek 5700
115 1420 10 do pek 950
117. Neuchatel 1426 48 ch bro or pek 4800
118 1499 27 do or pek 2160
122 Mt Temple 1441 25 ch bro pek 2500
123 1414 22 do pek 1760
124 1447 12 do or pek fans 1200
126 Weygalla 1453 14 hfch broor pek 825
127 1956-8 ch bro pek 880
128 1459 23 do pek 2070
134. Glenalmond 1477 12hfcb brocrpek 726
137 Salawe 14%6 14 ch bro pek 1470
138 1489 16 do pek 1600
139 1492 13 do pek sou 1235
141 Hangranoya 1498 10 ch bro or pek 930
142 140) 41 do bro pek 4100
143 160% i6 do pek 1440
146 Yarrow 1613 4zhfech broor pek 2268
147 1516 29 do or pek 1363
148 1519 26 do pek 1196
149 1522 14 do pek sou 700
152 Mawatara 1631 7 ch broorpek 70:0
154 1537 33 doe bro pek 3300
165 1540 27 do pek sou 2160
157 Polgahakandeli46 9 ch bro pek 900
158 1549 9 do pek 720
159 Monrovia 1552 37 ch bro pek 3700
16L 1558 44 do ek 3895
162 1561 14 do pek sou 1400
165 Dalukolawatte 1570 9 ch bro or pek —- 900
166 Lammermoor 1573 11 ch bro pek 1100
167 1576 8 do pek 720
169 Ferriby 1582 20hfeh broor pek 1210
170 1585 20 ch bro pek 1900
171 1688 17 do pek 1530
172 1691 13 deo pek sou 1040
175 Fairfield 1600 24kfch broorpek 1292
176 163 18 ch bro pek 1800
177 1616 20 do or pek 1800
178 1699 29 de pek 2900
180 Kurulugalla 1615 10 ch br or pek 1000
181 1618 12 do bro pek 120
182 1621 14 do pek 1330
186 Tavalamtennel633 30hfch bro pek 1650
190 Harangalla, 1645 25 ch bro or pek a
191 1618 “24 do bro pes 2010
192 1651 lihfeh bro pek dust 825
193 1654 44 ch pek 3520
194 1657 10 do pek sou 800
195 Glenalla 1660 Isbfch broorpek 900
196 SE Obs nee CO bro pek 770
197 1666 12 do or pek 14
198 1669 17 do — pek 1445
200 Havilland 1675 29 ecb per 2610
201 1678 10 do pek No.2 900
202 Mousakande 1681 ¢7 bfch bro pek 1350
203 1684 20 ch pek 1760
204 Forest Hill 1687 14 ch bro pek 1430
205 31690 21 do pek 1785
213 Roseneath 1714 20. ch bro pek 2:40
214 1717 16 do pek 1440
215 1720 17 do pek sou 1446
2:6 S 1723 8 ch bro pek 840
218 Cooreondov-

watte 1799 1: ch pek seu Lic0
271 ST 1738 138 eh pek sou 1001
222 741 9 «do fans 927
225 RB 1750 43 ch pek fans 4644
226 1763 56 do dust 7000
227, DG in est

inal 1756 42 eh bro pek $326
228 1759 45 hfch or pek 2475
229 1762 39 ch ~pek sou 3354
280 1765. 9 do dust 756
231 A C in est

mark 1768 30 ch or pek 2730
232 Vi7l 63 do pek 4770
233 1774 60 do pek sou 5220

35 bid

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
ee

SMALL LOTS.

Messrs. £. Benham & Co.

Let. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
4 Mapitigama 64 7 eh bropek 630
3 2 do bro or pek
i fans 250
8 5S, in estate
mark 6 8 ch pek 181
Q 9 1 do dust 95
10 Hapngastenne 12 2hfch dust 160
WL Halg la 15 2 ch dust 260
12 Hapugastenne 18 2hrch dust 160
ffessrs. Forbes & Walker
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
2 BR, in estate
mar 3183 1hfch green tee 39
5 Horagaskelle 3142 7 do bro pek 468
6 3145 9 do pek 514
7? 3148 6 do pek sou 344
12 V yamita 3163 3 ch bro pek 330
13 3166 4 do pek 380
14 3169 3 do pek sou 270
15 3172 Lhf-ch dust 94
17 Bockside 3178 6 ch sou 480
19 3184 3 do dust 405
2) Yatiyana 3190 3 ch bro pek 300
22 3193 2 do pek 200
23 3196 3 do unas 34.0
41 Carlabeck 3250 4 do bro pek fans 540
42 Debiowita 3253 3hfeh dust 225
46 Lreby 3265 3 do fans 210
4v 3263 5 do dust 425
48 Pansalatenne 3271 1. ch bro pek fans 130
49 3274 2 do dust 45
56 Hunugalla 3292 5 ch sou 400
56 3295 5hfch dust 425
65 Dea Ella 8322.10 do pek sou 508
66 Pansalatenne 3425 ! ch dust 150
71 U averia 3340 3 do seu 255
¥7 Penrhos 3358 3hfch fans 225
as] 3361 1 do pek dust 8&8
83 Vegan 3376 5 ch dust 400
% 3379 3 do pek fans 2
87 Tembiligalla 3388 2 ch pek sou 1s0
88 3391 1 do bro pek fans 130
89 3394 1 do dust 150
2 KPW 3403 12 hfch or pek 510
94 3409 5 do pek sou 250
96 3412 1 do bro pek fans 75
96 3415 1 do pek fans 75
97 34118 1 do dust . 90
103 WNinfiield 3436 6 ch peksou 510
104 3439 3hfch dust 225
11 DLaxapana-
galla 3460 7 ch or pek 655
112 3463 7 ch pek 630
113 6466 1 do sou 95
14 3469 2 do pek fans 200
116 3472 1 do dust 100
125 BDWP 3502 5 ch bro pek fans 530
126 3505 1 do pek No 2 99
127 3508 2hfch dust 180
135 W ligoda 3582 8 ch pek sou 600
126 = 3535 6 do dust: 480
140 Bulugolla 3447 2 ch fans « 200
14) 3550 2 do dust 220
148 Findlater 3571 7 do pek sou 644
149 3574 4bfch dust 360
166 Tunisgalla 3592 4 do dust 360
160 Glendon 7 7 ch bro pek fans 420
161 10 4 do dust 320
165 Coombecourt 22 4 do pek sou 380
167 Theydon Bois 28 9 ch pek sou 676
172 Clyde 3 8 do pek sou 624
178 Lyegrove 61 2hfch dust 170
184 C’Galla 79 5bfch dust 450
165 Dunbar 82 2 ch pek sou 118
166 NB 85 2 ch dust 296
19: Battawatte 100 2 de dust 200
196 Dammeria 115 3hfch fans 240
197 118 2 do dust 200
200 Bloomfield 127 3 ch pek sou 285
LOL 130 lLhfch dust 75
#07 Pallagoédde 148 7 ch 802 560
79 BW D 154 6bfch dust 480
713 Killarney ‘66 6 ch pek sou 540
216 Hanwella 175 2hfch hyson No2 140
217 178 7 do young hyson
siftings 526
274 Good Hope 199 7bfch dust 595
2m RK 202 3 ch dust 860
227 ~Vunnottar 208 6 ch bro or pek 660
#24 211 6 do or pek 600

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
230 Springwood 17 4hfch dust 340
239 Dromoland 244 12hfch or pek 624
241 250 2 do pe! son 162
242 253 1 do funs 70
243 266 1 do dust 92
255 Mawiliganga-
watte 792 é@hfch dust 432
256 295 3 ch fan< 234
267 Kabragalla 2s 4hfch dust 340
258 301 10 do bro tea 559
263 Asgeria 316 2 ch bro tea 200
264 319 1 do du-t 150
269 Yogama 334 6 ch 1 ek sou 425
270 337 2 do dust 270
283 Munukettia,
Ceylon in est
mark 376 6 ch pek sou 570
284 379 Shfch dust 400
287 Sylvakandy 3-8 3 ch dust 300
290 Frenylan 397 6 ch pek sou 425
291 U.S.A. 400 5 ch dust 500
299 Weemala 424 7 ch pek <ou 630
300 427 6hfch bro tea 516
301 Kwhurst 430 4hfch brcr pek No 1244
302 483 Shfich bror pek No2275
303 436 4 do or pek 212
304 439 2 ch
lhfch pek 222
305 442 1 ch pek sou 83
306 445 Lbhfch dist 92
310 Mariawatte 43; 5 ch sou 450
312 Kirrimittia 463 3 ch congou 270
313 466 Shfch fans 560
317 Ingoya 478 4hico fans 277
318 451 1 do twanky 57
319 Amblangoda 4+4 7 ch pek Suu 630
320 457 2 do fans 200
321 49} %& do dust 22)
322 Weyweltalawa 193 2hfch dust 190
323 496 3 do fins 276
324 499 2 d Suu 120
327 N‘pitiya £0s 5hfch bro pek fans 318
331 Passara Groups20 6 ch pe- sou 540
332 623 1 do dust 9u
233 526 2 do fans 140
338 Erlsmere 541 7 ch p - sou 580
339 544 3hfch dust 240
341 Lynsted 550 2hf h dust 255
842 Halwatura 553 5hfeh dust 450
343 555 6 «do dad st 540
314 B D.W.G. 659 3hfch dust 270
346 G. K. 665 7 ch sou 420
347 663 3 d» fans 255
349 574 2 ch br. pek 176
350 577 2 ds pek 134
354 Stafford 589 2hfch fans 70
355 \tunally 692 5 hfch— dust 425
$56 Kelburne 595 &bf h dist 680
357 Kelvin 598 6 ch pes sou 510
358 601i 6hfch pekfansH 320
359 604 2 do dust 180
360 Invery 607 1hfch bro pek 45
3¢4 A. P. Pitiya 619 & ch su 637
368 Salem 631 1 ch dust 150
377 Macaldenia 658 9hfch pek sou 495
378 661 4 do fans 260
379 664 2 do d. st 170
382 Palmerston 673 3 ch pek sou 226
383 676 abfch dust 348
386 Queensland 685 1 ch bro ek No2 106
389 Preston 694 6 ch or pek 522
392 73 2 ch bro mix 200
393 Ugieside 706 6 ch dust 570
394 Poengalla 709 5 ch pek fans 50c
395 712 3 du dust 270
898 Tembiligalla 721 1 ch pex sou 90
#99 724 1 do bro pek fans 115
4c0 727 1 do dust 150
401 O. F inest
mark 730 4 ch peF sou 270
402 733 1hbhfch green tea 52
407 Kirrimettia 748 2 ch pek 180
408 751 1 do pek sou 88
(Messrs. Somervilia & Co.|
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib.
1 BA 1078 7 ch pek sou 595
9 Avisawella 1102 3 «h ‘ans 300
10 Kerenvilia 1105 6 ch bro pek 600
11 1108 4 ch pek 400
12 1111 1 do pek sou 100
20 Dalveen 1135 6 ch or pk fans 600
22 1141 2hfch dust 170
23 NP 1144 lhfch y unghyson 29
24 1147 2 do

hysop fans 120
1156 1 ch sou fet

27 Theberton

Ce

id
>

BERS

BSSSSRSy

HeSERESSS RSESNRSRES

27

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

5

ee ee

Lot. Box. Pkgs.
28 1159 1 ch
34 Deville 1177 10 hf ch
35 1180 12 do
36 1183 4 do
41 Galgedioya 1198 4hfch
42 1201 2 do
47 Ain est mark 1216 3 hfch
48 1219 1 do
51 Kudaganga 1228 5 ch
52 1231 2 do
53 1234 2 do
58 New Valley 1249 1hfch
6 DMO Gin

est mark 12:0 1 ch
69 Old Madde-

gama 1282 5 ch
70 1285 2 do
79 Narangoda 141% 4 ch
£0 Oononagalla 1315 3 ch
84 1327 11 hf ch
87 GB 1336 2 hf-ch
92 Hapugasmulle1351 5 ch
g4 1357 3 do
,02 Orion 1881 3 ch
103 1884 2 do
104 G‘Watte 1387 1hfch
108 1390 6 ch
306 Min estmark1393 3 bf ch
407 1396 1 do
108 1329 1 do
109 1402 1 ch
110 1405 1Thfch
qil 1408 2 do
112 1411 1lhfch
116 Neboda 1423 4 hf ch
119 Neuuhatel 1432 8 ch
120 1435 4 do
121 1438 2 do
125 Mt Temple 1450 6 ch
129 Weygalla 1462 4 ch
130 1465 1 ch

1 hf ch
131 Manangoda 1468 3 ch
1hf ch

132 1471 6 ch
133 1474 5 do
135 Glenalmond 1480 7 ch
136 1483 1 do
140 Salawe 1495 1 ch
144. Kangranoya 1507 8 ch
145 110 5 do
150 Yarrew 1525 shfch
161 1428 4 do
153 Mawatara 1534 8 ch
156 1543 5 hi-ch
160 Monrovia 155 Seo uuce
163 1564 5 do
164 1567 2 do
168 Lammermoor 1579 4 ch
173. Ferriby 1594 1 ch
174 1597 5 hf ch
179 Hawa Hila 1612 5 ch
153 Kurulugalla 1624 6 cn
1s4 1627 1 do
185 1630 1 ao
187 Tavalamtennel636 4 hf ch
128 1629 3 ao
189 Orion 1642 4 ch
199 Glenalla 1672 7 ch
26 SRK 1693 6 do
207 1€96 5 do
208 1699 4 do
209 R in est mark1702 2 hf ch
210 1705 2 do
rally 1708 3 ch
212 1711 1 ch
217 S 1276 2 ch
219 St Leys 1732 2hfeh
220 1735 2 do

Name Ib.
fans 100
bro pe& 550
pek 600
pek sou 200
dust 320
fans 180
bro mix 177
dust 64
pek sou 400
fans 180
dust 280
dust 90
kro mixed 85
pek son 400
br or pk fans 200
sou 360
or pek 240
fans 660
bro tea 100
pek sou 480
dust 450
fans 360
bro mixed 240
dust 41
unast 584
bro or pek 174
bro or pek 55
br pek 50
pek 84
bro or pek 60
dust 150
pek sou 50
dust 30
pek sou 640
or pek fans 460
dust 300
pek sou 468
pek sou 400
dust 185
br pek 324
pek 468
pek sou 405
pek 639
pek sou 90
pek dust 165
pek sou 640
bro tea 400
br «cr pek fans560
dust 360
or pek 560
dust 570
or uek 830
bro tea, 500
pek dust 300
pek scu 360
fans 115
dust 40
bro or pek 500
pek sou 570
or pek dust 150
pek dust 120
fans 280
dust 240
fans 480
pek sou 561)
pek 552
pek sou 500
dust 640
bro pek 120
pek 110
pek sou 240
dust 120

pek dust 240
sou 200
fans 184

bid

bid

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, lb.
220 1736 1 ch red leaf 97 22
223 A in estmark1744 3 ch bro tea 281 13
224 1747 1 do fans 7 8614
(Messrs. E. John & Co.}

Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name, lb, c.
1wk 532 2 ch bro pek 200 32
2 535 6 do pek 600 26
3 538 2 do bro mix 200 18

20 Tillington 5&9 6 do pek sou 510 30

21 592 3hbfch dust 225 24

22 695 1 ch bro tea 110 22

27 Higham 610 3hfch dust 285 24

28 613 1 ch sou 100 27

29 ee 416 2 a ch bropek fans 160 23

31 Halpita 622 11. do bro pek 550 A

33 GseMal ah pen cou 100 f Witha’n

35 Comar 634 5 do pek 500 31

36 637 4 do sou 320 2

37 640 7hfch dust 490 21

40 Wadhurst 649 4 ch pek sou 360 31

46 Rondura 667 2 do pek fans 230 28

47 670 3 do dust 495 24

62 Gonavy 685 6hfch pek fans 390 33

53 688 4 do dust 320 24

56 Moratcta 697 4 ch or pek 360 33 bid

58 703 2 do bropekfans 160 22

59 706 4 do pek dust 320 21

63 Ratwatte 718 2hfch dust 160 28

85 Navangama 784 5 ch bro or pek 500 38

88 793 3 do pek sou 270 27

89 796 1 do dust 150 20

93 Galloola §08 6 dv dust 480 =. 28

94 811 3 do fans 300 33

103 Ferndale 838 2hfch pek fans 120 30

104 841 7 do bro pek fans 455 34

106 Hila &47 5 ch or pek 507 39

110 Ottery 859 2hfch dust 164 23

J12) Elgolia 865 7 ch

lhfch pek 645 26

117 Evalgolla 830 4 -do dust 240 23

118 883 3 do sou 150) (27

119 886 1 do bro pek fans 55 30

134 Waragalande 931 3 ch dust ; 330 23

139 Eladuwa 916 5 do pek sou 450 withd’n

141 Bowella 952 5 do pek 450 31

142 955 2 do pek sou 160 28

151 Dalhousie 982 9bfch peksou 450 37
152 935 4 do bro pek fans 260 25

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Minoine LANE, Nov. 15th,

“ Stentor.’—Niabedda 1, 1 barrel sold at 104s>
ditto 2, 5 casks and 1 tierce sold at 66s 6d; ditto
PB, i cask sold at 100s; NB 2, 1 barrel sold at
85s ; dilto 8,1 barrel sold at 32s 64; NBP in
estate mark, 2 casks ana 1 tierce sold at 443;
NBT in estate mark, 2 casks sold at 90s.

“ Alcinous.’—G K E PB, 1 barrel sold at 55s.

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

“ Peleus.”—New Peradeniya, 1 bag sold at 35s;
1 bag sold at 30s.

“ Bingo Maru.”—Coodoogalla, 3 bags sold at 58s;
4 bags sold at 54s 6d,

* Orinoco.”—H RC, 1 bag sweepings sold at 60s

Te ee ES SS ESSE
OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

Mb RIAG ADUdOR ‘OTYHO

@RKnCY ewiTy Aanva Mein : y x

TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

-f Prickr :—123 cents each, 3 copies
No. 48. CotomBo, DrcsmBer 16, 1901. 2 { 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c.
a 94 OBEC,in
x estate mark e.
LARGE, LOTS: Summerhill 1033 36 ch beg pek 2232 46 bid
95 1036 24 do pe 2232 41
Messrs. E. Benham & Co. 96 1039 40 do pek sou 320 38bid
[21 269 1Ib.] 97 St Helen 1042 40hfch brorpek 2000 37
A ° 98 1045 9 ch or pek 816 38
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb: ct op 10% 8 do Pek Tie ig :
1 Battalgall Gee r pek 2565. 33 bid Oo peksou 72 ‘
2 LN aaa! se uf ch rk 663 36 4 1nl Naseby 1054 29hfch bro or pek 174C 50 bid
3 Hornsey 2 16hfch bro or pek 880 46 bia | 102 1057 35 do or pek 164555
4 95 50 do bro pek 2750 + ©41 bid 114 Ingrogalla 1193 9 ch bro pek 900 40 —
5 98 27 ch pek 2295 37 bid 116 Waiton 1099 21 do bro pek 2205 37 bid
6 110 do pek sou 750 36 117 1102 17 do or pek 1445 35
7 Battalgalla 4 19 ch pek sou 1425. 32 bid 118; site 1105 14 do pek LOO Sy 38
8 Bunyan and 121 Gonapitiya 1il4 19hfch bro pek 1102 «57
Ovoca 7 50hfch broor pek 3000 42 bid 122 U7 19 do or pek 202 one
9 10 17 ch pek 1700 36 bid 123 1120 15 do pek 1395 40 bid
40 13. 11 do pek No 2 1155 38 124 1123 12 do pek sou 1068 39
cot 16 16 do pek sou 1440 34 bid 16 Devonford 1129 22 eee bro or pek 1342 47 bid
2 Haleoll oT F 1 1132 14 ch or pe 1400 48
Rt Sie RGAUR re Mien” eam A eM ae 1 iG 1185 1. do pek 1176 38 bid
12 ila Oya 1133 19hfch_ or pek 893 34
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 130 1141 17 ch pek 153031
5) 131 1144 12 do pek sou 1020-28
[542,076 Ib.] 132 1147_:«17 hfch = fans 1020 30
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Pe Monkswood 1156 17hfch bro pek 1020 60
1 Villehena 754 34 ch bropek 2400-38 137 EE 20 UO OER oor Ns
z Mopyguilestate 757 24 do pek 2160 30 138 Malvern 1165 65bfch bropek , 3575 36
mark 768 13bfch fans o10 29 140 Se ee eah Rad | Sie LeiG gta
S i ey Ee mea pou 800 a 141 Nahalma 1174 16 ch broorpek 1410 39
8 Holton 715) 22) eh bro pek 2090 36 re the 2 ge ones Ba a
i Freds Ruhe a 19 do fro pek 1900 36 Tae Eivuigella He are on ay es cence bid
a 2 6 a9 10 ¢ or pe 850 33 bid
2 us ns ae bek : Tae aL 147 1192 17 do pek 1360 = 84 bid,
VAR patdeatic Taos a re jou : ae 28 ee 150 Algooltenne 1201 50 ch broorpek 40:0 35 bid
i fe tise pest ao ages | 1 1s aca ee
: Bu ‘ 2 207 29 do pe 2610 31
16 aii estate 799 26 do pek 2600 365 154 Moss Bank 1213 40 ch pek 3300-30 bid
4 iar ae BIKE ch byovor pek, 810 ‘ 155 Kurana 1216 40 do pek 3800 33 bid
y ARS URAC BE Pe 810 38 156 Bloompark 1219 13hfch bro pek 71587
a Bg aa Ae pe a 35 157 1222 9 ch peks.u 855 , 30
on seo aiias sae elt ee a 158 1225 8 do peksou 760.200
Bale O BKC. in 2 1c5 Kudaoya 1246 18 ch bro pek 1300 38 bid
aetna mark Et 1249) 22 do pek sou 2099 35. did
; 256 5 RQ Q +
Darrawella 841 30hfch broorpek 1800 42bid 188 K HL ieee q oe per Fe Bh 20
32 847 18 ch pek 1620 37 1 hive 2 2 =
Be Seo volta : 3 ‘ 70 Attampitiya 1261 20 ch bro pek 2000 39 bid
aA ree oealer At pe sou 756 2 ; 173 Madulkelle 1270 11 ch pek No 2 &80 3A
Be y Bee 46 AR roe a 42 bid 174 1273 9 do flowery pek 720 52 bid
36 eo pia p : 48 37 bid 175 ! 1276 10 do sou 740 32
G) Pen ow be Patera ae High Forest 1279 68hfch or pek Nol 3876 47 bid
o i 2. 9 4 eons
44 Dunbar 883 17hfch broorpek 850 51 bid 178 1388 3B qo or bok is6 30 pia
of ee a on oF eek 712 47 179 Weoya 1288 38 ch broorpek 35990 39
i Soe ASHE oe pe s 1290 39 180 1291 41 do bro pek 4100 36
% t ae Hagel ae Ee 120 SS ao bek 6220 31 bid
zi Stel 3 2 do pek sou 1260 30
is Cloyne a6 ‘ a on BE 2 oe pee ae af pie ae Erracht 1508 a ph DEO, pek 4000 35
2 i 5 4 do pe 2040 32
a Se 901 20 do pek 1800 32 bid 136 1309 12 do pek sou 1020 30
talawa, 913 18 ch broorpek 1980 47 bid 189 Sa era Say concen leiean ise
55 916 20 do bro pek 220041 : 190 taste ae ee ae ee
56 919 18 do pek 1800 39 191 aed 30 a0 Fee 200 al bia
‘ : > I Oo pe 2700 81 bid
£7 Opes Hawt 922 8 do pes sou 800 36 a Kirklees 1333 20hfch broorpek 1200 38 bid
heta 928 25hfch broorpek 1500 , 46 bid 196 1330 ie ys eas BBE at bi
60 { 931 15 ch or pek 1440 40 bid 197 3 : L i) pek 1235 34 bid
sy 934 16 do pek 1440 39 bid 199 ¢ 1318 ou ick pee er eae 3
62 Kincora 937 19 ch Tet GFkaath a 200 Dunkeld 1361 56hfch bro orpek 3248 41 bid
a 940 18 do bro or pek 1800 40 bid 202 1387 18 as ae of Aso 36
He a M4 ae. Lea i he a8 28 Morankande 1360 14hfch broorpek 784 37
67 Torwood 9529 ch —_bro or pek 205 Toei dor gee * 1 a
. Se teen os Oy Wie Gee ae tae) ea
oO pe 800 28
“ ae ide La pek 1068 ae a Seenagolla, V1393 12 ch or pek 1140 42 bid
is Panilkande 979 16 ch bro or pek 1600 45 216 Hanwella 300 7 heeh ae hyson Ay ee
1) StMartin 968 i bfen bropek 1d0 36) | oak ROM Ta 3B do brpek’ 7500.35
“80 9 5 0 r pe ‘500 35 bid
58 B Blin estelte 991 25 do pek 1250 33 28 1117 70 do pek 6800 31 bid
ete 1000 28 ch peksou 2520 34 224 ERI pe ate so ars
gs emplehurst 1g a ch ee pek 7500 ae bid 235 Clunes as at do bro pek 3100 (35 -
90 Tonacombe 1024 25 ch or pek 2375 = 336 230 Yi ‘ Seber aoe rane
b elatenne 1441 I7hfch broo k |
or 1024 37 do bropek 5700 40 231 St.mford Fo OriDehix 9605 988. Uad

92 1027 28 do pek 2520-34 Hill 1444 39 do br pek 2340 43

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Let. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibs) hes Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
232 1447 w9hfch or pek 1392 = 48 364 T B'Ga'le 1843 53hfch bro pek 2650
ABs 1450 28 ch pek 2520 38 465 Great Valley,
238 Pine Hill 146, 2shf-ch broorpek 1630 46 Ceyl n, in est.
232 146% 19 ch or pek 1710 40 Mark 1816 30bfch or pek 1497
#0 1471 16 do pek 144u 35 666 L, in est.mark 1819 9 ch bro pek 90
PAL 1474 8 do pek sou se BIN 367 1852 14 do pek 1010
342 Castlereagh 1477 33hfch broor pek 1650 44 bid 363 Weligoda 1858 16 ch nek 1277
243 1480 14 ch bro pek 1400 36 371 Marlborough txi4 43bfeh bro or pek 2150
244 1383 9 do oryek 720 36 372 1867 51 ch bro pek 5100
245 Wataderis 1:86 8:hfch brceorpek 508 373 1870 17 do pek 1445
R46 1489 29 ch br pek 2200 ‘ 374 MahaUva 1878 43bfch broorpek 2795
247 1492 27 do orpek 2:0 ¢withd‘n 375 1876 40 do or pek 2400
248 1495 47 do pek 4183 876 18°99 21 ch pek 1890
249 1498 21 Go pek sou 1785 379 Pallagodda 1888 17 ch broor pek 1700
250 Weyunga- 380 1891 26 do bro pek 26000
watte 1501 245 ch br pek 2500 35 881 1894 16 do or pek 1330
261 1604 27 do pek 2295 BL 382 1837 15 do pek 1206
262 1507 z3 do peksou 1840 8929 383 1900 15 do pe sou 1'25
255 Yoxford 1516 5uvhfch fans 8250 30 384 High Forest 1992 33hfch crpek Nol 19.4
256 1519 13 ch pek sou 1170 = 42 bid 385 1906 21 do or pek 1134
267 1522 24 do dust 1920 25 3 BS6 1909 15 do pek 720
#58 Wallaha 1525 28 ch pek 2658 +6 bid 387 CTL 1912 &hfebh dust 718
259 KW 1528 156 ch foro tea, 1475 27 388 Arslena 1915 ‘(8 ch bro pez 1500
260 Ingoya 1531 30 ch br pek 3090 36 389 1916 26 do pek 2340
261 1634 40 do pek 3520 31 390 Theydon
WBZ 1537 30 do pek sou 2190 29 Beit 1921 15 ch pek 1047
263 Maragalla 1940 17 ch br peE 1785 39 29l Digdola 1924 17 ch bro orpek 1615
264 1543 15 do or pek 1275 34 bid 392 1927 21 do pek 1630
265 1536 14 do pek 1190 22 393 1920 12 do pek sou 200
268 M A in eat 394 1933 20bfch bro mix 1000
mark 1555 10 ch sou 800 28 395 Parsloes 1936 42 ch bro pek 4200
269 1558 7 do dust v80 23 396 1939 51 do bre pek 2720
270 Maragalla 156) 15 ch br pek 1575 59 £97 1942 18 do pek sou 1260
271 1664 10 do or pek 850 3p
272 {5667 9 do pek 76500 BE 8. j ‘ey.
5 Ing-ya 15:6) 40’ ch | pek 3817 32 bid Messrs a ers « Co
16° Weyunga- i ed
watte 1579 34 ch pek 3044 32bid | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb,
277 «~“Wal, ita 155% 33 ch br pek 3300 35 1 Invery Ly, 8..ch dust 1264
478 1556 :6 do pek 2340 32 3 Carney 1783 19hfch bro pek %.0
£79 16388 11 do peksou 880 29 4 1 6 20 do pek 90
282 Brgahagoda- 5 1789 12 do pek sou 990
Watte 1597 8 ch br pek 700 34 10 Bodava 1814 35 do bro pex 1215
263 1l6uG 18 do pek 1170 3L 16 RKP 1822 25 ch bro or pek 24500
Act 16038 10 doe pek sou 950 28 17 1825 7 do bro pek 700
285 Talgaswela 16:6 31 ch bro or pek 1300 40 18 lev8 ‘1 do or ek 2100
286 1609 21 do pek 1680 32 20 183t 6 do fans 720
287 1612 15 do pek sou 1:25 30 21 Avisawella 1337 16hich broorpek +00
288 1619 15 do or pek 1200 35 22 1840 13 ch bro ,ek 1235
293 Welkandala 1030 9hfch dust 738 23 23 1313 1% do or pe« 1170
294 Geraguma 1633 14 ch bro or pek 1470 34 bid 24 1845 @& do pek 720
295 1636 12 do bro pek 1710 34 Lid 25 1849 12 do peksou 960
296 1639 26 do pek 2080 32 33 Mary Hill 18/3 2 hfch bro pek 1265
497 16:2 21 do Pek sou 1800 29 bid 34 18/6 #1 do pek 145!
298 1u45 lihfch dust 880-24 37 Blinkbonnie 18:5 30 do _ bro pek 1 00
299 SM 1648 13 do bro pek fans 954 20 bid 38 1838 22 ch. pek 1906
1 Delta 1664 28 do broor pek 1624 41 40 Warakamure 32 do cor pek 30 0
302 1067 85 do bro or pek 2204 40 bid 41 2897 2= do bro pe 2800
303 1060 34 ch vrv pek 3400 35 42 1 4! do pek 3784
304 1663 21 do pek 1806 35 43 4 19 d» pex sou 1615
$05 1666 15 do peksou 1215 932 44 Waganilla 7 15 do bropek 1370
802 A K,inest. 1073 i9 ch yng byson 45 : 10 25 do pek 2200
Mark lbfch fans 1863 out .48 Templemore 19 40 do pek 3.00
@il SBulugolla 1634 34 ch broorpek 3400 41 bid 49 Deniyaya 22 13 ©o or pek 1300
B12 1687 38 do or pek 380 36 bid 5 25 17 d> br crpek 100
al3 169) 29 do pek 3510 33 bid 51 23 10 do pex 1000
She 1693 wl do pek sou 1890 32 bid Be 31 11 do pe: sou 105
816 1699 7 do dust 74024 53 34 % do sou 720
317 Ardlaw and 60 Galgedioya 55 27 do oo pek 2700
Wisif.rd 1702 13 ch bropek 1326 42 61 Fg 26hfch hr: orpek 1 56
&18 1705 10 do orpek 80 41 €2 61 18 ch pek 1°10
320 Sylvakandy 171it 46 ch bro pek 4600 39 bid 68 €4 I+ do pe: sou 103
$21 lii4 25 do pe 2250 © (34 €6 Sadamulla 73 9 do orpek 900
324 S V, in est. 67 76 7 do pea 700
waurk _ 1723 13hfch pek fans 910 27 © MD&S 82 5 do je dust 700
826 PassaraGroup 1729 lu ch ov pek Qu0 38 bid 71 Havagama 8. 22 do o: pex 2200
827 1732 67 ch brourpek 1700 38 bid 7 91 23 do pea 2300
528 1:35 14 ch yek 1200-36 bid 73 Meetiagoda § 12 d>» bropek 1200
&32 Adisham 17.7 2bfch troorpek 1430 48bid | 78 FF 109 Qhfch fans 76>
$33 1750 1 Ch bro pek 185 39bid | 79 Nyanza 112 g ch or pek 70
€34 123 18 do pek 1620 = 37 bid 80 115 4 hich bro jek 2550
&45 1766 2 béch or pek 1040 38 bid 81 Te 14. ch~ giek 16 0
336 1759 24 do brovrpek 14.0 45 bid 84 Pindenioya, 127 10 do or pek £00
337 176e2 21 ch yek 2100 37 8h 130 11 do jes 2-0
340 Muendiniya 1771 90 hich broorpek 6130 36 bid 87 16 10 do sou 850
BAL 1774 68 deo bro pe 38tl = 32 bid | 8s 19 10 d>)_ bropek fans 900
$42 Dunkeld 1717 t+bfch pek fans 8:6 30 89 142 13 d+ vnast 1040
£43 0 9 du dust 792-24 91 Abbotsford 1is3 1 do pex sou 130
844 Carfax 1783 19 ch boorpek 190 44 hid 92 Mora Ella 151 33hfch broor pek 115
246 176 .2 do «rpek 103) AOL 93 15t 70 ch je 1 00
346 17,9 22 Udo pek 1990 38 94 17 9 do fe sou 765
247 ~Bloomficld 1792 3) ch bio pek c0.0 39 bid 95 160 11hfch bro jek 71>
348 1995 1t do ek 1330 37 96 13 15 do or:ek €10
351 St. M Viers i204 si hf ch rocr peg 190L 41 97 Part Hill 166 8 ch bro:rpek £00
362 lot? Li ch pek 16'5 36 10 Hangranoya 1738 10 do do 900
354 Palmerst n 11: izifch broorpek 720 56 101 11 +6 do bro,ek 4370
466 1516 lu ch ek 856-89 102 18+ 1» do pe, 13 0
$656 Queensland 145 10 ch is or pek 1000 1 103 137 9 do peksou 720

5
th Bs 12 do pek 1u8v 37 bid 104 193 14 do fang 1080

CZYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Pkgs.
1 bf ch
160 ch
12 do
2 hf ch
15) ch
10 do
17 do
12 do
1) hf ch
12 eh
12) do
13 hfch

ll bf ch

Name.

bro or pek
bro pek ©
pek

pes sou
bro or pek
pe sou
sou

dusi

fans

pek sou
pek
bro or pek

sou

bro or pek
br» pek
pe

br> or pek
bro pek

or pek

pek

fans
broor pek
or pek
bro pek

br pk No. 2
pe

pek son
bro or pek
bro pek

pek
pek sou
fans

Ib.

1120
gw
1020
1100
15060
200
1145
10°)
900
10 0
960
715
1170
72
120
700
960
806

Messrs. ©. John & Co.

Lot. Box,
106 196
107 KG 199
103 Ambalawa 202
119 205
110 Thevderton 208
iL 211
112 Oatlands 217
114 Damblagolla 229
128 232
120 225
121 28
122 Dalukolawatte 241
123 Pay
124 QN7
125 Rayigam 250
126 253
127 Welgampol: 256
128 29
129 2:2
131 Citrus 268
132 271
139 Rambode 292
140 295
144 Kelam 30°
145 810
146 ou
147
iG Murraythwaite? 310
322
se Chanlte Hill 33
158 34
159 Ooraikands 352
160 355
161 3°8
171 «California 38
174 Beausejour 397
175 40
179 Monte Christo 41’
180 415
182 41
189 Harrangalla 4:2
196 445
191 448
192 Columbia, 451
193 464
194 457
195 46)
196 st 463
197 Meddegodda 463
193 46)
199 ING 4972
200 475
201 478
202 481
203 Neboda 484
206 Mous: Eliya 493
207 493
208 Mt.Temple 499
209 502
210 £05
212 BA bil
213 ME Flt
232 Blackburn 671
R34 5.7
Lot. Box.
5 TEWN 1060
6 3
7 6
fo) 9
10 Wahagapittia 15
i 78
12 21
138 Poilakanda 24
14 27
15 Kelaneiya and
Braemar 30
16 33
17 36
18 Gingranoya 39
19 42
20 Kandal: ya 3h
21 48
22 Bt
24 Gangawatte 57
25 6)
26 63
27 66
23 69
22 MN G2
80 96
32 MG Bt
83 Klstom 84

Pkys,
9 ch
15
WL
2

[188,444 1b.)

Name.

bro or pek
or ek

bro or pek
bio pek

bro or pex
or pk
yek

pek

pe s°u
bre pek
CF pes
pek

bro or pek
bro pels
vek

pek sum

f ns

tho pel
pek

f us

Lek

Ib.

900
1500
90
103)
800
709
400
3600
1350

1650
140)
2470
14.0
su
900
3
10 0
2uuv
1:0
3806)
mn)
770
265
2880
Pa
1200

c,
24
25
32
34
26 bid

c.
29
25 bid

Lot Box. Pkgs. Name, ib.
34 87 19 ch ps” sou 1520
36 BK 93 17 hfch dust 1632
37 Glentilt 86 2t co bro or pek 1320
35 9 11 ch or ; ek 1165
39 1u2 23 de bio pek 2300
40 10) 37 do pek 2430
41 luS 8 do yek su 720
42 St. John’s lL 24hfch bro pek 1488
43 114 31 do pex 1674
44 117 14 do pek sou 728
45 Criigingiit wu 18 ech bro or pek 1450
46 We 1b de oryek 1045
47 1 oe du pek 900
48 129 32 «0 Pek seu 960
5l Windwood ljs odhich broor pek 1650
62 141 25 ‘ch or ek 2250
53 144 33 do pek 2970
56 163 Qhfeh dust 310
57 Kandaloya 156 18 do bro orpek 810
68 169 27 do pek 1080
-9 Mahapahagalla16z 29 ch boo pek 3045
E lod 19 do perk sou 1710
62 Kataboola Wt Wo oae pek sou 850
63 Agra Ouvah 174 53hfch broorpek 3:80
64 177. 37':«do or pek 2035
65 180 16 ch pek 1350
66 Glasgow 183 20bfch broorpek 1300
67 186 39 ch bro pek 3120
68 189 29 do pek 2233
69 192 15 do pekfans 1425
7U Captains Garden 95 % do br pek 700
it 193 15 do pek 1350
74 Gonavy 207 9 do or pek 765
76 z10 9 do bro pek 900
76 213 20 do pek 1500
77 216 16 do bro pek 1574
78 219 16 do bro p2k 1660
79 Kolapatna 2:2 27 hfch broorpek 1,58
80 225 25 do or pek 1175
81 2-8 19 ch pek 1425
82 231 9 do pek sou 7u2
85 Mutu Eliyn 240 15 do pek sou 1360
86 B’Talawa 243 16 do pek sow 1440
20 Glassaugh 235 30hfeh or pek 1710
91 258 25 do broor pek 1750
92 261 14 ch pek 1812
93 Longville 264 24 do bro pek 2400
94 267 13 do ypek 1500
95 270 «8 do pek sou 760
96 Brownlow 273 21 bfch broor pek 1155
97 276 19 ch or pek 1824
98 279 18 do pek 1530
99 252 10hfch dust 800
100 Manickwatte «85 52 do or pek 1536
101 208 61 ao bro or pek 3538
102 261 28 ch pek 2520
103 24 v4 do pek sou 19.0
106 Mt. Vernon 303 45 do pe& 3960
116 Callander 316 19hich broor pek 1137
VL 318 15 do ‘br orpek 900
112 321 16 do or pek 864
113 324 36 do pek 1800
116 Midlothian 333. 22 do bro pek 13.0
117 336 16 do or ,ek 800,
1.8 33Y 23 do pek 1265
119 342 16 do pes sou 3U0
121 Cadillac 348 24 ch bro pek 2400
1222 MPS 35L 19 do bro pek fans 1225
123 354 34bfch dust 2890
124 Navangama 357 7 ch broor pek 700
125 3600 18 do or pek 1800)
126 363 17 dv pek 1530
1°38 LEL 369 2u do pes 1:09
129 374 20hbfch or pek fans 16v0
10 Wahagapitiya 375 7 ch bro or pok = (00
1315 378 8 do bro pek £00
132, 58l 10 do ek 9.0
144 Perth 387 28 do hro pek 2800
135 390 18 do or pek 1530
156 39; 16 do pek 1200
39 SSS 402 571.fch bro«r pek 3135
140 405 40 do bro pek 2 60
141 403 30 do pek 1350
142 4\L 30 do pek sou 1748
143 Nahavilla 414 4! ch bru pek 40
144 Tillington 4i7 70hfch bro pek 3600
SMALL LOTS.
Messrs. &. tbeuham & Co.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib,
13 S in estate
mark 22 & eh pek 18)

CG. -

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,
Se eee
Messrs. Forbes & Walker Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c.
Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. libs ee: 227 Clunes 1432 7 ch peksou 665 28
228 1435 1 do fans 85 24
3 Villehena 760 5 ch pek sou 450 28 229 1488 2 do dust 300 v2
4 763 4 do dust 320 23 234 Stamford
10 Helton 781.6 do pek sou 510 27 Hill 1453 65 ch pek sou 450 36
17 Panawa £02 5 do pek sou 500 32 235 1456 6hfch dust 540 25
18 805 4 do dust 600 28 2%6 Aden 1459 2 ch bro mix 186 19
19 Berrington 808 4 ch bro pek 240 34 237 &F inestmark1462 2hfch flowery bro
20 811 5 do pek 276 28 or pek 105 44
21 814 6hfch peksou 300 25 253 Weyunga-
23 RW, inestate watee 1510 1 ch sou 85 26
mark 820 Q9hf-ch or pek 468 36 254 15138 2hfich dust 170 23
27 832 3. ch sou 276 27 266 Maragalla 1549 3 ch bro tea 240 28
28 835 9hfch fans 549 26 267 1552 1 do dust 150 23
29 838 4 do dust 344 24 273 Maragalla 1570 2 ch bro tea 160 28
31 OBE C, in 274 1573 1 do dust 150 23
estate mark 280 Winestmarkl591 3 ch sou 240 26
Darrawella 844 6 ch or pek 600 37 281 Bgahagoda-
37 Moray 862 4 do ek dust 340 24 watte 1594 6 ch broorpek 660 33
38 Beruketya 865 1 do ro pek 114 =.29 289 Talgaswela 1618 9hfch bro pek No? 540 29
39 868 3 do pek sou 189 26 299 Etulgami 16%1 Ghfch dust 510 25
40 871 3 do pek No. 1 271 28 291 Pingaruwa 1624 7 ch sou 560 33
41 874 1 do bro pek 88 82 292 lunally 1627 6hfch dust 510 24
42 877 1 do or pek 92 37 3/0 S.M. 1651 7hfich pek No2 615 18 bid
43 880 1 do pek dust 150 22 396 Ainestmark1669 4 ch pek 400 28
51 Cloyne 904 2 do peksou 142 828 307 1672 2 ch pek sou 200 +26
52 907 8hfich bro tea 180 25 308 1675 3hfch dust 285 23
53 910 1 do dust 75 21 310 A.K. in est
58 Dambagas- irark 1681 8hfch hyson siftings 640 7
talawa 925 3 ch bro pek fans 405 26 315 Bi lugolla 1696 6 ch fans 609 28
66 Kincora 919 3 do bro pek fans 390 30 319 Aralaw and
71 Torwood 964 2 ch bro pek fans 240 26 Wishford 1708 5 ch pek 415 38
72 967 2 do dust 260 23 322 Sylvakandy 1717 3 ch dust 300
73° K 970 1 do bro or pek 78 32 323 S. V. in est
74 973 1 do pek 80 28 mark 1720 3 ch pek son 300
75 976 1 do pek sou 74 26 325 1726 4hfch dust 340
78 Panilkande 985 3 ch pek sou 270 83 329 Passara
8t St. Martin 904 S8hfch pek sou 320 27 Group 1758 2 ch pek sou 180
82 997 4 do fans 240 24 330 1741 lhfch dust 90
94 B B, inest, 331 1744 1 ch fans 70
mark 1003 6 do dust 540 24 338 Harrow 1765 3 ch pek sou 285
85 L, in estate 339 1768 3hfch dust 240
mark 1006 1 ch bro or pek 112 47 349 Bloomfield 1798 3 ch pek sou 300
88 Templehurst 1015 3 do pek sou 240 33 350 1801 2hfch dust 170
89 1018 3hfch dust 270 23 353 St Heliers 1810 6hfch dust 480
93 Tonacombe 1080 6 ch pek sou 510 30 555 Palmeiston 1819 3 ch pek sou 225
103 V, in estate 357 1822 3hfch dust 255
mark 1060 1 do bro or pek 104 40 359 Queenland 1828 2 ch pek No 2 170
104 1063 1 do bro pek 100 36 36L 1834 7 do pek sou 560
105 1066 2 do pek 200 32 362 1837 2hfch bro pek dust 154
106 1069 1 do pek sou 90 28 363 1840 1 ch sou 85
107 1072 3hfch dust 240 22 368 L.in est mark1855 4hfch dust 340
108 OLSSR 107511 do or pek 550 33 370 G. E. 1861 3hfch dust 207
1¢9 1078 9 do pek 450 27 377 Maha Uva 1882 5 ch pek sou 425
110 1081 3 do pek sou 150 25 378 1885 7hfch dust 595
111 1084 4 do bro tea 200 23 398 Parsloes 1945 2hfch dust 180
112 1°87 3 do congou 168 19 399 Rin est mark1948 3 ch pek sou 273
113 109 3 do dust 168 30 400 1951 1 do dust 90
115 Ingrogalla 1096 7 ch pek 630 37 401 Queensland 1951 1 ch bro pek No 2 97
119 Walton 1108 3 ch protee 240 30 —E————
120 1111 1 do us 150 22 3
15 BDWG 1126 2hfch dust 180 27 (Mesers. Somerville & Co.|
133 CRD 1150 4 ch sou 320 26 | Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb.
134 1153 1 do pek 9027 DER, 1780 1 ch redleaf 10S
144 Nahalma 1183 5hfch dust _ 400 23 6 Carney 1792 7hfch_ broor pek 350
148 Kitulgalla 1195 2 ch dust 240-23 4 1795 4 do sou(unbulked) 200
149 1198 2 do bro or pek 8 1798 7 do bropekfans 350
: fans 210-26 9 18(1 1 do dust 50
163 KW D, in est. iS 11 Bodawa 1807 5 ch pek 450
mark 1210 7 hfch pre or pek 12 1810 6 do peksou 510
‘ans 525 29 2
159 Bloom Park 1228 5 ch pek fans 500 31 7 Q age 3 nee h papeeus =
160 1231 3hfch dust 270 23 15 ABC 1819 4hfch bropek 240
161 1234 1-ch_ red leaf 93 14 19 RKP 1831 4 ch pek 400
162 1237 1bfch do 5314 26 Avisawella 1852 6hfch dust 42¢
163 Doteloya 1240 1 ch pek 95-29 27 Marigold 1855 13 bfch pek sou 637
164 Springwood 1242 1 do bro pek 95 32 28 1858 5 do bro pek:fans 330
169 All: galla , 1248 5 ch bro mix 375 26 20 1861 5 do pek dust 350
171 Attam;ittia 1264 5 do pek 475-32 30 Allacollawewa 1864 11 hfch pek sou 539
172 1267 2hfich dust 148 25 31 1867 4 do bro pk fans 264
183 Weoya 1300 4 ch dust 600 23 32 1870 3 do pek dust 234
187 Erracht 1312 1 do — dust 17522 35 Mary Hill 1879 12hfch peksou 510
192 Ruanwella 1327 4 ch pek sou 360 86.28 36 1882 4 do dust 260
193 1330 6 do dust 480.23 39 Blinkbonnie 1891 4 ch pek sou 344
198 B WD 1315 7 hfch dust 560 24 46 Waganiila 18 3 ch pek sou 270
206 Morankande 1369 9 ch pek sou 630 927 47 16 2hfch dust 180
207 1372 4bfch bro or pek * | 54 Deniyaya 37 3 ch dust 285
fans ZEON 56 Blackheath 40 1 ch brotea 100
208 1375 1 do dust 90 22 56 43 4 do red leaf 412
211 Galkadua 1384 6 ch pek sou 600 = 26 7 46 2 do dust 290
212 1387 I~ do™ fans 110 18 58 Isledon 49 1 ch fans 100
23 R 1290 3 do unas 285 withdn, 69 52 1 do dust 130
217 Hanwella 1402 8hfch hysonNol 6520 81 64 Galgedioya 67 4hfch dust 320
218 1405 1 do hysonNo2 75 20 65 Srdumulla 70 5 ch bro pek 620
219 1408 6 do young hyson 68 79 7hf€ch or pekfans 681

siftings 450 9, ‘0 MDandS 85 4 ch dust 604

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lots Box,
74 Meetiagoda 97
75 100
76 FE 103
UC 106
82 Nyanza 121
83 124
86 Pindenioya 133
90 145
98 Park Hill 169
99 172
100 175
105 Hangranoya 190
113 Theberton 214
115 Oaklands 220
118 223
117 226
130 Welgampola 265
133 Citrus 74
134 277
135 280
136 HA 283°
137 236
138 BRambodde 289
141 298
142 801
143 304
150 Murraythwaite 325
161 328
153 Charlie Hill 334
154 337
155 340
156 343
157 346
162 Oonankande 361
163 Donside 264
164 267
165 370
166 St Andrews, K373
167 376
168 379
169 382
170 California 385
172 391
173 394
176 Beausejour 493
177 406
178 409
181 Monte Christo 418
183 424
184 427
185 430
186 433
187 G‘Godda 436
188 439
204 Aipv est mark 487
205 490
211 BA 508
214° «*Y¥ 517
215 S 520
216 P 553
217 RK 526
218 A 526
219 G 529
220 St. H 532
221 RG 538
222 PGA 541
223 Y T 544
224 J TH 647
225 PRI 650
226 YGR 56
227 O O in est mark 656
228 BE 659
229 S 562
230 Munukattia 665
231 Hojton 568
233 Blackburn 574
Lot. Box.
1 IXL 988
2, 991
3 994
4 ; $97
9 TEWN 12

Pkgs.

6 ch
1 do

4 ch
7 hf-ch

Name, Ib.
pek 600
fans 110
sou 582
pek sou 200
pek sou 270
dust 300
pek sou 320
dust 149
pek 405
peE sou 308
dust 80
sou 640
fans 100
pek sou 450
or pekfans 660
dust 820
pek sou 464
pek sou 200
fans 400
dust 152
bro tea 90
fans 106
or pek 600
pek sou 495
dust 600
sou 50
pek sou 170
bro pek fans 130
pek £50
pek sou 150
bro pek No. 2 50
pek No. 2 100
dust 80
dust 310
sou 360
dust 285
fans 130
bro or pek 660
bro pek 400
pek 400
dust 160
bro pek 600

ek sou 500
pek dust 80

ek sou 525

ro pek fans 475
dust . 330
pek sou 630
bro pek fans 130
pek fans 600
bro tea 95
dust 510
bro pek 600
pek sou 98
bro mixed 177
dust 64
pek sou 595
dust 300
pek dust 165
pek sou 90
fans 188
pek sou 61
or pek 50
pek 176
pek 80
bro pek 100
bro pek Ot
bro pek 200
pek 90
pek 90
dust 510
dust 450
pek 140
bro pek 429
bro pek 380

dust 560

{[Messrs. BH. John & Co.}

Pkgs,

1 ch
1 hf ch
1 box
lhfch
1 do
6 eb

Name, tb,
bro pek 145
or pek 22
pek 48
bro pek fans 40
dust 500

5
C. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c.
25 23 Kandaloya 64 5hfch peksou 200 8630
16 31 MN 78 7 do ~— fans 52 27
26 3 BK 90 3 ch pek sou 246 26
33 49 Craigingilt 132 2hfch fans 140-28
31 50 135 3 do dust 256 24
23 54 Winwood 147 3 do bro pek 180 32
31 55 150 7 do bro pek fans 420 26
22 61 Mahapahagalla 168 7 do dust 560 =—_-28
30 72 Captains Garden 201 2 ch pek sou 180 23
28 73 204 1 do dust 130 22
23 83 Kolapatna 234 Thfch fans 490 27
28 84 Mutu Bliyn 237 9 do bro or pek 450 38 bid
23 87 Galata 246 3 ch pek sou No. 1 225 26
27 88 249 Ohfch dust 675 23 bid
28 89 252 3 ch sou 265 22
23 104 Manickwatte 297 3 do dust 366 23
26 105 Ferndale 300 3hfch dust 255 24
27 107 G 306 4 ch pek 377 17
24 108 309 6 do pek sou 540 16
20 109 FS 312 1 do
withd‘n lhfch bro or pek 145 40 bid
8 114 Callander 327 56 do pek sou 220 30
39 115 330 4 do fans 296 25
29 120 Midlothian 345 6 do fans 480 25
24 127 Navangama 366 4 ch pek sou 360 27
24 133 Wahagapitiya 384 3 do fans 366 24
28 137 Perth 396 8 do pek sou 600 30
a 138 399 4 do pek dust 520 24
27 Emenee tre rss
32
a CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.
= (From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
oH Minorne LANE, Nov. 22nd.
35 ‘* Idomeneus.”—Needwood 1, 1 cask sold at 107s ;
34 ditto 2, 2 casks sold at 87s 6d; ditto S, 1 barrel
2 sold at 51s; ditto P38, 1 barrel sold at 388; Need-
33 wood, L bag sold at 8ls.
27 bid =
aid
bid | CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.
22
30 bid ‘“Tdomeneus.”—C, 3 bags sold at 41s; Mara-
a bid galla, 13 bags sold at 54s 6d; T, 2 bags sold at 41s.
30
withd‘n i =
27 bid CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
17 bi T
17 bid LONDON.
18 ——
30 ** Tdomeneus.’”—Kobo Mysore 1, 10 cases sold at
2 is lld; 5 cases sola at 233; ditto 2, 6 cases sold
24 at ls 7d; ditto 3, 3 cases sold at 1s 4d; ditto B,
24 5 cases sold at 1s 6d; ditto S, 8 cases sold at 1s
26 4d: 2 cases sold at 1s 5d; 1 case sold at 2s 4d;
34 ditto Seed, 1 case sold at 2s 4d; Maragalla, 2
out cases sold at 1s 8d; 6 cases sold at 1s 10d; Mid-
ou lands O, 3 cases sold at 2s 5d; ditto 1, 7? cases
33 sold at 1s 10d; ditto 2, 2 cases sold at 1s 5d ;
30 ditto B & S, 1 case sold at 1s 4d; ditto Seed,
28 bag sold at 23.
26 “ Shropshire.’—Dromoland, 1 case sold at 2s 2d ;
2 f 1 case sold at ls 7d; 1 case sold at 1s 5d; 1 case
ieee n sold at ls 4d; 1 case so'd at 29 2d,
withd’n “Tama Maru.’—1 Cardamoms Oononagalla, 2
26 bid cases sold at Ils 5d; 3 ditto, 1 case sold at Is 3d.
23 ** Tdumeneus.”—Forest Hill Mysore 1, 2 cases sold
at 33 1d; ditto 2, 5 cases sold at 2s 3d; ditto 3,
5 cases sold at 1s 8d, ditto Seed 1, 1 case sold
at 23 4d; Delpottonoya, 2 cases sold at 23 7d; 3
C. cases sold at 2s; 7 cases sold at 1s 8d; 3 cases
sold at 1s 5d; 1 case sold at 1s 4d.
Bb “ Staffordshire.’—1 Hoolo Group, 6 cases sold at
99 23; 2 cases sold at Is 9d; Lh case sold at Ia 8d;
23 2 ditto, 3 cases sold at 1s 5d; 2 cases sold at Is
23 4d; 3 ditto, 4 cases sold at 28 4d.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

THY @QHiAe AOVUGCOAT WOTVHO

THA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 49.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

CotomBo, DrcemsBeR 23, 1901.

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. ‘Benham & Co.
[20,088 1b]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
1 Battalgalla 87 20 ch or pek 1900
2 90 20 do pek 1700
3 93 12 do bro pek

fans 816
6 Horns2y 99 14hfich fans 1120
6 Mapitigama 2 atsaech bro or pok 1274
vi 5 8 do bro pek 720
8 8 22 do pek 1804
9 11 20 do pek 1500 1014

10 14 7 do broorpek 889

11 Torrington 17 67 ch broorpek 5700

12 20 13 do or pek 1040

13 23 8 do pek 760

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
[805,396 Ib. ]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.

1 Yatiyana 1957 19 ch bro pek

No. 1 1899
3 Halbarawa 1963 14 ch bro pek 1400
4 1956 8 do or pek 720
5 1969 15 do pek 1200
8 Glencorse 1978 20 ch bro pek 2000
9 1981 20 uo or pek 1800

10 1984 20 do pek 1600

11 1987 33 do pek sou 2475

12 Haputele-

wella 1990 21hfch bro pek 1155

16 Avoca 2002 21 ch bro or pek 2310

17 2005 24 do bro pek 2544

18 2008 21 do pek 2016

19. 2011 9 do pea sou 900

21 Nillomally

OBE C, inest.
mark 2017. 27 ch or pek 2484

22 2020 23 do pek 2024

23 2023 14 do pek sou 1176

24 Kotagaloya 2026 21 ch bro pok 2205

25 2029 25 do pek 2375

26 Lindupatna 2932 18 ch bro or pek 1980

27 2035 20 do bro pek 2120

28 2038 17 do dek 1632

29 2041 7 do pek sou 700

31 OBEC, in

est. mark
Sindumallay 2047 58 ch bro pek 5626

32 2050 12 do or pek 1008

33 2053 36 do pek 2772,

34 2056 20 do pek sou 1320
85 Vincit 2059 .24 ch or pek 2400

36 2062 14 do pek 1260

40 OBE C,in

est. mark
Newmarket 2074 40hfch broorpek 2360

41 2077 39 ch bro pek 4212

42 2080 18 do pek 1656

45 Mount 2089 28 do pek sou 2386

46 Munjamalai 2092 24bfch pek sou 1840

47 Ismalle 2095 25 ch pek sou 2250

48 2098 19 do pro pek

fans 2755

49 Ireby 2101 43hfch bro pek 2580

50 2104 17 ch pek 1550

564 Sylvakandy 21!6 54 ch bro pek 5400

55 2119 31 do pek 2790

71 Edward Hill 2167 11 ch bro pek 1155

76 Puspone 2182 18 ch or pek 1800

77 2185 24 do bro pek 2688

78 2188 19 do pek sou 1710

83 Tembiligalla 2203 26 ch broorpek 2470

84 2208 19 de pek 1710

87 Penrhos, 2215 13hfch broorpek 754

88 2218 30 do bro pek 1770

89 2221 34 do or pek 1632

90 2224 31 ch pek 2573

91 2227 15 do pek sou 1200

94 Vogan 2236 12 ch broor pek 2200

95 2239 18 do or pek 1710

96 2242 25 do pek 2375

97 2245 15 do peksou 1275

100 Tempo 2254 16 ch bro pek 1680

101 2257 20 do or pek 1900

102 2260 35 do pek, 3150

28 bid

c.

o
is]

35
29
27
38
35
33
29

38
44 bid
4C bid
37
36

38 bid
35 bid
31 bid

~ 36

30

41 bid
40 bid
36 bid
34 bid

35 bid
36 bid
29 bid
28 bid
32 bid
29 bid

44 bid
38 bid
35
27
23

27

Lot.

108

, 187

190

191
192
193
194.
195
196
197
198
201
202

PCH Galle,
in estate
mark

St. Paul Inv.
Ne. 37

Dunbar
Ardlaw and

Wishford

Attampettia

Putupaula

Trex

Strathspey
Yogama

Kosgalla
Mansfield
Clyde

Graceland

Mahalla

Narangalla
Freds Ruhe

Great Valley

Box.

2335
2338
2341
2344
2347
2350
2353
2356
2359

2368
2371
2383
2386
2389
2393
2401
2404
2413
2416
2431
2437
2443
2446
2449
2452
2458
2464
2467
2479
2482
2485
2488
2491
2494
2497
2509
2512
2515

Ceylon, in estate

mark

Good Hope
Algooltenne

Tymawre

Ookoowatte

Errolwood

Opalgaila,
Glengariffe

2524
2527
2530
2533
2536
2539
2542,
2545
2543
2557
2560
2563
2566
2569
2572
2575
2578
2584

2593
2596
2599
2602
2605
2608

2611

2614
2617

2620

2623
2626

2629

Barton
Matale

2632
2614

2647
2650

PricE :—123 cents each, 3 copies:

ai si

30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee.

Pkgs.

Name. lb.
pek 900
bro or pek 1671
or pek 1566
pek 1272
bro or pek 918
or pek 801
; pek 946
bro or pek 1380
bro pek 1632
or pek 870
pek Nol 1056
fans 1000
bro pek 2310
or pek 1350
pek 1805
pek sou 800
broor pek 735
bro pek 3150
or pek 1840
pek 1275
bro pek
fans 1080
bro or pek. 2300
pek 1980
bro orpek 749
or pek 1300
pek 1425
bro or pek 1760
bro pek 2200
ek 1995
bro pek 880
ek 800
bro pek 3060
pek 1620
bro pek 2700,
bro or pek 1100
pek Nol 1196
pek No 2 1536
dust 750
bro pek 800
pek sou 910
bro pek 1260
or pek 1140
pek 1530
per sou 900
bro pek 1100
or pek 935
pek 2080
bro pek 1400
pek 990
pek sou 1000
bro or pek 3360
or pek 2250
bro pek 1995
pek 1496
pek sou 1080
dust 1105
bro pek 4320
bro or pek 2430
pek 3330
bro or pek 3800
or pek 1980
pek 2340
or pek 1595
bro or pek 1500
pek 1598
pek sou 1269
pekor pek 1320
bro pek
fans 720
bro or pek 2880
bro or pek 2795
or pek 700
pek 1300
pek sou 760
or pek fans 910
dust 1258
bro or pek 1925
or pek 1664
pek 2610
pek sou 1275
pek fans 1040
dust 720
bro pek 700
bro pek 1620
pek 1170
peK sou 720

c.

9 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

eee
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ibs ve; Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. ~ ¢;
236 Hentleys 2662 13hfch bro pek 715 39 400 F F, in estate
938 2668 10 ch pek 760 29 mark 3154 24hfch bropek 1200
249 Theydon Bois2701 8 ch broorpek 720 39 405 Findlater 3169 85hfch bropek 1910
250 2704 12 do or pek 1020-34 406 3172 18 ch pek 1710
251 2707 24 do pek 1680 31 407 8175 11 do pek sou 1012
252 2710 13 do pek sou 975 29 409 Cullen 3181 23 ch bro or pek 2300
258 Ccombecourt2713 15hfch flowery or 410 3184 42 do pek No2 3360
pek 825 39 bid 412 Castlereagh 3190 20hfch broor pek 1000
254 2716 41 do bro pek 2255 36 bid 413 3193 9 ch bro pek 90)
255 2719 14 do or pek 770 ~=-36 bid 414 3196 9 do or pek 720
259 Amblakande 2731 11 ch bro pek 1100 = 37 415 3199 12 do pek 960
260 2734 24 do pek 1920 30 416 3202 9 do pek son 720
261 2737 16 do peksou 1280 28 417 I 8205 12hfch fans 840
265 ‘'Porweod 2749 11 ch bro orpek 990 45 418 Thismoda 3208 19hfch broorpek 1100
266 2752 13° do broorpek 1170 36 419 3211 25 ch bropek 2350
267 2755 10 do bro pek 840 =. 33 420 8214 29 do pek 2610
268 2758 36 do pek 2952 = BL 421 3217 21 do peksou 1820
271 Palmerston 2767 20bfch bropek 1260 40 425 Laurawatte 3229 16 ch bropek 1792
272 2770 9 ch pek 10 =. 39 426 3732 15 do or pek 1440
974 St. Heliers 2776 2l1hfch broorpek 1176 41 427 3235 15 do pek 1365
O75 2779 9 ch pe 855 33 428 8238 12 do pek 1200
977 Oodoowerre 2785 7 ch bropex 714 «38 430 Ingoya 3244 42 ch bropek 4284
278 27:8 8 do pek 736 © BA 431 3247 56 do pek 4368
282 Inverness 2500 12 ch broorpek 1200 43 bid 432 3250 33 do pek sou 2310
983 2803 20 do or pek 1180. 63 433 Summerville 3253 24 ch bro pek 2520
284 806 16 do pek 1440 46 434 3256 29 do pek 2755
985 Gampaha 2309 36 ch broorpek 3960 38 435 Bellongalla 3259 21 hfch bro pek 1155
256 2812 36 do or pek 3420 40 440 Yelverton 3274 62 ch pek 5580
287 2816 21hfch pek 945 37 441 3277 21 do pek 1575
288 2818 9 ch pek sou 810 3L 442 3280 7 do bro pek 784
290 Clunes 9824 388 ch bro pek 8800 33 443 3288 46hfch bropek 2576
291 2827 27 do pek 2566 27 bid 445 Claverton 3289 58hfch br pek fans 4350
292 2830 8 do pek sou 760. . 27 446 Troy 3292 19 ch brooryek 1995
294, Bloomfield 2836 26 ch bro pek 2580 39 447 3295 18 do or pek 1530
295 2839 18 do pek 1235 937 448 3295 138 do pek 1040
298 Fila Oya 2848 29hfch broorpek 1595 35 449 Weyunga-
300 2854 38 do pek 1900 30 watte 3301 30 ech bro pek 3000
306 Handford 2872 17 ch bro pek 1700s 3L 450 3304 33 do pex 28.15
307 AardJaw and 451 3307 32 do peksou 2560
Wishford 2875 9 ch pek 747 29 bid 456 Kitulgalla 3322 30hfch broorpek 1800
-308 G V, in estate 457 3325 10 ch orpek 850
mark 2878 11hfch bro pek 737 29bid | 458 3328 10 do or pek 850
309 Sindumallay 2881 18 ch peksou 1257 27bid | 459 3331 14 do pek 1148
311 El Teb 2887 1lhbfch dust 913 2k 460 3334 17 do pek 1360
312 Woodend 2390 29 ch bropek 2900 36 466 WVR 3352 25htch broorpek 1375
313 2893 22 do pek 1980 32 467 Panawatte 3355 15: h bro or pek 1725
316 Taldua 2902 23 ch broorpek 2415 35bid | 468 3368 34 do bropek 3400
317 2905 14 do pek 1190 29pbid | 469 3361 24 do pek 2400
318 2908 10 do peksou 900 8 470 3364 8 do peksou 800
326 Pine Hill 2932 24hfch bro orpek 1440 37 471 : 3367 10 do dust 1450
327 2935 17 ch or pek 1530 37 472 Galleheria 3370 13 ch bro or pek 1300
328 2938 19 do pek 1710.35 473 3373 14 do or pek 1190
329 Purana 2941 7 ch _ bro pek 7385 36 474 3376 34 do pek 2590
331 2947 20 do pek 1600 31 475 3379 12 do peksou 1080
332 - 2950 10 do pek sou 720 29 476 Ingoya, New
333 Rookwood 2953 53bfch ynghyson ?968 37 bid _. Peacock 3382 37 ch bro pek 1850
334 2956 19. ch hyson 1824 382pbia | 477 3385 12 do sou 108¢
337 St.Helen. 2965 20hfch broorpek 1100 5 2/8 au 3388 25 do pekfans 1875
338 2968 24 do bro pek 1200 33 479 Din est mark3391 12 ch hyson 1140
339 2971 10 ch pek 900 32 481 Glenorchy 3397 24 ch bro pek 2520
340 2974 10 do pek sou 900 »=—-.28 “482 3400 29 do pek 2755
341 St. Helen 2977 20hfch bropek 1000 31 485 Yelatenne 3409 9 ch pek 765
342 2980 13 do pek 1300 31 489 Ardross 3421 Q9hfch dust 720
313 Maha Eliya 2983 30hfch broorpek 1710 50 bia | 490 Holton 3424 17 ch bro pek 16.5
344 2986 24 do bro pek 1392 40pia | 491 _ 3427 11 do pek 235
345 2989 13 ch or pek 1261 4 495 Siriwatte 3439 14 ch bro or pek 1540
346 2992 37 do ek 3404 38 496 3442 16 do pek 1440
347 Waldemar 2995 16hfch broorpek 1040 58 497 3445 15 de peksou 1350
34% 2998 36 do bro pek 4376 42 bid 498 3448 10 do br pek fans 1200
349 8001 14 ch or pek 1400 44 600 Strathspey 3454 10 ch bro or pek 1027
350 3004 11 do pek 1045 29 bid ful Bencon 3457 12 ch bro pek 1104
351 3007 12hfech fans 1020 26 502 3460 1 do pek 900
353 Glendow 3013 10 ch bro pek 1000 49 57 Marlborough 3475 45hfch broorpek 2250
854 3016 30 do orpek 3000 34 508 3478 27 ch bropek 2835
855 3019 35 do pek 3150 31 509 _ 3481 18 do pek 1620
857 AMB 3025 10 ch dust 1400 23 510 Knavesmire 3484 2) ch or pek 1700
367 N 3055 13 ch bro tea 1300 16 511 3487 80 do bropek 7600
368 3058 25 do pekfans 3060 25 512 3490 49 do pek 3920
809 LEV 3061 11 eh pek fans 1320 31 513 3493 17 do pek sou 119v
870 Hathenathe 3064 19hfch_ bro pek 1064 35 514 3496 10hfch br pek fans 800
871 3067 22 do pek 1034 29 515 3499 24 do bro or pek 1560
372 3070 19 do pek sou 874 28 516 Udaveria 3502 50hfch breorpek 3000
376 Nakiadeniya 3082 8 ch bro pek 800 42 517 3505 44 do pek 3960
877 3C85 11 do or pek 1155 34 518 3508 15 do pek sou 1200
378 3088 11 do pekNol 880 32 519 Passara
379 B09L 12 do pek 984 30 Group 3511 22 ch bro pek 2209
382 Hatton 8110 87 ch bropek 3700 46 526 3514 21 do pek Nol 1890
383 3103 32 do vpek 2880 36 521 3517 11 do ypekNo2 990
285 Forest Creek 3109 16 do broorpek 1600 47 bid 524 Maldeniya 3526 24 ch bro pek 3400
B86 8112 47 do bro pek 4700 38 bid 625 8529 22 do ek 1980
887 3115 29 do or pek 2610 37 bid 626 3532 11 do pek sou 880
388 8118 25 do pek Nol 2250 34 bid 628 G 3538 YO ch ans 1900
389 3121 80 do pekNo2 2700 33 bid 529 Polatagama 3541 23 ch broorpek 23(0
290 Urogalla $124 9 ch 530 3544 53 doa bro pek 5300
1hfch or pek 860 26 631 8547 59 do pek 5310
897 Moneragalla 2145 88 ch bro pek 2°50 36 bid 532 8550 11 do fans 1100
398 8148 17 do pek 1207 82 bid 5384 Ambragalla 3556 14hfch orpek 1288
299 8151 8 ch fans 200 8626 585 3559 27 ch bbroorpek 2943

a ———sSts

5 Avisawella

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Box, Pkgs. Name. Ibe ¢; Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Lbaeec’s
636 3662 24 ch pek 2160 30 ®, 6 595 18 ch bro pek 1710 33 bid
537 3565 17 do pek sou 1377 27 7 598 16 do or pek 1440 31
539 Gamapalla 3571 665 do or pek 5940 32 8 601 9 do pek 810 29
540 3574 15 do bro or pek 1650 36 9 604 14 do pek sou 1120 27
541 3577 25 do pek 2125 29 12 Galphele 613 16bfch broorpek 800 48
542 35830 19 do pek sou 1520 27 1g 616 31 do or pek 1550 39
543 8583 Ohfch dust 774 24 14 619 22° do bro pek 1220 37
514 Scenagalla 3586 19 hfch or pek 950 54 15 622 16 ch pek 1440 25
545 3589 13 do pek 754 45 16 Ravencya 625 2u ch bro pek 2C00 35
546 3592 19 do pek sou 1007 36 bid 17 628 14 do pek 1120 82
547 Fairlawn 3595 34 hfch _ bro or pek 1870 54 ZL Theberton 640 19 ch br pek 1°00 35 bid
§48 3298 40 do or pek 1800 40 22 643 16 do pek 1360 33
549 L355 ch pek 2975 37 25 Neboda 652 15 ch bro or pek 1500 39
550 4 12 do pek sou 960 32 26 655 68 do br pek 6800 34
552 Dammeria 10 22 ch bro pek 2200 38 bid 27 658 11 d pek 1045 30
553 13518 do or pek 1620 33 bid 29 Simla 664 19hfch bro or pek 1225 41 bid
554 16 26 do pek 2600 32 30 667 15 ch or pek 1575 41
555 19 2u ao pek sou 1800 29 31 670 17 do pek 1683 39
556 Morankande {£2 !4hfch bropek 754 37 35 Dryburgh 82 24hfch broorpek 1464 33 bid
557 25 11 ch or pek 935-36 36 635 21 ch — or pek 1890 =. 34 bid
558 28 17 do pek 1445 29 37 688 28 do pek 2240 28 bid
5628 Hanwella 40 17hfch ynghyson 1020 37 38 Lonach 691 43hfch broor pek 2580 35
563 = 43 11 do hyson A 715 34 39 694 30 ch or pek 2700: 35
567 * seenagolla, V 55 13bhfch broorpek 806 46 40 697 41. do pek 8444 34
568 58 9 ch pek 927 40 41 700 18 do peksou 1530-29
569 High Forest 61 52hfch orpekNol2964 48 42 Gallawatte 703 13 ch broor pek 1300 35 bid
570 64 33 do or pe 1749 42 43 706 & do br peck 760 29 bid
571 67 23 do pek 1104 42 48 Owilikande 715 1b ch crpek 1600-32
572 70 30 do broorpek 2190 33 47 718 15 do br pek 150033
573 73 18 do pek sou 792 36 48 721 25 do pek 2375 28
574 76 10 do dust 920 26 49 724 21 do peksou 1590 26
575 £ Batawatte 79 64hfch broorpek 4160 35 52 Hanagama 7383 17 eh broorpek 1620 37
82 8 ch . orpek 800 35 54 739 8 do pek 800-28
85 13 do ‘or pek 1297. 35 55 742 30 do peksou 2700 27
83 31 do pek 2945 32 58 Kosgahahena 751 8 ch — pek 840 23 bid
Yl °6 do pek 2467. 30 @3 Thia Shela | 766 16hfch bro pek 400 35
94 18 do peksou 1040 29 64 769 16 do pex 800 31
581i 97 10 ch peksou 797-29 65 Pitaoya 772 27 bich br pek 1485 36 bid
583 "Erracht 103 44 ch bro pek 4400 33 66 77). .21..¢ peck 1680 35
584 106 24 do pek 2040 28 bid | ¢9 Grange Gardens784 26 ch broorpek 2000 38 bid
587 Dunkeld 115 62hfch Bro or pek 3596 39 70 787 20 ch or pek 2000 = 40
588 118 19 ch or pek 1805 36 71 790 ZL do pek 2100 36
589 121 21 do pek 1890 34 76 Neuchatel $05 8 ch broorpek 800 47
590 Aberdeen 124 49 ch bro pek 4606 = 34 17 808 37 do bro pek 3700 =. 36
591 127 57 do pek 4275 29 78 811 27 do pek 2160 31
592 Harrow 130 8 ch _— or pek 800 = 40 80 Hilandhu 817 23 eh br pek 23u0 82
593 133 23 bfch broor pek 1380 44 a1 820 15 do pek 1350 27
594 136 16 ch pek 1600 37 87 Morantenne 838 13hfch_ br pek 716 36
598 Erlsmere 148 24hfch bropek 1344 i ithd’ 09 PN in est.
599 15L 16 ch pek 1280 § Wi mark 847 17bfch_ br pek 952 98
603 Woodend 163 34 ch bro pek 3400 36 91 850 14 do pek sou 784 22
604 166 25 do pek 2250 30 92 New Valley 853 30 ch bro or pek . 3000
607 Dunnottar 175 10 ch bro or pek 1000 38 98 $56 14 do or pek 1490
609 181 27 do bro pek 2700 34 94 859 20 do pek 2v00 ( withd‘n
610 184 32 do pek 2720 35 96 862 20 do peksou 1800
616 Macaldenia 202 16hfch _ pek 880-31 97 Ravana 868 18hfch broorpek 900 33
620 Queensland 2!4 19hfch Bro or pek 1045 40 bid 98 871 18 do br pek 200 35
621 2180.8 2ch or pek 800 36 99 874 30 do pek 1350 32
632 Munukettia, 102 Searborough 88 16hf'ch broorpek 928 46
Ceylon in est 103 886 11 ch or pek 1045 = 40 bid
mark 250 8 ch or pek 704 34 104 889 14 ch pex 1260 37
633 253 26hfch bro pek 1508 43 105 892 14 do pek 1190 33
634 256 16 eh pek 1200 32 106 g.5 9hf-ch fans 70 24
638 Cloyne 263 20 ch pek 1797.29 107 Pinkandi 898 31Lhfch broorpek 1705 36
639 Kincora 271 18 ch bro or pek 1797 39 bid 108 90L 12 ch pek 180 32
640 Putupavla 274 11 ch bro or pek 1207 9 41 116 Mora Ella 925 15hfch broorpek 825 37
641 277 32 do bro pek 2877 35 117 928 10 ch pek 900 32
642 Penrhos 280 13hfch bro pek 780 35 11g Annandale 931 14hfch broorpek 708 62
643 283 16 do or pek 768 37 119 934 24 do or pes 1176 43
644 286 15 ch pek 1275 31 120 937 21 do pek 1460 = 40
645 289 9 do vek sou 738 28 121 949 25 do pek sou 1275 35 bid
646 Tembiligalla 292 37 ch broorpek 3512 365 122 Hatdowa 9.3.19 ch br pek 1805 34
64° Pigdola 295 16 ch bro orpek 1514 36 bid 123 916 13 do or pek 1105 33
648 HGM 298 15hfch flo or pek 825 52 124 949 17 do pek 1275 31
649 301 33 do bro or pek 1980 36 1265 952 24 do pek sou 1680 28
650 304 18 ch — or pek 180031 127 Lyndhurst 958 2¢hfch bripet 1430-37
651 307 23 do pek 2070 30 128 961 19 do or pek 950 36
652 310 9 do pek sou 810 29 129 96:1 50 do pek 2250 31
653 313. 7 do fans 840 27 130 967 27 do pek son 1415 29
654 316 10hfch dust 900 24 i344 HD 979 5 ch. dust 725 "92
655 Pambanar 319 14 ch bro pek 1680) | 135 Jak Tree Hill 9x? 20 ch bro pek 2000 84.
656 322 18 do or pek 1800 > withd‘n 136 985 8 ch pek 800 29 bid
657 325 19 do pek 1710 137 988 10 do pek{sou 1060 28
‘662 Handford 340 12 ch or pek 1140-330 142 Glenalmoud 1003 8 ch pek C20 SL
663 343 8 do pek 720 147 Tavalamtennel0l 1*hfch bro pek 990 36 bid
667 Laxapanagalla365 24 ch bro orpek 2400 35 148 1021 22 do pek 1210 32 bid
668 358 14 do or pek 1330 32 149 1024 17 do pek sou 850 29 bid
669 361 12 do pek 1088-29 150 Salawe 1027 17 ch broorpek 2040 36
676 Baddegama 382 15 ch brs or pek 1500 36 151 1030 7 do br pek 770.83
haan Gene 152 1033 11 do Se rane a
. i a Co. 153 1036 8 do pekisou 73
Messrs. Somerville « Co Po paranita ToaraNey ch bro or pok 108 33 bid
é 3 1b.1 167 1048 16 do vr pe 58 82 bic
Rey ah 158 1051 14 do pek 1330 29
Lot. Box. Pkgs.° Name. lb, Cc. 159 1054 16 do peksou 1300 28
3 Oolapane 586 1shfch dust 1040-22 v4 Agra lbed dtc 31 hf ch bro or pek ae =
4 589 11 do fans 75 24 165 1072 22 do or pelt Bah Fag
592 18hfch broorpek 900 38bid 166 1075 «3 do pek, 165039

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

eee

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name; Ib. e. Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e.
170 Oononagalla 1087 21hbfch broorpek 1050 37 bid | “51 Gwernet 1630 13 ch bropek 1365 26
171 1090 9 do or pek 720 35 352 : 1633 23 do pek 1855 i2bda
172 1993 11 ch bro pek 1100 84 bid 354 Deuiyaya 1639 19 ch or pek 1200 85
173 1096 19hfch_ bro pek 950 34bid | 355 1642 '7 do broorpek 1700 37 bid
174 1099 31 ch pek 2635 81 bid | 356 1645 13 do pek 130031
175 1102. 14 do peksou 1120 2bid | 357 1648 13 do peksou 1235-27 bid
176 Nellicolley- 358 1651 9 do sou 810 39-26
watte 1103 36hfch bro pek 2196 37 361 Abbotsford 1660 13 ch pek 1297 83 bid
V7 1108 12 ch pek 1104.32 362 1663 12 do peksou 1197 =. 30, bid
181 Rayigam 1120 26hfch broorpek 1560 43 365 Mousa Eliya 1672 16 ch bro pek 160037
182 1123 21 ch or pek 1995 35 3t6 1675 8 do pek 760 30
183 1126 14 do bro pek 1330 34 367 M F 1678 10 ch rek 9:0 24bid
164 1129 35 do pek 2975 29 369 W KP 1684 38 ch bro pek 2990 36
185 1132 25 do peksou 9375 28 370 1687 25 do or pek 2340 33
186 1P 1138 12hfch dust 1080 24 371 1620 83 do pek 6640 20
188 Bodawa 1141 35bfch_ br pek 1925 * 33 372 1693 24 do pek sou 19°6 27 bid
193 Dartry 1156 27hfch fans 2052-24 374 1699 13 do fans 780 26
196 Rahatungoda1l65 19hfch bro orpek 1(83 48 377 Gallawatte 1708 7 ch broor pek 700 35 bid
197 1168 20 hfch or pek 1160 36bid | 382 Hangranoya 1723 26 cu bro pek 2410-83
198 1171 24 do pek 1248 36 383 1726 13 ch pek 1170 29 bid
199 HawaElla 1174 16 ch peksou 1440 29 386 Hyde 17:5 13 ch broorpek 767 38 bid
200 Yabalatenne 1177 12hfch dust 972 23 387 17°8 8 do br pek 728-34 bid
201 Lennard 1180 19 ch broorpek 1995 41 bid | 388 1741 13hfch pek 117024
202 Yarrow 1183 48hfch broorpek 2640 37 bid 389 ING 1744 25 ch bro pek 2625 36 bid
203 1186 25 do or pek 1150 3z bid | 390 1747 29 do peksou 2610 27 bid
204 1189 21 do pek 8&2 32 392 Kitoolpatna 1753 15 ch bro pek 1350 33 bid
208 Ravenscraig 1201 28hfch br,pek 1540 37 393 1766 16 ch pek 1280 30 bid
209 1204 42 ch pek 3570 3 394 1759 11 do pek sou 825 27
211 New Anga- é, 897 Oononagalla 1768 9 do orpek 730-37
mana 1210 27 ch bro or pek 2700 381 bid 328 1771 8 do _ bro pek 760 34 bid
212 12138 28 do bro pek 2660 30bid 399 1774 28 do pek 2380 31
213 1216 34 do pex 3060 29 bid 400 1777 11 do pek sou 990 = -27 bid
214 1¥19 16 do pe sou 1440 27 bid | 402 1783 15 hich dust 1200-23
217 Ambalawa 1228 15, ch pek 1200 = 29 407 Cooroondoo-
219 Monrovia 1234 18 cn br pek 1800 33 watte 1798 28 ch bropek 2800 34bid
920 1237 23 do pek 2185 30 408 18(1 40 do pex 4000 30
22.1 1240 11 do pes sou 990 27 409 1804 12 do pek sou 1200.27
222 Florida 1243 26 ch bro pek 2600 99 413 Mt. Temple 1816 21 do bro or pek 2100 31
223 1246 27 do pek 9592 25 414 1819 22 do bro pek 2200 34
232 Udakande 1273 20 ch bro or pek 2100 = 41 bid 4165 1822 14 do bro pek 1400-35
240 St. Catherine 1297 7 ch bro cr pek 703 45 416 1825 19 do tek 1615 29 bid
941 1300 7 ch 417 Ferriby 1828 17 hfch broor pek 935 37
1hfch bro pek 713 37, 418 1831 16 ch br pek 1520 33
242 1308 15 ch pek 278 38 419 1834 13 do pek 1170-28
245 HIS 1312 18hfch peksou 1080 26pbia | 420 1837 9 do pek sou 72000 27
BL Rothes 1330 18 nece bro pe& 1116 41
52 1333 te pek 700 8934 E
258 Laukka 1251 21 ch bropek 2271 31 Messrs. E. John & Co.
259 1354 18 do pek 1634 29
Be Siriniwasa 1372 28 ch bro pek 2800 85 [400,678 lb.]
66 1875 88 do peh 3610 29
267 1378 27 do peksou 2430 27 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. &
13:1 7 do bro pek fans 700 = 31 1 Allington 420 8 ch bro pek 800-30 bid
0 Dalukolawatte1387 13hfch hroorpek 715 48 3 426 10 do pek 900 27
a7 1390 8 ch sou 720 26 4 424 § do pez sou 720 25
272 Kanatota 1393 16 ch bro or pek 1610 30 1l Kandahar 450 19hfch broorpek 1045 39 bid
273 1396 11 do or pek 935 26 12 453 13 do or pek 715 =With»’n
277 Weygalla 1408 16hfch bro or pek 880 53 13 456 42 do pek 2310 32 bid
78 1411 10 ch bro pek 1100 58 14 Poilakanda 459 v7 ch bro or peE 243u 33
279 1414 20 do pek 1800 35 bid 15 462 35 do bro pek 3500 32
293 Kurunegala “16 465 70 do pek £600 29
est. Co. 456 386hfch broorpek 1800 33 17 Natuwakelle 4468 12 do broor pek 1200 41
294 1459 28 ch or pek 1400 30 bid 18 : 471 20 do bro pek 2000 35
295 1462 27 do pek 2295 27 bid ly 471 18 do pek 1620 30
296 1465 12 do pek sou 1020 27 bid 20 477 8 do pek sou 720 28
299 Band D 1474 14hfch dust 1360 24 22 Tillington 483 26 do broorpek 1303 38
302 K 1483 10 ch 23 486 23 do bro pex 2070 35
lhfch pek sow 1000 18 24 489 18 do pek 1440 32
304 Richlands 1489 11 ch bro pek 1100 38 27 Elston 498 21 do pek 1785 34
305 1492 2 do pek 2125 34 28 5ul 24 do pek sou 2280 31 bid
306 1495 8 do pek sou 720 30 29 Holbrook 604 42hfch broorpek 2520 53 bid
314 Mousakande 1519 21hfch broorpek 1176 35 bid 8U #07 2L de bro pek 1260 38 bid
314 1522 20 do bro pek 1000 34 bid 3l 510 11 ch or pek 930 38 bid.
316 1525 22 do bro pek fans1430 30 bid 32 513 11 do pek 830 36 bid
317 1528 14 ch pek sou 1190 27 bid 35 MPS 522 19 hich bro pekfans 1225 24
3170, 1528a 27 do pek 2322 29 bid 36 525 34 do dust 2890 8625
418 Havilland 1531 389 ch brojor pek 3400 35 37 Templestowe 528 31 ch proorpeK 2728 41
319 1534 11 do. pek 9:0 32 38 53L 24hfch or pek 1128 8948
B20 | 16387 13 ch bro pek 1105 32 bid 39 r 634 19 ch pek 1710 37
321 1540 36 do pek 3024 30 40 637 10 «co unas 850 33
326 Polgahakande ee 13 ch or pek 1010 81 bid 41 Koslande 640 20hfch bro pek 1100 36
32 558 = 9 ch bro pek 900 35 42 543 16 ch pek 1275 29 bid
15 58 17, do pek 1360 29 46 Glentilt 655 36 hich MES or pek 1980 59
1564 8 do pek sou 720 27 47 658 2] ch bro pek 2100 39
Mahatenne 1567 11 ch bro or pek 1100 . 39 48 561 10 do or pek 10002 41
1570 26 do bro pek 2609 32 bid 49 564 18 do pek 1620 37
1573 18 do pel 1710 29 bid. 50 567 13hfch fans £1040 26
Meddegodda 1:82 86hfch pek 1800 51 bid 51 Bittaey 570 18 ch bro pek 17¢4 39 bid
Depedene 1585 48hfch bro pek 2640 36 52 573 14 do pek 1176 38 bid
1558 70 do pek , 3500 31 3 576 8 do fans £00 34
1691 87 do pek sou 18 0 27 56 Ratwatte 585 26 do hropek 2600 33
1600 88 do bro pek 2090 26 67 ‘ 588 21 do pek 1890 28
1603 64 do pek 2700 31 63 8 606 16hfch bro pek 960 35
1606 29 do pek sou 1460 27 64 609 10 ch pek 950 =29 bid
Murray th- 65 612 8:do peksou 720 26 bid
waite 1615 20 ch hro pek 2000 36 67 618 12hfch fans 840 =. 30

J
=

1618 8 do pek 720 31 69 Higham 624 28 ch bro pek 2800 36 bid.

Lot. Box.
78 627
71 630
75 Carendon 642
76 645
81 Comar 660
-83 Mount Clare 666
84 669
85 672
89 Lameliere 684
90 687
91 690
92 693
94 Theresia 699
95 702
96 705
99 Donnybrook 714
100 717
104 Cabin Ella 729
104 732
109 Troup 744
110 Balado 747
111 750
112 753
113 Nahavilla 56
114 (er
115 62
118 North Pundal-
oya 771
119 174
120 T17
123 Poilakande 786
£124 789
125 792
126 PKT 795
127 Kelaneiya and
Braemar 798
128 801
129 804
.133 Coslanda 816
134 819
1338 Rondura 831
139 834
+140 837
0141 840
143 816
144 Giasgow 849
146 852
146 855
147 858
148 86L
153 876
154 Agra Ouvah 879
155 8&2
156 885
157 888
158 881
160 Wattgalla 897
161 900
162 903
163 906
164 909
165 Avingten 912
166 915
167 918
168 Brownlow 921
169 924
170 927
171 N 930
173 Mossend 936
174 93
175 942
176 945
178 Perth 951
179 954
180 957
183 Bowella 966
184 969
185 Moche 972
186 975
187 978
188 981
189 Cleveland 984
91 990
194 bowhill 999
195 2
196 5
198 Cresta iW
199 14
203 Dickbedde 26
204 29
209 Romania 44
210 47
214 Galleola 59
215 62

Pkgs.

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Name. Ib.
pek 1710
pek sou 1260
bro pek 1060
pek 740
oro pek 1800
bro or pek 1200
or pek 1350
pek 735
bro or pek 2142
or pek 1105
pek 1932
sou 1300
broorpek 4700
pek 5100
pek sou 1440
bro or pek
No. 1 2835
bro or pek
No. 2 1260
bro pek 280°
pek 2210
pek sou 1140
fans 1200
dust 800
pek 1530
or pek 2520
bro pek 3800
pek 1260
young hyson 2000
byson 2125
hyson No. 2 1260
bro orpek 900
bro pek 4320
pek 1360
dust 1120
broorpek 1980
or pek 1zu0
pek 2945
bro pek 1100
pes 1275
bro or pek 1265
bro pek 4400
or pek 3700
pek 3515
dust 1155
broor pek 1365
bro pek 3920
or pek 2049
or pek 1947
pek 2160
pek fans 1710
bro or pek 39U0
or pek 2255
pek 1440
pek sou 990
pek fans 1840
bro pek 2415
pek 3960
pek sou 800
fans 900
dust 850
bro pek 1900
pek 2040
pek sou 2660
bro or pek 1062
or pek 2134
pek 2492
dust 935
bro or pek 700
or pek 1045
pek 1170
bro or pek
fans 720
bro pek 2000
or pek 1020
pek 825
bro pek 800
pek 1080
broor pek 25.0
or pek 1620
pek 2700
fans 765
flwry or pek 1650
pek 2050
broor pek 900
or pek 700
pek 1350
bro pek 1500
pek 1634
bro pek 758
pek 753
bro pek 702
pek 703
bro pek 2200
pek 2790

: 5
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Nos) @,
216 65 24 ch peksou 1920 ©6338
224 Allingten 89 12 do bro pek 1200 32
225 92.17 do pek 1530-88
226 95 11 do pek sou 990 . 27
228 RB 10L 12 do bro pek 1200 33 bid
229 lus 13 do bro pek 1300 = 32 bid
230 107 7 do pek 700 29
231 110 7 do pek sou 700 27
235 Ottery 122 16 do bro pek 1520 38
236 125 18 do pek 1620 35.
239 T’Wood 134 14 do broorpek 1400 33
240 Kandy 137 53hfch broorpsk 2650 32
241 Morahela 140 16 ch bro or pek 1600 35
242 143 20 do or pek No.1 1520 32
243 146 16 do bro pek 1600 37
244 149 23 av pek 1794 29
245 NB 152 34 do pek sou 3060 29 bid
247 Elston 1:8 19 do or pek 1710 38 bid
248 16L 17 do bro pek 1870 42 bid
249 164 16 do pek 1520 34 bid
250 167 14 do pek 1190 34 bid
251 70 i6hfch dust 14407 24
252 173 14 ch pek sou 1320 31 bid
253 @rwell 176 16 do or pek 1520 34 bid
254 179 13hbfth broorpek 780 57
255 182 22 ch pek 2U9U 32 bid
256 185 13 do pek sou 10:0 30 bid
260 Glassaugh 197 32hfch_ or pek 1792 59 bid
261 200 30 do bro or pek 2040 38 bid
262 z0$ 16 ch pek 1728 44 bid
263 Dickapittia 206 24hfch roorpek 1320 34 bid
264 2U9 21 ch bro pek 2100 35
265 21% 31 do pek 3100 31
267 Gansarapolla 218 15 hfch brvor pek 270u 35 bid
268 221 38 do bro pek 2014 31 bid
269 224 15 ch or pek 1850 28
270 Morahela 227 12 do or pek 1003 31 bid
271 230 15 do br pek No.1 1320 29 bid
272 233 7@ do pek 1660 28
275 Wana Raja 212 28hfch fans 2016 = 34
277 Mt. Vernon 248 36 ch pek 3240 36 bid
278 251 35 ado pek sou 2975 36
280 257 19hfch dust 1577 25
28L Ferndale 260 12 ch broor pek i200 39
282 263 10 do or pek 800 35 bid
283 236 17 do pek 1360 = 33 bid
285 Peru 272 18 do pek 1626 withd’n
288 Lameliere 281 29 do bro or pek 2958 37 bid
289 284 21. do or pek 1735 35 bid
29) 287 27 do pek 2484 34 bid
291 290 18 do sou 1300 27 bid
272 YK 293 12 do sou 900 21
293 296 12 do unas 1080 26
294 297 7 do dust 1085 23
295 MK 302 16 do pek fans 1v00 22 bid
298 Ashburton 311 14 do bro or pek 149s 40
299 814 29 do bro pek 3182 36
300 317 14 do pek 1288 33 bid
303 Woodstock 326 15 do bro or pek ,i1500 35 bid
304 329 15 do pek 1425 35
305 XM 332 10 do
lhfch pek fans 1890 24
307 Gingranoya 338 36 ch pek 2880 32
308 Harrisland 341 13hfch ovroor pek 72 38
310 347 12 ch pek 984 29 bid
313 Navangama 356 11 do or pek 1100)
814 859 12 do pek 1080 - withd’n
315 862 4 do pek sou 860
317 Poilakande 368 12 do bro or pek 5040 = 33
318 371 20 do bro pek 1800 30 bid
319 874 18 do pek 1440 29
322 Suduganga 383 9 do or pek 765 85
323 386 15 do bro or pek 825 43
324 889 15 do pek sou 1125 28 bid
327 Morton 898 48 do bro or pek 5040 35 bid
82 UL 44 do bro pek 3520 31 bid
829 404 23 do pek 1725 29 bie
SMALL LOTS.
Messrs. &. Benham & Co.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb oe,
1 Battalgalla 96 6 eh dust 460 Oa
4 Torrington 26 5 ech pek sou 405 28
Messrs. orbes « Walker.
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name, Thiet
2 Yatiyana 1960 2 ch pek 188 25
6 Halbarawa 1972 2 do fans 244 26
7 1975 1 do dust 160 Ql
13 Haputele-
wella 1993 15 hfch pek 675 31
14 1996 13 do peck sou 520 zg
16 1999 4 do fans 320 25

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Wa Gs Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib: c.
29 Avoca 2014 4 ch bropekfans 540 26 243 2683 1lhfch pek 80 2%
30 Lindupatma 2044 3 do bropekfans 405 25 Pies 26e6 1 do fans 58-20
37 Vincit 2065 5 ch peksou 450 27 235 OR 2689 3 ch brpek 315 8-29
38 2068 4 do pek fans 480 24 246 2692 8 do per 285 24
39 2071 1 do dust 160 22 247 2695 3 do pesou 264-22
43 Pambanar 2083 4 ch congou 340 out 248 2698 3hich dust 2400021
44 2086 3 do pek sou 286 20 bia | 256 Coombe-
51 Ellawatte 2107 1 do bro pek 100 © 43 _ court 2722 7 ch pek 665 = 33
52 Nicholoya 2110 2 do broorpek 210 39 257 2725 9hfch bro or pek
53 9113 1 do pek 90 29 fans 585 «=- 28 bid
66 Sylvakandy 2122 8 ch pek sou 270 29 258 Amblakande 2728 1 ch bro or pek 100 33
57 2125 4 do dust 400 24 262 2740 2 do dust 200 23
58 Monterey 2128 5 do sou 450 27 263 Coreen 2713 3 ch sou 255 = 30
59 Ettapolla 2131 10 hf ch or pek 500 32 264 2746 Thi ch dust 630 24
60 2131 8 do pek 400 26 269 Torwocd 2761 1 ch br or pefans 120 25
61 2127.5 do peksou 250 25 270 2764 1 do dust 199 22
62 2140 2 do bro tea 100 24 273 Palmerston 2773 2 ch pe sou 150 33
63 2143 2 do congou 100 22 276 St. Heliers 2782 3hfch fans 159 24
64 2146 4 do dust 200 26 279 Oodoowerre 2791 5 ch pe sou 450 30
65 Kalupahana 2149 3 ch bropek 318 82 280 2794 2hfch dust 160-24
66. = 8 2162 5 do or pek 600 27 281 BWD 2797 7do dust 560-24
67 2155 4 do pek 360 26 289 Gampaha 2521 6hbfch pek fans 540 24
68 2158 4 do peksou 344-94 293 Clunes 2833 2 ch dust 300 896-28
69 2161 2 do fans 200 28 296 Bloomfield 2842 4 ch fpesou 400 32
70 2164 2 do bro mix 208 18 297 2845 3hfch dust 255 24
72 Edward Hill 2170 7 ch or pek 602 BB 299 HilaOya 2851 Ghfch orpek 278 32
73 2178 6 do pek 468 29 30L 2857 6 ch pe sou 510 27
74 2176 7 do peksou 658 = 97 302 2860 7 hich fans 415 28
75 2179 1 do bro pek fans 135 24 303 2863 3 do unas 179-25
79 CampdenjHill 2191 2 ch bro pek 304 2866 6 do dust 375 6.24
(venesta) 250 33 305 Handford 2869 G ch bro orpek 600 3
80 2194 3 do bro pek 300 39 310 EK) Teb 2884 7 ch pek sou 595 320
81 2197 1 do pek 90 27 314 Woodend 2896 6 ch pek sou 480 29
82 2200 3 do pek sou 270 25 315 2899 2 ch dust 320-22
85 Tembiligalla 2209 1 ch pek sou 100 «28 619 Taldua 2011 2 ch fans 210 98
86 2212 2 dust 290 23 320 2914 4hfch dust 280 92
92 Penrhos 2230 3hfch fans PE BF 321 Yaha Ella” 2917 2 ch bro pek 200 37
93 2233 1 do pek dust 96 23 322 2920 3 do pek 270 30
98 Vogaen 2248 3 do dust 240 ta 324 2926 lhich fans 50 (97
99 2251 % do pek fans 250 28 325 2929 1 do dust 69 2p
103 Tempo 2263 4 ch pek sou 340 29 330 Purana 2944 16 box or pek 288 38
104 2266 2 do pek ians 140 26 335 Rookwood 2959 1 ch byson Nol 96 27
105 2269 3 do dust 255 22 336 2962 4 ch siflings 320 9
1u6 PCH Galle‘ 352 UG 3010 1 ch unassorted 9 28
in estate 356 Glendow 3022 4 ch pek sou 380 97
mark 2272 4 ch bro or pek 400 35 358 Arcbalapitiyaz028 4hfch bropek 220 7
107 2275 6 do or pek 540 32 359 3031 1 do bro pek 5326
109 2281 5 do peksou 450 27 369 3024 7 do orpek 350 30
110 2284 3 do fans 180 45 361 3027 1 do orpek 47 29
117. Dunbar 2305 11bfch bro pekfans 660 41 362 3040 10 do pek 500 94
118 2318 1 ch pek sou 102/32 363 3048 4 do peksou 200-93
119 NB 2311 1 ch dust 156 23 364 3046 1 do pek sou 45 20
124 Ardlaw and 365 3049 1 do dust 76 20
Wishford 2326 6 ch sou 498. 382 366 N 3052 6 ch sou 6c0 20
126 2332 5 do aust 550 24 372 Hathenathe 3073 2hfch fans 300-28
136 Putupaula 2362 8 ch pek sou 560-26 374 3076 1 do congou 478
137 9365 i do dust 145 23 375 s _ 3079 1 do peE dust 88 19
140 Trex , 9374 4 ch pek sou 320 28 380 Nakiadeniya 3094 3 ch bro tea 240 24
141 2377 1 do fans 110 23 381 3097 1 box flo pek 12 Ri-50
142 2380 1 do dust 85 23 384 Hatton 31(06 6 ch pek sou 480 35
146 Strathspey 2392 2 ch pek sou 182 35 391 Uragalla BIRZs 3 ch pek Nol 255 23
147 9395 3 do dust 445 24 392 3130 3 do pekNo2. 245 22.
151 Yogama 2407 3 ch pek sou 270 23 393 3133 3 do unassorted 270 22,
152 2410 3 do dust 405. 93 394 3136 ihfch dust 120 20
155 Kosgalla 2419 5hf-ch pek sou 275 25 395 3139 1 do dust 60 rAl
156 2422 1 do br pek fans 70 22 895 Moneragalla 3142 7 eh bro or pek 525 47
157 Gabhela 2495 8hfch bro pek 425-32 401 F Finest
158 2428 9 do pek 440 26 mark 8157 Shfch pek 320 25
159 2431 8 do pek sou 420 25 a 3160 7 do sou 280 24
162 Mansfield 2440 6 ch peksou 540-85 403 3163 3 do fans 1500 (27
167 Clyde 2455 7 ch peksou 539-28 404 3166 1 do dust 63 21 ‘
169 2461 2 do pes fans 979, 23 408 Findlater 3178 4hfch dust 360 24
172 Graceland 2470 2hf ch congou 90 23 4) Cullen 3187 Thfch bro pekfans 539 25
173 9473 3 do dust 225 16 422 Thismoda 3220 Lhich congou 90 24
174 Halbarawa 2476 9 ch pes sou 675-25 423 3223 6 do tans 420 29
182 Warangalla 2500 7 ch peksou £60 28 424 3226 6 do dust 480 24
163 2503 3 do aust 24() 24 429 Laurawatte 3241 1hfich fans 86 23
1&4 2506 2 do sou a 50) 21 436 Bellongalla 3262 4hfch fans 280 28
188 WA 2518 5 ch br pek 500 32 437 3265 2 do dust 170 23
189 2621 6 do pek 630-26 458 3268 8 ch pek 680 28
199 Good Hope 2551 4hfch vr pekfans 260 25 439 3271 2 do pek sou 170.26
200 9554 6 do dust 540. 24. 444 Yelverton 3286 Lhfch dust 94 22
209 Ookoowatte 2531 6 ch pe sou 480 7 452 Weyunga-
211 2687 5 do pe fans 500 23 : watte 8310 1 ch sou 90 27
212 2500 2 do dust 260 23, 453 3313 2hfch dust 170 23.
227 “Barton 2685 5 ch pek 425 29 454 Hast Holyrood3316 6hfch dust 570-238
228 2638 4 do pek sou 340 28 455 P 3319 1 do sou 46 26
226 2641 Lhfch dust 50 92 461 Kitulgalla 3337. 2hfch brorpekfansl20 28
233 Matule 2668 1 ch fans 70 ~=—.30 462 3340 8hfch dust 240 23
28 2656 2 do aust 160 23 463 North Cove 3343 Shfch bro pek 528. 36
235 2459 1 do sou 90 25 464 3346 2 ch pek — 170 27 —4
237 WHentleys 2665 Shfch or pek 376 32 465 : 3349 4hfch bro mix 240-26
239 2671 6 ch pek sou 375 26 420) BABB aniesy
240 2674 3hfch fans 228 26 mark 8334 4hfch dust 386-24. a
24) 2677 1 do pek dust 73 20 483 Glenorchy 3403 1 ch pek sou 95 35 an
242 BR, in estate 484 Yelatenne 3406 12hfch broorpek 696 36 r,
mark 2660 1 do br pek 50 81 486 3412 38 ch pek sou 240 8627 bid

487 3415 3 do sou 135 26bid

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

746a1 do

‘

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
488 8418 Llbfch fans 80
492 Holton 3430 4 ch pek sou 340
493 3433 Shich dust 400
494 3486 4 do fans 200
499 Siriwatte 3451 2 ch dust 300
503 Bancon 846s 3 ch pek son 270
504 3466 4 do bro pek fans 400
505 3469 1 do congou 105
506 CFE 3472 4bfch dust 280
522 Passara Gronp3520 1 hich dust 40
523 3523 2 do fans . 140
527 Maldeniya 3535 % ch dust 260
633 Pclatagama 3553 2 ch dust 300
588 Ambragalla 3568 3 ch dust 336
551 Fairlawn 7 5hbfch dust 425
559 Morankande 31 9 ch pek sou 630
560 34 4hfch_ br or pek fans 280
561 87.1 do dust 80
564 Hanwella 46 6hfch hyson™o1 378
56h 49 1 do byson No2 42
566 52 5 do young hyson
siftings 375
582 Battawatte 100 2 ch dust 200
685 Erracht 109 7 ch pek 595
586 112532) ‘chi dust 340
595 Harrow 139 2 ch pek sou 200
596 142 3hfch dust 204
597 Erlsmere 145.7 ch or pek 580
600 154 4 ch pek sou 312
601 157 2 ch dust 164
602 160 13 hf ch _ bro or pek 676
605 Woodend 169 6 ch pek sou 480
606 L2inpdo dust 280
608 Dunnottar 178 4 ch or pek 360
61 187 4 do pek sou 360
6L 190 3 do dust 390
613 Macaldenia 193 9hfch broor pek 540
614 196 9 do bro pek 405
615 199 10 -do pek 550
617 205 7 do pek sou 385
618 208 2 do fans 140 -
619 Q11 1. do dust 86
622 Queensland 220 4 ch pek sou 340
623 223 1 do sou 90
624 BR G in estate
mark 226 2 ch broorpek 210
625 229 3 do bropek 285
626 232 4 do pek 380
627 235 2 do pek sou 170
628 238 lhfch dust 80
629 Barrington 241 3 ch bro pek 180
630 244 4 do pek 220
631 247 5bfch pek sou 250
635 Munukettia,
Ceylon in est,
mark 259 6. ch pek sou 540
Hunugalla 262 4 ch sou 320
6 265 4hfch dust 340
658 Pambanar 328.3 ch pek fans 390
689 331 3 do pek sou 300
660 334 2 do congou 170
661 337 3hbfich dust 225
664 546 1bfch pek sou 50
665 349 2 ch fans 220
666 a BBY CA Wile) dust 220
€70 Laxapanagalla364 1 ch sou 105
671 367 1 do dust 103
672 370 3 do pek fans 300
673 BB in estate
mark 373° 8 ch or pek 180
674 876 1 do pek sou 90
675 379 3 do bro pek 300
(Messrs. Somerville & Co.|
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb.
1 Allakolla 580 4 ch bro pek 400
2 583 1 dg pek sou Ae
Avisawella 607 2 ¢ sou
ti 610 5hfich dust 350
18 Ravenoya 631 4 ch pek sou 320
19 634 1 do sou 90
20 637 3 do fans 450
23 Theberton 646 1 ch sou 85
24 649 ae ido pons 200
28 Neboda 661 6hie us
3 Simla 673. 2 ch pekNo.2 200
33 676 2hfich fans 154
34 679 2 do pek dust 194
44 Gallawatte 709 7 ch pek 630
45 N22 nO) dust 200
60 Owilikande 727 3hf-ch fans 210
51 730 6 do dust 480
53 Hanagama 736 5 ch or pek 500
5é Kosgahahena 745 2 do orypek 240
56 or pek A 120

Lot. Box. Pkgs.
57 748 6 ch
59 754 2 do
60 Mot2) (ao
61 760 1 do
62 763 1 do
67 Pitaoya GiSirsnich'
68 781 3hfch
72 Grange Gardens793 3 ch
73 795 1 do
74 799 3nhnfch
75 TC A in est.
mark 802 2 ch
79 Neuchatel 814 2hfch
82 Hilhandu 823 3 ch
8&3 826 2 do
84 829 3 do
85 Loomont 832 §Ahfch
86 885 2 do
88 Morantenne 841 12 hf ch
89 844 £ do
96 New Valley 865 1hf-ch
100 Ravana 877 12 hf-ch
101 PD inest
mark 880 1bfch
109 Pinkandi 904 6 ch
110 907 3hfch
111 910 1 do
112 Finest mark 913 2 ch
113 916 65 hfch
114 F Ain est.
mark 919 6 ch
115 922 9hfch
126 Hatdowa 955 2) ch
131 Lyndhurst 970 2hfch
122 HD 973 3 ch
133 976 1 do
138 Jak Tree Hill 991 1bf ch
139 994 2 do
140 Glenalmond 997 11 hfch
141 1000 12 do
143 1006 3 ch
144 1009 1 do
145 1012 2. do
116 M inest mark1015 1hfch
154 Salawe 10:9 3 ch
155 1U42 2 bfch
160 Atabahena 1957 8hfch
161 1060 5 do
162 1063 4 do
163 1066 1 do
167 Agra Elbedde 1078 8 hfch
168 X X 1081 2 hf ch
169 1084 2 do
178 Nellicollay-
watte Tee chi
179 1114 1hfch
180 1117 1 do
186 I P 1135 8 ch
139 Bodawa 1144 4 ch
190 1147 3 do
191 1150 3hfch
192 115371 do
194 Dartry 1159 6 hf ch
195 1162) 1 ch’
205 Yarrow 1192 12 hf ch
206 1195 7 do
207 1198 4 do
210 Raveuscraig 1207 4 ch
215 New Anga-
mana 1222 4 ch
1 hf cb
216 22a Sch
1 bf ch
218 Ambalawa 1231 9 ch
224 Florida 1249. 7 ch
225 1252 4 do
226 1255 1 do
227 Taligalakande1258 3 ch
228 1261 3 co
229 1264 4 do
230 1267 2 do
237 1270 ‘1 do
233 Danawakande 1276 5 ch
1 hf-ch
234 1279 6 ch
235 1282 6 do
236 1285 1 do
237 1288 1hfch
238 1291 3 ch
239 1291 1 do
243 St, Catherinel306 1 ch
244 HS 13(9 11 hf ch
216 GracelynH 1315 3hfch
245 1318 5 do
243 1321 5 do
249 1324 1 do

Name. lb.
bro pek 600
pek sou 200
sou 193
fans 100
dust 120
pek sou 240
dust 240
pek sou 300
fans 100
dust 255
red leaf 180
dust 29u
bro tea 270
dust 290
tro mixed 270
bro pek 250
pek 102
pek 600
pek sou 250
dust 90
pek sou 480
dust 85
pek sou 510
br or pek fans210
fans 80
pek sou 267
dust 38)
pek sou 504
fans 648
aust 300
dust 160
red leaf 165
bro tea 100
fans 100
dust 200
bro or pek 660
or pek 600
pek sou 270
fans 100
dust 160
unast 42
fans 315
dust 310
bro pek 448
pek 265
pek sou 212
dust 72
pek sou 360
br or pk fans 128
pk dust 160
pek sou 546
dust 86
fans 82
pek sou 600
pek 360
pek sou 340
bro pek fans 225
bro mixed 53
dust 564
sou 88
pek sou 552
br or pek fans490

bro pek dust 360

pek sou 400
pek fans 54C
dust 500
pek sou 675
pek sou 672
dust 600
red leaf 90
bro pek 320
pek 330
pek sou 415
fans 180
dust 115
bro pek 550
pek 600
pek sou 500
sou 75
congou 42
fans 275
dust 128

br or pek fans113

bro pek 660
bro pek 150
pek 250
pek sou 250
sou 58

8 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

le UE Gc ne EON I ee a

234 Ottery 119 do broorpek 600 40

do pek sou 330 30
hich dust 150 23
246 Avington 155 3 ch dust 360 23
257 Orwell 188 5hfch dust 360 24

(Messrs. E. John & Co.}

Lots Box. Pkgs. Name, We, @

2 Allington 423 1 ch broorpek 110 32
5 462 1 do dust 120 20

1 do di st No. 2 94 22
‘ 6 do fans 420 24
266 Dickapittia 215 1 do unas 5726
273 Morahela 236 4

Let. Box. Pkgs. Name. iI}, Os Lot. Box. wag hee : ae “
iti 35 e ro or pe
250 1227 1hfch_ pek fsus 50-26 3 Ullandapitiya Gee rhage Pies ee Sint: es
253 Rothes 1336 1 ch pek sou 95 28 8 awa as pek 500 29
254 1°39 lhfch = dust 98 23 5 Aaa. ao ae 90 26
255 Lammermoor 1342 6 ch bo pek ped 19 447 1 do fans 45 80
256 At do per ear 35 21 Natuwakelle 460 4 ch dust 400 24
2d Be ty Pereou BY 25 Tillington 492 8 do pek sou 680 27
260 Laukka 13857 4 ch pek sou 353 27 26 5 405) GhECH. dust 350 24
por ey pce ens et ap 33 Iona 516 4 do bror pek fans 280 25
262 LKA 1863 1 do pek 60 20 34 519 2 do dust i700 24
263. Karanduponal366 1 ch proipek Ho a2 aa obKoslante 546 3 ch pek sou 270 27
264 169 1 do pe Y L 2 fans 220 30
269 Siriniwasa 1384 3 ch dust Abin aes. re a toe quae 80 BB
274 Kanatota 1399 8 ch pek 640 25 Bi PBitaey 579 5 ch pek sou 4F0 33
276 1402) COM hekisou Se 55 582 3hfeh dust 240 27
276 1405 2 do dust 260) 24 58 Ratwatte 691 7 ch peksou 560-26
280 Weygalla 1417 5 ch pek sou AST inna By 594 2hfch dust 160 23
281 420 eon lust pe 6) G 597 2 ch broorpek 210 41
282 8S 1423 12 hf ch sou 600 26 61 P 600 1 do or pek 90 3
283 1496 6Ghfch dust 480 24 62 603 1 do pek 65 28
284 1429 4 ch pek No. 2 860 28 66 Ss Gin anion (dusk 340 94
285 A 1432 7hfch sou 350 26 63 621 7 ch Wen 630 26
286 HEBD) (Bs GIO Ss FO ee 72 Higham 633 1 do dust 05 (22
237 1438 Thfch sou 350 25 73 5 636 1 do an 90 26
288 1441 3 do aust Hy Be 74 639 4hfch bro pek fans 300 26
233 (ER eae f ch Bro es e oF 77 Carendon 648 3 ch pek sou 300 25
200 Aer ag aps CO diy PEs a 5 73 Awliscombe 651 4 do bro pek 440 37
291 1450 Lhfch dust 80 22 79 ssa ado pek 360) 29
292 1453 I do hyson ge nS £0 657 2 do pek sou 19v 27
207ee eurunegale of g2 AA 663 3 do dust 408-22
Eist.\Co:, Lt. 1468 d ae congou o20 : 86 Mount Clare 675 4 do per sou 320 29
298 1471 6hfch dust 4 480 23 87 678 2 do Anns 0 29
300 B&D TST Ohne Ome nx omer Be Oianeo 38 681 1 do dust 100 25
BO ES Tea ec hayatnek 278 ot bia | 93 Batwatte 696 1 do pek 90 26
303 Richlands 1486 9htch_ bro or pek 450 42 bid 97 “Theresia 708 Ghich dust 480 25
307 _ 1498 6 do dust 480 7 23 98 “11 1 ch son 95 99
BUS) BES aw BE Repel pe Bo 101 Donnybrook 720 4 do bro pek 260 29
309 Bete YD aes Seas 102 723 3hfch fans 252
a1 1500 Dy Goottber eae: 103 W, in est. mark726 7 do dust 55323
an Poy A AO) os BO 240 19 106 Cabin Ella 735 5 ch peksou 425 32
eile 1513 3 do sou 107 738 5hfch pek fans 350 26
eee ‘ 1oTG Ey omy son Se ves 103 741 2 do pekdust 180 23
322 Havilland l5d3h euch pek sou 148 26 16 M 765 4 ch eal 360 24
323 1546 3hfch dust 255 22 117 768 Bhfch fans 400 23
824 1549 3 do fans | 189 2 121 North Pundal-
es LS Be yh Ori MDE MDE: (en TOAD 20 oya 780 2 ch bysonNo.2 160 18
233 Mahatenne 1:76 4 ch pek sou 380 27 122 783 7hfch swiftings 490 7
334 1579 2 do dust 200 23 130 Kelaneiya and
339 Depedene 1:94 5hfch dust 490 24 Binvemar UrRoe tke ch Pare 400 31
340 1:97 6 do bro pek fans 390 30 181 sie a do Soul 380 31
ae NOOO sa ido bduse eae 132 813 5hfch dust 406 24
ane OT ENAER aCe BOr Be seas ye 20H BED 135 Coslanda § 822 3 ch peksou 270-87
eac pg Marna yehe i i-6 825 2 do fans 220 98
waite 1621 2 ch pek sou 170 26 137 Sa} clingan ais 80 os)
ae ros wo wi) 2 20 142 Rondura 813 2 ch pek fans 230 28
850 1627 1 do bro pekfans 135 28 1:9 Eton 864 2 do or pek 200 28
353 Gwernet} 1636 4 ch pek sou 380 28 150 867 1 do bro or pek 100 30
859 Deniyaya 1654 3hfch dust 285 23 151 870 2 do pek sou 200 26
eal eee areane iene iittes 152 873 2 do sou 200 95
; 5 ( dust 164 24
363 Kallebokka 1666 3 ch pek sou 315 27 Fee ala cue a aia ae an 692 25 bia
364 1669 ubfch dust 180 BS . 177 Mossend 948 2hfch dust 140 24
363 Holton 1681 4 ch bro pek 380 30 bid igi) Perth 960 7 ch pek sou _ 525 27
373 WK P AGOb 4 Gu chai) Sou 3D ae 182 963 3 do pekdust 405 925
375) 1702 3hfch dust 193 23 190 Cleveland 987 6hfch bro pek' 372 38
3276 Gallawatte 1705 6 ch bro pek 475 32 192 993 10 do pek sou 500 31 pid
BiB Sn iy Onn Dek ae 193 956 3 do fans 240 25
Bie We DCO) SOR Bere 197 Bowbill 8 1 ch dust 100 24
peo we uN do pek fans ial Be 200 Cresta 17 3hfch dust 240 23
881 Hangranoya 1720 6 ch bro orpek 570-37 201 Handa Eliya 20 5 ch peksou 400 27
BBs M29),6)) ch, \\ppek sou AD i 202 93 6hfch broorpek 300 33
pepe eyae BOLE (ON (Ors ( OBS ee 205 Dickbedde 32 3 do ypeksou* 153 25
391 RG » 10 1 ch pek £0 AS 06 35 4 do bro pek fans 232 19
395 S 1762 2 ch pek * 180 26 bid 207 2S SL Glo aan 52 17
396 Oononagalla 1765 8 bf ch bro or pek 400 42 508 nied ane 35 15
aay: 1780 3 do fans Os By 211 Romania 50 2 ch pek sou 203 24
403 A inestmark1756 1 ch bro pek 70 30 212 53 Dido bro nek fans 203 20
AM 1789 1 do pek ve 26 213 56 1 do red leaf 106 17
Me Tio Zit dos iemely son: Wa ee 217 Galloola (3 4 do dust 320 24
rite C a 1795 \hfech dust 85 22 218 “Ado fans 400 98
410 OoYOOUdO0s 4 k 3 25
watte 1807 4 ch congou 400 23 oe AT tf 5 de een a 21
411 1810 5bhfch pek fans 400 24 201 80 1 do bro or pek 110 o7
412 1813 2 do dust 200 20 329, 3°41 do pek fans ico 18
421 D 840 5 ch bro pek 456 34 O08 Saul ado cliTean anita
pe 1343 4 do | pek Boones 927 Allington 98 1 do dust 120-2 a
ae LO Miah 6 One EcY BOD Be 232 RB 113 2 do fans 500 25
474 1819 1 do cougou 65 23 933 116 1 do aust 150 20
425 1852 lhfch bropek dust 55 19 6
4
2

ch sou 360 25

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 9

Lot Box. Pkgs. Name; Ws) 8

274 239 4hfch dust 336 ©—.23

276 Wana Rajah 245 7 do dust 602 26

279 Mt. Vernon 254 10 do fans z cay 32

281 Peru 269 3 ¢ ro or pe eer

286 975 1 do dust a0} Withd’n
2 Bi CWE 278 2 do bro or pek 190 38

296 Coundon 305 4hfch fans 252 24

297 308 2 do dust 176 22

301 Ashburton 320 5 ch pek sou 450 28

302 323 3 do dust 450 23

306 XM 335 2 do

Lhfch dust 427 20

309 Harrisland 344 9 do or pek 414 32 bid

311 350 6 ae pek sou 462 27

312 Navangama 353 3 do bro or pek 300 ebay

316 : 365 1 do dust i50 f With@’n

320 Katukitula 377 1hfch_ bro or pek 50 20

321 380 1 do pek 50 18

325 Suduganga 392 1 ch pek fans 70 22

326 895 7 do sou 490 26

330 Morton 407 7 do pek sou 490 26

331 410 6hfch _ pek fans 510 21

CEYLON ‘CINNAMON
LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Mincine LANE, Nov. 29th.

SALES IN

“ Guadiana.’’—Hkelle Plantation D in estate mark,
No. 1, 6 bales sold at 93d; ditto No. 2, 18 bales sold
at 9d; ditto P in estate mark, No. 1, 10 bales sold
‘at 93d; ditto No. 2, 25 bales sold at 9d; ditto T
in estate mark, No. 2, 25 bales sold at 9d.

“‘ Tdomeneus.”—TAJ in estate mark, Bkelle Plan-
tation, 4 bales sold at 10d; 2 bales sold at 84;
20 bales sold at 104d; 6 bales sold at 9d; 4 bales
sold at 8d.

“Kamakura Maru.’”—Ukelle Plantation Din estate
mark, 10 bales sold at 9d.

* Stentor.’—NJDS in estate mark, Hkelle Plan-
tation, 4 bales sold at 10d; 6 bales sold at 93d>
6 bales sold at 9d; 4 bales sold at bids 1 bale
sold at 8d.

“Duke of Devonshire.’—NJDS in estate. mark,
Hkelle Plantation, 3 bales sold at 10d; 3. bales
sold at 93d5 5 bales sold at 9d; 2 bales sold at
8id; 7 bales sold at 8d; 3 bales sold at 74d.

“Tdomenons.”—NJDS in estate mark, Dehigoda
Plantation, 3 bales sold at 84d; 3 bales sold at 8d;
4 bales sold at 74d; 2 bales sold at 7d.

“Stentor.”—NJDS in estate mark, Hkelle Plan-
tation 46 bags sold at 7d; 4 bags sold at 8d.

“Duke of Devonshire.”—NJDS in estate mark,
Ekelle Plantation, 25 bags sold at 74d; 1 bag sold
at 63d: 1 bag sold at 6d.

““Tdomeneus.”—NJDS in estate mark, Ekelle
Plantation 41 bags sold at 73d; 7 bags sold at 8}.

“Famba Marn.”—R, M in eetate mark, Kadirane
Plantation, 1 bale sold at 104d; 6 bales sold at
Gadi n28 bales sold at Byole a} bales sold at 84d ;
7 bales sold at 8d; M in’ estate mark, ASD DD
Kadirane Plantation, 5 bales sold at 113 ‘d; 15 bales
sold at 103d; 5 bales sold at 94d; 2 bales sold at
9d; 5 bales sold at 83d; 2 bales sold at 73d.

a Alcinous.’”—C H de S, Kuruwitte, 1 pale sold at
103d; 5 bales sold at 10d ; 22 bales sold at 930;
5 bales sold at9d; CH de S, Ratmalane, 3 bales
sold at 10:d; 10 bales sold at 10d; 11 bales sold
at 94; 5 bales sold at 84d; CH de S, Salawa, 3
bales ‘sold at 104d; 5 bales’ sold at 104; 7 bales
sold at 94d; 7 bales sold at 83d; C HdeS, Radirane,
5 bales sold’ at lld; 5 bales’ sold at 102d ; 6 bales
— sold at93d ; 5 bales ’sold at 84d; C HdeS, Bagatelle,

OBSERVER PRINTING

1 bale sold at 11d; 2 bales sold at 10d; J bale
sold at 93d; 1 bale sold at 84d ; C Hde S, Innegal-
tuduwe, 1 bale sold at 10d; 1 bale sold at 94d;
2 bales sold at 9d.

‘* Peleus.’’—C H de S, Rustoom, 7 bales sold at 103d;
18 bales sold at J0d; 9 bales sold at 93d; 12 bales
sold at 9d; 6 bales "sold at 83d ; CH de "8, Kuro-
witte, 1 bale sold at Lda) bales sold at 10d ; 6
bales sold at 94d; 3 bales sold at 9d; 12 bales sold
at 84a; CH de Ss} Salawa, 5 bales sold at 1lld; 7
bales sold at 10d; 5 bales sold at 94d; 2 bales sold
at 8§£; CHdeS, Kadirane, 1 bale sold at 10d; 4
bales sold at Bid; 2 bales sold at 9d; 8 bales sotd
at 84d; CH de eh TPW in estate mark, 4 bales
sold at 11d; 6 bales sold at 10d; 7 bales sold at
9d; CHde S, Ratmalane, 3 bales sold at 11d; 6
bales sold at 10d; 4 bales sold at 93a; 2 bales
sold at 83.

“Stentor ’’—CHdeS, Kandevalle,7 bales soldfat 11d:
6 bales sold at 10d; 26 bales sold at 9d; 12'bales sold
at 93d; 20 bales sold at 83d. CH de ee Morotto, 2
bales sold 11d; 24 bales sold at 93d; 2 bales sold at 9d:
5 baleslsold at 8id. CH de 8S, Koottaruavalle, 4 bales
sold at 11d; 15 bales sold at 93; 3 bales sold at 9d; 2
bales sold at 8id. CH deS, Salawa, 2 bales sold at
103d; 5 bales sold at 93d; 6 bales sold at 9d; 5 bales
soldat 8:4. CHdeS, BK Hin estate mark, 1 bale
sold at 93d; 3 bales sold at 9d; 2 bales sold at 82d,
CH de §S, Innegaltuduwe, 1 bale sold at 103d; 1 bale
sold at 93d; Lbale soldat 9d. CH de S, Mattegodde,
1 bale sold at 94d; 1 bale sold at 9d; 1 bale sold at 83d.
JW © deS, 5 bales sold at 930; 208 bags sold at 9d.

‘‘Tdomeneus ”—J W CdeS, 8 bales sold at 11d; 38
bales sold at 10d; 12 bales sold at 92d; 19 bales sold
at 9d; 18 bales sold at 83d.

“ Ajax ’’—CH de S, Kuruwitte, 1 bale sold at 11d;
5bales soldat 94d: 6 balessold at 9d; 6 bales sold at
83d. CHdeS, Salaw», 2 bales sold at 11d; 5 bales
sold at 93; 5 bales sold 94; 4 bales sold at 84d. CH
de S, Hiripitiya, 1 bale sold at 93d; 2 bales sold at 9d;
2 bales sold at 81d. J WCdeS, 2 bales sold at1l a;
21 balessold at 924 24 bales sold. at 82d; 1 bale sold
at 8d; 6 bales sold at 103d; 4 bales sold at 10d; 41
bales soldat 9d.

‘“Sado Maru ’”’—Hkelle, C I Z in estate mark, 2
bales sold at 10d; 17 bales sold at 93d; 13 bales sold
at 9d; 16 bales sold at 83d.

“ Omrah.”’—A S GP in estate mark, Kadirane, 11
bales sold at 1s 8d; 18 bales sold at 1s 6d; 6 bales
sold at 1s 4d; 18 bales sold at Is 5d; 1 parcel sold
at Is 4d; 10 bales sold at 103d; 18 bales sold at
93d 5 4 bales sold at 9d; 1 parcel sold at 94; 7 bales
sold’ at 84d; 1 box sold ‘at 10d; 8 bales sold’ at 9d.

“ Prometheus.’”—F 8 K Kadirane, 4 bales sold at 1s
5d; 6 bales sold at 1s 4d; 4bales sold at Is 2d; 4
bales sold at 10d; .1 bag sold a 94d.

“Tdomeneus.”’—L, in estate mark, Galla, 8 bales
sold at 114d; 14 bales sold at 103d: 6 bales sold at
10d; 3 bales sold at 94d; 6 bales sold at 83d; 4
bales sold at 8d; RS K W in estate mark, Jaela,
1 parcel sold at 8; 1 box sold at 94d; 4 bales sold
at ls 5d; 8 bales sold at Is 4d; 3 bales sold at
1ldd 5 5 bales sold at 84d; 1 bag sold at 93d; J V
a Wi in estate mark, Kanwwana, 11 bales sola at ie

18 bales sold at Tale Vey 2033 bales sold at 16d;
ae sold at 9d; 8 bales sola at 84d; 1 parcel 1a
at 84d; 1 box sold at 91d; FS WS, in estate mark,
North Kadirane, 8 bales sold at 1s 5d; 1 bale sold
at 1s 4d; 4 bales sold at ls 3d; 3 bales sold at 10d;
4 bales sold at 92; 1 bale sold at 84d; 1 bag sold
at 92d ; 20 bags (chips) sold at 33-80; 10 bags (chips)
sold at 34d; FS WS, in estate mark, Kadirane, 2
bales sold at 1s 5d; 6 bales sold at 1s 4d; 4 bales
sold at ls 8d;°3 bales sold at 10d; 2 bales sold at
83d; 1 bag sold at 94d; 20 bags (chips) sold at 34d ;
2 balés soldat ls 5d;1 parcel sold at ls5d; FS K,
Reguens 9 bales sold at Is 4d; 5 bales sold at 1s

lbale soldat 104d; 4 bales sold at 9d; 4 kales
Ae at 83d; 3 bales sold at 8d; 1 box sold at 94d;
V, inestate mark, Hkelle, 10 bales sold at 103d; 6
bales sold at 10d,

“ Ajax.”—H,
sold at 83d; ditto Featheriugs, 5
5 bags sold at 84d.

in estate mark, Hkelle Pieces, 3 bags
bags sold at 74d;

WORKS,

{

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Price :—123 cents each, 3 copies

. } JANUARY 6 PB :
No. 1. CoLoMBo, » 190 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib, Ge
—_ 161 Poonagalla 865 30 ch or pek 285C = 41 bid
LARGE LOTS. 1 aos 34 ab bro pek 3910 42 bid
5 44 do pek 4312 36 bid
——— 164 874 12 do ek sou 1140 35 bid
Messrs. E. Benham & Co. tei Murlborough oe Ae hf eh pee or Pek 3000 36 bid
53 ¢ ro pe 6565 31 bid
35,967 1b, 169 889 17 do ek 1530-32
L 4 ] 170 Ingoya 892 30 ch bro pek 3090 34
Lot. . Box. Pkgs. Name. Daawe: 171 895 23 do pek 1863 31
2 Coodoogalla 91 33hfch bro pek 1900 33bid | 172 898 36 do peksou 2556 29
Bt 26 Wo pek 1:70 28 bid 173 Dromoland 901 42hfch_ bro or pek
7 Battalgalla 6 Si ch orpek 2945 38 2 No. 1 1320 47
8 9 3) do pek 3237 34 bid 174 904 25 do br) or pek
9 12 17 do peksou 127532 A No 2 1300-36
9 Bunyan and 180 Lochiel 922 17 ch dust 2550 24
Ovoca 42 @6hfch broorpok 3960 33bid | 183 Thismode 931 13 ch pek 114430
90 a6 35nd) or pek 1575 49 1lo5 Kerington 937 14 ch pek sou 1050 26 bid
21 43 20 ch pek 2000 33 bid 188 Maragalla 916 16 ch bro pek 1680 35 bid.
22 bl 17 do pek No2 1785 34bid | 189 a 949 13 do or pek 1105-32
28 54 18 do pek sou 1620 30bid } 192 Mawiliganga. :
24 Torrington 657 24% do or pek 1870 =3L bid as watte B58 11 gh bre or bee Pie) 34 ha
26 60 65 do broorpek 6600 36 bid : e 0 ro pe 4700 30 bi
S : BONE : 194 964 35 do peksou 2800 27
SEanMGESH TT CUES GRO Ga 198 Ingoya 970 34 hfch young hyso n 1802 38
Messrs. Forbes & Walker e Bae GRA ea one Kae oats
° 206 Galapitakan-
[983,675 1b. ] de 100¢ 26 ch or pek 2600 33 bid
, 207 1013. 29 do bro pek 2900 37
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bas aes 208 ck 1006 z4 do pek 24100 31L
s ¢ p 212 Cloyne 1018 19 ¢ bro pek 1824 34 bid
ei Teeny So CaM leapt tices, lee 263 102i) 19 do") pane) 1710 29 bid
sate : 2 Jambagas-
6 400 11 do pek 104535 talawa 1036 16 ch bro or pek
16 OBEC,m wd awa oer as bro or pe 1750 44
est. mark ie U3) 17 do ro pek 1870 40
. : 220 1042 17 do pek 1632 38
Hie Dee ON aS ees meen Le or pek pea pia | 224 Kincora 1054 19 ch broor pek 1920 38 bid
22 Narangalla 448 11 ch broorpek 11:0 34 228 Pea abet Hey) Ce
oy } 454 24 de pek 1920 09. a ares . 1060 15 do pek sou 1125 83
ss : 2 mbalan-
ae Clarendon As a Bech pro per er a goda 1069 11 ch broorpek 1100 37
2 AGAMeL. (pee tages 230 1072 13 do or pek 1300 36
33 Moray MeWeiis\beeh\ brovpekii peste asibid Hees | 1tre 18 )/doy pele DOs
34 x 48¢ 73 ch pek 6124 36 bid a eta hat 1102 27hfch broorpek 1620
38 rue Ey estate hal SR a 1500/98 241 1105 17 ch — or pek 10321 withdn.
42 Hillwatte 5(8 16 ch _ pek sou 1440-25 242 1108 29hfch pek 1930
43 611 33 do auat 2805 23 244 Rosberry, R 1114 16 ch bro or pek 1600 41 bid
61 Sirikandwa 546 14 ch bro pek 1400 3) 245 1117 38 do bro pek 3800 35
52 588 15 do pek 1425-28 Bie Ee a de Le iO os
* . ‘ : co) pek sou 29
See iss le ae oe oe eeO. tes 249 Roeberry, S 1129 11 ch broor pek 1100 42 bid
71 O BEC,in . ie 0 ro pe. 1300 35 bid
252 1138 14 do ek sou 1260 30
est. mark iy
Forest Creek 595 11 ch fans 1100 30 zoe Cholankandel Ts poco aus 2280 26
7 601 25 do pekdust 1625 30 254 1144 13hfch dust 1040-25
74 604 27 do aust 2295 25 256 Ouvahkelle 1160 18 ch dust 1440 24
= 5 258 Choisy 1156 44hfch broorpek 2420
81 Drayton 625 40 bfch or pek 2000 45 ae x
82 628 35 ch pek 3150 38 an te a ch Dek 2092 | withdn,
83 631 38 do peksou 3230 35 c 1 ES ON a
84 Coldstream 266 OBE C
Group 634 129 hf ch bro pek 6450 = 35 in estate mark
85 637 42 ch pek 360 3L “i Nillomally 1180 21 ch bro or pek 2100 46
86 10 22 do pek sou 1760 23 26' 1183 36 do or pek 3240 38 bi
90 Yuillefield 652 s7hfch or pek 1665 42 268 1186 29 do pek 2552 36 i
‘91 655 53 ch pek 4505 34 270 1192 10 do fans 1000 28
94 Palmgarden 664 12 ch bro p@k 1320 43 275 Corfu 1207 26hfch orpek 1300 35 bid
“95 Bt 14 ee nek 1400-24 bid 218 1210 v3 do bropek 1265 35bia
96 670 13 do pek sou 1300 24 27 1213 24 do pek 12u0 = 80 bi
‘100 Clarendon 632 8yhfch bro pek “457 42 +82 LuckyLand 1228 19 ch pek 1615 35 me
101 685 19 do or pek 1€26 40 283 1231 16 do pek sou 1440 34
121 Udapolla 745 12 ch bro pek 1200 33 289 Killarney 1249 50 hfch bro or pek 3100 35
122 748 15 do pek 1330 89.29 290 j252 14 ch pek 1302 «87
126 Beveley 760 51 hfch bro pek 2540 35 291 1255 13 do — or pek 1105 42
127 763 49 do pek 2450 3 294 Massena 1264 90hfch _ bro pek 4500 36
128 766 26 do pek sou 117C 29 eee I 1267 45 do pek 2250 29
132 OBE C, in ‘ nverness 1278 15 ch bro or pek 1500 47
® tate mark 298 1276 21 do or pek 1890
Sindumallay 778 48 ch bropek 4800 a5 bid | 299 Iaid ie ldo. hee 1208 ae
134 784 34 do pek 2754 30 bid 300 Killarney 1282 45 hfch broorpek 2835 388
135 787 17 do pek sou 1190 29 bid 302 1238 16 ch pek 1488 37
“136 790 16 do ust 1280 24 304 Gampaha 1294 25 do bro or pek 2750 38
141 Ireby 805 36 peed Be pek 7160 46 gos 1297 20 do or pek 1900 40
142 £08 18 ¢ pe 162 40 1300 25 do ek 2125 37
143 811 13 do pek sou 1170 34 309 Dea Ella 1300 26 hf ch Pro or pek 1375 37
146 Aden 820 24hfeh dust 180 26 310 1312 34 do or pek 1870 32
147 Tonacombe £23 35 ch av pek 338251 136) 31) 13!5 23 do nek 1260 31
148 826 42 do bro pek 4200 38 313 Mah@ Uva 1321 53 do ro orpek 3445 32 bid
149 $29 388 do pek 3420 34 314 1324 44 do or pek 2540 42
153 Findlater €41 3)hfch _ bro pek 1957 400 3'5 x 1327 36 ch pek $210 36
154 844 18 do pek 1707 34 hid 318 High Forest 1336 41 hfch ‘or pek
155 817 11 do pek sou 1009 30 bid Nol 2378 50 bid
156 Pilakkard 850 18 ch or pek 1430 £3 319 1239 27 do or pek 1458 47

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES UIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. ‘Name. Ws Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Ce
321 Pallagodda 1345 16 ch bro or pek 1600 33 472 1798 14 ch pek sou 1260 32
322 1348 38 do bro pek 2800 35 bid | 473 Nugagalla 1801 25hfch bropek 1260 50
323 1351 22 do or pek 1870 sl bid | 474 1804 51 do pek 2050 32
3u4 1354 .17 “do pek 1360 31 475 Waitalawa 1807 65hfch bro pek 3250 54
325 1357 15 do pek sou 1200-29 476 1810 66 do pek 3:00 8638
326 Weoya 1360 18 ch bro or pek 1890 37 bid 477 91818) 23) -do pekE sou 1150 30
327 13863 28 do ‘bro pek 2500 33bid | 479 Tembiligalla 1819 32 ch broorpek 3040 35
328 1366 #8 doa peg 3780 24 bid 480 1822 23 do pek 2070 31
- 331 Bloomfield 13875 37 ch bro pek 3700 = 38 483 Vogan 183L 16 do broorpek 1600 56
‘ 332 1378 20 do pek ~ 1840 37 454 1834 25 do or pek 2375 26
333 High Forest 13881 44hfch or,pek 485 1837 35 dn pek 3450 33
No 1 2562 50 bid 486 1810 20 do pek son 17u0 30
334 ; 1384 31 do or pek 1674 48 489 K.P. W. 1849 53hfch bro pek 3180 36
385 1387 21 do pek lus 42 490 1852 48 do bro pek 2640 33 |
336 Pallagofda 1390 19 ch bro or pek 1.00 33 492 1858 45 do pek 2250 30 4
337 1393 22 do bro pek 2200 35 bid | 500 Great Valley,
338 1396 17 do or pek 1530 32 Ceylon in
339 1399 14 do pek 119031 est mark 1882 68bfch broorpek 40:0 36
340 1402 14 do peksou 11902) £01 1845 67 do or pex 3484-383
341 Ruepwella 1405 18 ch or pek 1630 3 502 1888 21 ch bropek 2205 231 bid
342 1408 22 do bro orpek 2310 34 503 189 25 do pek 2250 33 ]
343 1411 15 do ‘bropek 1500 32bid | 505 1897 13hfch dust 110525 |
344 1414 31 do pek 2790-30 506 Ingrogalla 1900 12 ch bro pek 1200 39 ,
/847 Madulkelle 1423 23bfch broorpek 1380 40 507 1903 11 do pek 1996 = 35
348 1426 23 do or pek 1035 40 511 New Market !
349 1429 23 do bropek 1150 38 | SE ler eer ae : eae |
360 1432 24 do pek No1 1080 34 in est mark 1915 44 hfch broor pek 2596 37 bid
k 5100 36 512 1918 44 ch bro pek 3672 24 bid |
‘ 353 Sylvakandy 1441 51 ch brope 5 Bas
Ay. aay voted ek 9790 32 514 1924 18 do pek 1656 33 bid
P 515 1027 12 do peksou 1080 31
359 Mahawale, oe 516 Moneragalla 1930 38 ch bro pek 2847 33 bid '
Inv. Nos 1459 32hfch bro per 2080 35 bid | 517 Adisham 1933 10 ch broorpek 1(50 653 |
360 1462 28 eh orpek 2800 34 bid | 518 1936 13 do bre pek 1710 36 bid |
361 1465 26 do pek 2470 «©6299 bid | 519 1939 20 do pek 1800 35 bid
362 Geragama, 520 Castlereagh 1912 64hfch broorpek 32°90 38
Inv, No. 31 1468 18 ch bro or peE 1890 34 521 1945 23 ch -bropek 2800 34
363 1471 30 do _ bro pek 2700 31 bid | 522 1948 18 do or:ek 143 33 bid |
361 1474 34 do pek 2720 = 29bid | 523 1951 17 do pek 1445 31
365 1477 29 do peksou 2175 = 28 624 Palmerston 1:54 17hfch broorpek 1129 57
367 Glencorse 1483 13. ch bropek 1300 3% 525 1957 12 ch pek 10r0 =. 39 bid
368 1466 15 do or pek 1350 34 528 Geragama 1%6 13 ch bro pek 1235 32 bid 3]
369 1489 16 do pek 1280 32 529 1%69 16 do pek 1360 29 bid |
370 1492 7 do dust — 1050 924 534 1994 14 ch peksou 1120-28 |
1495 15 do pekscu 1200 29 536 Bandara Eliyal990 27 hfch brocrpek 2146 37 |
372 Ninfreld 1498 19 ch bro pek 1900 34 537 1993 29 ch pek 2726 33 |
373 1501 20 do pek 1800 30 538 1996 10 do pek 1000 33
376 Kotagaloya 1510 22 ch bro pek 2310 33bid | 545 Pine Hill’ 2017 13 ch pek 1170 35
377 1513 30 do pek 8000 31 552 Talgaswella 2028 12 ch broor pek 1200 36
378 1516 18hfch dust 1530 25 553 2041 17 do or pek 1360 33 af
379 Moray 1519 68 ch bro pek 3876 } withd'n | 554 9044 22 do —pek 17:0 = 31
380 1522 33 do pek 2970 4 555 £047 16 do pek sou 1200 29 |
383 Thedden 1531 33 ch bro pek 3400 30 bid | 557° Summerville 2053 12 ch bro pek 126) 43
384 1534 20 do pek 1700 26 bid | 558 2066 24 do pek 2400 = 38R
388 Drayton 1546 35hfch or pek 1750 46 559 Marlborough 2059 v9hfch broor pek 15.8 40 |
389 1549 37 ch pek 3530 37 560 2062 23 ch bro pek 9415 35 !
391 Freds Ruhe 1555 18 do bro pek 18.0 32 561 2065 23 do pek 2116 34
392 1568 16 ch pek 144000 562 Torwood 2968 18 ch broorpek 1800 41
394 Geregama 1564 13 ch bro orpek 1365 34 5e4 274 37 do pek 3182 30
895 1567 19 do bro pek 1710 32 bid | 565 Dammeria 2077 22 ch bro peE 220 38 bid
396 1570 256 do pek Pals) 3 566 2080 25 do nek 2300 35°
397 1573 30 do pek sou 2250 28 3 567 +083 23 do pek sou 2070 31
399 1519 15 do bro or pek 1575 33 bid 568 ' 9036. 15 do Gumek 1350 38
400 1552 25 do pro pek 2375 32 bid | 669 Dunkeld 2u89 67hfch broorpek 3886 37
401 1585 36 do pek 3060 31 570 2092 24 eh or pek 22:0 38
402 1588 30 do pek sou 2250 23 571 2095 28 do pek 2520 35
405 Kirklees 1597 25hfch broorpek 1375 36 573 Salem 2101 12 ch or pek 1200 30 1
416 1600 16 ch or pek 1440 41 574 2104 18 do pek 1620 29
407 1603 14 do pek 1400 SO 579 G.K. 2119 J9bfch dust 1615 24 {
409 Polatagama 1609 76 ch bro pek 76U0 35 Did | 580 Pambanar 2122 9 ch bro pek 1030 © -3G -
410 1612 12 do or pek 1200 33 bid 587 Devonfurd 2143 25bfch bro orpek 1525 59 ; q
411 1615 81 do pek 7290 81 bid 538 2146 13 do or pek 1300 46 bid
412 1618 16 do fans 1600 29 589 2149 13 do peksou 1248 «40
413 1621 7 do dust 1050 23 590 NorthCove 2152 40bfch or pek 2000 »=s- 44: bid
417 Preston 1633 25 ch broorpek 2500 42 591 Middleton 2155 22hfch broorpek 1210 658
418 1636 10 do bro pek 1000 40 592 2\68 51 ch bro pek 5100 38 bid
421 1642 10 do fans 1120 35 593 2161 27 do pek 2430 37
422 Woodend 1648 50hfch bro pek 3000 36 594 Delta 2164 25 ch bro pek 2500 36
423 1651 24 ch pek 2160 31 i 595 2167 19 do pek 1634 34 a
433 Bopitiya 1651 50 ch broorpek 6250 35bid | 596 2170 13 do pek sou 1053-31
454 1684 20 do or pek 1710 34 bid 597 2173 46hfch broor pek 2668 38
435 1687 29 do pek 2610 51 bid | £98 Good Hope 2176 34 ch bro pek 3060 31
. 436 1690 380 do pek sou 2700 29 bid 599 2179 14 do bro oryek 1400 36
439 Stafford 1669 13 ch or pek 1236 45 601 Middlet_n 2185 sihfch broorpek 1975 59
440) 1702 13 do pek dud0 40 6u2 2188 68 ch bropek 6800 3x bid
451 Ingoya 1735 12 ch bro tea 1308 25 6uU3 2191 88 do pek 3420 37
452 1728 22hfch dust 1694 23 605 Aigburth 2197 48 ch bro pek 4560
453 Troy 1741 15 ch broor pek 1575 34 bid 606 2200 32 do pek 2880 $ withd’n
454 1744 13 do orpek 1105 32 bid | 607 2203 20 do pek sou 1700
456 Weyunga- 608 Deaculla 2206 52bfch bro pek 2360 36
watte 1750 18 ech bro pek 1800 34 619 2209 47 ch pek 3790 31
457 1753 28 do pek 1955 3 610 2212 21 do peksou 1470 28
458 1756 21 do peksou 1680-28 612 Monkswood 2218 20hfch or pek 1000 63.
46 = Mawiliganga- 613 2221 14 ch pek 1330 48
watte 1780 50 ch bro pek 4500 31 614 2124 15 co pek sou 1200 43
467 1758 33 do peksou 2640 27 618 Delta 2236 44 ch bro pek 4400 34 bid -
410 Galkanda 1792 85hfch or pek 170 87 619 2239 30 do pek 2580 38. a

471 1795 81 ch pek 26385 85 620 2242 21 do pek sou 1701 30°

CKYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Lb eaecs Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name bee:
621 2245 24 ch broorpek 2406 37bid | 54 Theberton 1€0 16 ch br pek 1600 =. 35 bid
622 2218 34hfch broor pek 1972 37 bid 55 163 18 do pek 1530 33 >
623 2251 17 do pek fans 1156 29 58 Bollagalla 172 42 en bro pek 4200 35
6z8° Tymawr 2266 24 hfch or pek 1320 36 59 175 28 do pek 2240 30
629 2269 28 do bro or pek 1680 39 60 178 16 do pek sou 1280 27 bid.
630 2272 30 do pek S00 UST 63 Harangalla 187. 18 ch bro orzek 1710 30 bid
631 2275 23 ‘do pek sou 1104 34 64 190 21 do bro pek 1785 29 bid
632 2278 22 do or pek 1210 36 65 193 13 do pek 1049 27 bid.
633 22381 28 ‘do pek 14uu 36 68 196 13 do bro pek fans100 28
634 Bickley 2254 13hfech bro orpek = 1040 48 | 7L Hanguranketa 211 22hfch unast 1320 28
635 2287 32 do pek 2080 40 | 72 Marigold 214 32htch bro pek 1792 48
636 Tempo 2:90 11 ch bro pek 1155 44 74 220 .25..do pek sou 1250 36
637 2293 14 do or pek 1330 36 75 Allacollawewa 223. 21hfch br pek 1176 47
638 : 2296 32 do pek 2380 32 80 Eewadugama 238 16 ch bro pek 1760 34 bid:
640 Panilkande 2302 18 do bro or pek 1800 26 bid | 81 241 12 do pek 1260 34
641 2306 13 do pek 1170 8s bid | 84 Neboda 230. 12- ch bro or pek 129 39
646 Ardlaw and 85 253 70 do bro pek 7000 ~—-80 bid
Wishford 2320 24htch broorpek 1440 56 86 256° 15 do pek 1425 28
647 2323 34 ch bro pek 3400 86 bid | &&8 Mt. Temple} 262 23 ch pro pek 2:00 32 bid
619 2329 19 do pek 1672 36 89 265 17 do pek 1445 28 bid
653 Avoca 2341 18 ch bro or pek 1980 41 90 Narangoda 268 33 ch bro pek 3135 30 bid
654 2344 22 do bro pek 2420 87 91 BT 26) Gch pe < 2340 29
655 2347 22 do pek 2112 37 92 274 21 do pek sou 1890 27
663 Tonacombe 2371 27 ch or pek 2565 93 Nyanza 205612 ich or pek 1080 41
664 2374 22 do bro pek 22 0 \ withd‘n | 94 280 61hfch bro pek 3555 36 bid
665 2377 34 ao pek 2030 95 283 24 ch pek 2160 34
667 Bargany 2383 25 hfch_ bro pek 1x0 384 102 Hangranoya #04 27 ch bro pek 2568 31 bid
668 23:6 12 ch or pek 1080 38 103 307 14 d> pek 12¢0 31
673 Yogama +401 31 ch bro pek 3410 35 bid 116 Damblagolla 346 20hfch_ bro pek 1200 35
674 2404 25 do pek 2500 31 117 349 19 ch pek 1615 31
677 Nakiadeniya 2413 15 ch pek Nol 1200 30 118 352 13 do pek sou 1040 28
684 Bandara Eliya2434 64hfch bro orpek 3712 38 123 Old Madde-
685 2137 6384 ch ~~ pek 3060 = 32 bid gama 867 15 ch broor pek 1200 40
686 2440 16 do pek No2 = 15236 32 bid 124 870 17 do bro pek 1326 35
_ 687 °2443 16 do pek fans 1019 28 125 373 20 do pek 1600 34
639 Ambragalla 2449 24hfch or pek 1128 32 1.9 M B in estate
690 2452 47 do bro or pek 2320 34 bid mark 385 12hfch _ pek dust 1018 out
691 2455 21 ch pek 1869 30 133 DMOG in
692 2458 16 do peksou 1264 28 est mark 397 14 ch pek sou 1050 28 bid
695 Palmerston 2567 17 hich broor pek 1020 52 139 Rayigam 415 17 hfch broor pek 1020 39 bid
696 2470 12 ch pek i080 41 140) 418 19 ch or pek 1%€0 30 bid
698 Theydon Bois 2476 12 ch bro or peK 1140 86 bid | 111 4210-13 ch bro pek 1300 30 bid
699 2479 27 do pek 1890 38 142 474 35 cu pek 2975 = .2y
700 2472 15 do pek sou 1125 23 143 427 22 do pek sou 2.90 28
705 Harrow 2497 13 ch bro or pek 1430 4. bid | 144 Annandale 430 18hfch or pek 1044 41
7(6 2500 15 do pek 1500 37 145 Scarborough 433 z0hfch broor pek 1160 61
709 Passara Group2509 22 ch bro pek 2200 34 Did | 146 436 16 ch or pe« 1520 42
710 2512 23 do pek Nol 2070 ° 32 bid 147 439 26 do pek 23410 39
715 Pospone 2527 35 ch or pek 15v0 31 bid | 148 44% 14 do pek sou 1190 34
716 2530 zl do bro pek 2352 36 149 Blinkbonuie 445 18 ch bro pek 1890 40 bid
N17 x533 20 do pek 1900 30 150 443 24 do pek 2160 35 bid
719 Knavesmire 2539 20 ech oo pek 1700 32 bid | 152 Cotswold 454 15hfch broorpek 1200 36 bid
720 2542 60 do bro pek 5700 33 bid 153 457 14 do bro pek 1050 34 bid
721 2545 15 do pek 1200 29 104 460 28 ch pek 2240 35
722 2548 15 do vek sou 1200 28 158 Bambrakelly 472 1i ch pek No.2 1100 withd’n
727 Erlsmere 2663 24 hfch bro pek 1344 40 1659 Farnham 475 s5hfch bro pek 4760 34 bid
728 4666, 16.u-ch pek 1280 38 160 478 3L ch pek 2790 31
731 Badulluoya 2575 25hfch bro pek 1440 36 bid | 161 481 22 do pek;sou 1870 28
732 2578 22. do pek 1980 33 16% 481 19hfch_ fans 1530 24
735 Tunisgalla 2587 45hfch bro pek 27v0 35 166 Warakamure 496 33 ch or pek 3135 34
736 2690 70 do orpek 8500 84 167 499 33 do bro pek 3300 33 bid
737 2693" 25 chi pek 2270 BL 168 602 48 do pek 4128 29
738 2596 17 do pek sou 1445 28 16) 505 23 do pek sou 1955 28
739 2599 28hfch broorpek 1540 48 175 Galgadioya 23 18bfch broor pek.1008 37 bid
745 B.D. W. P. 2617 11 ch br pek fans 1210 34 176 526 24 ch br pek 2400 31 bid
748 Nahalma 2626 26 ch broorpek 2210 385 bid | 177 529 11 do pek 1045 29 bid
749 26239 -42 do bro pek 4200 31 bid 179 Oononagalla 535 28hfch broorpek 1400 39 bid
750 2632 34 do pek 3400, 29 bid | 181 541 16 ch bropek 1440 32 bid
754 Craig 2614 10 ch pek 1100 withd‘n | 1x2 544 31 do pek 2460 33
767 Sumerville 2653 24 ch bro pek 2207 withd‘n 183 547 v8 do pek sou 2320 29
EE ES SE yl Yarrow 571 34 pi ch bro or peK 1870 35 bid
= , gy 192 574 23 do or pek 1081 385
Messrs. Somerville « Cv. 193 577 22 do pek No.1, 1034 31bid
[275,131 1b.1 : 194 £8) 21 do ypekNo.2 1008 29bid
3 | 19) Yspa 533 12 ch pek sou 1020 928 bid
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C | 196 Covroondoo-
2 Raglan 4 18 ch pek 1620 22 \ watte 686 15 ch bro pek 1500 34 bid
4 Maddegedera 10 12hfch dusb 1020-23 +197 £89 23 do pek 2300 = 30 bid
10 KG 28.17 ch sou 154724 | 198 59 17 do peksou 1700 28
11 Moragalla 31.12 ch bro pekx 12U0 41 bid H 199 Dlkmukalana 4695 26 hich br pek 1430 84 bid
12 34. 10 do pek 100 24.bid | 200 598 31 do pek 1550 29 bid
17 Hanagama 49 17 ch or pek 1700 28 bid ; 22 614 22 do bro pek fans1210 28
18 62 19 do ek 1200 = 39 204 Oonankante 610 z+bfch pek 1320-384
19 55 16 do pek sou 14:0 26 207 Forest Hill 619 20 hfch bro or pek 1060 38
29 Hobart 85 23 hfch provor pek 1196 34 208 622 11 ch br pek 1023 33 bid
32 Yspa 94 22 ch pek sou 1870 29 bid 209 625 18 do pek 1530 34
33 97 10 do pek dust 1400 24 21L Gangwarily 631 71 ch bro pek 7171 33 bid
36 Mahavilla 106 23 hfch pek 1140 30 212 634 47 do pek 3995 30
40 Avisawella 118 20hfch broor pek 1000 40 213 637 14 do pek sou 1120 28
41 LIS V7 eh bro pek 1€15 32 bid 216 Glenalla} 646 12 ch bro or pek 1296 30 bid
42 124 14 do or pek 1260 31 217 649 13 do bro pek 1170 33 bid
43 127 12 sdo pek 1080 31 219 655 31 do pes 2542 28 bid
44 130 13 do pek sou 1040 28 223 Ranasingha-
46 Kelani 16 26 ch hro pek 2600 34 bid patna 667 23 hich broorpek 1914 34 bid
47 139 °13 do broor pek 1:00 | 31 bid 224 670 16 ch pek 1440 31 bid
48 ‘ 142 15 do pek 1350 30 227 Harangalla 679 16 ch bro or pek 1520 21, bid
50 Mary Hill 148 v5hbfch bro pek 1375 36 bid 228 682 18 do bro pek 1530 29 bid

61 161 34 do pek 1700 34 229 685 64 do pek 4320 30 bid

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ce. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. .e
230 688 24 ch ek sou 1920 27 bid 147 , 851 13 ch pek 140033
231 ) 681 14hfch br pk dust 1050 238 148 854 17 do pek 1360 32 bid
234 Carney 700 80hfch pek 1350 29 157 Lameliere €81 29 do broorpek 2938 out ,
235 703 22 do peksou 1100 27 161 Gonavy 843 13 do or pek 11U5 39 bid j
239 Mousakande 715 20hfch bro pek 1000 34 bid 162 £96 14 do bro pek 1400 38 bid .
240 718 27 ch yew 2322 30 bid 163 £99 25 do ek 2000 35 bid
241 721 14 do pek sou 1190 27 bid | 135 Ottery 905 16 do ro pek 1520 935 bid
245 Labugama 738 28hf-ch br pek 1540 33 bid 166 908 18 do pek 16°6 35
247 739 21 ch pek 1785 29 169 Coslande 917 29hfch bro pek 1525 34 bid ;
fee eed ert See th te oe eee 170 aoa 920 23 do pek i 1945 28 a8
177 _Evalgo 941 25 do bro or peK 1375 35 bi :
Messrs. E. John & Co. 9 i 917 31 do pek 1550 BE
188 Moratota 974 20 ch bro pek 2200 i
[279,664 1b.] 19u 930 £0 do pek 2400 = 81
Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. ae Powells on is do per : stp 23
3 Wilpita 419 10 ch broorpek 1000 31 bid | 29, 7 °°"B* 9) 48 Go breor pek .480) 35 bid
dd (Oonoggaloya,))452, 22) do | or/pek SoU Te 208: Manickwatte 34 szhfch or pek 1536 30 bid
16 455 20 do brourpek 2000 39 bid | 909 Glassaugh 37 63 duo or pek 3691 62 i
16 goal 2oi dole rek PAO RMP ares 210) 40 49 do broorpek 3381 39 bid |
17 Natuwakelle 461 14 do bro or pek 1400 38bid | 947 43 32 ch fpek 3500 44 d
18 464 18 do bropek 1800 34bid | 915 Balado £5 48 do pek 4560 31
19 467 23 do pek 207031 216 Brownlow 58 20 do broorpek 1180 38 bid ]
20 470 13 do pek sou WD) 217 61 15 do or pek 1425 42 |
22 Ohiya 476 10 do ur pe« 1000. 34 bid | 918 64 24 do pek 2112 35bid |
Paw ade TE CD UES 1302 32 bid | 290 Gangawatte 70 17 do broorpek 1700 41bid
27 Birnam 491 18 do pek sou 1350 82 bid | 99) 73 14 do bro pek 1400 34 bid |
32 Brownlow 506 18hfch_ bro or pek U4 48 992 76 38 do pek 349 34 bid {
33 BUD NS Ge Oars Wie A 227 CabinElla 91 21 do bropek 2100 34 bid
34 A BBS CO Ss Bao 228 ys %3 do pek 1950 83 bid
36 Westhall 618 24 do bro mix 2160 26
37 Temple:towe 521 26 140 broorpek 2208 |
38 524 25hfch or pek 1200 | Vithan 7
39 527 19 ch pek 1805 SMALL LOTS.
41 433 lu hich dust : 1000 ra 7
44 Mocha 642 20 ch broorpek 2010 43 bi cones
45 545 34 do pek EO an Messrs. E. Benham & Co.
46 548 19 do pek sou 1520 32 bi
47 Glentilt 65! 2u hfch be or es 1595 eS bia | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lbs c,
A8 554 17 ch ro pe 1700 =
49 557 12 do or pek 1140 40 bid i Coodocgalla Re tt high oH frper ce) e
60 660 24 do pek 216U 35 bid 5 100 5 do dust 400 24 |
61 Hila 563 44 do bro pek 4400 6 UD Y Th ah ei 65 93 .
52 B68) Se) gi CURR | glel a aa a0, algolie 15 3 ch dust 375 23 |
BB Sea oes e i eee tent et 1 | 1a Meddakande 48.49h6ch adust 720 2B |
a Pe OL ASO ay Bee ee Siar 12 Galatura 21 6 do dust B70 «23 |
b5 675 60 do pek sou 4000 13 Mandara
57 GW 581 42hfch dust 357025 Neto | aera a eeraee Sey
60 Warleigh 590 zd ch __— bro pek 2280 33 bid | 44 Hapugastenne 27 7 do dust 5e0 Od
SUS a 598 200 dO Goupeks Tin ee 16 Galatura 30 8 do dust 760 93
67 Midlothian 611 19hfch bro pek 1140 35 bid | 4¢ Rasagala PO Gy GS 630 22 |
0 Ben Nevis 620 28 a ca pek 760 = bid 17 Halgolje oases Bnet ae = .
d 2
my 626 20 ch pek 1800 35 — 18 M 89 5hfch sou 270 = 22 |
75 Agra Ouvah 635 62hf ch 55 or pek a720 54 “2
76 6388 45 ¢ or pe 4 40
77 641 16 i. pek : 1395 38 Messrs. Forbes & Walker. |
78 Glasgow 644 20 hic roorpek 1 56 |
79 3 647 37 2 bropek 2960 44 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lbs |) 2:
80 650 23 do or pek 177142 1 AUYV 3 a Soa a OB ta
ol GI) TA aD 1nd me ee) 388 1 do pek Sou 7
82 Rondura 656 12 do bro or pek 1380 32 bid 3 BW 391 9 do aaat 792 «93
83 659 17 do bropek 1700 =. 35 bid 7 Bargany 403 8 ch pek sou 720 93 j
34 662 23 do Ys pek 2300 = 33 bid 8 406 4hfich dust 360 24
8 Mount Everest 674 27 hfch Be orpek 1485 45 lOMBandarahens
£9 Bisig 22450 or pek a0 eo tenne 412 5 ch bro pek 500 34
Be ee fea beers 2A ae 1 41512 do pek 960 29
94 Gingranoya 692 19 do broor pek 1900 40 12 418 3 do peksou 240 27
95 095 17 do pek sou 1190 27 13 421 1 do soul 76 25
97 701 16hfch bro pek 1440-38 14 424 2 do fans 120 95 a;
99 Poilakande 407 13 ch bro or pek 1170 33 1b 427 2hfch dust 100 22 2
100 GLO 2 GO CLD OR iaee Pome 18 Tokatiamulla 436 9 do bro pek 495 32
101 713 £0 do pek 160 29 19 439 5 do pek 250 27
102 Oonoogaloya 716 12hfch dust 10200 24 20 442 1 do pek sou 50 25
109 Kolapatna 737 20 do bro or pek 1000 38 bid 21 ; 445 1 do bro mix 60 18
nt CO VC CO On yaks lus 34 bid | 93 Narangalla 45111 ch or pek 935 33
j11 743 25 do pek pals 33 5 457 9 do pek sou 720 26 ,
j12 Winwood 746 33 do bruorpek 1680 39 bid 26 460 3 do dust 240 23
a8 Cae ete O Guu Dee Seo hee 27 463 2 do sou 160 24
114 52 43 do pe 7 34 re
. 115 Dickapitiya 755 2Uhfch broorpek 1100 34 Bt Clarendon ane ; acon pe Aor ane of
116 Ie as arate Od Se 35 Moray 487 8 ch pekNo2 640 28hbid
hy a Pat aaiine tlase : 36 490 6hfch pek dust 510 25
120 Elston 770 22 do pek 1870-87 37. B. in estate -
121 773 28 do pek sou 2660 33 Paes 493 11 do sou 990 26 7
125 Koslanda 785 29hfch bro pek 1595 =: 38 bid 39 Wewawatte 49914 ch bro pek 910 31
126 788 24 ch pek 1955 29 40 502 Shfch pek 488 27
120 Agra Ouvah £00) 55 bfch bro or pek 33u0 65 41 505) 4 doll) peksou 994 25
1st SMS ue (aby overs Peo eo 44 Belgodde 514 6 do bropek 300. 32. aa
132 8(6 14 ch pek 1302 38 45 517 6 do pek 300 25
123 Winwood 809 83hfch broorpek 1630 38 bid 46 520 3 do Seca 135 24
124 Caxrendon $12 15 ch bropek 1591 26 bid } 47 SRR a OSE 70. 20
135 315 10 do pek 100 25 48 St, Paul’s Inv a
127 Morahela, 821 15 do pek 1170 28 Ne 38 * 596 10 hf ch pek sou 460 32 a
ei ey PPS ieee PA || Sann c 529 6 do bropekfans 420 34
144 St. John’s $42 24 do bro pek 1488 37 bid A :

1u5 Ferndale 845 12 do broor pek 1200 87 bid 50 632 7 do ». dust Sic vanes ql

CEYLON PRODUCE

Box. Pkes. Name.

Lot.
53 Sirikandura 541 7 ch pek sou
54 544 11 do pek sou
55 547 2 do eng u
56 550 1 do ro pek fans
57 553 8 Go bro pek dust
58 556 1 do fans
59 559 1 do dust
60 562 1. do red leaf
61 M 76> 6 ch bro pek
62 568 5 do bro or pek
63 571 7 do pek
64 574 1 do pek sou
65 5-7 1lhfch° dust
68 Nakiadienia 586 5 ch pek fans
69 589 3 box floweiy pek
70 OBEC, in
est te mark
ForestCreek 592 5 ch sou
72 593 3 do red leaf
°75 Mahayaya 607 6 bfch or pek
76 610 17 do bro pek
77 613 13 do. pek
78 616 5 do pek sou
79 619 1 do fans
80 6:2 1 do dust
87 Coldstream
Group 643 6 do fans
88 616 5 do dust
89 Yuillefield 649 16 hf ch | bro pek
92° 658-1. ch sou
93 661 3hfch dust
97 PalmGarden 673 1 ch fans
98 676 1 do congou
92 69 1 do dust
102 Clarendon 6&8. 6 ch ~ pek
103 691 1 do pek sou
104 694 4hfch dust
105 D, in estate :
mark 697 6 do bro or pek fan
106 ju0 4 do pes dust
107 K HL 703, 3 ch dast
108 76 3 do fans
109 Ambanpitiya 709 1 ch ~ fans
110 712 1. do bro tea
Lil 715 2 do dust
112° BP 718 1 ch bro pek
113 721 1 do pek
114 Carlabeck 724 8 ch pek sou
115 727 3 do bro pek fans
116 New Galway 730 6hich bro pek
117 733 8 do perk
118 EDP 733 12 ch sou
i19 739 ilhf-ch dust
120 Udapolla 742.7 ch or pek
123 75t 7. do pek sou
124 754 2hfch dust
125 Beverley 787 15 do bro or pek
129 769.9 do bro pek dust
130 772 5 do dust
181 Moneragaila 775 7 ch bro or pek
133 O BEG, in
estate mark
Siddumally 781 11 ch or pek
137 Tennehena 793 £ ch
Lbfch bro pek
138 796 1 ch pek
189 .D, in estate
mark 799 Ghfch fans
240 8u2 11 do dust
144 Treby 814 5 do fans
145 817 7 ch dust
150 Tonacombe 32 8 do pek sou
151 835 lLhfch dust
162 Bancon £33. 1 do pek sou
157 -Pilukkard 852 1 ch pek or pek
168 856 2hfch pek fans
159 Panmure 89 t do bro or pek
160 862 10 ch sou
165 Poonagalila 817 8 do _ fans
166 880 10 do dust
175. Dromoland 90) 8 ch _ or pek
176 910 10 do pek
ayes 918 2 da pek sou
178 9i6 2hfch fans
179 919 2 ch dust
181 Thismode 925 13 bhfch bro or pek
182 9:8 4 ch bro pek
184 934 2 do pek sou
186 Troy 910 3 ch dust
187 913 1 do fans
190. Maragalla 95210 ch pek
191 a 955 2 do bro tea
195. Mawiliganga-
watt © 967 8 ch dust
197 Ing.oYa 973 17 hfch hyson
199 979 2 do f ns
200 982 6 do twanky
201 Grace Land @&5 % do bro pek
202 988 1 do bro tea

38 bid

25 bid
24 bid

SALES LIST.

Lot. Box,
203 991
204 994
205 997
209 Galapita-

kande 1009
210 1012
211 Cloyne 1015
214 " 1024
215 127
216 1030
217 1133
221 Dambagas-

taLawa 1045
222 1018
223 Kincora, 1051
2297 10°3
228 1065
252 Amblangoda 11:78
233 1081
234 1084
235 Debiowita 1087

429

Amoblakande 1090
1093
1096
1099

Uoper Hewa-
heta L111
Rveberry, R 1/26
Roeberry, S 1135

Ouvakellie 1147
1153
Choisy 11:9
Oasham 1168
lL
1174
1177

OBEC, in

est. te mark
Nillumally 1159
1195
Dotala 1:93
12u1
12 4
Corfu 1216
5 Y219
Lucky Land 1°22
1223
Galkadua 1Z3L
1237
1240
1243
{216

Killarney 1758
Letchmey 125
Massena 12:0
Killuney = 1235

BWD 1291
Gampaha 1313
1306

Dea EV'a 1318

M:ha Uva = 1330
1333

High Forest 13 2
1

We.ya 3.9
1272
Ruanwella 1:17
1420
Madulkelle 1 -5
1428
Syivatandy 1447
Lynsted 145)
Warwick 1453
1456
Avagalla 1430
Ninfield 1 04
1507
Moray 1525
15238
Thedden 1557
1540
1543
Freds Buhe 1552
1555
1661
Geragama 1576
1A9L
Halwatura 159k
Kirklees 16.6

Ww. W. &E, 1624
WwW. W.S. 16:7
W. W. M. 1630

Preston 1639 2
Fj 1612
Woodend 1654
1657
Memorakande | 660
1663

Yoengalla 1668

Pkgs,

6 hf ch
do
do

me Lo

WO Hom io TR OO
oc .
mh
°
a

DOr or do COO 1
Qe
°

2 do
10 co
ti ch
iL do
4 do
2 hf ch

8 ch
2. do
(6 hf ch
12 do
8 ch
lu bf ch

VOw~awrawnrw
iz"
i
ic)
i

_

nee
co
oa

ovs
°
o

ae)
WANNWeNnNTtH wR CK
o
a

Name.

pe sou
conguu
dust

pek sou
dust

bro or pek
pek sou
bro tea
dust

unas

pek sou

br» pek fans
fl wery or pk
br »ek fans
dust

pek sou
fans

dust

dust

bro pek

pek

pek sou

dust

bro pek

fans

perc

pek sou

bro ; ek fans
or pek

bro pek

pek

pe sou

fans

pek sou
bro pek fans
bro or pek

red leaf
pe sou
pe fans
dust
pek sou
dust
pek

pek sou
dust
pexk sou
dau-t
dust
fins
cust
dust
dust
bru mix
bre mix
pe sou
dust

pek sou
dust
Pek sou
bro pek fans
dust

br.: or pek
bro pek
pe sou
cust
dust
dust
prey sou
pek suu
bro or pek
pek sou
cr pek
nex

pek sou
dust

pek fans
dust
pek fans

6 SEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. «. Lot.
430 1669 3 ch dust 21024. 651 235 3 ch
304 Ugieside 1672 6 ch pek fans 570-26 652 2388 3 do
431 1675 8 do dust 640 22 (56 Avoca 250 9 ch
432 1678 5 do bro tea 475 25 €57 2°53 4 do
437 Bopitiya, 1693 4bfch dust 340-24 658 B.W.D. 236 6 ch
438 Stafford 1196 9bfch broorpek 685 465 659 Valana 2359 9 ch
441 1705 2 do fans 170-28 660 2°62 7 do
442 Robgill 1708 3hfch bropek fans 180 26 pir 2365 5 do
443 C. 171110 ch sou 950 27 662 2363 1 hf ch
444 Dunally 1714 4hfeb dust 340 25 666 Tonacombe 2350 8 ch
445 Nynangodde 1717 4hfch brorpekfans26) 25 669 Bargany 2'89 6 ch
4s@ Kelvin 1720 5 hfch dust Nol 350 24 670 2292 5 do
447 1793 2 do dust No2 170 2) 671 2:95 2hf ch
448 1726 6 do or pek fans 38%5 27 €72 2398 1 do
449 Ragalla 1729 6bfch fans 450 27 675 Yogama 2107 2 ch
450 1782 5 do dust 450 25 616 F __ 2410 2 do
456 Trey 1747 11 ch _ pek 360 29pia | 673 Nakiadeniya 216 6 ch
459 Weyungawattei769 1 ch sou 9g) (26 679 2,19 4 do
460 1762 2bfch dust 160 © 23 680 2:22 2 do
461 Ingurugalla 1765 7 ch pek sou 6380-23 Be 225 5 do
462 1763 10 bf ch bro tea 850 4 a3 fe a c ape
Ff dust 34 4 _ oe:
463 Wabragalla Le aris ae en oe 14 688 Bandara Eliya2:46 10 hf ch
465 Mawiliganga- 693 Ambragalia 2:61 4 bf ch
watte 1777 8 ch brocr pek 800 34 694 2464 1 ch
468 1783 9 do dust 680 © 26 697 Palmerston 2473 2 ch
469 Pansalatennel729 3 ch dust 450 21 701 T. in est mark4-5 3 ch
478 Waitalawa 116 11hfch dust 990 28 702 2488 3 do
481 Temtiligalla 1825 1 ch pek sou 100 28 703 2441 4 do
482 1628 1 do dust 165 23 70: Harrow 2494 9 do
487. Vogan 1843 5hich dust 400 24 OTe 2503 2 do
488 1846 2 do pek fans 240 27 Oa 2606 2 do
491 K.P.W. 1855 16hfch or pek 720 34 711 Passara Group 2516 3 do
493 1861 15 bfch pek sou 750 28 712 2518 8 do
494 1864 6 do bro pekfans 450 26 713 2521 1bfch
495 1847 3 do dust 270 , 24 714 5 2524 1 do
496 Nakiadenfya 187012 ch pek 960 «28 718 Pospone 2536 7 do
497 1873 11 do pek sou 770 27 Ges Ruscrea 2601 1 ch
498 M‘Golla 1876 10hfch dust 750 20 724 2564 1 do
499 1879 ch fang 285 12 726 Erlsmere 2557 13 hf ch
604 Great Valley, 128 2560 7 ch
Ceylon in est. 729 2569 4 do
mark 1894 8 do peksou 720. 29 70 2572 2 hf ch
608 Ingrogalla 1906 3 ch peksou 256 86-29 733 Badulluoya 2581 10 do
509 1909 3 do bro pekfans 300 29 734 2684 1 do
510 1912 2 do sou 160 27 740 Tunisgalla 2602 3 ch
513 New Market 192] i0 ch or:ek 900 33 i 2605 6 hf ch
526 Palmerston 1960 4 ch peksou 300 35 ee ww 2608 1 ch
627 Geragama 1963 9 do broorpek 915 34 43 2611 4 do
530 1972 13 do pek sun 975 «28 744 a 2614 8 do
531 1075 7 ch broorpek 735 34 746 BDW,P 2620 1 do
32 1978 9 do bropek 855 82 74% 2623 2hfch
533 1951 10 do prk 900 29 751 Nahalma = 2635 9 do
535 1937 Shfch dust 640 24 752° Craig 2638 2 do
539 Blackford 19:9131fch bropek 71530 753 2841 4 do
540 2002 13 do pek 650 «28 705 2647 2 ch
541 %(5 3 do pek sou 150 26 766 2650 2 do
542 28 1 do dust 99 20
543 Pine Hill 2011 15hfch broorpek 900 38
544 2014 10 ch or per 900 36
546 Weyweltalawe2020 6 ch broorpek 480 33 Lot. Box. Pkgs.
547 20°38 9 do pek 526 30 ~ 1 Raglan Lo) sch
518 2026 4 do pek sou 248 «28 3 2 doz
549. 2029 2hfch dust 180-22 5 Maddagedera 13 2hfch
560 2032 4 ch fans 400 24 6 Hopewell 16 Sbfen
551 2025 4hfch sou 260 26 7 Meddegodda 19 19 hf ch
558. Talgaswela 2050 3hfch bropek No2 180 27 8 22 4 do
563 Torwooa 2071 30 ch bro pek 860 «34 9 23 4 do
572 Salem 2098 4 ch broorpek 400 35 13 Moragalla 37 8 ch
575 2.07 1 ch ust 100 22 14 40 1 do
576 G. K. 2110 9 do pek sou 620 27 16 43 1 do
577 21:3 7 do sou 42026 16 Hanagama 46 10 hf ch
578 2116 Lhfch fans 75 24 20 Kuralugalia 58 7 ch
561 Pambanar 21:5 6 ch or pek 600 25 21 61 8 «do
582 2198 5 do ek 450° 20 22 6411 do
533 213i 4 do pek fans 130 ib 23 67 6 do
Bad 8134 3 do pek sou 300 15 24 K GA in eat,
585 2137 2 do congou 170 12 mark 70 2 ch
586 21:0 2hfch dust 150 «14 25 73,1 do
600 Good Hope 2182 4hfch dust 860 8-23 26 76 1 do
604 Middletun. °19412hfch dust 960 26 27 GA 7910 ch
611 Monkswuood 22/5 17hfch bro pek 935 61 28 82 6 do
615 9227 9 do fans 63 36 30 Hobart 88 7 ch
616 2230 3 do dust 270 26 31 91 5 do
617 C. R., D, 233 4 ch sou 220 26 34 Mahavilla 100 6 hfch
624 D ita 2251 6hfch dust 510 ~—s «28 3h 1038 7 do
626 Auningkande 2267 7 ch bro or pek ~—- 700 82 Cy ps 109 6 do
4626 2260 8 do bro pek 800 82 38 12 1 do
627 2268 9 do or pek £65 29 39 115 1 do
639 Temno 2299 4 ch pek sou 340 28 45 Avisawella 133 4hfch
612 Punilkande 203 % ch pek sou 720 31 49 Kel ni 145 5 ch
613 2:11 4 do sou 360-80 52 Mary Hill 164 18 hf ch
644 2814 1 do yek fans 110 28 63 lo7 3 do
646 2317 7 do dust 80624 66 Theberton 166 1 ch
648 Ar ‘lawand 67 169 1 do
Wishford 2°24 19hfch or pek 969 43 61 Bollagalla 181 4hfch
660 2882 1 ch sou 99 30 62 4184 2 ch

Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.

fans 402
dust 30
nek sou &64
bro pek fans 5:0
red leaf 50
bro pek 200
pek 505
pek sou 425
dust 75
pek sou 6~0
pek 570
pek sou 450
fans 140
dust t5
pek sou 190
st #0
ek 480
pek fans 400
bor pek fans 10
dust 425
bre tea, 226
flo pek 15
dust £5)
dust 2780
red leaf 26
pek suu 160
or pek 270
pek 210
pek sou eo
or pek 990
pek gou 186
dust 176
pek sou 270
pek No. 2 720
fans 70
d st 90
dust 6.0
bro pek 85
pek 70
bro or pek 676
or pek 560
pek sou 312
dust 164
pek sou 750
dust 82
sou 255
dust 540
or pek 9)
bro pek 400
or pek 240

dust 190
dust 70
bro or pek 156
or pek 260
pek 215
pek sou 214

{Messrs. Somervilis & C€o.}

Name. Ib.
bro pez 900
dust 140
bro mix 150
just 475
pek sou 950
dust 240
sou 200
pek sou aco
pk dust No. 1 150

bro tea 112
broorpek 6:9

bro or pek 700
bro pek 760
pek 990
per sou 540
bro tea 180

bro pek fans 65
or pe: dust 150

pek sou 940
sou 474
pek 560 -
pek sou 425
bro or pek 230
or pek 390
pek sou 270
vat 85

dust

dust 500
pek sou ~ 810
dust 270
sou ta]
fans 100
dust 360
red leaf 180

Lot. Box. Pkygs.
67 Hanguranketa 199 13 hi-ch
68 02 15 do
69 205 15 do
70 208 18 do
73 Marigold 217 15 hf ch
76 Allacollawewa 226 14 do
77 229 15 do
78 SRK 232 10 ch
72 235 2 do
82 Eewadugama 24! 8 ch
83 217 1 ao
87 Neboda 2Obee Ch
96 Nyanza 2386 5 ch
97 2:9 5 do
98 292 6 do
99 295 4 do
100 298 lLhfch
101 Hangranoya 31 7 ch
104 310 9 do
105 Paradise 313 7 ch
106 316 3 do
107 Selvawatte 319 5 bf ch
108 32217 do
109 325 10 ch
110 328 3 do
111 331 1 do
112 34 2hfch
113 337 1 do
114 Christiania 340 5 ch
115 Damblagolla 3:3 10 ch
119 BF 8655 9hfch
120 GB 353 5 bfch
121 361 14 do
122 L 864 6hbf ch
126 Old Madde-
gama 876 6 ch

127 879 5 do
128 2 5 do
130 DMO Gin

: est mark 388 15 hf ch
131 331 14 da
132 394 12 do
134 40 2 do
135 403 5 do
136 4¢c6 1 ch
137 M in est mark 409 1 hf ch
138 412 1 ch
151. Blinkbomnie 451 5 ch
155 € t»wold 468 7 ch
156 OL W 466 4hfch
167 4°9 1 do
163 Brecon 4¢7 ll hfch
164 4014 do
165 49s 8 do
170 Lammermoor 508 9 ch
7 51L 6 do
172 511 4 do
173 517 2 do
174 520 3 do
178 Galgedioya 632 19 ch
i180 Oonenagalla 638 6 ch
184 630 7 hfch
185 Gallawatte 553 6 cn
186 5°6 9 do
187 559 5 ao
188 562 2 do
189 665 1 do
190 G &6 2 ch
201 Dikmukalana 61 19 hf ch
303 Ovnankande 607 18 hfch
205 613 14 ch
206 616 4 do
210 Gangwarily 628 9hfch
214 ~ - 640 7 ch
215 643 5 hf ch
218 Glenalla 652 10 ch
220 68 9 do
221 661 4 hich
222 Ranasingha - z

patna 661 17 hf ch

225 673 11 ch
226 676 2hfch
232 Carney 694 11 hf ch
283 697 lv do
236 106 3 do
287 709 1 do
238 712 2 do
242 Orion 724 Shfch
243 727, 8 ch
244 7:0 8 do
246 ~Labugama 726 10 bf ch
248 742 6 ch
29 PK W 745 9 ch
250 748 4 do
251 75' 3 do
252 75410 do
253 757 2hfch
254 760 3 do

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST.

Name, Ib.
bro pek 702
pek 750
pek sou 105
unast 954
pex 7:0
pek 700
pek sou 800
pek 920
dust 320
pek sou 640
dust: 150
dust 340
pek sou 450
dust 500
br pek 570
pek 340
dust 50
bro or pek 665
pek sou 720
unast 665
pek dust 450
bro or pek 250
or pek 935
pek 809
pek sou 260
sou 95
fans 160
dust 80
dust 550
bro or pek 910
dust 7E6
bro tea 260
dust 700
dust 564
pek fans 426
br or pk fans 400
dust 500
bro pek 825
bro cr pek 700
pek 960
dust 170.
fans 300
bro mixed 85
bro pek 53
unast 84
pek sou 430

ek sou £60

r or pek fans40u
dust 100
bro or pek 715
or pek &40
pek 440
bro pek 900
pek 510
pek sou 360
‘@Ns 200
dust #00
pek sou 950
or pek 480
dust 525
bro pek 570
bro or pek 90
pek 460
pek favs 200
dust 100
bro tea 180
pek sou 912
bro pek 900
pek sou 9-0
dust 268
br or pek 516
sou 595
dust 426
or pet 900
pex sou 720
dust 320
or pek 816
pek sou 858
dust 194
bro or pek 50
bro pek 950
bro pek fans 160
sou 60
dust 100
dust 680
fan 960
bro mixed 360
bro or --ek 600
pek sou 400
bro or pek 230
or pek 860
bro pek 230
pek 849
pek sou 84
fans 149

7

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ups janics

255 763 1 ch dust 97 20

256 763 Lhfch bro mix 43 23

257 H 769 1 ch fans 128 10

258 772 Lkfeh dust 77 18

(Messrs. 8. John & Co.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, lb. e.
1 AT 413 3 ch dust 360 19
2 416 2 do bro pek fangs 220 26
4 Wilpita 422 7 do or pek 700-29
5 425 7 do pek 700 26
6 4°38 1 do son 86 24
7 Pa 2 do fans 200 24
8 434 do dust 110 20
9 Ketadola 437 do bro or pek 500-30 bad

10 440 8 ww or pek 360 27

1L 443 2 a, pek 164 23

12 443 1 do Just 103 21

13 449 Lhfch «| comix 52 14

2t Natuwakelle 473 5 ch dust 500 24

23 QOhiya 472 15 hich broorpek 900 36 bid

25 485 9 do fans 720 24

26 Alplakande 428 9 ch sou 810 23

23 L’spoir 494 & do bro pek 760 34

29 497 10 do pek 820 29

30 500 8 do pek sou 704 27

31 503 4hfch dust 336024

35 515 2 ch bro mix 230 16

40 Templestowe F30 16 do pek sou 900 witha

42 Fordyce 536 13hfch fans 9756 =—-24

43 539 9 do dust 365 24

56 GW 578 7 ch pek sou 495 33

568 Warleigh 584 l4 hfch bro or pek oak ithan

59 68716 do or pek gsng 7

62 596 2 ch ek sou 160 31

63 GT 5099 7 do ro pek 735 = 31

64 602 11 do pek 990 828

65 Chapelton 605 10 hfch dust 900 26

66 603 6 ch sou 540 28

68 Midlothian 614 16 hfch or pek 800 42

71 Ben Nevis 623 11 ch or pek 990 46

73 628 3 do p< kK sou 246 «© 388

74 6382 4hfch brodust 324 2b

86 Rendura 668 1 ch pek fans 115 26>

87 671 4 do dust 6.0 24

91 Mount Everest 683 7 do pek son 630 34

92 686 4hbfch bro pek fans 250 2%

93 689 2 do ust - 200 26

96 Gingranoya 98 44 do fans 440 26

98 * 704 2 ch dust 260 24

103 Oonoogaloya 719 15 do fans Dy Caras y/

14 PP 7242 1 do bro or pek 10 38

105 72E 1 do bro pek 100 31

103 728 1 do or pek 1.0 29

1U7 731 1 do pek 100 28

LOS eae Be 734 1 do fans 80-24

118 Dickapitiya 76: 4 do pek sou 460 29
119 , 767 2 do sou 200 25

122 Albion Ti6 4 do bro pek 400 30

123 779 5 do pe 425 28

124 782 1 do pek gou 90 26

127 Koslanda 791 5 ado pek sou 450 =. 28

128 794 2 do fans 220 27

129 797 2hfch dust 1cO Dt

136 Carendon 818 & ech pek sou 30 27

139 Morahela 827 12 do orpek Noi $lz 32

140 830 1L do bro pek 968 32

141 333 20 bfch bro pek 969 38

142 836 2 do dust 168 23

143- 838 8 ch sou . 720 Bb

146 Ferndale 848 10 do er pek 20034

149 857 4hich dust 320 25

150 860 12 do bro pek fans 780 20

151 Maryland 863 7 ch bro pek 700 32

152 866 7 do pek 700 25
153 The Farm 869 3 ao dust 270 28

164 Taunton 872 3 do fans "60 86.30

155 , 875 2hich dust 30-28

156 Annamallai 873 2 do dust 170). 23

1088 RAC 834 9 do bro pek 465 27

159 837 2 do pek sou 167 a4

160 890 2 do pvek aust 143 13

164 Ottery 902 6 ch bro or pek be@ 38 bad

167 911 {$ do pek sou 340 30

168 914 2hfeh dust 160 23

171 Coslande 923 5 ch pek sou 450 27

172 926 2 do fans 220 29
173 929 3bfeh dust 160 2a

174. Gonavy 932 9 ch pek sou 810 33

175 935 O9hfch pe: fans 540 28

176 938 5 do dust 425 26

178 Evalgolla 914 18 do or pek 200 38

180 9016 do pek sou 300 28

181 958 8 do dust 180 24

182 956 5 do sou 260 25

183 958 I do bro nek fams 55 29

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Minoine Lane, Dee. 6th.

‘* [domeneus.”—OBEC in estate mark, .Maha-
beria Oeylon OC, 6 bags sold at 628 ;—ditto 1F,
1 bag sold at 493; ditto 2G, 9 bags sold at 45s
64; ditto D, 7 bags sold at 483; Katugastota, 15
bags sold at 60s; 4 bags sold at 44s,

“ Shropshire.” —H K 1, 7 bags sold at 633; ditto
2, 1 bag sold at 273; ditto T, 1 bag sold at 45s,

“© Alcinous.” —Pathragalla (London) 1, 46 bags sold
at 64s,

8 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, e. CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.
Ja4 Navangama oe : ee bro ye pek 400 a | Aosta
5 15 9 do r pe ae:
is 26: 10 do pek 9002s (From Our Rematerciat Coneipennep?.)
187 0 peksou INCING LANE , Ps
189 Moratota 977 4 do or pek 360 33 «“Q] , “ny a Pe ge
191 933. 1 do —pek No. 2 80 27 an Cumming.”—Gowrakelle 1, 1 barrel sold
192 Bowella 986 7 do at 1183; ditto 2, 1 cask sold at 98s; ditto 8, 1
1bfch bro pek 750 85 barrel sold at 50s; GKE, 1 barrel sold at 41a;
194 992 9 ch pek sou 720-28 Wiharagalla F, 1 barrel sold at 108; ditto 1, 2
ia anit 8 Ry poe ae aye 28 tierces sold at 106s 64; ditto 2, 2 casks sold at
197 A Fae edo odist 540 od 98s 6d; ditto S, 1 barrel sold at 48s,
12 Dalhousie 418 do or pek 990 42
2 ee cee
2G0 do pe bi 7 q fe 7
280 21) a2 Bilin de =| CEYLON CO0OA SALES IN LONDON,
202 16 4 do ro pek fans 240 27 ———
205 Myraganga 25-8 ch pek 640 30 ‘ oo 73 ae s
a6 g oss! do. benthttans 920'- be A soheahiise: Dee Be 39 bags sold at 60s:
907 31.5 do dust 700 24 eB 9) 279 Ve POB eB
212 A G, in estate ombay,’—Meegama A, 4 bags sold at 49s;
at Bes iob niet hee nat 3 Rage Pan Marakona 2, 3 b
3 $9 10 hf ch bro or pe ( 9 anuki Maru.”’—Marakona 2, 3 bags sold at 45s.
zit MG Pe 1 a eee Bo? a6 “ Formosa.”—Warriapolla, 50 bage old at 538 ;
£0) Wi .
223 Gangawatte 79 5 do pek sou 500 29 a oP oat 3 Sudnganga, 19 bags sold at 55s 6d ;
224 82 7hfch dust 630 = 26 ON eee ili ;
206 B30). Gla as 700 30 . “* Ajax.”—Palli, London T, 1 bag sold at 50s 6d;
226 EK, in estate : Pathregalla, London T, 1 bag sold at 50s 6d.

5 mark 88 6 ch — bro mix 58216 “ Magician.”—Grove B, 4 bags sold at 35s 64d.
2 Cabin Ella a Be da ia pon ma a “Sanuki Maru.”—2 Yattawatte, 10 bags sold at
230 ¢ \ s 2 ;

231 103 1 do pek dust 90 23 4885. Broken, 2 at 60s.

“Hakata Maru.”—Asgeria T, 1 bag sold at 39s
6d; 6 at 48s 6d; Katugastota, 8 bags sold at 55s:
6 at 39s 64; CDG, 4 bags sold at 52s.

“ Kawachi Maru.”—Old Haloya, 4 bags sold at 50s.

‘‘Peleus.”—lLower Haloya.”—2 bage sold at 483 6d.
6h Bengeshire.” gellideleparel Forastero, 1 bag sold
ai Se

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

“ Hakata Maru.’—Delpotonoya, 2 casés sold at 2s
7d; 3 at 28 2d; 3 at Ils 8d; 1 at 1s 4a; 1> at Is
8d; 1 at Is 4d,

; sQhQEM 5,

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. ; 4

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 2. CoLomBo, January 13, 1902. {

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. ‘Benham & Co.

[21,307 1b,]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Dsacuc:
1 Battelgalla 89 15hfch bro pek fans 10 B20
2 H. yasey. 92 50 do bropek 3000 © 42 bid
3 95 28 ch pek 2520 3) bid
Bunyan and
: Ovoca 1 77bfch broorpok 4620 45 —
6 4 22 ch pek 2200 24 bid
7 7 18 do pek No 2 3890 34 bid
8 10 22 do pek sou 1980 32
9 18 38ihfch _ pek fans 217¢ 32
10 16 15 ch dust 1425 24
Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
[407,425 1b.]
Lat. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, c
sfleld 2362 41hfch bro pek 2460 49
: Mon 2665 19 gh pek 5 1805 37
1 pod =2683 «(16 ¢ or pe
RO ep PHInEN fans 1500 32
in estate
oS oe 2389 19 on congou 1805 29
hurst 2695 19 ¢
Age eomyle 10 hfch bro pek 2400 37 bid
ahalm
yf a iaarombé 2704 %7 ch or pek 2565 36
18 2707 22 do bro pek 2200 «4)
19 2710 34 do pek 3080 - 3t
21 St. Heliers 2716 30 bf ch bre orpek 16:0 36
35 ius (aheeh “bree aoqN1) 30
2) indlater 2728 20hfe¢c TO pe’ i :
= Fin 2731 25 ch pek 2800 33 bil
27 2734 13 do pek sou 1170 3l
29 St. Martin 2740 42hfch bro pek 1630 34
30 2743 30 do pek 1209 32
34 Maymolle 2755 20 ch ocr pek 1500 = 42
35 O BE C,in
est. mark
Forest Creek 2758 13 ch bro or pek 1300 56
36 2761 32 do bro pek 3200 41
37 2761 29 do or pek 2610 38 bil
38 2767 25 do pek Nol 2250 35 bid
39 2770 32 do pekNo2 2880 33 bid
40 Dunbar 9773 3) hfch bro orpek 1620 6k
41 2776 13 ch er pek 1183 45
42 2779 29 do pek 2064 39
43 £732 19hfch bro pek
fans 1140 39
46 Naseby 2791 2hhfch broorpek 1500 59
47 27941 33 do or pek 1551 55
48 2797 25 do pek 1250 47
50 Nahalma,
R M in estate
mark 2808 66 ch bro pek 6600 35
61 2806 33 do pek 2805 33
52 2809 14 do pek sou 1162 29
58 Poonagalla 2827 21 ch or pek 1995 42
59 2830 18 do bro pek 2070 «54
60 2813 24 do pek 2400. 36
63 Sylvakandy 2812 42 ch bro pek 4270-88
64 2€45 23 do pek 2070 3t
67 Bulugolla 2354 26 ch broor pek 2600 39
68 2857 30 do or pek 3000 36
€9 2860 24 ao pek 2160 34
70 2863 19 pek sou 1710 30
74 Erlsmere 2875 25 ht zh bro pek 1109 40
95 2878 19 ch pek 1615 33
79 Putupaula 2890 12 do bro orpek 1260 43
80 2393 45 do bro pek 4050 33
8L 2396 31 do or pek 2480 3
82 2399 22 do pek 1350 3L
83 2202 13 do pek sou 1040 80
89 Woedend 2920 50 hbfch_ bro pek staat withdn
90 29-3 24 ch pek 2160 *
100 Woodend 2953 31 ch bro pek 310C £6
101 2956 21 do pek 1890 32
106 Preston 2971 10 ch bie or pek 1050 46
110 Parsloes 2983 44 ch bropek 4400 34
111 2986 32 do pek 2880 31
112 29:9 16 do pek sou 1220 29
114 Stamford
A Hill 2995 40 hfch bro pek 2400 44
115 ; 2998 29 do or pek 1592 51
116 3001 23 ch pek 2610 36

Lot. Box.
120 Clunes 3013
121 30916
1%1 Maha Uva 3(25
125 : 3028
126 3031
1:9 Battawatte 3040
131 3016
132 3019
1384 Ruanwella 3055
185 3053
136 3061
137 3064
138 Ganapalla 3067
139 3)70
140 3078
141 3076
143. Inverness 2082
144 3085
145 30838
146 Hanwella 309L
147 3094
149 3100
151 Letchmey 3106
153° Weyunga-
watte 3112
154 3115
155 3118
159 C.R D. 3130
163 Algooltenne 3142
164 3145
165 3148
166 3151
168 Laxapana-
galla 3167
172 Tymawr 3169
173 3172
174 3175
175 3178
176 Agracya 3181
177 3184
178 3187
180 H.G. M. 3193
181 3193
182 3199
188 Reeberry 3217
189 3220
190 3223
192 3229
193 Preston 3232
196 Clyde 3241
197 3214
198 3247
199 3250
204 Poonagalla 3265
205 3268
206 3271
207 3274
210 St. Paul‘s 3283
211 3226
212 3289
213 Strathspey 3202
217 Attumpettia 3304
218 8307
219 3310
220 3313
221 Sylvakandy 38316
222 3319
224 Cullen 3325
225 3328
233 Bandara Eliya3352
234 3355
235 3358
238 Oxfor i 3°67
239 Yuillefield 3370
2t1 Moneragalla 3376
245 Holton 3383
216 3391
219 Marlborough 3100
250 3403
251 Roeberry 3403
252 3109
253 3412
254 3415
255 Erlsmere 3418
256 Thedden 3421
257 3424
258 Great Valley,
Ceylon in est
mirk 3427
259 Ardlaw and
Wishford 3430°
269 Badulluoya 3433
261 Kmnavesmire 3136

PricE:—123 cents each, 3 copies

30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

Pkgs.

15 hf ch

19 ch
22 do
21 do
12 bf ch
42 ch

60 hf ch
53 ch
16 ch
11 do
38 do
13. do
24 hf ch
33 ch
20 do

21 ch
34 ch

25 hf ch
3L do

bro or pek

or,;pek
pek

Bro or pek

pek

pek sou

bro or pek

or pek

yng hyson
bys n Nol
yng hyson
sifting
pek fans

or pek

bro or pek
bro or pek
or pek

pek

pek sou
bro cr pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek

bro or pek
bro or pek
bro pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek

bro or pek
pex No2
or pek

bro or pek
p

Be or pek
bro pek
bro or pek
bro or pek
bro pex
bro pek
bro pek
bro yek
pek

bro pek
bro pek

bro pek
cr pek

withd'n
34
30

withd‘'n
3)

37
3t

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name lb.
262 3439 64 ch bro pek 6400
263 3442 47 do pek 3995
264 8445 15 do br pek fans 1200
265 Yogama 3448 3L ch bro pek 3407
266 Mahawele 3451 32hfch bro pek 2077

267 Robgill 3154 29 ch bro pek 2900

268 3457 22 do pek 1870

269 3469 17htch dust 1190

Messrs. Somerville & Co.
[144,370 1b.1

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
5 Rambotle 787 54hfch bro pek 2970
6 790 655 do pek 2475

10 Neuchatel 802 88 ch br pek 3800

11 805 32 do pek 2569

13 Lonach 811 39hfch broorpek 2340

14 814 29 ¢ or pek 2755

15 817 39 do pek 3315

16 -0 18 do pek sou 1530

18 Aigburth 826 48 ch ~ bropek 4560

19 829 32 do pek 2360

20 832 20 d pek sou 1700

21 Avisawella 835 20hfch bro or pek 1000

22 838 18 ch r pe 1710

23 841 18 do or pek 1620

24 844 12 do pek 1080

25 847 16 do pek sou 1280

27 Bodawa £53 37 bfch_ bro pek 2035

32 Lonach 868 35hf-ch broor pek 2100

33 871 22 ch or pek 2185

34 674 84 ch pek 2890

35 877 18 do pek sou 1530

36 Mt. Temple 880 40 ch br pek 4000

37 883 30 do bro or pek 3000

38 €86 25 do pek 2075

39 889 18 do pek sou 1440

40 Monrcvia $92 20 ch brjpek 2000

41 895 19 do pek 1805

42 898 13 do pek sou 1235

43 901 19 do bro tea 1000

46 Simla 910 14 ch or pek 1540

47 913 16 do pek 1552

51. Kurunegalle

Est. Co., Ltd.92— 19hf-ch broorpek 1140

53 931 12 ch pek 1020

57. Charlie Hill 913 24hfch bro pek 1320

0 Derby 952 31hfch bro pek 1860
61 955 23 do pek 1265

¢6 Rayigam — 970 10 ch fans 1050

68 Deniyaya 976 11 ch or pek 1100

69 979 12 do bro orpek 1200

70 9382 11 do pek 1100

71 985 12 do pek sou 1080

73 + =Aigburth 991 24 ch br pek 2280
74 994 16 do pek 1410
75 997 12 do pek sou 1020
77 Kudaganga 1093 11 ch br pek 1100
83 Elchico 1021 22hfch broorpek 1210
84 1024 30 do or pek 1500
89 OB 1039 10 ch bro pek 1005

90 Meddegodda 1042 33hfch bro orpek 1815

91. Hobart 045 24hfch br pek 1248

92 1048 27 ch pek 2160

93 1051 14 do pek sou 1120

97 Kurulugalla 1063 15 do pek 135)

102 Kelani 1078 31 ch bro pek 2100

103 1081 16 do bro or pek 1600

1¢4 1084 24 do pek 2160

111 Darten 1105 58 ch pek sou 5802

116 Ellapolla 1120 32 ch broor pek 3462

122 Murrsyth-

waite 1128 19 ch br pek 1900

12t Meddegodda 1114 25 hfch or pek 1300

131 B& vb 1:65 17 hfch dust 1445

Messrs. E. John & Co.
(113,920 1b.]

Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
2 Kandabar 109 19hfch broorpek 1045
8 112 38 do pek 2090
4 Natuwakelle 115 10 ch bro or pek 1070
5 118 18 do bro pek 1800
6 12t 17 do pex 1530
& Mocha 127 20 do broor pek 2000

9 130 18 do or pek 1620
10 133 22 do pek 2090

12 Glentilt 1}9 23hfch broorpek 1265

13 142 15 ch bro pek 1500
14 145 11 do or pek 1036

1h 148 22 do pek 1980
16 151 12 do wpeksou 1080

17 Brownlow 154 17hfch bro or pek 1037
18 157 16 ch or pek 1568
19 160 26 do pek 3096

withd’n
39 bid
33 bid
25

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib.
21 Elston 166 24 ch pek 2040
22 169 17 do pek sou 1616
23 Kadienlena 172 37 hfch bro or pek
fans 2775
24 Gangawatte 175 20 ch bro or pek 2(00
25 178 16 do bro pek 1600
26 181 388 do pek 3420
31 GB 196 15hfch fans 1050
34 Wattagalla 205 29 do bro pek 1740
35 28 48 ch pek 4140
é 211 15 do pek sou 120
87 214 26 do ans 2340
38 217 1libfich dust 1190
39 Glasgow 220 22 do bro or pek 1430
40 223 33 ch bro pek 3046
41 226 26 do cr pek 202
42 229 16 do pek 1488
49 Rondura 250 10 do or pek 1050
50 253 85 do pek 2975
63 Ottery 262 10 do bro or pek 1100
64 265 26 do or pek 2600
5d 268 34 dao pek . 2060
68 Lougbton 277 <0hfch bropek 1500
69 280 40 do pek 2000
60 283 32 do pek sou 1600
64 Tillington 295 20 ch bropek 1900
65 298 16 do pek 1280
68 MN 307 45hfch bro pek 2565
69 310 11 ch pek 1023
70 313 21hfch bro pek 1218
71 316 28 ch peE 2660
73 Holbrook 322 21 hfch bro pek 1260
76 H 331 10 do siftings 1520
77 ~Bittacy 334 15 ch bro pek 1500
79 Mutu Eliya 310 15 do pek sou 1350
80 B, in est. marr,
Talawa 243 16 do peksou 1440
83 Wahagapitiya 352 21 do pek 1890
7 Orwell 364 22 do pek 2090
88 367 13 do pek sou 1040

eS ee
SMALL LOTS.

Messrs. E. Benham & Co.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
4 Halgolle 98 4 ch dust £82
“lessrs. Forbes & Walker.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb
1 OBMC, in
est. mark
Watawella 2656 10hfch bropekfans 750
2 2659 5 do dust 450
5 Mansfield 2668 6 ch pek sou 540
6 2671 5hfch dust 475
7 T CL, in estate
mark 2674 10 ch sou 950
28 2677 3 do pek fans 300
9 2680 Shfch pek dust 240
11 Springwood 2686 8hich dust 680
13 Templehurst 269211 do bro or pek 605
15 2698 Qhfch pek 155
16 27CL ok, (ch dust 85
20 Tonacombe 2713 8 ch pek sou 630
23 St. Heliers 2722 7 ch pek sou 665
24 2725 5 do dust 415
28 Findlater 2737 4hfch dust 380
31 St. Martin 2746 10 do pek sou 500
32 2749 5 do- fans 375
33 Ardlaw and :
Wishford 2752 1 ch sou 99
44 Dunbar 278h 1 do pek sou 108
45 NB 2788 2 ch us 276
49 RM, in estate
mark 2800 9 ch bro or pek 918
53 2812 3 do dust 405
54 Kirrimettia 2815 3 ch congou 270
55 2818 Shfch fans 560
5@ M A, in estate
mark 2821 6 ch dust 840
57 2824 8 do sou 640
61 Dewalakande 2836 5hfch siftings 275
62 2839 3 do dust 225
65 Sylvakandy 2848 2 ch pek sou 180
68 2351 3 do dust 309
71 Bulugolla 2886 5 ch fans 5CU
72 2869 5 do dust 550
78 Erlsmere 2872 11 ch or pek 880
76 881 4 do pek sou 320
77 288 34hfch dust 246
78 2887 18 do bro or pek 936
84 Nynangodde 2905 6 do bro or pek
fans 540
85 2908 6 do 510

dust

4

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Name. lb,
dust 990
bro or pek 300
or pek 200
pek sou 480
dust 280
pek fans 560

ust 500
pek fans 200
dust 270
pek fans 670

ust 640
bro tea, 475
pek fans 480
dust 280
dust 870
dust No 2 140
bro pek 660
or pek 540
fans 336
dust 270
pek sou 450

ust 630
bro or pek 735
pek sou 235

ust 240
pek sou 850

ans 350
or pek 855
dust 100
dust 344

hyson No2_ 63

bro or pek fans 75

dust 450
sou 9)
dust 169
pek 90
sou 240
bro mix 100
red leaf 150
red leaf 190
or pek 760
pek 180
bro tea 360
congou 470
broorpek 360
bro pek 390
pek 459
pek sou 180
ust 90
pek sou 90)
orjpek 900
pek 990
pek sou 800
yng hyson 56
hyson No 1 40
hyson No 2 10
fans 597
dust 937
pek 76
bro pek 93
pek sou 835
dust 200
dust 356
pek No 2 100
bro pek 500
pek 270
pek fans 100
bro pek dust 140
sou 80
pek sou 654
dust 310
bro or pek 875
pek 876
pek sou 73
fans 500
pek sou 425
fans 150

Messrs. Somerville & Co.

Lot. Box. Pkgs.
86 Pingivawa 2911 11 hf ch
87 Mount Pleasant
(20z. lead) 2914 30 box
88 2917 20 do
91 Woodend 2926 6 ch
92 2929 2 do
93 Memorakande 2932 7 do
94 2935 5 do
95 Poengalla 29388 2 ch
96 2941 3 do
97 Ugieside 2044 6 ch
98 2917 8 do
99 2350 5 do
102 Woodend 2959 6 ch
103 2962 2 do
104 Augusta 2965 6 ch
105 2968 1 do
107 Preston 2974 6 ch
108 2977 6 do
109 2980 3 do
113 Parsloes 2992 3hfch
117 Stamford
. Hill 3004 5 ch
118 3007 7 htch
119 Clunes 3010 7 ch
122 8019 3 do
123 3022 2 do
127 MahaUva 303410 do
128 3037 5 hf ch
130 Battawatte 3013 9 ch
133 = 3052 1 do
142 Ganapalla 30°9 4hfch
148 Hanwella 3097 1hfch
160 Letchmey 3103 1 hf ch
152 3109 5 do
156 Weyunga-
watte 3121 1 ch
157 3124 2hfch
1g oo. R. D. 3127 1 ch
160 3133 3 do
161 3136 1 do
162 3139 2 do
167 N,P. 3154 2 ch
169 Laxapana-
galla 3160 8 ch
170 3163 2 do
171 LL. 3166 4 ch
179 Opalgalla 3190 5 ch
188 Valhalla 3202 6 hf ch
184 3205 3 ch
185 3208 5 do
186 8211 2 do
187 3214 1hf ch
191 Roeberry 3226 10 ch
194 Preston 3235 10 ch
195 3238 11 do
200 Clyde 3253 10 ch
201 3256 Ihfch
202 3259 1 do
203 3262 1 do
208 Poonagalla 3277 8 ch
209 3280 10 do
214 Higham 3295 1 ch
215 3298 1 do
216 B.-B. in est
mark 3301 8 ch
223 Sylvakamdy 3422 2 ch
226 Cullen 3331 4 ch
227 Ingrogalla 3334 1 ch
228 3337 5 do
229 3340 3 do
230 3343 1 do
231 3346 1 hf ch
232 3349 1 ch
233 Baniara Eliya3361 8 ch
237 3364 4hfch
240 Monera Ila 3373 5 ch
242 337912 do
243 3382 1 ch
244 3285 5 do
247 Bolton 3394 5 ch
248 3397 3 do
Lot. Box. Pkgs.
1 Handrokande 5 7 ch
2 778 S$ do
3 781 2 do
4 734 1 do
7 Rambodde 793 16 bf ch
8 796 3hf ch
9 799 2 do
12 Neuchatel 808 2 ch
17 Lammermood 823 2 ch
23 Avisiwella 850 3 ch
28 Bodawa 856 6 ch
29 89 5 do
30 t62 2 do

Name. lb.
bro pek 700
pek 720
pek sou 170
dust 136
pek sou 720
dust 225
pek dust 140
dust 300
br pek 200
fans 300
pex 510
pek sou 425

bropek fans 280

Cc.
25

34
29

withdn

Lots Box. Pkgs. Name. Jb.
31 865 lhfch tro mixed 1
44 Monrovia 904 3 ch pek dust 60.
45 Simla 907 10 hf ch _ bro or pek 520
48 916 2 ch pek No, 2 182
49 919 Llhfch pek fans 76
50 922 1 do pek dust 93
52 surunegalle
Est. Co., Ltd. 928 14 hf ch_ or pek 700
54 934 4 ch pek sou 340
55 937 3 do dust 240
56 Chetnole 940 1 do dust 80
58 QOharlie Hill 946 16hfch pek 800
59 949 2 do dust 160
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
62 Derby 958 16jhfch pek sou 800
63 961 7 do sou 350
65 964 9 do pek fans 540
64 967 8 do dust 225
67 Rayigam 973 4hfch dust 340
72 Deniya 988° 9 ch sou 810
76 Aigburth 1000 4 ch bro mixed 340
78 Kudaganga 1006 9 ch _ pek 855
ry) 1009 5 do pek sou 450
80 1012 2 do bro pek fans 176
81 1015 3 do bro pek dust 390
82 JMDM 1018 2hfch bromixed 134
85 Elchivo 1027 34 hfch bro pek 850
86 103017 do ek 850
87 1033 15 do pek sou 780
88 1036 9 do _ floor pek 225
94 Hobart 1054 17 boxes broorpek 425
95 Kurulugalla 1057 9 ch broorpek 900
96 1060 10 do bro pek 950
98 1066 6 do pek sou 540
99 1069 1 do bro tea 90
160 1072, 2 do or pk dust 260
101 XX 1075 5 do pek 407
105 Kelani 1687 7 ch fans 700
103 D’Oya 1030 2 ch fans 176
1077 RHE 1093 4 ch br pek 400
108 1096 2 do bro or pek 200
109 1099 3 do. pek 240
110 1102 lhfch fans 80
112 MSAS 1108 1 ch bro pek 100
113 1111 1 do bro or pek 100
114 1114 1 do pek 75
115 1117 1 do fans 75
a7 CBDCin est mar 1123 10 ch pek 920
1126 5hfch pek 250
in 1129 3 ch pek 285
120 1132 1 ch pek sou 100
121 1135 2hfch byson 108
123 Murrayth-
waite 1141 9 ch pek 855
125 Romania 1147 3 ch bro pek 353
126 1150 3 do pek 303
127 1153 2 do pek sou 203
128 1156 1 do fans 108
129 1159 1 do bromixed 108
130 K 1162 3 ch _ pek 275
(Messrs. E. John & Co.]
Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. lbe
1 AA 106 1 ch dust 91
7 Natuwakelle 124 5 do dust 500
11 Mocha 136 9hfch fans | 702_
20 Brownlow 163 65 do bro pek fans 380
27 Gangawatte 134 8 ch pek sou 890
28 187 i2hfch fans 810
29 GB 190 3 ch bro pek 315
30 193 3 do pek 255
32 199 Shfch dust 630
GB) 202 3 do bro mix 270
43 Eton 232 2 ch bro or pek 200
44 235 4 do or pek 400
45 238 2 do ~— pek sou 20C
46 211 1 do sou 160
47 Rondura 214 7 do bro or pek S05
48 247 9 do bro pek 900
51 256 2 do pek fans 230
52 259 2 do dust 330
£6 Ottery 271 8 do pek sou 680
57 274 3hfch dust 240
t Loughton 286 4 do dust 20)
62 289 7 do bro pek fans 340
63 Tillington z9214 do broor pek 700
66 301 5 ch pek sou 425
67 304 3hfch dust 210
72 MN 319 10 do fans 730
74 Holbrook 825 11 ch or pek 990
57 328 11 ao pek 880
87 Mutu Eliya 837 9hfch_ bro or pek 45)
8t Wahagapitiya 34; 7 ch bro or pek 700
82 319 8 do bro pek 800
gi Senses 355 2 do pek sou 200
85 358 3 do dust 450
86 361 4 do fans 480

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

bid

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 3 CoLOMBo, January 20, 1902, { PricE :—12% cents each, 3 copies
° 30 cents; 6 copies 3 rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. 120 220 20 ch or pek 1697 33 bid
; ins 238 ee a6 Per 2607 «31 bid
27 2 oO ek sou 2
LARGE LOTS. 123 Adisham 229. 11 ch, bro or pek 1155 50 bid
et a : as a 25 do bro pek = 2375 =. 39 bid
Messrs. E. Benham & Co. 130 Passara 2 o bek 1710 38.
[31,696 1b,] aya Group 250 22 ch bre per 2197 = 334 bid
3 do e ol 2 6
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. No 20 188 Sylvakandy 269 44 ch iss pek 4400 30
1 Battalgalla 90 21 ch orpek 22 7 bi AS 262 22 do pek 1980-333
B & oat 93 do Sek 2280 a id | 138 Toye | 274 13 do orpek 1102 31 bid
3 96 14 do pek sou 1050 31 bid 140 St. Paul’s 280 24 ch broorpek 1485 42
4 Bunyan and 141 d 2:3 27 do or pek 1455 = 40
vyoca ¢9 45hfch broorpok 2700 47 142 Panilkande 286 18 ch bro pek 1800 42
5 2 37 do or pek 1665 4ibia | 143 2:9 13 do pek 1170 34 bid
6 5 20 ch pek 2000 34 144 292 12 do pek 1080) 34 bid
7 8 20 do ado 2000 34 146 Deaculla 298 65hfch bro pek 3575 87 bid
8 11 14 do pek No2 1470 34bia | 14? : 3)1 60 do pek 4200 33
9 1419 do pek sou 1710 32 150 Anningkande 310 16 ch pek 1440 30 bid
10 Torrington 17 30 ch or pek 2550 82 bid 155 St. Helen 326 29hfch broorpek 1450 36bid
11 20 27 do broorpek 2700 36bii | 126 328 13 ch or pek LTO 87%
12 23 26 do pek 2080 32 we Bb 10 100. Pek FO eae
Mapitigama 29 15 ch bro 5 i ans x
x pitig: astee Gar ete pek 1500 Bf bid 169 Bellongalla 337 2 eh bro pek 2420 31 bid
Oo pe 1710 81
17 85725) (do 7pel.sou 1840-29 164 Hatton 352 30 ch bropek 3300 45
Sh aL PE Le oe 165 855 32 do pek 2880 38
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 167 Beverley 361 ¢3 ch bropek 3165 37
a6 168 354 60 do pek 3000 32
[524,886 Ib. ] ae 367 27 ty pek sou 1215 29
370 25 do bro o 5
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib, c. 171 OBEC, in vor pek 1376 45
6 Malsa 3478 12 ch ~ bro pek 1200 36 est. mark
7 3481 13 do pek 1170 32 Darrawzlla 373 62hfch bro or pek 4030 40 bid
10 Sirikandure 3490 13 ch bropek 1300 = 35 172 376 63 ch ~~ pek 5985 36 bid
11 3493 15 do pek 1425 32 173 3879 36 do pek sou 3420 32
12 3496 19 do pek sou 16/5 3) 174 St. Paul’s Iny,
18 Kincora 3514 20 ch broorpek 2000 43 No. 39 382 24 ch pek 1269 36bid
19 3517 15 do pek 1200 36 175 Gampaha 3%5 47hfich broorpek 2726 33 bid
20 3520 16 do pek sou 1200 33 176 388 35 do or pek 1820 38
22 Palmerston 3526 16hfch bro pek 1008 42 177 391 12 ch pek 1032-38
23 8529 12 ch pek 1080 40 179 Polatagama 397 52 ch bro pek 5200 36 bid
26 Marlborough 3533 24hfch broor pek 1320 43 180 400 12 do orpek 1260 = 33 bid
27 3541 20 ch bro pek 2200 =. 35 bid 181 403 48 do pek 4320 32bid
28 3544 53 do orpek 4876 37 182 406 19 do fans 1000 30
“29 3547 40 do pek 3600 33 bid 183 Maha Uva 409 32hfch broorpek 1920 37
31 Kalupahana 3.63 10 ch bro pek 1950 37 184 412 34 do or pek 1870 88 bid
37 Irex 3571 32 ch bro or pek 3200 40 185 415 20 ch — pek 1800 34 bid
38 3574 19 do pek 1710 32 188 424 13hfch dust 1040 24
42 MTP, in estate 190 Pallagodde 430 15 ch bro or pek 1500 34 bid
mark 3586 2C ch fans -. 2000 28 191 43329 do bropek 2900 37
45 Sutton 3595 3) bfch broorpek 2115 56 192 436 19 do or pek 1710 = 382 bid
46 8598 33 ch or pek 330C 48 193 439 20 do pek 1700 = 31 bid
47 1 21 do pek 1890 38 194 4:2 2) do pek sou 1700 30
55 Bad legama 25 12 ch broorpek 1200 38bid | 196 418 16hfch dust 144024
57 83L 15 do or pek 1425 33 bid 137 Weoya 45L 21 ch bro orpek 2310 38 bid
59 Naseby 37 64bfch broorpek 3968 47bid | 193 454 21 do bro pek 2520 34 bid
60 40 35 do or pek 1545 54 199 467 37 do pek 3330 32 bid
61 43 47 do pek 2350 46 206 Morankande 478 16 do ek 1440 31
63 49 13 do fans 1040 36 209 Galkadua 487 ih ch ro pek 1210 35
64 52. 11 do aust 1056 29 210 i 490 12 do pek 1200.28 bid
65 Upper Hewa- 215 Won Pariel 605 24hfch broorpek 1344 42
h=tta 55 %7hfch broorpek 4617 withdn, 317 5i1l1 30 do pek 150; 37,
66 68 17 ch or pek 1629 39 bid 221 Dunkeld 523 48 do broorpek 2784 406
67 61 I7hfch 222 £26 20 ch or pek 1900 38
12 ch pek 1927 35 bid 223 529 23 do pek 2070 36
70 OBE C 226 635 vOhfch pekfans 1360 29
in estate mark 226 =< 538 14 do dust 1232 25
Summernill 70 43hfch broor pek 2494 61 227 Upper Hewa-
71 73°41 do bro pek 2688 45 heta ‘ 54l 21 do bro or pek 1260 48 bid
Ys 76 20 ch or pek 1800 48 228 544 18 ch or pe& 1728 39 bid
73 O BEG,in 229 547 21 ‘do — pek 1890 35bid
3 est. mark 237 Ingoya 671 32 ch bro pek 3.96
Forest Creek 79 18 ch bro or pek 1800 55 238 574 31 do pek 2511 } withdn
74 ; 82 23 do bro pea 2900 42 239 : 577 24 do son 1752
73 85 27 do or pek 2430 39 246 NWD 598 6 do fans 1000 30.
“76 88 25 do pek Nol 2250 34 bid 250 Mawiliganga-
OT 7. 91 26 do pekNo 2 2340 33 watte 610 43 ch bro pek 4300 82
84 Craig 112 10 ch pek 1100 41 251 613 29 do pek sou 2320 29
91 God Hcpe 133 48 do bro pek 4326 33 2:4 Atagalla 622 11 ch yek dust © 1122 25
92 136 20 do bro or pek 2000 36 255 Castlereagh 625 53hfch broorpek <915 38 bik
93 129 42 do pek 2880 30 356 628 24 ch bro pek 2400 36
94 Kitulgalla 142 25bfch broorpek 1600 34 bid 257 631 15 do cr pek 1200-37
96 148 17 ch — pek 1445 31 258 634 17 do pek 1445 33
101 Gonapitiya 168 14 ch pek 1302 42 261 Munukettia,
103 Matale 169 5tbfch bro pek 3060 38 bid Ceylon in est
104 172 26 do pek 2310 33 bid mark 643 27 hfch or pek 135) 37
105 175 15 da pek sou 1:50 30.bid 262 : 646 27 ch bro pek 28.5 46
110 Penrhos 190 18hfch bro or pek 1062 49 263 649 29 do pek 2320 33
dill 193 33 do bro pek 1980 35 264 652 12 do pek sou 1110 82
‘112 196 36 do or pek 1728 39 267 Clarendcn, B ¢61 314fch _ bro pek 2015 42
113 199 33 ch pek 2805 34 bid 268 664 33 do or pek 2206 41

114 202 19-do pek sou 1596. 30 ek 1700 = 35
119 Bopitiya 217 6C ch broorpek 5247 36bid | 272 Walpita 676 30 ch bro pek 30Uu0 35

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

2
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name og Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb) ¢,
273 679 22 ch pek 1920 32 | .
280 Handford 700 15 ch pek 1330031 x feed 28 28 ore. pek od 36 bid.
‘984 WVRA 712 20hfch ‘bro orpek 1100 41 bid | 6§ New Valley ioe fo eK ce OO
285 Talgaswela 715 18 ch broor pek 1800 41 67 y 2 10 GY PEK SAND 5 dee
286 71821 do or pek 1680 36 x 1366 17 do or pek 1700 | withd’n
987 721 29 do pek 232) 32 BB eee fut Sia 2a
288 724 21 do peksou 1575 30 Pa Ba 2-0... « PERSE meee
293 Purana 739 19 do pek 1620 32 ie Neen 1B gl che opel 1080-87
298 Forres Ai oe Ae hE oe pats 1296 28 7 eae ss nee ae “a4 =
303 Mariawatte 769 23hfch dust 1840 24 , 4 4 2
20£ Weyungawatte772 14 ch bro pek 1400 35 ap Mi. Temple | 1308 42 ch bro pek 4200 34
305 775 16 do pek 1360 31 bid | 44 SEE OES 5 Dra eae ee
806 778 16 do peksou 1280 29 AP! oF anavina ioe ee Sor eRe ee eae
309 Digdola 787 18 ch broor pek 1710 87 bid } gy 8 Tee aa Gere je al
313 Glengariffe 799 38hfch broorpek 2090 36bid | go BOS FES 250) BD
314 802 31 ch pek 2790-32 LAT (22) HO | BeeSen pada
316 05°19 do akon 1495 30 s Ravana 1417 26hfich broor pek 1430 35
318 Corfu’ 814 26hich or pek 1300... samid!| "Be fo, at, Gee Ree ee gee. |” BE
326 Glencorse 838 14 ch bropek 1400 36 Oy Aatanamnatn a a as ois
327 : ;
oF STN ae ye ae 1a woe patna 1456 32hfich orpek — 1536 84 bid
329 847 54 do peksou 4050 30 eB Vtep a0; dio cepa Ba. (26 iid
332 Palmerston &56 i7hfch broor pek 1620 47 100 eves Chi, gee 2088... BB
‘334 862 12 ch pek 1080 37 He tte an eeagiooee dln gekeon ame oe
336 StHeliers 868 28hfch broor pek 1568 36bid | ps \*72n8°0@ 47131 ch bropek 2045 38
337 871 14 ch pek 1330 35 1Ga iitres thy wee 2160, , 0
338 Taldua 871 70 hfch broor pek 4200 34 bid 111. Richland a ae ReaD. 1980 20
339 Bazi a2) he fapek 1960.1! 32 un ichlands 1498 25 ch pek 2008 «=. 84 bid
340 £80 16 do peksou 1520 30 = ay oh aR er
é o; | y 3 ~ - <
Pea iemaia cheater tree PELE sot ay pia | 115 St. Catherinelsi0 19 ch — pek 1618 33
351 913 33 do retisou 2175 99 ree Theberton 1516 24 ch bro pek 2400 36
354 Laxapana 922 4 bf'eh dust 1190 24 Sean ULE ERC TEE sonatas
2 j
BON Mabey Eby Pee eaten Hee 1440 50 bid | 121 Mora Ella 1528 32bfch brocrpek 176)
357 981 29° do pek 2868 39 a 1531 27 do or pek 1215 | withd‘n
2658 Pine Hill § 934 49hfch broorpek 2040 43 bid | 35; Sty pee - ore
359 937 38 ch orpek 3420 36bid | jor ay; : 0. {DES EDI 5 iE
360 Q40nen dol) ek 378034 a visawella 1546 24hfch broorpek 1200 40
365 WN 955 17 ch peksou 1530 31 ok T64p}926 ch atria eae aes
366 958 17 do fans 2040 25 a TOD2 ET) OD) OTRER eee
368 AMB 964 19 ch dust 2660 24 131 Hes 8 BS ee
371 Erracht 973 52 ch bropek 5200 34bid | 434 4, 2uS 0: “IDE SOR ae ane
373 976 24 do per 3160 32 onach 1567 29 hfch brocrpek 1749 36
373 979 25 do peksou 2250 29 Ae toe ee Gn eo eee eee
374 Lesmoir 982 20 ch orpek 1800 35 137 Ts ne ot S080 ye 1288
375 985 15 do ropek 1500 25bid | 32g y } f sped egtcta et 2 RLY
3r 988 20 do pek 1300 31 bid | 156 ugawella 1679 43hfch broor pec 2494 36 bid
377 991 20 do pekson 1600 29 uit 15S be ton te oe eed
379 997 22 ch bropek 2200 36bid | 144 pepea ae eee RUS | BE
380 1000 22 do pek 1980 30bid | tay epedene 1603 5¢hfch bro pek 2500 (86
382 Vogan 1006 24° do broorpek 2400 50 a) GH HE Dd 2850 33
383 1009 35 do or pek 3325 36 me enalla 1612 2z+5hfch broorpek 1375 34
384 1012 55 do pek 4950 32 ie = LO ae ee 1440 29 bid
385 1015 28 ch peksou 2380-30 ion. Newchatelint 16804 18isehs te brag Tek 1 eiuaerand
388 1024 17 ch broorpek 1700 54 “ee AGES 2 4810s Deane ey eae
389 1027 26 do orpek 2470 37 160 Nebed e Peer ee he
390 1030 39 do pek 3510 32 ce eboda 1645 12bf,ch brooryek 1243 39 bid
391 1033 15 do peksou 1275 36 162 yea Paetmperen 1 SONI ALY Ty Vai TA
394 Tembiligalla 1042 43 ch broorpek 4085 35 165 Dalukola- Bap ll 1615-29 bid
306 1048 32 do pek 2880 31 bid F :
400 BBin estate , watte 16€0 13 ch broor pek 13(0 out
mark 1060 29 ch peksou 2610 37 ee Ne pierre A ae
402 Findlater 1066 25 ch _pek 2297 80id | 469 Ossinet Ste ee Aen Boe setae een
403 Dammeria 1069 22 ch bropek 2197 26.bid | 99 Peemgron 1672 TP ch pe 1020-26 bid
404 Poonagalla 1072 12 ch pek sou 1134 32 bid 172° ARNE s , e ae pek 2300 33
410 Nitiogele ih ire 1681 12 do brpk No.21200 33
est mark 1090 32 ch or pek 2880 28bid tee ese le doi ss pex 120031
411 1093 25 do pek 2200 SBybid | We qnuervaan ne tee eee
412 1096 12 do bro or pek 1200 43 bid est mark 169:
; a Syellench pek 1100 27 bid
ais 1099 13 do peksou 1092. S2-bid | 179 Ravenscraig 1702 26jhfch ropek 14:0 39 bid
ep 180 1705 42 ch pek 8780 33
Messrs. Somerville & Co. 181 Maddegodda 1717 36hf-ch pek 1800 32 bid
[316,518 1b.1 ee awalioe eat ;
Lot , oe waite 1723 20 ch bro’pek 2000 8935
ot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. oe Weygalla aie 2 te ch broorpek 1155 56
7 Ambalawa 1186 22hfch bropek 1210 38 4S ee Ree ee
13 Hapugasmulle1z04 19 ch aa 1710 30 te Jak T Hil a eieech PEE 280 ao.
15 1210 12 do unast_ «1700S 27 Te eee te niet oa Sen ee Dewpek sees
17 Marigold 1216 36bfch bropek 2088 42 ; Veet 10:ado 6S Ek pet ah
18 1219 23 do pek 1150 37 a ue ee oo ago nek
20 Allacollawewal225 22hfch bropek — 12 cal eee S000, 9 281b) d.
#2 Galphele “1251 20 ht ch bro Cepek 1000, Zeibia | oie TgneeneraNeIY ote oe Deoeee ees
3 2 i :
a ioe ae at eek tee oe bid | 924 Polgahakandel$37 21 ch bropek 2100 35
a Teal o9 eka pee poet ee 225 1840 17 do orpek 1360 38
Ba Cana aob. 226 18!3 81 do pek 2480 29
watte 1252 13 ch pek 130032 bee seen fara ew pte 20
24 RKP 1267 21 ch broor pek 2100 36 233 Warakamure 1864 40 ch or pek 3800 89-33
35 1270 13 do bropek 1235 38 ae 157 28 pio ek Epes ae
g Toy asldol Geese pee) BB 235 1870 61 do pek 5248 28 bid.
27 1276 17 do ae | 1530 or 236 1873 27 do pek sou 2295 27 bid
40 Rothes 1285 18hfch bropek 1116 48 oh ee One C Gare 1950 | ae
% Carrigle, 1294 2%hfch broorpek 1403 42 ae Rael ee coee ee ke 1050 es
44 1297 21 ch orpek -' 1848 39 289 Rayigam 1882 28 ch broor pek 1680 44
af DE AT ee ee 240 +1885. 28 do. orpek | 2660 36_
49 Kallebokka 1412 14 ch roorpek 1300 61 ae HEED EUSA SAAD pBuee

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibss Ae
242 1891 53 ch pek 4505 29bid } 143 796 22hfch broorpek 1320 56
243 1894 34 do peksou 3230 29 144 99 18 ch _ pek 1764 33.bid
248 NBM 10 31 ch pek 2573 24 bid 147 Elston 808 23 do pek 1956 35, bid
256 Oonankande 34 22hfch pek 1210 33 bid | 148 811 35 do pek sou 3325 32. bid
264 W K P 58 85 ch bro pek 3675 36 bid 149 814 15hfch dust 1350 26

265 61 28 do or pek 2520 34 bid | 150 Pambagama 817 37 do fans 2960 22
266 64 78 do pek 6240 29 bid | IL 820 35 ch bro tea 3500 22 bid
267 67 20 do peksou 16.0 28bid | 152 Glasgow 823 17 bfch broorpek 1054 66

153 826 39 ch bro Bee 3120 38 bid
154 829 22 do or pe. 1694 44
Messrs. HE. John & Co. 155 832 15 do pek 1305 48
[277,562 1b.] 162 Kandaloya 853 40hfch pek 1597 31 bid
Ee or i 163 856 27 do pek 1077 31 bid
Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 164 Theresia 859 47 Ge bro or pek 4697 387 bia
r fete = Ne Pes 165 862 16 do ek sou 1437 80 bi

1 Morton 370 41 ch bropek 3690 81bid | 169 Kandaloya 874 O6hfch ” br pek 1010 37 bid

2 373 26 do pek 2080 = 29 bid | 170 877. 28 do pek 1120 33 bid

5 St. John’s 8228 hfch | or bek 1250 49 bid 173 Longville 886 24 ch bro pek 2400 35 bid

5 S8pig 207 dO, Pek TOU Eee TUE eh Sie 889 13 do pek 1300 - 34

8 SI BOL ee Oty SPECTOR. 9 1820) ted 179 Ratwatte 904 58 do bropek 5800 33 bid

9 ste 21 doje “Dek 1176" “33. | 180 907 43 do pek 3870 29 bid
a TEWN 403 16 qa or pek 1600 2 pia 183 North Pundul-

3 406 15 do pes 1350 4 id © 16°735 da ung h 25 .
13 409 20 do peksou 1800 22bid | yg,“ ei) 33. do ye 230538 bid
16 Comar 415 32hfch_ bro pek 1600 34 185 22 12 do hyson No.2 1020 28 bid
uy NE ON ck TCR ao 192 H 943 10hfch siftings 1517 8 bid
20 Mocha 427 20 do bro or pek 2000 51 ve 4 arn 7 .

E 3S 193 Bittacy 946 18 ch bro pek 1761. 88 bid
21 430 20 do or pek 1800 43 194 949 24 do bropek 2352 38 bid
22 433" 38° doy, [pek 2970 39 bid | 195 952 292 do pek 184840
23 46.2, do, peksou, 2160 36 204 Wattagalla 979 29 hfch’ bro pe'c 740 34 bid
26 Gonavy 445 11 do bro pek 1100 42 208 OFE 991 12 ch elke 1200 97
2 4437.21 do, :pek i675 82 bid | 910 Donnybrcok 997 23 do bruvorpek 2415 35 bid
23 Movahela 451 53 do pek 4134 28 Q11 1000 14 do bro or ‘pek
29 454 19 do or pex No.1 1444 a No. 2 1260 35
30 457 16 do or pek No.2 1344 2 sawatt Q Beales en .
s iy dp dy) egek agen ge” | $4 Gangewatic 9 12 do Brot yok. 1800". 48d
32 463 15 do bro or pek 150 34 216 15.31 do pek £79) 37
5 Meet aca 4001 de ane Mee ab tee bia | Wt Cabin Ella 30 20 do bropex 2000-36 bid
37 78 24 do broorpek 240) 36 z SoeUe doy trek 1530 35
38 w 481 14 ae pek _ 1120 o
39 Nahavilla 48t 25 do or pe 2250 : =
40 487 34 do bropek 300 45 SMALL LOTS.
41 490 41 ae bro pek 4100 ar bid —_———
42 493 16 do pe 1440 PH
mB Retsqetdse Secekon taco. Be Messrs. #. Benham & Co.
46 Holbrook 503 42hfch broorpek 2436 41 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c.
. bling aot eer gore? sete | 18:dHalgolle ©6 5 ch. dust 650 92
52 Westhall 523 34hfch bromix 3160 19bid | 12 Mazitigama 3:10 do bropek 920 383
62 GB 553. 8 ch 18 41 4 do bro or pek

lhfch bropekfans1021 26 bid ans 540 25

63 Agra Ouvah 556 61 oe bro or pek 3660 2 hid pee Erseee it SP 2 Se
64 559 43 do or pe 2365
65 562 16 ch pek 1488 eo “fessrs. Forbes & Walker.
66 Glasgow 565 25 hfch bro or pek 1550 47 bid /
es 568.63 ch’ ‘bro pek 4940 38:-bid Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib, @
68 571 35 do or pek 2695 43 1 Aranayaka 8463 3 ch pek sou 240 26
€9 574 22 do pek 2016 42 2 Penrhos 3466 1 do pek sou 82 26
70 677 10 do pek fans 100 36 3 Belgodde 3469 6hfch bro pek 300 BL
71 Agra Ouvah 580 44hfch broorpek 2610 46 bid 4 3472 6 do ek 30027
72 583 30 do or pek 1650 41 5 3475 4 do pek sou 180 24 bid
73 536 13 ch pek 1209 41 8 Malsa 3484 4 ch pek sou 340 27
74 589 15 do peksou 1350 939 9 3487 2hfch dust 150- 23
75 592 24hfch pekfans 1920 30 18 Sirikandura 3499 2 ch bro pek fans 191 26
78 Birnam 601 18 ch pek sou 1350 31 bid 14 3502 1 do pek fans 64 25
78 Lameliere 60 27 do broorpek 2808 37 bid | 15 3505 1 do fans 94 (aa
80 607 38 do or pek 1530 34 bid 36 8508 2 do congou 200 22

$1 610 33 do pek 3135 33 bid | 17 3511 1 do bro pek dust 135 26
82 613 20hfch pekfans 1440 27 bid } 21 Kincora 3523 3 ch fans 390 21
83 Templestowe 616 22 ch broorpek 1936 33 bid | 24 Palmerston 3532 2 do pek sou 160 33
84 619 26hfch or pek 1248 - 42 — 25 3535 4hfch dust 340 26
85 622 20 ch pek 1800 36bid | 30 Naw Pera-

86 625 14 do fans 1330 2, deniya 3550 1 ch bro pek 105838
87 Woodstock 628 10 do bro or pek 1000 35 bid | 32 Kalupahana 3556 7 ch _ or pek 700 29
88 631 13 do pek 1235 33pbid | 33 355910 do pek 900 27

94 Navangama 649 18 do or pek 1800 33 34 3562 8 do pek sou 696 24
95 652 30 do fek 2700 ~—- 0 35 3565 4 do fans 400 24
99 G 664 é0bfch young hyson 36 3568 1 Go dust 150 out

siftings 19-0 1l0bid | 39 Irex 3577 5 ch pek sou 400-8

101 SBowhill 670 16 ch or pe« 1600 36 40 3580 2 do fans 220 28
102 : 673 22 do pek 19g0 = 382 sd|sag 3583 2hfch dust 180 22
104 Brixworth 679 19hfch broorpek 1045 34bid | 43 M TP, in estate
106 685 19 ch pek sou 1710 30 bid mark 3589 8 ch dust 800 24
103 Shepperton 691 14 do peksou 1260 30bid | 44 3592 2 do brotea 2c0 17
116 Lamiliere 715 27 do broorpek 2808 38 48 Sutton 4 3 ch pek sou 255 40
117 718 18 do or pek 1430 35 49 7 6S6bfich dust 425 26 bid
118 721 3838 do pek 8135-34 50 Paddawala 10 3 ch _ bropek 300 83
119 7.4 20hfch pek fans 1440 9-27 él 13 8 do pe 800 26
125 Wanarajah 742 18 do ‘ans 1278 27 bid | 62 16 6 do sou 600 23
128 Higham 751 39 ch bro pek 3800 35bid | §& 19 2 do congou 200 20
129 754 28 do pek 266u 54 é 92 43hfch pek sou 27 ~withdn.
130 757 21 do peksou 1995 30bid | 56 Baddegama 28 9 ch _ pek 765 30
134 Glassaugh 769 23 do or pek 2940 62 bid 58 34 8 do pek sou 640 29
185 772 37hfch broorpek 2479 41 bid | 62 Naseby 46 Thfch peksou 385 28
136 775 24 ch pek 2640 44 68 Upper Hewa- i
138 781 10hfch dust 1045 25. heta 64 5 do bro pek 347 29 bid
142 Orwell 793 13 ch or pek 1235-38 69 Arapolakanie 6712 do siftings 960 12

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot- Box, Pkgs. Name Ib. ce. Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib ce. .
78 O BEC,in 265 Munukettia,
estate mark Ceylon in est )
Forest Creek 94 3 ch sou 270 30 mark €55 2 ch sou 132 298 ;
72 97 8hfich pek dust 520 37 A 658 6hfch dust 450 25
80 100 9 do dust 765 26 270 Clarendon,B 670 9 ch per sou 24000=— 30
Bl 103 3 ch fans 390 380 271 673 5hbfch pe dust 400 24 {
62 Craig 106 2hfch bro or pek 156 43 274 Walpita 632 7 ch pek sou 660 29 |
83 109 4 do or pek 260 43 275 W,inest mark685 3 ch sou 240 2 :
85 115 2 ch pek 226 32 276 688 3 do dust 450 20
88 118 2 do peksou 214-29 277 Handford 681 8 ch
87 BD W P 121 6 ch bro pek fans 660 33 lhfch bro or pek 860
88 124 1 do pek No2 90 29 278 694 8 ch
89 127 1 do sou 100 =. 28 Lhfch bropek £50
90 130 Lhfch dust 95 22 279 697 8 ch
96 Kitulgalla 145 8 ch or pek 720 31 bi lhfch or pek 770
25 92 151 3hfch dust 240 823 2e1 703 7 ch peksou 610
8 154 2 do bro or pek 282 706 2 do dust 920
fans 120) 29 283 709 1 do fans 100
$9 Gonapitiya 157 18hfch or pek 936 65 289 Talgaswel'a 727 1Lhfch bropek No2 660
100 160 16 do bro pek 914 56 290 730 7 do dust 595
102 166 12 do pek fans 804 8633 201 Purana 733 7 ch bropek 700
106 Matale 173 2 do fans 140 26 292 786 15 box orpek Qi
107 181 8 do dust 240 98 294 742 8 do pek sou 576
108 184. 2 do sou 160 28 295 a 4 hf oh gn 43
1(9 WU, in estate 266 74 £ eure
mark . 187 2hfch dust 160 21 297 761 1 do bro mix 16
115 Penrhos 205 4 do fans 300 25 269 Forres 757 Ohfch dust 738
9 300 76) 2 do red leaf 130
116 208 2 do pek dust 188 23 } Z
117 Dromoland 211 8 ch or pek 677-38 1 Mariawatte 763 3 ch sou | 255
bj y 9 g 802 7€6 1 do bro mix 82
11g Cabin Ella 214 2 ch pek sou 167 29 5 h :
126 Adisham 238 8 do pek sou 680 31 307 Weyungawatte781 1 ¢ sou 85
127 241 4hfch dust 260 27 808 784 2hfch dust 150
128 Dickoya 244 4 do bropek 220 33 310 Digdola 790 8 ch yek 640
129 24711 do pek 550 99 311 793 10 do pek sou 769
432 Allacolla 812 Monterry 796 7 ch ane 630
wewa 256 16hfch peksou 797 29 gi6.-Glengaritie Jee oon Be a eee
135 Sylvakandy 265 2 ch pek sou 180 896.29 319 Wyamita 817 5 ch bro pek 595
136 268 3 do dust Nol 270 25 9
820 820 2 do bro or pek 210
137 271 3 do dust No 2 285 23 821 3293 10 do pek 950
139 Troy 277 11 ch pek 877 29 309 $296 8 do pek sou €30
145 Qonoonagalla 295 6 ch or pek 477 33 323 829 1 do a 93
148 Ookoowatte 304 1 ch pek sou 80 27 324 832 lhfch dust 95
149 Bedfcrd 307 2 ch bro or pek 168 36 825 835 1 do fans 75
151 Anningkande 313 8 ch pek sou 270 27 330 Glencorse 850 4 ch dust 604
152 316 2 do dust 220 22 831 853 2 do pek No 2 130
153 319 2 do fans 200 26 333 859 12 bfch bro pek 756
154 Labugama 322 5 ch pek sou 397 28 335 Palmerston £&65 6hfch dust 5'0
161 Bellongalla 343 7 ch rek sou 695 29 341 Taldua 883 lhfch fans 70
162 386 5 do fans 65C 26 342 8&6 1 do dust 64
13 349 3 do dust : 420 24 8438 R 859 4hfch bro pek 220
166 Hatton 858 4 ch dust 600 25 B44 892 3 do pek 165
178 Gampaha 394 11 ch pek sou. 990 33 345 895 3 do peE sou 150
186 Maha Uva 418 9 ch pek sou 720 30 846 898 1 do fans 60
157 421 2 do congou 160 28 847 Halwatura 901 5hfch dust 450
189 427 2hfch fans 140 27 348 Giragama 904 9 ch bro or pek 945
195 Pallagodde 44511 ch sou 935 28 852 916 7 ch dust 560
200 Wevya 460 11 ch pek sou 880 29 B53 919 1 do bro mix 67
201 43 3 do bropeKfans 315 27 861 Siriwatte 943 9 ch bro or pek 900
202 4L6 2 do bro mix 280 24 362 946 9 ch pek 630
208 469 2 do dust 30 23 363 949 6 do bropek sou £40
208 Morankande 472 15hfch bro or pek 840 37 364 952 2 do bor pek fans 240
205 475 11 ch or pek 935. 35 567 WN 961 4 ch dust €00
207 481 8 do pek sou 560 29 369 WW 967 1 ch bro or pek 110
208 484 4hfch broor pek 370 970 2 do or pek 178
fans 280 27 378 Lesmoir 991 6 ch dust 480
211 Galkadua 493 7 ch pek sou 760 26 381 1003 9 ch pek sou 720
212 496 1 do tons 110 22 886 Vogan 1018 S8hfch dust 610
213 499 1 do congeu 100 23 387 1021 3 ch _ pek fans 350
214 502 1 do dust 180 - out 892 10.6 4hfech dust 320
2:6 Non Pariel 6\8 16hfch_ or pek &96 33 893 1039 2 ch pek fans 230
218 514 14 do pek sou 700 38933 35 Tembiligallo 1045 6 ch or pek 510
219 517 2 do dust 180-24 897 1051 1 do peks'u 100
220 620 4 do bro or pek 898 1054 5 do pekNo2 450
fans 300 26 899 1057 4 do pekdust 472
22t Dunkeld 5382 10 eh pek sou 920 31 401 B B,inest
230 RS 550 6hfch or pek 300 = 333 mark 1083 4hfch dust 269
231 553 6 do pek 220 48-9 405 P 10°5 3hfch bro pek 108
432 556 5 do pek sou 2°0 27 403 B Bin estate
233 559 6 do bro tea 200 26 mnark 1078 3 hfh peksou 270
234 5622 ao dust 126 26 407 1031 7 ch p2k 630
235 565 1 do bro mix 10 26 | 408 1084 1 do bro pek 110
236 63 1 do congou 58 23 409 B,in estmark1.87 6 ch green tea dust 780
240 Ingurugalia 680 4 ch pek sou 360 “9
241 683 5hfch _ bro tea 425 Chie Lee ee
242 Claverton 586 3 do dust 256 24 f{Messrs. Somervilie & Co.]
23 NWD 5€9 1 ch br. pek 97 36
oad 5922 ad © pek 15233 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
245 595 3 do pek sou 270 30 1 Ahamed 1168 14hfch br pek 7:0
CAT (01° Shf-ch dust 720 26 2 1171 9 do pek 450
248 Mawiliganga- 3 1174 8 do pek sou 400
watte 604 9 ch bro or pek 900 35 4 1177 1 do dust $3
249 607 6 do or pek 375 33 5 1180 2 do. bropekfans 140
262 616 8 ch dust 896 2k 6 1'83 1 do bro mixed 65
253 619 2 do fans 17839 8 Ambalawa 1189 10 ch orpek 870
259 Castlereagh 637 7 ch pek sou 560 29 9 1192 1i do ee 880
269 640 12hfch fans 960 25 10

1195. 7 do pek sou 560

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5
SST IT ELD CI TELE LE EASE FO SI A

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. .¢. Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. bs ic:
11 San Cio 1198 3 ch congou 258 - 24 187 Murayth-
12 1201 2hfch dust 164 22 waite 1726 9 ch pek 805 8
14 Hapugasmulle1207 4 ch pek sou 884 28 188 1729.5 do pek!sou 425-8
16 1213 2 do dust 280 22 189 1732 3 do br pek fsus 420 26
19 Marigold 1222 6h£ch_ pek dust 456 25 190 1736-1 do dust 150 9-22
21 Allicollawewa 1°28 5hfch pek dust 350 24 19: Weygalla 1747 4 ch — pek sou 383 30
26 Ravenoya 1243 8 ch pek sou 270 29 195 1750 2hfch dust 172 23
27 1246 3 do fans 450 25 196 cvabeletenne 1763 7hfch dust 532%, withd'n
28 Cooroondoo- ak Tree Hill 1762 9 ch pek sou 900 28 bid
watte 1249 9 ch __ bro pek 909 36bid | 50 1765 2 ch dust 200 2
£0 1255 8 do pek sou 800-29 onS 1768 ibfch congou 5024
31 1258 2 do cougou 200 2a OBIE W771 1 do fans 50 25
32 1261 4hfch pek favs 320 23 203 California 1774 6 ch
33 1264 2 do dust 200 20 _.. Lhfch bro pek 655° 32
38 RPK 1279 5 ch peksou 2251 28 204 Wiz 9 ch
39 1252 7 do fans 840 25 20 ‘ lhfch pek 947 28
41 Rothes 1288 9 ch pek 837 34 205 1730 6 ch © pek sou 600 43
42 1291 1hfch pek sou 50. 30 206 1783 1 do pek dust 143-20
46 Carriglea 1303 2hbfch pek sou 102 29 Bu ae 1736 2 ch bro mix 190 £5
47 1306 8 ch pek fans 832-32 AEs ee 1789 9hfch dust 765 24
43 1309 4hfch dust 296 21 “11 Citrus 1798 6 ch pek sou 500 27
52 Kallebokka 1391 1 ch _ pek sou 105 30 212 1801 5 Co fans 670 24
53 1324 ihfch dust 90 © 2B 213 1804 2 ch = dust 33021
5 Monte Christo1327 8hfch _pek 400 33bid | 214 Hangranoya 1807 6 ch broorpek 570 40
55 1330 8 ch z 204 1818 8 do peksou 640 = 30
Lhfch ek sou 175, ea0bid.| 2° 1819 4 do — sou 320-28
56 1333 3 ch sou 300 29bid | 219 1822 6 do fans =, 720/27
57 1336 3hfch bropekfans 195 32 ao 1825 10 hf ch | dusé 800 23
i8 1339 4 ch pek fans 400 30 aL A 18283 ch bro'tea 24024
49 1342 6hfch dust 510.23 1 222 Meetiyagodde1831 6 ch bro pek 600 27
60 1345 2 ch bro mixed 190 26 223 L 1834 5hfeh dust 53018
61 Kalapitiya 1348 3hfch bro pek 177-34 bid 227 Polgahakandei846 10 ch pek No. 2 850 27 bid
62 1351 8 do pek 352 <Obid | 228 1849 9 do pek sou 765 26
63 1354 4hfch pek sou 149 29 230 Quillon 1855 17hfch bro tea 765 withd'n
64 1357 1 do dust 27 (22 231 1858 3 do congou 138 28
65 1360 1 do fans 34. 29 232 ‘ 1861 6 do pek dust 430 14 bid
70 New Valley 1375 ihfch dust 90 withd'n | 244 Rayigam 1897 6 ch fans 690 3
74 Nyanza 1387 3 ch pek sou 270 ~ 30 a0 1 Shfch dust _ 640-22
75 1320 5hfch dust 375 24 246 4 2 ch bromixed 200 28
79 Hanagama 1402 14hfch broorpek 810 36 247 A 7 7 ch pek dust 588 outs
83 1414 3 do dust 261 22 249 RK 13 3 ch bro or pek 300: 34
85 Ravana 1420 19 hfch_ bro pek 950 34 250 16.4 do bro pek 400 31
87 142615 do pek sou 600-29 zor ‘6 do or pek 600 31
; 252 22 1 ch pek 10u 23
8&8 P Dinest, 253 25 3 do ans 360 26
mark 1429 1 ch dust 85 = =620 24 JDS 28 9hfch dust 846 24
89 Oolapane 1432 12hfch dust 960 23 255 QOonankande 3116 do bro pek 300 38
90 1435 4f4do fans 260-26 257 ' 8712 do pek sou 840 29 bid
90a, 1435a 3 do bro mix 189 626 258 40 4 do dnst 2%6 27
91 Damblagolla 1438 9 ch broocpek 810 36 259 43 1 do dust No.2 55 10
92 1441 15 hich bro pek 90034 260 Maligatenne 46 3 ch broor pek 321 33
94 1447 10 ch pek sou 300 =.29 261 49 4 do _ br pek 400 32
9% DBG 1450 6hf-ch dust 480-22 262 52 4 do pek 400 28
96 1453 8 ch fans 800 28 263 55 3 do unast 360 26
101 Ramnasingha- 2688 WK P 70 5 ch sou 380 26 bid
patna 1468 3 ch dust 351 24 269 73 12hfch fans 720. 2
105 Narangoda 1480 7hfch dust 560-22 270 76 4 do dust 308 =
106 1483 3 de sou 168 24 271 Loomont 79 4 do bro pek 2040-197,
107 1486 1 do unast 62 25 272 82 4 do pek 223-85
108 Richlands 148918hfch broor pek 900 45Bid | 273 85 1 do sou 47 B
109 1492 3 ch or pek 24e@ 35 bid | 274 Dons de 88 5 ch
110 1495 9 do bro pek 855 87bid lhfch sou 495 896-27
13 1504 4hfch dust 260 «23 275 91 4 do du4t 3102
114 St. Catherine 1507 18hfch bro orpek 993 34bid | 276 94 3 do fans 225 «(24
116 1513 4 do fans 234 23
te Theberton 1622 Lhf ch sou 60 29 iM E. Joh c
1625 2 ¢ fans 200 22 @eSSIrs. a i
ie Mora Ella 1534 12be ch _ bro pek 780 withd’n L . P ohn & Co.}
1543 5 do dust 400 a ote i ‘ ‘ e d
132 Avisawella 1561 8hf-ch dust 560 =. 28 EOS Higa Mae He ie
133 AA 1564 1 ch sou 80 26 3 Morton 376 8 ch pek sou €80 28
140 Nugawella 1585 16hfch or pek 720 35 bid 4 ; 379 4hfch pek fans 320-24
142 159111 ch pek sou 88C 29 bid 7 St. John’s 388 10 do __ pek fans 700 30bid
143 1594 5 do bromix 400 20 10 SJ 397 9 do dust 810 24
144 § inest mark1597 1hfch bro pek 3931 ll TEWN 400 7 ch broorpek 700 28
145 1600 1 do _ pek dust 84 17bid | 15 412 7 do dust 700 ©=.20
148 Depedene 160910hfch bropekfans 550 31 18 Comar 421 3 do peksou 2408
150 Glenalla 161511 ch orpek 990 32 bid | 19 424 3hfch dust 225 = 22
152 162110 ch pek sou 733 29bid | 24 Mocha 439 7 ch bro tea 930-33
153 1624 2 do ‘sou 190 27 25 Gonavy 44210 do or pek 850 38
154 1627 Lhfch dust 75 20 34 Morahela 469 6 do sou 540 27
158 Neuchatel 1639 3 ch orpekfang 330 31 35 r 472 4hfch dust 336-22
159 1642 3 do dust 450 23 44 Nahavilla 499 5 do dust 400 23
163 Neboda 1654 1lhfch fans 92 24 45 602 @ do pek fans 630.25
164 1657 3 ch 47 £ Holbrook 608 7 ch _ bro pek 630-38
lhfch dust 605 = 2, 50 Talawakelle 517 lhfch dust 73 22
168 Ossington 1669 8 ch bropek 800 ©31bid | 51 520 2 do sou 224 22
170 1675 6 do peksou 510 25bid | 53 S 526 6 ch sou 610 23
175 Ingeriya 1690 4hfch pek dust 284 22 54 529 4 do bromix 360 19
177 ‘Ingeriya in 65,08 532 3 do
est mark 1696 4 ch pek sou 360 89624 l1hfch bro pek 375 > withd’n
178 1699 8 ch 56 635 8 ch pek 800
lhfch dust 55621 57 £38 2 do pek sou 180-23
181 Ravenscraig 1708 1 ch peksou 108 30 581 C & 641 1 do congou 76 = 20
182 1711 1Lhfch dust 880-24 59 AT 644 3 do dust 360 22
183 Lin est marki714 1 ch peksou 90 26 60 Ketadola 647 2 do pek 164-26
185 Hopewell 1720 4hfch dust 880 22 61 i 550 1 do dust 103 22

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES ‘LIST.

Lot. ‘Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, sc; Te, Box. Ppgs Name. ib,” a:
76 Agra Ouvah 595 7hfch_ bro or pek 58 841 O9hfch pek 405 37
e fans 490 27 159 844 4 do acl sou 200 «32
77 6983 ch dust 270 ©6288 160 €47 2 do broorpek 110 27
£9 Melvilla “63414 do bro pek 700 34 161 Kandaloya 85020 do broorpek 897 34 bid
99 637 14 do —pek 700 28 ' 166 St. Andrew's 865 9 do bropekdust 765 24
9L 640 5 do pek sou 250 26 167 868 6 do dust 510 24
5 643 1 de bropekdust 62 22 168 Kandalya 87118 do bro pek 810 35 bid
93 Navangama 646 8 ilo bro or pek 80 33 il 889 11 do fans 550 28
96 655 1 do pek sou 10 2 172 ; 883 6 do dust 250 23
97 658 2 do dust 250 22 175 Longville 892 7 ch pek sou 665 28
93 HFD 661 7 do dust 700 23 176 895 2 da sou 199 27
100 Bowhill 667 9 do bro or pek 900 41 177 898 3 do dust BLe 23
103 676 4 do aust 400 =-.24 178 901 7 do fans 660 25
105 Brixworth 682 li hfch pek 559 31 bid 18L Ratwatte #10 12 do peksou 960 27
107 688 -2 do bro pek fans 132 22 132 913 6 do dust 480 23
109 Counden 694 6 ch ek sou 450 27 186 North Pundul-
110 697 6bhfch fans 330 28 oya 925 3 do hysonNo.2 240 18
111 700 2 do dust 180 22 187 928 1lhfch siftings 726 AY
112 73 1 ch bro pek No. 2 98 28 188 PPP 931 1 ch bro or pek 100 31
113 706 2 do pek No. 2 220 8924 189 934 1 do or pek 95 30
114 Oakwell 709 6 do peksou 618 31 190 937 1 do pek 100 4629
115 612 1 do dust 73 20 121s eee 910 1 do fans 70 824
125 Anamallai 727 8 do bropek 800-28 196 Bittacy 955 5bfch broorpek 250 72bid
121 730 6 do pek 500 © 26 197 958 9 ch fans 900 30
122 733 4 do peksou 400 24 193 961 5 do peksou 450 33
123 736 1lhfich dust 85 20 199 a 954 4hfch dust 320 25
124 Wanarajab, 739 1 ch peksou 106. 82. 200 P, inest. mark-967 4 ch broorpek 460 33 bid )
126 745. 6hfch dust 5520 25 201 Heatherley 970 8 do siftings 432) 3a
127 Higham 748 1C do bro or pek 650 35 bid 202 973 2 do twanky 246 18 |
131 760 2 do dust 180 = 20 203 He 976 2 do twanky No.2 268 16 !
132 768 7 ch bropekfans 490 30 206 W,in est. mark 982 3 do. bro mix 285 17 F
133 766 3 do sou 27 27 206 OFE 985 7 do bro pek 700 32 i
137 Glassaugh 778 6 do peksou 660 39 £07 988 7 do or pek 700 27 i
139 ; 784 2 do bromix 209 994 4 do peksou 400 23 |
(hooped only) 220 28 212 Donnybrook 3 5 do _ bro pek 600 §=.30 ;
140 KP 787 8 do 213 6 3hfch fans 262 4 b
ch congou 277,24 217 Gangawatte 18 7 ch peksou 700 = 32 »
141 790 do bro mix 164 18 — 218 21 6hfch dust 450 24 '
145 Orwell 862 9 ch pek sou 765 $8lbid | 219 2410 do fans 700 30 A
146 805 2hfch pek fans 166 «25 2) , 27-8 ch sou 270 2B i
156 Dalhousie 835 7 do or pek 385 40 223 Cabin Ella 26 1lbfch pek fans 70 «24 {
157 838 7 do ro pek 420-67 Qt £9 1 do dust 90 22 {
225 Ratwatta 39 1 ch bro pek 100 = 30 j
4
}
'
4
M {
|
; =
] e ,.
oy,
= oe

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

: Prick :—123 cents each, 3 cop es
aT . 9) 2 ’ p
No. 4. CoLoMBo, January 27, 1902. { 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee,
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, -¢.
gies joie 144 1°31.-18 ch pek 1710 30
X 145 1534 18 do pek sou 1620 28
LARGE LOTS. 148 Edward Hill 15:3 12 ch bro pek 1320 35
Seay: 153 Theydon
Messrs. E. Benham & Co. _, Bots 1558 20 ch or pek 1300 36
TGoat 154 : 1501 27 do pek 1890 32
[36,122 lb,] 157 T B, inestate
i mark 1570 11 ch fans 1045 26
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, c. 159° Queensland 1576 20hfch~— broorpek 1000 55 bid:
2 Horneey 8 a2 been Deer 2520 al Bra 160 iy at cH bro per 21C0 38 bid
DEE, e 225 i 82 ts) or pe 1100 37 bid
8 Coodoogalla 12 36 hfch bro pek 1800 34 162 1585 39 do pek 3510 31 bid
# Fs : 15 25 do pek 1125 31 168 5 1583 14 do pek sou 1190 31 bid
, 12 unyan 3nc¢ AX Vpani- 5
Ovoca 2t 49 do bro or pek 2940 44 bid galla 1606 13 ch bro or pek 1300 35
y ae a ae or peck ae 22 177 GNN 1630 23 ion poe sou 1725 27
q ch pe } 34 179 1€35 17 c ans 1190 26
15 33) 13 do pek No 2 1355 36 bid 182. Mon'swood 1645 12 ch pek 1140 49
16 36 17 do pek sou 15'@ 32 188 Monkswood 1663 16hfch pek 1520 50
Bien secre tne: Go ie | NUN gee ae Dee Be. os
orring 3 1 Yel oeAb ao) a ro pe 32
21 4 5lE3 do bro or pek = 530€ 35 bil 191 1672 3) do pek : 2700 BL
22 64 29 do pek 2320 31 bid 192 1675 lithfech dust 1120 24
25 Battalgalla 63 14 ch pek sou 1050 31 193 Devonford 1678 35 do bru or pek 2135 63
nde eS aN tI Te SAA Ee 194 1681 14 ch or pek 1100 48
195 168t 28 do pek 2604 37
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 196 1687 17 do. peksou 581° 35
G) 193 Tymawr 1693 33bfch broorpek 2145 41 bid
[786,168 Heal 199 1606 35 do or pek 1925 38
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Was votes 200 1699 39 do ek 1959 36
3 New Peacock 1108 24 hfch bro pek 1200 36 at Ne ci ae pew TERE: 23
6 117 24 do pekfans 1860 25 Saati yon! Tooting ate Biase. | eee eas
i MP 120 14 ch sou 1120 24 fut eet Aes do! Speke toed” BE
12 Halbarawa LlssxS15° ch bro pek 16C0 33 ats Cory ee RICE = i =
17 Narangalla 1150 11 cn bro at 1100 35 bil ae Maldeniya New oe a brovpek 5at0 oA
18 5 1158 12 do or pek 1020 35 213 1738 43 do pek 3870 30.
19 1156 25 do pek 32000 59 214 1741 14 do pek sou 1120 28
20 1159 14 do pek sou 1120 97 220 Waldemar 1759 31 ch bro pek 1984 41
22 Moray 1165 21hfch or pek 1155. 39 bid ae tee ue or Bek an 40
33 A168ps8° dol) ibropek 1972' 44 bid (| SoPcon aera Sis Leeh Peo. Ssh ees
a4 1171 31 ch. pek 3060 36 bid 2) RAIS AAS ce SIS TN ah 1344 36 bid:
05 1174. 15 do pek No2 1230 34 bid 233 KP W 1798 71 do bro or pek 4260 35 bid
27 Mahalla 1180 20hfch bro pe« 1200 38 2 Ha ee ag pro Bek Bo8g BS
28 1163 11 ch or pek 1100-34 D Seay ee Bones ee
29 1186.18 do pk 1620 39 zee eC oiee (cen ween arc souk. cet
37 Lindupatna 1210 20 ch bro or pek 2206 42 bid oe Elfindal re 3 16 i pel fans Heel 27
38 TOUs24 dN broek’ at 250" BoNbia 4/2 )be Elan date |. see 1 che. aust Shia
39 1216 23 do’ pek 2208 31 bid 244 Vincit 1831 21 ch bro pek 2100 85
44 Bogahagoda- % 245 1834 19 do pek 1710 31
watte 1231 15 ch pek 1350 27 Fee Ree Cero, ane Ck sae “aca
47 Forest Ruhe 1240 11 ch bropek — 1100 34 Pan Beene Aue yaou 20 Ce Sauna
48 1243 15 do pek 1350 29 eC ria valley
49 1248 11 do peksou 1100 27 eylon in est. one
54 Galkande 1261 16 ch nel 128) 37 mark 1849 49 bfch broorpek 2940 35 bid.
56 Udapolla 1267 12 ch bropek 1200. 33bia | 82) 1852 24 ch or pek 2332 35
57 1270 14 do pek 1260 30 be 1835 2 do bro pek 2445 33
63 Thedden 1283 29 ch bropek 2900 35 233 1868 20 do pek LOC Oj 290
64 , 1291 15 do pek 1326 31 266 Drayton 1367 56 hfch or pek 2300 47
77 Ireby 1330 4ihfch bropek 2540 51 257 Ho Oo) JI Pe bee
78 1333 23 ch pek 2070 43 bia 28 1873 38 do pek sou 3230 35
82 Glendon 1345 18 ch bropek 1800 45 260: “Moray TSio gos niichp bron pek oy 1014 \ 2
33 1318.38 do or pek 3800 35 26) 1882 31 ch pek 2720 - withdn.
84 1351 38 do pek 3420 31 pee! Galacit BED AO SS A)
85 1354 18 do pek sou 1620 29 Se oe . eck
90 Erlsmere 1369 27bfch bropek 1512 38bid | gaa aX nde Deo eae Op OU Meee oon css ibid
91 1372 18 do pek 1440 36 bid 2¢6 Nahalma 1897 16 ch bro orpek 1440 34 bid
100 Strathspey 1399 10 ch bro or pek 1040 52 Bey LOR ee do. hro pek p08 oon
101 2 19 do orpek 1600 38 bid eer 103) (20 do. pek 2900-29 bid
102 1405 17. do pek 1615 36 bid 270 Kitulgalla 1909 28hfch broorpek 1630 33 bid.
105 Walton 1414 17 ch bropek ° 1785 36 ae ian 1916716 ‘do. * pek ee.
106 4417 12 do or pek 1080 39 276 Middleton 1927 51 ch bro pek 51068 38
109 Coldstream ae wis 1930 68 do do 6300 = 37 bid.
5 : : 2 30 W, inestate
He Group a a Be ou me ope ane ae mark 1939 23 ch or pek 2645 withdn.
11 1432 35 ch pek 2975 34 2:3 R-eberry U 1948 20 do broorpek 2000 50
112 1435 14 do peksou 1120 29 ue ae ee IL eR ae
118 Yuillefield 1453 36hfch or pek 1620 42 285 poe a0) pels BS
9 1456 54 do pek 4690 35 286 1957 19 do pek sou 1710 32
123 O BEC, in 288 1963 14 do fans 1400 27
estate mark 289 Ouvahkellie 1966 13 ch Me
Sindumally 1468 58 ch bropek 5600 Bobid | , SPD FAT LR EER asieaeoonies oe
124 1471 13 do or pek 1144 + 38bia | 290 Osh cae we
125 1474 37. do pek 3071 31 bid 291 Ganapalla 1972 20 ch bro or pek 3180 36
126 1477.18 do peksou 1260 29bid | %2 Meee Te de ae othaes Pisaionula on
127 Tismoda 1480 19 ch bro pek 19.0 35 293 7 5 da pek 1
128 1488 13 do pek 1235 31 294 1981 19 do pek sou 1520 23
333 Glenorchy 1498 12hfch dust 1020. ° 25 299 Inverness 1996. 17 ch bro or pek 1700 42 bid
137 Dambagas- 300 mee 19 He or pek 1805 67
aye s 301 2002 17. do — pek 1445 46
BP eee geting tae pes Seer aa 304- Scenag a 20:1 29hfch bro orpek 1740. 47
139 1516 13 do pek 1248 34 bia | 305 BO Tgos Waed Socios i noon) fa
Tee Eushone 62) pu dey prcrpek aaOr ten 208 Seenagolla V 2026 a ae Drorey pek 1308 46 bid
2, 5 2 i .
~ 1483 ea aamacaneony atolbe) e200, BoYbIde |) 214 2029 25 ch orpek © 2376 46 bid

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. JW 705 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e.
311 2032 23 ch pek 2769 44 420 2 569 42 hfch or pek No12436 36
314 Aberdeen 2041 46 do tro pek 4370 34 491 2572 30 do cr pek 1650 48
315 2014 65 do pek £005 29 bid 496 Massena 2787 «8 do bro pek 4400 36
316 2047 17 do sou 1360 27 bid 497 2790.40 do pek 2000 36 bid
317 2050 Zlhfch bro pek FOL Fairlawn 2.02 30hfch broorpek 1650 48
fans 1470 26 502 2606 37 do or pek 163 29
318 Killarney 20563 78hfch broorpek 4680 34bid | 503 2698 42 ch pek 3270 = 35 bid
319 2056 16 ch or pek 1275 36 510 Ardlaw and
320 2059 34 do pek 3060 +3 Wish ford 2629 26hfch bro or pek 1560 48
324 Polatagama 2u'1 41 ch bro pek 4110 37 Lil 511 2632 27 ch bro pek 27381 = 37 bid
325 2074 29 do or pek 2000 20 bid 512 2635 22 ch
326 2077 42 «do pek 370 30 bid lhfch or pek 2101. BL
829 Ruanwella 2086 15 ch or pek 1275 Bt 613 2638 28 ch
330 2069 15 do broorpek 1575 34 lhfech yek 2184 34
331 “092 10 do bro pek 10.0 32 517 North Cove 2650 24hfch or pek 1210 40
-332 2695 27 do ped 2430 29 647 Carlabeck 2740 11 ch peE sou 1100 33
337 Dea Ella 2110 ¢3bfch broorpek 1265 37 553 Turwood 2758 16 ch bro or pez 1600 36
338 . 2118 33 do or pek 1815 33 555 2764 37 do pek 3145 29
339 2116 v5 do pek 1275 30 557 Passara,Group2770 39 ch pek Noi 3510 Bs
348 Kincora 2128 13 ch flowery or 458 2773 52 do bro pek 5200 45 bid
pek 1300 56 539 2776 18 do pek No 2 1620 3L
348 Gallaheria 2143 16 do pek 1360 <2 bid | 563 Adisham 2788 18 ch bro pek 1710 38
23 Errollwood 21658 42hfch bioorpek 2730 42 564 2791 20 do rek 1800 35
355 21¢€4 16 ch pe 1690 35 565 Udaveria 2794 50hfch broor pek 30.0 40 bid
362 Glenorchy 2185 48hf-ch bro pek 2850 52 566 2797 45 ch pek 3825 6
363 2&8 30 ch vek 2350 35 bd £67 2600 17 do pek sou 1360
365 Kotagaloya 2194 11 do _ bro pek 1100 33 571 Lyegrove 2812 21 ch bro pek 1155 34 bid
366 2:97 34 do pek 3460 29 574 Bulvgolla 2821 22 ch or perk 2209 35 bid
357 2200 17 do pek sou 1530 23 675 2824 15 do broorpek 1500 38 bid
363 2203 12 do pek sou 1020 29 576 2827 17 do pek 1520 32 bid
37L D, in estate 583 Pine Hill 2848 14hfch broorpek 2937 42
mark 2212 12 do hyson 1200 81 584 2851 38 do or pek 3417 38
372 Villehene 2215 23 ch bro pek 2300 32 bid 586 Yelatenne 2857 2ihfch pek 1050 33
373 £218 17 do ek L53u 29 592 N. 2875 43 ch pek fans 5160 23
376 HGM 2227 2ihf-ch flowery or 594 Haputelewella28g1 25hfch bro pek 1375 38
pek 1320 46 691 Halbarawa 2902 17 ch nek 1360 37
377 2230 23 do bro or pek 1380 35 607 Clyde 2920 46 ch bro pek 4600 37
378 £2338 22 ch ek 1980 30 bid €08 2923 11 do bro or pek 1111 46 bid
379 2236 11 do ro pek 1100 $2 609 2926 19 do pek Nol 1805 $1 bid
380 Macaldenia 2239 19hfch broorpek 1140 41 611 2932 20 ch perk sou 1780. %&
383 2248 25 ch 912 29385 9 do dust 129% 23
1hfch pek 1429 32 614 O. V.in est.
390 Geragama 2269 12 ch pek 1020 31 mark 2941 23 ch yng hyson 1426 31 bid
392 Preston 2275 20 ch bro or pek 2110 40 bid 615 Ambalangod12944 12 ch or pek 1200 35 bid
395 2284 14 ch bro or pek 1470 39 bid 616 2947 10 do bro or pek 1000 37 bid
402 Bandara Eliya2305 2) ch or pek 2000 8638 622 Binest mark2965 10 ch green tea
403 2308 44bfch bro pek 2552 40 dust 1300 9 bid
404 2311 34 ch pek 3298 32pid | 623 Geragama 2968 25 ch pek 1997 29 bid
405 2314 13 do pek sou 1170 30 bid 628 Nugagalla 2933 34 ch pek 1700 81
406 2317 21hfch pekfans 1760 28pbid | 631 Digdola 2992 15 ch broorpek 1425 33 bid
416 Dewalakande 2347 14 ch ust 1120 22 632 2495 25 ao pek 2000 3)
417 PP. R. M. 2350 23 ch pek sou 1104 a 636 3°07 16hfch dust 1346 23
418 2353 18 do dust 1488 23 637 Marlborough 3010 21 hfch broor pek 1050 43 bid
419 Marlborough 2356 58bfch pek 2900 33 638 3013 31 ch or pek 2350 36
-420 2359 30 do pek sou 1550 30 639 3016 31 do pek 2552 33
421 Sumerville 2362 18 ch bro pek 1890 44 644 Wallaka 3031 10 ch pek 100 39
422 2365 24 do pek 2100 34 645 3034 71 hfch bro or pek
423 Poonagalla 2377 24 ch or pek 2280 8941 fans 4828 32
427 23:0 25 do bro pek 2875 48 646 3037 26 ch bro tea 2210 25
4/8 2383 29 do pek 2900 38 647 Lesmo¢ir 304) 15 ch bro pek 1497 24 bid
432 Maragalla 2395 16 ch bropek 1630 36 618 3043 22 do bropek 2197 23 bid
440° Claverton 2419 2hfch_ br pek fans 3630 23 649 Cullen 3016 25 ch bro or pek 2500 41
¢-1 Marlborough 2422 44bfch broorpek 2200 38 650 3049 26 do or pek 2470 35
442 2425 44 ch bro pek 4620 35 651 3052 24 do pek 1968 32
$43 2428 15 do or pek 1425 34 654 Findlater 3061 20hfch bro pek 1100 ©8636
444 2431 44 do pek 4400 32 6E6 > 3064 25 ch pek 2294 33
445 2434 19 do pek sou 1324 29 657 Madulkelle 3070 19hfch bro pek 1045 35 bid
416 Dunedin 2437 21 ch dust 2835 23 658 3672 28 do or pek 1(35 35
417. Ingoya 2440 23 ch bro pek 2940 = 33 661 B. K. 3082 16 ch vr pek fans 1600 28
448 2443 32 do pek 2624 29 663 ¢ 3088 15 do dust 210) 22
449 2444 31 do pek sou 2263-28 664 3391 13 do pekfans 1430 26
450 Laurawette 2449 19 ch bro pek 2128 33 bid | 669 Bargany 3106 19hfch bro pek 1140 37
451 2452 19 do or pel 1824 35 aie ee
452 2455 19 do pe 1729 31 |
453 2458 16 do peksou 1606 28 Messrs. Somerville & Co.
454 2161 18 hfich an ‘ ae 20 [303,422 1b.1
460 2479 15 ¢ ro pe 80 33 bid Bs
461 2482 14 do orpek 1344 35 rot eG ee: Sune) 1
462 2485 16 do ek 1456 é 10 St. Andrews K 124 17hfch bro pek 1020
463 2488 1z do pek sou 1200 29 20 Dikmukalana 154 22hfch br pek 1100
470 Pallegodde 2509 13 ch broorpek 1300 382pbid } 31 Laukka 187 23 ch bro pek 2185
471 2612 25 do bro pek 2509 87 bid 32 109 18 do
452 2515 17 do orpek 1445-32 lbf ch pek 1580
473 2518 14 do pek 1190 2) bid | 35 Yarrow 199 32hfchn broor ek 1760
474 2521 15 do pek sou 1275 27 bid 36 202 22 do or pek 1100
477 High Forest 2)30 41hfch orpek Nol 2378 50 bid 37 205 23 do pek No. 1 1035
478 2533 23 do orpek 1540 45bid | 42 Rambodde 2290 28hfch br pek 1568
479 2536 24 do pek 1152 41 43 223 40 do elk 1800
480 Bloomfield 2539 73 ch bro pek 7300 40 49 Oononagalla 211 22hfch broorpek 1100_—
481 2642 25 do 51 247 42 ch pek 3360
lhfch pek 3380 36 BY. 5 250 29 do pexsou 2349
482 2645 15 ch 64 Glenalmond 256 21hfch broorpek 1440
Jhf€ch yek sou 1655 81 56 262 16 ch pek 1440.
484 Gampaha 2551 24hfch broor pek 1416 40 60 Owilikande 274 20 ch or pek 2000
485 2564 24 do or pek 1248 §=989 61 277 19 do bro pek 1900
486 . 2°57 82 do elk 1376 35 62 230 34 ch pek 3230
469 HighFoe 25635 26hf ch roorpek 2626 85 63 288 26 do peksou 2340

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Tbr Ce Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lbs cs
68 Blinkbonnie 2¢8 14 ch bropek 1470 40 327 WeK P 1075 78 ch pek 6240 30 bil
69 301 17 do pek 1530 35 328 1078 20 do pek sou 1600 27
o2 © Nellicollay- he

watte 340 33 hfch bro pek 1980 36
8 343 12 ch eke 1056. 31 bid Messrs. E. John & Co.
87 Dartry 35 27hfch fans 2052 23 fs
20 Agra Elbedde 364 37hf-ch bro orpek 2200 42 (253,427 1b.]

267 51 do or pek 2895 8942 ¢

a2 aeObtDY ras re STachge Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. libsgeie:
96 Mahavilla 382 25hfch bro or pek 1375 36 bid 3 HBK ecole Oneen pek fans 1100 24 bid
97 : 3t5 24 do br pek 1209.29 bid 8 Alplakande 66 18 do sou 117021
98 34s. 44 do pek 2200 “8 13 Cantain’s Garden 81 17 do pek 1530 =. 26 bid
101 Mousa Eliya 397 33 ca _ bripek 3300 36 16 Winwood 60 27hfch broorpek 1350 40 bid
12 400 13. do pek 1235 = 83 17 93 12 ch or pek 380 030 40
105 Kelani 409 29 ch br pek 29.0 36 18 96 44 do pek £960 35
106 42 14 do bro or pek 1400 34 19 99 19 do sou 1710 29
107 415 17 do pek 1530 30 24 Qonoogaloya 114 21 do orpek 1890 38
126 Deville 472 12 ch bro pek 1210 ~—- 36 25 117 19 do broorpek 1900 41
127 475 12 do pek 1030 29 26 120 28 do pek 2380 89-34.
130 Beausejour 4.4 23 ch bro or pek 2185 v5 34 Gingranoya 144 16 do broor pek 1600 40
131 487 21 do pek 1680 80 bid ¢6 150 26 do pek 2080 33
137 IP 505 16hfch dust 1408 23 37 153 17 do pek sou 1190 28
143 Cotswold 523 13 ch broorpek 1040 38 43 Wilpita 17L 10 do or pek 100 29
144 526 14 ch br pek 1050 = 33 £9 Cresta 219 381hfch bro pek 1550 36
145 529 17 do pek 1360 8963 6U Povand 222 18 cn per - us 30
1°3 Kurunegalle 64 Poilakande 234 ° roor pek 27 33

Est. Co., Ltd.553 18hfch broorpek 1089 35 65 237 49 do bropek 441031
155 559 14 ch pek 1190 30 66 Se: 210 45 do pek - 3600 28
159 Badugalla 571 10 ch bropek 1010 29 69 Theresia 219° 47 do bro or pex 4700 40 bid
160 Dryburgh 474 18hfch broorpek 1131 33 70 252 74 d> bropek = 629) 34 bid
161 577 15 ch or pek 135037 a1 255 20 do peksou = 18(@ ~~ 31 bid
162 580 17 do pek Wye 2g 74 Balado 264 13 do pek 1235 83
166 Paragahakanded92 12 ch pek 1140-28 7 273 lvhfch dust 1360 24
171 Theberton 607 12 ch bropek 1200 36 79 Waragalande 279 14 ch bropek = 1400-38
“172 610 12 do pek 102034 80 282 15 do pek 1350-32
173 Tientsin 613 50 ch broorpek 5000 42 83 Brownlow 291 26hfch broorpek 1482 46
174 616 74 do pek 6290 = 83 &4 294 29 ch or pek 287L 42
175 619 16 do pek sou 1380 382 85 297 51 do pek 4182 35
177 Avisawella 625 20hfe broorpek.1000 43 &6 309 11 do peksou 100131
178 623 17 ch bro pek 615 85 87 303 18hbfch dust 1386-25
179 631 13 do crpek 1170 33 83 Cleveland £09 31 do fiwryorpek 1550 48
181 6387 14 do pek sou 1120 28 gL 315 89 do pek 2028 41
183 Ferriby 643 17hfch broorpek 1020 35 94 Templestowe 324 28 ch broorpek 2830 39
-184 616 28 ch bropek 2660 32bid | 9 327 3° hfch or pek 1665 42
185 619 30 do pek 2700 30 96 3°0 21 ch pek 1830 36
186 652 22 do peksou 165) 23 93 336. 12 do unas 1320 31
187 KEilandhu 661 11 ch pek 1100 BL 101 Glentilt €45 24bfch broorpek 1320 56
194 S 676 20hfch peksou 1000 26 102 248 15 ch bro pek 1:00 ee
200 Annandale - 694 29hfcn or pek 1682 43 103 351 11 do or pek toe ite ge Bt
~201 697 17 do pek 1037 8 | 104 854 21 do pek 1890 35 bid
202 700 27 do peksou 140434 105 357 l4hfch fans 1120 ~ 27 =
210 Glentaaffe 724 12hfch fans 1044 24 106 Mount Clare 3860 19 ch tro or pek 19 9 35 bid
212 Roseneath 730 28 ch bro pek 2800 35 bid | 167 363 26 do or pek 2366 a A
=213 73 22 do pek 1980 30bid | 18 263 16 do pek 13034
214 736 21 Go pek sou 1755 29 bid 115 Rondura 387 28 do or pek No. 2 2910 36
“219 Hyde 75t 16 ch pek 1:92 30bid 116 390 24 do bro pek 24(0 33 bid
224 Walahandva 76 43 ch brooryek 4515 36 LO A ae : £93 69 do pek 598) 29 bid
225 769 47 do or pek 4230 35 126 Midlothian 420 20hfch jek 10.0 34
225 772 68 do pek 6120 29 . 127 4°93 26 uo bro pek 1569 38
227 Flurida 775 12 ch bropek 1200 31 129. 429 21 do pek 1092, 35
228 773 14 do pes 1632 27 130 432 25 do pek sou 1250 32
229 781 13 do peksou 1248 89-25 133 St. John’s 441 24 do broorpek 140 55 _—
233 Kanantota 793 16 ch broorpek 1600 31 135 417 25 do or pek 12:0 pee
234 793 2l do bro pek 1680-28 136 450 82 do — pek 1728 a .
-240 Rahatungoda §14 2thfch brovorpek 1368 42bid | 139 Ouvah 459 12 ch pei sou 1030 L bid
242 820.29 do orpk No.11711 33bid | HC Eila 462 36 do bropek 360036
243 t2; 32 do or pek 1:28 38 141 465 31 do pekNo.1 3069 33
244 648 25 do nek 1300 33 bid 142 468 40 do pek No. 2 3600 30
247 Columbia 85 20hfech broor pek 1000 a8bid | 143 471 47 do pek sou 3760-28
249 841 25 do er pek 1375 = -36 144 474 13 do dust 1560-~ 23) \
250 Bid 2 do rek 1224 32 bid 145 Glasgow 477 25hfch roorpek 1550 46 bid
253 Harangalla §&53 +6 ech broor pek 3420 34 116 430 25 do broorpek 1559 a bid
254 86 48 Ao bro pek 4080 32 bid 147 483 45 ch bro pek 3600 ‘
255 £59 §3 do pek 6640 30 148 486 25 do or pek 2300 res
255 £62 35 do pek sou 2300 27bid | 149 489 21 do pek 1953 oF
261 GMP 877. 10 ch _ bro pek 1005 out, 151 495 14 do pekxfans 1400 a
265 Labugama 8.9 2)bfch pro pek 1375.85 1:2 Myraganga 493 21 do orpek — 2635 35 Ul
266 892 13 ch pek 1530 30 153 501 37 do bro or pes 3700 S id
269 New Anga- 154 5.4 19 do pek 1520 35

mana, 91 24 ch broor pek 2400 35 bid 155 Manickwatte 507 81hlfch or pek 1488 ae
-270 904 26 de bropek 2470 33 bid | 156 Bi 0,63 doy ebrocrpek | 3608 5)
271 907 51 do pex 333081 157 613 22 ch jek 1980 es
272 910 16 do ypeksou 1440 28bid | 158 516. 20 do pekgsou 1560 an
29) Mousakande 964 19hfch brocrpek 1064 36 160 Bowella BoD doy, blo nek, | 100 ise
2u1 967 24 do bro pek 1200 83 bid | 171 Troup 555 15 do peksu 1425 Sane
292 9:0 13 ch pek 1g 3ibid | 172 Peru 558 13 do broyec 1430 aon
295 979 15hfch fans 1200 24 173 661 15 do pek 1 Se
303 Yspa 1003 12 ch vyeksou 1620 39 175 Mt. Vernon £67 29 do pek £627 35
307 Mabatenne 1015 21 ch bro pek 2100 = 3L bid | 176 (m0 "35 (doy, oneksou 80.8. oe
308 118 18 do pek 1710 29 bid | 178 576 18 do dust set aaa
314 7 1036 13 ch or pek 1144-23 bid | 18 Gonavy 606 21 do pek 10/0 Baba
315 Lyndburst 10:9 29hf-ch bro pek 1595 33 193 Watagalla 621 48hfch ‘bropek = 2400 9 DA
317 145 48 do pek 2160 30 194 64 46 ch pek aii <3
321 Fan field 107 12 %ch bro pek 1200 42bid | 195 627 15 do ek sou 1200 a0
+32. 10¢0 14 do or ped 1620. 42 bid | 196 630 31 ado fans 2790 aes
324 1066 18 do pek 1728 «40 bid | 197 633 13hfch fans 1104 i

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
198 Birnam 636 20 ch pek sou 1500
199 Wadhurst 639 21 hfch bro pek 1260
200 642 12 ch pek 1030
205 Heatherly 657 11 do —hyson No. 2.1045
213 Perth 681 43 do bropek 43(6
214 6&4 27 do or pek 2295
215 687 22 do pek 1650
216 690 19 do peksou 1425
217 693 14 do pek dust 1820
219 Twood 699 22hfch broorpek 110
221 Kolapatna 708 20 do broor pek 1020
222 7ll 22 do or pek 1034
223 714 22 do ek 1034
224 717 16 do ru or pek
fans 1068
—————————_——
SMALL LOTS.
Messra. # Benham & Co.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
1 Battalgalla 91 1@hfch bropek 550
2 9415 do or pek 750
3 97 6 do pek 270
4 10) 2 do pek sou 8@
7 Coodoogalla 910hfch bro or pek 6550
10 18 8 do pek sou 360
11 21 4 do dust 320
18 Bunyan and
Ovcca 42 10hfeh dust 958
19 45 2 ch red leaf 254
23 S, in estate
mark 5) a2s- ch pek 156
24 6® 2 ch dust 202
“lessrs. Forbes & Walker
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
1Go0O 1102 1 ch sou 61
2 1105 2 do bro mix 126
4 New Peacock 1111 5 ch sou 460
5 1141 9hfch bro mix 450
8 MP 1123 6 ch dust 750
9 1126 8 do bro pek fans 960
10 1129 3 do dust No 2 510
il Glanrhos 1132 6 ch sou 609
13 Halbarawa 1138 9 ch or pek 310
14 1141 10 do pek sou 750
16 1144 2 do fans 238
16 1147 2 do dust 328
21 Narangalla 1162 5 ch dust 400
26 Moray 1177 5 ado pek sou 400
80 Mahalla 1189 5 ch pek sou 450
31 1192 5 do ust 680
32 Amblapitiya 1195 11hfch_ bro pek 605
33 “1198 10 do ek 500
34 1201 8 do pek sou 141
35 1204 1 do sou 38
36 1:07 2 do dust 128
40 Lindupatna 121910 ch pek sou’ 960
al 1222 4 do bro pek fans 540
42 Boganagoda-
watte 1225 6 ch bro or pek 660
43 1228 9 do bro pek 837
45 1234 8 do pek sou 760
46 Forest Ruge 12737 4 ch bro or pek 496
50 WA 1249 8 ch bro pek £30
51 1252 83 do pek 300
52 1255 1 do bro mix 139
563 Galkanda 1258 18hfch or pek ue
55 Udapolla 1264 6 ch or pek 540
58 1273 8 do pek sou 610
59 1276 2hfch dust 160
60 P 1279 6 ch unas No 1 540
61 1282 6 do unas No 2 540
62 1285 9 do dust 765
65 Thedden 1294 4 ch pesk sou 320
65 1297 8 do unas 375
67 1309 1 do dust 160
68 TC 1393 1 ch bre pek £0
69 1366 1 do pek 77
70 1309 1 do pek sou 76
71 1312 1 do ust 112
72 KHL 1318 4 ch’
lhfeh fans 625
73 1310 3 ch du«t 465
74 Berragalla 1321 1 do desicator sweep-
ing Nol 100
75 13824 1 ch desicatér sweep-
ing No2 90
76 1327 1 ch desicator sweep-
ing £0
79 Ireby 1326 8 ch pek sou 680
20 1329 2hfch fans 120
€1 1342 3 ch dust 240

Cc.

32
38
33
30 bid
35
32 bid
36 bid
29
24
33
42
37
32

31

25
8
28
23 bid

BL bid
26

30
24

34
27
21
31
26

Lot. Box.
86 Glenden 1357
87 1260
88 Erlemere 1363
89 1366
Py) 1375
93 1378
94 Roscrea 1361
96 1334
96 Amblakande 1387
97 1390
98 1393
99 1396
103 Strathspey 14/8
104 1411
107. Walton 1420
108 1425
113 Coldstream
; Group 1183
114 141l
115 Hunugalla 1:44
116 1447
117 “Yuillefield 1450
120 1459
121 1462
122 1165
1:9 Tismoda 1486
130 Glenorchy 1489
131 14-2
132 1495
134 1501
135 Coreen 1504
136 1507
140 Demb gas-
talawa 1519
141 1522
146 Puspone 1537
147 1540
149 Edward Hilt 1546
150 1549
151 #1582
152 Theydon
Bois 1555
155 1564
156 T B, in estate
mark 1267
158 1570
164 Qveengland 1591
165 1594
166 197,
167 1600
168 1603
170 Laxapana-
galla, 1609
171 1612
172 1613
173 1618
174 i621
175 BDY G 1624
176 1627
178 CNN 1683
180 Monkswood 1633
181 1642
183 1648
184 1651
185 1654
186 Monkswood 1657
187 1660
197 Devonford 1690
205 Ycgama 171i
206 1717
207 Maddala 1720
208 1728
209 1723
210 17:9
211 1732
215 Maldeniya 1714
216 BR, in estate
mark 17i7
2 ae 1750
218 1753
219 Waldemar 1756
223 1768
224 1771
225 RR, in estate
mark 1774
226 777
227 1780
228 1783
230 Palmerston 1789
231 TLembiligalla 172
232 Live
237 K PW 181))
239 1-16
240 Ingrogalla 1819
241 1822
242 Hlfindale 1:25

Pkgs.
10 bf ch

3 ch

6
12 do

6 ch
9 inf-ch

2 ch
6 do
2 do
3 hf ch
Sch;
6 ca
5 do
16 hf ch
4 do
8 ch
6 do
5 do

Name.

fans

dust

bro or pek
or pek

pek sou
bro pek fans
bro mix

bro or pek
pek sou

dust

cngou

sou

bro pek dust
or pek dust
bro pek No2
pek No2

pek
pek fans
sou
dust
dust
red leaf
peks u
bro pek
or pek
pek sou
fans

bre or pek
bro pek
pek

pek sou

bro tea
dust

bro pek
pek

fans

bro or pek
pek sou
fans

pek
pes fans

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST 5
Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. bse: Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. Cc.
246 Vincit 13; 7. ch pek seu 630 27 4°5 2404 2 ch pek sou 160 22
247 © 1840 4 do fans 480 25 436 2407 2 do dust 300 27
248 1843 1 do dust 150 28 437 CO. N. 2410 7 do bro tea 602 16
254 Great Valley 433 2413 2 do inassorted £30 24
Ceylon, in est 439 2416 1 @o pek 92 27
marx 1861 3 ch pek sou ei 27 45 Alton 21464 Lbfech bropek 66 37
255 1864 Shfch dust 0 24 453 2167 1 do or vek 59 37
259 Moray 1876 18 do or pek 990 5 457 2170 1 ch pek 93 84
263 1388 6 ch pek sou ase | withan. 453 2173 lhfch mix tea 46 28
264 1891 7hfch pek dust 720 459 2476 8 do dust 760 22
269 Nahalma 1°96 8 do ust 640 28 464 Laurawatte 2191 2bfch fans 160 22,
271 Kitulgalle 1912 8 do or pek 696 83 465 M.C. 2494 7hfch unassorted £37 27
273 1918 2 do bro or pek 466 Ingurgalla 2197 3 ch pek sou 270 26
fans 124 28 467 2500 3hfch_ bro tea 255 18
274 1921 2 ch dust 280 23 468 A. G, 2503 3 ch bra tea 306 22
25 ME 1924 3 ch red leaf 210 li 469 2506 2 do dust 255 24
278 P 1933.2 do bro tea 220 2k | 475 Pallegodde 2524 5 ch sou 400 25
279 W, inestate $76 2527 5 do Cust 425 23
mark 1938 10hfch bro er pek 700 witha 483 Bloomfield 2548 11 ch dust 935 24
281 1942 1 do pek sou 60 i 487 Gampaha 2560 6 ch pek sou 540 30
282 19/5 8 do dust 800 488 2563 5hfch _ pek fans 450 23
287 Roeberry 1960 5 eh dust 590 28 492 Bigh Forest 2575 15 hbfch pek 720 «41
295 Ooedoowerre 1983 5 do bro pek 510 86 493 2578 12 do pek sow 552 = 387
296 1987 8 do pek 630 80 404 2551 6 do pek dust 5523
297 1990 4 do pek scu 340 28 495 2534 1 do bro mix 35 30
298 1992 2hfch 160 = 22 498 Massena 2°93 19 bf ch pek sou 500-27
302 Inverness 2005 6 ch pek sou 550 386 499 2596 14 do bro pek fans 910 26
303 2008 9hfch dust 720 24 600 9599 8 do dust 680 22
307 Seenagolla 20°017 do pek sou 884 84 504 Fairlawn 2611 12 ch pek sou 960 31
808 2(23 6 de dust 493 24 505 2614 4hbfch dust 329 25
312 Seenagolla 506 Caskieben 2617 ch bro pek 700 = 25 bid
Vv 2085 9 ch pexk sou 915 33 £07 2620 5 ch pek 500 25
313 2038 6hf ch ast 510 24 508 2623 1 do pek sou 100 28
321 Killarney 2°62 3 ch pek sou 3u0 28 509 2626 1 do dust 7720
322 2065 Shfch dust | 425 21 514 Ardlaw and
323 2068 3 ch bro mix 300 24 Wishford 2641 2 ch sou 192 28
827 Polatagama 208) 9 ch fans 900 §=.28 515 2644 7 do fans 770 39-28
328 2083 4 do dust 6°0 22 516 2647 2 do cust 285 2
333 Ruanwella 098 4 ch pek sou 260 27, 5138 Ella Oya £653 9hfch_ bro or pek 477-884
334 2101 3 do bro pek fans 285 26 619 2656 14 do pek 635 28
335 2104 5hfch dust 400 22 5:0 26:9 1 do dust 60 22
336 2107 3 ch fans 285 23 521 <C. 2662 4 ch sou 380 19
340 Dea Hille 2119 17hfch peksou 884 27 522 Dunally 2665 10 bf ch dust 850 22
341 2124 14 do fans 868 23 523 -B. 2668 2 ch bro pek £00 27
342 2125 4 do dust 280 25 624 2671 1 do
344 Kincera 2131 11 ch bro or pek 9908 28 bid lbhfih ek sou 133 20 bid
345 2124 9 do ek 70 525 H. 2674 2 ch bro pek .200 27
8346 2137 10 do pek sou 750 3 526 2677 1 do pek sou 87 20 bid
347 7140 2 do bro pek fars 26) 31 627 -Hauteviile 2680 2hfch_ br orpek No 213? 35
349 Ccndia 2146 11 ch yek sou 891 82 528 2683 4 ch pek sou 3.0 28
350 2149 5bfch pek fans 240 24 629 H VY. 2686 3 ch unassorted 297 24
351 Bargany 2162 6 ch pek 57 32 580 Nynangodde 2689 2hftch yng hyson 104 out
352 2165 4hfch dust €6) 23 531 2692 1 do hys n 55 out
364 rroliwood 7161 8 ch Or pek £00 4) 532 2695 1 do hyson No 2 62 out
356 2167 5 ch pek sou 490 3L 233 Et Igama 2698 4 ch bro pek 400 30
357 2170 6hfch orpekfans 459 30 534 2701 8 do or pek 72) 81
368 2173 11 do dust 913 23 535 2704 Shfch dust 254 23
359 W. W. D. 2176 1 ch broorpek 100 36 536 Keleburne 727@7 5hfch dust 425 0 28
360 a N NW W W2179 1 ch bro or pek 110 28 537. Pingarawa 2710 4bfch dust 360 23
361 P.R.8. 2182 Shfeb dust 450 Qt £33 Ragalla 2718 8hfch fans 520 25.
364 Glenorchy 2191 3 ch pek fans 285 33 539 2716 5 do dust 450 23.
369 Kctagaloya 2206 8hfch dust 640 = 22 5i0 2719 2 ch bro mix 180 23
370 2209 7 do bro waix 289-18 641 Rajawatte 2722 9hfch dust 720 9.23
881 Macaldenia 2242 15 hfch bro pek 825 24 512 2725 6 do fans 390 26
382 2215 12 do or pek 660 35 | 613 Stafford 2722 11,hfch bro or pek 715 43
284 2°51 5 do pek sou 250 27 |] p42 2781 9 ch or pek 300 40
885 2254 3 do fans 219-95 515 “734 11 do rek &80 87
386 22.7 3 do dust 255 24 546 2°87 2hfch fans 160 25
887 2°60 2 do bro mix 144 12 648. Carlbeck 2743 4 ch bor pek fans 640 25
$88 Geragama 2263 7 ch bro or pek 785 32 519 GC. B. 2746 4 ch bro pe 440 30
389 2266 8 do bro pek 769 81 550 2749 7 do pek 735 27
391 2272.10 do pek sou 800 28 551 2752 1 do pek sou 102 26
393 - Preston 2278 27 box or pek 640 44 552 2765 2 do bro pek fans 280 25
304 2281 6 ch pek 504 40 || 554 Terwoed 276111 ch bropek 968 = 87
396 2287 2 do bro -pek 20 33 1} 556 ‘ 2767 1 do bro pek fans 120 26.
397 2290 26 do or pek 520 44 || 560 PassaraGroup2779 2 ch pek sou 180 28
398 2208 6 do — pek 504839 561 2762 2hfch dust 1802
399 2296 5 do fans 560 a1 ‘} 5¢2 2755 3 do fans 210 23
400 2299 2 do unassorted 200 99 ‘| 563 Udaveria 2503 3 ch sou 262 380
401 2302 1 do bro tea 125 26 569 28(6 i@ do fans 800 26
407 Bandara Eliya2320 !0 ch dust 850 23 510 2309 1 do , pek dust 74 26
408 Memorakande’323 -8 ch fans 640 25 572 Lyegrcve 2815 9 ch or pek 459 26
409 2326 5 do dust 436 2 ‘| 573 2318 3 do dust 240 26
410 Poengalla 2329 62 ch pek fans 20.) itha‘n | 577 Bulugolla 2-39 9 ch pek sou 810 29
411 238: 3 ch dust 270 } pe 578 2333 38 do fans 200 §= 6
412 Relvgas 23.5°:1 ch sou 76 24 579 2336 1 do dust 110 20
413 2538 1 do dust 97 2) 530 Lindula 2339 5 ch bro pek 625 8633
414 2311 6 do bro mix 99) 13 531 2342 7 do pek 700 31
415 Dewalakande 2344 ll hfch fans 715 28 582 2245 9 do dust 810 2L
423 Summerville 2368 4 ch pek sou 400 29 5:5 Yelatenne 264 14hfch bro crpek 812 33 —
424 2371 14 hich pek faxs 910 27 587 28360 10 do pek sou ogy 29 bid
425 » 2374 do dust BLO 22 538 2863 3 do sou 136 27
429 Poonagalla 2386 8 ch pek sou 720 24 539 2366 8 do fans 255 25
430 2389 5hfch fans 875 =: 8 59) N. 2669 4 ch sou 40@ = «18
431 2322 7 do dust 665 22 BOL 2:72:10 do bro tea 937 17
423 Maragalla 239311 ch er pek 99@ 36 533 St. H. 2-73 4hfeh .pekscu 24) 26
434 2401 9 do pek 765 ~— 50 695 Haputelewella2s84 20 hfch pek 208 «30

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Abe) ae; Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name, iv; Se:
696 Belgodde 2837 4hfch pek sou iit ned 58 268 2hf-ch dust 160 23
697 Blarn:ywatte 2390 8 ch bro pek 810 32 59 re 2711 ch fans 100-4
598 2893 7 do pek 700 28 64 Owilikande 286 3hfch bro pek fans 210 26
599 2836 3 do pek sou $20 26 65 289 2 de dust 180 23
600 2899 lhfch dust 82 22 6 UK 292 4 ch bro tea 333 18
602 Halbarawa 2985 1 ch ot pek 90 33 67 £95 5 do bru mixed 50 16
603 29% 1 do dust 84 ay 70 Blinklbonnie 204 3 ch pek -ou 268 30
604 Hemingford 2911 1 ch bro pek 16) 3 71 Gallawatte ee 6 3 DEC or pek a) 34
665 2914 1 do pek 85 2 7 10 5 do ro pek 461 31
606 2917 lhfch pek sou 50 af 73 313 1 do pex : 90 8628
‘610 Clyde y929 5 ¢ pek No 2 495 30 a4 316 1 do pek fans 100-24
6138 Kalupahana 2928 1 ch d st 147 29 75 39 Lhfch dust 56 20
617 Ambalangodda2960 10 ch pek 990 32 HE AGe : 223 1 ch bro tea 100-18
618 2958 7 @o pek sou 630 98 77 Blinkbonnie 325 9bhfch fans 630 93
619 2956 2 do fans 20 28 78 328 7 de dust 720 26
620 2959 2 do dust 220. 24 19 TH 831 1 ch pek 8-22
621 pero play am de 2362 6hfch © siftings 480 8 bid Bf ee 3 2p sou & 18
624 . T. P. inest ; () red leaf 603
mark 2971 7 ch ~ pek fans 735 25 84 Nellicollay- :
625 9974 8 do sou 680 o4 watte 346 8 eh pek sou 640 23
$26 2977 7 do pek dust 805 22 £5 349 lhfch dust 87 23
627 Nugagalla 298) |\7bfch bro pek 850 650 86 252 Lhfch fans 75. oF
629 2386 14 do pek sou 7009 27 88 Daitry 358 Ghfch dust 60021
630 2989 6 do dust 540 22 89 361 1 ch sou 87 24
633 Digdola 2.98 li bfch pek sou 770 27 93 Agra Elbedde 873 13hfek pek sou 685 33
634 3001 10 do bro pek fans 959 29 ot: XxX 376 5 do br or pek fans325 25
635 s60L 2 do bro mix Thy 3A 95 , 379 4 do pek dust 32021
640 Yelverten 3019 3 ch bro pek 345 34 99 Mahavilla 391 9 do pek sou 459 26
641 3°22 8 do pek 267 80 160 iS 394 4 do dust 292 22
612 825.4 do pek sou 272 98 103 Mousa Eliya 403 3 ch
643 Walakka 2¢28 4 ch umassorted 340 36 lhfeh pek sou 344 26
652 Cullen 805 6hfch fans 468 27 104 2 406 7 do dust 700 21
653 3.58 9 do dust 810 23 103 Kelani 418 2 ch peksou 200 - 27
656 Windlater 3067 5 ch pek 475 BL 109 421 4hfch dust 400 22
@59 Madulkele 3076 3hfch dust 255 24 110 424 1 do fans 65 26
660 3079. 2 do fans 140 26 lll Kahatagalla 427 7 ch br pek 708 33
662 B.K. 3025 6 ch . bro mix 510-18 112 430 3 do broorpek 300 31
665 Meddetenne 3094 2 ch bro pek 216 33 113 4.3 4 do pek 860 28
666 8097 2 do pek 206 ps 114 436 1 do fans 100 25
‘667 3190 1 do pek sou 100 26 115 439 1 do pek sou 95 26
668 3103 6 ge sou 578-25 a6 Lammermeor ee fi en bro pek 700-34
670 Bargan 3109 8 ¢ 11 4 ) ek 200 32
ce 1hfch or pek 770 88 118 Park Hill 448 3 ch. tro pek 297-83
671 8112 4hfch pek 380 83 119 : 451 3 do pek 210 28
672 8115 4 do pek sou 260 30 120 454 lbfch peksou 55 26
673 : 8118 1 do dust 85 6.20 121 457 1 box dust 2 818
674 8121 1 do fans 65 24 122 Fin est mark 460 4 ch pe: sou 360 32
675 Memorakande3124 lhfeh dust 8628 123 A , 463 7hfch dust 490-24
‘ to a 124 in es
= mark 466 3 ch
Messrs. Somerville & Co. i@an omer 328 80 bid
Lob. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib. c. 125 469 5 fee F
: (9 ‘ans 412 2
1 Mossville 97 6 ch 1° Deville 478 6 ch pek sou 540 =
1hfch red leaf 598 16 129 481 2hfeh dust 160 2
2 Yahalatenne 100 7hfch dust 532-28 132 Beausejour 480 6 eh ek sou 450 x
8 Mincing Lane 103 8hfch pek fans 600 825 133 493 6 d ae 57
4 106 5 do dust 450 23 134 Zo don Rie ae
5 109 2 ch sou 18025 135 499 3hich dust iy 258 2
6 Mary Hill 112 12hfch_ bro pek 660 34 I Z a8
7 11516 do pek sa a 136 IP 502 10 ch pek sou 750 29
8 118 8 ao pek sou 360 ey 138 Hato tanrenrs, 508 1 do red leaf 92 18
Ab eye alo) ust | 160 23 a ares .
11 St. Andrews K 127 10 hich pek 500 ‘ig nee bd hiad bi eh ia stags DDiok Gite
12 130 4 do pek sow 180-28 141 Hp Wie aens Bm oy RP
13 133 71, do), dust 85 22 142 Band D pegmaare rey 6 ay SE
14 Kottegodie 186 4 ch bror pek 410-32 146 Cotswuld 532-7. ch ek e
5 129 6 do bro pek 540 30 532 pek sou 560 28
a tii is% ag HO pek Fes iieo 147, OL W 35 1 ch br orpek fans 90 25
2 5 iS :
17 145 1 do pek sou 98 25 re Haseeran: adBox8 bE chs yinss 2) ace
8 KG HS ith 40 tone por NEE ketta 541 13hfch. bro pek? 702 38
SRK Fed Ua oi ‘ 4 150 54415 do pek 750. 38
ab : tht h - 161 547 11 do peksou 550 29
ch pek 456 | 83 162 550 5 do tea dust
22 160 3 ch dust 480 | 23 ieapururenegalloce: Gaby RoR aaER aes
23 163 3 do bro mixed 300 18 Est Co Ltd 556 17 hfch . pek 9
24 Kosgahahena 166 3 ch or pek 360 32 156 562 6 ch ee 250 a
25 169 5 do br pek 500 28 Tee Bamicar tee pol es
26 172 5 do pek 500 24 ae Fas eudlehe nacceie 20 eg
27 175 1 do pek sou 1002 Cry DEUS Fs He
28 178 1 do fare 80 5 163 Dryburgh 683 7 ch pek sou 602 27
29 181 1 do sal 1c0 21 164 586 ll hfch fans 924 23
Z , OAs % 165 Paragaha- £
30 Laukka 184 2 ch bro or pek 214 29 kande 589 7 ch bro pek- 700 29
8 BBE OOo WOO Wes ocd 167 595 3 Go. pex sou 270 26
196 3hfch dust 225 22 168 598 3 d f E 5
38 Yarrow 208 hich pekNo.2 423 28 “i Be Brien deep e eae
29 21115 do bror pk fans 975° 27 170 ATR Ep Neon 100) Isis
40) 214 5 do hbror pk dust 450 22 176 Tientsi 622. 5 h ee ee 208 ae
41 Rambcdde 217 8hf-ch or pele 400 86 iso ees aa 2 o pst TDR aE AG
44 226 11 do pek sou 495 27 2 visawvella, CBee Chae Res 720 23
46 229 1 do bro mixed 50 26 aoe : i2lige beehal dust B50 28
46 23, do ae 150 23 187 Ferriby 655 8 hfch fans 195 24
47 5 0351 do pek dust 70 23 188 of 658 -3 do dust | 8255 2aae
48 238 2 do aa 108 99 190 Hilandhu 664, 9 ch pek 810 28
50 Oononagalla 244.6 ch ero pek 510 38 uOk SGisegh 1 Ondy -AUSbEs Be
63 258° a4hfich dust 240 (99 192 670 .2 do bro mix »-160.- 19
a5 'Gletiiiond ~ opottaine ¢ r 198 S 673 6hfch dust 480 24°
enalmo 9 1¢hfch or pek 650 86 195 A i f ‘
87 265 5 ch peksou 450 27 3 aera aeons phe

196 €82 8 do sou 400 25

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. - 7

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ec. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name lb. ec.
197 H 685 Shfch dust 240) 23 6’ CD 57 3 ch _ bro pek 300° 33
198 688 7 do sou 350 25 6 60 2 do pek 190 28
199 Annandale 691 16 bf ch bro or pek 968 56 bid 7 MR 63 9hfch dust 810 23
208 703 7 do bro pek 462 39 9 N 69 9 do dust 765 24
204 706 8 do dust 656 26 10 Iona 72.4 do bro or pek
205 A inestmark709 2hfch fans 120 22 fans 300 25
206 712-1 do dust 73 16 11 75 2 do dus 170 23
207 Glentafte 715 14 ch pek sou 980 30 12 Captain’s Garden 73 $ ch bro pek 3°60 33 bid
208 718 3hich bro tea 171 25 14 81 2 do pek sou 180 26
209 721.2 do dust 206 21 15 87 1 do dust 135 24
211 Tico CL. bro mix 291 20 2@ Winwood 102 4hfch bro pek 248 29
215 Roseneath 739 7 ch dust 700 22 21 105 9 do bro pekfans 540 26
216 742 5 do bro mixed 450 22 22 108 7 do dust 630 23
217 Hyde 745 12hfch or pek 664 39 23 111 2 ch red leaf 200 10
918 748 8 ch bro pek 744 33 bid 27 Ooneogaloya 123 6 do pek sou 510 27
220 754 16hfch_ bro or pek 912 36 28 126 3hfch dust 255 22
221 757 7 ch pek sou 609 28 29 129 2 do fans 130 Dic
222 760 Ghfch dust 985 24 30 132 10 do bro or pek
293, 763 6 do fans 390 26 No. 2 700 30
230 Florida 784 3 ch bro pekfans 315 24 8L St. Andrew’s 13510 do dust 850 23
O31 787 1 do dust 150 20 32 AT 138 8 ch dust _ 240 20
232 7:0 2 do red leaf 192 13 Be 141 3 do sou 370 20
235 Kanatota 799 11 ch pek sou 990 2 85 Gingranoya 147 11 do or pek 990 3
236 80z 2 do dust 280 22 38 166 1 do pek souNo.2 69 26
237 Tin est mark 895 1) hfch bro pek 840 25 39 159) 2) «do bro pek 200 3)
228 808 16 do pek sou 896 24 10 162 1 do bro or pek
239 ~ 811 1 do dust 80 20 fans 110 2
241 Rahatungoda £17 10 hfch bro pek 650 33 bid 41 as 165 21hfch dust 224 21
245 829 9 do pek sou 486 3L 42 Wilpita 163 7 ch bre or pek 700 33
246 832 7 do pek dust 588 26 44 174 6 do pek 60 28
245 Columbia 838 2hfch bro pek 132 28 bid 45 L7%7 “do sou 70 26
B51 817 9 do pek sou 468 2) bid 46 180 1 do dust 120 21
252 850 7 do dust 653 23 47 183 8 do bro tea 300 16
257 Harangalla 665 13hfch pek dust 975 23 48 1s@ 2 do fans 210 25 bid
258 ~868 7 ch fans 665 27 49 Ketadola 189 5 do bro or pek 500 32
259 X 671 2 ch 50 192 3 do or pek 300 28
Lhfch wnast °67 12 bid 51 195 2 do pek 194 27
260 874 1 ch red leaf 68 16 52 193 1 ado bru mix 85 18
-262 Ankande 830 9 ch pek sou 810 24 bid 53 201 1Llbfch dust 54 23
263 883 3hfch dust 240 20 54 TEWN 204 8 ch bro or pek 3005
“264 886 1 ch sou 90 18 65 207 5 do er pek 300
267 Lakbugama 895 5 ch pek sou 400 26 56 210 1 do ek 90> withd’
268 893 5hfch dust 400 22 57 213 2 do pek sou 180
273 New Angamana 913 6 ch pek fans 690 26 58 216 1 do dust 100
274 916 3 do dust 450 32 61 Cresta 226 4 do sou 344 _k7
-975 Winest mark919 5 ch congou 450 26 62 228 9 do bro mix 810 12
276 922 3 do fans 375 23 63 231 4hfch dust 320 28
277 925 1 do unast 95 25 OTe PKL 243 11 do dust 880 24
278 928 1 do dus&t . 175 16 68 AT 246 1 ch dust 120 22
279 931 6 do fans 759 25 72 Theresia 258 7 do dust 560 23
230 934 1 do dust 175 20 73 261 1 do sou 95 27
281 937 3 do sou 270 25 75 Balado 267 1 do
282 940 2 do fans 260 24 lhfich peksou 185 26
983 913 1 do dust 175 15 76 270 10 do fans 800 26
984 Makluway 946 3hfch_ bro pek 165 26 78 Waragalande 276 9 ch bro or pek 900 40
285 949 6 do pek 276 26 81 285 10 do pek sou 900 29
286 952 7 do pek sou 329 24 82 2388 4 ch dust 400 24
237 955 2 do fans 124 18 88. Tebuwana 3806 7 do bro mix 866 withi’n
238 PH 958 3hfch fans 225 23 90 Cleveland 312 5hfch bro pek 310 137,
239 K V 961 6hfeh pek fans 390 24 92 318 8 do pek sou 400 33
293 Meusakande 973 8 ch pek sou 672 27 bid $3 321 3 do fans 240 24
294 976 11 hfch br pek fans 716 26 bid 97 Femplestowe 333 11 ch pek sou 990 33
26 DBR 982 2hf-ch bro pek 164 39 99 339 7Thfch fans 665 30
997 985. 2 do pek 1¢6 27 100 842 7 ch dust 620 23
298 938° 1 ch pek sou 83 25 169 369 12 do pek sou 960 29
299 991 1 do dust 121 22 110 372 4 do fans 3389 26
3009 PG 694 5hfch orpk fans 509 26 bid 111 375 2 do dust 190 22
301 BK 997 6hfch fans 330 24 bid 112 378 1 do bro tea 53 10
902 BG 1000 Shfch bro pek 480 28 bid 113 Rondura 381 8 do bro or pek 920 31 bid
304 Yspa 1006 7 ch pek dust 980 24 14 384 3 do or pek No.l 300 36
305 H 1009 7hfch bropekfans 490 28 118 395 2 do pek fans 230 25
.396 Mahatenne 1012 8 ch bro or pek 809 42 bid 1i9 : 399 4 do dust 660 22
309 J02t 6 do pek 570 27 wid 120 Reading 402 1Lhfch bro pek 68 30
310 1024 2 do pek sou 200 2t 121 405 1 do or pek 58 28
31l HJS 1027 7hfch bro pek 420 32 122 408 1 do pek sou 48 2%
312 1030 10 do pei 600 28 123 411 1 do bro pek fans 48 26
313 1083 12 do pek sou 720 27 124 414 1 do pek fans 42 22
316 Lyndhurst 1012 i2hfch orpek 600 38 25 417 1b x dust 9 16
318 1048 21 do pek sou 945 27 128 Midlothian 425 hfch er pek £50 39
319 1051 2 do dust 160 2k 131 43. 5 do fans 400 28
320 Fairfield 1054 11 hfech bro or pek 632 10 132 438 1 do bre tea 92 14
323 1068 5 ch ~~ fans 420 24 124 8b. John’s 44417 do or pek 850 51
325 1039 2 do pex sou 200 3 137 453 14 do pek sou 700 36
$25 1672 4bfch dust 416 22 bid 138 456 11 do pek fans 770 30
329 W KP 1081 5 ch sou 380 26 150 Glasgow 492 4 ch sou 400 27
330 EM 1084 6 ch bro tea 720 18 159 Manickwatte 59 5 do dust 369 22
331 A 1087 7 ch bro mixed 462 15 161 Bowella 525 11 do pek 935 29
332 HYS 190 5hfch fans 380 10 162 528 5 do pek sou 400 26
233 C 1093 8hfch dust 640 9 163 53L 1 do sou €9 = 24
334 L 1096 7 ch sou 665 16 164 534 7hfch dust 525 23
ae Carendon 537 8 7 on bro pek 848 3
540 Shfe pek 4.0 28
(Messrs. H. John & Co] 167 513 3 ch pek sou 300 27
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lboe axe’ 168 NW _ 546 2hfch broorpek 114 36
1 HBK 45 7 ch _ bro pek 770 32bia | 182 549 1 box pek 15 28
4 170 552 1 do dust 23 22
2 48 11 do pek *830 30 ae
B4- 4 hf ch Le st (hooped 174 Peru 564 2 ch dust 250 22
4 nly) DS eaaD 26 177 Mt. Vernon 573 7bfech fans 490 32
omy, 179 579 2 ch bro mix 2igy wae

8 LONDON SALES OF CEYLON PRODUCE. x
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Cc, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. = de:
180 The Farm 5682 3 ch dust 226 22
181 MK 685 $ do fans 880 27 202 648 3hfch dust 240 «238
182 588 1 do sou 1€0 10 903 XYZ 651 8 ch ek sou 584 23
183 591 5 do dust 750 24 204 651 3 do ror pek fans 300 23
184 Gonavy 594 5 do bro pek 400 39 206 Heatherly 660 7 do siftings 980 7 bid
185 597 5 do bro pek 600 38 bid 207 NB 663 2 do hyson 190 14bid
186 600 12 do pek $00 33 bid 208 L’Espoir 668 6 do bropek 552 34
187 603 1 do bro pek 95 39 bid 209 669 7 do pek 695 28
189 609 4 do peksou 340 29 210 672 @ do pek sou 540 27
190 612 5hfch pek fans 300 28 211 675 2 do dust 34. 2
191 615 4 do fans 200 26 212 678 1 do sou £6 25
192 618 2 do dust 170-22 218 Pertle €96 2 do dust 290 89-23
201 Wadhurst 645 4 ch peksou 360-28 220 Delpotonoya 702 14hfch dust 980 = 23
225 Kolapatna 720 7 do fans 490 25

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS, ican : ee

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 5.

COLOMBO, Feresruary 3, 1902.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA,
LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. ‘Benham & Co.

Lot
Battalgaila

3
3 Hornsey
A

@ 6 8
14 Cottes Brooke 31 13 do

Box,

[13,055
Pkgs.

92 $l ch
95 87 do
98 14 ch

lb,J
Name.

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

Lot.

1 G, in estate
mark

Padnawatte

Choisy

Nakiadeniya

SRSSRSSRRE Sow

OBEC,in
estate mark
New maraet

San

OBE OC, in
est. mari
Forest Creck

6&3 Roek Cave
58 Salem, 2 02.
lead

64 GK
69 Tonacombe
74 Panilkande
7@ Ardlaw and
Wishf ri
$4 -Badi Iluoya
86 Maha Eliya
98 Harrow

99 Knavesmire

108 Galapita-
kande

116 Pine Hill
11@ Tempo

126 Penrhos

131 Good Hope
188 Delta

146 Middleton

48 AGS
1609 TKV

Box.

3!27
8 30
3151
SLA
3157
£160
3202

8205 —

258
3229
B32
3235
3288

8256
8269
8252
8265

3268
8271
B24
8277
8-30
8283
3zt6

3293
8516
3331
3334
3387
3356
3562

3668
4

Pkgs.

16 ch
14 do
18 hf ch
21 do

15 ch

[555,973 Ib.]

Name.

sou
ce ngou
bro or pek
bro pek
pek Nol
pek No 2
bro or pek
or pek

pek

bro or pek
bro pek
or pek

pek

bro or pek
bro pe«
pek

pek sou

bro or pek
bre pek
or pek
pek Nol
pek No 2
bro pek

or pek
bro or pek

bro pek
peF

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

br> or pek

bro pek
pek
dust
pek fans

Ib

2945
3145
1050
1000
1170

c.

} withdn,
83
20
28 bid

26
25
40 bid
36 bid

Lot.

161

162
168

164
166

170
171
172
173

176
177

ge ail

Box,

St. Paul’s Inv.

No. 40

J P, in estate

mark

JP, in estate

moar,
Dunbar

Hatton
Alver

Dunnottar

Oakham
Ciunes

Battawatte

Dammeria

Kirklees

Dammeria

Ganapalla

Hanwella

Inverness

Cc

Sylvakandy

Weyunga-
watte

VOA
Ingoya

Ingoya
Troy

Dewalatande
Ke ningtun
A. G. C.

W. V. R.A.
Hoijtun

Knavesmire

Corfue

160
166
169
187
190
1§3

454

Braemar High-
476

lanus

St, Helen

Tampo

Vogan

Queensland

478
481
457
490
493
496
526
ie?)
536
538
641
644
6a3
666

Pkgs. Name.
30 hfch or pek
31 do pek
19hfech dust
li do Pek sou
40 hfch bro pek
BL do bro or pek
12 ch oY peK
21 do pei
17 hf ch bro pek

fans
24 ch bro pek
23 do pek
12hfch sou
25 do dust
35 do bro pek
fans

13 ch bro or pek
13 do or pek
27 do bro pek
20) do pek
14 ch pek
lv ch bio or pek
65 do bro pek
388 do pek
ov bt ch Bro or pek
31 ch pen
14 do pek sou
EL och bro or pek
li do bro pek
11 do pek
lz do pek sou
37 Lich bro ov pek
20 ¢ or pek
20 do pok
22 do pek sou
12 do ek funs
18 ch ro pek
23 do pek
84 ch bro or pek
75 do er pek
17 do pek
14 do pek sou
63 hfch young tyson
19 «o hysou Nol
23 ch bru or pek
27 do or pek
24 do pek
10 ch duct

5 ch bro pek
29 do pek
22 oh bro pek
25 do per
22 do pek sou
10 Ch brv tea
35 ch bro pek
26° do pes
15 do prk sou
I2hfeh dust
23 ch bro or pek
ls do o1 pek
18 do pek
387 bfch yns hyscn
lo ch pea sou
19 ch

lhfch bro pek
20 hf ch bro or pek
19 ch bru pek
15 do pek
16 ch or pek
63 do bru pek
21 pek
29 ht a or pek
25 do bro pek
40 do pek
80 hfca bro or pek
14 ch or pek
26 do pek
20 hfch bro or pek
13) ch or pek
15 do pek
20 do pek sou
12 ch or pek
28 «io pek
18 ech Bro or pek
22 do or pek
31 do pek
18 do pek sou
10° ch bro pek
12 do pexk

Prick :—12% cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

lb,

1620
1581

1620
1100

2400
1674
1usu
1548

102u
2620
2185
1050
2875

2625
1 00
1 35
2700
ids00
1l-vu
1U00
65 0
3155
8900
“O17
1Vc8
LLU
iho
1iv0
1030
2 26
19.0
1900
1930
1850
15.0
2300
3004
2200
1445
1L2u
3240
110
2185
2130
2160
1400
55u0
2610

2200
2126
1760
16:0
3710
2210
11:0
1032
2450
1620
1530
3515
1216

1°39
110
1805
12/6
1276
5935
1v80
i450
155
2000

1650
14:0
2a7y
14 ‘0
1176
1369
18.0
1Léu
2520
1800
2090
2790
1440
1000
1080

27 bid

34
30 bid
29 bid
35 bid
28

24 bid
35 bid

t3

oe) 5 bid
31 bid
2) bid

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ce. 4 Lote ===> Box.- Pkgs. Name. Ib. - +c;
346 Bloompark 665 13 ch bro pek 13800 3L bid | 30 Cocroondoo-
347 568 19 do pok 1805 28 watte 1186 11 ch bro pek 1109
348 571 17 do pek sou 161527 BL 1189 17 do pek 1710
35! Strathspey 589 19 ch or pek 1897 39 82 1192 10 do pek sou 1000
355 592 17 do pek 1612 35 bid | 38 BR T inest.
326 Rockwvod 195 bh hfch yughyson 3243 38 mars 1195 32hfch fans 2240
357 593 22 do hyson 2112 34 34 1198 26 do dust 20-0
_ 360 Leyne 607 16 ch bro pek 1536 0-84 26 Paradise 1204 9 ch broorpek 1035
861 610 19 do pek 1710 29kid | 37 1207 21 do bro pek 246
365 Talgaswela 6/2 16 ch bro or pek 1600 40 33 12'6 20 do pek 2050
366 é 625 20 do or pek 160 26 39 1213 19 do pe sou 1716
367 628 24 do pe: 1920 31 44 Grange Gardens1278 21 ch broor pek 210
368 631 18 do pek sou 1350 29 46 1431 “17 do OF pen 1700
375 Woodend 632 50 ch bro pek 500034 4h 1284 18 do pek 13 0
316; 655 83 do pek 2970 31 50 Siriniwasa 1°46 25 ch bro pez 2500
3680 O. B. KB. 5. in 61 1249 42 do Pek 3940
est mirk Sin- 62 12:2 38 do pek sou 2°70
dumalay 667 57 ch bro pek 5700 35 bid 61 Labuduwa 1:79 10 cb br pek 1009
331 670 33 do or pek 1131 38 bid | 63 128% 18 do pek su 1800
382 673 40 do pek 3200 380 bid | 65 Waganila 129! 1% ch bro pek 1300
383 676 18 do pek sou 1224 28 bid 66 1291 26 so pek 2236
384 Hilwatte 679 14 ch bro pek 1400 out | 70 Sadamulla 13:6 2Ohfch pek 1003
844 Gienapativa 709 14 ch pek 1238 39 74 Karangalla 1818 19 ch bro pek 208)
898 Algvoltenne 721 85 ch bro or pek- 3500 25 7 1321 17 do pek 1445
399 724 44 do or pek 7950 34 79 DM O Gin
400 727 33 do pek 2970 29 est. mark 13833 30hfch br pek 1650
401 Good Hope 1730 3) ch bro pek 2700 BL 80 1326 25 do or pek 1750
402 733 26 do bro orpek 2000 34 bid 81 1339 21 ch prk 1680
405 Agra Oya 742 12 ch bro or pek 1 00 35 82 1342 :2 do ek sou 1658
410 757 \4hfch fans 10:0 3= 25 106 Aigburth 1414 26 ch 1c pek 2470
416 W.V.R.A. 775 2ihfech broorpek 1153 37 bid | 167 14:17 19 do pek 1710
417 | 778 18 do fans 1440 20 108 1:2). 12 do pek sou 1020
419 Kincora 744 13 ch bro or pek 1297 59 bid 109 1423 2z0hfch_ bro pek fans1.00
420 BR. M. in est 111 Farnham 1429 34bfch bro pek 1972
mark Bopitiya 787 45 ch bro or pek 4725 83 112 1432 25 do bro or pek 1500
421 7-0 15 ch or pek 1475 32 113 1435 24 ch pek 2400
422 793 33 do pek 2970 30 118 Ingeriya 1450 16 ch bro pel 1800
427 Tembiligalla 808 2\ hfch bro or pek 1995 3t 120 1456 12 do pes 1188
423 8i1 16 ch pek 1440 30 121 1459 13 do pek sou 11:0
43. Stamford Hill 820 ¢9hfch bro pek 1740 944 124 Galgediya 1468 16 ch bru pek 1600
433 826 20 ch pek 1800 37 120 Old Madde-
416 |\Waitalawa 865 58hfch bro pek 2900 8 ©25 bid gama 1486 15 ch broorpek 11°75
447 868 26 do or pe& 1200 83 bid 132 1492 18 do pe& 14:0
448 871 385 do pek 1900 81 bid 126 Bodawa 14 35hfch bro pek 160
451 Castlereagh 9880 32hfch broor pek 16(0 41 143 Neboda 1525 +1 ch broor pek 21:0
4F2 683 14 ch bro pek 1400 35 144 1528 65 do br pek 65 0
455 Mawiliganga- . 145 1581 13 d> ~~ pek 12-5
. Watte 892 88 ch bro pek 3610 32 146 Neuchatel 1584 32 ch bio pek 3200
458 895 20 do peksou 1600 28 147 1537 30 do pek 2300
457 Lcchiel #93 27bfch bro or pek 1620 51 bid 150 Rayigam 1546 22hfch broor pek 1380
463 91 3! ch or pek 3100 38 bid 151 1749 19 ch or pek 1805
459 91 27 do pek 2376 B86bid | 1652 1&52 18 do bro pek 1710
460 Madvlkelle 907 11 ch bro or pek 1100 40 153 1545 32 do pek 27 @
461 9:0 16 do prk No2 1290 382 154 158 27 do pek sou 2575
463 916 ¢8hfech or pek 1035 39 157 Gangranoya 1£67 33 ch bru pek 3135
464 O.B.E. C. in 168 1570 18 do pek 1716
est mark Sum- 159 Havilland 1573 19 ch brocr peE 1:60
me: hill 919 88hfch broor pek 2128 63 10 1576 17 do cr pek 1445
465 922 31 do bro pek 1922 45 162 1682 29 do pek 2465
4°6 925 19 ch or pek 1748 46 167 Harrangalla 1597 24 ch bro cr pes 22380
467 928 26 vo pek 2°92 39 168 16¢@ 22 coe bro pek 18 0
471 Trewardene 940 13 ch pek 1300 26 169 10; 2) do rek 1600
472 948 11 do peksou 1100 =. 28 170 Avisawella 1696 2z0hfch bro or pek 1,00
474 O. RF. E C. in 171 1609 18 ch br: & 1710
est mari Nil- 5 172 1612 20 do criek 1€00
lh mally 949 88 ch -or pek 8490 82 bid | 174 1618 2) do ypek seu 16 0
475 92 30 do pek 2640 33 bid | 184 Galakettiya-
476 95 17 do broorpek 1710 43 bid watte 1648 16 ch broorpek 1660
464 Qycensland 974 21 ch bro pek 2097 37 185 - 1651 16 do br pex 1440
455 TV... 982 12 ch sou 1080247 1*6 1654 20 do pek 180
489 Lyegrove 994 21 ch bro pek 3152 3? bid 195 O 1681 12 ch pek 1 00
4) Bel) ngalla 997 1° ch bro pek 1735 30 bid 198 Mt. Temple 16:0 2r ch bro or pek 2470
491 1000 2i do pek 180 29bid | 192 1623 25 do bro pek 2 00
495 Marlborough 1012 21hfeh bro or pek 1050 43 200 1696 27 do per 21.0
i 1015 19 ch bro per 1 B bid Soe ae ee
497 118 14 do or pek 104 5
A 102! 88 do ek B120 $4 Messrs. E. John & Co.
4 1
104 20 do pek sou [180,733 1b]
af Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. 1b.
Sore re ani > @N
Messrs. Somerville & Cs. 1 Karawakettia 720 11 ch Brae 1138
Jl Weedsne Ella 760 37 do 1e 1530
[201,3u7 1b.) 16 Mt. Everest 765 24 iy th bre ov pek 1320
38 8b or 175)
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ec. ue ie sh on eee cee
1 Invery 1099 15 ch dnst 2325 «21 bid | 22 Glassaugh 733 26 do crpek 26 0
4 Monrovia, 1108 15 ch bropek 14265 30bid | 23 7-6 23 do ypek 23:0
5 1111 20 do yek 1800 89.28 24 MN _ 789 J9bfch broorpek 1026
7 1117 13 do brotea 1'70 18 25 792 16 ch bropek 1600
9 Pin’enioya 1123 12 ch or pek 1140 »«=8thbia | 26 : 79 29 do nek 2755
11 11°99 14 do pek 1190 © 29 Ohiya 804 21 bfch oer psek 100
16 Blackburn 1144 22 ch pek 1270 80 80 807 19 do bro or pek 1/45
17 1147 14 do peksou 1190 28 31 $10 23 ch pek 2492
20 Mt.Temple 1156 82 ch br pek 3300 33 bid | 32 818 16 do ye’ sou 1245
21 1159 17 do pek 1411 30 35 Histon 822 30 do pek 2400
28 Meddegodde 1165 22hfch peksou 1100 927 hid # 36 $26 46 do peksou 2210

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name |b.
40 S 837 12hfch dust 1009
47 Galkande 88 19 ch pek 1710
49 Woodstock 86 10 do broorpek 1400
50 867 13 do pek 1235
51 Ottery 870 17 do bro or pek 1785
62 873 22 do bro pek 220
$4 879 °6 do pek 2340
59 RS 891 14 do pek 1260
62 Koslanda 903 22hfich bio pek 1210
63 : 906 13 ch pe 1105
67 Koslaude 918 22bfich bro pek 1210
€8 $21 13 ch pek 1105
72 Ashburton 933 12 do bro or pek 1391
73 9°6 92 do bro pek 2316
74 939 16 do pek 1410
78 Evalgolla 951 2ihfch broorpek 1155
8) 957 29 do pek 1450
$5 Glasgow 972 22 do broorpek 1361
36 $75 84 ch bro pek 2890
87 973 18 do orpek 16:0
38 9x1 11 do pes 1023
89 Agra Ouvah 981 48hfch broorpek 28:0
90 9:7 33 do er pek 1815
91 990 13 ch pek 1209
2 Callander 993 22hfch vroorpek 1320
93 996 19 do or pek 1045
Ei 999 43 do pek 2365
97 Ben Nevis 8 24 do bro pek 1410
$9 14 (17 ch perk 3430
103 Doonbinda 26 28 do bro pek 2300
104 29 27 do pek £7U0
111 Kelaneiya and
Braewar 66 10 do or pek 1005
112 63 29 do pek 2755
116 MTS 65 27 do br pek dust 2.95
120 Lance Field 77 14 do bro pek 1400
121 80 12 do or pek 7200
122 83 15 do pek 1350
127 Bannoekburn 98 11 hfeh dust 1001
180 Gallovla 107 36 «ch bro pek 3600
131 110 45 do pek 4050
132 113.27. do pek sou 21:10
135 Mt. Verncn 172 65 do pek 5720
142 Ferndale 14: 15 do brvorpek 1500
141 19 26 do pek 2080
154 Warleigh 179 |!7bfch broor pek 1020
156 185 27 ch bro pek 2565
157 188 29 do pek 2465
160 Elbedde 197 17 hfch dust 1615
161 NVB 2:0 26 eh yek sou 2340
1€6 Diciapitiya 215 21 do bropek 2100
1¢7 218 33 do pek 3360
168 Gansarapolla 221 35 hfch broorpek 2030
169 924. 32 do ~=brepek 1568
171 230 20 do dust 14c0
172 Tellington 233 22 do bro or pek 1210
173 2:6 85 do bro pek 1750
174 239 16 ch pek 1280
179 Car tain’s e
Gaidin 254 17° do pek 1530
180 Gingran Oya 257 26 do pek 2080
SMALL LOPS.
Messr3. &. Senham & Co.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
4 Hornsey 1 9hbfch bropek fans 675
5 . 4 9 do dust 765
7B 10 4hfeh dust 360
8 M 13 2 do dust 370
9 ls 1 do br pek 60
“10 16 2 ch or pek 200
dl 22 2 do ek 190
12 Cottes Brooke 2515h€ch bro or pek 826
18 25 18 do pek 500
Mlosgrs. Fortes & Walker
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
3 WE 3133 18hfeh eongou 888
4 WG Va 3 86. 6 do sou 450
56 EDP 331 8 ch Bou 640
6 3142 libhfch dust 830
7 +&P, inestate
mark 8145 8 do bro pek 400
8 3148 6 do pek 240
13 Pannawatte 4:63 1 ch dust 150
14 hewgiulway 366 6hfeh bro pek 360
16 369 6 do pek 330
1% Barrington 3172 7 do bro pek 455
17 : 31751 do pek 660
18 : 3178 15 do pek sou 750
19 3131 2 do dust 76

Lot. Box.
20 R G, in est.

mark 3184
21 8157
22 3.90
23 3193
24 3196
25 3199
29 OD, in estate

mark 8211
30 3214
31 Rockside 6217
32 £220
33 323
34 326
39 Nakiadeniya 38211
40 344
41 3247
42 3250
43 CF, esttae

mark 3253
55 Ruck Cave 8259
56 8292
57 Salem (2 oz.

lead) 3295
59 3301
60 GK 834
61 3307
62 3310
63 2319
65 & K No.2 33i9
68 8327
67 3325
68 33-8
72 Tonacombe 3350
73 3313
75 Panil Kande 3319
77 3355
78 78 Ardlaw and

Wishford 3358
80 3854
8L 3387
82 3.70
83 Badulluoya 3373
85 3379
89 Maha Eliya 3:91
90 3394
91 Aden 3397
92 3400
94 Harrow 3106
96 34.2
97 3415
98 3418
106 Galapitakande 3142
107 3.45
108 3148
109 Palapita-

kande 8451
110 ‘ 3454
lil 3457
112 3460
113 3463
114 Allagalle 3466
118 Tempo 3178
121 8427
122 3490
123 33
124 AG 3146
1:9 Penrhos 35lt
130 314
132. Good Hope 35 0
134 3526
135 3529
136 3532
137 3°35
143 Delta 8553
144 CRD 8558
145 Middleton 3559
149 AGS 8571
150 3574
151 Ardross SY Zs
152 5e0
153 Springtell 35%3
154 5°86
155 Lauriston 3559
156 3592
157 M 3 95
1568 IK V 8598
159~ 1
165 JP, in est.

Mars
167 J P, in est.

mark 25
168 28
169 31

Pkgs:

2 ch

2 do

Name,

bro or pek
bro pek

pek

pek sou
dust
fans

bro pek fans
dust

aust No 2
pek sou
fans

dust

bre tea

gou Nol
pek sou
dust

bro or pek

or pek

bro pek

bro pek sou

pek sou

sou

or pek

pek

pex sou.

fans

pek sou

dust

bro or pel
Not

bra tea

bro or pek
or pek
pek.
fans
bro pek
pek sou
pe sou
pet fans
bro mix
sou

br. pek
pet sou
or pek
dust
pe. sou
pss sou
dust

or pek
bro pek
pek

ex sou
vist
bro mix
br pek
pek su
pek fans
dust
unas
fans
pe. dust
bre cr pek
$e. sou
bro pes fans
fans
dust
dust
sou
bro or pek
du t No2
red leaf
Sou
dust
bro pek
aust
br
dust
dust
pe. sou
bro mix

tea

sou

pek
dust
sou

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

255 Hanwella 289 7 do young byson

sifting 525 10 Lbex dust 62023

425 Katooloya 802 1 ch unassorted 70 22 |

Hoek s me fond Reais a c. Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ¢

174 Dunbar 2 ¢ pek suu 17482 re

176 NB 49 1 ch dust 162-22 oe ee 1 eee Ot ee 9 43

178 Hatton 58 6 ch pek sou 425 32 BA8 ge TEE Bae Heel” ate pek fans 300 4%

179 Alver 61 5bfch broor pek 325 34 POY oe chet a a ee 44020

181 67 1 do aya 108 4 361 atapo 550 3 ch bro pek 173 33

188 73 6 ch — bro mix 50012 ne ae a eS

188 Dunnottar ar aut cn py a0 a gua Zookwood 601. S(t oh’ beson oe ita ales

191 97 1 ch bro pek 100 13 BED, gage BOA LCD. | OED ORE Ue rata

192 Kalupahana 100 3 ch bro pek 306 2 BBE Ae Tbe th ada eee

198 ? 108 2 do or ek 190 28 BBs fis oR 5 OTe Aes 431 24

104 i 106 4 do pek 340 83=- 2 361 mn 619 1 do dust 7902)

195 109 4 do peksou 3484 BED even BOA ne oe ie ee & 21

196 112 4 do fans 400 16 le Co mee), Maat 675 ZL

197 115 8 do Drouulx 64 15 371 L.inest mark 640 Shfch fans 359 = -22

108 118 1 do dust 150 out 372 BG. K. 643 lbfeh fans 55 8636

109 Dotala 21 Qbf-ch tro pek 54074 S18, OB Bee | BAC ON Oa ee oe ee

500 124 10 do or pek 450 6) 871 N.L. E. 649 3 ch bro cr pek 300 36

201 127 6 ch pek 54038 377 Woodend €53 9 ch pek sou 720 28

202 Oakbana 13) 12bfch bro pek 720 BB Ale Ser a ngo vak

204 136 5 ch peks u 475.28 : i par ag 488 20

306 139 3 do pek fans 150 24 379 Memora ande6é4 lbfch peksou 50 26 3

299 Olunes 151 3 ch — pek sou 23527 S85, Hillwadie “Ee 8 cit), OF pes 600 26

210 15s 6 de dust soy 21 as OED es OO ga tee 300 24

aA 157 1 do fans 130 23 387 688 6 de pek sou 540 24

218 Battawatte 16310 ch or pek 950 B6bid | 3h Oo By nen! Goi 720 ous

216 172 2 do dust 180 2 389 694 pene Rie pek sou 603 22

317 Battawatte 175 8 hich bro or pek 174 31 oat Boe Pe 18 ag SE 410. 19

218 178 1 ch pek 87.26 Be : Le a ro mix 500 19

219 181 1hfch peksou lt 26 322 Gonapitiya 703 13 bhfch or per 663 «48

2%) 181 1 do dust % 1g ab8 ALA EN SD 85568 |

226 Dawmeria 199 5 do bropekfams 400 23 395 hee ov a Pek aoe 310 34

226 902 6 do dust * 500 2 39€ Mae 14 BE by cane 85081

232 Kirklees 220 @ do dust 819 23 pi a 71210 a» dust | 9382

%33 Dammeria 228 6 ch brocrpek 600 36 408 Gcod Hope 736 1hfe ro pek fans 70 29 H

285 229 11 do or _ pek 990 35 408 Dee a LO 35

937 935 0 do -k ou 880 29 406 Agra Oya 745 10 ch’ or pek 959 86

288 258 4bfch r) pek fans 400 28 307 43 8 a az 76) 30 }

980 241 2 ch dust 200 22 ns Eh wii ME Ze 9 $59 28

0 DM oe vich 409 754 8hfch dust 720 21
thfch bro pek 150 28 411 760 2 do unassorted 190 27 |

at 947) uliich i red leat 100 24 412 Ookoowatte 763 2 ch perk sou WO 825 |

ut BA 25013hfch pe fans 780 24 Ae OB peas ae Be, 98

243 26312 do dust 980 22 i TEP ty 00. Bee ee eee

248 Ganapalla 268 8 do dust 7k BB ine FWLVOR A, Gauche eh cad teak a

240 Letchmey Q71 8 do broorpefan2:0 26 te Ee Mia g ea 10

250 Al aan Bee tas 70 27 eG hk Bo :

251 277 Ohfcl pek fans 585 27 a ‘

= pit ya 796 11 ch pek sou 990 27

252 230 2 do dust 180 22 : re 799 7 bf eb;

He aLaneee 310 8 ch dust zi0 ae 421 Ambal:ngoddas05 10 ch bro or pek 897 37 bid

watte 322 1 ch com 90 26 429 Tembiligalla 814 1 ch pek sou 95 27 )
267 325 2h€ch dust i021 430 _, 8i7 1 do _pek dust 16022
269 Ingoya 88L 7 ch young hyson 7/4 86 432 Stamford Hill +23 20hfch or pek 960 49
270 33: 8hfch hyson 448 34 434 829 5 ch pek sou 405 32
OTL 237 8 do do No2 424 32 435 832 4hich bro mix 328 24
272 310 1 do twanky 48 26 436 K.P, W. 835 16 hf ch breor pek 960° 36
27 343. 2 do eae 10 8 437 838 14 do @bro pek 770 33
277 Ingoya 355 3. do bro tea , 636 18 rey oa 4 ae at Dee a 32
279 Ingoya 861 3 do twankey 15326 43 76 a0 ss Ae 30
280 861 6 ch fans 526 6 440 es ae a5 oie 25027
285 Dewalakande 379 i3}hfch siftings 715 10 pan Soo) 2) So eeeaee gers 2y
286 832 4 do greendust 300 7 as ; Bs ak
#38 Kennington 385 2 ch dust 300 20 #a3) Bla cktond ag (20s Sect ae aap 30
289 3)L 1 do br tea 10425 a Soe ae aes nae
290 Kirrimettiz 394 % ch ec ngou 180 25 415 Waital abe er ee ou 150-26
201 3.7 4hfch fans 230-29 a alee hme sap ACU! eae
298 Holt n 412 6 ch peksou 51026 1 CASLINGGER Cendibiech ai cee oe ame
#7 B.A 4:5: 6bfch fans 40 21 453 Castlereag 86 10 ¢ or pe 800 37
298 418 4 do dust 200 22 everett BSS iBone abe a
239 El Teb 421 9 ch pek sou 165 | Bl dhe Maiulizello) e121 y uecne enue Wee Bat
500 Ga EIN dace 6 BB 468 Sumerhill 931 8hfch dust 720 25
#1 Knavesmire 436 7 ch peksou 52527 ns Trewaidene 4 ch es a a
306 489 16 hfch brocrpek $60 34 bid 413 916 2 do unassorted 200 ~ 14

5 3 4

ae EASA aA Cain ea rt 477 Mount Pleasant)68 6bfch pek 300 26
311 Corfu 457 15 hich ek sou 750 28 eas S39 do. On pee eae
312 460 6, do bropes fans 450 24 ve 937 3 ac Ter pe faa Es
B13. 0, 463 2hfch dust 150 10 ale aa RE eee
34 U.S, A. 466 8 ch fans 720 24 461 TO oe Gtaleeee ee
216 469 8 do dust 800 21 482 roe ine aa 50" 2a
316 472 3 do son 255 26 ao) nic ie Ae de amen Oe us tee
420 C.inest mark 48: 2 ch pek 164 46 486 355 Awe h es Skd sip 28
325 St. Helen 499 12hfch fans 720 27 Ae CO Ore ae
226M, 'T’. P. in est 483 gyt 1 do pek dust 80 91
mati. 502 7 ch Soil 735 28 492 Bellongalla 11:03 11 ch peksou — £80 27
427 505 4 do dust 40 © 22 4u8 108 Org Ror ans ee
323 603 1 do grnteadust 110 138 494 LOO pedo ease 160" 21 a
329 «St. Martin 511 Bhfch pe sou 200 20 x
a0 Bud 3 do fans 180 23 (Messrs. Somervillsa & Co.]
HA EEL Maga eel eagle Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. @:
22% Tampo 623 7 ch bro pek 735 40 8 XZ 1102 2 ch
236 632 3 do pek sou 240 27 lbfch bro mixed 200 18
44. Vogan 47 Bbhfich dust 4CO 20 6 St. Leys 1105 1 ch
$44 Queensiand 659 2 do bropekdust 160 23 lhfch red leaf 168 18 bid

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lo

t,
Monrovia

Pindenioya
Blackburn

Mt. Temple
Meddegodde

Mowbray

BR T in est
mark
Paradise

Grange Gar-
dens

Siriniwasa,

Kerinvella

Labuduwa
Wagnila
Sadumulla

Karangalla
DM OGin
est mark

HER

BA

Kurulugalla

IL
Aigburth
Farnham

Ingeriya

Galgedioya

Old Madde-
gama

OMG
Bodawa,

Tewatts

Box, Pkas.

1il4
1120
1126
1132
1135
1133
141
1150 1
1173

1162

1168

1171

1174 1
77 7
1180 11
1183

OU 1 Oe Dee po ~7
a
o

1201 7
1216:
1219
1222

1225

3
1
1237 2
1240 1
1243 3
11255° -8
1278 3
1261 7
1264 7
1267 6
1270 2
1273
1276
1233
1288
1297
-100 lhfch
1303 13 ¢fch
1309 8 do
1312 4 do
1315 1 do
1324 6 ch
1bfch
3) ch
1 box
1hfch

6 hf ch

1327
1336

1345
1318
1351
136: 1

1398 1 do
1893: 8 hf ch
1396 11 do
1399 4 do
1402 1 do
1405 3 do
1408 1 do
1411 3hfch
1426 3hf ch
1488 10 ch
1441 8 do
1444 7hfch
i447 6 do
453° 60 ch
1462 10 do
1465 2 do
1471 12hf ch
i

Name

pek sou 630
per dus 150)
bro or pek $55
pek sou 425
sou 459
dust 150
br pek 570
fans 980
dust 720
pek sou 574
sou 200
dust 300
bro pek fans 56
bro:pek 700
pek 580
pek sou 320
bro mixed 700
fans 509
pek dust 85
unast 315
bro mixel 109
pek sou £00
fars 10
dust 255
bro pek fans &00
dust 450
sou 630
bro pek 700
pak 600
fans 200
pek sou 100
dust 90
pek 700
fans 200
pek sou 440
dust 95
bro pek 713
pek sou 153
fans 243
unast E
pek sou 560
dust 803
sou 69
dust 510
fans £60
bro mix 85
bro pek 117
pek 209
dust 105
pek fans 585
dust 720
bro tea 800
bro or pek 809
bro pek 950
pek 990
pek sou 450
bro tea 90
br pek fans 95
ot pek dust 130
bro pek 185
pek 550
pek sou 209
sou 50,
pek fans 135

ust 50
unast 135
dust 309
pek sou £80
sou 282
dust 644
fans $20
bro or pek €66
pk sou Ne. 2970
dust 523
bro or pek 672
pok 760
pek sou 7¢0
dust 400
fans 300
er pek 75
pek sou 240
br ar pek fans855
sou 238
pei 450
pek sou 510
bro pek fans 225
bro mix 42
bro pek 80
pek 116

bid

vote Box. Pkgs. “Name. lb.
148° Allakolla 1590 .1°ch red leaf 90
149 1548 Shft cho «dust 500
155 -M ‘nestmarkisél 28 hf ch Nast 97
156 1564" 2 do dust 70
151 He vilani 14579. -9 ch bro pek 855
63 1% <4 do pek sou 340
164 1588 2hfch dust 170
65 1591 5 do fans 350
166 1594 7 do bro mix 315
173 Avisawella ‘1615 9 ch pek 810
LD 1621 2 do fans 200
176 Talgalkande 1524 6 ch bro pex 600
177 1627, 7 do — pek 700
178 1630 2 -do
Lhfch unastA 250
179 1633 -4 ch sou 409
18) 1636 2 do unast 170
1lsl Monrovia 1639) *7 .ch bro pek 630
182 1642 6 do pek 540
183 1645 1 do pk dust 14
187 Galkettiya-
wate 1657.19 ch pek sou $69
183 1680 4 do pek fans 420.0%
189 1663 4 do dust 600
199 GA 1646 7 ch pek , 967
1S1 1669 12 do pek sou 9°0
192 1672 18 do sou » 845
193 1675 12hfch dust 948
wt 1678 3 ch pek fans 235
126 Yoxford 1634 10 hf ch fans 650
197 Pap 1687 7 ch fans 810
(Messrs. KH. John & Co.]
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Lb.
2 Karawakettia 728 8 ch pek “9
3 Ullandarpitiya ©256 2%hich broor vek 110
4 729 2 do bro pek 100
5 73% 3 do pek To0°*
6 730° 2°? ao su 100
8 733 t do fins 0
7 741 > do dust 50
9 WNesdane Ella 7i4 3 ch bro or pek 97)
10 747 Thfch bro pek 685
12 (aa post Face) pes sou 110
13 756. 1 ido dust 10
14° 159° “3 ~do fans 330 -
16 762 -1 sdio sou 90
19 Mt. Everest 774. 8. Uo pek sou 720
g) 777 4bfch bro pek fans 280
21 780 2% do dust 200
27 MN. 198.7 ch pek sou - 583
28 H 801 4 do bro mix 448
33 Ohiya 81¢ 9hfch dust 684
34 Wewelmadde 819 2 ch red leaf 186
37° SS 828 4hfch bro pek 240
33 831 2 ch pek 180
39 824 3 do sou 210
41 Pambagama 840 1 do pek 96
42 818 7 do sou 700
43 Hand H 846 7hbfch_ fans 525
44 849 4 do dust 310
45 Galkande 852 7 ch bro pek 770
46 855 6 do or pek 430
48 861 1 do dust 120
53 Ottery 876 1 do bro pek 388
65 882 6 do pek sou 50
_65 §85 lhfch pek sou 59
57 3 3 do dust 234
58 RS 891 9 ch bro or pek 990
60 8v7 Lhfich dust 91
61 Koeslanda 990 1 do bro cr pek 5U
Bt 909 8 ch pek sou 540
8 912 3 do fans 230
66 916 2hfech dust 160
69 Keslande 924 6 ch pek sou 540
70 927 8 doa fans 320
val 930 2hfch dust 1/0
75 Asbburton 942 4 ch pek sou 368
76 915 2 do dust 3800
77 948 Lhfch dust 72
79 Evalgolla 954 18 do or pek 900
sl 9:0 16 do pek sou 860
82 933 3 do dust 180
83 956 4 do sou 200
84 969 1 ‘lo bro pek fans 55
€5 Callander 2 7 do ek sou 315
96 5 7 do ro pek fans 525
98 Ben Nevis 1,16 do or pek 768
100 Tee ssen pek sou 282
101 20 4hfch dust 324
102 W, in est. mark ¥8 7 do dusb 567
106 Deonhinda 32 8 ch pek sou 760
16 33 3 do dust 330
107 Bowelia 88 5 do bro pek 500
108 4l 7 do pek 630
109 44 2 do pek sou 170

out

bid

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot, Box. Pkgs.

110 Kelaneiya and
Braemar 47 18 hfch

Name. Woy op

bro or pek 990 40

113 56 6 ch sou 455 29
114 69 6 do fans 60) 29
115 62 6hfch dust 420 22
1177 MTS €8 15 ch bro pek fans 975 24
118 71 Bhfch bro or pek F85 27
119 74 4 ch pek 360 26
123 MN 66 8 do bro tea, 66) 8
124 P,inest.mark 69 lhfch flwrybrorpek 55 34 bid
125 92 3 ch pek 285 27
126 95 3 do pek sou 270 26
128 MMM 101 5 do red leaf 425 10 bid
129 104 8 do bro mix 880 10 bid
133 Galloola 116 4khfch dust 320 24
134 119 3 ch fans 809 26
136 Galpotta 125 4hfch fans 279 8
137 Bladuwa 128 1 ch dust 120 19
188 131 3 do mnixed 390 12
139 Taunton 134 4bfck sou 880 = 4
140 137 4 ch fans 240 23
141 140 2 do dust 190 20
143 Ferndale 14611 do or pek 880 85
145 152 3 do sou 255 27
146 us 156 Ohich bropekfams 585 26
147 158 2 do dust 132 23
148 MaryLand 161 7 ch _ bro pek 700 31
149 164 7 do pek 700 27
15@ Amnamallai 167 9 do bro pek 900 27
161 170 6 do pek No.1 600 26
152 173 4 do ek sou 400 26
153 176 2hfch dust 170 =. 20
165 Warleigh 182 18 do or pek 990 40 bid
168 191 4 ch peksou 320 27 bid
159 184 8hfch dust 646 26
162 PP, in est.mark 208 1 ch bro pex 107. «8
163 206 2 do pek 194 26
164 209 2 do pek fans 162 20
1@5 Diekapitiya 21218hfeh broor pek 99) 35 bid
170 Gansarapolla 227 8 eh or pek 7:0 27
176 «Tellington 242 6 do pek sou 425° 27
178 245 7hich bropekfans 478 26
177 W,in es mark 248 4 do dust 32 21
178 Captain's

Garden 261 8 ch bro pek 80) 38

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Mincine Lane, Jan. 10th.
“ Tydeus.”—Yattawatte 2, 12 bags sold at 47s ;

broken 2 at 60s; T, 10 at 605; Mausava C, 3 at
463 6d; Rockhill B, 7 at 33; CU, 4 at 463 €d; Keppiti-
galla, 20 at 59s.

“Awa Maru.”’—Coodoogalla, 10 bags sold at 59s,

““Derbyshire.’—Allagalla A, 12 bags sold at 58s ;
2 st 51s; A 2,1 at 408; B 2, 8 at 40s.

“ Craftsman.”—Anniewatte, 17 bage sold at 61s ;
13 at 558 64.

“ Tydeus.”—Monarakelle 2,
broken, 1 at 50s.

“« Ajax.”-—Arduthie, 19 bags sold at 63s 6d; 8 at
50s 6d; 2 at 288; 7 at 22s; 1 at 5s; Arangalla, 10
at 60s 6d; 1 at 28s.

“« Tydeus.’—Kotua 1, 16 bags sold at 59s ;
2, 5 at 545 ditto 3, 1 at 30s,

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

‘‘Tydeus.”—Vedehette, Cardamoms A, 2 casee
sold at 1s 5d; ditto B, 2 at 1s 4d: ditto C, 2 at
is 5d; ditto D, 1 at 2s 5d.

“ Hakata Maru.”—Katooloya, Cardamoms A, 2 cases
sold at 185d; ditto B, 3 at 1s 4d; dittoC, 4 at ls
3d; ditto D, 1 at 23 3d.

‘©Galeka.’”—P V d& Co., 2 cases sold at 36s.

“ Orestes,’—S S in estate mark, 46 cases sold at
Is 3d; 4 at Is 4d.

“ Sangola.”—Kobo Mysore O, 4 cases sold at Is
6d; ditto 3, 4 at 1s3d; ditto S, 8 at Is 4d3
ditto C, 1 at Is 5d ; 1 bag sold at 2s 3d.

““ Pydeus.’"—Midlands 2, 2 cases sold at Is 4d;
dittoB &S, 1 at ls 6d; Seed, 1 bag sold at 2s 1d;
OBEC, Nillomally Mysore O, in estate mark, 2 cases
sold at 1s, 3d; Seed, 1 bag sold at 28; OBEC
Dangkande, in estate mark, 2 cases sold at 28; 1
bag sold at ls 94; OBEC Naranghena A, in estate
mark, 2 bage sold at le 6d; ditto BB, 2 at la 5d;
ditto B, § at 1s 4d.

“* Awa Maru.”—Gammadua Mysore O, 1 case sold
at 2s 9d; ditto 1, 2 at 2s 5d; ditto 2, 6 at 1a ild;
ditto 3, 6 at Is 6d; ditto Seed 1, 1 at 2s 4d;
ditto Husk, 1 bag sold at 4d.

“ Tydeus.’"—NJDS in festate mark, 6 cases sold
at 1s 1@d; ditto Z, 6 at 2s,

3 bags sold at 428;

ditte

—————$
OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS:

TEA COFFE, CINCHONA,. COUOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Bt

Lot Box. | Pkgs.
1 Battalgalla 98 81 ch
2 : 96 87 do
3. Coodoogalla 99 25 hf ch
6 Hornsey 6 88 do
6 See ot ch
7 Battalgalla il 29 ch
8 14 88 do
Messrs. Forbes
[434,764
Lot. Box. Pkgs.
7 Wewawatte 1945 19 ch
11 Sirikandura 1057 10 ch
12 1060 12 do
18 1063 14 do
20 @ BE C,in
ext. mark
Darrwella 1084 61 hfch
21 1087 38 ch
22 1099 23 do
23 Avoca 1093 20 ch
py. 1096 18 do
25 : 109919 do
28 Yogama 1108 85 ch
29 © ibe 1:11 24 do
32 Berukettiya 1120 11 ch
46 ~Adisham 116245 ch
47 = 1165 23 do
48 1168 20 do
50 Moray 174 34 hf ch
61 1177. 84 ch
55 ~Tismoda 1189 20 ch
56 i 1192 15 do
65 ~Robgill {219 15 ch
67 Parsloes 1225 23 ch
68 1228 19 do
71 Hentley’s 1287 19 hf ch
73 1243 13 ch
79 SR 1261 10 do
82 Pungetty 1270 16 hf ch
83~ 1273 16 ch
84 1276 21 do
96 Yataderia 1812 76 hf ch
97 18:5 26 -ch
98 1318 23 do
99 1321 48 do
118 Delta 1878 23 ch
119- 1881 15 do
120 1284 41 hf ch
121 ; - 1887 18 ch
130 Middleton ~ 1414 24 ch
131 1417 18 do
136 HGM 1432 22 hfch
137 1435 11 ch
138 1428 24 do
139 °1441 165 hfch
140 Palmerston 1444 18 do
141 1447 14 ch
142 St. Heliers 1450 29hfch
143 1458 16 ch
144 Theydon
Bois 1456 24 ch
145 1459 31 do
150 Forwood 1474 21 ao
151 1477 14 ch
152 1480 52 do
153 Waldemar 1488 24 hf ch
154 1486 49 do
156 1489 18 ch
156 1492 18 do
157 Great Valley
Ceylon, in est.
mark 3495 44 hf ch
158 1498 41 do
159 1o01 20 ch
160 1504 13 do
162 Dammeria 1610 16 do
164 1516 12 do
165 1519 19 do
166 1522 16 do

No. 6. _

CoLomsBo, Fesruary 10, 1902. {

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

—

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. Benham & Co.
[17,890 1b,]

Name. lignes
or per 2945 £6
ek 8145 33
bro pek 1250 84
bro pek 2470 40
pek 1890 80
or pek 2766 40
pek 2805 34
& Walker.
Ib. ]

Name. lb. c.
bro pex 1140 23, bid
bro pek 1:09 83
pek 1140 27
pek sou 1260 28
bro pek 8111 4) bid
pek 3610 36 bid

ek sou 2185 33
bro or pek 220C 39 bid
bro pek 1980 38 bid
pek 1824 85 bid
bro pek 8350 36
pek 2400 30
bro pek 1118 84
bro crpek 1600 60
bro pek 2185 4)
pek 1800 36
bro pek 1972 49 bid

ek 306c 86 bid
bro-pek =000 88
pek 1425 29
pek sou 175 27
bro pex 2300 82
pek 1710 7
bro pek 1007 35
pek 1001 28
or pek :

fans 1000 28
broor pek 10:6 48 bid
or pek 1728 42
pek 1€9U 85 bid
bro purer 4788
bro pe 2600
or pek 2281 withdn.
pek 4272
bro pek 2300) 3-35
pek 129C 34
bro or pek 2378 3

ek sou 1053ks 730

ro pex 2100 a4
pek 1620 43
bro orpek 1820 365 bid
bro pek 1100 32
pek 2160 20
fans 1060 26
bro or pek 1080 72
pe 1260 41
bro cr pek 1624 37
pek 1620 25
or pek 1320 85
pek 2325 81
bro or pek 2016 35
bro pek 1204 33
pek 4368 27
bro or pek 1512 66
bro pek 2535 39 bid
or pek 1800 40
pek 1656 37
bro or pek 2508 a)
or pek 250 82
pek 2640 29
pek sou 1170 —-28
bro pek 1660 35
or pek 1080 86
pek 1900 81
pek sou 1440 28

Lot. Box,
169 Polatagama 1531
170 1534
171 1637
172 1540
180 Dunkeld 15€4
181 1567
182 1570
1S) Killarney 1482.
187 Seenagu a,
V 1535
188 1588
189 Malvern 1591
190 1594
$91 1597
198 Fred Ruhe 1618
199 1621
200 1624
202 Lreby 1630
203 1633
205. Ismalle 1639
207. Ismalle 1¢45
217 Holton 1675
218 1678
223 Digdola 1693
224 1696
229 Lyegrove 1711
280 1714
232 Hillwatte 1720
234 Galleheria, 17-6
235 1729
236 1732
287 1726
239 Poonagalla 1/41
240 1744
242 Marlborough 1750
213 1753
244 1756
935 1759
246 1762
2417 Troy 1786
248 1768
249 1771
260° Bloompark 1774
262. Munukettia,
Ceylon in
est. mark — 1789
258 1783
255 Preston 17ed
270. Ardlaw and
Wisliford 1884
271 1837
272 1840
275 Dammmeria 1849
276 1852
977, 1855
870° Pattawatte 186!
281 St. Pauls 1867
222 1870
283 1873
284 ‘Troy 1876
@85 1379
226 Tunisgalla ~ 1882
287 1885
288 1888
289 1891
290 185:
292 Paleham 3900
298 Queensland 1903
295 1909
296: ‘Tymawr 1912
297 Errollwocd 1915
293 AGC 1918
209 WVRA 1921
3.0 1924
302 Tonacombe 1920
803 1933
304 1936
309 Dimbulekelle 1951
311 Baddegama 1957
85 Clarendon 1969
316 1972
317 1975
818 1978
82) Udaveria 1984
821 Uppor Hewa-
heta 1987
822 1990
823 1993
826 Bandara Eliya2002
827 2005
328 2008
829 2011
831 2017

Prick :—124 cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee-

Pkgs.

57 ch
20 do
tO do
14 do

42 hf ch
20 ch
20 hf ch
21 do
27acul
23 do
36 do
18 ch
12 ch
25 hf ch
63 do
41 ch
16 do
50 ech

25 hf ch
16 eh
ib do
30 eh
63 bf ch
19 ch
49 do
1? do

Name. Ib.
bro pek = 5700
or pek 2000
pek 6100
tans 14100
bro or pek 2668
or pek 1425
pek 1440
nek 1232
or pek 1045
pek 1030
bro pek 3025
pek 8220
pek sou 13830
bro pek 2500
pek 2090
pek sou 1209
bro pek 2880
pek 2210
sou 1710
bro. pek
fans 2:60
bro-pek 1710
pek 1620
bro or pek 2665
pek 2000
bro pek 1149
pek 1140
bro pek 1397
bro or pek 1616
or pek 1500
pek 8486
pek sou 1140
bro pek 2530
ek 2565
bro or pek 1400
bro pek 2000
or pek 1615
ek 8870
r pek fans 1800
bro.or pek 1640
or pek 1425
pek 1A20.
bro pek 1297
bro psk 1680
pek 1440
bro or pek 1800
bro pek 1900
or pek 1116
pee 10°8
ro or pek 1097
bro pei 1797
pek son 1077
bro.or pek 3837
bro or pek 1559
or pek 1373
pek 1650
bro or pek 2527
or pek 1617
bro or pek i265
bro pek 2629
or pek 3500
pek 1800
pek sou 1275
pek sou 2077
bro or pek 10:0
or pek 1000
bro or pek 2145
bro or pek 2730
bro-pek 1939
bro or pek 1100
bro-or pek 1158
or pek 2565
bro pek 2300
pek 3240
pek sou 1930
bro cr pek 1200
bro pek 1575
or pek 3780
pek 41U0
pek sou 1680
bro or pék 2997
bro or pek 1500
or pek 1536
pek 1360
or pek 3000
bro pek 3969
pek No2 — 1710
ek 4753
pek fans 1054

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
332 Ambragalla 2020 653hfch broorpek 3074
333 2023 24 do or pek 1152
334 2026 16 ch ek sou 1260
336 Morankande 2032 17hfch broorpek 1020
337 2035 22 do or pek 1L0u
838 2038 20 ch nek 1800
813 Erracht 2053 48 ch bro pek 4800
344 2056 2% do pek 2160
345 2059 18 do pek sou 1620
847 Ruanwella 2065 18 ch broorpek 1&9)
£48 2068 16 do ro pe 1606
349 2071 16 do or pek 1360
350 2074 33 do pek 2970
352 Pallagodda 2080 26 ch bro or pek 26 0
353 2183 45 do bro pek 4590
354 2086 33 do or yek 2805
355 2069 27 do pek 2169
356 2092 38 do pel sou 32°0
853 BG 2098 17 ch bro pek 1785
359 Putupaula 2101 1&€ ch brocrpek 1575
360 2104 45 do bro pek 4(50
361 2107 38 do or pek 3010
362 2110 21 do pek 2100
263 2113 10 do brpek s 1200
364 2116 12 «ao pek 1020
Messrs. Somerville & Cu.
{196,111 1b.1
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib.
8 Mahavilla 17:0 2ihf-ch broorpek 1320
9 1723 24 do pek sou 1200
10 Dalveen 1726 135 ch bro pek 1125
il 1729 18 do pek 1440
15 Hanagama 1741 20hfch broorpek 1200
16 1744 32 ch or pek 3200
17 1747 33 do pek 5300
18 1750 St do pek sou 2720
20 Theberton 1756 12 ch bro pek 1206
24 Lonach 1768 29hfch broorpek 2°40
25 1771 27 ch or pek 2484
26 i774 41 do — pek 3485
27 1777. 21 ~do pek sou 1785
28 Ravenscraig 170 30hfch bro pek 1650
29 1783 36 ch pek 8240
32) ~Ellukettia -1792 11 ch bro pek 1100
40 Kallebokka 1816 15 ch broocr pek 15(0
41- 1819 30 do bro pek 3000
42 1822 23 do pek 2070
45 Glenanore 1831 46 ch bro pek 4830
46 ; 1834 14 do pek 1330
48 1840 16 ch bro mixed 1680
50 Polgahakande 1846 17 ch or pek 1360
51 1849 14 do bro pek 1400
52 1852 33 do pek” 2640
54 Gangwarily 1858 61 ch bro pek 6100
55 1§61 34 do pek 2890
64 Warakamure 1888 28 ch or pek 26€0
65 1891 31 do dro pek 3100
66 1894 44 do pek 8784
7 1897 20 do pek sou 170)
8 Elchico 1 23hfch broorpek 1265
69 4 20 do or pek 1000
i0 7 23 do pek 1150
64 Salawe 49 12 ch bro or pek 1500
85 52 14 do bro pek 1610
86 65 18 do pek 1890
87 5S 13 do pek sou 1235
99 Mousa Eliya S85 25 ch bro pek 2500
97 88 11 do pek 1045
99 Deniyaya 94 12 ch or pek 1200
‘100 97 13 do bro orpek 1300
101 109 11 ch pek 1160
102 103 14 do peksou 1260
106 Cooroondoo-
watte 115 12 ch br pek 1200
107 118 20 do pek 2000
109 Oononagalla 124 83hfch broorpek 16°0
110 1°7 45 ch pek 3600
111 130 381 do pek sou 2480
112 Yarrow 133 28hfch broorpek 1484
113 136 33 do or pek 1551
114 139 28 do pex No. 1 1288
1165 142 22 do wyek No. 2 1012
116 Glentaffe 145 49 ch pek sou 373
117. Monrovia 148 15 ch bro pek 1425
119 HGR 154.10 ch bro pek 10 0
122 Weygalla 163 18 ch pek 1800
128 Galkettiya- ©
watte 166 16 ch bro or pek 1600
124 169 16 do br pek 1440
125 172 2) do pek 1860
120 Murraythwaitels7 22 ch bro pek 2200
132 Grange Garden|93 2: ch bro or pek 2100

withd‘n
out
Bt

28 bid
28 bid
6 bid

34
withd‘n

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
126 Forest Hill 205 13 ch pez 1079
137 208 14 do peksou 1148
¥38 211 14hfch fans 1022
139 Abbotsford 214 21 ch pek 2205
143 Hapugasmulle 276 2) ch bro pex 20
151 Mt. Temple 2:9 83 ch br pek 3300
155 Meddegodde 2¢2 22 fch pez scu 1100
56 M RB in est.
mark 265 23 ch bro pek 7800
157 268 21 do pek 1764
158 7:71 18 do perk sou 1494
159 274.14 do pnk dust 1520
160 Paradise 277 21 ch bro pek 225
163 Lamm:rmoor 286 11 ch bro pek 1'Gu
144 999 14 da pek 7200
165 Farnham 292 34bfch br pek 1972
166 Holtart 295 14 ch pek 1148
167 Neboda 298 65 do bro pek 6509
169 Rahatungoda 301 2) bfch orpk No.117!1
170 307. zi hfch pek 1200
172 Columbia 313 2thfch pek 1224
Messrs. E. John & Co.
[160,705 1b.]
Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
38 OL 266 8 ch
lhfch bro pek fans 1018
4 Graigingilt 269 12 ch broor pek 12¢0
5 272 11 do or pek 1045
6 275 12 do pek 1020
7 278 13 do pek sou 1040
9 Mossend 284 19hbfch brovrpek 1045
10 287 zz do or pek 1210
11 200 32 do pe* 1660
14 Natuwakelle 299 19 ch bro or pek 1900
15 302 27 do bro pek 270
16 305 22 do k 1980
19 Ratwatte 314 27 do bro pek 2700
20 317 14 do pek 1460
25 Chapelton 332 24 do pek 1769
26 Bowhill 985 10 do bro orpek 1000
27 388 14 do or pek 1400
28 341 16 do pek 1446
80 Poilakande 347 32 do bro pek ‘850
81 350 50 do pek 4500
32 Brownlow 3538 2l1hfch broorpek 1218
33 356 21 ch or pek 2058
34 359 36 do pek 304
35 Euston 862 385 do pek 2975
36 365 43 da pek sou 8870
29 North Pundul-
oya 368 22hfch y’ung hyson 1210
38 $71 18 ch — byson 1580
41 Glentilt 380 54bfich broorpek 2970
42 383 26 ch or pek 2216
43 886 £9 do peE 2618
44. Mocha 389. 25 do bro or pek 2500
45 392 18 do or pek 1620
46 395 28 do pek 2660
48 Navangama 401 14 do bro pek 1400
49 404 23 do pek 2076
50 MG 407 16hbfch fans 1280
51 Westhall 410 15 ch bro mix 1425
53 Agra Ouvah 416 57 hfch broorpek 3420
od 419 38 do or pek 2009
55 422 15 ch pee 1395
56 Glasgow 425 22hfch roor pek 1364
57 428 43 do bropek 2666
58 481 16 ch or pek 1656
59 434 14 do pek 1302
(0 Morahela 437 18 do or pek 1476
62 -448 11 do bro or pek 1100
65 Gingran Oya 452 22 do pek 1760
67 BK 458 18 hf ch dust 1274
68 B in estate
mark, B 461 22 do pek dust 3146
75 Morton 432 32 do bro pek 3200
76 485 41 do bro pek 3690
77 488 23 do pek 2070
78 491 12 da pes sou 1020
79 Templestowe 494 28 do bro or pek 2380
80 497 4O0hfch or pek 18'0
81 500 22 ch pek 2090
&2 503 11 do unas 1155
&3 Fordyce 606 1,hfch fans 1350
a4 509 15 do dust 1.23
85. Gangawatte 512 15 ch bro or pek 150)
85 615. 14 do bro pek 14.0
87 518 30 do pek 2700
90 MW 27 14 do or pek 1400
91 530 25 do pek 2375
93 586 14hfch fans 1056
95 Winwood 642 27 do broor pek 1350

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ec. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name:
96 Myraganga 645 43 ch or pek 8655 33 bid |} 104 LL 1336 5 ch dust _
97 548 52 do bru or pek 5200 35bid | 105 1339 7 do bro mix
98 551 31 do pek 2480 33 { 106 North Cove 1342 2 ch bro mix
101 560 13 do or pek fans 1495 26 107 1345.3 do peksou
a Gonavy 566 10 do Bro pek 1000. 39 aaa 108 NP 1318 2 ch _ red leaf
4 569 23 do pe 1725 32 bi r kane
108 Gonavy 581 21 do pek 1576) 2) 83 Sea rc ne LEST co
109 +Tellington 581 16 do tek 1260 31 lhfch bro or pek
— 110 1354 ane : ‘e
Se eee ¢ ro pe
SMALL LOTS. 111 1357 10 ch — or pek
ee 112 1360 10 ae Pele
3 1363 2 do ek sou
Messrs. & Nenham & Ca, ae ee id dota aod
116 1369 1: do dust
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Iba ce 6 Ia po dieiifiche dude
4 Cosdoogalla 2 1thfch~ pek 630 29 117 1375 1. do bro pek fans
= Laas 122. Handford 1320 4 : a :
lhfc ro or pe
@ogsre. Yorbeg 2 Walker 123 1303 4 ch — bro pek
124 1398 5 do or pek
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C3 125 1398 5 do. pek
yal 126 14.2. 1 do pek sou
1 Horagaskelle 1027 8hfch bro pek 51432 127 14051 bfch sou
2 1030 9 do pek 49) 27 128 1408 { do dust
a wee, eee a wu dele ras
y d D f: 20783: k ‘
5 NB 139 4 ch fans 430 28 ae tase tee anes
6 1042 3 do bro tea 210 14 134 1476.1 do fans
8 Wewatte 1048 11 do pek 660 26 135 1449 4 do bro mix
9 1051 7 do pek sou 420 23 146 Theydon
10 1054/1 hf ch. dust lees Bois 14210 ch ~— pek sou
14 Sirikandura 1066 2 ch bropekfans 155 26 147 Duna'ly 1446. 4 cho= sou
ab 1069 1 do fans 100 B 148 1468 5hf€ch> dust
¥@ 10'2, 1 do e ngou 10519) 149 14wiwes) chia fans
ly 10% 3 do. Bio pek dust Hie £5 16i Great Valley
8 1073 do ust 20 1s i
1g 1081 2 do redleaf 1371? REI oe a nee
26 Avcca 1102.7 ch pek sou 672 4 32 163‘ Dammériv:, 1513 -5..ch... bro or pek
27 1105 4 do bro pek fans bau 26 167 1525. 3hfch~ dco pek fans
30 Yogama 1114 8 do pek sou 285-23 168 162842 dows dust
31 lr t'do dust 1200) “21 173 Polatagama 1543 3 ch . dust
33 Beruketiya 1128 5 ch — pek 469 27 174. Non Parail | -1846 16 bf-ch_ _ bro.or-pek
34 1123 3 do peksou OB oo ke 175 1:49 6 do or pek
35 1129.2 do — pek fans 173-26 176 1552 7 do pek
36 1132 lhfch dust 38 20 177 1555 4 do pek sou
we Hathemethe 188 16 de at pek f ang oe 178 155d: do bro or pek
8 138515 do pe 705 7 fans
39 1141 19 do pek sou 95 23 179 1561 2 do dust
aC Pee Gone tans Bee 183 Killarney 1573.17 hf ch bro or pek
41 1147 2 ch pek dust 176 16 184 1576.14 do vro pek
42 1150 1 do congou 6L 16 185 1579 12 ch or pex
43 Kosgalle 11538 15 hfch bro pek 750 33 1922 BD WP 16u0 2 ch souNo2
44 1156 13. do pek 650. 27 193 16¢3. 5 do bro pex fans
45 1159 6 do peksou 300 924 194 1606 Ll do ex No 2
49 Moray 117116 do or pek 880 40 bid | 195 1609 1 do ro mix
52 1180 9 ch pekNo2 76584 198 1612 1 do dust
63 1183 3 do peksou 255 = 31 197 1615 1 do green tea
Bae 1186 4hfch dust 3402 siftings
57 Tismoda 1195 5 ch peksou 450° 28 201 WA 1627 3 ch bro ix
58 1198 2bfch fans 130. 25 204 Ireby 1638 9 eh pe sou
59 : 1201 3 do — ‘dust 255 20 206 Ismalle 1612 8 ch sou
60 B, in estate 208 1648 1 do _ bro pek funs
mark 1204 Llhfch_ bro or pek bl 32, 500: HST, in estate
i ee ae 1207 4 ch broorpek 440 | 2 mark. 1651 3hfch bro pek
12 4 do bre pek 72 2 210 1654 1 box pek
¢ ae 6 do pek bd ae us 211 1657 lhfch peksou
64 1216 4 do pek sou 330 Ot 212 reer Ae
68 Robgill 1222 11 hfch dust 770 924 213 cee Sar naes ee naA
69 Parsloes 12311: ch pek sou 880 23 212 Salem 1652 a BOsOTeES
70 1234 2hfch dust 180 20 215 seeEG TAGE doe
72 Hentley’s 1240 8 do orpek 35231 216 see Cues De,
74 1246 6 ch pek sou 420 26 219 Holton 1681 5 ch — pek sou
7 1249 3hfch fans 225 26 220 Eriacolia 1684 3 cl «bro pek
76 1252 1 do — pek dust a7 20 221 as a dal
“7 D. in estate P 222 1690 3 do pek sou
; Coie + :
mark 1255 Ghf€ch pek dust 420 26 225 Digdola Hopi 8 ce person ee
78 1258 4 do bro or pek 23 rie Ie : p
fans 230 ©=«-38 227 Binest marki7u5 6 ch d.st
80 SR 1264 10 ch congou 95 27 223 1708" 8 Go sou
al 1267 3 du dust 410, 23 By Uyegrore St Se bee com
85 Pungetty 1479 5 do. peksou 4i5 31bid | 233 Hillwatte 1723 8 ¢ eOnp ou
y ff 238 Galleheria 1733 1 ch dust
86 1232. 1 hfch- dust 101 20 Bl seal! 21737. 5 (ch fais
87 1285 3 do fans 243 26 241 Poonagal a 17 5
88 Kabragalla 1288 5 do — Lro pek 76 ¥ (430 251 Munukettia,
89 1251 6 do bro or pe 330 32 Ceylon in est.
90 1294 8 do pei iu0 30 mark Li77 9 ch or pek
91 1297 4 do jek sou: 200. 26 i 954 1785 8 do pek sou
92): 1300 4 do dust 340-22 | 256 Preston 1792 17 DOE or vek
93 1303 9 do br» tea 495 11 257 1795 11 ch pek
94 K W 1306 3hfch bro pek 213 20 | 258 1798 3 do br or pek fans 3:
95 1309 3 dy or pek 186 25 259 Poengalla 18Ji 2 ch pek fans
100 Y 1324 2 ch pe sou 148 20 260 1804 3hfch dust
‘101 1327 5hfch dust 465 22 261 Rosebdury 1sv7 10 bica bro pek
102 CTL 1330. 9 do pek fans 675 24 262 1810 9 do pek

103 1323 4 do dust » 360 23 > 263 1813 12 do pek sou

PRODUCE SALES LIST~

4 CHYLON
Lot. Box. Pkys. Name. Ib. ec. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. «,
264 1816 G6 hfch pek fans 120 pe 98 New led 91 lhf a dust a 20
5 1819 2 do dust 140 103 Deniya 106 8 ¢ seu 20 «26
266 Ugieside 1822 2 do pek fans 570 2 104 109 4hfch pek fans 300 26
ae ei eee tee Ee
a AvdiAerana watte 12I 3 ch ee sou 900-28
Wishford 183198 ch bro or per eee He 118 Monsovia An 1 eh ro pek 630 withd'n
18:3 4 do unsifted tea 2 120 157 le Bou 4 18
au Kalupahans 1846 t ch dust 147 21 121 K inest mark 160 2hfch dust 174 21
278 Dammeria 1838 1) eh pek sou 877 29 bid | 126 Galgetiyawatte 17510 ch pek sou 900 26 bid
280 Battawatte 1864 10 or pek pal a6 Did | 127 S in est mark 178 2 fe pek 140 22
291 Tunisgalla 1897 7 ht a dust EB age Ob) a 18 as : “ ch per al eas p 8
PR ioe amet ra ated a ae 131 Murraythwaite 190 9 ch pekh ges 39
EL Eatorroat ay teases 765 29 1330 B 196 6hfeh bro te 35-30
Mey Mist mB amt cho arsiiee: | GONE. as 134 19919 do dust 930 28
eee eg 19:5 6 ch bro mix 5610 13 bid | 135 Forest Hill 202 10 eh _ bro pek 920 BLbid
308 Dimbulkelle 1248 13 hf ch bro pek oe 32 bid | 140 Abbotsford mh 9 2s ch a mixed ne me
1954 1hfch ek dust 23 141 220 9 to) ust 630 2
a Baddegama 1960 10 ch Tat 909) 31 142 TK Watte 223 Lhfch pex 49 22
318 BG 1963 1 ch ro pek 2 8 144 Hapugasmulle 229 0 eb he 940 = 30
1966 1 do pek 2 145 232 ts) ust 150 28
an Clarendon 198] Q9hfch pek dust 720 25 146 wi Valley ing tht on re 4 90 621
5 ae 147 233" 3! ¢ ro pe 330 8=6.80
oe da ao 1996.10 ch bro pek 709 Bb bid | 148 241 9 ek 3
1999 6 ch pe- dust 2 lhfc pek sou 864 21 bi
oa Bandara Eliya2014 11 ch dust 924 23 149 AT 214 3hfch hro pek 150 2s
335 Ambragalla 2029 2 ch dust 312 22 150 247 3 do pek 150 97
. | 2041 °8 ch eK sou 560 25 151 250 8 ch pe% sou 3.0 25
339 Morankande Pp oS
340 2(44 Shfch_ br orpek fans 226 25 152 253 1 ch
Pe Mec tree nro | Fe erie a ae
9 ‘0 ol
BN ht 2062 5 ch dust 80021 161-A A 280 8hfch bropek fans 620 17 a
eee Bees 2077, 4 ch dust 3-0 89.20 162 283 7 do bropekdust 595 out
ar ANE 2095 Lhfch dust 95 20 168 Rahatungoda 301 10bfch br pek 650 28
36h Baccara 21:9 8 ch dust 450 22 oe Columbia 310 % do br pek 132 28 ae
eee — d 173 816 9 do pek sou 46% 28 bi
Tt ‘ . 22)) 7
Messrs. Somerville & Co.: 174 A 31) 4 do orpe 22 27
Lot. Boa ee ee eae (Messrs. H. John & Co.]
1. Carney 1699 7h ch bro pek | 5 B Pk N i
2 1702 5 ue tie cree 8 eB Lot. Ox. gs, ame. bret Cc,
3 HUD) ° aa raea Lili 260.4 ch dust 4191
4 1108 ae een penis. Bop = Be 2 203, 13hfch pekfans 9:6 24
5 ie Gob mon Ai, OS 18 Graigingilt 251 1 do dust £0- | 26
6 W714 age deat 50-90 2 Mossena 293. 9 do brorpek fans £40 33 bid
7 EL eis a Ra ee 2B 206. 3 do dust 195 25
12. Dalveen a7 Se ee cee 665.> 25 | 17 Natuwatelle 308 9 ch peksuu 810 28
18 Mee Sab. eater 140 star | 38 311. 5 do | dust 20) 25
14 1738 1 do MEE 292 «90 “1 Ratwatte 320. 7 do — peksou BbU 25
1o;gHandgame) ti) a nhen aus 830 <i 85 22 ; 323 2hfch dust 160. 23
zippune net on a ee cha een eae 23 Chapelton 326.10 do dust 900 25
22 mez) OBR. som 100 . 26 44 329.7 ch sou 630 24
23 Peed eR teas 100) ae “9 Bowbill 344.2 do © dust 200, | 23
30 Ravenscraigj 1786 1 ch peksou 2 3 2
hfch dust 320 23 9 North Pundul.
31 . eas k 600 22 oya 374.8 do © hysonNo.2 640 30
BY) AMD 0 6) oy TELE ct ean 400 30 40 277. 6hfch_ asiftings 393 «14
85 eee tee SOs De led Ww 8 47 Navangama . 398 7 ch broorpek 70). 30
36 EDS agot 1 4a dust 121. 15 62 Heatherly 413. 3 do _ siftings 438 3
37 ish 1 1, fans 95 15 | 61 - Morahela 440 11 do pek& su 27
38 ade ek Hopi cet faye (alias 443 3hfch dust 246 © 2}
Bol Moore Ate eae Be ye 153 20 64 449 3 ch sou 270 24
oe ae n ES 455 8 do brpkfan 992 « 5 bid
tee GE | teteg unten raaeer. AR BN" "on | oe contiion 464. 14hfeh bropek 812. 88 bid
4 Z § la Kk 540 29
47 Glenamore 1837 4 ch pek sou 38027 | i An 6 oe nee ba sed =
49 1843:12 hf eh | dust 960 23 A Neate: aes tee ae 70 o7
53 Gangwarily 1856 9 bfch — bro or pek ba 35 bid | a ae PEI ccs Lieto
ry 1867 M4 nf ch oe 310 Bt | 4¥K 479. 6 ch ‘pekfans £92 | 29
3 187 4 h sou 310 25 | $8 Gangawatte 521 7 dv» ypeksou 620 34
Be Gienalla ime 7 a br or pek 700 31 bid 89 524 1ahfch a Bk fans so 4
> a 5 i : 3 do us 2 2
ei 1879 f - cues o3B a7 bid | a or Ay oe 7 hf ch pex fans 469 28
62 ae Aaa PEsou Bao 26 os Myraganga oe oe uh uaa 38 28
63 8 “¢ | fol | Bk ‘ 24
tS aa Ibe do, sunetnduatediade Vat || ous COMA eee ee a ee
72 w) uy \ bj ; 5 900 32
mee ae ie TER a, eee
74 oO oP f a ;
75 22.2 do pek sou 100 2% {io aR 87 5 do bro pek 525
76 OO R inest | 11 590
mark 5 1hf ech Bro, G 4 pek Fs Be
28 1 ch r pek 5 | :
1s #1 2htich /pek 40 20 |' CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON
79 84.2, ‘eh pek sou 190 19 |
a 40 ht ch Beebe pek a0 28 | (From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
&
f2 43 1 Ao pels Fe fa Minoine LANE, Jan. 17th,
8 46 1 ¢ pek sou \ : ; .
is Salawe 61 2 ch unast ~ 222 26 | Awa Maru.”—Ratwatte, 4 bags sold: at 4653
60 07 2 “° Le nee 340 Hs 1 at 29s; Ross T, 4 bags sold at 46s.
do pe : mn 3 2
a1 70 2 do dust 334 «2102 | = Dordogne.’’—Dynevor A, 5 bags sold at 50s $
2 Welgamnpola 4 ie 3H ch BRO or pek ae iB Now a2 A, 7 bags sold at 563; No. 2 B, 19 bags
92 8 do — or pek ° -
94 7916 do pek 923-26 ‘ sold at 558; No. 2 ©, 6 bags sold at 50s,
95 #2 6 do pek sou 830 25

a —<“i‘—™SOSOS

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES

LIST. 5

‘“‘ Lancashire.’’—Kepitigalla, 40 bags sold at 57s,

“ Kamakura Maru.’—Bandarapola, 19 bags sold at
57s; 2 at 43s.

** Dordogne.” —Gonambil, 14 bags sold at 5ls,

““Tydeus.’”—A Grove, 68 bags sold at 628; AS
ditto, 4 at 53s.

** Awa Maru.’’—High Walton, 8 bags sold at 57s 6d;
OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle Ceylon O, 30
bags sold at 62s; ditto 1, 75 at 548; ditto O, 15
at 638; ditto 1C, 26 at 39s 6d; F ditto 1, 90 at
533; ditto O, 4 at 623; dittol, 5 at 603; G ditto,
16 at 39s 6d.

OAD

‘“ Tydeus.”—Warriapolla, 37 bags sold at 79s 6d;
20 at 60s; 2 at 59s; 11 at 513 6d; 7 at 4s.

“Awa Maru.’”—Suduganga, 8 bags sold at 56s 6d;
5 at 51s; 3 at 38s; Armagh 2, 1 bag sold at 443;
4 at 51s 6d; T, 4 at 488; Pieces, 1 bag at 583;
Pondarppa A, 19 bags sold at 60s; 2, 3 at 51s 6d;
T, 3 at 41s; Pieces, 1 bag at 58s; Pansalatenne 1,
4 bags sold at 47s ; Glenary 2, 3 bags sold at 39s 6d.

‘* Ajax.”—DB, 52 bags sold at 52s.

“Kamakura Maru.”—Batagolla C, 8 bags sold at
60s; D, 3 at 20s 6d.

‘* Lancashire,”—Belgodde 3, 1 bag sold at 48s.

-(@
ONS:

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

, s bud bed a a | As AIS 3S Ss. ~

CULT INIT EY UO Vora”

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

a

No. 7.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. ‘Benham & Co.

[19,841 1b,]

Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, ec.
1 Battalgalla 94 21 ch psk sou 1800 29
2 Bunyan and
Ovoca 97 47hfch broorpek 2820 50
8 100 51 do orpek 2700 41 bid
4 3,21 ch pek 2100 35
5 6 15 do pek No 2 1500 35 bid
6 9 21 do pek sou 1890 32
7 Halgolle 12 i1 ch dust 1356 22
8 Torrington 15.234 chi or pek 1955 33 bid
9 18 22 do bro or pek 2200 34 bid
10 21 19 do pek 1520 31 bid
Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
[403,831 ]b.]
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ¢.
1 G (Venesta
packages) 2122 13 ch fans 1010 25
3 Ninfield 2128. 18 ch bro pes 1809 35
4 2131 23 do pek 2070 33
7 Choisy 2149 22 ch pek sou 1760-29
8 OBE C
in estate mark
New Market 2143 11 ch dust 165) 24
9 Drayton 2146 32hfch orpek 1600 50
10 2149 31 ch. pek 2790 42
1l 2152 20 do pek sou 1700 86
12 OBEG, in
estate mark
Forest Creek 2155 12 ch bro or pek 1260 65
13 2158 32 do bro pek 34124 42
14 216L 18 do or pek 1620 39 bid
1b 2:64 21 do pek Nol 1890 87 bid
16 2167 22 do pekNo2 2200 33bid
21 Dambagas-
talawa 2182 19 ch bro or pek 2099 43 bid
22 2185 18 do bro pek 1980 37 bid
23 2168 18 do pek 172836
28 Palmerston 2293 16bfch bro pek 1008 42
29 2206 12 ch pe 1080 46
36 Narangalla 2227 15 ch bro pek 1425 37
37 2230 12 do or pek 1020 32
88 2233 25 do pek 2000 30
39 22386 14 do pek sou 1120 27
41 Nansfield 2242 5Ohfch bro pek 3000 49
42, 2245 16 ch pek 1600 39
59 Marlborough 2296 20hfch broorpek 1040 55
60 2299 16 ch bro pek 1636 389
61 2302 16 do or pek 1376 42
62 9305 29 do pek 2523 37
63 2308 13 do pek sou 1066 32
66 Dromoland 2317 14 ch br) orpek
Noz 1330 34
68 - 2323 1 3 do per : 1615 £8
72 Sommerville 2335 22 c ro pe 2310).
73 23.8 23 do _pek 230} Withdn.
76 Mahayaya 2317 22hfch bro pek 1298 34
84 Sutton 2371- 83 ch or pek 3300 54 bid
85 2374 20 do pek 180C 48
88 Ingrcgalla 233 10 ch bropek 100085
90 Nabiadenia 2:9 28 ch pek 2240 withdn.
92 Puspone 2395 17 do or pek 1700 32 bid
$3 2398 24 do bre pek 2638 b&
94 POL lon (do pek 1425 32
95 2104 17 do pek sou 1530 28
96 Harrow 2407 13 ch bro or pek 1427 89
98 2413 zl do — peb 2097 34
101 Templehurst 24:2 16 ch or pek 1529. 40 bid
102 2425 27hfch bruer pek 1350 42 bid
163 24°98 13 ch pek 1115 383
104 2431 17hfch _ bro pek
fans 1020 83 bid
107. Vogan 2440 25 ch bro or pek 2560 51
108 2443 35 -do or pek 3325 33
109 2146 56 do pek 5040 3l
110 2449 27 do pek sou 2295 29
114 Tempo 2461 14 do or pek 1330 40
115 2464 24 do pek 2160 31
120 KPW 2479 <Ghfch broorpek 1560 36
121 2182 27 do bro pek 1435 33
123 2488 40 do pek 1500 31
133 St. Helen 2518 13 ch or pek 1170 34
134 25.1 20 ch peksou 1800 23

CoLOMBO, Fresruary 17, 1902,

Lots Box,
142 Adanwatte 2545
143 2548
144 N. Pitiya 2551
145 Attampettir 2564
146 2557
147 2550
148 2563
150 Geragama,
Inv. No.1 2569
151 2572
152 2575
153 2578
154 Geragama,
Inv. No. 2 2531
155 2°84
156 2587
157 2590
153 Harrow 2593
159 2596
160 2599
163 Knavesmire 2608
164 2011
1€5 2614
166 2617
173° Middleton ~~ 2653
179 2656
18) 2659
182 Good Hope 2665
183 2668
184 2671
187. Tymawe 2380
1g8 2683
leg 2686
Ig) 2689
lvl Kitulgalla 2692
192 2695
193 +693
lys Nahalma 2714
186 2707
2710
209. High Frrest 2719
2722,
272)
203 Maha, Uva 2728
204 2731
205 2734
206 Polatagama 2737
207 2740
208 2743
309 2746
zlz Lucky Land- 2755
2i9 Masseua 2767
217 2770
223 Clunes 2788
224 2721
22g Hanwella 2803
229 ‘ 2806
282 Malden'tya 2815
233 2818
234 2821
238 Castlereagh 2833
239 2836
240 2839
241 2842
212 Stamford Hill2315
243 2348
255 Bandara Eliya 2887
257 2890
258 2893
259 2896
263 Erlsmere 2908
265 2914
266 2917
269 Siriniwasa 29:6
277 ~Penrhus 2959
273 2953
279 2955.
280 2959
281 2962
285 Beverley 297
286 2977
287 2989
288 2983
239 OBEC in est
mark, Sindu-
mallay 2986
291 2992
292 2995
293 Walpita £928
294 301
297 Tismode 3010
298 3013

Pkgs.

23 hf ch
60 bf ch
£0 do

Name,

sou
dust
bro mix
bro pek
or pek
pek
Pek sou

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek sou

bro or pek
bro pek

or pek
bro or pek

bro or pek
bro pek

«cr pek

bro or pek
pek

}ex sou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek

pek sou

bro pek

or pek .
bro or pek
pek

pek No2
bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek

bro or pek
bre pek

Pricz :—125 cents each, 8 copies

mete

30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

bid

patte $ fA [CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe: Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
302 Bellongalla 3025 14 ch bro pek 1470 33 126 Hawa Ella €97 17 ch pek sou 1530.
303 3(28 14 do pek 1260 31 127. Polgahakande 700 14 ch br pek 1400
311 Woodend 3052 38 ch bro pek 3800 34 128 DM 703 12 ch bro mixed 1145
312 2055 22 do pek 1980 31 129 Oxford 706 13 ch bro pek 1352
315 8% 3064 36 ch bro pek 3610 33 138 Hyde 718 15 ch pek 1275
316 3067 32 do ek 2580 31 1385 Jak Tree Hill 724 16 ch bro pek 1600
317. St. Helen 3070 37 hfch 5 or pek 2025 35 bid | 147 Dalukoya 760 30bfch or pek 18(0
318 8073 18 ch or pek 1€20 85 148 763 24 do yeE sou 1329
319 3076 14 do pek Nol 1260 33 151 Aigburth 7972 22 ch bro pek 2090
322 Yatiyana 3(85 386 ch bro pek 3564 out 152 175 14 do pek 1260
326 Nakidenia Bue 40 ch bro ord pek 1080 42
328 310. oO or pe! 2 2
329 3106 51 do pek 4060 32 Messrs. E. John & Co.
330 8109 20 do pek sou 1400 28 [208 743 Ib. j
331 St. Heliers 3112 28hfch bro or pek 1568 40 , if
332 3115 ib ch pek : a BB Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
334 Kineora 3121 13 c¢ ro or pe ; 4 te
336 Pungetty 3127 16hfch broorpek 1053 47bid | 4 Winwood eee oe nie Bro or Bek i”
337 3120 21 ch pek 1887 36 5 Pees ool pete eames

6 603 25 ch or pez 2250
339, Upper. Hewa- : 6ll 41 do pek 3€90
heta 8186 25hfch broerpek 1497 45bid 7 1 pi
2 ¢ 10 Kandahar 620 19 do or pek 1045
_ 240 3139 16 ch or pek 1533 &6 s Z
341 3142 15 do pek 1347 33 u Ben ie rae he
13 Castle ze eH an Be or pek 14€0
5 17 Oonoogaloya 41 2 te) or re 1800
Messrs. Somerville & Co. 18 i 20 do bro. or pek 2000
5 19 47 .2' Oo. pe 4
[163,414 Ib.] 24 Glassaugh 662 61 # ch aE pek = $538
25 665 82 do roor pek 65494
Lot. Box, Pkgs, Name. lb. cc. g 66&° 31 ch’ pek 3988

7 Pindenioya 340 11 ch or pek 1045 33 27 Cabin Ella 671 21 do bro pek 2100
13 Narangoda 858 20 ch bro pek 1910 33 28 674 19 do pek 1615
14 361 16 do pek 1440 27 31 Brownlew 6:3 26hfch broorpek 15'8
15 364 13 do pek sou 1170 26 32 686 23 ch or pek 2208
16 Theberton 367 12 ch bro pek 1200 39 33 689 41 do pek 3526
17 370°12 ‘do pek 1020 36 34 Ohiya 692 2\bfch or pek 1059
18 RK P 873 12 ch bro or pek 1200 36 35 €95 19 do bro or pek 1045
19 376 14 do br pek 14¢0 $2 36 698 15 ch jek sou 124-
20 879 23 do cr pek 2185 fl 38 C 504 10 do bro pek 106
23 Nyanza 388 16 ch or pek 1440 39 Fy ju? 15 do pek 1350
24 391 29 do bro pek 290C 37 45 Glentilt 725 zibfch Bro or peE 1155
25 394 23 do pek 2185 35 46 723 32 ch or pek 2720
28 Hatdcwa 403 22 ch bro pek 2200 82 47 731 36 do pex 5240
3 409 17 do pek 1445 28 43 724 15hf{ch fans 1200
3 412 21 do pek sou 16€0 27 49 SJ 7-7 17 do bro pek 1020
35 Ferriby » 424 19 ch bro pek 1805 32 - E 740 19 do pek 102
36 427 £6 do pek 2340 30 £1 Natuwakelle 743 11 ch bro or pek 1100
87 430 16 do pek sou 1200 £7 52 746 17 do bro pek 1700
38 Avisawella 433 28hfch broorpek 1265 39 E 749 18 do pek 1620
39 436 18 ch or pek 1620 34 £6 O, in estate
40 . £9 24 do pek 21€0 30 mark . 758 28 hfeh young bysen 1426
41 442 18 do pek scu 1440 27 £9 Longyville 767 ch bro pek 1500
50 Harrangalla 4€9 15 ch bro or rek 1495 33 bid | 60 770 H do pek 1045
61 472 15 do bro pek 1275 33 bid 62 Elston 776 25 do pek 2250
52 476 26 do pek 2080 33 63 779 25 do pek sou 2375
53 478 19 do pek sou 1520 28 64 Manickwatte 782 20 ‘lo pek sou 1560
54 Mt. Temple 481 42 ch bro or pek 4200 67 Battalawatte 791 15 do peksou 1320
55 484 47 do br pek 470 witha’ 72 Captain’sGarden:06 19 do pek 1710
56 487 48 do pek 3984 75 M, in estate
57 490 19 do pek sou 152. mark €15 44hfch pek 2200
59 HG L 496 13hfech dust 1030 =. 20 . 76 Watagalla 818 33 do bro pek 1980
60 Gwernet 499 12 ch brorek 1320. 40 77 t21 22 ch pek 1980
61 502. 20 do pek 1700 34 79 £27. 19 do fans 1710
66 Annandale £17 25bfch or ypek 1325 46 €1 Glasgow €33 20hfch broorpek 12:0
67 520 22 do pek 1232 40 82 826 30 do bro pek 2110
68 Reyigam £23 18hfch bro orpek 1(80 43 83 839 17 ch cr pek 1564
€9 526 14 ch or y ek 1350 37 &4 812 11 do - pek 1023
40 £9 14 do bro pek 1330 831 €5 Agra Ouvah $45 58hfch bro or pek 3480
a1 582 43 do pek 1955 31 &6 818 39 do or pek 2145
72 534 18 do pek sou 1°10 28 87 81 33 do or pek 1812
76 Hangrancya 547 1s ch tro or pek- 1710 41 88 84 16 ch pek 15:0
97. 5f0 35 do bro pek #325 32 89 857. 13 do pek 1206
78 - 65821 ech pek 1.90 30 90 8¢0 12 eo pek sou 1104
79 556 20 ao pek sou 1€00 28 91 e138 2\thfch pek fans 1:60
:O Blinkkonnie £59 23hfch bro pek 1380 40 67 Rondura 8$1 19 ch bro or pek 2:85
BL 5:2 12 ch cr pek 1140 9443 98 88t 37 do bro pen ¢700
82 ° £65 +1 do pek 190 +9 99 887 29 ado or ek £045
£4 Deniyaya 71 11 ch ~— or pek 110036 110 830 65 do _ pek 5610
85 574 17 do broor pek 1700 38 104 Coundon 912 25bfch bro pek 1375
26 577 16 do pek 1600 2 15 Myraganga 905 41 ch cr pek 1785
68 Kanatota 683 20° ¢h ia or pek £000 28 bid | 106 Qu8 24 do bro or pek 2300
£9 666 17 do pek 130 27 107 91L 16 do pek 12€0
94 Remania 61 10 ch pek 10 3 ms) 1€8 yl4 10 de pek fans
97 Charlie Hill 610 380hfch bro,pek TGHON 32 (not blked) 110
98 613 25 do pek I £0 28 111 Poilakancde 923 11 do bro orpek 1100
101 Kelani} €22 62 ch br pek 3200 33 bid | 112 92) 22 do bro pek 2200
102 625 28 do bro or pek 2:00 33 bid | 113 929 21 do ek 18:0
103 628 15 do pek 1350 31 120 Ratwatta 950 32 do ro pek 3200
165 Makavilla 684 19hfech broor pek 1140 34 121 953 18 do pek 1620
106 627 28 do pek 1540 = 32 125 Avington 965 31 do bro pek #100
107 610 20 do pek sou 1110 27 125 968 61 do pek 43¢0
109 Agra Elbedde 646 35hfch brocrpek 2100 42 127 €7i 41 do pek sou 2870
110 619 48 do or mek 2649 43 140 Higham 980 29 do bro pek 2900
111 652 81 do pee 1560 - 89 131 983 +4 do pek 21€0.

4, 117 Ga) hele 670 20 hf ch ro or pek 1000 47 132 986 19 do peksou 1710

? 1138 6738 20 ch or pek 2000 89 136 Nahavilla 998 22 do or pek 1980
119 676 10 do bro pek 110) €0 bid | 137 1 28 do bro pek 2300
120 679 21 do pek 1890 8681 1238 , 4 14 do pek 1260 ~

i eer———C

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ec. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec
139 Lower HalOya 7 26 ch fans 2912 withd’n J
132 bowella 16 12 do pes 1080) av | Te tee gsiabep aor e aust 30022
145 2 25 13hfch bro pvek fans 153 17bid | 13> 2515 1 do sou 85 86
146 Evalgolla 28 29 do pe 1450 28 bit 135 -RS 2524 5hfch or pek 250 36
150 Kolapatna 40 24hbfch broorpek 1296 41 136 2527. 4 do pek 200 27
151 43 30 do or pek 14:0 35 137 2530 5 do pek’sou 250 «26
152 46 26 do pek 1222)25533 138 2533 2 do bro tea 100-25
153 49 20 do per sou 1060 29 139 2336 2 do congou 104 23
155 Ottery 55 19 ch roor pek 1200 42 140 2589 1 do - dust 582
156 58 28 do or pek 280035 141 2542 1 do bromix 52 20
157 61 34 do pex 3.69 33 149 Attampitiya 2368 Shfch dust 425° 22
16 Harrow 2602 4 tek Bek sou 380 34
ay ~ 162 2605 4 c ust 840 25
SMALL LOTS. 167 Knavesmire 2620 7- do bro pek fans 560 24
——— 168 Nynangodde 2623 3 ht ch dust x 240 20
169 Kelvin 2626 4 do dust No 1 350 24
see=sheoy EorPes| & Walker, 170 2629 2 do dustNo2 1€0 20
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. Cc. 171 2632 2 ch bru mix 130. 25
2 G, (Venesta 172 2625 7bfch orpex fans 420 28
Packages) 2125 9 ch dust 765 = 4 173 2638 1 do fans 90 25
5 Ninfield 234 5 do pek sou 425 28 174 Welkandala 2641 7hfch dust 560. 24
6 2137 3hfch dust 240 9-23 175 Dunally 2344 4 ch sou 360 25
17 Barrington 2170 4 do bro pek 2:0 35 17 26:7 5hfch dust 425 24
18 2173 6 do pek 360 2 177 Kelburne 2650 Thich dust 595 24
19 2176 6 do pek sou 330 27 181 Middleton 2362 6 do dust 450 26
20 2173 1 do dust 70% +22 185 GcodHope 7674 7hfch dust 595 24
24 Dambagas- 186 CRD 2677 3 ch sou 240 25
talawa 2191 7 ch pek sou 672 33 194 Kitulgalla 2701 3 ch dust 390 23
25 2194 4 do bropekfans 560 7 198 Nahalma 2713 Shfch dust 640 24
26 Weligoda 2197 zhfch pek 100 0.25 199 KV D 2716 6 do — broor pek
27 2200 3 ch pek sou 2i6 24 fans 450 24
30 Palmerston 2209 2 do pek sou 160 935 210 Polatagama 2749 3 ch dust 450 28
31 Ambuanpitiya 2212 1 do fans 121 25 211 Iucky Land 2752 4 ch bro orpek 440 388bid
32 2215 1 do dust 150 22 213 2758 16hfch pek €88 36
3 Dehiowita 2218 3 ch dust 240 2t 214 2761 2 do pek sou 86 31
34 P, in estate 215 2764 3 do pek fans 270 24
mark 2221 2hfch bro pe 110 Zs #18 Massena 2773 6hfch pek sou 390 28
35 2224 2 do pek 9) 18 219 2776 9 do bro pek fans 585 27
40 Narangalla 223) 6 ch dust 430 24 229 2779-2 do congou 90 2%
43 Bandarahen- 221 2782 2 do dust 180 20
tenne 2248 6 do bro pek £0) £4 222 Clunes 2785-8 ch bro or pek £40 33
44 2451 7 do pek 595 29 225 2794 6 do pek sou 570 27
45 22582 do pek sou 160 27 2797 4 do bro pek fans 460 24
46 2257 do sou 78 24 2:00 4 do dust 600 22
47 226) Lhbfch dust Sl 2) 230 Hanwella 2809 2hfch hysonNo2 140 28
48 Kalupahana 2263 8 ch bro pek £00 . 34 231 9812 4 do siftings 320 11
49 2266 6 do pek 583° 27 235 Maldeniya 2824 3 ch dist 390.23
50 2269 3 do pek sou 240 24 236 BB 2827' 1. ch bro pek 160 28
61 2272 3 do tans 285 z1 237 2838u 1 do pek 109 24
62 Dromecland 2275 9bfch bro or pek 244 Loyne 2651 7hfch_ bro tea 434 25
: Nol 540 39 245 Bancon 2854 7 ch bro pek 672 27
£ 2278 5 ch or pek 425 32 246 2857 7 do ek 672 26
54 223.' 2 do ye, sou 1:6 23 217 2360 1 do pek sou 15 22
55 2284 5 do pei 450 2 218 2863 1 do fans 110 out
56 2237 Ohftch bro or pek 249 2866 1 do fans 60 out
No 2 459 35 250 2869 1 do dust 155 17
57 2206 1 do fans 76 2 251 2872 lhfch congou 64 15
58 223-1 do dust 70 25 252 CF 2875 lhfch~ dust 65 16
64 Dromolund 2311 lb hfech brocr psk 253 HF 2878 1 ch bro or pek 100 29
Nol 990 38 bid | 2°4 2831 lhfch bro or pek 55 29
65 £314 7 ch bro or pek 700 37 255 WN inest mark2884 2 ch Db o pek fans’ 220 23
67 23-010 do or pek 850 32 260 Bandara Eliya 2299 7 ch dust 57423
69 2326 4 do peE sou 360 28 261 R 2902 3 ch sou 210 20
70 2329 4hfch tans 280 24 252 2005 5 do dust 600 16
71 2332 2 do dust 180 21 26+ Erlsmere 2911 12 ch or pek 930 58
74 Kirrimettia 2341 2 ch eungou 180 22 267 2929 6 do rek sou 480 27
75 Mahayaya 2444 5 do or pek 510 33 263 2923 3hfch dust 240 23
77 2350 10 do pek 90% 3 270 Ingeriya 2929 6 ch bro or pek 663-28
78 2353''5 do pek sou 465 27 271 Udabage T 2932 4 ch dust 320 22
5 2326 2 do fans 19) 20 272 2935" 3 do fans 165 23
80 2359 Lhfch dust 338 20 273 Findeni ya 2938 1 ch dust 150 20:
SL Delagnena 2362 8 du young hysen 4.0 35 274 Keriniveila 2941 2 ch fans 200 2
82 2365 15 do hyson 7i0 34 275 Arapolakande2944 Shf ch sifting 655 14
83 2368 4 do bro or pek 350 20 276 B in est mark29:7 6 ch green tea dust780 13
86 Sutton 2377 3 «ch pek sou 255 43 232 Penrhos 2965 5Shfch_ fans 400 25
87 23:0 4hfch dust 32) 28 23 £963 2 do pek dust 172 22
09 Ingur. galla 248510 ca pek guO 34 24 Reverley 2971 16 ch ~ bro or pek 880 44
91 N.iiadenia 2392 4 box fl wery pek 60 withdn, 23) OB EUinest
97 Harr w 2.107 cu Dre pek 697 33 bid mak Lindu-
9) 24i6 3 do pe. sou 252 37 m liay 298) 8 ch or pek 720 41
100 2419 9 d> or pek e973 295 - Walpita 3004 6 ch peksou 480 27
105 T moplehurst 24:4 2hfch dust 17u 24 296 3x7 2 do sou 180 26
106 A’Vun 2437 2. ch bro pek 224 32 299 Tismode 3016 3 ch pek sou 270 27
1 Vi gin 215% 6bhfch dust 480 24 300 3019 1hfch fans 60 24
112 2155 4 do pe fans 430 25 301 3022 1° do dust 80 21
113 Tempo 2455 9 ch bry pes 915 45 3.4 Bellongalla 3031 4 ch pek sou 320 0927
116 2167 4 do pek sou 3.0 28 305 3u34 1 do pek fans 135 22
117 2e70. 1 do sou 75 27 36 3037 1 do dust 160 20
118 2473. 1 do pek fans 80. 24 37 Bogahagoda-
119 2476 1 do dust 35 20 watte 30:0 3 ch bro or pek 330 27
122 K PW 2485 10 hfch ur pek 430 35 3808 343 6 db bro pek 558 3U
124 2491 10 do pek scu 600 27 309 30146 8 do pek 720 28
25 249% 1 do pek fans 75 27 310 3019 6 do pek sou 570 =-.25
126 2,97 1 do dust 90 21 813 Woodend 2.53 12 ch pek sou 960 27
1277 BE 2500 4 ch dust 560 23 314 8061 5 do ust 700 = 22
128 ; 2503 3 ‘do pek fans 3.0 24 320 Choisy 3079-2 ch pek sou 400 28
129 2.06 3 do bropekfans 875: ‘6 321 3082 -2. do. pek sou 116 38

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkegs. Name lb. Cc. ‘Messrs. E. John & Co.]
823 Yatiyana 3088 2 ch pek 192 rican
Bes BORE Sea DeeP er ah withd’n | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec.
325 Nakiadenia 3094 4 box flowery pek 60 90 1 PPP 693 1 ch bro pek 90 81
327 8100 8 ch bro pek 8C0 37 2 596 1 do or pek 90 29
3833 St Heliers 3118 6hfch dust 510 25 3 599 1 do fans 100 24
835 Ambalangoda3124 19 ch bro or pek 994 38 8 Winwood 614 6 do sou 510 = -28
338 Pungetty 3133 6 ch pek sou 442 35 9 6:7 6Bhich cust 450 23
842 Upper Hewa- 12 Castile Hill 626 6 ch bro or pek 600 22
heta 3145 10° ch bro pek 697 29 bid 14 632 11 do pek 990 26
343 BB in est ; 15 635 10 do perk sou 98 25
mark 3148 3 ch bro pek 330 26 16 638 5 do Just 500 23
344 3151 3 do pek 255 25 20 Oonoogaloya 650 P = on br or pk No 2 350 27
345 3154 56 do pek sou 425 25 21 653 fans 195 28
346 3157 4hfch dust 800 22 22 656 | a dust 340 22
23 LH 659 10 do pek 500-25
a4 Cabin Ella £7 2 do, Pek fans 140025
i i Bi 2 do pek dust 180 22
{Messrs. Somerville & Co.| sr 7 = g p Ne do bel Ng
; , 4 710 11 ¢ pek sou 990 20 bid
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 41 Melvilla 713 1zhfch bropek 850 32
1 Brecon 322 8hfch broorpek 520 40bid | 42 716 11 do pek 550 97
2 325 11 do or pek €60 36 43 719 2 do pek sou 100 26
3 823.8 do pek 440 30 bid 44 22 1 do bro peE dust 82 18
4 331 3 do ek sou 180 27 51 Natuwakelle 752 8 ch pek sou 720 89-28
6 334 5 do romixed 300 26 55 The 755 & do dust 50988
6 337, 1 do dust 90 20 57 Ben Nevis 761 3 do pek sou 282 8-32
8 Pindenioya 313. 7 ch bro or pek 665 29 58 Eladuwa 764 1 do dust 130 ©=—-0
9 346 9 do pek 165 29 61 Longville 773 6 do pek sou 540 8927
10 349 9 do peksou 765 27 (5 Battalawatte 785 10hfch broor pek 5560 32
11 852 9 do sou 810 26 66 788 8 do pek 400 29
12 355 1 do lust 155 20 68 : 794 1 ch brorpekfans 105 26
21 RKP £82 2 ch pek 170 27 69 Annamalai 797 9 do bro pe 9007
22 385 7 do fans 840 22 0 £00 4 do pek sou 400 24
26 Nyanza 897 3 ch ek sou 270 29 71-Captain’sGarden803 6 do bro pek F00 31
27 400 4 do nst 400 23 7 2 do pek sou 180 24
29 Hatdowa 406 10 ch or pek $50 31 74 812 2 do dust 250 20
32 415 1 do pek sonA gO. 23 73 Wattagalla 824 7 ch pek sou 560 829
33 418 3hfch dust 22> weenie 80 830 9hfch fans 765 it
33a ‘ 4184 1 .do dust A 75 22 92 AgraOuvah £66 2 do dust 200 26
44 Ferriby 421 14hfch broorpek 770 34 93 R, in estate
42 Avisawella 445 6hfch ~ dust 450 22, mark 869 2 ch pek 190 27
43 Talgalkande 448 4 ch sou 400 24 94 Zz 872 6 do pek sou 570 25
44 Kaduganga 451 7 ch ~ bro pek 700%, 32 95 875 2 do sou 190 «62
45 454 3 do pek No. 1 300 30 96 878 5hfch dust 365 20
46 457 6 do pek No.2 570 29 101 Rendura 893 3 ch pek fans 315-25
47 460 3- do fans 270 24 102 896 6 do dust 920 22
48 463.6 do .pek sou 450 27 103 P T, in estate
49 _ 466 3 do dust 360 23 mark 899 8 do pek 498 22
58 HGL 493 4hfch sou 220 22 109 Myraganga 917 3hfch dust 450 22
62 Gwernet 505 5 ch pek sou 400 30 110 E, in estate
63 508 3 do pek fans 345 24 mark 920 3hfch pek sou 1490-23
64 511 1 do dust 1€0 91 114 PKT 932 12 do dust 960 21
65 Annandale 514 12hf ch bro or pek 720 £70 115 Needane Ella 935 3 ch _ bro pek 252 «34
73 Rayigam 528 6 ch fans 660 28 116 938 6 do pek 540 30
74 GB 541 3hfch bro tea 150 20 117 911 1 do peksou 708 27:
73 54412 do dust 600 22 118 914 1 do fans 102 26
83 Blinkbonnie 568 4 ch pek sou 344 34 119 G, in estate
87 Deniyaya 580 6 ch pek sou 540 =. 28 mark 917 1 do pek sou 48 27
90 Kanatota 589 8 ch pek sou 720 24 122 Ratwatte 955 7 do pek sou 560 27
91 592 1 do dust 140 19 123 959 3hfch dust 245 22
92 Sadumulla 595 13hf ch _ bro pek 718 27bid | 124 Balado 962 9 ch pek 855 31 bid
93 Romania 598 6 ch bro pek 603 28 128 Avington 974 2 do dust 240 «419
95 604 2 do fans 203 «165 bid } 129 Higham 977 Q9hfch broorpek 610 42
96 607 1 do mixed 103-18 133 989 1 ch dust 9 18
99 Charlie Hill 616 2hfch pek sou 100 25 134 992 6 do brpekdust 420 cH
10) 619 4 do dust 320 922 135 995 1 do sou 1€0
194 Kelani 631 6 ch fans 6c0 27 140 Lower Hal Oya 10 llhfch dust 880 with Vn
103 Mahavilla 643 2hfch dust 132... 22 141 Bowella 13. 9 ch _ bropek 900
112. Agra Elbedde¢55 11 hf ch_ pek sou 495 34 143 19 4 do ek sou 320 a7 [
113: XX 658 f do br orpek fans325 28 144 22 2hfch dust 159 822 g
114 661 3 do pek dust 240 23 147 M 81 2 do bro pek 106-335
115 St. Leonards- 148 34 2 do pek 103 27
on-Sea 664.4 do _ siftings 320 6 bid | 149 3 2 do pek sou 100 26
116 667 7 do siftings 360 6bid | 154 Kolapatna 62 7 do fans 490 27
121 HG 682 4 ch pek sou 320 28 158 Ottery 64 9 ch pek sou 720 28
122 685 1 do sou 80 25 159 67 4hfch dust 350 22
123 688 2 do fans 300. .23
a Hawa Ella eat 7 Be ch_ bro pek 372. = 82 bid <
) 694 15 do pek 750 28 bid h
129 Hy’e 709 16 hich broorpek 87 87 bid CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.
13 71210 do or pek 460 42 z
1 32 Sz a p 8 ch Bro pek as a (From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
P] 4 ¢c us
36 Jak Tree Hill727 1 ch peksou 100 927 Minctne LANE, Jan. 24th.
“He ee B Be cengan so BA ‘: Awa Mara.”—Hylton T, 6 bagssold at 53s.
o ov y § ‘ ”
129 AllutkeHe 736 7hfch bropek 350 28 aaa pat oe t, pay ap oe
140 739 4 do pek 200 25 . Hekata Mara,”—Hylton ags sold at 47s.
11 742 7 do peksou 322. 21 Kamakura Maru.’ Hylton’ T, 4 bags sold at 5lses
142 SBE eS 745 2 do fans 100 20 dittoT X, 3at 5is 6d; ditto T KX, 2 at 5ls 6d 5 24
143 California 748 6 ch Beredewelle C O C, Ex No 1, 5 at 57s ; ditto T, 1 at 488 =
na 1hfch bro pek 660 29 6d. 4
145 Pet aed combi Dee Oe ea cited © Omrah.”—Beredewelle CO C Ex No 1, 2 bags sold
146 757 1 do pk dust 140. «18 at 40s; ditto T, 1 at 48s 6d.
149 Dalukoya 766 5hich dust 325. 24 “San gola.””—Beredewelle B, 2 baga sold at 403 6d;

160 769 7 dv pek fans 455 24 ditto T. 2 at 48s,

CEYLON PRODUCE

SALES LIST. 5

“ Awa Maru.’—Udapolla A, 3 bags sold at 563; ditto
C, 1 at 38s ;dittoG,5 at 493.

“Kamakura Maru.”’—A Grove, 3 bags sold at 53s,
“ Dordogne.’—Gilbury, 5 bags sold at 49s 6d.
‘¢ Shropshire.”—Wariapolla, 1 bag sold at 628; 2

at 583; 1 at 578;2 at 51s 6d; 3 at 40s ; Sudugang om
6 at 533; Lat47s; 1 at 4733; 1 at 20s.

“ Awa Maru.’’—Wariapolla. 10 bags sold at49s; 1
at 473; 1 at 33s.

“ Kamakara Maru,’ Meade aca: 4 bags sold at 58s ;
5 at 493; 8at 51s 6d; 1 at 323; Ankanda 1, 17 at
553; ditto 2, 4 at 34s 6d; ditto 3, 2 at 35s; Pan-
salatenne 2, 5 at 29s 6d; Marakona, 52 at 56s;
Maria 2, 2 at 29s 6d; Ukuwella No. 1 A, 8 at 58s;
25 at 602; Katugastota, 50 at 59s; 9 at 36s 6d.

‘* Kanagawa Maru.’’—Muwagalla A, 9 bags sold at
63 ; ditto A, 14 at 55s.

“ Japan.’’—C G, in estate mark, 2 bags
2 at 30s.

sold at 38s;

SS ee
OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES | IN
LONDON.

** Kamakura Maru ’’—Wariagalla, Mysore, B, 1 case
sold at 1s 4d; ditto B, 4 at 1s 3d; ditto C, 2 at 2s 2d.

‘*Shropshire ’"— Winchfield Paik, A, 7 cases sold at
2s 2d; ditto A 1, 4at 1s 11d; ditto A, splits, 7 at
9d; ditto A, 2 splits, 3at Is 9d; ditto B, 4 at ls
7a; dittoB 1,2 at 1s 4d; ditto B splits, 4 atls
7a; ‘ditto 2 B , splits, 3 atls 4a: ditto B, seeds, 1 at 2 s2d,

“Inaba Slaru,”—Gammadawa Mysore O, 1 scase
sold at 1s 8d; ditto 1,2 at 253d; ditto2, 7at1s 10d;
NJDS in estate mark, Malabar 6 at 1s 3; AL Mala-
bar 2, 5at lld; AL seed, 3 at 1s 10d.

‘ Dordogne,” —Elkadua OO, i bag sold at 1s 11d.

‘* Oceana.”’—B & S, Kobe Mysore O, 3 cases sold at
Qs 6d : ditto 6 at 2s 1d.

“ Duke of Sutherland.’”—Mousakande O ,1 case sold
at 236d; ditto l, 2 at 23 2d; ditto 2,1 at Is 10d; ditto
3, lat 1s 4d.

“ Dordogne.’ —WS, A & Co. in estate mark. 1 case
sold at 2s 9a ; 1 at 4s 1ld;l at 2s 10d; ditto M, 3 at
1s 6d; 1 bag at Is.

‘‘ Shropshire.”’—Hoolo Group 1, 3 cases sold at 1s 9d;
ditto 2, 2 at ls 4d; ditto Seed, 2 at Ia lid.

.

ELOY

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA,

No. 8. COLOMBO, Fasruary 24, 1902.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. ‘Benham & Co.
[20,843 1b]

COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Lot Box. Pkgs. Nae. lb, c.
f Hornsey 95 22 ch pek 1980 40
98 14 do pek sou 1120 36
7 Battalgalla 13 19 bf ch Bea pek fans 1235 29
9 Hornsey 19 43 do bro pek 25:0 withdn.
10 Battalgalla 22,29 ch or pek 2755 29 bid
a 25 41 do pek 8485 36
12 Mapitigama 23 14 ch bro orpek 1470 36
13 31 1€ do or pek 1440 86
Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
]491,394 Ib.]
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. @
1 AMB 3160 2l ch dust 2940 23
3 Moneragalla 3166 36 do bro pek 2880 =. 86
7 Tbhedden 3178 10 ch bro pek 1000 34 bid
8 311 11 do pek 1260 32
12 Tokatiya
Mulle 3193 10 ch bro pek 1048 28
17 OBE C
in estate mark
New Market 3268 45hfch bro or pek 2655 44 bid
18 8211 50 ch bro pek 5400 35 bid
19 3214 24 do pek 2208 34 bid
32 Sirikandura $253 12 ch pek 114¢ 31
33 3256 13 do pek sou 1170 28
38 RM, in estate
mark 8271 20hfch broorpek 1080 95)
39 3274 51 ch bro pek 6100 30 bid
40 3277 27 Go pek 2295 32
41 3:80 13 do pes sou 1079 2)
44 QOBEC, in
estute mark
Nillomally 3289 33 ch or pek 2970 40
45 $292 29 do pek 2552 37
46 #295 15 do peks u 1260 33
47 3298 14 do bro or pek 1300 46
48 33t1L 12 do fans 1200 26
50 8B, in estate
mars 3307 12 ch pek sou 1250 21
62 Matale #313 39hfch bro pek 2340 37
53 3316 vO ch pek 1300 33
64 3319 12 ch pek sou 1020 30
58 Haputale-
we la 333L 24hfch bro pek 1320 35 bid
62 Lindupatna 3343 23 ch, broovpek 2530 44 bid
63 8346 22 do pe pek 2420 30 bid
61 3349 22 do pe 2112 37
67 Glenec rse 8358 19 ch bro pek 1930 37
68 z3il 26 +o or pex 2349) 37
69 3364. 25 du pek 2 U0 34
70 3357 25 do pcek sou 2025 29
71 New Peacock 3370 30hfch bro pex 150 37
72 3313 2! do pek fans 1725 2
73 Palmerston 3376 18 do br> orpek 1080 63
74 33,9 12 ch pek 1050 £0
75 Preston 3382 15 ch bro cr pek lo75 49
77 3328 13 do pek 1U92 23
73 Glenden 3394 15 ch bro pe 15.0 2
£0 3397 53 do or pex #300 33
81 34.0 82 do pek 3040 ol
82 340: IL do )}e sou 1045 28
85 Theyion Bois 3412 15 ch bro or pek 1350 36 bid
86 3415 21 do pek 1470 3
89 Laurawatte 312t 14 cn bro pek 1563 52
80 3427 15 do or pex 1440 32
91 3.30 16 do pek 15.46 il
92 3433. 12 do Vek sou 20) ras)
96 Yelveit.n 3445 384 hf eh bro pek 'Qu4 33 bid
97 3148 ze ch pek 216) 3
100 Weyunga-
Watts, 3457 31 ch bry pek 3100 82
101 83160 35 do pek 2975 3)
102 313 34 do pek sou 2560 28
166 Ardlaw and
Wishf.rd 3375 «13 ch bro pek 1800 40
108 3481 21 dy pek 1848 39
115 St. Paul’s
Inv. No. 2 3502 29bfch broor pek 1793 44
116 3505 30 du or pex 15y0 42
117 3508 38 do pek lyeo 33
123 Vincit 3:26 %4 ch bru pek 24 0 34

124 3529 30 do pek 2700

Lot. Box.
127 Coreen 8538
128 3541
129 3544
130 Adisham 3547
134 3550
132 3553
134 Passara
Group 3569
135 8562
136 3565
137 3568
138 St. Paul’s
Inv. No. 3 3571
141 Stamford
Hill 3580
142 3583
143 3586
146 Penrhos 3595
147 3298
148 1
149 4
150 7
153 Pine Hill 16
154 19
156 22
156 25
157 28
158 Yatiyana 31
162 Marlborcugh 43
163 46
164 49
165 62
166 5d
169 Great Valley
Ceylon, in est.
mark 64
176 67
172 13
173 76
175 Galkanda 52
176 85
180 Strathspey 97
181 100
186 Mawiliganga-
Watte 116
187 118
188 121
189 AtGalla 124
195 Anningkande 142
2/2 Errollwood 163
203 166
204 Glengariffe 169
205 172
206 175
207 178
208 Cyde 181
29 154
210 187
21i 190
215 Stafford 202
219° Haloarawe 2lt
221 920
225 Glenorcby 23:
226 233
228 Carlabeck ail
230) Ambalakande 214i
231 250
234 High Furest 259
235 262
236 265
937 Gampaha 268
238 271
239 27k
241 High Forest 2:0
242 233
248 286
214 Maha Uva 2:9
245 292
246 295
247 28
250 Weoya 897
261 310
252 313
256 Polatagama 275
207 $28
258 BL
269 a4
261 Seenagolla V 34u
262 A 313
263 345
204 3.9
267 ~Panapitiya 53
272 Naseby 378

| Prick :—123 cents each, 3 copies

30 cents ; ; 6 copies 4 rupee.

Pkgs,
43 hf ch

24 hf ch

36 hf ch
30 do
27) «ch
19 hf ch
30 do
31 do
33 ch
19 do
36 bf ch
27 ch

43 hf ch
29 do
33 ch
15 do

15

2t do
18 hf ch
18 do
12 ch
13 do

165 Ga
27 hf ch

Name, Ib.
bre pek 2580
ar pek 2288
pek 1190

bro or pek 1155
bro pek 1520

pek 1440
or pek 2790
bro or pek 480C
pek 3870

pek sou 1530
pek sou 1104
bro pek 2160

or pek 1440

pek 2430
ee or pek 1102
or pek 1560
bro pek 1860
pek 2838

peck sou 1616
bro or pek 2160

or pek 2430
pek 3150
pek sou 1020
dust 1020

bro pek 1683
bro or pek 1£60
bro pek 2040
or pek 1760
pek 2580
pex sou 1176

bro or pek 2494

or pek 1508
pek 29 34
pek sou 1350
or pek 1600
pek 2465
or pek 1183
pek 1620

bro pek 5280
pek sou 2:09

dust 1050
pek dust 1020
pek 1350
bo orpek 234)
pek 1400
bro pek 3080
pek 2430

pek sou 1800
pek fans 1300
bro pek 4500
bro or pek 1100
pek Nol 1656
pe: No2 1035

or pek Lidu
bro pek L4uu
pek 1290
bro pek 2580
pek 2375

pek scu 1300
bro pek 1200

pek 2080
or pek Nol 2552
or pek 1182
pek 1572
bro or pek 98)
or pek 2016
pek 15i8
or pek Nol 17.0
or pek 1320
pek 1029
bro or pek 1030
or pek 1008
pek 1us0
pek sou 1040
bro or pek 2215
bro pee 38780
pek e87u
bro pex 6300
or pen 1500
pek $860
fans 14 0
beo or pek 104
pek 14)
broorpek 1:2)
pex 100+
pek 14.5

bro or pek 182y

34 bid

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. My ees | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ID; -.c,
273 376 26hfch or pek 1222) 63 51 220 24 ch pek 2010 31
274 879 <5 do pek 1250-51 55 Perth 232 36 do bro pek 3600 35 bid
276 Middleton $85 22 ch bro pek 2200 48 56 23F 22 do or pek 1870 33 bid
a 386 16 do ek 1360 48 57 238 16 do pek 1200-32
279 Agraoya 294 20 ch ro or pek 20.0. 35 60 St. John’s 247 25bfch broorpek 1500 50 bid
280 397 16 do or pek 1520 = 35 61 250 25 do or pek 150 = 6
281 400 11 do pek 1645 32 62 252 256 do pek 13 0 46
290 Talgaswella 427 14 ch broorpek 1400 38 63 Cabin Ella 256 i8 ch bro pek 1800 39
291 430 15 do or pek 1240 2 64 259 18 do pek 1530-36
292 433 26 do pek 2080 = 3 67 Brownlow 268 24+ bich wbroorpek 1392 47 bid
293 436 21 do pek sou 1575 28 68 271 22 ch or pek 220 42
294. Torwood 439 20 ch broorpek 1920 36 €9 274 34 do pek 2822 37
296 445 46 ch pek 3864 0629 7 SN 230 1zhfch dust 1020 24
299 RM inestmark45! 19hfch broerpek 1026 36 — 77 Rondura 298 20 ch bro pek 200 82 bid
300 457 53 ch bropek 5300 30bid | 78 301 21 do or pek 2:05 35 bid
301 460 28 do per 2830 32 79 304 49 do pek 4165 31
305 Dunbar 472 30hfch broor pek 16£0 54bid | 82 Glasgow 313 20hfch broorpek 1240 67
306 475 12 ch or pek 1080 45 83 316 32 do bro pek 1984 46
307 478 21 do pek 1818-39 84 319 26 ch or pek 2470047
311 FredsRuhe 490 21 ch br pek 2310 24 85 822 i3 do pek 12:9 44
312 495 18 do or yek 1710s 3 86 325 13hfch pekfans 1030 28
313 496 26 do pek 2340 29 87 Midlothian 328 22 do bro pek 1320 35 bid
_ 814 Kotagaloya 499 20 ch bro pek 210 = 33 88 331 24 do or pek 1200 40
316 502 36 do pek 3060 0-382 89 334 40 do. pek 2080 8-36
319 Cloyne; 514 18 ch bro pek 1692 33bid | 92 Callander 343 18 do broorpek 10:0 37 bid
320 517 18 «do: pek 16202390 3 93 346 19 do cr pek 1045 39
$23 Cullen} 526 49 ch pekNo2 4015 32 94 349 35 do pek 1925 «35
324 Fairlawn 529 30hfch broorpek 1650 45 93 Kila 361 32 ch bro pek 3x6 37
525 532 33 do orpek 1485 43 99 364 27 do or pek 2420 «=. 37
326 535 26 ch pek 2210 «=. 38 + 100 367 43 do ypekNo.1l 3-70 32hbid
327 538 32 do pek sou 1020 33 101 3870 52 do pek No.2 1680 31 bid
330 Dunkeld 547 47 hfch broorpek 726 58 bid | 202 37L 50 do pek sou 3750 28 bid
331 550 15 do or pek 1495 = 89 103 Kandahar 376 22hfch broorpek 1210
332 553 17 ch pek 1530-36 104 379 23 do pek 1265 33
333 Carfax 556 13 ch broorpek 13:0 41 106 Coslanda #85 34 do bro pek 1870 = 36
334 559 Y¥4 box or pek 2110 46 107 288 24 ch pek 2046 32
335 5A2° 19 ch pek 1710 40 112 Mocha 403 25 do broorpek 2500 61
336 Bandara Eliya 565 45bfch or pek 1925 87 hid | 413 406 41 do pek 4018 39
337 563 37 do bro pek 2405 37 bid 115 Lameliere 412 <0 do bro or pek 3:20 36 bid
338 571 59 do pek 28:2 34 116 415 19 do or pek 1615 36
342 Macaldenia 583 32hfch bropek 1920 35bid | 447 418 36 do pek 3420 35
343 586 37 do pek 2035 83 118 $21 16 do gu 1696 26 bid
347 Roeberry A 5{8 12 ch broorpek 120 65 | 119 Ferndale 424 14 do broor pek 1400 40
348 601 20 do bro pek 2000 41 bid | 3:0 427 15 do pek 1245 33
349 604 <5 do pek 2300 35 bid | 122 433.13 do orpek 1105 35
253 616 11 ch broorpek 1100 66 124 Peru 439 10 do bropek 100 35 bid
354 619 20 do bro pek 2:0) 41 bid | 127 Monnt Vernon 448 59 do pek 5487 41
356 622 23 do pek 2200 34bid | 128 451 42 do peksou 3696 36
361 Bargany 610 41 hfch bro pek 2:60 34bid | 130 457.19 do dust 1568 26 —
362 €42 18 ch or pek 16200 4 137 Wana Rajah 478 20bfch fans 1120-28 bid
367 Purana 658 18 ch ypek 1449 82 139 PN 454 10 ch bro pek 1005 24 bid
371 Poonagalla 670 27 ch or pek 2565 42bid | jay MPS 487 19hfch bryekfans 125 25
372 673 24 do bropek 2760 441id | 441 490 27 do pekdust 23:0 23 __
373 676 72 do pek 2.00 39bid | 142 Carendon 493 15 ch bro pek 190 30bid
374 679 15 do pek sou 142586 145 Morahela 502.20 do or pex 1°20 = 33 bid
377 Tismoda 688 10 ch bro pek 100 34 146 505 22 do or pek 1870 33 bid
378 691 10 do pek 100031 147 508 28 do bro ek 1520 © 39
391 O B E Cin est 148 511 16 do tro or pek 1600 é
mark Fuiest 149 514 50 do pek 4000 28 bid
Creek 730 12 ch dust 1020 24 150 517 15 do pek No.1 1220 29
392 Madulkellie 783 12 ch bio pek 1:40 36 156 Glassaugh 525 62hfch or pex« 359566
393 736 14 do pek Nol 1120 35 12457, 588 52 ch brovurpek 3630 40 bid
395 Edward Hill 742 13 ch br pek No 1 1339 87 158 641 32 do pes 3424 48
400 Trex 757 3 ch bro or pek 3:00 37 162 Orwell 558. 22 do or pek 2156 86
401 760 19 do pek 1710 = 32 | 163 565 19 do bruver pek 1159 42 bid
406 HGM 772 27 hich bro orpek 16-0 £5 164 559 zO do pes 1850 35
406 775 12 ch bro pek 120932 | 1:8 Mount Clare 671 16 do ° broorpek 1600 35
407 778 23 do pek 2070 3L 149 574 24 do or pek 2.69 35
408 781 151fch dust 1350 ©. 23 | 170 577 17 do pek 1445 34
410 BWD 787 10 ch dust 14090 23 1 17i 580 13 do pek sou 1030 33
414 Hillwatte 799 14 ch bro pek 1394 out | 175 Woodstock 592 13 do pek 1229 32
178 Galpotta 601 48 hfch mater leaf piper te
5 33 i s)
Messrs. E. John & Co. 179 BGalla 604 27 ch peksou 2430. += 24 bid
(213,218 1b.] ait ee
Lot, Box. Pkgs. ee lb, (ory ' Messré. Somerville x Ou.
7 Navangama 88 10 ch bro pe. 1000 29 H
8 % 91 14 do pek Ly be [296,746 1b.]
10 Cresta 97 37hfch_ bropek 1850 33 bid | Pot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. (Gp
iW 10) 38 ch pek 1548 31 a
14 Harvisland 109 18hfch broorpek 1044 34 2 Hanagama 731 17 ch or pek 1700 31
16 115 13 th pes 1030 32 3 734 18 do pe 1c00 20
20 Holbrook 127 34bfch broor pek 1972 55 4 787 16 do jeksou 1440 27 |
22 133 13 ch bropek 11.0 87bid | 6G Rothes 793 2:hfch br pe 1364 37 bid
28 136 14 do pek 119) +3940 12 Marigold 811 37 do bro pek 19s 45
31 Galagama 160 I5bfch dust 1200 §=6:18 14 817 34 do pe: sou 1632. 31 bi
#2 Theresia 168 16 ch pek sou 1440 37 17 Allacollawewa 826 27hf-ch wro pex 1431 44 id
85 Biltacy 172 27 do bropek 2646 40bid | 18 829 22 do pek 1056 game
36 175 19 do pek 1:93 40 19 832 21 do peksou 1098 s2bid
4. Lameliere 190 80 do bro or pek 3120 85 kid | 23 Theberton 844 19 ch bro pak iv00 333 J
42 193 19 do or pek 1615 §=86 24 847 18 do pek 150 38.
4% 1y5 86 do pek 3420 36 27 QOononagalla 8/6 24hf-ch broor pek 1200 51- Pt
44 199 16 do sou 16:6 26hid | 28 859 3; ch — pek 3145 eh
45 Cleveland 202 ‘6hfch flwryorpek1t0) 64 29 862 25 do peksou 2122 ~~ 80; bs
47 403 44 do pek 2.00. 88 28 Comar 874 24hfch brupek 1344 28 bit
50 Koslande 217 34 do 10 pek 1870 ©—-86 84 877 12 ch. pek 1200, 29

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb c. | Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name, Ib, a,
39 Warakamure 892 z oe oF Ber Lae BA { ae 18 a ue ch on Boe. 160) 3
40 895 256 do ro 560 30 bid | ty 31 do Pp .
41 898 38 do poke 3628 31 2:9 1522.:22 do pek No. 2 1012 33
42 90L 17 do ek sou 1545 27 252 Citrus 1531 35 ch bro pek 3466 32
Be edo pe gee He | (Miia oe a ES, Bae ae a
44 907 oO pe 10) 31 | ro
45 910 12 do ex sou 1140 28 : 267 Cooroondoo- i ;
47 Neuchatel 916 16 ch roorpek 1(00 40bid | watte 1576 20 ch pek 2000 32
48 919 41 do bropek 4100 32bid | 268 1679 11 do pek sou 110029
49 ones a 922 52 we pek : 4160 31 a |
54 Owilikande 937 12 ¢ or pe 1200 29 bid | q 1
55 940 10 do bropek 10° 29bid SMALL LOTS.
He 943 22 ae pes 2090 29 —
5 946 19 do pek sou 1710 26 j 7 C
6 Mora Ella 953 SL hfch broorpek 1860 34 bid Messrs. £. Benham & Co.
63 064 28 ¢ pek £00 34
64 987° 12 do < pek sou 1020 - 30 Lot. Box) Pkgs. Name. lb, ec
65 Ewadugama 970 12 ch bro pek 1320 37 3 Coodcogalla 115 hfch_ bro pek 750 = 33
73 St. Catnerine 991 2)hfch broorpek 1003 40 4 4 7 do pex 315 32
74 997 13 ch pek 1108 32 5 7 6 do pek sou 300 28
76 Mary Hill 10 3 2Lhfch bro pek 1155 =. 36 6 19 4 do ~ dust 3207). 22
7 1006 31 do pek 1550 32 8 Battalgalla i610 do dust 870 = 2
86 Ravana 1033 20 hf-ch bro orpek 11,0 33 bid | 14 Mapitigama 34 11. ch pek 935 3h
88 1039 34 hfech pe 1530 36 15 W 37 ch pek sou 168 26
9 OW KP 1048 28 ch bro pek 2940 40 16 Meddakane 40 Shfch dust 640 »=20
92 W5t 22 do or pek 1980 = 35 17. Hapugastenne 43 6 do dust 480 20
93 1054 68 do pek 5780 31 ee
94 1057 20 do pek sou 1600 28 bid Messre. Forbes <= Walker
98 Kurunegalle
Tiiesd 1068 29bfch broorpek 1740 33 bid Lot. Boxes kes a awe Ih: ie
ear 7 3 as . ore ae ey 2 Moneragalla 31:3 7 ch bro or pek 532 39
99 1072 31 do or pe 1643 34 316912 do ok 876 36
int 18 2. ae pee aoee a 5 3172 6 do fais 600 25
101 C7 Oo pex sou 2G ) Z AY
105 Cotswold 1090-15 ch __pek 127 See Sines 6 as B15 ae pemeou eeu eA
1¢9 Beausejour 1102 18 ch broorpek 1710 34 bid 9 Thedden B1a7la dd ites SONI. Bs
110 1105 £0 do pek 1600 29 bid | 10 eM ali tdon hance 180.2 ai
113 Damblagolla 1114 12 ch broorpek 1080 34 | 11 Tokativ:
114 1117. 22 hf ch br pek 1320 3 bid | 18 ee arose a: che | foak SPIN se
ie aaa i a Ee aon 3 14 sae 3199 2 do pek sou 222 23
116 1:23 15 do pex sou 2 2 Ge 4 ss b
117 Rayigam 1126 Wy bi ch bro or pek aa 3 16 B02 phe ch pro, mix ee B
118 1) @ or pe 2 sage Jeane
119 1134.15 do bropek 1425 33 20). Wile ue oh Peper pee S00 ae
120 1135 29 do pek 2465 3L 3-93 aes eis 700 28
121 1138 18 do eksou,. ;1710 ° 30° 22 aopaiag’ aoe) tere ton: es ae
124 Tientsin 1147 A oh poker pes aoc 2 bid | 2 Bas peat Base ase os
125 1150.54 do pe 9 as i a
130 116 ¢ pe 5 8: : 2
131 1168 19 do peksou 1805 29 | 26 3235 1 do dust 1200 «19
132 1171 16 do sou 1440 | 28 27 Katadola 3238 2 ch bro or pek 200 4
ee ee ee He | Se ae
185 orida Lit 3 ¢ ro pe 2 i oon
a aaa: tee Tae oe rt ciritunaura S600 eh? \broibek 7900/9 BB
137 1186 13 do pek sou 1215 = -.25 31 Sirtkandu Bonet ae BeGiiai fame etoo | be
147 Oonankande, 1216 a been bye pek ae a a Siena ae fase ane 3
148 1219 21 ¢ pe BI oe 4 ie
153 Glenalla 123! i4 ech hysonNo.1 1111 34 | 36 aes i ae Lonesam dase io an
160 Siriniwasa 1255 23 ch bro pek 9300 37 37 Nery: o op :
161 1253 38 do pek 3610° 31 42 RM in esta sanits Rfeh. Sader Paceere
162 1201. 31 do pe’ sou 2790 27 bid mark oe 2 Ae 7 ay a a
166 Band ve 1273 2lhfch dust 1680 24 re OBE Cin oy 9 us
167 Murrayth- >
mR 5 i estate mark
ware Se ener 100 Ba wie Nillomally 3304 3 ch dust 300 16 bid
171 Kinrcss 1288 12 ch bro or pek 1520 3 51 _B, in estate
173 1204 25 do pek 2:60 aan | mark 3310 lhfch green tea 51 out
175 Nugawella 1:00 30hfch brocrpek ic(0 36 bid 55. Matale 3522 2 do dust 160 22
176 1303 27 do ~ br pek 1206 38 lid | 5q Monterey 38.6 5 ch sou 450 28
178 13U9 48 do pek 2256 32 bil | o> BBB inest.
179 1312 13h eh pek sou 1040 2) bid | aren 3328 4 ch dust 332 20
182 Glenalmond 132| s0hich broorpek 1800 32bid | 5 Haputale-
184 tz 20 en 4 bee EY sa | wella 333! 15 hfch pek . 675. 34
188 New Anga- puneeed eee 1 60 £33716 do pek sou 675° BL
mana 1339 21 ch hro or pek 2100 33 bil 61 3310 4 do fans 320 23
189 ignz), 28) do. ebro peky 2070, ., 82 bid’ |) G5 Lindupatna 8%627"8' ch’. ‘pek'sou 768 85
190 Tahoe ado. orek 2060 ~ 3L bid | 6g 3355 4 do. bro pek fans} 640 26 bid
1gt TS logon Pek sou. (1850) | 25 Didi et Preston 3335 7 hich orpek 31587
194 Harrangalla 1357 18 ch bro or pek ayo 5 pid "8 3391 4 do bro or pek
195 1.0 34 do pek 2 2 bid tans 260 36
194 1365 13 ch br pek 1lu5 83 bid | g5° Glendon 34°6 5 do bropekfans 375 26
197 13.6 13 do peksu 1010 29 bid | gy 3119 7 do: ‘dust 630°. 22
203 Mahatenne 138t 18 ch bro pes 1500 80 bid | g7 Pheydon Bois 3118 7 ch . pex sou 525 220
ae Ponta pS eG} ne Hes TAT ogy oe A ies en 3121 7 do rei leaf 770 «18
218 Meddegodde 1129 27 hfch bror pek 1435 35 bid 93 -Laurawatte 3436 2hfch fans 160 20
219 1132 22 do peki 110 388bid 9 CRS 3139 4 ch pek sou 308 93
220 HCD Sa) IO OE OT ee 95 3142 2hfch bropekfans 124 22
are S 183, oF Heeb eo Boe ey a pie Lot Box. Pkgs. Name lb ieree
22! 1156 15 ¢ pe* fans i g . aad
228 1459 3lhfch dust 2790 Isbid | 98 Yelverton ae oe Pee son bat oe
229 Bcdawa 1462 385ufch bro pek 19°56 3L bid | 99 454 € us
234 D 1177 24 ch fans 2610 23 bid | 103 Weyunga- i aah Op
235 _ 1480 28bfch pek dust 2016 20 bid watte are Danan at 170.) ae
2 Stern 28 ety mee oe ai Stwia | 188 agar ana
4 7 fe ro or 2 bi u : ae
245 1510 43 do pekfans 4¢44 20 bid Wishford 3472.7 ch bro oe pek ie or
246 Yarrow 1613 22hfch broorpek 1276 36 107 8173 10 do or pe

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot Box. Pkgs. N
D p ° ane. lb. ¢ Lo
109 3481 5 ch fans 625 26 ¢ ee, TES ee Ib.
110 — 3487 2 do dust 220 21 Ape Dantas 4t1 13hfch bro pekfans 780
lll SW 84:0 5 do bro mix 635022 a 4341 do pek sou 95
112 Sylvakanky 3493 3 do peksou 300 31 ate a 4:7 2 ch dust 276
113 3496 2 do dustNol 200 22 316 Kotagaloya 505 9 ch pek sou 765
114 3499 3 do dustNo2 $00 21 ay 508 Shfch dust 640
118 P 3511 6 ch bro pek 630 32 $18y Cloyne 5:11 7 ch broorpek 805
119 3514.9 do pek 810 29 321 520 1 do pek sou 96
120 8517 11. do. pek sou 935 27 B22 ¢ 523 2 do brotea 228
121 520 4 do unas 380 ©. 29 828 Fairlawn 541 4hfch dust 320
122 ee 8523 4hfch dust 460 23 B20: WW 644 1hfch bro or pee 31
nes Vincit B82 5 oe fans 600 24 an Bandara Eliya 574 13 hfch pek No 2 624
. 1 do dust 5 577 6 do
133 Adisham 3556 8 do pek sou 0B Buy 580.10 do vs eee
139 St. Pau’s ae Macaldenia 589 4hfch peksou 990
Iny. No.3 $574 Shfch bropekfans 560 33 346 A ae: 140
140 3577 6 do dust 54084 350. Roeberr 595 2 do dust 180
144 Stamford ; 25g Roeberry Axo ey Gpekagan 900
Hill 3569 7 ch pek sou 630 33 252 610 8 do dust 300
145 3392 5hfch dust 450 22 356 6Pey3 do, stare 300
151 Penrhos 10 5 do fans 400 F 357 B2s61eR pek sou 540
1625 13 2 do pek dust 372} Withdn. | 355 B2Si2 sid) 1A 200
159 Yatiyana 34 7: F 631 3 do fans
y 7 ch pek 672-24 359 Br ere 800
160 37 1 do dust £9 3 maswick 163200 "chia gatiiues 800
161 Zowa 18 60 637 11hfch twank
Ut 1 do pek sou 85 2 363 Barga J B19
167 Marlborovgh 5812bkfch bro pekfans 792 82 364 ed Bs nen pee 810
168 Non Pariel 61 lhfch pek ‘ ; 619 9 do —_pe* sou 810
7 p 49 29 365 Purans 652 6 ch =#D k r
71 Great Valley 866 655 15 b ee san
Ceylen, in est. 368 aay ae Orne 270
Unies 7Onaz chy, or pak 630-37 369 64 lbfch dust es
B ; (9 Shfch_ dust 680-23 370 667 1 do fans 00
177 Galkanda 88 9 ch pek sou 75 34 875 Pconagalla 682 & ch fans Aes
178 Strathspey 91 9 ch broor pek 900 66 3:6 685 7 do dust 6s
179 84 7 dobro pek Ponies 3,9 OBEC inest BED
if a S 4 3
183 R, in estate Ob Anse ale ac 380 me 607 ae vee oF pee ee
S mark 106 1 ch bropek 106 30 des 700 4 do pek ite 380
18 rg apack hex sou 79 24 ae 703 2 do pek sou 70
p oi
190 S, in estate Pepe 10S ome 384 03 1 aaee fant 33
ot v7 1bich bro mis cea 385 mika git eee 1
v 1 do pek dust 103 A ht
ae Anningkande Ls “8 eb rp or pek 900 re Bee New Galway 715 é hf a pr si oe
: to) ro pek 5 val :
a 13911 do or nek 990 = 388 OBE C inest 3 SS, epee $30
oO sou v0 ree 721 6 ch
a Tee do? TARRENoT) Sito. iat 339 TOU Cage Mee rit
a 154.1 do fans 10) 25 390 72711 do pekdust 7
29 Ookoowatte 157 2 ch pek fans oy oS 32 Madulkellie 739 2hfch dest 7
201 Teo ahah ee Sogides 393 Edward Hill 745 2 ch bro pek No 2 232
212 Clyde 1y2 7 ch pek sou 560 29 397 748 9 do orpek eed
213 Anningkande 196 lhfch dustNo2 90 22 398 751 9 do ane Em
214 Stafford 199 9 do bruorpek 585 47 Bog 704 7 do pe sou 700
216 205 11 ch pes 850 41 402 Tex 763 3 ch pek sou a0
ae 28 l1hfch fans 75 23 4C3 766 1 do fans ai
Ht 211 1 do dust 20 ~=— 20 404 769 lhfch dust 8
aut Halbarawe gu 8 ch or pek 720 ~~ 32 AW) EE 3s :
iB 23 8 do pek sou i mark 784
223 226 2 do fans oe 411 BWD 790 5 ‘ h pee ee
224 99 4 4 24 ‘ red leaf 200
2 ¥29 2 do dust 328 18 412 Silvakandy 793 2 ch bro pek
aed ees 238 2bfch dust TRO OH 413 796 1 do poke =
2 arlabeck 2145 ch bro oi 4
232 Amblakande 53 12 ch pek Hee Aine Ap a TIVE
aE crete, fhe oe eee, URDU, || Geter oes Chee es
i t rai] YY kK OS p .
248 Maha Uva 3(1 6hfch vee 480 ae fe on ie aie ab:
249 £04 2 do fans 140 3 2 Oa 70 5bfch_ br or pek fans 375
253 Weoya 31610 ch — pek sou £00 38 3 > 73 4 do dust 320
2A #19 3 do bro pek fans 345 32 4 eae B82 Go qpeeaon nek aie
205 32 3 do dust 450 ze 79 2 do bro pek 100
260 Platagama 437 3 ch dust oxi os 8 2 3 do pek 150
265 Panapitiya 352 4 ch 4é 22 ‘ Navangama a 3 ch bro or pek 20)
1 hf ch y pek ; 2 do dust 3
se vos (hgh gyre gy az | 1 Gresta as 3 ds pets
361 : : tS 9 i 1 ¢
269 Katapola ih a oh ESE soe ee a “e Houdsiend Dea do” cane 274
2 1Lhfch bro pet z : lis 6 ch pek sou 3
zy er Ges oe ae | Wi te eee
i i 374 2 a 5 x } Co) ek du
276 Mid Jet.n 3-2 Rare ek Bak we Be 2L Holbrock 14 16 do es ae St a
28 E10 dee tase ote te ee cD 19 5 ch _ bro pek 525
262 Bedford 43 lhfch brorpek Nol 40 28 16 MB Hee) 00. ppbe's ae
re 406 1 do brorpekNo240 35 ui G eho a ae ou
ae 403 1 do pek sou gy 8 zi Galagama 148 10 eh bro pek 920
25 BDWP 412 3 ch bro pek fans $30 ae 28 lol su do pek 90
2-6 415 Lhfch dust "9619 ; PERU Seo ae = Cai)
287 Herogaskella 418 &hfch bro pek 514-82 bY i 167 7 do fans ied
A ne 421 4 ch pek 36018 Bye roe il a ea ae
raphe Sel 424 2 ch 37 Bi wy 1 ch sou 6
rat! 418 1 do bropek fang 120 12 39 Rehaicag, (ae ae
208 461 2 do dust 260 2 Tee ede ny Regt -70
02 B inestimarki63 11 ch —_pek sou 918 28 ae 8! 2hf bh dust 1
B03 466 Bhfch duat cree ine 46 Clevelanl 205 5 do bro pek 310
208 469 1 do dust 47 oo Prile SW tlt i poets ante (05
zl4 3 do fans usu

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

5
Lot: Box. Pkgs. Name |b. ec, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibss cs
52 Kosiande 223%) 7.chi pek sou 630 28 66 Kwadugama 973 9 ch pek 945 84
63 226 4 do , fans 446 24 67 976 6 do pek sou 486 30
229 4hfch dust 820-22 68 979 1lbfch dust 107 22
Perth 241 13° ch pek sou 975 29 69 Jak Tree Hill 982 6 ch bro pek 600 33
59 244 5 do pek dust 650 23 bid 70 °85 7 do pek 700 30
€5 Cabin Ella 262 2hbhfch pek fans 140 24 val 98 9 do pek sou 200 °8
66 265 1 do pek dust 99 - 21 72 : 691 1 Jo fans 10 22
70 Brownlow 277 11 do dust €80 25 75 St. Catheriue 10) 2hbfech fans 113 2
72 Eton 283 2 ch bro cr pek 200. ~—- 30 78 Mary Hill 10.9 5hfch dust 350 2t
73 286 2 dv orpek 200. «33 79 Ambalapitiya 1012 9hfch bro pek 495 28 bid
74 - 289 2 do p ksou 200 ~=30 80 J015 8bfch pek $00... 25rr
75 292 3 do scu 300 29 81 1018 3 do pek sou il4 22
76 Roncura 295 7 do bro or pek 805 30 bid 82 1021 1 box sru 3U 15
80 307 2 do pek fans 230 24 83 1024 ilfech dust 85 15
st 3 310 4 do dust 6cO = 22 84 Oolapane 1027 10hfch dust 8u0 21
80 Midlothian 337 15 bfch peksou 750°. 35 85 1030 5 do fans 825 22
91 34) 5 do fans 400 25 87 Ravana 1036 14hbfch br pek 700 34
95 Callander 352 6 do pek sou 270 32 89 1042 13 do pek sou 585 29
96 BoD) GO fans 525 25 99 P D in est
97 Modura 358 6 do dust 486 20 bid mark 1045 lhfch dust 85 18
105 Duva 382 7 do pek dust 567 20 9 WK P Wc0 7 ch sou 532 26
108 Coslanda 391. 7 ch pek sou €30 28 £6 1053 7hfch_ fans 455 25
109 394 4 do fans 440 24 97 1066 3 do dust 260 ra
110 397 4hfch dust 320 21 102 Kurunegalle
lit Non Pariel 40016 do _ bro orpek 936 36 Estates Co.,
114 Mocha 409 11 ch fans SEO 28 Limited 1061 4hfch dust 840 21
121 Ferndale 4230 3hfch bropekfans 195 28 103 Cctswold 10:4 7 de broorpek 5°5 40bid
123 456 2 ch dust 160 22 104 1L87_ 7 co or pek a(4 40
125 Peru 442 11 do pek $90 33 105 1(93 6 ch pek sou 400 33
126 445 1 do dust 150 22 1077 OL W 1095 Lhfch br or pek fans100 24
129 Mount Vernon 454 Shfch fans 544-30 bid 1u8 119) 2 do dust £09 20
131 M K, in estate 111 Beausejour 1108 4 ch pek sou £80 z
mark 4€0 4 ch sou S20 glk 112 1li1 4 do bro pek fans 360 = 24 ipb
182 463 9 do pek fans 950 23 122. Rayigam 1141.5 ch fans 600 z
133 466 4 do dust 600 20 128 1144 Shfch~= dust 689 21
134 Eladuwa 4c9 3 do mixed 420 16 126 Tientsin AdAseeth ch pek sou 595 36
135 The Farm 472 3hfch dust 255 21 127 1156 4hfch dust 320 27
126 Wana Rajah 475 1 ch pek sow 104 31 128 Deniyaya 1159 9 ch or pek 91.0 38
138 481 8hfch dust 704 22 134 4177 4 hfch = dust 350 22
143 Carendon 496 9 ch _ pek 900 26 bid | 138 TPicrida 1189 3 ch bro fans 815 2
144 499 6 do pek sou €00 26 139 1192 2 do dust 235 20
151 Morahela 520 2 do pek sou 170 = 22 140 1195 2 do red leaf 180 2
152 623 3hfch dust 249 24 141 SRK 1198 5 ch pek 500 23
153 Handa Eliya 526 3 ch bro pek 3C0 84 142 1201 do dust 480
154 529 3 do pek 200 ~=30 143. Loomont 1204 3hfch_ bro pek 162 26
156 5382 3 do peksou 800 39.27 144 1207 2 do pek 107-22
159 Alplakande 644 8 do sou 720 924 145 1210 1 do sou 51. 20
160 Ohiya 547 3 do rek sou 204 29 146 Minestmarkl2i3 1hfch _ bro pek 48 31
161 550 4hfch dust 804 23 149 Oonakande 122214 ch pek sou 9:0 29
165 Awliscombe 562 4 ch qropek 440 8932 150 1225 4hfch dust 28 22
166 565 4 do ek 380-28 161 Glenalla 1228 12 hfch choisest young
167 568 2 do peksou ACOn 27%, byson 720 = 37 bid
172 Mount Clare §83 2 do fans 200 25 152 1234 10 ch young byson 862 35 bid
173 586 1 do dust 100 =—.20 154 3237 lhfch hyson 50 26
174 589 1 do bro tea 53 15 155 1240 2 ch
116 Galpotta 5695 3hfch_ natural leaf ihfch green tea fans255 8 bid
0.1 165 35bid | 156 1248 2 do — green tea dust120 8
177 698 4 do », No.2 200 157 Nikawella 1246 5 ch bro or pek 509 37
168 i249 5 do pek 450 30
159 1252 3 do yer sou 270 28
i 163 Siriniwasa 1264 8 ch rpek fans 840 25
Messrs. Somerville & Co. ae iseve ao ance aw sen
165 1270 2 do sou 160 18
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. 168 Murrayth- We as o
B waite 1279 ch pek 855 B2
1 Hanagama ce Me hf ch Beoor lek ees oe 169 1282 4 do pek sou 34023
7 Rothes 796 8 ch pek 7e0 39 170 i 1285 38 do bro pek fans 405 28 bid
8 799 lihfch dust Oba 21 172 Kinross _ ~ 1991 5 ch bro pek 400 33 bid
9 Mowbray £02 6 ch bro pek 600 33biad | 174 Ue SiEeT GOs PERING. 2 SY es
10 £05 9 do ek 765 81 177 Nugawella 1306 11bfch or pek 495
1 $08 3 do pek sou 255 28 180 TD AO) GU ae ae
13 Marigold 814 16hfch pek 768 35 bid | 181 Teeny ee PEO Ta aba
15 820 9 do pek sou No. 2 405 0 183 Glenalmond 1324 17 hf ch or pek 850 35
16 823 2 do bropekfans 260 29bid | 189 1880), Or \cRish pel sou peOioe 28
20 Allacollawewa 835 5hfch pekNo.2 225 30 186 1333 2 ch fans 200 a3
24 8388 8 do bropekfans 620 29bid | 187 1336 3hfch. dust EY i) PAD
22 Galla 841 5hfch bro mixed 253 26 162 New Anga- : Pie
25 Theberton 850 1 ch sou 85 99 mana 1351 4 ch pek fans 480 23 bid
6 853 2 do fans 200 21 193 13*4 3 do dust 435 22
30 Mahtwella 863 6 ch bro pek 600 34bia 7 198 Harangalla 1369 11hfch br pekdust 825 22 bid
81 868 6 do pek 540 31 199 1372 6 ch fans 600 23 bid
32 871 3 do pek sou 270 28 200 Maddagedera 1375 6hfch dust 480 21
35 Comar 880 3 ch pek sou 300 27 201 S and D 1378 9 do sou s 450 15 bid
36 Deeville 883 5 ch br pek 500 85 bid 2(2 Mahatenne 1331 6 ch bro or pe& 690 42
37 846 4 do ek 360 30 205 1390 3 do pek sou 285 27
38 889 3 ch pek sou 270-8 206 : 1393 1 do dust 100 18 bid
46 Neboda 913 6 ch dust 780 19bid | 207 D BR in est
50 Neuchatel 925 3 ch dust 450 22 mark 1396 1 ch bro pek 110.28
61 D 9°8 8 ch br pek 800 33 208 1399 2hbfich pek 109 26
52 931 7 do pek 665 26bid | 209 1402 1 ch — pek sou eee
53 931 5 do peksou 450 24 210 } 1405 — do dust 122, «19
58 F A inest. 7 211 WTGinest i
mark 949 1 ch pek sou £9 ) mark 1408 12 hf ch dust 960 20
59 952 Bbhfch dust 380 21 212 f dit 2 do redleat 120 V4
61 Mora Ella 958. 17 hich__ or pek 816 40 213 F in est markl4l4 3 ch — pek sou 219 pene 28
€2 96112 do bro pek, 816 26 bid | 214 i417 4hfch dust 300.23

6

Lot.

215
216
217

B

Massena
Meddegodde

Evalgolla
Bodawa

D
Rambodde
Buona-Vista

Annnadale
Yarrow

Citrus

A
Pieters Hill

Labuduwa

Cooroondoo-
watte

Box,

1420 6 hf-ch
1423 2 do
1426 15 hf ch
1433 18 do
1441 3 do
1444 5 do
1447 2 do
1450 19 hf ch
1465 4 ch
14¢8 5 do
1471 lhfch
1474 2 ch
1483 4 hf ch
1486 17 do
1489 3 ch

1573
1582 do
1685 4 hf ch

on KTR OW
f=¥)
°

Pkgs.

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

pek son

bro mixed
bro pek fans
dust

bro or pek
bro pek dust

congou

bro pek
c ngou
pek fans ;

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Convmercial Correspondent.)
Mincine LANE, Feb. ist.

‘Inaba Maru.”—Monarakelle 1, 20 bags sold at
68s; 2, 2 at 35s; Broken, 1 at 49s.

“Pydeus.”—Monarakelle 1, 17 bags sold at 58s.

“Shropshire.”—Pansalatenne 1, 37 bags sold at
59s; 2, 7 at 46s 6d; Matale 2, 10 bags sold at
468 6d.

“‘Historian.”—Pondappe A, 28 bags sold at 60s;
1, 6 at 63s; 2, 1 at 428; T, 3 at 526 6d; Pieces,
1 at 50s ; Maryland T, 1 bag sold at 32s 6d; Places,
1 at 50s.

-“‘ Japan.”’—Sirigalla T, 3 bags sold at 41a; 2 at

| 448; 2 at 303; Hlangapitiya B, 2 bags sold at 48s,

‘Kamakura Maru.”—Strathisla B, 7 bags sold at
42s 6d; D, 1 at 40s.

“ Duke of Sutherland.”—North Matale B, 15 bags
sold at 57s 6d.

“Japan.” —Polwatta, 5 bags sold at 48s 6d; 3 at
353 6d ; Wibaragama 1, 3 bags sold at 49s 6d 546 at 56s.

“* Dordogne,’’—Ditto, 1 bag sold at 493 6d; 3
5 at 433; Black, 5 at 40s 6d,

“Japan.’—AMP in estate mark, 20 bags sold at
578 6d; 172 at 578; 10 at 428; 4 at 59s 6d.

“‘ Dordogne.”—Rockhill AA 2, 9 begs sold at 49s,

“ Lancashire.”—Yattawatte, 10 bags sold at 45s;
Broken, 1 at 50s.

“ Derbyshire.”—Allagalla B1, 15 bags sold at 55a
C1, 7 at 41s 6d.

te
OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 9. CoLomso, Marca 3, 1902.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA.

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. ‘Benham & Co.
[28,685 lb,]

Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. 1b
1 Hornsey 96 25hfch _ bro pek 1500
2 99 13 ch pek 1105
38 DKW 2.14 do pek sou 1260
4 Hornsey 5 43bfch bro pek +2530
6 Bunyan and

Ovoca 8 46 do bro or pek 2760
6 11 60 do or pek 8600
7 : 14 23 ch pek 2300
8 17.18 do pek No, 2 1800
9 20 26 do pek sou 2540

10 23. 23hfch pek fans 1610

12. Torrington 29 1€ ch or pek 1360

18 82.17 do broocr pek 1700

14 35 15 do pek 12.0

16 M LW, Invoice
Nol 4i 11 ch bro pek 1100

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
[466,133 ]b.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
4 Panawatte 811 16 ch bro or pek 1920
5 814 87 do bro pek 4070
6 8:7 26 do pek Nol 2600
7 820 30 do pes No2 3000
9

Coldstream

Group 826 35hfch broorpek 2100
10 829 75 ao bro pek 4125
11 832 33 ch pek 3230
15 Yuillefiela 844 43hfch broorpek 2580
16 847 33 ch pek 2970
19 Clarendon 866. 23 hfch bro pek 1449
20 859 53 do or pek 3180
2L ; 862 25 ch pek 2500
22 865 10 do pek sou 1050
27 Drayton 880 54hfch or pek 2700
28 883 57 ch pek 5130
29 886 17 do pek sou 1445
35 IK V 904 13 ch pek fans 1560
36 Yogama 907 28 ch bro pek 2860
37 910 16 do pek 1600

40 Walton 919 14 ch
lhfch bro pek 1526
41 f 922 12 ch or pek 1025
49 ECH 946 64 ch pek dust 5120
60 CH 949 13 do red leat 1170
6L CH 952 44 do pek dust $520
63 Ouvahkellie 958 16 ch pek sou 1435
54 961 13hfch dust 1040
65 Knavesmire 954 13 ch or pek 1105
56 967. 60 do bro pek 6000
57 970 34 do pe 2890
68 973 138 do pek sou 1040
60 Tonacombe 979 385 ch or pek 3325
61 9&2 30 do bro pek 3000
62 985 33 do pek 2970
63 988 18 do pek sou 1530

66 Ardlaw and
Wishford 997 10 ch bro pek 1050

68 1003 12 do pek 1056
69 Findlater 1006 36hfch_ bro pek 1950
70 1009 20 ch pek 1900
73 Palmerston 1018 16hfch_ bro pek 1040
74 1021 12 ch pe 1080
78 Puspone 1038 35 ch or pek 1600
79 1036 25 do bro pek 2800
83 D in») ate

mark 1048 18 ch hyson 1710
84 Holton 1051 11 ado bro pek 1045
86 1054 12 do pek 1020
909 KPW 1066 35hfch broorpek 2100
91 1069 45 do bro pek 2475
92 1072 20 do or pek 1000
93 1075 87 do pek 4350
94 1078 20 do pek sou 1000
97 Vogan 1087 20 ch bro or pek 2000
98 1090 81 do or pek 2945
99 10938 59 do pek: 4750
100 1096 20 do pek sou 170
103 Tembiligalla 1105 83 ch bro or pek 3135
104 1108 24 do pek 216C
108 St, Helen 1120 20 hfch broor pek 1100
109 1123 14 ch or pek 1330
1105 1126 12 do pek 1(80
111 1129 16 do pek sou 1440

Lot. Box.
113 St. Helen 1135
122 Laxapanae-

galla 1162
123 116
127. Monkswood 1177
128 1180
129 1183
130 Middleton 1186
13k 1189
132. Deaculla 1192
133 1195
13 1198
135° Delta 12°1
136 1204
137 1207
138 1210
139 1213
141. Devonford 1219
142 1222
143 1225
144 1223
145 WV WN 1731
116 BDWG 1234
148 Tembiligalla 1240
149 1243
159 Pine Hill 1273
160 1276
161 1279
162 HGM 1282
163 1285
164 1288
165 1291
173 Galapita-

kande 1315
174 1318
176 1321
182 Lucky Land 1342
183 1345
131 Killarney 1369
192 1372
193 1375
194 1378
195 Battawatte 1381
197 1387
209 High Forest 1396
201 1399
202 1402
203 1405
204 Ruanwella 1408
205 1411
206 1414
207 1417
209 Pallagodda 1423
210 1426
211 1429
212 1432
213 1435
2id 1488
215 144)
216 Erracht 1444
217 1447
218 1450
219 1453
220 Aberdeen 1456
221 1459
223 Carfax 1465
225° Dammeira 1471
226 1474
227 1477
22 1480
231 Dea Ella. 1489
232 1492
233 1495
235 S Rin estate

mark 1501
236 1504
288 Siriwatta 1510
239 1613
243 Woodend 1525
244 1528,
247 Choisy 1537
248 1540
249 1543
253 Stamford Hill 1555
26 Kincora 1564
257 1567
258 1570
259 1573
263 Vin est mark 1585
265 Lesmoir 1591
266 1594
270 1606
271 1€09

Pkgs.
12 ch

22 do
20 hf ch
18 do
17 ch

Price :—123 cents each, 3 copies

30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.
Name. Napier
pek sou 1€80 2
bro or pek 2700 3
cr pek 1615 33
bro pek 18.0 67
or pek 1660 68
pek 2090. 57
bro pek 1425 60
pek 1020 45
bro pek 3300 37
pek 3610 32
dust 1040 23
bro or pek 4930 37
bro pek 4600 35
pek 2752 3k
pek sou 1782 31
fans 1292 27
bro or pek 1612 72
or pek 1300 54 bid
pek 1209 49
pek sou 1116 41
bro or pek- 1320 4),
bro or nek 1400 withdn.
bro or pek 2600 32 bid
pek 12.0 31
bro or pek 1140 42
or pek 1350 42
pek 1980 36
flowery or
pek 1100 52
bro or pek 1080 35 bid
pek 1520-32
pek sou 1140 30
or pek 2100 36 bid
bro pe 1900 35 bid
pek 1520 32 bid
bro or pek 1500 41
or pek 1536 38 bid
bro or pek 1160 62
bro pek 1£60 38
or pek 1170 45
pek 2340 40
bro or pek 3380 = 31 bid
pek 2660 34
bro or pek 2117 35
or pek
No.1 2183 54
or pek 1540 47
pek 1008 45
bro or pek 1890 33
bro pek 1200 34
or pek 1190 34
pek 2610 30
bro or pek 2400 32.
bro pek 4100 37
or pek 3060 3L bid
pek 2720 Bt
pek sou 3510 30
sou 18¢0 28
dust 1360 21
bro pek 4800 | 81 bid
pek 2160 31
pek sou 1350 28
dust 1280 21
bro pek 4074-85
pek 4536 = 81 bid
bro pek 1973 = 38 bid
or pek 1080 36 bid
bro pek 2000 37
pek 2800 34
pek sou 1710 31
broor pek 1650 39...
or pek 1925 34
pek 1550-82
or pek fans 1200 31
congou 1805 29
bro or pek 1300 35 bid
ek 1260 36
bro pek 2300 34
nek 207081
bro or pek 2685 40 bid
or pek 1350 41
pek 3060 36
bro pek 1740 39 bid
bro pek 1650 36 bid
or pek 1805 42 bid
pek 2610 37
pek sou 2295 35
pek sou 1717 26 bid
bro pek 1809 = 82 bid
pek 2169 31 bid
bro pek 1600 32;bid
pek 2070 31 bid

2 jCEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. :

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ibe
273 Bandara Eliyalél5 69hfch or pek 4002 41 di 20 hf ch bro or 9
274 1618 54 do broor pek 3240 38 bid oe eae 34 23 ch bro oat 2300 withd’n
275 1621 75 do ek 3750 37 79 1822 12 ch pek sou 1140 s
276, Geragama 1624 14 ch roorpek 1470 33 bid | g2 Pinkandi 1831 32bfch broorpek 176) 35
277 1627 20 do bro pek 1900-85 83 1834 14 ch pek 1260 9.29 bid
278 1650 20 do ek 2465 88 87 Farnham 1846 24hfch broorpek 1440 53
279 1633 28 do pek sou 1840 30 68 1849 19 do br pek 1045 33
280 1636 14 do dust 1120 22 89 1:52 16 ch pek 1636 33
281 fPassara Groupl639 12 ch or pek 1080 35 bid 91 O 1858 12 ch pek 1200 27 bid
‘282 164216 “do bro or pek 16C0. |. 35 94 Hobart 1867, 13 bf ch _pek 10:0 29 bid
283 161516 do! sspek 1440 38 95 Kelani 1870 21 ch bropek 2100 48 bid
287 Moray 1657 59 hf ch bib or pek 35.0 59 96 1873 17 do broor pek 17(0 33
28 1660 30 do bro pek 2016 24 bid | 97 1878 17. do pek 1430 32
289 1668153 ch oipekiy = 2107 88 104 MBK is97 16 ch bro pek fansl6o0 36 bia
‘290 1666 26 ch pek No 2 2210. 35 114 Mt. Temple 28 27 ch bro or pek 2700 £3
291 169 49hfch or pek 2842 48 115 31 38 do bro pek 3800 29
292 1672 14 do pek dust 1020 24 116 34 34 do pek 2890 22
293 Bellongalla 1675 13 ch bro pek 1365 32 117 Walahanduwa 37 30 ch broorpek 3150 34
294 1678 16 do pek 1440 29 118 40 26 do or pek 2340 22
297 Ireby 1687 23hfch bro pek 3:80 2 bid | 119 43 39 do pek 3610 30
208 ; 1690 26 ch pek 2210 48 123 Weygalla 55 19hfch broorpek 1045 65
302 Tunisgalla 1702 22bfch broor pek 1210 51 124 58 23 ch ek 2310-36
08.2 TB 82 do bropek | 19:0. 36bid | 198 Kelani c1“t2 ch bropek 3200]
B04 178 65 do or pek 3250 37 bid | 126 64 28 do broorpek 2816 f withd‘n
BCS 1711.21 ch — pek 2160 34 129 Selvawatte 73 3lbfch bropek 1705 32
306 W714 16 do peksou = 1360 31 134 Al'accllawewa 88 22hfch Lek 1056-36
311 Castlereagh 1729 33 bfch broor pek 1650 45 bid | 135 Harrangalla 91 15 ch broorpek 1125 33bid
312 1732 14 ch — bro pek 1400 24 bid | 136 94 13 do bro pek 1105 32 bid
813 1785 13 do or pek 1010 38 137 97 25 do pek 2000 32 bid
oe Aa ie ae pers Be BS 138 1(613 do peksou 1040-28 bid
g 5) 2 139 22-hf ch br ithd‘
316 Marlbcrovgh 1744 34hfch broorpek 1700 47bid | 144 Fovest, Kill ice 14 hf = ro 1038 2
317 147 22 ch bropek 220 34 bid | 141 Mousakande 109 20hfch bro orpek 1°40 32 bid
318 1750 12 do or yek 1030 33 142 112 20 do pek 1800 32
319 1753 40 do pek 3140 38 143 Comar 115 24hf-ch br pek 1344 31 bid
323° GK 1765 20bfch dust 170022 149 Rambedde 133 45bfch bropek 2700 37
325 Tokatiyamullel771 10 ch bropek 1045-28 160 136 64 do pek 2680 . 37
326 Harrow W774 18hfch bro‘pek 1080 47 153 Hangrancya 145 24 ch bropek 220 33 bid
327 1777 16 ch pek 1600 38 164 148 14 do pek 1260 31
329 Bargany 1783 41 hfch bro pek 2457-36 160 Laukka 166 13 ch pek 161 9-28
330 Hatton 1786 27 ch bro pek 2070 = 50 163 LKA 175 45bfch pek 2175 = out
331 1789 28 do pek 2660 40 168 DNT 160 17 ch br pek 1700.27 bid
334) Poonagalla:, 1798! 27:0chi -- oripek £562 44 ~~ | 169 New Angamanal93 21 ch bro or pek 2100 3 bid
335 1801. 24 do — bro pek 2757 = =646 bid | 170 196 25 do bropek 2070 «= 31 bid
337 Coreen vi 07 is ntl i Bee pek el 3 bid ie RO tee ae eee mae or
B a 7 % é y 5 7
ahs Anibldkande 1810 12 ch biG) pek 1197) 34 a per peo ee bree hea eee
4 loyne 1816 18 ¢ pek 1617 += 30 bid
341. Macaldenia 1819 32hfch bro pek 1917 35 Messrs. E. John & Co.
342 Roeberry V 1822 20 ch bro pek 1997 39bid
343 Roeberry A 1825 20 ch bropek 1997. 38 bid [212,427 1b.]
Messrs. Somerville & Uv rae e fe tgs: Nine: be e
1 3 2 ¢ or pe 20 45
[193,468 1b.} 2 610 21bich bro or pek 1260 47
3 613 22 ¢ pe £090 38
Lot. Box. Pkgs, . Name, libs 4 Birnam 616 20 do teksou 1500 36
7 Wapugasmulle 1606 11 ch’ unast 1034 25 7 Elston 625 21 do pek 1890 35
11 Ambalawa 1618 23hf ch bro pek 1265 29 bid 8 628 14 do pek sou 1330 33
12 1621 14 ch pek 1120 = 30 9 : 631 17hfch dust 1445 23
13 Nyanzaa 1624 23bfch bro pek 1265 838 10 Kadienlena 634 36 do bro or pek
14 1627 18 ch pek 1235 38 fans 2700 «= 96
15 Lemmermoor: 1€30 10 ch bro pek 1000 31 bid | 11 Dickapitiya 637 18 ch — bropek 1800 35
16 1633 12 do pek 1:80 30 “12 640 27 do pek 2700 = 33
17 Polgahakande1636 18 ch or pek 1530-35 15 LHO 649 26 do fans 2912. «22 hid
18 1639 16 do pek 1280 31 17 Gingranoya 655 33 do pek 2640 © 33
19 Kurulugalla 1642 15 ch bro or pek 1500 31 bid 19 Woodstock 661 12 do bro or pek 1200 36
20 1645 19 do bro pek 1805 3] 20 664 16 do pek 1520 38
21 1648 22 do pek 1980 28 27 Ottery 685 16 do bro or pez 1409 40 kid
26 Monrovia 1663 18 ch bro pek 1710 3k 28 688 22 do or pek 22u00 36
27 16€6 21 do pek 1890 27 29 691 28 do pek 2520 85
28 1669 23 do pek sou 2070 26 32 Mount Everest 700 22hfch broorpek 1210 54
30 1675 21 do pro tea 1890 20 33 703 40 do or pek - 2000 47
32 Dryburgh 1681 13 ch or pek 1170 36 34 706 31 ch pek 3100 = 38
83 1684 18 do pek 1458 BL 88 Natuwakelle 718 11 do broor pek 1100 37 bid
84 Derby 1687 27hbfch bro pek 1620 35 39 Glentilt 721 $8hfch broor pek 2090 55
3b 1690 19 do pek 1045 33 40 724 30 ch or pek 2550 44
40 Theberton 1705 11 ch bro pek 1100 38 41 727 34 do pek 3060 37
43 Ravenscraig 1714 26hfch bropek 1430 839-87 42 780 18 do pek sou 1620) = 3
44 1717 33 ch pek 2970 32 43 Templestowe 733 24 do bro or pek 2040 43
49 Yspa 1732 98 ch pek sou 1955 31 44 736 3Lhfich or pek 1395 48
61 Avisawella 1788 26hfch broor pek 1430 37 45 739 21 ch pek 1995 39
52 1741 20 ch or pek 1900 86 46 742 12 do pek sou 1140 36
53 1744 22 do pek 1980 32 47 745 14 do fans 1330 32
64 1747 19 do pek sou 1520 29 49 Tellington 751 27 hfch bro pex 1295 32 bid
59 Dartry 1762 35hfch fans 2660 22 50 754 14 ch pek 1092 30 bid
61 Karangalla 1768 13 ch br pek 14380 = 38 54 Westhall 766 28 do pro mix 2800 23 bid
CZ, 1771 12 do pek 1052 ©6288 55 Galopitakande 769 23 do or pek 2300 ©32bid
64 Pindeniya 1777 17 «ch or pek 1615 85 56 Gonavy 772 12 do or pek 1020 39
65 1780 12 do bro or pek 1140 82 67 775 13 do bro pek 1300 42
66 1784 17 do pek 1445 82 58 778 26 do pek 2080 36
6 1766 15 do pek sou 1275 29 62 Rookwood 790 29hfch broorpek 1740 47 bid 4
69 Wewebedde 1792 27 ch bro pek 2700 38 bid 63 7y3 28 ch or pek 2683 37 a
70 J 1795 21 do pek 1890 36 64 196 <3 do pek 2070 36
& Aigburth 1804 25 ch brpek 2375 82 bid | 65 Dalhousie 799 29hfch or pek 1740 = 36 bid’

74 1807 16 do pek 1440 29 bid | 66 802 18 do bro pek 1080 = 48
76 1810 15 do peksou 1275 28 67 805 31 do pek 1395 35 bid

1534 2 do

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. Ib. c.,
70 Agra Ouvah 814 66 do broorpek 3960 38 Yogama 913 2 ch pekKgsou 200 30
71 817 48 do or pek 2640 46 39 916 2 do dust 290 20
72 820 37 ch pek 1615 44 42 Walton 925 8 ch
73 Glasgow $23 17 hfch broorpek 1v54 60 1hfch pek 739 31
74 8:6 24 du bro pek 1488-44 43 928 4 ch pek sou 308 =: 28
75 829 25 ch or pek 2375 48 44 93: 2 do dust 216 22
76 832 13 do pek 1209 45 45 Belgodde 934 6hfch_ bro pek 308 28
77 +B, inest} mark 835 15 do pe& sou 1125 26 bid 46 937 6 do pek 300 25
78 Mocha 888 18 do oro or pek 1800 61 47 940 3 do pek sou 135 23
79 841 18 do or pek 1710 46 48 943 1 do dust 70 19
80 844 24 do pek 2352 41 62 CH 955 6 ch red leaf 540 14
81 WK A, in est. 59 Knavesmire 976 7hfch bropekfans 560 23
mark 847 18 do or pek 1710 30 bid 6% Tonacombe 991 10 do dust 850 2
82 Galloola 8:0 24 do bro pek 2400 44 65 Ardlaw. and
83 853 28 do pek 2520.33 bid Wishford 994 8 ch bro or pek 854 27
84 856 14 do pek sou 1120 32 67 1000 9 do or pek 846 44
87 Glentilt 865 15 ‘do fans 1200 28, 71 Findlater 1012 6 do pek sou 540 82
95 Wewawatte 389 19 do bro pek 1140 29 bid 72 1015 2hfch dust 192 22
96 OFEK 892 12 do bro pek 1200 30 75 Falmerston 1024 2 ch pek sou 150 37
97 895 11 do or pek 1100 25 bid | 76 Detenegalla 1027 10 hfch pek sou 50 withd
98 893 15 do pek 150) 22 bid | 77 1030.5 do — pek fans gooig Wieoan.
101 Hiralouvah 907 «séhfch bro pek 2-76 33 bia | 80 Puspone 1039 7 ch pek 665 30.
102 910 18 ch pek 1620. 32 8L 1042 6 do peksou 540g
103 Oakwell 9:8 22 do bro pek 2610 36 bid 82 1046 3hfch dust 261 20
109 931 23 do pew 2369 32-bid | 85 Holton 1051 7 ch bro pek 665 34
114 Needan Ella 916 17 do pek 1530 30 8&7 1057. 2 do pes sou 170 28
116. Glassaugh 949 31 hich or pek 1860 74 88 BA 1060 3 ch bro pekfans 150 Be
116 952 zl do bru or pek 1449 45 89 1063 5 hf ch ust 400 22
1% 905 17 ech pek 1870 48 9% KPW 1081 6 do pek fans 450 25
118 Gangawatte 958 18 do broor pek 1800 61 96 1034 2 do dust 180 227
119 961 17 do bro pek 1700 45 101. Vogan 1099 “2 ch pek fans 240 26
120 934 43 do pek 3870 39 102 1102 5hfch dust 400 22
125 Myraganga 979 15 do.. or pek. 127586 105 Tembiligalla 1111 1 ch pek sou 100-27
126 i 932 19 “do bro orpek 1900 36 bid 106 1114 1 do bro pek fans 125 oy
127 935 13 do pex 1010 34 107 1117, 2 do pek dust 240 22
129 Manickwatte 991 43 hfch or pek 1104 = 84 112 St. Helen 1132 12hfch fans 720° 26
130 992 53 do broorpek 3021 383bid | 114 T BG 1138 4 ch bro mix 396 24
131 997 28 ch pek 2324 31 115 Kabragalla 1141 7hfch bropck 385 27
132 1000 26 do pek sou 1976 28 116 1144 6 do bro or pek 300 30
134. Y¥ 6 30hfch pek fans 237011 117 1147. 7 do pek BhOE= 2 7NE
135 Braemar High- 118 1150 3 do pek sou 150 27
lands 9 14 ch bruorpek 1440 44bid | 119 1153 2 do dust Ohm
136 12.11 do or pek 1160 39 120 1156 4 do bro tea 220 13
137 15 26 do pes. 2470 =. 336 121 Asgeria 1159 1 ch bro tea 100 25
138 GB 18 3 do 124 Laxapana-
lhfch bro pek fans 1018 25 bid galla 1168 6 ch pek 540 31
139 Avington 21 23 ch bro pek 230u 32 bid | 125 1171 3 do pek fans 300 23
140 - 24 37 do pek 29060 30 bid 126 1174 1 do dust 100 21
141 27.85 do pek sou 2276 27 bid | 140 Delta 1216 6hfch dust 510 21
143 St. Clair 33 20 do or pek 3120 45 147 BDWG 1237 1 do dust 90 23,
144 36 27 do bro or pek 1620 65 150 Tembiligalla 1246. 6 ch pek No 2 FU) 31
145 39 31 do pek 2614 41 161 1249 1 da pek sou 100 28
146 PRD 42 32hfch bro pek 1920 30bid | 152 1252 1 do _ pek dust 110.22
147 Ben Nevis 45 24 do | bropek 1440° 40bia | 153 Weyweltalawe,
149 51.18 ch | pek 1620-36 No, 2 1255 4 ch broorpek 320 33
155 Waragalande 69 12 do broorpek 1200 38 154 1258 9 do pek 630 931
156 72,17 do — bropek 1700 33bid | 155 1261 3 do pek sou 195 27
167 75 14 do pek 1260 32 156 1264 1 do bro pek fans 100 24
157 1267 1hfch dust 90 20
* 158 i 1270 2 eh sou 120 27
* h 166 Etulgama 1294 5 do sou 450 28
SMALE? LOTS. 167 i 1297 5 hf eh dust 425%) 222
aT ere 168 Dunally 1300 4 ¢ sou 360 27
Messrs. £&. Benham & Co. 169 mattih 1303 5 bf ch dust 425 93
170 agalla, 1306 4 do ust 360 20
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c, 171 1349 8 do fans 600 26
11 Bunyan and 172, Nynangodde 1312 4 ch bro or pek :
Ovoca 26 1Lhfch dust 990 23 ans 320 24
15 Hapugas- 176 Galapita-
i tenne 38 8 do dust 640 22 kande 1324 4 ch pek sou 860 28
17 MLW, Invoice 177 1327 2hfch dust 160 22
No.1 44 6 ch pek 540 50 178 SG 1330 5 ch pek 47521
18 47 5 do pek sou 425 27 179 1333 2 do pek sou 174 22
19 Galatura Su 5hfch dast 475 23 189 EDP 1336 8 do sou 600 25.
eos 181 Oar 1339 11 beech aust 625 2c
é ch heey . 184 Lucky Land 1348 9 ¢ pe 765 36
we “Geesr es s pee & Walker. 185 1351 6 do, pek gou 540.34
Lot. . Box. sol oN is 5 3 186 1354 3hf-c pek fans 270 24
6 oe Ib 187 Oodoowerre 1357 4 ch bro pek 408 37
1 Hunugalla 802 2 ch pek sou 210 27 188 1360 7 do pek 616 35
2 t06 Shfich dust | 425 22 189 1363 3 do peksou 264 33
808 1 ch bro mix 75 14 190 1366 lhfch dust 80. 20
8 Panawatte 823 4 ch dust 600 22 1 196 Battawatte 1384 7 ch or pek 665 35 bid
12 Coldstre .m 4 | 198 139) 11 do pek sou 880-29
Group §35 IL ch pek sou 880 32 199 1393 1 do dust 100° 22
13 t33 6 hich fans 225. 26 202 Ruanwelle 1120 -4 do dust 320 20
14 F 5.1 3 do dust 240. 22 222 Aberdeen 1462 7hfch propekfans 525 22
17 ~Yuillefield 80 6 ch pek sou 610 34 224 Carfax 1468 11 ch sou 990 24
18 8538 2hfch dust 160 22 229 Dammeria 1483 3 ch bropekfans 240 28
23 Clarendon 868 9 do pek dust 720 24 230 1486 1 do dust 160 21
24 Gabhela 871 10 do bro pek 5385.35 234 Dea Bila 1498 10hfch pek sou 50081
25 874 15 do pek - 745 26 237 S Rin estate
26 877 10 do — pek sou 525 23 mark 1507 6bfch dust 510-22
-30 Kalupahana — 889 6 ch or pek 55228 240 Siriwatte 1516 9 ch bro pek sou 855 30
31 892 6 do pek 450 26 241 1519 3 do bropek fans 360 26
32 i 895 9 do peksou 810 23 | 242 Relugas 1522 3 ch dust 525... 21
33 Dehigalla £98 1 ch bro pek 100 3L bid | 245 Woodend 1531 6 ch pek sou 480 28
34 901 1 do pek 100 23 246 dust 280 22

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib. ec. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. c.
250 Rockside 1546 3 ch sou 246 2 120 W in est mark 46 2 ch sou 160 25
251 15497 do bropekfans 840 32 121 49 6 ch fans 750-23
252 1562 2 do dust 270 4 122 562 1 do dust 175 16
254 BR 1558 1hfch dust igt il 127 Murrayth- a
255 Kincora 1561 7 ch broorpek 665 73 waite 67 9 ch pek 855 32
260 1576 7 do bro pek fans 980 27 128 Hopewellj 70 5 hi ch dust 450 20
261 Theberton 1579 2 ch fans 200 »«=«19 130 Selvawatte 76 9 ch pek 720 =. 27 bid
262 Horagaskelle 1582 8hfch bro pek 514-32 131 79 2 do pekSou 176-2
264 Lesmoir 1588 11 ch or pek 990 32 bid 132 82 2 do favs 160 22
267 sear 11 do pek sou 880 29 bid 133 Marigold 85 16 hf ch pek 768 35 bid
268 1600 6 do dust 430 20 bid 144 MD Fin est
269 1608 9 ch or pek 810 32 bid mark 118 9 do bro or pek 540 29 bid
992 1612 11 do pek sou 880 25 bid 145 1271-7 ch or pek 665 8 =34
284 Passara Groupl648 6 ch pek sou 510 33 146 12:10 do pek 850 = BL
286 1651 3hfch dust 270 23 147 127 7 do pek sou 695 26
236 1654 7 do fans 490 23 148 Rambodde 1230 18 hf ch or pek 990 41
295 Bellongalla 1631 10 ch pek sou 800 27 151 139 18 do pes sou 900 33
296 RPW 1€84 2 ch pek fans 270 22 152 142 2 do eust 5 160 23
299 Ireby 1¢93 10 ch pek sou 850 39 bid 152a, 142a 5 do fin, 375 25
300 1696 4hfch fans 280 82 156 Hangranoya 151 5 ch seu 4C0 28
30, : 1699 7 do dust 595 24 156 164 7 do f ns 840 4
307 Tunisgalla 1717 1 ch sou 85 28 157 167 8 hf ch dust 640 21
308 1720 10 bfeh dust 900 22 168 HawaElla 160 7 do bropek 372 81
308 CRD 1723 9hfch dust 900. 22 159 Laukka 163 9 do bro pek 245 81 bid
310 1726 2 ch sou 160 26 161 169 3 do pek sou 264 27
820 GK 1756 11 ch pek sou 880 29 162 172 3 hf ch dust 210 22
321 1759 3 do sou 225° (27 164 Mawanella 178 4 ch br pek 420 29 bid
322 1762 1 do fans 90 24 165 181 4 s pek 485 8
324 Thedden 1768 10 ch bro pek 997 32 bid | 166 184 pek sou 88 26
328 Harrow 1780 3hfch dust 240 24 167 187 - "eh dust 70 21
332 Hatton 1792 3 ch dust 450 23
333. Pin est mark1795 3 ch pek 141 29
339 Cloyne 1813.7 ch bro or pek 802 36 bid ‘Messrs. E. John & Co.j
(Messrs. Somervilis & Co.| Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c¢,
; 5 GB 619 5 ch bro pek 625 «2B
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. He. 6 622 6 do pek 54008
1 Breeon 1§83. 4hfch bromixedB 240 22 13 Dickapitiya 643 10hfch dust 80) 22
2 1691 2 do bro mix C 120 24 14 64511 do fans 7i0 24
3 Blackburn 1594 9 ch pek sou 720 28 146 LHO 652 11 do dust 880 18
4 1597 12hfch fans 840 24 18 Gingranoya 650 8 ch pek sou 566 29
5 1600 8 do dust 656 21 21 Woodstock 667 3 do pek sou 306 23
6 Hapugasmulle 1603 8 ch bro pek 880 33 22 670 4hfch bro pek fans 364 26
8 Hangurankettalé09 10 hf ch bro pek 550 37 23 Mel Villa 673 10 do bro pek 5U0 33
9 161219 do pek 930 35) 24 676 15 do pek 750 25 bid
10 1615 18 do pek sou £85 33 25 679 6 do pek sou 300-24
22 Kurulugalla 165111 ch pek sou 990 27 26 682 1 ch bropek dust 82 20
23 1654 2 do bro tea 180 16 30 Ottery 691 5 do pek sou 400 29
24 1657 1 do brypekfans 95 25 31 697 3hfch dust 240. 24
25 Monrovia 1630 5 ch bro or pek 550 25 35 Mount Everest 709 10 ch pek sou 900 §=33
29 1672 1 do pek dust 155 16 36 712 7hfch bropekfans 480 98
31 Dryburgha 1678 13 hf ch bro or pek 845 33 37 715 2 do dust 200 8622
36 Derby 1693 14 hfch peksou 742 31 48 Tellington 748 14 do bro or peE 700 37 bid
37 1696 8 do sou 408 25 51 757 5 cb pek sou 400 28
38 1699 7hfch pekfans 420 28 52 760 4hfch bropekfans 260 25
39 1702, 3 do dust 222 22 53 Westhall 763 6 ch bro miz 570 19
41 Thosberton 1708 10 ch pek 850 38 59 Gonavy 78110 do pek sou 900 29
42 1711 1 do fans 1¢0 21 €0 781 Shfch pek fans 450 ayy
45 Bavenscraig 1720 4hfch dust 320 22 61 787 3 do dust 255 23
46 Donsine 1723 10 ch sou 900 26 68 Dalhousie 808 9 do pek sou 450 32
47 1726 4hfch dust 460 20 69 811 6 do bropekfans 420 25
48 1729 3 do fans 225 25 85 Galloola 859 3 do dust 240 23
50 Yspa 1735 6 ch ~ dust 840 23 86 862 2 ch fans : 200 24
55 Avisawella 1750 6hfch dust 450 -- 22 88 Bambaragalla 868 Shfch broorpek 464 44
56 FE 1753 6 ch sou 570 26 89 871 3 do or pek 165 39
57 1756 4hfch fans 280-24 90 874 9 do bro pek 468 34
58 1759 7 do dust 560 21 91 8i7 10 do pek $70 35
60 Dartry 1765 6 do dust 576 20 92 880 8 do pek sou 336 30
63 Karangalla 1774 4 ch pek sou 324 Q7 93 EK 883 3 ch twanky siftings 315 9 bid
68 Pindeniya 1789 1 ch dnst 155 17 94 Coodoogalla 886 14hfch pek 630 28
71 Wewebedde 1798 4 ch pek sou 360 31 99 OFE 901 9 ch peksou 900. 22
72 1801 2 do fans 200 24 10 904 3 do bro pek fans 300 22
78 Galgedioya 181910 ch pek 950 103 Hiralouvah 9i3 8 do pek sou 736-29
80 1825 6hfch dust ag0 | withd'n 104 916 4hfch fans 20 2
81 1828 4 ch fans 400 105 919 1 do dust 20
84 Pinkandi 1837 6 ch pek sou 516 29 106 HH 922 1 do bro pek No. 2 0 24
85 1840 1hfch br or pek fans 75 22 107 16928925) ech! pek No. 2 100-21
86 1843 1 do dust 86 20 110 Oakwell 934 8 do pek sou 768 30
90 Farnham 1855 9 ch pek sou 765 =. 29 111 Taunton 937 2 do sou 140 «#18
92° 0 1861 6 ch bropekfans 744 10bid | 112 940 2 do fans 230 86.28
93 Galgedioya 1864 5hfch dust 400 22 bid 118 943 3hfch dust 255 21
98 Kelani 1879 5 ch fans 500 26 121 Gangawatte 967 10 ch pek sou 900 = 337
99 Kahatagalla 1&82 2 ch bro pek 200 384 122 970 Shfich dust 680 28
100 1885 2 do bro or pek 200 31 123 97314 co fans 910° «28
101 1888 2 do pek 18() 30 124 AMO 967 5 do bro pek 325 31
102 1891 1 do fans 100 24 128 TSM 988 16 do sou 785 15
108 HY 1894 10 ch pek 900 - 25 bid | 183 Manickwatte 5 5 do dust 35 22
105 GA 1 3hfch bro pek 234 = «28 142 Avington 30 4 ch dust 320 9.20
106 4 4 do pek 340 31 148 Ben Nevis 4810 do or pek 900 = 49
107 7 6 do pek sou Bey BA 150 54 do pek sou 450 32
106 8 10 4 do dust 320 23 151 57 3hfch dust 270 26
109 13 8 do sou 400 24 162 GK 60 6 ch ~- or pek 480 380
110 A 16 6 do sou 300 4 153 CG 63 6 do bro pek 600 31 bid
11 19 3 do dust 240 98 1644 HAG 66 6 do bropekfans 420 26 bid
112 H 22 3 do dust 240 89623 168 Waragalande 7810 do reek sou 900 ©6380
113 25 6 do sou 300 28 169 81 4 do dust 400-24

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)

Mincina LANE, Feb. 7th.

‘« Japan.”—Wariagala A, 4 bags sold at 1s 10d;
3 cases sold at 1s lid; ditto B, 3 at Is 4d; ditto
Seed, 3 at ls 1d; ditto D, 2 at 1s 2d.

“ Kamakura Maru.’”—Wariagala Mysore A, 4
cases sold at 1s 10d; ditto D, 5 at 1s 2d.

‘© Japan.’’—Nella Oolla O, 3 cases sold at 1s 9d;
ditto 4,4 at 1s 4d; ditto 2, 1 at Ils 1d; ditto
B & S, 1 at 1s 2d; ditto Seed, 1 at Is 4d; B
Nella Oolla, 3 at Is 1d.

“ Awa Maru.’—Nargala No. 1, 3 cases sold at 2s
ld; No. 2, 2 at 1s 6d,

“Dordogne.” —NJDS in estate mark Mysore, 5
cases sold at Is 6d; A ditto, 2 at Is 2d.

‘“ Inaba Maru.”—A Mysore O, 1 case sold at 2s
4d; ditto 1, 1 at 1s 10d; ditto B, 1 at 1s.

‘*Oceanien.’—RA and Malabar, 8 cases sold at
lid; ditto 2, 3 at 1s.

** Omrah.”—Deyanella 1, 5 cases sold at Is 4d;
ditto 2, 2 at ls ld,

‘* Awa Maru.’—DAs 1, 3 cases sold at 2s 2d
ditto 2, 3at Ils 6d; ditto 3, 3 at 1s 3d.

‘* Achilles.’—Bulked 1, 6 cases sold at is 7d;
ditto 2, 7 at Is 4d,

‘““Tnaba Maru,”—CCC Mysore O, 1 case sold at
9s 2d; ditto 1, 2 at 1s 6d; ditto 2, 2 at 1s 2d;
ditto 8, 1 at ls; ditto S, 3 at 1s 1d; ditto B, 1
at 1s; ditto Seed, 1 at 1s 10d,

COCOA SALES IN LONDON.
MixctnG LANE, Feb, 8th.

‘« Shropshire.’’— Hylton OO X, 74 bags sold at
62s 6d; ditto T X, 17 at 56s; ditto GG XX, 39 at
59s 6d; ditto T XX, 5 at 45s.

“ Staffordshire.”—Hylton T, 8 bags sold at 63s.

“ Historian.”— Udapolla A, 73 bags sold at 57s;
ditto B, 2 at 553; ditto G, 7 at 45s,

‘* Japan.’—Mausava AA, 4 bags sold at 51s;
A, 3 at 51s; C, 4 at 393 6d; Asgeria A, 1 bag
sold at 53s,

“ Borneo.”—Dynevor C, 13 bags sold at 46s.

‘“ Tnaba Maru,’—Anniewatte, 20 bags sold at 63s
6d; 10 at 63s.

“ Sado Maru,’—GW, 12 bags 46s 6d.

CEYLON

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 10.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. ‘Benham & Co.
[20,008 lb,]

Name. lb,
or pek 2375
pek 2295
psk sou 1650
bro or pek 2160
or pek 2¢00
pek 1600
pek No, 2 1200
pek sou 1440
or pek 1960
pek 1275
dust 1028

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

Name. Ib,
bro pek 1310
hyson 1160
bro pek 1890
pek 1045
bro or pek 1339

do No 2 2060
bro pek 2987
or pek 2418
pek 5130
bro or pek 1426
or pek 1113
pek 1300
bro pek 1600
bro or pek 2100
or pek 2530
pek 20C8
dust 1040
bro pek 6000
pek 2800
pek 1218
or pek 1€80
pek No2 — 1050
bropek | 2940
pek 1800
pek sou 1045
or pek 2700
pek 1936
bro or pek 1000
pek sou 1008
pek sou 1440
bro or pek 1000
bro pek 1590
or pek 1425
pek 162C
bro pek 1600
pek 1170
pek 1275
or pek 1530
pek 1500
bro pex 1050
pek 1620
pek sou 1020
bro or pek 1080
pek 1080
bro or pek 1512
pek 1330
bro pek 2C00
pek 1785
pek sou 1600
or pek 2375
bro pek 2070
pek: 1520
pek sou 1140

Lot. Box. Pkgs.
1 Battalgalla 97 25 ch
2 160 27 do
3 Seal dO
4 Bunyan and
Ovcea 6 36hfch
6 9 40 do
6 T221é> ch
u 15 12 do
8 13 16 do
9 Battalgalla 21 19 ch
10 24 15 do
12 Halgolle 80%'8) do
[449,954 Ib.]
Lot. Box. Pkgs.
3 Uragalla 1834 14 ch
1 hf ch
8 Dclahena 1849 22 do
10 Lyegrove 1855 18 ch
11 1858 11 do
13 OBE C, in
estate mark
Forest Creek 1864 13 ch
14 1867 20 do
15 1870 29 do
16 1873 26 do
17 1876 54 do
18 St. Paul’s
Iny. No4 1879 23hfch
19 1882 21 do
20 1855 235 do
27 Templehurst 1906 16 ch
29 Udaveria 1912 35hfch
30 1915 46 do
31 1918 4C do
42 J P, inestate :
mark 1951 13hf ch
43 Sylvakandy 1954 60 ch
44 1957 28 do
46 Ardlaw and
Wishfsrd 1963 14 ch
49 Madulkelle 1972 24hfch
50 1975 14 ch
52 Mansfield 1981 49hfch
63 1984 13 ch
54 1987 11 do
57 OBEC, in
estate mark
Nillomally 1996 30 ch
58 1939 22 do
59 2002 10 do
60 2005 12 do
63 RM, estate
mark 2014 16 ch
65 Rajawatte 2020 10 ch
65 2023 15 do
67 2026 15 do
68 2029 18 do
70 Ingrogalla 2035 16 ch
71 2033 13 do
74 Nakiadenia 2047 15 ch
77 Theydon Bois 2956 17 do
73 2069 20 do
86 Queensland 2°65 10 ch
81 : 2(68 10 do
82 2071 12 do
86 Palmerston 283 18hfch
87 2086 12 ch
88 St. Heliers 2089 27hf ch
89 2092 14 ch
90. Weyunga- :
watte 2095 20 ch
91 2693 21 do
92 2101 20 do
95. Poonagalla 2110 25 ch
96 2113. 18 do
97 2\15 16 do
98 2119 12 do
103 BB,in estate
mark 21384 45 ch

pek sou 4050

c.
40 bid

39 bid
40 bid
41
40 bid
38 bid
40
39

22
37
36

41
41
33
48
38 bid
33 bid

39
37
44
35

31
37 bid
33 bid
37
33
33
34
33
36
35
46
41
35
74
47
39
35

33
31
20
42
53
88 bid
36

33

CoLoMBo, Marc# 10, 1902.

Box.
Putupaula 2140
2143
2146
Kennington 2170
Middleton 2179
2°82
Goodhope 2186
2188
2191
Tymawr 2197
2200
2203
2206
GTC 2215
Delta 2215
2218
2221
2:24
Algooltenne 2:27
2250
2233
Handford 2236
2229
2°42
Gonapatiya 2254
2257
2269
Laxapana:
galla 2263
O BEC, in
estate mark,
Summerhill 2290
2283
2298
2299
Parsloes 2362
2.05
Digdola 2317
Marlborough 2326
2329
2232
2335
2338
Kitulgalla 2347
2360
Great Valley

Ceylon, in est.
mark 2359
2362
2365
2368
O BEC, in
estate mark
Sindumally 2374
2377
2380
23:3
2385
2398
2401
2419
2422
2431
2455

Adanwatte
Velana

Erlsmere

N’Pitiya
High Forest

2458
2461
2464
2467
2470
24°3
2476
2479
2482
24385
2488
2491
2500
2524
2527
25380
2533
2536
2539
2542
2545
2548
2551
2560
2563
2578
2581
2584

Maha Uva

Kirklees

Clunes

Erracht
Ganapalla

Dunkeld

Hanwella
Galkadua

Torwood

oa

30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

PRICE :—124 cents each, 3 copiea
2

Pkes. Name:
42 ch bro pek
24 do or pek
18 do pek
16 ch pek sou
18 hfch bro or pek
25 ch bro pek
42 ch bro pek
24 do bro or pek
13. do pek
25bfeh cr pek
17 do bro or pek
38 do pek
30 do pek sou
10 ch

lhfch unas
2! ch bro pek
16 do pek
13 do pek sou
45 bf ch bro cr pek
31 ch bro or pek
34 do or pek
25 do pek
11 ch bro or pek
18 do or pek
13 do pek
20hfch or pek
18 do bro pek
16 ch pek
14 ch bro or pek
42 hfch — bro or pek
20 ch or pek
25 do pek
28 do pek sou
27 ch bro pek
22 do pek
29 do pek
40 bf ch bro or pek
26 ch bro pek
16 do cr pek
36 do pek
14 do pek sou
26 hfch bro or pek
14 ch pek
46hfch bro or pek
44 do or pek
34 ch pek
16 do pek sou
13 ch bro or pek
43 do bro pek
37 do pek
15 do vek sou
1L do bro pek
19 ch bro pek

14 do pek

32 bf ch bro pek

17 ch pek

32 do dust

41 hbfch or pek
No.

42 do or pek

24 do pek

2Lhfch bro or pek

27 do or pek

12 ch pek

33 hfch bro or pek

16 ch or pek

20 do pek

21 do pek sou

20 do bro pek

14 do or pek

33 do pek

60. ch bro pek

0° ch bro or pek

81 do or pek

34 do pek

88 do pek sou

12 do dust

59 hf ch | bro or pek

20 ch or pek

20 do pek

31 hich yng hyson

45 do hyson No 1

12 ch bro pek

13. do pek

22 ch bro or pek

16 do bro pek

48 do pek”

lb.

3780
1920
1440
1'd0
1008
2500
3780
2400
1170
1375
1105
1900
1£00

1000
2400
1376
1053
2610
310)
3060
2250
1110
1620
1170
1040
1044
1536

1400

2136
1840
2275
2240
2700
1980
2320
2000
2652
1512
3168
119)
1500
1250

2668
2288
2992
1440

1430
4336
3219
1125
1155
1900
1190
1792
1360
2720

2419
2310
1152
1260
1496
1080
1815
14:6
1900
1890
2000
1260
2185

pd, CEYLON’ PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. ce, | Lot, Box, Pkgs. Name... lb,--«.
258 Kincora 2599 14 ch pek 1260 87 48 Owilikande 346 14 ch bro pek 1400 32 bid
269 Caltlereagh 2-32 33hfch broor pek 1617 52 49 349 12 do pek 1149 29
270 2685 14 ch bro pek 1397 35 50 A 852 12 do pek sou 1080 27
278 Choisy 2644 47 hich broor pek 2582 86 Lid ; 60 Elchico 282 14 ch bro or pek 1400 34
284 Munukettia | 66 Gangwarily 40) 62 ch~ br pek 6200 35
Ceylon invest 1 67 403 34 do pek 2890 32
mark 2677 11 ch or yek 1012 37 | 71 Monte Chrisio 415 21 ch bro pek 2100 41
285 2680 82hfch bropek 1920 49 ew) x 418 17 do pek 1530 40
286 2683 ¥3 do pek 184) 34 1 78 Avisawella 4236 31hfch _ bro or pek 1705 35
294 Palmgarcen 2707 81 ch bro pek 3410 79 439 22 ch or pek 2020 3
295 2710 41 do pek 4100 > withd‘n £0 442 24 ch pek 2160 32
296 2713 28 do pek sou 2800 81 4 445 17 do pek sou 1360 29
300 Preston 2725 14 ch bro or pek 1470 48 | 85 Ferriby 457. 19 ch bro pek 1710 =. 32. bid
310 Tonacombe ?7°5 27 ch or pek 2565 40 | &6 460 26 do pek 2210 B4
311 2758 22 do bro pek 2200 37 bid | 87 - 463 25 do pek sou 2(00 22
312 2761 29 do pek 2610 82 &8 Dikmukalana 4(€6 ¢8bfch oro pek 2090 35
314 ‘Walgaswella 267 12 ch bro or pek 1200 39 89 469 33 do pee 1€50 82
315 2770 14 ch or pek 3120 36 90 Kallebckka 472 i3 ch roorpek 1265 61
316 2778-18 do pek 1440 32 91 475. 32 do bro pek 33€0 33
317 776 14 do pek sou 1050 30 “92 478 24 do pek 2575 39
318 277917 do br pek No 2 1020 29 95 Yarrow 487 19hfch broorpek 1 45 85
319 Galleheria 2782 15 ch broor pek 1423) itha‘ 94 490 2&8 do cr pek 1344 35
320 9785 16 do or pek 1209 f Wine n | o7 493 48 do pek 2021 33
' 322 Tymawar 2791 25hfch or pek 1375 - 46 101 Scarborceugh 505 25hfch broorpek 1500 62
223 2194 20 do broorpek 1300 41 bid | 10? 608 16 ch or pek 160047
324 2797 40 hf ch pek 2000-44 103 611 25 do pek 2125 48
325 2800 79 do pek sou 1305 16 104 514 16 do pek sou 1408 37
326 Maragalla 2803 11 ch bro pek 1155 37 105 L.bugama 517 20 hf ch bro pek 1200. +933 bid
330 Cullen 2315 51 ch bro orpek 51U0 38 bid | 106 2 520 22 ch pek 1870. 31
331 2818 34 do pek No 2 2890 35 109 Rayigam 529 17 hfch broor pek 1020 44
3338 Maldeniya 2621 40 ch bro pek 4009 3 bid | 110 532 17 ch or pek 1615 40
334 2827 29 de pek 2610 81 bid ll £35 14 do bro pek 1330 31 bid
336. Maha Eliya 4833 21 hfch bro pek 1215 «39 112 “5388 40 do pek 2550 32
338 2339 19 do bro or pek 1140 57 113 5il 21 do pek sou 1995 81
339 2842 19 «do bro pek 1102 40 116° Annandale 650 18hfch brocr pea 1080 68 bid
340 2845 11 ch or pek 1100 + 40 bid 117 553 24 do or pek 1272 48
Bil 2848 27 do pek 2434 40 118 558 28 do pex 1596 47
342 Yelatenne %851 18hfch broor pek 10/4 34bid | 119 : 559 27 do pek sou 1350 937
343 2854 21 do pek 105035 121 Mousa Eliya 665 28 ch bro pek 2200 «= 34 bid
349 Salem 2872 12 ch pek 1080 30 122 568 15 do pek 1425 32
351. Dunbar - 2378 24hfch bro or pek- 1320 50 123 Warakamure 571 20 ch ocr pek 1900-31 bid
852 288t 20 ch pe 1640 Bi 124 674 12 do br pek 1200 33
363 St Margarets 2884 12 ch bro pek 1260 39 125 » 577° 34 «do pek 2924 83
359 Adisham 2902 20 ch bro orpek 2100 50bid | 126 5:0 °15 do pe-fsou 1275 = 28
360 295 33 do or pek 3125 = 40 132 Hatdowa 598 18 ch bro pek 1860 33
361 2208 20 do pek 1800 86 bid 133 €61 16 do pek 1520 31 bid
366 Combe Court 7923 34hfch bro pek 1870 32 bid | 136 Ingeriya 610 19 ch bro pek 1957 34
368 Nugagalla 2929 33 bfch pek 1(50 32 138 616 10 do pek 1000 31 bid
269 Pallegodda 292 13 ch bro or pek 1300 31 bid 1:9 f 619 13 do pek sou 1170 20
370 293519 do bro pek 1900 874 144 Deniyaya 634 12 ch or pek 1200 38 bid
371 2338 17 do or pek 1530 = 32 145 637 10 ch orpekNo11000 39 bid
372 _ 2941 11 do pek “119031 146 640 10 do bro orpek 1009 37 bid
373 2944 17 do pek sou 1530 29 147 643 15 do pek No. 1 1500 3t
376 Tonisgalla 29538 32hfch bro pek 1917 34 hid 148 646 12 do pek No. 2 1140 30 bid
377 Mahawale 2955 32hfch bro pek 1620 34 152. Kiachin 658 32hfch or pek 1600 = 389
378 2959 18 ch ~ or pek 1800 34 153 6€1 22 de bro pek 1210 - 35
379 2962 38 do pek 3610 3 154 664 24 do pek 1200 37
380 2965 18 do pek sou 1530-28 157 Hawa Ella 673 19hfch_ bro pek 1020-33 bid
881 Waldemar 2368 17 hfch brocr pek 1/08 68 158 e 676 27 do pek 1320 28
282 2971 42 ch bro pek 2172 37 bid 160 Nugawella 682 30hf-ch broorpek 1800 34 bid
883 2974 24 do or pek £410 39 bid | 161 New Valley 685 385 ch bro or pek 3500 38 bid
384 2977 138 do pek 1193, 36%! 162 688 25 do or pek 2600 41
163 691 32 do pek 3200 35 bid
=e us aan Sue 40 ee pek sou 3690 33 bid
¥ : 5 16 ewebedde (Oy 2 @ br pek 2700 40
Messrs. Somerville & Co. 17 RKP 703 11 ch broorpek 1100 34
[221,154 1b.] age zat i oe bropek 1100 31 =e
1 09 235 do or pek 2470 30 bi:
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib. ¢. 171 Lyndhurst 71531 hfeb bro pek 1705 33
& 0 3 : 173 21 53 do pe 2355 31
Bo Marigolt Be beaidt Hikeh oe Bee in eo nae 174 : 724 27 do peksou 1215 4:8 _
2 21L 24 do pek sou 1152 34 177 Columbia 733 21 hfch broorpek 1176 43 bid
5 Allacollawewa 217 23hfch bropek 1265 41 173 736 30 do or pek 1560 43
9 Blinkbonnie 229 2thfch bropek 1260 42 179 79 18 do or pek 18 32
11 235 17 ch ek 1530 40 180 #4230 do -\pek 1700-38
13 Neboda 241 12 ch broorpek 1200° 40 18£ Rahatungeda 754 18hf-ch broorpek 1026 45
14 244 20 do or pek 200 35 185 757 19 do or pek 1026-42
15 217-88 do pes 3800-32 ee aegs ee do _pek 109287
16 250 11 do pek sou 1045. 29 AOD NOS 5
17 Neuchatel 253 24 ch bropek 2400 34 watte 784 19 ch pek 1900. 29 bid
1 Wellicoll 266 31 do pek 2480 33 M E J h & c =
ellicollay- . . Jonn oO.
watte 269 8thfch bro pek 2074 37 EEE
20 262 13 ch — pek 1170 33 [170,674 1b.]
24 Richlands 274 %6hfch broor pek 13 0 64 7
25 277 31 ch pek 2635 «36 Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Moy
26 260 21 do pek sou 175 32 g
27 Grange Gardens 23 24 ch bro or pek 2400 41 3 Warleigh 90 25 ch bro pek 25.0 _38
28 286 18 do or pek 1800 43 4 93 25 do pek 2125 38
23 289 16 do pek 1600 = 40 9 Ratwatte Wg 26 do bro pek 2690 =. 38
83 Old Maddegama201 16 ch bro or pek. 1900 44 10 111 17 do pek 1550 30.
8) 207 19 ch ~~ pek 16'5 28 18 Ottery 120 15 do broorpek 120) 40 bid
83 Ambalawa 316 15 ch or pek Wei Be 14 123 22 do orpek 2090" “41 ee
89 819 14 do ek sou 1120-29 15 126 27 do pek 243000 37.
40 Rahatungola 872 60 hfch roorpek 3510 82bid | 18 St. Jobn’s 135 25hfch or pek 1250 «67 >
44 Theberton 334 14 ch br pek 140.) #4 19 Seda ' 138 25 do pek 1350 ole

45 837 138 do pek 1105 37 20 _ 14: 16 do pek fans 188 PAS).

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST. 3
Lot. Box. - Pkgs.. Name. bee aes Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ce.
21 Gingranoya 144-15 hfch broorpek 1500 36 24 1897 3 ch bro mix 276 18
22 147 13 do or pek 1170 29 25 1900 2 do dust 212 19
23 Qonoogaloya 150 25 do or pek 2250 9 41 26 Lorrimore 1903 10, do pek 986 28
af aps 22 ae Duels r pek pie a 28 Tommie buret 1909 a Heh aro pek fans 660 54
5 56" ts) pek 550 32 daveria 1921 2 c ek sou 910 35
26 Poilakande 159 e do bro pek G00 = 32 33 El Teb 1924 9 ch REE sou 756 32
27 162 - 45--do pes 40 0 31 34 1927 10hf ch. dust £00 22 bid
28 Wadburst 165 Bpbe ch pro pek 1260 42 35 M 1930. 2 ch bro pek 180 81
99 16s 12 ch pe 1080 38 36 1933. 3 do bro or pek 833 31 bid
33. Brownlow 180 23 bfch broor pek 1378 48 37 1936. 5 do or one 475 34
34 183 28 ch or pek 2716 44 38 1989..7. do pek 604 32
35 186. 38 do pex 3078 387 39 1942. 2 do pek sou 169 28
37. Gonavy 192.14 do or pek 126U 42 40 1945.2 do dust 155 21
38 195 14 do bro pek 1400 42 41 JP, in estate
39 a aa a one pel : ano 38 mark 1948 8 ch pek sou 800 28
40 asgow 7 hie ro or pek 54 «61 hid ‘ : - ‘
a 90497 do” ‘bro pek 1674... -42 bid ie pol ceendy 1969 3 ch dust No. 1 270 24
42, 207. 27 ch or pek 2515 49 47, ,ardlaw an
‘ £ Wishford 1966 2 ch fans 260 23
43 210/15 do pek 1395 46 48 SW 1969 5 de bro mix 510 24
44 Agra Ouvah 213 é9hfch broor pek 3510 61bid | 5; Madulkelle 1973 2hfch f vena on. 2a
45 2:8 43 do or pek 2365 48 Ee See A Asob pene ase
3 E oe F 55 Wewawatte 199017 do bro p-k 969 31
46 219 15 ch pek 1425 41 bil 58 19)3 11 ch ek 683 27
47 Bittacy 222 27 do bropek 2643 41 é1 0B EG,in E ‘
51 Mocha 234 20 do broor pek 2000 61 eatats mark
52 237 26 do pek 2470 40 peated
54 Ashburton 243 313 do broorpek 1391 41 Nillowally 2008 3 ch fans 30027,
55 216 26 do bro pek 2808 85 62 Hatwatte 211 5hfch. pek 235 28
53 249.17 do pek 1564 35 64 KR M, in estate
59 Manickwatte 253 3) hfch or pek 1410 32 bid mark 2017 3 do dust 255 23
60 26L 63 co bro or pek 8654 82 bid 69 Rajawatte 2032. 3 ch pek sou 70 23
61 264 30 ch pek 2400 31 72 Ingrogalla, in est.
62 267 25 do pek sou 2002 28 mark 2041 4 ch rek fans 400 29
65 Ferndale 276 12 do broorpek 1200 43 73 2044 3 do bro pekdust 420 22
66 279. 15 do’ ~ pek 1275087 7) Nakiadeniya 2050 Shfch dust 610.20
68 Mount Vernon 2385 £0 do pek 4500 38 76 2053. 6 do bro tea 540 20
69 Avington 288 37 do pek 296) 81 79 Theydon Bois 2062 9 ch pek sou 675 31
70 291 35 do peksou 227h = 28 83 Queensland 2074 2 do pek No2 200 £0
71 Cabin Ella 294 20 do bro pek 2.00 40 - 84 2.77. 2 do sou 14 29
72 297 16 do pek 1360 «6 8) 2080 3hfch_ bro. pek dust 2:0 26
75 Tellingt_n 806 24hfch broorpek 12:0 41 93 Weyunga-
76 3(9 48 do bro pec 2304 33 bid walte 2104 1 ch su i) 28
77 312 27 do bro pek 1296 34 94 207 2hfch dust 170 20
73 $15 23 ch pek 1794 30 bid | 99 KW 2122 4 do bro tea 216 26
82 Elston 347 20 do | pek 170) 35 bid | 100 Kirimittia 2125 2 ch — congou 1308
83 - 830 £5 do pek sou 2250 32 bid 101 2128 4hfch_ fans 280 24
84 Glassaugh 333 34hfch or pek 1938 67 102 Ingu ugalla 2:31 5 do bro tea 425 19
85 235 25 do broor pek 1700 48 104. B B, in estate
&6 3:9 18 cb pek 194k 5D mark 2137 11 do dust 990. “22
87 Nahavyilla 3842 19 do or pek 15380 39 108 Aranaimallai2l49 8 ch bro pek 800 t3
83 345 23 do bro pek 23000 87 bid | W9 21:2. 4 do pek Nol 400-28
89 4 348 12 do pek 1C8u 35 110 2155 4 «wo pek sou 400 27.
90 Chelitah 351 11 do bro pek 1100 »=632 bid | 111 Walton 2158 8 ch bro pek 340 40
91 Kelaneiya and : 112 2161 7 da or pek f95 85
Braemar 354 13 do bro or pek 130 46 bid 113 216: 6 do pek 510 22
92 3507 10 do or pek 1060 41 114 2167 1 do sou 80 39
93 : 360 23 do pek 2130-36 116 Kennington 2173 2 ch dust 306 = 20
98 Glentilt 875 £7 hfch broor pek 1485 62 117 2176 1 do fans 109 25
99 878 19 ch or pek 1615 41 123 Goodhope 2194 3 ch fans 300 24
1.0 381 27 do pek 2430-38 128 BEB 2209 7 dv — unas 350 x3
101 384 17hfch fans 1360-29 140 Handford 2245 1 ch sou 90 28
103 Navangama 390 17 ch *bro pek 3700 37 141 2248. 1 do fans 100 26
104 393 19 do pek 17:0 30 142 2251 2 do dust 220 22
105 Xs 896.12 do sou 1020 out 147 Laxapana-
106 29) 41 hfch browix 15u8 with i’n galla 2263 9 ch or pek 855 37
109 Kandaloya 408 28 do bro or pek 1260 36 bid 148 Bedford 2269 1hfch bro or pek 60 36
110 4il1 29 do © bro pek 1305 33 bid | j49 2272.1 do or pek 59 ~—-30
1i1 414 26 do or pek 1010 = 36 kid 159 2275 1 do pek a) 28
112 4:17 74 do pek 2960 33 151 TC 2/78 Lhfch bro pek 65: .. «8
113. Perth 420 22 ch or pek 18:0 33 162 2381 1 do pek 5 27
117 Oodovil 432 18 do bro pek 1803 30 153 Zzo4 1 do pe sou 48 23
- 154 1 oe 1 do dust 95 21
q We 161 Parsloes 2303 10 ch pek sou 800 28
SMALL LOTS. 162 oy 2311 1hfch ust 90 20
eT 168 . Waitilawa 2314 8 do dust 720 26
Messrs. & Benham & Coa. 165 Digdola 2320 2 ce pen sou 630.22
1€6 2323 8hfch dust 600 “4
Lot. i Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, Cc, is AG oat 2 ch cr peb 190 33
* 173 v3it 2 do pex 199 28
1 Battalgalla 27.7 ch pekscu £25 30 bid 7 ; alla 232
13 Meddakande $3 7hfch dust 560 22 Gye aeulgalle area DEER, Proce Peed cent og
Sa ic aE 177 2356 2 ch dust 270 21
Mossrs. Korb & Walker 182 Great Valley
os Ceylon in est.
0 e
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Namie. Ib. Cc. eee 5871 9bfch dut 765 +5
1 Tennehena 1828 1 ch bro pek 109 27 188 Adanwatte 2389 7 ch pek 63038
2 : 1831 1 do 189 2:92 5 do pek sou 450 27
1hfch pek 149 25 190 2395 2 do pek fans 2.0 24
4 Uragalla »1837 6 ch ; 193 Velana 2404 & ch pek sou 60 28
Ihfch pek Sol 560 26 198 EAD hk 49 1a propes fas Pega
1840 4 ch ek No2 © 310 | 25 2 tO CS ae
6 1843 2 do pek dust 26 20 196 Erlsmere 2413 13hfch broorpek 66 62
7 Dolahena 1848 12hfch ‘younghyson 800 36 197 2:16 WW ch or pek 800 63
9 1852.2 do sifting 1109 2 0 2425 4 do pek sou S20 nee
42 Lyegrcve 186 2 do ‘dust 160-22 201 E 2428 2hich dust 170-26
21 Kaupahana 1883 8 ch bro pek 818 33 203 F, in estate
99. ©1891. 2 do pk sou 24 mark 24°47 eh pek fans 490 2k
23. 18945 do fans 22 204 J CL 2137 4hfch dust 300 15

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. (om Lot. . Box. Pkgs. Name lb.
unt Plea- 375 2950 1 ch pek $2
~ ee, 2440 5Shfch bro pek 250 = 35 365 Valhalla 2178 9hfch bro orpek 640
206 2448 3 do pek 15029 336 2979 3 ch bro pek 360
207 2446 2 do congou 100 24 357 2980 8 do pek 720
208 2449 1 do pek sou 50 26 388 2981 1 do pek sou 90
209 2452 1 do © fans 502k 389 2982 2hfch dust 1:0
228 Clunes 2404 5 eu ire pek fans B60 z8 pe
224 2497 2 do ust ts} - ,
2296 Erracht 2603 6 ch pek 540 29 Messrs. Somerville & Co
227 2506 6 do Fee sou 576 zB Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
228 2509 3 do ~ dust BOB a ZO ig. 214 4hfch pekdust 312
229 Galkadua 2512 2 ch bro pek CAD i Bite wrewa oop 16 he oh 433 735
239 2515 3 do Pex 300 26 7 223 16 do pek sou 768
231 2518 3 do pek sou SOD) SA 8 926 3 do pek dust 234
232 2911s dol) dushll’ | Lae 17 10 Blinkbonuie 932 9 ch or pek 855
243 Hanwella 2554 1hfch hyson No2 70 27 12 238 3 do rek sou 258
244 2667 3 do byn siftings 255 10 21 Nellicollay-
247 Galkaduwa 2566 9 ch peksou 900 22 ante °65 9 ch pek sou 702
238 PEED yz) dng, tans 200 Wy ee 22 263 1hfch dust 89
- Bek ae vem aie mid ie
250 7 o) us 2 2 ch ek so 2
254 Torwood 2587 1 ch bropekfans 120 26 Ao RRneeupeardens Zot RO Geeeeee es
255 2590 1 do dust 130 20 39 998 2hfch dust 170
256 Kincora 2693 7 ch bro or pek 770 40 34 Old Maddegama304 19 ch or pek 700
257 2596 § do orpek 475 4 36 310 4 do pek sou 320
259 260211 do pek sou 935 35 37 313 5 do __ br or pek fans475
zoo Pa Monte GR ee “WO 19.3 oe ee 41 Brecon 325 Shfch bro or pek 510
261 BK 268 4 ch bro pek fans 440 30 412 32813 do or pek 715
262 2611 4 do pek fans 400 29 43 231 4 ch pek 260
263 2614 4 do dust 560 2k 46 Tbebertcn 240 1 ch sou 85
264 2617 1 do dust No2 12) 12 47 343.1 do fans 100
265 2620 3 do bromix 300 at 51 Owilikande 355 4hfch bropekfans 280
2066 KHL 2623 8 ch fans 3o a0 52 Cumbawella 358 6 ch broorpek 610
267 CTL £626 3hfch pekfans 2i0 25 53 361 10 do bro pek 90
268 2629 9 do congou 450 24 54 364 9 do pek 810
271 C E X in est 55 267 9 do pekKsou 810
mark 2638 11 ch pek sou 990 24 56 370 2 do pek fans 250
272 K NTI in est 57 373. 1 do dus' 165
mark 2641 5 ch bro pek sou 500 27 58 Tin est. mark {376 12hfch bro pek 672
274 Pinest mark 2647 7 ch pek 678 29 59 379 1Lhfch pek sou 616
275 LN Sinest €1 Elchico 28510 ch or peE 851)
mark 2650 1 ch bro pek £2) 31 62 388 7 do pek 630
276 2653 Llhfch fek Shae i, 63 391 5 do peksou 450
2i7 2656 3 ch pek sou 222 26 64 394 2hfch pek fans 140
278 2659 3 do bropekfans 351 - 24 65 Gangwarily 397 9hfch bro orpek 540
279 2662 1 do dust S129R SOT 68 4061I ch pek sou 935
230 SKM 2665 1 ch bro pek 110 23 69 409 6 do sou 510
281 2668 1 do pek 100 26 70 412 4hfch dust 310
232 2671 1 do pek sou 100-23 73 Monte Cristo 42110 ch pek sou 950
283 2674 1lhfeb fans 50 8620 74 424 3 co sou 200
287 Munukettia 75 427 5 ch
Ceylon in est 1hfch fans 558
mark 2686 8 ch peksou 768 32 76 430 2 ch
238 96:9 5hfch dust 400 25 1bfch bro mix 246
2s AUD 2302 1 ch bro pek 105 27 1T 433 5 do dust 425
290 2695 1 ch bro pek 65 «46 82 Avisawella 448 3 ch fans 330
291 2698 1 ch pek 103 24 83 AA 451 2 ch sou 170
292 2701 2 do pek sou 211 Dy 84 Ferriby 454 18 hfch bror pek 990
293 2704 1lhfch unassorted 70 21 93 Kallebokka 481 2 ch pek sou 220
297 Palmgarden 2716 1 ch congou 110 20 94 484 1hfch dust 20
298 2719 2 ch dust 32) out -98 Yarrow 496 5 hfch broor pek fans325
299 2722 2 do fans 220 18 99 Fin est. mark 499 4 ch fans 420
301 Preston 2728 Thfch or pek 315 55 160 502 12hfch dust 960
302 2731 8 ch pek 67243 107 Labugama 523 3 ch pek sc 240
303 2734 Shfch fans 325 35 108 526 2hfch dust 160
304 Memorakande2737 2 do pek fans 200 24 114. Rayigam 644 4 ch fans 440
305 2740 5 do ust 400 20 115 547 4hfch dust 340
306 Ugiessde 2743 5 ch br or pek fans 475 27 j 120 Annandale 562 3 do bro pek 204
307 Pcrengalla 2746 2 do pek fans 180 29 1 124 Hatdowa 604 9 ch pek sou ~ 810
308 2749 3 do dust 250) On | 135 607 2hfch dust 160
309 L 2752 1 ch fans 123). 28 1 137 Ingeriya 613 10 ch br pek No. 2 980
313 Tcnacombe 2764 7 ch peksou 595 = 34 | 140 622 2 do pk dust 18
321 Galleheria 278 9 ch peix 765 withd‘'n 141 Sin est mark 625 4 ch fans 490
327 Maragalla 2806 8 ch or pek 680 35 | 142 628 4 hfeh dust 340
825 2809 6 do pek 510 32 1 143 631 6 ch bro mixed €00
829 2312 2 do pek sou 160 29 | 149 Ankande 649 2hfch dust 160
332 Cullen 2821 11 hfch dust 968 25 I0 DON 652 1 ch fans 100
335 Maldeniya 2830 2 ch dust 260 22 151 655 1 do_ redieaf 95
827 Maha Eliya 2836 10 ch pek sou 817 é 1f5 Kinchin 657 10 hf ch pek sou 500
344 Yelatenne 2857 13hfch pek son BSA 31 156 670 5 do bropekfans 375
845 2860 2 do pek sou 90 28 159 Hawa Ella 679 1 do bro pekfans 91
846 2863 8 do fans 255 25 165 New Valley 697 1 do dust 90
247 Salem 2566 2 ch bro or pek 200 61 1300 RKP 712 6 ch fans 60
848 2369 9 do bro pek 900 35 172 Lyndhurst 718 13 hf ch or pek 650
350 2875 1 do dust 100 25 175 727 2 do dust 169
354 Margarets 2887 2 ch pek 168 36 176 Hopewell 730 2 do dust 180
B55 2890 8 do bro pek fans 125 29 181 Columbia 745 2 do bro pek 140
656 T CL in est 182 748 6 do pek scu 265
roark 2893 8hfch bropek dust 240 6 183 751 4 do ust 852
857 2:96 2 do pek dust 160 21 187 Rakatungoda 763 6 do bro pek 396
358 2899 2 ch ek fans 20 8 29 188 766 3 do peksou 156
362 Wyamita 2911 7 @h ro pek 700 = B4 189 _. 769 4 do dust + 336
red 2914 6 do pek 450 381 190 Winest mark772 1 do —bro pek 50
364 217 6 do pek sou 430 28 | 191 7751 do pek » 65
465 Combe Court 2920 16hfch bro or pek £80 42 bid 192 778 1 ch
467 N ngagala 2926 19 hfch bro pek 950 8649 | 1 hf eh pek sou 130
374 W 2947 1 ch or pek 100 § 40 bid § 193 781 1 do dust 65

Lot.

Warleigh
RAC

Ratwatte
Ottery
Wadhurst
ZZZ
Brownlow
Fordyce
APK
Mocha
Ashburton
Manichwatte
Annamallai
Ferndale
Cabin Ella

Tellington

Kelaneiya and
Braemar

Cc

N
Kandaloya

an <

B
B

Box.

84 14 hfch
8717 do

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5

"Messrs. E. John & Co.]
Pkgs,

Name. lb.
bro or pek 840
or pek 935
pek sou 240
bro pek 698
pek 113
bro tea 267
pek sou 480

ust 160
pek sou 320
dust 240
pek sou 450
pek fans 528
sou 336
pek sou 924
fans 900
dust 855
dust 126
fans 560
pek sou 720
dust 450
dust 400
dust 85
bro pek fans 325
pek fans 140
pek dust 90
pek sou 560
dust 249
pek fans 325
pek sou 380
fans 600
dust 320
red leaf 895
bro tea 480
bro pek §94
bro pek 807

hyson siftings 330
hysondust 300

bro pek 714
bro or pek 388
bro pek 302

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibias Cs
120 441 6 do

1 ‘ch pek 332 29
121 444 14hfch bropekfans 994 3
122 447 5 ch pek fans 528 25
123 EandH 450 Shfch fans 60c 26
124 453 5 do dust 450 22
124 SSS 456 11 do pek 560 25
CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our Commercial Correspondent.)
Minorine LANE, Feb, 14th.

“‘Omrah.’— Morankande No. 1, 56 bags sold at
63s ; ditto No. 2, 14 at 52s 6d.

‘* Achilles.’—Morenkande Estate A, No. 2, 28
bags sold at 49s 6d; Morankande Estate No. 1, 111
bags sold at 58s; ditto No, 2, 28 at 49s 6d; Bet-
worth, 7 bags sold at 563; 3 at 47s ; Coodoogalla,
40 bags sold at 61s; 24 at 56s; Old Haloya, 45
bays sold at 56s; Bandarapola T, 1 bag sold at 31s.

“* Tydeus.”’—Betworth, 11 bags sold at 56s,

“ Duke of Portland.’”’—Ukuwela A, 27bagssold at 57s.

“ Hitachi Maru.”—Daisy Valley, 7 bags sold at 47s.

“ Achilles.”.—X in estate mark 1, 4 bags sold at
578; ditto 1B, 4 at 54s; ditto 2, 64 at 5933 ditto
8, 17: at 51s; ditto 4, 1 at 40s.

“ Borneo.”’—Wiharagama 1, 9 bags sold at 63s;
dltto 3, 11 at 50s.

‘* Achilles.”’—F OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle
Ceylon O, 20 bags sold at 54s; F ditto 1, 40 at
58s 6d; 14 at 54s; G ditto, 14 at 40s.

“ Awa Maru.”—HK T, 1 bag sold at 45s.

“Moyune.”—Marakona, 8 bags sold at 48s 6d.

‘* Achilles,’—Armagh 2, 7 bags sold at 50s 6d;
3, 4 at 393 6d; T, 5 at 40s 6d; Pieces, 1 at 56s;
Kotua 2, 8 bags sold at 54s; 3, 1 at 30s.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

Ne hve eer
ii ji fry ha eae Bb 5 SP
y 3 j 4 A ot Se,

z it. Fae Bi Esa

4 ¥,
% v Rey

Bes vee

° art .

4% a
‘
i 4
|
j
xe
n

TEA COFFHE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES,

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name.
1 Battalgalla 98 23 ch or pek
2 1 19 do pek
4 Hornsey 7 40 hfch bro pek
5 10 19 ch pek
6 13 13 do pek sou
7 Forrington 16 £5 ch or pek
8 19 “9 do bro or pek
9 22 20 do pek
16 25 14 do pek sou
i 28 12 do pek fans
Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
[464,578 |b. ]
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name.
1 Mahayaya 2980 10 ch bro pek
8 Moray 3001 34hfch or pek
9 3004 30 do bro or pek
10 3007 37 ch bro peg
il 3010 33 do pek
30138 18 do pek No, 2
14 G, in estate
. mark 3019 33 ch sou
18 Avoca 3931 30 do bro or pek
19 3034 28 do bro pek
20 3037 28 do pek
21 3040 11 do pek sou
23 St. Paul’s
Inv. No 5 3046 24hfch_ bro or pek
2A 3049 20 do or pek
25 3052 26 do pek
26 Drayton 3055 59hfeh or pek
Pi 3058 45 ch pek
bes} 3061 34 do pek
29 3064 28 do pek sou
$0 Baddegama 3067 14 ch bro or pek
38 Knavesmire 3091 17 hfch_ bro or pek
39 3094 41 ch bro pek
40 3097 15 do pek
42 BA, in estate
mark 3103" Th ek
45 OBEC, in
estate mark
Sindumally 3112 27 eh bro pek
46 3115 24 do pek
48 Wakiadeniya 3121 10 eh or pek
49 3124 13 do pek
57 Bandara
Bliya 3148 60 hfch or pek ~
a 3161 51 do bro or pek
Ex’) 3154 28 do pek
62 Laurawatthe 3168 19 do fans
63 Loehiel 2166 40 hfch bro or pek
64 3169 42 ch or pek
(3) 3172 32 do pek
66 Yataderia 3175 62hfch _ bro or pek
4 3178 23 ch bro pek
68 3181 22 do or pek
68 3184 46 do pek
70 3187 21 do pek sou
71 Queensland 3190 25hfch_ bro or pek
72 3193 20 ch bro pek
74 3199 12 do or pex
16) 3202 18 do pek
8L Palmerston 3220 17hfch_ bro or pek
82 3223 14 ch pek
83 St. Heliers 3226 18hfch bro or pek
Sé 3229 20 do bro or pek
No.1
85 3231 18 ch pek
88 Galleheria 3241 16 ch bro or pek
89 3244 16 do or pek
90 3247. 35 do pek
91 3250 15 do pek sou
93 Castlereagh 3256 650hfch_ bro or pek
94 3259 20 ch bro pek
9 3262 13 do or pek
96 3265 13 do pek
9% Walpita 3268 12 ch bro or pek
« 3271 10 do bro pek
99 3274. 15 do pek

No. 11.

CoLoMBo, Marca 17, 1902.

| Prick :—123 cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

COLOMBO SALES

LARGE LOTS.
Messrs. E. Benham & Co.
118,875 1b,]

OF TEA

Ib

2300
(615
2400
1710
1040
2125
2900
1600
1120
1380

Ib.

1630
1972
1800
2405
2970
1530

2970
3300
3080)
2688
1056

1488
1040
1248
295C
4060
3060
1965
1460
1020
4100
1275

1584

2754
2064
1080
1105

3120
3060
3132
1710
2480
4410
2784
3782
2300
2112
4140
1785
1375
2100
1200
1620
1020
1260
1008

1080
1235
1422
1197
2972
1350
2500
2000
1040
1040
1200
1000
1350

e.

40 bid
38 bid
4U
34
37
37
36 bid
34
30
35 bid

Lot.

105
196
108
109
113
114
115
116
117
120
121
122
123

Box.

Ten po 3292
3295
Tembiligalla 3301
3304

Penrbos 3315
3319

3322

3325

3323

Vogan 8337
3340

3343

3346

K PW 3355
3358

3364

Yelverton 3582
3385

Ambragalla 3397
34:0

3403

Templehurst 3409
3412

Lesmoir 3418
3421

3424

3427

Naseby 3445
3448

3451

Yogama 3460
3463

Delta 3472
3475

3478

3481

Deaculla . 3464
B487

3490

Devonford 3493
34196

Agra Oya 3499
3502

3508

Marlborough 3535
3538

3541

3544

3547

Fine Hill 3550
3553
3556
Glendon 3559
3562
3565
3568
Morankanda 3580
3583
Seenagolla
v

BPC 10
Seenagolla 13

St Paul’s 22
High Forest 25

Polatagama 43
Mahauva 58

Templehurst 70
Ganapala 73

Clyde 88

OBE Cin est
mark Sindu-
mally 97

33 do
19 hf ch

13 ch
43 do

Name. Ibs ier
or pek 1140 35
pek 1s9u 4%
broor pek 3610 37
pek 2970 34
bro or pek 1140 48
bro pek 1488 35
or pek 2550 38
pek 378435
pek sou 2125 31
bro cr pek 2400 57
or pek 3230 37
pek 4560 38
pek sou 2040 29
bro or pek 1200 37
bro pek 1045 33
pek 1250 23
bro pek 1680 36
pe: No 1440 35
broor pek 1512 3) bid’
pek 1275 33
yek sou 1027 29
bro pek 11¢0 43
pek 1170 38
or pek 1080 35
bro pek 2200 33 bid
pek 2610 31
pek sou 1040 28
bro orpek 1800 69
or pek 1175 65
pek 1250 56
bro pek 4840 35
pek 1600 3
bro or pek 3828 38
pek 1720.38
bro pek 3100 85.
pek sou 1053 34
bro pek 3680 44
pek 3220 35
pek sou 1330 30
bro or pek 1550 68
pek 1140 5)
pek 1425 38
bro or pek 2500 39
or pek 1710 35
bro or pek_ 1760 87
or pek 1558 43
bro pek 1957 3
pek 3600
bro pek
fans 1426 3
broor pek 1620 42
or pek 1530 4
pek 1890 36
bro pek 1365 58
or pek 4100 35
pek 3420 31
pek sou 1350 29
or pek 1100 36
pek 1800 33
or pek 1900 49 bid
pek 1133 44 bid
dust 144" 23
or pek 1345 56
pek 1083 46
bro or pek 1423 40
or pek No 13364 45 bid
or pek 1705 42 bid
pek 1104 38 bid
or pek No 1 3074 47 bid
or ye 2090 45 bid
pek 1372 43
bro pek 5300 35
or pek 1700 31 bid
pek 4140 30 bid
fans 1400 28
bro or pek 1080 39
or pek 1008 43
pek 1080 36
pek sou 1040 33
bro pek 1597 36 bid
or pek : 1978
roor pek 2900 eee
pek 1735 ¢ Withd‘n
pek sou 1520
bro pek 5700 36
pek 3220 31 bid
dust {1120 23
bro or pek 1427) _.
bro pek 485g} Withd

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. ey, | Dot; Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ¢.
242 FredsRuhe 103 31 ch bro pek 3100 37 | 65 979 75 bfch peksou 3750 28
243 106 21 do pek 1995 32 | 67 985 3%hfich pek 1050 32
244 109 11 «do pek sou 1160 29 68 i 988 30 do yek sou 1500 P
246 Tismoda 115 29 ch bro pek 2900 34 | 70 Meddegodda £94 #1 bf ch broc:rpek 1708 34 bid
247 118 30 do pek 2700-38 71 997 27 do or pek 1250 39
260 Woodend 127 41 ch bropek 4100 35hbid | 72 1000 41 do pek 2050 «38
Qi) 130 29 do pek 2610 32 73 1003 22 do pek sou 1450 29
254 Middleton 139 26 hf ch Bro or pek 1459 66 86 Hobart 1042 31hfch bro pek 1612 A
255 142 37 ch bro pek 3700 45 87 Invery 1045 10 ch pek dust 1500 2%
256 145 27 do pek 2430 48 83 Damblagolla 1048 18hfch bro pek 1080 34
257 148 18hfch dust 1850 28 89 1051 16 ch pek 1260 BL
268 Dammeria 181 10 ch bro or pek 1000 36 90 GB 1054 22hfch dust 1100 28
289 184 30 do bro pek 3000-38 91 IP 1057 14 ch peksou 105081
270 187 22 do or pek 198037 92 1060 12hfch dust 1056 24
271 190 30 do pek 3000, 85 93 Hanagama 1(63 19hfch broorpek 1140 37
278 Bandara HKliyal96 53hfch or pek 3186 37 bid | 94 1066 31 ch or pek 3100 31
274 199 59 do broor pek 3510 38 95 1069 33 do pek 3300 4629
275 202 §6 do pek 2640 35 96 1072 33 do peksou 2970 «8
276 Harrow 205 15 ch or pek 1575 43 99 Hanguranketta 1081 22bfch pek 1056 38
217 208 28hfich bro or pek 1680 46 101 Rayigam 1087 18hfch broorpek 1080 47
278 K 211 21 ch pek 21u0. 40 102 1090 21 ch or pek 1995 38
281 Mahaeliya 920 26hfch broor pek 1560 56 103 1093 18 do br pek 1710 34
2R2 223 22 do bro pek 1320. 41 104 1098 32 do pek 2720 32
283 926 11 ch or pek 1100 45 105 1199 22 do ek sou 2090 «30
284 229 33 do pek 310242 108 Band D 1108 16hfch dust 1280 withd‘s
285 Putupaula 232 11 ch bro or pek 1210 47 116 Ossington 1132 14 ch pek 1260 out
286 235 34 do bropek 3060-87 121 Mahawilla 1147 19 hf ch pek 10453,
287 238 20 do or pek 1600 82 122 1150 33 hfch peksou 1815 24
288 241 15 do pek 1125 3L 125 Cooroondoeo-
289 : 244 11 do br pek fans 1320 28 watte 1159 10 ch pek 1000 32
291 OB EC inest 129 Mt. Temple 1171 21 ch broorpek 2100 38
mark Loole- 180 1174 37 do _ bro pek 3700 = 30
condera, 250 380 ch pekfans 2190 27 131 1177 31 do pek 2604-31
99 Ballongalla 274 14 ch bro pek 147032 132 Hangranoya 1180 14 ch broorpek 1330 49
300 277 14 ch pek 1260 30 133 1183 24 do bro pek 2280 33
306 Halbarawe 295 13 ch bro pek 1300 9632 134 1186 16 do pek 1440 9-34
308 ' 301 13 do pek 10100 28 135 1189 20 do peksou 1600 31
315 Passara Group 319 17 ch orpek 1530 37 bid | 137 D’Oya 1195 14 ch peksou 1260 29 bid
316 825 25 dv bro or pek 2500 38 138 Mary Hill 1198 17 hf ch bro pek 1020 39
317 328 28 do pek 2520 36 189 1201 95 de pek 1875 30
319 Tonacombe 334 22 ch bro pek 2197 39 140 1204 23 do pek sou 1150 38
321 Waldemar 340 42hfch bro pek 2769 42 bid 1422 WDH 121¢ 30 ch broor pek 3150 35 bid
322 343 24 do or pek 2397 8=639hbid | 148 1218 58 do orpek 4648 35 bid
323 HG M 346 20 hich broorpek 1206 36 144 1216 40 do pek 3400 ©. 32 bid
324 319 16 ch bro pek 1600-383 145 Helle 1219 26 hf eh sou 1196 18
325 852 17 do pek 35:0 38lL bid | 147 M 1225 12 ch fans 1140-25 bid
329 Geragama 364 14 ch bro or pek 1470 33bid | 148 MB in est 5
330 367 22 do bro pek 2090 33 bid mark 1228 24 hf ch bro tea 1104 14
331 370 31 do pek 2625-33 151 Weygalla 1237 20 hf ch bro or pek
332 373 29 do pek sou 2175 29 fold) 1000 67
334 Hentleys 379 19hfch bro pek 1026 36 152 . 1240 39 ch pek 3900 36
336 385 17 ch pek 132631 153 1243 12 do peksou 1200 32
340 Digdola 397 10 ch bro pek 1000388 157 Deniyaya 1255 10 ch orpekNo.11000 39
343 Glengariffe 406 22 ch pek 1980 36 158 1258 10 do broorpek 1000 37 bid
344 409 17 do pek sou 127534 159 1261 12 do pek No.2 1140 32
345 MahakEliya 412 11 ch or Bee 1097 41 bid

Messrz. Somerville 4 & Co.

Messrs. E. John & Co.

[176,846 1b.] a s ee: ee i
ot. ox. gs. ame. b
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ec. 1 MN 459 10 ch or pek 1000 46
2 Kurulugalla 790 16 ch bro pek 1520 33 bid 3 465 22 do per 2090 35 bid
3 793 24 do pek 2160 30 5 Dickapitiya - 471 27hfch broor pek 1485 34 bid
7 +Carney €05 22 hf ch bro pek 1100 35 6 474 19 ch bro pek 1900 35
8 808 2: do pek 1080 32 7 477 32 do pek 3200 33
9 811 21 do pek sou 1050-28 10 Kadienlena 486 16 do sou 1280 =
13 Polgahakande 8/8 14 ch bro pek 1400 34 21 Allington 619 20 do pek 1800 28
14 826 12 de pek sou 1020 27 bid | 23 Winwood 425 26hfch broorpek 1300 45
15 Lammermoor 829 10 ch br pek 1000 35 24 : 528 22 ch or pek 1980 49
16 €32 12 do pek 1080 30 25 531 50 do pek 4500 37
19 Oononagalla 841 382hf ch bra orpek 1600 53 27 Braemar High-
20 8414 44 ch pek 5740 35 lands 637 17 do broorpek 1700 41 bid
21 %47 97 do peksou 2295 33 28 540 24 do pek 2230-36
92 Tayalamtenne 850 69hfch bro pek 4140 36 29 Myraganga 43 46 do or pek 3910 36 bid
28 $53 27 «do pek 1485 9-334 30 546 38 do broorpek 3806 36 bid
28 Narangoda 868 19 ch br pek 18(5 36 31 649 40 do pek 3200 35
29 871 17 do pek 1530 30 32 Mossend 552 19 hf ch brs or pek 1045 57
30 874.13 do pek sou 1170 =. 29 33 555 27 do or pek 1485 59
36 Cooroondoo- 34 558 25 do pek 1250 46
watte 892 11 ch pek sou 100. )=—.29 41 Bowhill 579 11 ch broorpek 110 52
39 Nyanza 901 14 ch or pek 1269 39 42 582 20 do or pek 2000 37
40) 904 22 do on pek 1265 39 43 F85 28 do pek 2520 = 34 bid
4) 907 16 do 1600 33 bid | 46 CaptainsGarden 591 15 do pek 1350 28
42 Havilland 910 25 ch car pek 2525. ‘33bid | 52 Castle Hill 609 15 do or pek 1500 33
43 613 16 do or pek 1360 34 52 612 14 do fek 1260. 28
44 916 16 do bro pek 1440 = 30 bid | 53 6lb 13 do peksou 1170-26
45 919 82 do pek 2720 81 55 Mutu Eliya 621 18 do peksou 1620 32 bid
49 Glenalla 921 17 ¢h young byson 1615 32 -| 66 Gangawatte 624 16 do bro or peK 1600 58
60 984 14 do hyson No.1 1190 35 57 627 14 do _ bro pek 1400 48
54 Ranasingha- 58 630 28 do pek 2520 439 i
patna 946 33hfch orpek 1815 87 61 Higham 29 23 do bro pek 2300 «39 | 4
65 949 26 do bropek 2275 89 62 642 19 do _ pek 1805
56 952 65 do vek 2750 = 85 66 Brownlow 654 2ihfch broorpek 1155 6&4
9 Depedene 964 24hfch bro pek 1320 384 67 657 25 ch or pek 2350-41 bid
€1 967 83 hf ch pek 1900 82 63 660 28 do pek 2324 .

62 970 21 do pek sou 1050 28 62 668 16hfch fans 1024 30, Bas

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST.

Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name.
70 Wattagalla ¢66 27 ch bro pek 2970 44 bid | 54 Dotala 3139 1Lhfch or pek
71 669 47 do pek 4230 35 55 3142 11. ch bro or pek
72 072 1d do peksou , 1200 By 5@ 3145 8 do pek
73 675 4) do fans 3600 29 60 Ingurugalla 3157 4 ch — pek sou
74 6738 12hfch dust | 108024 61 3160 3hfch bro tea
7@ Rondura 684 18 cb bro pek 1800 = 34 73 Queensland 3196 2 ch bro pek No. 2
77 687 19 do or pek 1995 37 76 3205 4 do pek No 2
78 690 27 do pek 2295 31 77 3208 7 do pek sou
81 Glasgow 699 18hfch broorpek 1116 65 73 3211 2 do sou
82 702 32 do bropek 1984 46 79 3214 3hfch bro pek dust 2:
83 705 28 ch or pek 2660 46 bid | g0 3217 1 ch or pek dust
34 708 15 do pek 1395 45 86 St. Heliers 3235 6 ch pek sou
85 Agra Ouvah 711 50hfch broor pek 3000 60 87 3238 5hfch dust
86 714 34 do orpek 1870 45 92 Galleheria 3253 1 ch — dust
87 717 13 ch ~ pek 123544 100 Walpita 3277 4 ch peksou
90 726 2ihfch pekfans 1743 28 101 3280 2 do sou
92 Chelitah 732 11 ch _ bro pek 1097. 32 102 3288 1 do fans
93 Kandaloya 735 27hfch bro pek 1215 35 103 3286 1 do dust
94 738 27 do or pek 1080 ss 104 Tempo 3289 9 ch _ bro or pek
95 741 68 do pek 2720 a 107 3290 4 do pek sou
96 744 22 ao fans 1100 34 110 Tembiligalla 3207 3 ch peksou
98 Perth 750 30 ch bro pek 3000 111 3310 1 do _ bro pek fans
99 753 «2 do or pek 1785 33 112 3313 4 do dust
100 756 16 do pek 1200 31 118 Penrhos 3331 4hfch fans
103 Wana Rajah 765 \8hfch tans 1296 «38 119 3331 2 do pek dust
105 Callander 771 21 do broorpek 1218 43 124 Vogan 3349 7 do dust
106 774 28 do or pek 1484. 40 bid | 495 3352 3 ch pek fans
107 777 387 do pek 185037 123 KPW 3361 7hfch or pek
108 Templestowe 780 19 ch broorpek 1615 43 130 3367 8 dc pek sou
109 783 26hfch or pek 1768 «= 45 hid | 33) 3370 2 do pek fans
lio 786 18 ch pek 1620 40 132 3373 1 do dust
1u 789 12 do unas 1260 34 133 BB, in estate
113 SJ 795 32hfch bro pek 1920 © 40 eee 3376 6 ch pek
114 798 26 do pek 1404 38 134 3379 3 do bro pek
2115 St. Clair- 80L 33 ch or pek 31432 46 137 Yelverton 3388 2 ch pek No. 2
116 804 24hfch broorpek 1440 i 138 3391 3 do pek sou
117 B07 28) iche, \Pro;pek) 1824 139 Ambragalla 3394 13hfch or pek
118 310 51 do pek 4590 143 3406 3 do dust
119 Glassaugh 813 30hfch orpek 174079 146 Templehurst 3415 1hfch. dust
120 gis de Bro or pek tGee og 151 Lesmoir 3430 6 do dust
121 819 19 ¢ pe 20:
123 Ratwatte 825 29 do bropek 2900 33 152 ABF(2 oz,
124 828 17-do pek 1530 31 lead line) 3133 4hfch orpek
127 MT 837 53 do bropek 5300 25 pid | 153 3436 3 do bro pek
129 Kandaloya 843 28hfch broorpek 1260 387bid | 154 3439 5 do pek
130 816 29 do bropek 1305 34 155 3442 1 do bro pek
131 849 26 do orpek 1040 withd’n 159 W 3465 3 ch _ bro tea
132 Ambalawa 852 14 ch _ pek 1120 31 160 H 3457 2 ch fans
133 Loughton 85 49hfch_ bro pek 2450 39 163 Yogama 3469 2 ch peksou
134 868 65 do pek 3250 33 164 3469 2 do dust
135 86 51 do peksou 2530 31 176 Agra Oya 3505 2 ch pek sou
140 Bowella 876 13 ch pek 1235 34 178 D, in estate
145 Endsleigh 891 22 do o¢ pek 2020 36 bid mark 3511 shfch pek dust
179 3514. 5, do browt pek
x me ans
SMALL LOTS. 180 3517 2 do pek fans
a are 1381 ~Doteloya 3520 3 ch bro mix
Messrs. & Benham & Co. 182 BD WP 3623 4 ch bro pek fans
183 3526 2 do ‘souNol
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ibyres 184 3529 1 nie sou No2
3 Battalgalla 4 7 ch — peksou 525-35 185 8552 jol hi chi; dust
e 3 198 Glendon SbULea7 ch! bro pek fans
12 Hapugastenne 31 2hfch dust 160 24 199 eo 3674 5 ao ance
a 200 Morankande 3577 15 hf ch bro or pek
“fessrs. forbes & Walker 208 3586 10 ch pek SE
204 3589 2hfch_ bro pek fans
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. e. B08 eon an idain dusts
2 Mahayaya 2983 3 ch or pek 294 35 2066 BW D 3095 4 ch bro pek
3 2986 11 do pek 924 SL 207 3098 3 do pek
4 2989 6 do pek sou 570 28 280 lL 2 do red leaf
5 2992 2 do fans 190 25 214 Seenagolla 19 4hfch dust
6 2995 1 do dust 150 22 226 Polatagama 55 3 ch dust
7 A Oinestate 236 Brunswick 85 8bfch twanky
mark 2998 6 ch pek sou 698 on 235 WA 112 3 ch dust
18 Moray 3ul6 7hfch dust 595 | 95 248 Tismoda 121 5 ch pek sou
15 Barrington 3020 4 ch bro pek 260 00 249 124 6 do dust
16 3025 8 ch pe 440 28 252 Woodend 1838 7 ch pek sou
Pe ¥f 3u28 4hfch. pek sou 220 27 253 156 3 do dust
22 Avoca 30438 4 ch bro pek fans 540 26 258 Middleton 151 5hfch fans
31 Baddegama 307010 ch or pek 900 37 259 Buiugoia 14 2 ch — fans
32 3073 10 do pek €50 31 260 i 157 3 do dust
33 3076 10 do pek sou 800 =. 29 261 Swinton 160! 4 ch bro pek
34 USA 3079 3 ch fans 270 “7 262 163 8 do pek
35 3082 6 do dust 600 22 263 165 1 do pek sou
36 308 1 do sou -$5)(8597 328 264 Ambalangoda 169 6 ch _ bro or pek
37 ~P, in estate } 265 172 7 do or pek
mark 30:8 lhfch sou 48 26 266 175 7 do pek
41 Knavesmire 3100 7 do bro pek fans. 650 24 267 178 4 do pek sou
43 Ardross 3106 10 hfch dust 800 = 38 272 Monterey 193 5 ch — sou
44 OB EC,in 279 Harrow ' 214.4 ch pek sou
estate mark 280 217 3bfch dust p
Sindumally 3109 9 ch bro or pek 990 40 290 Putupaula 247 3 ch = dust
- 47 3118 11 do pek sou 836 31 2022 BS 253 Shfch cr pek
50 Oakham 3127 6hfch bro pek 360. 387 293 256 7 do pek
51 3130 5 ch pek No2 450 36 201 259 10 do pek sou
* 62 3133 3 do pek sou 285 R4 295 262 4 do bro tes
63 3136 2 do pek fans 160 25 296 265 2 do dust

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box.
ue i jal apl Sree Noes © fo Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. ¢
2 ongou 112 2 2 aville
a5 8 Ua 1 ao Peoeiete pe ae MiMioe ae Gk. Beene 11035
allongalla 28010 c' pek sou 80 5 i ig 62 3 ; 44
302 i 288 2 do pek fans 360 96 if Agee ca “re 5 By eh ee hi “3
se led 2865 1 13%, dust 190 18 128 1168 1 do a Oe
é ount Par 9 2hfie bro pek ¢ 26 p ‘ j eos 16
305 292 1 do pek” reeD Ot Mary au OGRE che esteem eee
ae Halbarawe 298 7 ch or pek 630 37 146 HoDLwell 13eR > a z4 Host on =
§ 30t 8 ch pek sou 60( 331: 0 4 4 zs
3 BOP ere D | aapert 5) 600 zB nie >.< 1281 3 do hyson fans 360 10 bid
a0 SS eacunaye ne 4 ; 1234 A bf ch hysen dust 400 8
328 22 154 Weygalls 1246
321 Nynangodde 313 3hfch dust 270 18 155 “ ext m abe y echt ieee =e a4
313 316 2 do br or pek fans 160 23 156 a eer or! wee aes _ Ae:
314 Palmgarden 319 2 ch dnst 317 16 160 Cumb 1 re ae de pek ope o16 18 bad
318 Passara Group 331 10 ch pek sou 900 34 ety oe lott. site ce ee sg
a Wawite 337 3hfch dust 255 25 [M EH
5 355 3 ch sou 2 essrs. f
327 Hulugolla 358 3 ch fans 300 26 Lot B cae a Naeg
ms i 261 1 aie BOD haat ot. ox. Pkgs. Name. yi Ss
eragama i ch dust 640 3 2 MN 462 13 bf :
335 Hentleys 382 12 ch or pek 540 32 4 468 10 ao" fame +9 760 26
337 4 338 § do pek sou 616 28 8 Dickapitiya 480 2 ch pek sou 200 x
338 391 3hfch fans 225 26 if 485 1 do sou 100 2
339 394 1 do pek dust gg 22 jL Reading 489 1 do bro pek 11502
341 Digdola 400 6 ch or pek 540 86 492 1hfch pek aT
342 403 10 do pek 80 32 mV; 495 1 do pek sou 60 26
Ewer : if ae 1 ag i pek fans 50 26
_{Miessrs. Somervills & Co.| 16 504 1 box Pig 35 4
7 = : : g oO be
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ¢. 1g ig 310 i ab pimee ae
1 Kurulugalla 787 9 ch bro or pek 900 34 5 Allington 5181p; /ao bro pek eB 24
4 796 5 do pek sou 450 27 2 BID 1) 00. § pom vee ppg ae
5 799 1 do bro tea 90 16 a S2R pe Dee eee 6B)» 20
6 802 5 do br erpek dustos0 24 38 a cee 600 8
10 Carney 814 5 hf ch bropekfans 250 28 38 rs BENS do; (pL On pe sans: Bare 1S Gea
li 817 4 do sau 200 26 30 564 2 do dust 150 25 ‘
D 390 1 do dust 50 98 3f Horagala 567 7 ch bro pek 66a 37 hid
17 Lammermoor +35 2 ch fans 200 24 35 Sr e ag. Pee 262 29 bid
i aeotmonrcors Weta aN 89 573 1 do peksou 93° (6
24 Tayalamtenne 856 18 hf ch pek sou 900 31 ay BO Se bro pee fans) 22d 26
25 Sass Una: 80) Bl 44 Bowhill 588 4 do dust 400 24
26 862 6 do br pekfans 390 28 72 CaptainsGarden 591 5 do bro pek 500 «= 38
27 é 865 2 do pek fans 110 26 4g nee ae Bp eon 232 oA
31 Ellukettia 817 5 ch bro pek 500 27 45 ce ae Oe i 18
32 5 580 4 do pek 400 33 = CG : 603 1 do congou 90 12
33 883 1 do pek sou 9 «O17 20 Castle Hill 6U6 5 do _ bro or pek 500 830
34 386 1 do fans 100 20 Ba 618 5 do dust 500 23
35 Cooroondoo- us Pd Mankanatee 633 10 bfch fans 650 33
atte Han brower igham 636 7 do bro o 5 i
37 Bodagoda &95 2 ch bro Bak 0 5 83 pies Cee con 760 31 ee
33 : 898 2 do pek a oO 64 648 3hf.h bropekfans 210 28
46 Havilland 922 7 ch pek sou 660 28 bid Bb pore ce sou SN ree
a7 923 3 hf ch dust 270 a 75 Rondura 681 6 do broorpek 690 30
48 928 6 ch 19 693 2 do pek fans 2300-88
1hfich? fans 538 24 20 696 4 do dust 660 23
51 Glenalla 937 8 ch fang 300 G 88 Agra Ouvah 720 10 do pek sou 960 40
52 HIS 940 9hf ch bro pek 54038 £9 723 12hfch brorpefans 804 33
53 : 943 15 do pek sou 900 29 a pate ia eee
57 Ranasinghas a 97 Kandaloya 747 11 do dust 550 823
patna, 96513 hich pekNo2 650 35 gee Le Ieee go ae
58 958 6 do dust 5101123 | 102 762 4 do pek dust 520 24
59 1 8 do pek fans 330 98 104 Wana Rajah 763 7hfch dust 628 24
62 Depedene 973 2hfch dust 160 22 112 Templestu.we 792 9 do dust 810 23
64 976 5 do fans 300 98 122 Glassaugh 822 7 ch pek sou 735 a4
66 98218 do bro pek 990-35 125 Ratwatte 831 5 do pek sou 400 27
69 991 5 do dust 400 29 126 834 2 do dust 160 3
74 Meddegodda 1006 6 hf ch dust 360 93 128 Nugawella 840 11 do pek sou 880 28 bid
7 1009 6 do sou 250 96 136 Loughton 864 Shfch dust 400-26
1012 3 do bropekfans 110 28 ee BOF ee OO, tate Sa
7 SBK 1015 6 ch pek 600 35 138 Kotagaloya 876 9 ch peksou 765 30
23 TOLSHuO} dowel dust 320 28 139 Bowella 873 7 do bro pek 700 = 34 bid
79 Kosgahahena 1021 3 ch or pek 360 29 Lee 878° 7 do” pek sou 595 29
ep 1024 6 do bro pek 600 QT 142 882 3 do sou 240 26
81 1027 5 do pek 500 23 143 885 1 do fans 100 28
2 103002) dovh pakigou SAR a 144 885 2hfch dust 150 3
ee ae i ge sou 100 16 yee ee a
B oO faus if
84 036 1 do favs, 180-38 | CQRYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.
a Fee wa 1075 4 bf ch dust 304 21
angurankettial078 13 hf ch br pek 2 4
100 it: 103 Ts Fe eee ao ag (From Our London Correspondent).
6 gam 1102 4 ch fans
107 5 11¢@6 38 hf ch bro mixed 60 38 MINGING ouAN ECD eae
109 B&D 1111 3 hf ch unast . 150 withd’ “GI Ut i
1d? Aa oat. n aucus.”—OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle
mark i ; di
wm 2 14 1 ch pek 90a we 1 tierce sold at 70s ; ditto O, 1 cask sold at
LE UH besten Lennon 70s; ditto 1, 1 tierce and 2 casks sold at 63s;
112 1120 z ch ok 180 28 ditto 2, 1 barrel sold at 48s; ditto PB, 1 barrel
nik sr teas Sa oS a sold at 31s; ditto T, 1 cask sold at 39s; MKonde-
114 Ossington 1129 8 ch bro pek suv a9 bia | S8lle, 1 bag sold at 650s; OBEC in estate mark,
ug Catfiglen 1189 4 ht’ch re fon aay 25 Mahaberiatenne O, 1 barrel sold at 55s; ditto 1, 1
119 1141 6 do pek fans eit | withatn tierce sold at 65s; ditto 2, 1 barrel sold at 4ls-;
76 ditto T, 1 barrel sold at 31s.

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5

X

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

‘* Achilles,”—Udapolla A, 59 bags sold at 57s.
1 at 47s; ditto B, 22 at 56s; ditto G, 12 at 41s;
ditto C, 4 at 26s 6d; ditto Pieces, 2 at 44s 6d;
Wiltshire London 2, 1 bag sold at 40s; ditto T,
1 at 45s; A S Grove, 11 bags sold at 56s 6d; L

ditto, 3 at 38s; B ditto, 3 at 35s.

‘*Oceanien.”—D B Dambulagala, 1 bag sold at 30s ;
DB Manangoda, 2 bags sold at 523; I at 30s;
DB Agrawatte, 1 bag sold at 30s; DB Manangoda,
13 baga sold at 538s; DB Agrawatte, 16 bags sold
at 56s 6d,

“Japan.’’—Hentimalie, 25 bags sold at 45s 6d;
ditto T, 17 at 52s.

‘* Glaucus.”—Hentimalie, 20 bags sold at 50s;
OBKC F in estate mark, Kondesale Ceylon O, 40
bags sold at 593; 20 at 60s 6d; F ditto 1, 57 at
53s; ditto O, 20 at 638s 6d; ditto 1, 8 at 55s;
OEC F in estate mark, Mahaberia Ceylon O, 12
bags sold at 51s; C ditto O, 32 bags sold at 64s
6d; C ditto 1, 10 at 53s.

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

Minoine LANE, Feb, 22nd.

‘“Yorkshire.”—St. Martin’s O, 3 cases sold at 2s
5d; ditto 1,5 at 23; ditto 2, 4 at ls 6d; ditto
Brown, 3 at 1s 4d; ditto Seeds, 1 at 1s 8d; ditto
Split 1, 2 at 1s 7d; ditto Split 2, 2 at ls 5d;
ditto Split 3, 1 at 1s 2d.

“ Duke of Portland.’”—Mousakanda A, 1 case sold
t 2s 7d; ditto 1, 2 at 2s 3d; ditto?, 2at1s lid;

ditio 8, 1 at Is 4d; Yella Mullai O, 3 cases sold
at 2s 7d; ditto 2, 3 at ls 11d; ditto 3, 1 at 1s 10d;
ditto No. 1 Seed, 1 at Is 9d,

“Clan Alpine.”—C MM in estate mark, 2 cases
sold at Is 6d.

‘* Glaucus.’’—Delpotonoya, 1 case sold at 2e 11d;
2 at 25 5d; 1 at Ys 4d; 2 at Ils 10d; 1 atis 9d;
1 at 1s 5d; 2 at ls Qd; 1 at 1s 6d; 1 at 1s 8d;
1 at 1s ld,

‘* Musician,”—Gammadna 1, 2cases sold at 2s 4d ;
ditto 2, 6 at ls 10d; ditto 3, 6 at Js 4d.

“Duke of Portland.’’— Forest Hill O, 2 cases sold
at 28 4d; ditto 2, 7 at 1s 1ld; ditto 3, 6 at 1s
4d; 1 case Tallowdam sold at Is 1d; ditto 1 Seed,
1 case sold at ls 10d.1 at Is 9d.

“ Hitachi Maru.”—LH 1 in estate mark, 2 cases
sold at 2s 11d; 3 at 3s; H3 in estate mark, 1 case
sold in 1s 20; ditto 4, 2 at 1s 5d; ditto Seeds, 2
at 1s 5d.

‘© Yorkshire.’—Ali Seeds 1, 10 cases sold at is
9d; ditto 2, 2 at 1s 6d.

“* Achilles,,—AL 1, 1 case sold at 1s 7d; ditto L,
1 at 10d; ditto 1 Seed, 4atIls9d; RA1, 2 at 1s 6d.

‘“‘ Staffordshire,’—Pingarawa Gardamoms, 2 cases
sold at 2s 6d; ditto 1, 9 at 1s 10d; ditto 2, 1 at
Is 7d; 2 at 1s 9d.

“‘ Japap.”—Katooloya Cardamoms AA, 5 cases sold
at 1s 9d; ditto A, 2 at 1s 4d; ditto B, 5 at 182d;
ditto D, 1 at 1s 9d,

‘“‘ Dordogne.” —Katooloya Cardamoms AA, 3 cases
sold at 1s 9d; ditto A,2 at1s 4d; ditto B, 2 at 1s 2d.

“Hitachi Maru.’—Nicholaoya Ceylon Cardamoms
No. 1, 4 cases sold at 1s 10d; ditto 2, 6 atis 2d;
ditto 3, 1 at 1s 1d; ditto 4, 4 at 1s Id.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

\

No. 12. CoLoMBO, Marcu 24, 1902.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA
LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. Benham & Co.
[41,998 1b,]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb; ¢.

8 Choughleigh 5 182. ch pek 2720 38

7 Coodoogalla 17 34hfch bro pek 1870 36
10 Hornsey 26 13 ch pek sou 1040 34 bid
11 Agrakande 29 32hfch broorpek 1856 61 bid
12 32 13 ch bro pek 1300 39 bid
13 35 21 do or pek 1995 38 bid
a4 38 30 do pek 2700 38 bid
ig Bunyan and

Ovoca 50 40hfch broorpek 2400 68

19 53 51 do or pek 2550 45

20 56 2) ch pek 2000 39 bid
ar 59 14 do pek No2 1400 42 bid
“22 62 21 do pek sou 1890 37

23 65 19hfch_ pek fans 1330 30

25 Torrington 7L. 88 ch or pek 3230 36

26 74 41 do broor pek 4100 36

27 77 45 do pek 3600 34 bid

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.
[534,780 Jb. ]

Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe .+e:
1 Glencorse 4162 ch pek 1680 5)
2 418 33 do pek sou 2850 30
4 OBEC, in

estate mark
Sindumally 424 £1 ch bro pek 2112 37

5 427 19 do pek 1672 35
7 Sutton 433 65hbfch bro orpek 3025 78
8 436 45 ch or pek 4500 58 bid
9 439 24 do pek 2160 50
12 Sirikandure 448 16 ch bro pek 1600 35
13 451 20 do pek 1900 29
14 4*4 20 do pek sou 1800 27
21 St. Helen 475 35hfceh broorpek 1925 BL
22 478 12 ch or pek 1140 37
23 481 14 do pek 1330 33
24 484 15 do pek sou 1275 3L
29 Beverley 499 33hfch bro pe 1650-36
B10) 502. 35 do pek 1875 32
34 Matale 514 37 do bro pek 2035 38
35 } 517 17 ch ~~ pek 1530 38

- 620 12 do pek sou 1020 31
40 Laurawatte 3 418). ch bro pes 1456 4

41 535 15 do or pek 1425 37
42 538 14 do pek 1288 36
43 541 10 do pek sou 1000 32
49 Marlborough 659 33hfch broorpek 1815 59
60 562 18 ch or pek 1476 43
51 665 20 do bro pek 2060 38
52 568 40 do pek 3600 i
55 Poonagalla 577 383 bfch_ or pek 3610 41 bid
56 580 38 do bropek 4370 60
57 583 39 do ek 3744 40
58 586 15 do pek sou 1425 36
63 Yuillefield 601 43hfch brocrpek 4580 46
64 604 42 ch pek 3750 39
70. =Ne | 622 26 ch pek fans 3120 25
71 Riekarton 625 45hfch broorpek z700 39 bid
72 623 24 ch ar pek 2160 38
73 631 35 do pek 3159 3)
7 WN 637 13° ch bro or pek 1300 43
76 640 1t do pek 1120 38
77 643 16 do pek No.2 1.20 30
78 646 15 do pro pek
sou 1425 35
80 Moneragalla 652 25 ch bro pek 200 36
8L 655 15 do pek 1095 34
84 Trex 664 22 ch bro or pek 220) 36
85 667 16 do pek 14:0 32
89 F F, inestate
mark 679 21bfch bro pek 1050 out
92 Ruberry B 688 i4 ch bro or pek 1400 67
93 691 29 du bro pek 2990 42 bid
94 694 33 do pe& 2496 36
98 Stamford Hi'l 706 40hfch bro pek 2400 43
99 709 31 do or pek 1483 52 bid
100 712 3L ch pek 2790 39
103 Coreen 721) 35 hf ch bro pek 24.0 07 bil
104 724, 27 ch or pew 2430 4U bid
15 , 727,15 du pek 1275 $7
108 Dunbar 736 27 hfch bro or pek 1485 46 bid

Lot, Box.
109 739
110 742
111 745
118 New Peacock 751
114 754
115 767
116 Vincit 760
117 763
121 OBEC, in
estate mark
Forest Creek 775
122 778
123 781
124 784
125 787
126 Ninfield 790
127 793
130 Nahalma 802
131 805
132 808
135 CNN 817
137 Kitulgalla 823
138 26
139 829
140 Ardlawand
Wishfcrd 832
141 &35
142 838
143 o41
150 Rajawatte 8.2
162 Stafford 868
157 Anningkandle 883
148 836
159 839
162 Errcliwood 898
163 901
165 907
1¢6 Nakiadeniya 910
176 Great Valley
Ceylon, in est.
mark 922
171 925
172 923
173 951
181 Mariawatte 955
182. Weyunga-
watte 953
183 961
184 964
lsg Le chiel 979
193 Battiwatte 991
195 997
198 Clunes 1006
200 1012
201 1015
205 High Forest 1027
206 1030
207 1033
208 Polatagama 1036
209 1089
210 1042
212 Gampaha 1048
213 1051
214 10 4
215 1057
216 1060
217. Killarney 1063
218 1066
219 1069
220 1072
222. C 1078
223 Dunkeld 1081
224 1084
225 1087
226 Fairlawn 1090
227 1193
228 1026
229 1099
23L Seenagolla,
U 1105
232 1103
234 Carfax 1114
235 1117
256 1!20
237 Hanwella 11%3
258 1129
243 Bandara
Eliya 1141
214 1144
245 i147
246 Clarendon 115)

Price :—123 cents each, 8 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

Pkgs. Name.
22 hf ch er pek
22 do ek
27hfch bro pek
fans
26 do bro pek
13 ch sou
17 do pek fans
12 ch bro pek
22 do pek
13 ch bro or pek
40 do bro pek
25 do or pek
26 do or pek
45 do pek
6 ch bro pek
25 do pek
53 ch bro pek
33 do pek
12 do pek sou
15 do 1ek sou
26 hfch bro or pek
11 do cr pek
12 do pek
13 ch bro or pek
32 do bro pek
23, do or pek
21 do pek
13 ch pek
i2 do or pek
11 ch bro or pek
20. do or pek
18 do pek
37 bfch_ bro or pek
12 do or pek
17 do pek
18 do pek sou
42 ch bro or pek
25 do or pek
33 do pek
22 do pek sou
20hfch dust
16 ch bro pek
17 do pek
17. do pek sou
20hfch dust
59 do bro or pek
31 ch pek
18 ch bro pek
24 do pek Nol
ll wo pek No 2
55 hf ch or pek
No. 1
48 do or pek
37 do pek
61 ch bro pek
77, «do pek
12 do fans
18 ch bro or pek
50 hf ch bro or pek
31 ch or pek
30 do pek
16 do pek sou
19hfch bro or pek
14 do or pek
22hfch bro pek
16 ch pek
z6bfch dust
61 do bro cr pek
19 ch or pek
2L do pek
26Lfch bro or pek
3L ao or pek
26 ch pek
12 do pek sou
18hfch bro or pek
13 ch pek
20 ch bro or pek
20 do or pek
20 do pek
46 hf ch young hyson
29 do hyson No.1
77 hf ch or pek
74 do bro or pek
90 do pek
4. hfch bro pek

Ib.

1980
1936

1593
1300
1170
1275
1800
2090

1339
4120
2326
2416
4275
1600
2250
5830
34165
1200
1200
1516
1260
1020

1104
3293
2:62
1785
1170
1140
1100
1800
1620
2405
1200
1700
126)

2436
2250
2904
1980
160

1600
1443
1360
1800
3835
£945
1800
2280
1012

3300
2688
1813
6100
6930
1200
1977
31.00
2976
2580
1440
1140
1190
1320
1440
1950
3533
1205
1890
1430
1395
2210
1020

1116
1365
2000
1200
13800
2760
1740

4235
4588
4500
2665

43 bid

43 bid

2 CEYLON.) PRODUCE SALES LIST.
ee eee eee eee

Lot. Box. Pkss. Name Ib. ¢c Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ibs. @
247 1153 40 hfch or pek 2480 45 4 i 1276 19 eh pek 171036
248 1156 25 ch pek 2500 41 8 Mahawilla 128 18hfch broorpek 1016 35
253 Glenorchy 1171 37hfch bro pek 2229 58 9 1291 20 do orpek 1000 © 38 bid
254 1174 31 do pek 2945 40 bid 11 Ravana 1297 23hfch broorpek 1449 34
267 Dolahena 1183 20hfch hyson 1000 = 33 13 1803 39 do pek 1950 33
200 Galpitakande 1192 22 ch or pek 2200 36 16 Galphele 1312 10 ch broorpek 1000 60 bid
261 1195 17 ch bropek 1700 = 37 bid | 17 1315 10 do br pek 1000 30
262 1198 25 do pek 2378 33 18 1318 18 do or pek 1800 46
265 Ambagasta’wa 1207 27 ch bro or pek 297@ 44bid | 19 1321 20 do pek 1800 3
266 1210 22 do bro pek 2420 38bid 22 Ravenscraig 1330 32 hf ch bro pek 1760 87
267 1213 23 do pek 2300 © 37 ABT eRe 1333 25 ch pek 2250 82
268 Hatton 1216 28 ch bro pek 3080 48 26 Avisawella 1342 30hfch brofor pek 1650 39
269 1219 28 do pek 2660 40bid | 27 13845 22 ch or pek 209037
271 Lidnupatna 1225 24 ch broor pek 2640 40bid | 28 1348 26 do pek 2340 32
372, 1228 21 do bropek 2310 37hbid | 29 1351 16 do ek sou 1280-28
273 1231 23 do pek 2254 37 31 Rothes 1357 21Lhfch bro pek 1302 46
274 Talgaswela 1234 12 ch broor pek 1260 43 32 1360 11 ch pek 104537
275 1287 13 ch or pek 1010-336 35 Tientsin 1369 44 ch broorpek 4400 46
276 1240 17 do pek 1360 ©. 33 2 1372 60 do pek 4250 40
bai) 12438 14 do pek sou 1050 29 48 K 1408 28hfch bro pek 16£6 34
279 Preston 1249 18 ch bro or pek 1890 54 56 Avondale 1432 12 ch bro or pek 1140 38 bid
287 Gomapatiya 1273 21hfch or pek 1113.—s«#BL 57 1435 27 do bropek 2511 34 bid
288 1276 22 do bropek 1298 55 bid | 58 1438 21 de pek 1635 36
289 1279 29 ch pek 2765 41 bid | 61 Oonaukande 1447 19 hf ch pek 1045 34
290 1282 13 do peksou 1131 38 71 Charlie Hill 1477 25 do bropek 1375 33
303 St Paul‘s 1321 36hfch bro or pek 2232 29bid | 76 Monrovia 1392 36 ch br pek 3600 34
304 1324 39 do or pek 2028 42 77 1495 41 do pek 8895 29
805 1327 47 do ek 2256 38 78 1498 17 do pek sou 1615 27
306 Choisy 1330 35 hf ch ro orpek 1925 39 80 1504 15 do bro tea 1500 23
307 1338 47 do broorpek 2579 39 83 Hapugasmulle1513 12 ch pek 1162 «32
308 1336 14 ch or pek 1260 38bid } 85 Grange Gar-
309 1389 50 do pek 4500 36 dens 1519 21 ch broorpek 2100 42
310 ( 1342 19 do pekNo2 1710 35 86 1522 14 do or pek 1400 44
#1 Mawiliganga- 87 1525 14 do pek 1400 = 40
watte 1345 62 ch bropek 5952 32 91 Moragalla 1537 13 ch brpek 130031
312 1348 28 do peksou 3040-28 92 1540 13 do pek 1310-27
313 Atgalla 1351 16 ch pekdust 1040 25 93 1543 17 do peksou 1700 =. 25 bid
314 Torwood 1854 17 ch © bro or pek 1632 38 96 Jak Tree Hill1552 24 eh br pek 2410 35
315 1357 13 ch bro pek 1170-36 97 1555 10 do pek 1000 32
316 1360 49 do pek 4018 31 98 1558 17 do peksou 1700 29
325 Yatiana 1387 11 ch or pek 1221 29 102 Glenalmond 1570 26hfch bro or pek 1560 35
333 Holton 1411 18 ch pek 1530 withd‘n | 104 1576 16 ch pek 1440 33
338 Treby 1496 54hfch bro pek 3240 58 108 Mousa Eliya 1588 33 ch bro-pek 3300 35
339 1429 24 ch pek 2040 48 109 1591 14 do pek 134433
340 1432 12 do pekseu 1020 39 113 @ononagalla 16¢3 44hfch broor pek 2200 656
341 Macaldenia 1435 34hfch bro pek 2040 «37 bid | 114 1606 38 do pek 3230 37
342 1432 39 do pek 2145 35 bid | 115 1609 22 do peksou 1870 34
346 Palmerston 1450 18 ch bro pek 1134 45bid | 116 Dryburgh 1612 16hfch broorpek 1008 33
347 1453 12 do pek 1080 48 117 1615 13 do or pek 1170 38
349 StHeliers 1459 26 ch broorpek 1508 39 118 4 1618 21 do pek 170132
350 1462 13 do pek 1236 36 119 Lachine 1621 30hfch bropek 1680 33 pia
351 Coomtecourt 1465 40hfch bropek 2200 35 bid | 120 1624 15 ch pek 1500 36
355 Vinestmark1477 18 ch peksou 1717 withd‘n | 121 Warakamure1627 23 ch br pek 2185 = 35
366 Adisham 1480 19 ch or pek 114054 122 1630 22 do bropek 2200 35
357 1483 15 do bropek 1575 39 bid | 123 1633 34 do pek 2924 32
358 1486 21 do pek 1995 41 bid | 124 1636 13 do peksou 1105 28
359 1489 14 do peksou 1266 =. 38 125 Yspa 1639 21 ch peksou 1785 36
361 Amblakaude 1495 11 ch bropek 1100 35 127 WKP 1645 17 ch bropek 1785 42
362 1498 26 do pek 2080 9-33 129 1651 12 do or pek 1086 39
365 Baduluoya 1507 12 ch bro pek 1200 35 130 1654 46 do pek 391032
366 1510 12 do pek 1080 35, Vers 1657 15 do peksou 1200 32
367 Ganapalla 1613 23 ch or pek 1978 32 135 Mora Ella 1669 27hfch broorpek 1620 38
368 1516 29 do broor pek 2900 36 128 1678 24 ch pek 2160 833
369 1519 21 do pek 1785 29 140 Annandale 1684 22.hfch pek sou 1166 £6
370 1522 19 do pek sou 1520 | 28 141 1687 22 do pek 1276 047
371 Pallagodda 1525 16hfch broor pek 1600 33 148 Beausejour 1708 14 ch pek 1120 33
372 1528 34 ch bro pek 34100 38 151 New Valley 1717 19 ch broorpek 1906 44
373 1531 26 do or pek 2340 32 152 1720 16 do or pek 1600 38 bid.
374 1534 19 do pek TGS BR 153 1723 21 do pek 2100-38
375 1537 16 do peksou 1440-29 154 1726 26 do peksou 2340 34
376 Ruanwella 1540 19 ch broor pek 1995 33 bid 157 DM OGin
377 1543 14 do bro pek 14000 31 est. mark 1729 20hfch bro pek 1100 34
378 1546 22 do or yek 1870 31 bid 156 1732 20 do or pek 1090 38
379 1549 30 do pek 2700 30 157 1735 13 ch pek 104633
380 1552 12 do pek sou 1080 89.28 158 1738 14 do peksou 105030
38L Erracht 1555 21hfch bro or pek 2100 33 bid | 459 Monte Christol741 17 ch bro pek 17CO 45
382 1558 52 ch bropek 5200 30 bid | 165 Neuchatel 1759 12 ch broorpek 1200 44
387 Moray 1573 29hfch or pek 1682 44 166 1762 35 do bro pek 3500 34
388 1576 36 do _ bro pek 2340 36 167 1765 29 do pek 2320 32
389 1579 39 do broorpek 2340 58 169 Neboda 1771 14 ch broorpek 1400 42 pid
390 1682 +9 ch pek 3570 41 176 1774 20 do or pek 1800 37
BST 1585 16 do pek No2 1360 37 171 1777 12 do br pek 1320 32 bid:
393 Colds‘m Group1591 24hfch broor pek 1440 38 bid 172 1780 38 do pek 3800 - 34
oe 1594 58 do bropek = 319036 173 1°83 12 do peksou 1140 30
BOB , 1697 27 ch pek 2205 37 175 Roseneath 1789 25 ch bropek 2500 38
399 Dammeria 1609 46 ch bro pek 4600 38 176 1792 20 do pek 1800 «34
nee “on ae eB Pek a 177 1795 19 do pekson 1615 31
404 Maha Sliya 1624 25hfch broor pek 1500 56 abi baie inmuerroewer iment es
‘n A GAT ere dott DroiWebey rah 1z00) 038 188 Mahatenne 1828 10 ch broorpek 1000 41
aD OB a a3 2538 42 189 1831 20 do orpek 2000 37
190 1834 17 do pek 1615 34
Messrs. Somerville & Co. 199 Band D 1861 20hfch dust 1600 25
[313,762 1b.] 201 Mt.Temple 1867 22 ch bro or pek 2200 34 ?
Lor Boxer N: 202 1870 44 do bropek 4400 29 bid
. ' 8. Name, Ib. ec, 203 1873 81 do pek 2666

1 Hyde 1267 19bfch broorpek 1102 44 204 1876 22 do peksou 1870 p

oe

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb c: Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. c.
209 @ooreondco- 86 N 149 12hfch dust 1020 24
watte 1891 10 ch bro pek 1000 39 87 St. Clair 152 20 do or pek 2080 47 i
210 1894 13 do pek 1300 34 89 158 32 do pek 2880 43 bid
21 1867 14 ch pek sou 1400 29 91 164 13 do pek sou 1170 36
214 Agra Blbedde 7 32hfch broorpek 1920 45bid | 93 Osborne 170 29 do broorpek 3199 38 bid
216 10 40 do or pek 2200 44 94 173 16 do or pek 1440 39
216 13 28 do pek 1400 41 96 Woodstock 179 13 do bro pek 1300 37 bid
222 Dalukolawatte 31 18 ch pek sou 16%) 33 97 182 16 do pek 1250-38
224 Polgahakande 37 10 ch bropsk 1000 34 101 Ottery 194 16 do broor pek 1600 47
225 40 16 do or pek 1360 36 102 197 22 do bro pek 1950 38
226 43 20 do pek 1600 30 103 a 200 2: do pek 2160-37
227 Murraythwaite 46 30 ch br pek 200 236 106 RS 209 16 do or pek 1600 36
228 49 14 do pek 1260 33 107 212 27 do pek 2430 31
232 KG 61 19 ch bropek 2090 32bid } 108 Gonavy 218 13 do or pek 1106 38 bid
233 64 20 de pek 2000 27bid | 110 221 13 do bropek 1300 50
234 67 12 do peksou 1200 «27 bid | 11L 224 27 do pek 2160 37
236 Hilandhu 73, 17: ch bro pek 1700 30 bid 115 Coslanda 236 33 hfch _ bro pek 1815 37
240 Bodawa 85 40hbfch bro pek . 2200 33 116 239 23 ch pek 1955 31 bid:
248 G K inest mark109 19 ch pek 1805 outs 120 Kolapatna 251 24hfch broorpek 1296 67 _
251 Cotswold 118 16 ch pek 1360 40 121 254 29 do or pek 1363 39 bid
261 Yarrow 148 20hfch hroorpek 1080 36 122 257 23 do pek 1031 36 bid
262 151 25 do or pek 1200 36 124 EM 263 14 ch :
263 154 47 do ek 2115. 34 se ae i hich Ero, Bek Wer 30 pit
2 heberton 166 24 ch ro pek 2400 37 1 ch pek fans 265 bit
ae x 169 24 do nek 2010 = 37 127 Rookwood 272 42hfch broorpek 2520 48 hid
275 Narangalla 190 20 ch broor pek 1900 34 128 275 :0 ch — or pek 2880 39
276 193 23 do bro pek 1955 33bid | 129 278 45 do pek 2250 =. 36
277 196 63 do pek 5040 34 137 Glasgow 302 17 bfch_ bro or pek 1054 74
278 199 13 do pek sou 1040 28 138 305 25 do bro pek 1550 51
283 Havilland 914 16 ch bro pek 1440 29 bid 139 308 19 ch or pek 1805 53
284 Taprobana 217 21 ch bro pek 1890 40bid | 140 311 12 do pek 1116049
285 220 22 do pek 1760 =. 36 bid | 141 NDL 314 13 do or pek 1300-37
293 Roodowella 244 15 do bropek 1500 out 144 Rondura 323 18 do bro pek 1800
296 Nyanza 253 16 ch ~ pek 1660 32bid | 145 326 22 do or pek 2310 ¢ withd’n
297 Kurunegalle 146 _ 329 33 do pek 2970
Est. Co., Ltd.256 2\hfch broorpek 1260 35 149 G, Ceylon, in }
398 259 22 do or pek 1166 34 est. mark 338 24hfch pek sou 1080 26 bid
299 262 15 ch pek 1275 31 151 QOuvah 344 12 ch pek 1080 36 bid
303 Forest Hill 274 11 ch bro pek 1045 31 bid 152 MPS. 347 9 do
304 277 21 do pek 1890 31 lhfch broorpek 1007 oué
305 Mousakande 280 22hfch or pek 1210 35 154 NB 353 28 ch pek sou 2520 26 hid
306 283 .12 ch pek sou 1620 29 158 Maryland 365 10 do bro pek 1000 30
307 286 19hfch fans 1216 18 159 368 10 do pek 1000 28
308 Glenalla 289 10 ch young byson1600 38 160 Hiralouvah 371 48hfch bro pek 2688 35
309 292 12 do hyson No.1 1080 34 161 374 22 ch pek (H) 1980 32 bid
313 304 10 ch young hyson1000 38 165 Lameliere 386 22 do bro or pek 2288 43
314 307 12 do hysonNo.1 1080 33bid | 266 389 14 do orpek 1190 38 bid
Se SRE AR I 167 392 28 paoR pee P 2660 38
168 395 18 hic pek fans 1296 28
Messrs. E. John & Co. 169 Mount Vernon 393 59 ch pek 548741
[282,230 1b ] 170 401 34 do pek sou 2992 37
xP = 173 Ferndale 410 14 do broor pek 14(0 47
Bet. Box. Pkgs. Name. IbHees 174 413 13 do or pek 1118 40
Natuwakelle 909 19 ch bro or pek 1900 45 175 416 17 do pek 1411 35
? 912 25 do bro pek 2500 34 178 Balado 425 24 do pek 2160 34
8 915 25 do pek 2250 34 179 Mocha 428 22 do broorpek 2200 64
9 918 12 do peksou 1080 =. 30 180 431 18 do or pek 1710 46
12 Poilakande 927 20 do bro pek 2000 31 181 434 25 do pek 2375 43
13 930 20 do pek 1800 = 30 182 Gansarapola 437 43hfch broorpek 2580 34 bid
15 Orwell 936 13 do or pek 1352 39 183 440 28 do bro pek 1596 31 bid
17 942 12 do pek 1140-36 184 443 13 ch pek 1170 = 33
20 Holbrook 951 40hfch broorpek 2400 56 bid | 185 MG 446 14hfch fans 1120 25
23 960 24 ch pek 2280 44 126 Balado 419 12 ch pek sou 1020 32
24 963 20hfch fans 1400-82 187 Longville 452 15 do bro pek 1500 = 36
26 Birnam 969 23 ch pek sou 1725-87 188 455 12 do pek 1200 §=35
32 GB 957 16hfch fans 1120 26 1922 MN 467 14 do or pek 1400 48
35 KP 996 13 do fans 1014 24 193 470 23 do pek 2185 87
36 Elston 999 19 ch pek 1710-36 194 Navangama 473 14 do bropek 1400 34
37 2 23 do pek sou 2165 33 195 476 15 do pek 1350 31
38 Cresta 5 87hfch_ bro pek 1850 935 198 L’Quvah 485 22 do
39 8 15 ch pek 1290 = 83 lbfch peksou 2083 «= 30
42 Tellisford 17 10 do 199 St. John’s 488 30 do or pek 1500 58 bid
l1hfeh bro pek 1077. 387 200 491 80 do pek 1620 49
46 St. John’s 29 30 do bro or pek 1740 59 201 Theresia 491 40 ch bro or pek 4000 40 bid
47 32 30 do pek 1620 44 bid 202 497 62 do pek 5270 41 bid
48 Morton 35 24 ch bro pek 2520 36 203 £00 20 do pek sou 1800 37
49 88 12 do or pek 3080 35 26 LHO 6U9 20 do pek sou 1800 26 bid
50 41 26 do pek 2340 32 207 512 12° do fans 1344 27
51 44 13 do pek sou 1040-28 209 Kandaloya 518 26hfch broorpek 1170 38 bid
53 Cleveland 60 33hfch ftlwryorpek16i0 55 210 521 26 do bro pek 1170 »= 33 bid
55 56 37 do pek 1850 40 211 624 30 do or pek 1200 39
58 Koslande 65 33 do bro pek 1815 9-87 212 527 76 do pek 3010 34
59 : 68 23 cb pek 1955 32 213 530 26 do peksou 103931
63 Lameliere 80 22 do broorpek 2288 46 214 Agra Ouvah 533 53 do bru or pek 3180 65
64 83 14 do or pek 1190 39 215 536 21 ch or pek 2142 48
64 &6 28 do pek 2660 39 216 539 15 do ~ pe 1425 «(47
66 « 89 18 do pekfans 1296 28 217 Myraganga 642 43 do or pek 3655 287
67 Glentilt 92 46hfch broorpek 2530 67 218 545 36 do bro or pek 3600 36
68 95 28 ch or pek 2380 43 219 548 36 do pek 2880 35
69 98 41 do pek 3690 39
70 Kila i 10L 18 do bro pek 1800 =. 86
71 104 13 do orpek 1170 35 bid SMALL LOTS.
oe 107 23 ge Bek Ne 1 2070 =
By 110 22 do pe 0.2 199! 1
m4 ae ‘. 113 26 do peksou 190 28 Messrs. E. “Benham & Co.
8 Kelaneiya an
Braemar 125 18 ch or pek 1800 = 42 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, @

79 128 14 do fpek 1330 88 1 Choughleigh 99 5 ch _ broorpek 475 ~—s out

a

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ibvee: Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name, lb. ¢.
2 210 ch bro pek 960 81 bid 168 916 3 box flowery pek 48 65 tid
4 8 2 do peksou 188 28bid | 169 919 3 ch or pek 32434
5 11 5 do fans 575 27 174 Great Valley
6 14 1 do dust 155 24 Ceylon, in est.
8 Goodoogalla 20 18hfch pek 816 32 mark 934 7 ch dust 595 24
28 6 do pek sou 249° 28 175 Maregalla 937 8 do bro pek 840 36
\15 Agrakande 41 8 ch pek sou 784 33 bid | 176 910 7 do or pek 595 34
16 44 5hfch fans 340 30 bid 177 9143 6 do pek 510 32
17 47 8 do dust 680 25 bid 178 946 2 do pek sou 160 27
24 Bunyan and 179 949 1 do dust 150 21
Ovoca 68 9 do dust 810 26 | 18) Mariawatte 952 4 ch sou 400 2
_—__- 185 Weyunga- oa “,
: l watte [Of wbere sou = 85 26
“essrs. Forbes & Walker, "60 wie Rone S bf ch aust 5 ae
| 187 Lochie 973 “7 «& ans £40 28
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. CBF ae ove 2ihdb “Wicd was ay! Oe
38 OB EC,in | 190 R, in estate
estate mark | mark 932 lhfch bro pek 65 32
Sindumally 421 8 ch bro orp ek 896 40 PELL 985 1" do pek } 52 28
6 430 7 do peksou 546 = 31 | 192 988 1 do pek fans £5 93
10 Sutton 442 4 ch pek sou 340 42 191 Battawatte 991 7 ch or pek 6(5 38
11 445 4hfch dust 3450 26 196 1000 12 do ek sou 960 31
15 Sirikandure 457 2 ch bro pek fans 210 27 | {97 1003 2 do dust 200 23
16 450 1 do fans &4 25 199 Clunes 1008 10 ch or pek 900 34
17 4638 2 do bro pek dust 280 24 | 202 1018 3 do pek sou 276 =. 28
18 466 1 do dust 174 7 203 1021 5 ch bro pek fans 560 28
19 469 1 do congou 108 24 204 1024 2 do dust 310 23
20 D 472 1 ch red leaf 103 16 211 Polatagama 1945 3 ch dust 450 23
25 Ambanpitiya 487 1 do bro tea 110 4924 221 Killarney 1075 5 do peksou 450 32
26 490 2 do dust 314 22 230 Fairlawn 1102 2hfch dust 150 24
27 Pansalatenne 493 2 Go bro pekfans 250 25 233 Seenagolla,
-28 496 2 do dust 300 22 Vv 1111 4 do dust 360 >
81 Beverlky 505 2U hf ch pek sou 900 30 | 239 Hanwella 119 3 do hyson No.2 210 30
32 508 11 do dust 880 26 | 240 1132 2 do hyson dust 160 li
33 51120 do bro or pek 550 46 241 F WW 1135 1 ch or pek 90 36
37 ~Matale 523 3 ch sou 255 PL 242 TWW 1138 1 do bro or pek 102 42
38 526 2hfch fans 140 27 239 Clarendon 1159 9 ch pek sou 990 85
389 529 1 do dust 80 24 250 1162 Shfch cust 480 25
44 Laurawatte 544 2hfch fans 180 23 251 Newgalway 1165 9hfch bro pek 540 56
45 Kabragalla 574 13 hfch bro pek 715° 28 252 - 116814 do pek 77038
46 550 15 do bro or pek 750 30 255 Glenorchy 1177 3hfch dust 255 25
47 553 14 do pek 700 27 256 Dolahena 1180 11 hfch yng hyson 550 36
48 556 5 do pek sou 250 23 258 1186 2hfch siftings 140 10
68 Marlborough 57110 ch pek sou 880 35 259 1189 7 do peck 630 28
54 674 5 do bro tea 525 22 263 Galapita-
59 Poonagalla 689 8hfch fans 608 28 kande 1201 7 ch peksou (65 29
60 592 9 do dust 855 25 264 1204 4hfch dist 320 24
61 ERS 595 2 do bro or pek 270 Hatton 1222 6 ch pek sou 510 35
fans 90 24 278 Talgaswela 1246 6hfich dust 480 24
62 598 1 ch pek 86 26 280 Preston 1252 8 ch pek 672 7
65 Yuillefield 607 5 ch peksou 450 34 281 1255 3hfich fans 195 36
68 610 1lhfch sou 40 30 282 1258 2 do unassorted 1(0 28
67 613 2 do dust 140° * 2 283 Ugieside 1261 7 ch bro mix 665 25
68 N 616 6 ch sou 600 25 284 1264 6 do fans 606 27
69 619 6 do bro tea 600 16 285 1267 5bfch dust 400 23
74 Rickarton 634 4hfch dust 340 26 286 BDWG 1270 1 do dust 99 23
79 Moneragalla 649 5 ch bro or pek 400 42 291 Gonapatiya 1285 14hfch pek fans 280 34
82 ~ 658 3 do pek sou 216 30 292 1288 5 do dust 450 26
re 661 4 do fans 420 26 293 Wilpita 1291 8 ch bro or pek 800 32
386 Irex 670 3 ch pek sou 240 29 294 1291 4 do or pek 400 31
37 673 1 do fans 110 26 295 1297 6 do pek 600 27
88 676 Lhfch dust 85 20 296 1300 3 do br or pek fans 300 24
90 FF, ia estate . 297 1303 1 do bro tea 8 23
mark 682 6hfch sou 240 22 298 1395 1bfch dust 80 22
91 685 6 do pek 270 27 299 Ketadola 1309 3 ch bro or pek 270 34
95 Roeberry B 697 9 ch pek sou 810 32 300 1312 3 do cr pek 236 28
96 700 4 do dust 400 25 3801 1315 6 do pek 479 27
97 702 6 do fans §00 28 302 1318 1 do bro tea 71 24
101 Stamford Hill 715 7 ch peksou 630 82 317 Torwood 1363 1 ch dust 130 2
102 718 5hfich dust 450 25 318 Bogahagode-
106 Coreen 730 8 ch pek sou 680 82 watte 1366 4 ch bro or pek 440 out
107 733 4hfch pek fans 380 24 319 1369 6 do bro pek 553 32
112 Dunbar 748 3 ch pek sou 282 31 320 1372 9 do pek 810 30
118 Vincit 766 1 da sou 90 out 321 1375 6 do pek sou 579 25
119 ' 769 3 do fans 360 28 322 Salem 1378 2 ch bro or pek 200 60
120 i772 1 do dust 150 22 823 1381 6 do bro pek 600 33
128 Ninfield 796 3 ch pek sou 255 28 324 1384 8 do ek 720 33
129 799 2 do dust 220 24 326 Yatiana 1390 5 ch ro pek 50 27
123 Nahalma 811 9hfch dust 763 25 327 1398 7 do pek 700 27
134 K WD, in estate 328 1396 1 do pek sou Nol 103 24
mark 814 5 ch fans 610 = 22 329 1399 3 do pek sou No 2 282 22
136 CNN 820 14 hfch fans 980 28 330 1402 1 do dust lll 22
144 Ardl w and 331 PHI 1405 3 ch bro or pek 336 28
Wishford 814 4 ch fans 488 28 332 1408 1 do pek 90) 24
145 847 2 do dust 246 ~~ 23 334 Holton 1414 8 ch peksou 680
146 SW 850 6 ch bro mix 624 26 835 1417 2 do pek fans 120 withd'n
147 PR jawatte 853 llhfch broor pek 660 47 326 1420 2hfch bropekfans 100
148 856 7 ch bro pek 736° 34 337 _ 1423 3 do dust 210
149 8591C do or pek 900 ©6.36 343 Macaldenia 1441 6hfch peksou 330 3
151 Stafford 865 10hfch bro orpek 650 66 344 1444 3hfch fans 210 26
153 871 11 ch pek 935 42 345 1447 3 do dust 240 23
154 £74 2hfecb dust 160 24 348 Palmerston 1456 4 ch sou 308 36
155 Kelvin 877 3 ch or pek fans 315 26 352 Coombecourtl468 6 ch pek ~ 570 = 30 bid
156 Welkandala 680 5hf ch dust 420 24 853 1471 1 ch peksou 95 29 bid
160 Annigkande 892 1 ch dust 110-23 254 1474 2hfch dust 150 23
161 895 1 do bro pek fans 100 28 360 Amblakande 1492 1 ch or pek 100 32
164 Brrollwood 904 11hfch pek sou 990 33 363 1501 9 do pek sou 720 29
167 Wukiadeniya 918 5b do dust 22 364 15U4 1 do dust 100 23

PRODUCE SALES LIST.

CEYLON

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib. -e.

383 Erracht 1561 J ch -‘pek 100 28

384 1564 3 do dust 480 28

385 Tommagong 1567 2 ch bro pek 176 = 46

386 1570 2hfch ek 92 35

392 Moray 1588 7hfch _ pek dust 595-25

396 Coldstream

Group 1600 10 ch pek sou 800 33

397 1603 4hfch fans 260 28

398 1606-4 do dust 320 25

400 Dammeria 1612 7 ch or pek 630 35

403 BB inest

mark 1621 3 ch bro pek 327 28
Messrs. Somerville & Co.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. e.
2 Hyde 1270 8 ch or pek 696 40
3 1273 8 do bro pek 728 36
1) 1279 5 do pek sou 445 29
6 1282 3hfch pek dust 243 24
7 1285 6 do fans 384 26

10 Mahawilla 1294 lhbfch dust 85 24

12 Ravana 1300 12 hfch bro pek 660 34

14 1306 16 do pek sou 800 29

15 PD 1309 2hfch dust 170 22

20 Ravenoya 1324 3 ch pek sou 270 28

21 1327 2 do fans 300 $5

24 Ravenscraig 1336 2 ch pek sou 176 «(98

25 1339 4hfch dust 320 24

30 Avisawella 1354 Shfch dust 660 23

33 Rothes 13€8 lhfch pek sou 50 28

34 1366 1 do dust 95 22
37 Tientsin 1375 6 ch pek 510 35
38 1378 5 hf ch dust (anbulked) 400 27

39 Lammermoor 1381 6 ch bro pek 600 =. 38
40 1384 7 do pek 630 31
41 1387 1 do fans 100 20
42 1390 1lhfch dust 100 20
43 Kottagodde 1393 3 ch bro or pek 315 29 bid
44 1396 5 do bro pek 500 29 bid
45 1899 4 do pek 372 28
46 1102 3 do pek sou 30027
47 KG 1405 4 ch sou 464 22
49 K 1411 17 bfch~ pek 935 30
50 1414 2 do pek sou 100) 5270's
51 1417 2 do dust 168 22
52 Talgawatte 1420 2 ch br pek 160 28
53 1423 1 do pek 100 26
54 1425 1 do pek sou 100 20
55 1429 1 do fans 100 20
59 Avendale 1441 5 ch pek sou 4°5 29
60 Oonankande 1444 1% hf-ch bro pek 90) 37 bid
62 1450 11 do pek sou 770 =. 29 bid
63 1453 3 do dust 210 25
64 H 1456 2 ch

lhfch peksou 219 21
65 1469 2 ch sou 167 18
66 1462 3 do fans 328 24
67 HD 1465 2hfch dust 104 19
68 1468 2 do fans 119 12
69 St. Ley’s 1471 1 ch _ red leaf 100 «17
70 1474 Llhfch fans 85 23
72 Charlie Hill 1480 15 hfcb pek 750. 31
71 1483 1 do peksou 504
74 1486 2 do dust 160 24
75 ABC 1489 7hfch pek 399 3
79 Monrovia 1501 3 ch — pek dust 450 =. 20
€1 1507 1 do bro tea dust 167 14
82 Hapugasmulle 1510 9 ch pek sou 990 34
84 1516 1 do dust 1é 2
88 Grange Gar-
dens 1528 2 ch peksou 200 3
89 153L 1 eh fans 100 25
90 1534 2hfch dust i025
94 Moragalla 1546 2 ch fans No. 1 250 17
95 1549 1 Co sou No, 2 106 16
99 Jak Tree Hill1561 2hfch dust 200 23
100 1564 1 ch fans 100 24
101 1567 1 do congou 100 24
103 Glenalmond 1573 15 hf ch or pek 750 38
105 1579 6 ch pek sou 450 30
106 1582 1 do fans 10025
107 1585 3hf-ch dust 240 28
110 GA 1694 6 ch pek sou 540 27
1il 1697 9 do sou 729 26
112 1600 7hfch dust 560 22
126 Yspa 1642 7 ch pk dust 980 25
128 WKP 1648 15hfch br pek No.2 900 32
132 1660 7 ch sou 532 25
133 Yi 1663 4hfch dust 334 28
134 Donside 1666 Llhfch bro or pek 65 30
136 Mora Ella 1672 18 bfch or pek 864 40
137 1675 9 do bro pek 612 29

139 1681 11 ch pek sou 935 30
142 Finest mark1690 1 ch pek sou 0 = 32
148 1693 6hfch dust 498 25

Lot. Box.
144 F A inest

mark 1696
145 1699
146 Beausejour 1702
147 1705
149 1711
150 1714
160 Laxugalla 1744
161 1747
162 1750
163 SB in est.

wark 1753
164 1756
168 Netchatel 1768
174 Neboda 1786
178 Roseneath 1798
179 1801
180 Batgodde A 1£&0t
181 1807
18?, 1810
183 1813
184 1816
187 Pindeniya 1825
191 Mahatenve 1837
192 1840
193 Carriglea 1843
194 1846
195 1849
196 Selvawatte 1852
197 1855
198 LP 1858
200 Band D 1:64
205 Labuduwa 1879
206 1882
207 1885
208 1888
212 Cooroendoo-

watte 1
213 4
217 Agra Elbedde 16
218 XX 19
219 22
220 Dalukolawatte 25
221 28
223 34
229 Murrayth-

waite 52
230 65
231 68
235 KG 70
237 Bilbandhu 76
238 79
239 82
241 Bodawa 83
242 91
243 94
244 97
245 AV 100
246 St Leonards-

on-Sea 103
247 106
249 Cotswold 112
250 115
252 121
263 124
254 127
265 Mowbray 130
256 133
257 136
258 129
249 142
260 Pcengalla 145
264 Yarrow 157
265 160
266 W in est mark163
269 Theberton 172
270 175
271 FF 178
279, 181
273 184
274 187
279 Harangalla +02
280 205
28L M in est mark2038
282 K PW 2u1
286 Taprobana 223
287 226
288 Dueiya 229
289 232
290 235
291 238
292 241
294 Roodowella 247
295 M‘Golla 250

Pkgs.

Name, Ib,
pek'sou 360
dust 330
bro pek 800
or pek 450
pek sou 350
dust 409
bro pek 353
pek 288
pek sou 180
bro pek 240
bro tea 445
dust 450
dust 720
dust 100
bro mix 225
bro or pek 173
or pek 230
pek 288
pek No. 2 92
pk dust 60
pek sou £95
pek sou 380

ust 100
pek sou 71
pek fans 636
dust 276
bro pek 660
pek 320
pek sou 516
unast 200
Lr pek 300
pek 300
pek sou 600
fans 16u
pek fans 320
dust 300
pek sou 450
br or pek fans 260
pek dust 160
bro or pek 773
pek 700
scu 270
pek sou 340
dust 180
bro pek dust 260
bro pek fans 140
pek $00
dust 150
bro mixed £00
pek 540
pek sou 840
bro mixed 55
bro pek fans 215
pek No. 2 900
siftings 400
green tea fans €0
bro or pek = 640
or pek 560
pek sou 495

DE or pek fans100

dust 200
bro pek 600
pek 695
pek sou 255
dust 150
sou 160
pek fans 400
fans 630
dust 510
sou 384
sou 85
fans 200
sou 320
fans 480
dust 100
pek 123
bro pek dust 525
fans 500
pek sou 85
pek sou 250
pek sou 240
fans 875
bro pek 497
pek 340
su 520
dust 441
bro tea 220
pek 460
red leaf 700

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,
Se

Lot. Box.
300 Kurunegalle

Pkes. Name. Ibive cs

Est. Co, Ltd. 265 10 ch pek sou 800 28
301 268 4 do congou 360 26
802 271 2hfch dust 164 93
310 Glenalla 295 1 ch hyson 106 23
811 298 1 do green bea fansi37 10 bid
312 301 1 do green tea dustl76 3
315 310 1 do hyson 106 23
316 313 2 do green tea fans230 13
[Messrs. H. John & Co.}
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e.
1A 894 3hfch _ broor pek 150 85
2 €97 3 ch pet 3010 381
3 900 4 do pek sou 360 28
4 Tona 903 4bfch br or pe fans 300 25
5 906 3 do dust 255 24
10 Natuwakelle 921 4 ch dust 400 24
11 Poilakande 924 7 do bro vr pek 700 33
14 PKT 933 8hfch dust 720 24
16 Orwell 939 11 do bro or pek 715 47
18 915 2° ch pek sou 180 29
19 948 6hfch _ pek fans 450 26
21 Hojbrook 954 6 ch bro pek 600 42
22 957 7 do or pek 735 43 bid
25 966 2 do dust 280 24
27 HBK 972 2 do bro pek No, 2 220 25 bid
26 975 5 do pek No, 2 425 26
29 GB 978 9 do bro pek 945 32 bid
30 951 10 pek 850 27 bid
31 984 4hfch dust 380 3
33 990 4 do bro mix 360 18
34 K P 993 4 do dust 380 22
40 Cresta 1l 4 ch peksou 34487
41 14 38 do dust 240 23
43 Tellisford 20 $ do pek (202
44 23 2 do pek sou 156 29
45 26 1 do ust 100 24
52 Morton 47 3 do dust 420 24
54 Cleveland 53 5hfch bro pek 310 40
56 59 10 do pek sou 600 36
57 62 3 do fans 210 25
60 Koslande 71 8 ch pek sou 720 30
61 74 8 do fans 330 29
62 77 3hfch dust 240 824
75 Hila 116 8 do dust 610 23
76 Alplakande 119 6, ch sou 540 28

77 Kelaneiya and

Braemar 122 8 do broor pek 800 54

80 131 3 do pek sou 285 35
Bl 134 5 do bro pek fans 500 28
82 137 4hfch dust 320 24
83 Chapelton 140 11 do dust 990 +26
84 143 2 do dust No. 2 180 22
85 146 6 ch sou 510 22
88 St. Clare 155 8hfch _ broor pek 480 65
90 16L 6 ch bro pek 684 47
92 167 \O@hfch pek dust 850 25
95 Osbcrne 176 7 ch pek 700 36
98 Woodstock 185 2 do pek sou 200 30
99 183 3 ch bro pekfans 240 25
100 191 3hfch pek fans 216 «26
104 Ottery 203 4 ch pek sou 820 32
105 206 %hfch dust 240 24
108 RS 215 2 do dust 160 24
112 Gonavy 227 7 ech pek sou 595 33
113 230 15 hfch fans 900 27
114 233 4 do dust 340 25
117 Co: landa 242 $ ch pek sou 720 29
11s 245 3 do fans 330 29
119 248 3hfch dust 240 28
123 Ohiya 260 13. ch pek sou 919 32
125 FM 26 6hfch bro pekfans 381 26 bid
Rookwood 251 9 ch bro pek 620 30 bid
Dalhousie 284 16hfch or pek 960 37 bid
2&7 10 do bro pek 660 56
290 17 do pek 765 34 bid
1 293 8 do pek sou 400 33
125 296 3 do dust 225 25
136 CL 299 5 ch red leaf 850 14
1422 NDL 317 9 do k 837 Bh
148 Rondura 820 8 do be or pek 92)
147 342 1 do pek fans 115 ; withd’n
148 835 4 do dust 660
150 G, Ceylon, in
mark 341 7 hfch_ bro or pek 385 28 bid
153 MPS 330 4 ch pek 400 26
165 Rookwood 36 5 hfhh @iftings 375 = 10 bid
156 Kladuwa 359 1 ch ust 80 2
157 362 2 do mixed 210 18
162 Hiralouvah 3877 7 do pek sou(H) 614 29
163 88) 4hfch fans 264 28
164 883 1 do dust 94 23
171 Mount Vernon 494 6 «do fans 420 29
172 417 10 do ange 870 26
176 Ferndale 419 5 do bropek fans 825 28

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, iby “ve;
177. The Farm 422 2- ch dust 180 24
189 Longville 458 6 do pek sou 570 30
199 461 11 hfch fans 715 26
191 464 3 ch dust 300 23
196 Navangama 479 {£ do dust 15u 25
197 HFD 482 6 do dust 600 25
204 Theresia 503 4hfch dust 340 24
205 506 1 ch sou 100 29
208 LHO 615 8hfch dust 610 ‘ 20 bid

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

Mincine LAN#, Feb, 22nd.

“‘Glaucus,’—WP 1, 1 barrel sold at 738; ditto 2,
1 cask sold at 64s; ditto S, 1 barrel sold’ at 45s,

CEYLON COCOA SALES

“‘ Hitachi Maru.”—Middlemarch Caraccas, 3 begs
sold at 51s 6d; ditto Forestero, 26 at 52s: 7 at
44s; 13 at45s; 4 at 39s 6d; ditto Black, 9 at 32s 6d.

‘‘ Dordogne.”—NJDS in estate mark, 9 bags sold
at 56s.

“ Glaucus.’”—Rosebury London 2, 2 bags sold at
41s; ditto T, 2 at 51s 6d; Pathregalla London 2,
3 bags sold at 42s; ditto T, 3 at 5ls 6d; ditto 2,

IN LONDON.

8 at 40s; KA in estate mark, 139 bags sold at 53.
“Wakasa Maru.’ ’—Katugastota, 10 bags sold at
52s; 7 at 46s.

“Yorkshire.’—Coodogalla, 3{bags sold at 33s;
16 at 57s 6d; 9 at 51s; KPG, 79 bags sold at 56s,

“ Glaucus.”—Lower Haloya, 10 bags sold at 56s;
6 at 40s 6d; 7 at 31s.

“ Wakasa Maru.”—Batagolla B, 44 bags sold at
55s; C, 12 at 47s.

“ Achilles.’—CTC London Greenwood 2, 20 bags
sold at 55s; 23 at 56s; 3, 8 at 54s; WHD London
Greenwood BB, 19 bags sold at 56s 6d.

“ Musician."—MAC CTC London, 14 bags sold
at 60s. ;

“ Glaucus.”—Suduganga, 6 bags sold at 52s 6d;
1 at 51; 3 at 47s; 5 at 30s 6d.

“Kamakura Maru.’—Warriapolla, 1 bag sold at
51s; 17 at 50s; 2 at 26s.

‘‘ Socotra.’—Suduganga, 1 bag sold at 49s; 2 at
27s 6a.

“‘Japan.”—Suduganga, 6 bags sold at 48s 6d; 4
at 478; 4 at 28s; Warriapola, 22 bags sold at 47s;
1 at 36s; 3 at 29s.

‘©Glaucus.”—AMP in estate mark, 7 bags sold at
41s; 1 at 45; 138 at 41s; 4 at 30s; 20 at 45s 6d;
18 at 45s; 1 at 37s; 1 at 40s.

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

“ Japan.”—ASGP in estate mark Kaderane, 8 bales
sold at Is6d; 6 at ls 5d; 6 at 1s 4d; 1 at Is 3d;
4 at 103d; 3 at 10d; 1 bag at 924d; 2 at 10d.

“ Wakasa Marv.”—ASPG in estate mark Kaderane,
3 bales and 1 parcel sold at 1s 7d; 6 bales sold at
1s 64; 10 at ls 5d; 2 atis4d; 2 at 1s lid; 6 bales
and 2 parcels sold’ at 10d; 1 "box sold at’ 94d5 1
bag sold at 10d; PSK Kaderane, 4 bales sold at
ls 5d; 8 at 1s 3d; 8 at ls 2d; 3 at 1l0dd; 1 bag
gold at 94d; FSWS in estate mark North Kaderane,
2 bales sold at 1s 2d; 2 bales and 1 parcel sold
at 103d; 2 bags sold at 10d; 2 at 94; FSWS in
estate mark Kaderane, 10 bags sold at 38d; 34 at 33d.

“Yorkshire.’—FSWS in estate mark Kaderame,
8 bales sold at 1s 5d; 4 at Is 2d; 3 at Is 3d; 3
at ls 1d;1 at 10d; 3at 84d; 1 at 74d ; 1 bag sold
at 94d.

“ Japan.’ ’—_TAJ in estate mark Hkelle Plantation,
20 bales sold at 93d; 24 at 9d; 36 at 8hd; 20 at
8d; 78 at 74d 5 20° at 7d.

? Achilles.”—TAJ in estate mark BEkelle Planta-
tion, 8 bales sold at 113d; 31 at 84d; 31 at 74d;
11 at 7d; 6 at 10d; 4 at 94d; 25 at 9d; 6 at Sid ;
9 at 8d; B in estate mark Ekelle Plantation, 1
bale sold at 94d; 2 at 9d; 4 at 84d; 3 at 7hd.

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES

LIST. 7

‘ Awa Maru.’”—T A Jin estate mark, Ekelle Plan-
tation, 4 bales sold at 1s; 20 at 10d; 12 at 94d; 38 at 9d;
12 at 83d;1l4 at 8d; 4 at "74d.

“ Tdomeneus. ip A’ Jin estate mark HkellePlanta-
tion, 6 bales sold at ghd; 25 at 9d; 13 at 8d.

oD ‘Ajax.”—1' AJin ‘estate mark, Ekelle Plantation,
20 bales sold at 93d; 50 at 9d; Gat 84$d;14 at 8d.

“Tydeus.”—C H de S Salawa, 2 bales sold at 11d;
6 at 10d; 6at 94;6 at 8d; CHdeS Kuruwitte, 1 bale
sold at 04d; 4 at 10d; 5at 9d;3 at8d;C HdeS BK
O in estate mark, 1 bale sold at 104d; 2 at 95d; 2 at 9d; 1
at 8d: C H deS Innegaltuduwe, | bale sold at 94; 2 at 9d.

* Awa Maru.’’—C H deS Koottauavalle, 3 bales sold
at 10:d;10at 10d;13 at 9d; 3 at 8d; C H de SS
Rustoom, 1 bale sold at 103d; 9 at 94d; 11 at 9d; 6 at 8d.

‘© Achilles.”—-C H de S Karuvitte, 2 bales sold at
103d; 9 at 94d 56 at 9d;3at 8id;7at8d;C HdeSDK
W in estate mark, 2 bales sold at 103d;C H ae S D
K W, 6 bales sold at 93d ; 4 at 9d ;2 at 8d.

‘ Yorkshire,’—G R S Ain estate mark, 1 parcel at
9:d; 10d at 83d; 4 bales at 74d.

“ Cambodge.”—C H.deS Morotto, 2 bales sold at
103d; Sat 93; 7at 9d; 2 bales, 1 parcel and 1 box at

83d; 2 at 74d; 6 at 8d;C HdeS Ratmalane, 1 bale
sold at 103d; 6 a t Qld; 6 at 9d; 1 at 8d; 1 at 8d
C de ST PW, in estate mark, 1 bale sold at
103d; 3 at 94d; 3 at 9d: 3 at 8d; 1 at 83d.

* Clan McNab.’”—HPA Walkandus Estete, 1 bale
sold at 83d; ditto 2, 3 at 8d;2 at 74d; ditto 4, 1
at 7d.

“ Kanagaws Maru.”—VB 374 in estate mark, Fikolle,
22 bales sold at 84d; 12 at 8d; 4 at 74d.

‘* Achilles.””—NJDS in estate mark, Dehigoda Pian-
tation London, 7 bales sold at Sid; 5 at 8d; 3 at
Tid; 2 at 7d.

‘* Hitachi Maru.”—GCFW inestate mark, 18 bales
sold at 93d; 2at9d; 62 at84d;14at 8d; 4 at Vids
ditto A, 6 at 94d; 2 at 85d; 1 at 8d: 12 at 74d;
10 at 7d.

“ Tdomeneus.”’—V in estate mark, Ekelle, 19 bales
sold at 9d.

“Clan MelIntyre,’—MULM in estate mark, 106 bags
of bark sold at 2d.

“Duke of Norfolk.’—MAK in estate mark, 143
bags of bark sold at $d,

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA COFFER, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

| Pricz :—123 cents each, 3 copies

No. 13. Cotomso, Marcu 31, 1902. 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec.
a ees 101 Sylvakandy 1933 71 eh bro pek 7100-388
, x 102 1936 55 cn) pek 3500 35
LARGE LOTS, 106 =Findlater 1948 3lhfch bro pek feist withan
ey ia 107 1951 17 ch pek 1615 i
Messrs. E. Benham & Co. 110 Edward Hill 1960 14 do bro pek
Nol 1400 34
[15,077 1b.] 112 1986 12 ch — or pek 1104-34
113 1959 12 do pek 1005 31 bid
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe. 116 Attampittia 1978 19 ch bropek 290 42
1Hornsey 100 38hfch bro pek 2280 =. 5 bid 117 19381 14 do or pek 1302 43
2 3 20 ch pek 18:0 35 bid 118 1984 z7 do pek 2511 36
3 6 12hfch dust 1080 35 119 1987 12 do pek sou 1200 33
4 9 15 do bro pek 121 Penrhos 1993 17hfch bro or pek 1020 48
fans 1125 28 bid 122 1996 24 do bro pek 1512 33
6 Battalgalla 15 14 do bro pek 123 1999 33 do or pek 1716 38
fans 1050 29 124 2002 3L ch pek 2728 33
8 Torrington 21 22 ch or pek 1980 33 bid 125 2005 15 do )}ek sou 1350 31
9 24.18 do broorpek 1800 33 bid 135 St. Helen 2035 27 hfch bro or pek 17.5 33
10 27 22 do pek 1760 35 bid 136 20388 13 ch or pek 1235 36
ces 1A eS eS 137 2031 14 do pek 1330 33
139 Pine Hill 2047 2shfch broorpek 1650 39 bid
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 140 2050 21 en or pek 189042
BY ld! 2534 22'54lo0 peb 1930 35
[622,289 Ib. ] 142 St. Martins 2056 *4bfch _ bro pek 136v 35
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ¢. 143 259 39 eer Bek H 1560 381
1 Marl 2068 60 hf c orpek 30C0 7
1 Udapolla 1633 15 ch bro pex 1500 33 ia ane 201 29 ech Sepak a 2407 a
3 1639 19 do pek 171031 148 2074 33 do bropek 3300 36
6 Rock Cave 1648 18 ch bro pek 1860 34 149 20.770 do pek 6U20 36
u Goby 24d pek 2160 33 151 Lochiel 2083 29hfch broorpek 1740 48
10 Drayton 1H60 4 hfch or pek 2°50 48 152 2086 33. ch or pek 3165 39
WL 163 62 ch —_ pek 658) 40 153 2089 30 do pek 2760-36
120 16:6 30 do pek sou 2550 36 154 Yegama 292 27 do bro pek 3:05 33
15 Strathspey 1675 17 ch or pek 1598 41 155 2-95 11 do pek 1210 32
16 _ 1678, 22 do pek 2046-40 164 Madulkelle 2122 11 ch broorpek 1100 57
18 Seen in 165 9195 12 do tropek 1200 36
CSee, ay 16 2128 13 do ek Nol 1105 :
Nillomally 1681 41 ch orpek 369040 167 sist vaside a son 11383
19 1637 36 do pek 3168 36 168 2134 24bfch or pek 1080 40
20 169¢ 21 do broorpek 2100 45 171 Ouvahkellie 2143 11 ch
aL 1693 12 do peksou 1u08 - 34 lhfch pek sou 1310-36
zz 1696 10 do fans 1000-30 72 2146 14 do dust 11.0 26
24 Panawatie 1702 12 ch bro cr pek 1446 43 173 Palmerston 2149 20 do broorpek 1200 64
25 1705 22 do bro pek 23:0 37 174 2152 12 ch pek 1080 46
a A tae 17u8 15 do pek:Nol 1200 34 177 St, Heliers 2161 25 hfch or pek 1450 37
9 Ce ee ng | 178 2164 12 do pek 114033
é a : 18) 2170 4 ey ule) k 36
New Market 1717 46hfch broor pek 2714 54 Lea mace tte cco Bae Ee pel Soe Een
30 ch bropek = 580887 182 2176 28 do pek 20031
3l do pek 2520 36 J86 Middleton 2188 18 ch bro or pek 1170 79
32 ; o _pek sou 1196 35 187 2:91 29 do bro pek 2000 62
38 Maldeniya ch bro pek 3800 44 bid 188 21v4 16 «0 pek 1520 46
34 UGS a8 do nek - 2160 31 lsd Tymawr 2197 %5 bfeh or pek 1375 51
2 ; 1735 12 do — pek sou 1020 28 190 22u0 83 do broorpek 2115 49 bid
47 Yatadaria 1741 7&8hfch broor pek 4758 34 131 2203 41 do pek 2050 43
38 Vi44 32 ch bro pek “2200 31 192 2206 39 do pek sou 1933 36
39 1737-23 do or pek 2208 35 194 Monkswood 2212 20 do bropek 1900 7%
au 17 055 do pek 49.0 28 195 2215 25 do or pek 12,0 69
41 1753 31 do pek sou 2035 26 196 2213 18 ch pek 1800 56
47 Erlsmere 1771 30 hfch bro or pek 1680 58 209 Laxapana-
48 aria Aapchs CPrompek.s |p s2e 02) eae galla 2230 18 ch broor pek 1800 36
49 i Wi7 24 do pek 208842 201 2233 14 do or pek 1330-33
52 Udaveria 1785 GO bfch broor pek 3600 & 207 Delta 22.1 21 ch bro pek 2100-835
58 1789 52 do or pek 2704 33 bid | 20g 2254 12 do pek 1032 36
54 1792 62 do pek 2976 35 29 2257 47hfch broorpek 2736 38
26 1798 15 do fans W275 27 210 2260 %0 do fans 1:60 27
57 Ingrogalla 1s0i 18 ch bro pek 1800-35 bid 216 Yataceria 2278 50 do broorpek 3080 ~~ 35
58 1si4 17 do pek 153033 27 21 24 ch bropek 240 3h
59 Wore Ee 218 2284 13 do or pek 2162 35
? S : Rett - 219 2287 48 ao ek 4320 28 bid
mark 1807 38 ‘ch bro or pek 2204 38 22 Knavesmire 2293 15 ch ie pek 1350 35 :
3) 4810 21 do. or pek 1932 3/ 222 2296 64 do bropek 6400 33 bid.
6h 1s13 41 do pek 3618 3k 223 2299 16 da pek 1360 al
62 1nl6, 23 do» pek sou 1794 3k 224 Puspcne 2302 17 eh bre pek
63 Mansfield 1819 55hfch bro pek 3300 47 No. 1 1904 35
64 182 13 ch pek = 134038 225 2306 17 do or pek 1700 33
65 _ 1025 11 do pek No2 1045 35 226 2308 28 do bro pe
Bio) BEC. a i No.2 3136 38
estate mar our ¢ SORT na
stmncit' ign 25 oh orpek wun as | 2 wat ado ye
BS easy e4 a0 Dro per oad Ee) 2380 Tonacombe 2320 36 ch ov pek 3420 BY
o Mesa zoi do) je PBR isouy) do zoyr ee 231 2323 38 do brupek 3300.35
70 tor 1840 30 do fans 2169 38 232 2326 42 do pek 3990 36
fee O) See, an 233 23.9 17 do pek sou 141533
1 iS ‘S s 234 2832 12 hic dust 1020 25
piidumally/ 1846 )i17 Neb) ubrorpek ala LiCl ity 36 236 Ambragalla 2333 32hfch broorpek 1792 35 bid
us 1849)(,26 doc Bek Bo) 237 2341 16 «h — pek 1392 34
6 USSR 27 COM ey AUsy 2160/26 21a Killarney 2:62 29hfch bropek 1740 41
76 Thedden 1458 29 ch bro pek 2900 36 245 2365 21 ch pek 1890 40
as 1g6416 do peky 1410 Bt 246 Seenagolla 2383 18hfch broorpek 1080 47
82 Kotagaloya 1o76 11 ch bro pek 1155 37 247 2371 19 do pek 1(83 46
& ae in Ud nc do pek 153035 248 2374 18 do pek sou 1008 > 38
apes La LE. 249 Weoya 2377 32 ch broor pek 35.0. 36

Mark 1888 8 do dust 1200 26

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib: =e; Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lbs c.
250 23380 59 ch bro pek 6420 33 395 2816 38hfch bro pek 2090 = 38
zbL 2383 28 do pek 2520 82 397 2321 68 do pek 3400 32
252 2386 15 do pek 1120.29 398 2824 29 do peksou 1450 29
253 23:9 7 do dust 1120 24 4il Cloyne 263 27 ch bropek © 2434 32 bid
254 Kirklees 2392 40 hfch broorpek 2400 37 bid 412 2866 25 do pek 2125 29
255 2395 23 ch orpek 2185 3&bid | 417 Dunbar 283L 22 uo or pek 1977 38. bid
256 2398 20 do pek 1700 35 418 Holton 2884 23 do bro pek 2185 34
257 v4(1 16 do pek sou 1360 365 419 ; 2387 18 do pek 1530 =. 88
258 Maha Uva 2404 29hfch broor pek 1)885 37 424 D 2902 1z do hyson 1080 80
259 2407 21 ch or pek 2100 40 425 Glenorchy 290) 31hfch pek 2942 39
260 2410 29 do pek 2610 37 426 BDWG 2908 26 do bro or pek 1200 37 bid
261 2413 13 do pek sou 1040 35 427 2911 31 do bro pek 17.0 34
264 High Forest 21422 41bfch or pek 428 KN in estate
No.1 2416 46 mark 2914 12 do dust 116712
265 2425 42 do or pek 2307 42 bid 431 No.th Cove 2923 2u do bro pek 1:00 39
266 2478 24 do pek 1149 88 432 226 18 ch pek 1640 40
269 Geragama 24:7 12 ch bro or pek 1260 33 436 GLK 2938 19hfch pek sou 1014 25
“70 2:40 2u do bro pek 1e0u 33 437 B im estate
271 2143 34 do pek 2720 32 mark 2931 30 ch or pek 3000 50 bid
272 2446 i8 do pek sou 2850 28 444 Fanawatte 2/62 21 do bro pek 2205 38
276 St Pau’ls 2458 24hfch bro or pek 14:8 40 445 2965 19 do pek Nol 1900 35
277 2461 30 do or pek 1520 $2 446 2368 13 do pek No2 1300 33
278 2464 37 do pek 1776 39 449 H HP in
| 279 F Fin estate estate mark 2977 24bfch broor pek 1440 45 bid
mark 2467 21 do bro pek 1047 -withd‘n 450 2980 34 do or pek 1632 = 86 bid
280 Randaraeliya 2470 59 fo Os yek " 3245 40 bid
281 2473 53 do ro or pek 3286 3Y bid ra = . gh
982 24:6 ba do pek 2700. 37 bid Messrs. Somerville & Gv.
286 Lesmoir 248 12 ¢ ro pek 1200 34 25
287 e491 14 do pek 126030 [221,700 1b.]
289 Carfax 497 20 do bro orpek 197) |. ‘
oa Aaa BG Gach ver} withd'n | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. py, e;
291 Queensland 2603 10 do bro pek 105042 1 St. Catherine 316 12 ch pek 1083 30 bid
292 2506 12 do pek 1080 41 3 Dartiy 322 33hfch fans 2508 24
294 Vogan 2512 15 do broor pek 1500 51 5 Kaduganga 328 10 ch bro pek 1000 33
295 2515 23 do or pek 2135 9-87 19 Kanatota 379 12 ch bro pek 1260 32
296 2518 33 do pek 8135 32 20 373 11 do pek 1023-28
297 2521 14 do jek sou 1190 = 23 Nyanza 382 15 ch or pek 1350 37 bid
300 26.0 16 do browr pek 16.0 51 24 385 26 bi ch bro pek 1560 39
301 25°3 23 do or pek 2185 37 25 388 14 ch pek 1100-34
802 2636 32 do pek 30-40 33 33 New Angamana4l2 16 ch bro or pek 1600 3t bid
303 2.39 14 do pek sou 1590 27 34 415 17 do br pek 1700 34 bid
311 APIC 2563 18 do pek 1300 25 bid | 35 418 30 do pek 2700 2 bid
312 Lindupatna 266 24 do bro or pek ‘657 withd‘n | 36 421 13 do peksou 1170 30 bid
316 Tempo 2578 13 do bio pek 1365 43 39 Blinkbonnie 430 24 hf ch bro pek 14:0 46
317 2531 20 do or pek 1900 37 40 433 18 ch pek 1710 40
318 2584 30 do pek 270 31 49 Karangalla 460 16 ch bro pek 1792 34
319 Castlereagh 2587 51 bfch bro orpek 2550 58 50 463 15 do pek 1350 28 bid
320 2690 20 ch bro pek 21.00 2 53 Atabahena 472 21 hf ch br pek 1176 26 bid
321 4593 13 do or pek 1040 40 57 Olu Maddegamas84 19 ch bro or pek 1425 44 bid
322 2596 14 do pek 1120 35 58 487 25 do pek 2000 38
323 Dromoland 2599 2zhfchbrorph No11276 46 59 Rambodde 490 50 hf ch br pek 2750 48
324 2002 21 do doNoz 1092 37 60 493 44 do pek 198037
326 2608 12 ch pek 1080 =. 32 64 Kurulugalla 605 10 eh broorpek 1000 33
331 S V in estate 85 518 11 do bro pek 110088
mark 2623 19hfch _ pek fans 1330 29 66 51l 21 do pek 1890 28 bid
333 Clyde 2629 60 ch bro pes 5UC0— 85 75 Paracahakanded3g 12 ch pek 114027
334 2632 26 do pek 2470 28 bid 81 Damblagolla 566 12 ch bro or pek 1(80 35
337 HDM 2641 30hfch broorpek 1800 34 82 559 17 hf ch bro pek 1020 = 33
338 2644 16 ch bro pek 1600 32 83 662 12 ch pek 1020 »=- 3: bid
339 2647 24 do pek 2160 82 8! 565 13 do jek sou 1040-29
340 2650 17 hfch fans 1190 28 .93 Theberton £92 16 ch bro pek 1600 35
342 Dotulgalla 12656 23 ch, bro or pek 2415 44bid | 94 595 16 do nek 1260 35
343 2659 35 do or pek 3500 40 bid 95 Hangranoya 598 27 ch bro pek 2565 35
344 2662 48 do pek 4320 35bid 96 601 17 de pek 1530-38
345 2665 18 do pek sou 1440 =. 338 98 Laxapanagalla 607 16 ch broor pek 1600 36
346 R M in estate 99 i 613 13 do or pek 1235 34
mark Bopitiya 2668 <6 do bro or pek 3780 35 103 Avisawella 622 23hfch broorpek 1265 38
347 2U71 40. do or pek 1800 36 104 €25 24 ch or pek 2280-36
348 2674 21 do pek 1890 30) 105 628 30 do pek 2700 32
349 2.77 19 Go pek sou 17.0 30 16 631 16 do pek sou 1280 28
364 Kincora 2692 12 do or pek 180 %88bid | 108 Dalveen 637 14 ch br pek 133034
356 2095 12 do pek 1020 387 109 640 16 do pek 1360 32
358 Woodend 2744 40 do bro pek 4100 35 113 DV 652 20hfch pek 310C 28
359 2707 30 do pek 2700 =. 38 1:4 Scarborough 655 22 do broor pek 1254 50 bid
362 High Forest 2716 37 hfch broorpek 27v1 34 116 658 17 ch or pek 1632 46 bid
363 279 40 do pek sou 1840 39 116 661 17 do pek 1649 40 bid
364 2722 \19 do pekdust 1748 26 117 664 13 do ‘pek sou 1144 3
365 Highforest 2725 59 do c«rpe Nol 3/40 45 bid 1i9 Bollagolla 67U 8d ch br pek 8500 8 ©34 bid
366 2728 46 do or pek 2530 43 bid | 120 673 61 do pek 4880 20 bid
367 2731 88 do pek 19.0 941 121 676 40 do pek sou 3200 27 bid
368 Bandarapollaz734 85 do bro or pek 6160 & 123 Winchin 682 14 ch orpek 1330 38 bid
669 737 59 do bro pek 3245 31 125 683 13 do pek 1170 35
370 2740 21 ch pek 1722 31 129 LN 700 36 ch bro pek 3528 25 bid
371 B B in estate 130 703 28 do pek 2520 24 bid
mark 2743 29 do pek scu 180 82 bid 121 Gwernet 706 14 do bro pek 1472 40
372 Naseby 2716 25 hfch bro or pek 1500 61 bid 132 7u9 20 do pek 1700 37 g
373 2749 25 do or pek 1175s 63 139 Ambalawa 73@ 13 ch bro pek 13008 3
374 Munul etta 140 733 13 do pek 1105 28 bid
Ceylon in 141 Owilikande 736 20 ch br pek 2000-34
estate mark 27:2 11 ch — or pek 1001 = 88 142 739 16 do pek 1520 32 bid 4
476 2765 385hfch bro pek 2100 52 143 742 12 do peksou 1080 28 bid
876 2778 22 ch pek 1760 {6 162 Florida 769 13 cb bro pek 1300 27
878 Tismoda 2714 18 do bro pek 130086 153 772 20 do pek 1920-274
379 2767 20 do pek 180081 167 Columbia 784 17 hf ch bro pek 1105 = 80 bid
388 Goldstream 148 737 20 do or pek 10000 41
Bay 2779 24hfch bro orpek 1437 36 1459 790 42 do pek 2310 387 bid a
KP 2612 386 do broor pek 2100 Bb 162 Siriniwasa 79 927 ch br pek 2700 89

CEYLON PRODUCE SALKS LIST.

Lot. .Box. Pkgs. Name lb.

163 802 38 ch pek 3610

164 8u5 28 do pek sou 2620

170 Ingeriya 8:3 17 ch kr pek 1700

171 826 12 do pek 1200

172 829 15 do pek sou 1425

175 Muriayth-} é

waite 838 5 ch bro pek 1500

177 ~“Aigoburth 844 41 ch bro pek 3895

178 847 28 do ek 2.20

179 80 12 do pek sou 1020

180 363 20 hf 2h fans 1400

181 Avondale 856 12 ¢ bro or pek 1140

182 859 27 do br pek 2511

183 Rambrakelly 862 19 ch pek 19.0

184 D’Oya 865 15 do pek sou 1359

185 Harrangalla 868 11 do bro or pek 1045

186 871 12 do bro pek& 1020

187 874 30 do pek 2400

188 877 13 do pek sou 1040

1s9 F in est. mark8x0 14 ch pek sou 1260

194 Rayigam 895 20hfch broor pek 12.0

195 $93 20 ch or pek 1900

196 901 18 do br pek 1800

197 904 34 do pek 2390

198 907 25 do pek sou 2375

200 Coteshurst $13 “zO bf ch bro pek 1200

201 916:415)\ch pek sou 1350

202. Arugama yi9 12 ch bro pek 1152

203 Kallebokka 22 16 ch bro or pek 1680

204 244 31 do br pek 3570

203 Mousakande 940 19hfch broor pek 1026

210 943 15 do pek 1350

211 seston 946 19 ch pek 1805

Messrs. £. John & Co.
[255,966 1b.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
1 Elston 651 26 ch pek 2340
2 654 21 do pek sou 1995
3 657 14bfch Just 1260

41 Winwood 51 23 do bro or pek 1120

12 584 22 ch of pek 1980

13 587 36 do pek 3240

16 Mount Everest 506 29 hfch broorpek 1460

18 602 37 do or pek 1850

19 6C5 32 ch pen 3200

20 608 12 do pek sou 1020

23 Glassaugh 617 44bfech or pek 2552

24 620 29 do brourpek 1914

26 623 28 ch pew 2996

26 626 13hfch fans 1040

27 Templestowe 629 20 ch broor pek 1800

28 632 33 hfch or pek 1584

29 635 15 ch pek 1550

30 638 14 do pek sou 1330

31 641 15 do fans 1425

32 Glentilt 644 37hfch broorpek 2035

33 647 26 cb or pek 2210

34 660 45 do pek 4050

35 Kila 663 48 do pek sou 36.0

36 Kandahar 656 18 do bro or pek 1044

37 ; 659 19 do or ek 1045

38 662 40 do pek 2200

39 Natuwakelle 665 21 do bro or pek 2100

40 668 27 do bro pex 2700

41 o7L 14 do pek 1260

4°, 674 12 do pek sou 1080

45 Bowhill 633 11 do or pek 1100

46 6:6 13 do pak 1170

48 Oonocgaloya 692 22 do or pek 1980

49 95 16 do bro or pek l6vu

50 698 31 do pek 2635

55 Galapitalanda 713 23 do or pek 2204

56 Gangawatte 716 14 do bro or pek 1400

57 719 12 do bro pek 1200

58 722 29 do pek — 2610

59 725 13 do pek sou 1170

61 Brownlow 731 24hfch broorpek 1416

62 734 27 ch or pek 25 iL

63 73%, 34 do pek 3115

65 North Pundul-

oya 743° 30hfch young hyson 1800

66 746 24 ch hyson 2040

67 739 12 do hyson No 2 1020

70 Kandaloya 768 389hfch bro pek 1758

7 76L zy do or pek 1160

72 764 91 do pek 3640

73 i 0? 82 do fans 161.0

74 Raja Mally 7:0 28 do bro or pek 1820)

yal 773 87: «do bro pek 2035

76 176 19 do or ek No.1 1045

7 779 1t ch or pek 1260

78 782 28 do ek 2380

( P
79 Mount Clare 786 15 do broorpek 1500

32
30 bid

31 bid
withd‘n

Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib,
80 768 22 ch or pek 1980
81 791 18 do pek 1530
82 794 14 do pek sou 1120
86 Myraganga 806 22 do or pek 19:0
& 63 20 do bro or pek 21.00
88 812 23 do pek 1840
89 $15 19 do pek sou 1620
90 818 13 do pek fans 1625
95 Rondura 883 18 do bro pek 100
96 836 22 do or pek 2310
97 839 33 do rek 29°08
100 Glasgow 848 19hfch broorpek 1178
11 851 35 do bro pek 2170
102 854 29 ch or pek 2755
103 857 16 do pek 1438
104 860 16hfch pek fans 1152
109 Ben Nevis 87F 19 do bro pek 1140
111 881 16 ch pek 1440
114 Midlothian 890 20hfch bro pek 1200
115 893 30 do pek 1560
1200 WRH 908 18 do fans 1278
122 Engurankande 914 12 ch sou 1080
124 Bittacy 920 25 do bro pek 2450
125 923 17 do pek 1428
130 M V, in estate
mar 938 16 do bro pek 1584
131 Chislehurst 941 11 do bro pek 1210
133 947 16 ‘lo or pek 1344
134 950 29 do pek 2900
137 BBB, Ceylon 959 14 hfch peksou 1622
140 STJ, in estate
mark 938 12 ch bro pek 1286
144 Oakwell 980 24 do bro pek 2880
145 953 24 do pek 2424
152 Peru 4 13 do bro pek 1430
153 7 14 do pek No. 1 = 1330
156 Manickwatte 16 37hfch or pek 1776
157 9 73 do bro or pek 4234
158 22 36 ch pek 3060
159 25 30 do pek sou 2400
166 Osborne 46 32 do bro or pek 3520
167 49 23 do or pek 2070
169 Callander 55 28hfch_ or pek 1484
170 Donnybrook 658 14 ch bro or pek 1568
173 ‘Theresia 67 62, do pek 5270
174 Galloola 70 25 do bro pek 2500
175 73 29 do pek 2610
176 76 13 do pek sou 1040
181 Uprassa Oya
Group 91 14 do bro pek 1400
186 St. Clair 106 18hfch broorpek 1080
187 109 32 do bro pek 1:65
188 112 30 ch or pek 3120
189 115 47 do pek 4230
190 Warleigh 118 19hfch broorpek 1140
192 12: 32 ch bro pek 3200
193 127 33 do pek 2805
196 Gingranoya 136 16 do bru or pek 1690
198 142 32 do pek 2720
a
SMALL LOTS.
Messrs. &. Benham & Ca,
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
6 Battalgalla 1211 ch pek sou 858
7 18 4hfch dust 360
1l_ Halgolle 80 5, ch dust 625
12 W 33 1 ch bro or pek 83
ie} 36 1 do bro pek BU
14 39 2 do or pek 196
“dessrs. Porbes & Walker
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
2 Udapolla 1636 8 ch or pek 720
4 1642 7 do pek sou 560
5 1645 2hfch dust 160
8 Rock Cave 1654 11 ch ek sou 945
9 1657 4bfch dust 320
13 Strathspey 1669 9 ch bro orp ek 918
14 1674 6 do bro pek 600
17 1681 2 do dust 230
23 OB EC,in
estate mark
Nillomally 1699 2 ch dust. 200
27 Panawatte 171L 8 ch pek No 2 800
28 1714 2 do dust 300
36 Maldeniya 1788 3 do dust 290
42 Kalupahana 1756 8 ch bro pek 318
43 1759 3 do or pek 300
44 1762 7 do pek 639
4E 1765 4 Go pek sou 336
46 1768 2 do fans 188

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib: ees Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb ec
50 Hrlsmere 1780 4 ch pek sou 340 28 273 Geragama 2449 4 ch dust 320 23
61 y 1783 4hfch dust 340 25 274 Hunugalla 2.52 2 do pek sou 230 out
6d Udaveria 1795 6 do pek sou 252 33 275 2465 4hfch dust 340 23
66 REN 1828 10 hf ch dust 900 25 Ba BE ante 4 do re — =
7m OBE GC, in 4h do us u 4
estate mark 2e5 Lesmoir 2485 8 ch or pek 720 33
Sindumally 1843 7 ch broorpek 742 39 288 1494 3 do dust 240 4
74 1852 10 do pek sou 750 = 31 293 Queensland 2509 3hich bropek dust 240 25
77 Whedden 1861 10 ch bro pek 997 34 238 Vogan 24 3 do dust 24) 23
; Tutsi uuasiey | ¥a00' | au si oa aibichi< dnay een paay | ee
3 1370 o unas 2 bhic us 2 22
at 1573 1 do dust 160 22 205 2545 1 ch pe« fans 125 30
84 Hee a alOye 1882 7 ch pek sou 595 29 ae Digdola fee i BD bro ie 09 34
K G, in estate i Oo orpe i 4
© mark 1885 7 do sou 63) 26 308 2564 10 do pek 800 39
ay Cc 1391 10 do sou 50 309 2557 4 do pek sou 20 29
88 Eelgodde 1891 7hfch bro pek 350 82 3l0 APIC 2560 14bfch bro pek 840, 39
89 1897 3 do pek 150 27 313 Katapola 259 1 ch bro pek 116s 3@
90 1900 4 do pek sou 180 24 314 272 2 do pek 198 26 |
91 Logurugalla 143 5 ch bro tea 425 22 315 2615 2 do pek sou 189 24
Eee et Ami sts dod dusel | SueapD AB uct | gee mn a a ee
93 1 o u 7 2 F 7
94 Hirrimettia 1912 1 ch congou 90 24 328 2614 3 bfch fans 210 27
1915 4hfch fans 280 26 329 : 2617 2 do dust 1c0 24
% TT 1,18 6 ch bro or pek 654 31 330 S V in estate : . : F
2 igetiat ag ob creas 31627 2 00 Sieh nie ht eh Mua ane eo ee
§ y2t Oo or pek 262 25
a 1927 9 do pek 810 25 bid 335 Clyde 2635 8 ch peksou 7:0. 97
190 1930 6 do pek sou 510 =. 28 bid 336 2988 3 do dust 414 24
103 Sylvakandy 1939 3 ch p:k sou 270380 341 B: gahagoda- aay
104 1942 3 do dust 300 25 watte 2683 4 do bro or pek 437 81
105 1945 2 do dust 190 23 250 RM ia estate
108 Findlater 1954 6 ch pek sou 510 } Chin mark 2680 3hfch fans 240 27
109 1957 lhfch dust 100 Spee 2633 2 do dust 170 2s
1ii Edward Hill 1963 Shfch bropek No2 514 28 352 Kincora 20:6 7 ch bro or pek 700 55
lie 1972 7 ch = pek sou 70028 393 2633 8 do — bro pez 920 38
115 _ _ 1975 3hfch dust 252-23 356 2698 10 do peksou 850 34
120 Attampittia 1990 s do fans 560 26 357 2701 3 do bro pek fans 465 37
126 Penrhos 20/8 4 do fans 320 28 360 Woodend 27.0 6 do pek sou 480 27
127 2011 - de pek Grist ae Zz 3cl 2713 1 do dust 140 23
128 Preston 2014 ¢ bro or pe 30 e etti-
129 2017 10 box or pek 200 53 377 iene
130 2020 7 ch pek BE8 estate mark 2761 9 do peksou 664 31
131 2023 6 do pek sou 400-38 380 Tismoda 2770 3 do pek sou 270 «95
132 2026 4hfch _ broor pek ane ae 381 2773 3hfch fans 180 27
is SUM ons 382 2716 1 do dust 90 93
; a ATE a 384 Bogahagoda-
ret's 2029 9 ch bro pek ae ee bid watte 2782 4 ch bro pek 380 32
134 20382 3 do pek a 385 2735 2 ao pek 180 98
138 §t. Helen 2014 13 hf ch_ fans 910 26 356 27-8 3 do pek sou 235 25
144 St. Martin s 2062 8 do pek sou a0 Bs 387 2791 1 do canis 10 6
145 4665 4 do fans 40 : 388 RG vi94 Shfch bro orpek 480 39
150 VOA 2080 5 ch bro tea 590 16 359 2797 4 ch oniek 400 36
156 Wogama 20:8 3 do pek sou 315 29 340 2-09 4 do pek 380 34
by 21C1 2 do dust 268 24 391 2803 2 do pek sou 160 2g
158 Mahayaya 210! 9 uo bro pek 927 33 394 2:05 ihfch dust Seas
159 2107 2' do or pek 186 31 393 2309 1 do rans 7 Si
160 ane CO. SIS BOONE 393 K PW 281817 do or pek 851 3
161 BIE GD. Wao ON TBE pee 399 2827 5 do pek fans 373
Ge 2 18. aD an NS Biamee 40 8.0 3 do dust e704
168, BO CO. | GS Ne 40L BK 2833 5 ch bropeksou 625 %
169 Madulkelle 2137 3hfch fans 195 : 402 2836 2 do pek fans 2u0 28
wo BHD EO goss TiO ee 403 2339 3 do Dust 400 93
ie BS Eth abe 84 cB aus aa0 a 404 D in estate
7 216 0 0
#8. Neva ae fe a f 200 »«=13 mark 2842 8 do brorpKfns 520 33
Ly ME ne GaN a 5 405 2845 7 do pekfans 441-28
163 Good Hope 2179 2 ch fans 200 25 is 58 a a6 eee aust a5 2
xis 2132, 8. Ae me ver ans ae ce 407 2851 8 ch ie pek fans 800 3
a CRD ao ee dst a 24 °403 SR 2854 8 do congou 760 23
ven d 2221 8 ch k sou 680 49 409 2357 3 do dust 255-24
PANS glace debian sy deh Goan (8) aoc i iseipaald | 4i0Mclogne 2360 9 do broorpek 990 35 bid
gD8, Foon anced Oey Sroktornel: Mester 2869 3 do pek sou v9 27
199 2227 3 do dust 270 27 aaa Se Bee eee fee ae by
oh Tena ae 2236 8 ch pek 720 29 415 2875 1 do di st 143 20
sem ee Toor ova oaaeksaul 176 (7 416 2878 1 do obrpek fans 96 24
oie 2242 5 do ek fans 500 25 420 Holton 2890 8 ch pek sou 680 23
UE 22:5 3 do Base 300 =: 24 441 BA 2893 6 ch br pek fans 350 28
au ay 270 15 422 2896 1 do pek fans 150 26
206 he ara Ne coments é 423 2899 3 do dust 240 33
Bi bapeltaa | arene Cie a ig 429 BDWP 2917 6 ch or pekfans 672 31
We vtchaka-
i ae 3 43 2920 lhfich dust 95 24
243 end ane : en bre Ba ANG Be a3 North Cave 29°99 6 ch pek sou 640 27
44 2274 2 do pek 172, | 31 454 2934 1 ao unast 70-34
PAG ga 2275 2 do pek sou 16229 435 2935 : re th’ ‘sbroGtix ed oer tanere
oA Acabe peti) Sane talinice Moe aaE 720 3h 433 Bellongalla B2914 9 ch bropek 945 30
tad 6 9 LA
23 AO ee eee ee eee ee
iG 9347 3 5 (
zee ( oaerane h a , 612 36 441 2953 2 do fans Nol 260 26
2318 Oodoowerre 2350 é ch bye pek ore 3 nae SOFeHL NaS aise an ae
Om 3866 ” a Ber sou 360 31 443 Panawatte 2969 : a bed er pek 960 af bids
244 2369 1 do dust 80 24 447 2971 oO us 450 4
42 Maha Uva 2416 Bhfch bro pek fans ges Hs ae ae A ns 2974 3hfich pk fans 360 22
20% 2419 10 do dust 0 1 ‘
267 Duunottar 2981 2 ch dust 10 23 march 2983 2 hfch pek 96 30
2068 2434 8 do pek fans 600 26 bid 452 2986 2 do ‘pk dust ~ 176 25

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5

= ¥ Xe co
(Messrs. Somerville & @o.| Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. e.
16L 796 4 bf ch dust $52 26
Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ibseuc: 165 Siriniwasa 88 3 ch pts ae 189 a
< ~ 16 TO a. ans Y
2. St Catherine 319 3hfch_ bror pek fans 183 27 ion au 5 do dust P oo Wen 24
4 Dartry Beep Tne chivdust eee acne 168 H 817 3hfch dust 255 13
6 Kudaganga 530 7och pe 3 Be 169 Tngerlya 820 3 ch bro or pek 345 29
ti 334 8 do pee aaie ai geo a 73 ou 82 2 do pek dust 250 $5
8 So etc, oroibek tans) (285), / 42 174 AA &35 3 ch . dust 450 14-bid
9 340 3 do br pek dust 360 24 176 uMurraythe
10 SSeS cae ie, bro Deke ena waite 811°8 ch pek 720 a2 did
il 36 8 wv Pe C0 27 190 Glentaffe 883 4 ch bro mixed 380 16 bid
12 SeHIRAMS Gebedusiree ee 191 886 9hfch boro tea 36728
13 302 2 do pas GRE ees bid 192 889 4 do dus 360 24
14 Ahamad pone he ch ete ie 500 2 bid 193 82 4 do fan SrOmee7
15 358 10 ao pes 350 > 26 199 Rayigam 910 6 ch fans 720 29
16 sete ig. a0 Te Sere: Ga apt 205 Handrokande 928 8 ch bro pek gu00 32
17 864 1) do.) bro'pe Gene aa 206 931 4 do pek 310-2) bil
18 367 1 do bro mixe 95 207 934 2 do pek-sou 17024
DT eicanatete: 376 7 ch peksou He eS 208 97 1 do dust 132 = 20
a tenne 301 16 teh Hone 830 35 bid 2 SRK 959)-6).ch roe eaU ae
rps
26 Moran Sol Ts a pek 750 33 213 9523 do dust 480 25
( 397 8 do pek sou 4 SA ga ESS. 2 TVS SIERO?
38 Loni aad 80 B ‘Messrs. E. John & Co.]
‘ n 403 lhfe r pel p = ‘
ae Dene 406 1 do pex 78 25 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ws e:
32 409 1 do dust 64 2) 4 OD 560 6 ch bro pek 630 34
o7 New Angamana424 3 ch pe® fans 30 27 5 FOL ma lito pek 540 29 hid
33 427 1 do — dust 160s 22 6 Melvilla 566 17hich bro pek $50 31
41 Blinkbonnie 436 4 do pek sou 344-35 7 569 14 do pek 700-28
42. 439 11 hf ch fans 77033 8 572 6 do peksou 800-26
43. S 442 11 bf ch sou 560 27 9 975 1 do bropek dust 82 93
44 445 4 do dust 820 24 10 LH 578 13 do pek 633 24
5 A 448 5hfch sou 260 25 14. Winwood £90 7 do dust 630 24
416 451 2 do dust 16024 15 f93 10 ch = sou 9002
47 H 454 5hfch sou 2500 95 17 Mount Everest 599 5hfch hropek 275 34
48 457 3 av dust 240 24 21 11 7 do bropekfans 490 96
61 Karangalla 466 5 ch pek sou 425 26 22 614 2 eo dust 200 24
yp? 469 3 hf ch dust ard 22 43 Natnwakelle 677 6 ch — sou 6CO 24
64 Atbahena 475 12 hf ch_ pek €60 24 44 bowhill 680 6 do bro or pek 6.0 52
5d 478 9 do peksou 995-23 47 69 1 do dust 100,24
56 481 2 do pek dust 150-19 51 Oonocgaloya 701 2 do pek sou 170.28 bid
(1 Rambecdde 496 19 hf ch pek sou 950 23 52 704 Ghfch br or pe No.2 4:0 28
499 5 do ust 400 25 53 ii7 3 Wo fans 19; 27
63 £02 2 do sou LOO E27 54 710 § do dust (80-25
67 Kurulugalla 514 8 ch pek sou 720 26 60 Gangawatte 72810 do fans 6.0 28
68 517 4 do bro tea 3t0 13 64 Brownlow 740 16 do bro pek fans 700 32
19 52) 2 hf ch bro pek fans 170 20 68 North Pundul-
70 Ambalapitiya 523 11 hf ch bro pek 660 27 oya 752 6 ch swiftings 420 10, bid
a1 62611 do pek 550 25 €9 Ne danella 76h 3 do bro pek 262 33
72 a9 * d) pek sou 15020 83 Mcunt Clare 197 2 d» — fans 200 27
73 532 1 do dust 69 13 84 s00 2 do dust 200 23
74 Paragahakandes35 6 ch bro pek 600 = 29 85 8u3 | hfch _ bro tea 47-16
18 ' 541 4 do peksou 36022 91 Myraganga 821 4 ch dust 60a
"7 5i4 4 do fans 380, 16 92 824 3 do dust 420 %7 123)
a8 547 1 Ao dust 140 16 93 HBEK 827 7 do bro pek 770 31
79 550 2 do — congou 200 «18 9£ Rondura 80 8 do broorpek 90 28 bid
0) 553 3 do hro mix 300 15 93 &J2 1 do pe fans 115 25
85 Cumbawella 568 9 eh bro pek 900 31 bid 99 &.5 4 do dust 660 24
$6 571.10 ch — pek 900 80 bid_| 105 Eton 863 1 do broorpek 100 39
87 674 9 do pe 810 30 106 t66 2 do or pek 200-38
8S 677 8 do pek No 2 720-30 bid 107 89 2 do vpeksvu 200 29
89 £80 5 do pek sou 450 26 bid 108 872 4 do sou $0088
90 583 3 do pek fans 375 = 25 bid | 119 Ben Nevis 878 16 hfch_ or pek 763-50 bid
Olea 685 1 do dust 160 £3 112 884 4 ch pek sou 360) 31
y2 New Angamanas83 2 ch bro or pek 200-81 bid 113 857 Shbfch br mix 267 25
97 Hangranoya 60t 3 ch bro tea 240 2) 116 Midlothau 89) 6 «a fans 480 26
100 Laxapanagallaéls 5 eh pek 450 29 117. Carendon 889 8 ch bro pek 80-86
1 616 2 do pek fans 200 27 118 902 7 do pek 700 2
102 619 1 do dust 100)) 23 119 915 6 dd) pek sou 50026
107 Avisawella 634 5 hf ch dust 375 24 121 Enguren'ande 911 2 do pek sou 200 24 bid
110 Dalveen 643 7 ch eungou 665 27 123 917 1 «do bro pek fans 127 25
11 646 5 do cr pekfans 600 97 126 Bittacy 926 Shfch brocorpek 4.0 72
112 649 2bf ch dust 170 24 127 929° 3° cb fans (H) 330 28
118 Scarborough 647 10 hf ch fans 7302 128 932 3 clo peks.u(H) 270 32
122 Bollagolla 678 sS hf ch fas 560 25 129 935 »hfch dust (H) 160 23
124 Kincnin 685 16 hf ch br pek 260 35 bid 132 Chi-lehurst 814 5 ch or pek No. 1 432 36
128 691 1 do dust &0 . 23 135 953 Ghfch bropek fans 395 97
127 Selvawatte 694 12 hf ch_ br pek 660 30bid | 736 956 3 ch pek fans 420 22
128 697 4 ch pek 2200 8 138 BBB, Ceyhn9s2 6hich br or psa fans 369 30
133 Gwernet 712 7 ch pek sou 560 32 139 Kolapatna 965 8 do fans 560 26
134 715 3 do dust 3304 141 Taunton 971 1 ch sou 85 24 bid
1385 C 718 13 hf ch pek 715 23 142 974 2 do fins 240 24
136 Maddagedera 721 6 hf ch dust 5104 143 977 2hfeh dust VEO 2s
137 Hopewell 724 4 hf ch dust 360 24 146 Oakwell 93610 ch pek sou 90 29
138 H 727 12 do pek 660 26 bid 137 989 1 do fans 83 28
144 Owilikande 745 3 hf ch fans 210 26 148 992 1 do dust 99 22
145 748 4 do dust 3.0 2L 1099 YK 995 9 do pe’ fans 9006 27
146 Kerenvilla 751 6 ch 150 993 6 do dust 900 89624
1 hf ch bro pek 660 29 1st) Anamalla t Lhfeb dust & YT
117 754 8 ch pek 800 24 bid 154 Peru 10 1 do bro pek fans su 25
148 757 2 do pek sou 200 24 165 13 1 do dust 80 23
149 760 2 ch bro pek fans 200 15 bid 160 Manickwatte 28 7 do dust 532 24
150 ; 763 1 hf ch pek dust & = 161 Chislehurst 31.2 do dust 840° 21
461 Florida 7686 7 ch bro or pek —-703 25 bid 162 CD 34 1 ch pek 90-81
154 775 9 ch pok sou 8o4 24 163 Hettherley 87 3 do shitings 480 il
156 778 2 do dust 223-20 164 GB 40 8 do bro pek 840 $2
156 781 1 do red leaf 100 13 163 4510 do pek 900, 22
16 Columbia 793 4 hf ch pek sou 200 30

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot Box, Pkgs. Name. Wo, @ “‘ Patroclus.”—No. 1 L in estate mark, Malabar,

163 Osborne 52 6 ch pek 500 = B84 2 cases sold at 1s 3d; 6 at Is 2d.

171 Donnybrook 6110 do or pek 910 35 bid “Clan Menzies.’—A Malabar, 1 ease sold at 1s 2d,

172 64 3 do pek 00 «82 Wakasa Maru.’’—New Peacock, 1 case sold at 1s 5d.

177 Galloola 79 3 do — dust 3'0 24 ‘ Sobraon.”—O CML in estate mark, Mysore, 8

178 s2 1 do fans 160-28 3 ees as Be dete ity ha 3)

179 Pungetty 85 2 do unas 236 30 cases sold at 1s 2d ; 2 ditto, 3 at 1s ld.

180 Uprassa Oya “ Wakasa Marn.”—AL OO Seed, 1 case sold at

Group 88 2 do broor pek 354. 32 Is 94; ditto Mysore, 3 at 1s 7d.

182 942 do or pek 154-36 “« Glaucus.”—Gallantenne Cardamoms A, 2 cases

183 97 3 do pek 258 30 sold at 2s 2d; 1 at 23 5d; ditto B, 3 at ls 9d;

as 10 1 do pek sou 72 28 ditto C, 2 at Is 8d; ditto D, 5 at is 4d; Aluwood

) 103 5 do pek sou No, 2 480 24 Ceyl Card: = 2 d Bq

191 Warleigh 12\ 16bfch or pek 880 47 RSENS NP ES NO LESS, cases sold at 23 dd; 7 at

19k 130.4 ch pek sou 290 30 Is 94; 5 at1ls 4d; 2 atls 8d; 2 bags sold at Js 7d.

195 133 9bfch dust 720 26 ‘““Yorkshire.”—Galaha Cardamoms E X, 2 cases

197 Gingranoya 139.10 ch = orpek 96) 41 sold at 2s 10d; ditto AA, 4 at 1s 1lld; ditto A,

199 145 6 do peksou 420 30 2at 1s 6d; ditto B, 2 at ls 31; ditto C, 2 at 1s 2d.
= “Hakata Maru.’ —Gallantenne Cardumoms B, 2

‘CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our London Correspondent).
Minoine LANE, March 6t),

“ Wakasa Maru.”—Monarakelle 1, 15 bigs sold
at 563; 2, 3 at 37s; Broken, 1 at 46s.

“ Yorkshire,’’—Marakona, 44 bags sold at 57s.

“ Japan,”—Ambatale 1, 26 bags sold at 583 ; ditto
2, 21 at 58s,

“ Guadiana.”’—Hllapola OGIFW in estate mark,
67 bags sold at 56s; ditto 2, 8 at 52s 61; 1 at 40s,

“ Kanagawa, ,Maru.’”’—Tolagamuwa OGEFM 1, in
estate mark, 63 bags sold at 57s; ditto 2, 3 at 333 6d.

“Shinano Maru.’—Ellapola OGFW. in estate
mark, 40 bags sold at 553 6d; 36 at 573 61; 2 at
54s; Palsatenne OGEW in estate mark, 17 bags
sold at 58s.

‘“Glaucus,’—CG in estate mark, London, 51 bags
sold at 60s; 9 at 528; 14 at 46; 20 at 4s.

““Cheshire,’—KPG, 33 bags sold at 563; 7 at 36s;
Betworth, 8 bags sold at 56s; 1 at 49s.

‘‘ Japan.’—Maousava A, 8 bags sold at 58s.

‘“Tydeus.”’—Maousava A, 8 bags sold at 58s; B,
9 at 34s 6d. .

‘ Borneo.”—Dynevor A, 21 bags sold at 58s 6d.

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

Mincing LANE, March 7th.

“ Glaucus.”—Duckwari A 1, 2 cases sold at 8s 2d;
ditto C Splits, 2 at 1s 8d.

cases sold at ls 9d; ditto D, 4 at is.

“ Achilles.”—Kobo Mysore O, 3 cases sold at 2s,
6d; ditto 1, 9 at 2s; ditto 2, 6 at 1s 5d; ditto 3,
3 at 1s 5d; ditto B, lat ls 5d ditto S, 8 at 1s 2d.

“Oceana.”—Kobo Mysore 2, 5 cases sold at 1s 5d ;
ditto. S, 5 at 1s 2d; ditto B, 1 at 1s; Kobo Mysore,
3 cases sold at 6d, loose collected.

“Tydeus.”—N M, 2 cases sold at 1s 5d; 1 at 1a 4d.

“ Moyune.”—Yattawatte Al, 1 case sold at 1s.9d;
ditto 2, 1 at Is 1d; Gallaheria' 1, 4 cases sold at
1s 10d; ditto 2, 1 at ls 3d; ditto Mixed, 1 at ls.

‘*Dordogne.”—A Elkadua 1, 4 cases soldat ls 5d;
ditto 2, 1 at Is 1d; ditto B & S, 1 at ls.

‘* Japan.’’—Midlands O, 4 cases sold at 2s; ditto
2,5 atls 7d; 1 at 1s 2d; ditto B&S, 1 atls 3d

QEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON

MinornG LANE, March 14th.

“ Kinagawa Marn.” —GOFW 1 in estate mark, 32
bags sold at 62s°6d; ditto 2; 2 at 40:5; ditto T,
1 at 53s; Pansalatenne 2. 2 bags sold at 433 6d,

“ Yorkshire.”—Hylton OO, 28 bags sold at 694
6d; ditto S, 3 at 50s 6d.

“ Japan,”—Handroo,”’—17 bags sold at 59s.

‘“ Achilles,”—Warriapolla, 10 bags sold at 67s ; 135
at 59s 6d 33 at 46351 at 42s; 23 at 523 6d ; 8 at 29s 63.

“* Glaucus.”—Warriapolla, 20 bags sold at 67s 6d;
15 at 68s; 438 at 59s 6d; 6 at 523 6d; 1 at 493;
10 at 51s 6d; 12 at 34s.

“ Dordogne.”—Rockhill B, 4 bags scld at 3ls.

““Tydeus,’’— Wellesley, 6 bags sold at 50s.

* Achilles.’”—Ross 1, 23 bags sold at 5ls 6d.

‘‘ Yorkshire.’—KPG, 41 bigs sold at a6.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Prick :—123 cents each, 3 copies
} 19 be ’
No. 14. CoLomno, Arrit 14, 1902. { 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bes 2c
a 110 3316 10 ch pek sou 1000 29
LARGE LOTS. 118,08. EC, in),
estate mar
Samay Nillomally 3540 i3 ch bro or pek 130@ 45
Messrs. E. Benham & Co. 119 3343 40 do or pek 3600 40
0 3346 2 to) pe 2562 37
[64,265 lb.] k 121 @BEG, in
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1 Cc. estate mark
f :
1 Mapitigama 1 18 ch broorpek 1800 £8 122 ew nate ce eae ee Bech Prager OS pee a
2 4 15 do or pek 1360 35 9 5 2 ‘
ng 123 3355 29 do pek 2663 39
B 721) do: pek 1890 32 124 3358 14 do jpeksou 1260 37
4 : }0 13 do — pek sou 1105-28 125 Moray 3361 31 do orpek 1798 46
10 €houhleigh 28 15 ch bro pek 1575 34 126 3364 42 do bro or pek 2£20 58
Shy colds, Dek LTSDane® 127 3367 22 do bropek. 1430 37
14 Hornsey 40 25hfch broorpek 1625 withdn, 128 3570 45 do ek 4050 40
a5 43. 45 do bro pek 2475 42 129 3373 17 do pek No2 1445 38
16 ae 22y chi, Bek I hes 131 Bandara Eliya 3379 68hfch orpek 3740 41
7 49 17 do vek sou 127536 132 3382 56 do broorpek 3360 48
1g Agrakande 52 18hfch broor pek 1044 65 ; 5 39 9
133 8385 59 do pek 2832 39
19 55 390 ch or pek 2880 43 134 Ardlaw and
20) 58,20 do bropek 2100 43 Wishford 3388 10 ch broor pek 1080 56
3 Huagth and 61/23) doy, nek 2185 42 135 3391 21 do bro pek 2205 43
Ovoca 73 49hfch broor pek 2910 565 bid ie ple i de erie. aene ae
26 76 63 do or pek 3150 42 144 Devonford 3418 27hfch broor pek 1674 70
27 f9",28), chi, Dek 2400) (39 145 3421 16 ch or pek 1600 56
23 82 18 do pek No 2 1860 42 146 3424. 12 do pek 1164 52
i Hapugas SP nat) (do pekiseu 2340 37 147 3427 16 do pek sou 1568 45
tenne 81 80 ch broorpek 3000 40 bid | 1) Qonapatiya si36 20 ch poke 9755 40 bid
32 94 21 do or pek 2205 36 bid free
* 151 Algooltenne 5439 48 do bro or pek 4800 33
ee ECRaty dols Dek 8800, 83bid |) 159 3442 51 do orpek 4590 31 bid
84 1:0 26 do pek sou 2340 30 bid 153 3445 35 do pek 3150 a
87 Forrington 199 18 ch or pek 1620 36 156 Malvern 3454 65hfch bro pek 3575 36
88 112 71 do bro or pek. 7810 34 157 3457 55 eh pek 3350 34
STR ES aA TS 158 Delta 3460 49hfch broorpek 2842 41
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 18 Bibb 28 gh oe pte rt Sai
(877,429 ]b.] 161 o 3469 23 ae pek sou Bee 33
162 Mavesmire 3472 21 c¢ or pe 1890 35
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. |b. c 163 3475 60 do bropek 6010 32
4 Glencorse 2998 17 ch pek 1360 32 164 8478, 36 Go pek 3060 32
5 3001 23 do pek sou 1725 30 165 3481 21 do pek sou 1680 29
6 3004 19 do or pek 1710 38 166 Matale 3484 36hfch bro pek 2160 37
7 Baddegama 3007 17 ch bro orpek 1700 34 167 3487 16 ch ~~ pek 1440-34
8 3010 12 do or pek 1080 37 168 Kk 3490 12 do pek sou 1080 30
10 G, in estate 173. Glengariffe 3505 29 hfch broor pek 1740 43
mark 3016 36 ch peksou 3240 30 17a 3708. 15 ch or peE = 135037
21 GK 3049 15hfch dust 12756 (123 175 3511 12 do pek 1080 35
22 Galkande 3052 31 do or pek 1550 39 176 3514 13 ¢o pek sou 1c40 32
23 3055 28 ch pek 2280 36 177 35:7 19hfen fans 1330 = -28
24 Kotagoloya 35s 18 ch bro pek 1980 34 184 Carlabeck 35388 16 ch pek sou 1600 40
25 3061 28 do pek 2800 ~—- 81 +bid J86 Torwood 3544 21 ch broorpek 1995 36
27 Karawa- 187 3547 12 do or pek 1080 32
kettia 3067 10 ch bro orpek i027 out 188 : 3550 50 do pek 4100-29
80 Yelatenne 2076 20hfch broorpek 1160 36 1J1_ RM, inestate _
31 3079 30 do pek 1500-33 mark 3559 44 ch bropek 4400 35
32 3082 24 do pek sou 1080 30 bid 198 | 3562 23 do pek 1955 33
88 Sirikandura 3100 12 ch bro pek 1200 35 196 K G, in estate ;
39 3103 14 do pek 1330 30 mark 574 8hfch dust 1200 withdn
40 3106 1b do pek sou 1350 28 197 @astlereagh 3577 41 do broor pek 2050 46
52 Bargany 3142 17hfch_ or pek 198 3580 16 ch bro pek 1660 36
Not 1020 43 199 3583 13 do or pek 1040 37 bid
62 Dessfcrd 3172 32 ch bro or pek 4018 68 200 3586 13 do pek 1040 36
63 3175 29 do or pek 2900 48 201 3689 J3hfch fans 1040 25
64 3178 24 do pek 7160 45 205 Poonagalla i :® ch or pek 1900 44
65 3ltl 11 do pek sou 1100 43 206 4 30 do bro pek 3450 55
66 Great Valley 207 7 35 do pek 3325 a
Ceylon, in est. 209 Marlborough 138 44bfch broorpek 2200 50 bid
mark 3184 22 ch broorpek 1276 43 210 16 21 ch or pek 1722-39
67 3187 15 do orpek 1380 37 211 19 24 do bro pek 2352) ail
68 3190 33 do pek 2904 = 35 212 22 51 do pek 4488 33
owe, 3211 13 ch pek sou 1170 30 213 z 25 19 do pek sou 1615 34
80 Trewardene 3226 11 ch pek 1100-28 214 Lochiel 28 2ohfch broorpek 1736 49
86 Dunbar 3214 16 ch ~~ pek 1408 = 38 215 31 31 ch cr pek 31003
90 Rickarton 3256 45hfch broorpek 2700 40 216 34. 25 do pek 2250 36
91 3219 23 ch or pek 2070 39 221 Wallaha 49 57 hfch broorpek _ i
92 3262 36 do pek 3240-36 s : fans 3876 31 bid
94 Avoca 8268 13 do broorpek 1430 48 227 Rockside 67 13 ch peksou 1105 31
95 3271 16 do bro pek 1760 42 228 70 9 do bro pek
96 3274 17 do pek 1632.38 i fans 1080 = 30
99 St, Paul’s, 23L Panilkan de 79 20 do bro or pek 2000 43 bid
Inv.No 8 3283 20hfch broorpek 1240 42 232 2 14 do or pek 1260 44
100 3286 36 do or pek 198 41 235 Graceland 9L 22 ch pek 1210 24
101 3289 43 do pek 2: 64 33 239 Sylvakandy 13 62 ch bro pek 6200 38
102 Lindupatna 3292 13 ch peksou 1300 85 240 106 32 do pek 3200.36
104 ForestCreek 3298 14 ch broorpek 1442 60 242° Uva 112 44 do bro pex 4626. © -.36
105 3301 35 do bropek 3605 45 243 115 32 do pek 3040-34
106 3304 24 do or pek 2232 40 bid 249 Waldemar 133 18hfch broor pek 1134 50
107 3307 44 do pek 4180 38 250 136 43 do bro pek 27954
108 Freds Ruke 3310 26 ch bropek 260 36 261 139 20 do or pek 2000 41
109 33138 17. do pek ‘16la. 31 252 142 14 do pek 133037

3 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bes Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name.
256 Puatupaula 154 14 ch bro or pek 1470 42 410 616 31 ch ek
257 157 33 do or pek 2970 38 412 Gampaha 622 36 do ro or pek
268 160 50 ao pek 4000 33 412 ; 625 28 do or pek
259 163 9 do bro pek 414 623 26 do pek
fans 10&C D3 415 631 16 do pek

260 Talgaswela 166 18 ch bro or pek 180 40 416 Pallagodda 634 25 do bro or pek
261 169 21 do or pek 1680 36 417 637 42 do bro pek
262 172 29 do pek 2320 31 438 640 30 do or pek
263 175 20 do pek sou 1500 29 419 643 “8 do pek
264 Tymawr 178 2thfch or pek 1155 55 420 6:6 24 do pek sou
265 181 22 do bro or pek 1386 50 421 649 15 bfch dust
266 184 27 do pek 1350 43 422 Polatagama 652 70 ch bro pek
267 187 26 do pek sou 1300 40 423 655 97 do pek
268 Gonapatiya 190 20 do or pek 106054 424 658 15 do fans
269 193 22 do bro pek 13820 53 426 Mansfield 664 b54hfch bro pek
270 196 21 ch pek 1995 46 427 667 16 ch pek
275 Hanford 211 10 ch bro or pek 1000 36 428 670 11 do pek sou
276 214 16 do or pek 1440 = 34 429 Drayton 673 43 bhfch orpek
282 Roeberry€ 232 26 ch bro or pek 2600 62 430 676 53 ch peE
283 235 63 do bro pek 63U0 = 38 pid | 431 679 29 do ypeksonu
284 238 60 do pek 5520 35 432 OBECin
285 241 15 do peksou 1350 32 pia estate mark 682 19 do br>or pek
2388 Queensiand 250 19hfch bro orpek 1045 57 pia 433 685 °0 do br« pek
289 253 10 do bro pek 1000 46 434 688 2L do pek
290 256 10 do or pek 1000 41 438 Ingrogalla 700 18 do bro pek
291 “959 12 do pek 180 = 40 440 Naseby 706 35hfch bro or pek
292 262 12 do pek sou 1020 36 441 709 25 do pek
296 Vogan 274 17 ch broorpek 1700 54 442 Glendon 712 18 ch bro pek
207 277 25 do - or pek 2375 38 443 715 55 do or pek
298 230 36 do pek 3420-34 444 718 50 do pek
299 223 17 do pek sou 1415 29 445 72L 14 do pek sou
302 KEW 292 35hfch broor pek 2100 38 448 Yelverton 730 20 do bro pek
303 295 25 do bro pek 1375 32 449 733 27 do pek
305 301 25 do pek 1250 31 451 Mawiliganga-
311 Digdola 319 18 ch pek 1040 33 watte 739 37 do bro pek
313 Parsloes 325 31 do bro pek 3400 34 pid | 452 742 23 do pe sou
314 328 25 do pek 2250 32 453 745 17 do pek dust
316 331 13 do pek sou 1040 29 453 Yuillefield 760 18hfch _ bro or pek
317 Temliligalla 387 26 ch bro orpek 2470 34 459 763 18 ch pek
313 340 20 do pek 180) 32 462 Walton 772 10 do bro pek
321 Nugagalla 349 21 hfch bro pek 1050 51 472 D in estate
322 352 40 do pek 2000 = 31 mark 802 14 do pek
325 Waitalawa 361 64 do bro pek 3200 51 473 Rickarton 85 46hfch bro or pek
326 364 88 do pek 4400 84 474 808 22 ch or pek
334 Coreen 388 24hfch bro pek 1680 36 475 811 28 do pek
335 891 21 ch or pek 1890 34 bid | 477 Middletom 817 16 hfch bro or pek
336 394 12 do pek 1020 35 478 820 31 ch bro pek
38388 Amblakande 400 17 ch pek 1360 33 479 823 14 do pek
341 K C 409 11 ch bro pek 1265 42 481 St. Heliers 829 39hfch bro or pek
342 415 20 do pek 1860 38 482 832 16 do pek
344 418 12 do pek sou 1080 36 483 AN K 835 15 ch bro or pek
345 Dambagas- 481 MRA 838 16 do bro or pek

talawa 421 i3 ch pek sou 1300 36 486 MT 841 58 do bro pek
347 Palmerston 427 16hfch broor pek 1008 62 bid | 489 O Bin 853 18 do pek No 2
343 430 12 do pek 1080 61 491 BB in estate
350 Pine Hill 436 24hfch pbroorpek 1440 43 mark 859 33 do peksou
301 439 18 ch or pek 1620 42 493 MTP in
352 442 18 do pek 1620 37 estate mark 865 15 do fans
353 445 12 do peksou 1020 35 501 Galleheria &89 18 ch broor pek
355 Aberdeen 451 32 ch bro pek 3200 835 502 892 18 do or pek
356 454 61 do pek 5002 32 503 895 34 do pek
357 Dunkled 457 70hfch broor pek 4060 38 504 898 13 do pek sou
358 460 27 ch or pek 2565 40 505 High Forest 901 40hfch crpex No 1
359 4(3 30 do pek 2700 = 35 506 904 30 do or pek
360 Galkaiua 466 13 hf ch bro pek 1430 30 bid 507 907 25 do pek
361 469 13 ch or pek 1300 27 508 910 32 do bro or pek
362 472 10 do pek 17005 509 913 37 do or pek Nol
365 BPC 481 15hfch dust 1200 23 510 916 30 do or pek
368 Morakande 4'0 15 ch pek 1350 33 511 919 24 do pek
372 Seenagolla V 512 19 do orpek 1805 954 512 Dunkeld 922 27 do pek fans
373 50F 10 do pek 1020 45 513 925 21 do dust
375 Hamwella 511 46hfch ynghyson 2760 38 514 Bandarapolla928 96 do — bro or pek
376 614 28 do hyson No1 1680 34 515 931 55 do bro pek
379 Dammeria 523 10 ch broorpek 1000 33 bid | 516 934 20 do pek
380 526 19 do bro pek 1900 36 517 WV RA 937 22 do _ broor pek
381 529 %6 do or pek 2340 36 519 Nahalma 943 43 ch bro pek
382 542 16 do pek 1600 35 520 946 27 do pek
3e3 535 30 do pek sou 2700 32 521 949 15 do pek sou
354 Clunes 538 %0 do or pek 1800 37 525 ORD 961 12 hfch dust
385 541 24 do bro pek 2400 83 526 Woodend 964 54 ch bro pek
326 514 19 do pek Nol 1805 31 527 967 83 do pek
490 Battawatte 556 19hfch broorpek 12385 36 537 Dunnottar 937 16 do bro pek
B91 559 20 ch bro pek 2200 36 538 1000 13 do pek
592 562 26 do pek 2470 = 36 539 Darton 1003 §5bfich pek fans
395 Hrracho 571 28 do broorpek 2800 34 541 Templehurst 1009 29 do broor pek
596 574 13 Co or pek 1300 =. 36 542 1012 26 ch pek
597 077 «42 «do bro pek 4200 32 547 Harrow 1027 34hfch_ bro or pek
499 Kirklees dss 42hbfich bcoor pek 2620 43 543 1030 i1 ch or pek
400 5&6 2) ch cr pek 1900 = 41 549 1033 28 do ek
401 bed 87 do pek 3330 37 552 Bellongalla 1042 12 Go ro pek
502 592. 11 do pek fans 1210 89-28 553 1045 12 do yek
403 Maha Uva 55 29hfch broorpek 1885 37 567 Tismoda 1057 17 do bropek
4i\4 535 v8 ch or pek 2300 40 553 1060 14 do pek
405 61 8L do pek 27900 = 37 562 Holton 1072 18 do bropek
ree 64 15 do ek sou : nee be 563 1075 12 do pek
407 Ruanwella 607 13 do ro or pe 1 fi 45 Yuillefield Q
4Ub 610 18 dd bro pek 1800 34 bid |”? inv. No. 4 1081 24hfch bro or pek

6.2 17 do or pek 1530 © B2 bid

CEYLON PRODUCE
SALES LIST. 3
Lot.
ee Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. @.
563 S in estat 1084 25 ch pek 9250 Lot. Box. Pk
mark 1093 21bf v 9 Deniyaya sear gs. Name. lb. -e
680 Geragama a ch bro pek 1014 = -29 96 1240 iB cu or pek 1500 36 bia
inv. No. 6 1126 19 ch bro peE o ae 1943 15 da broor pek 1000 35 bid
pat aoe doe poke 1805> 38 93 1246 17 do pek 1500.38
2 Hy 1132 23 d M 30 05 Z 1249 sou 1615
SF srantorongn ith Hafen beeper Bie ie aviawen 1S affan deepen HB *
1153 21 ch 32 57 1261 2 or pek 1000 3
590 or pek 1722 104 61 20 ch or pek 9
1156 29 do b 2 40 5 1264 95 d pe. 1900 35
Ri 5 4 5
a Hig mao heck ie 8 | ior Nmom E te ee
594 Dromoland i163 zt ae ere pek fns 1430 33 bid 108 Mahe is8 13 bt ch. bro pek nen 38
595 : o bror pk Nol 12 1 110 Romani 2 do ek :
1171 20 d 218 41 pi i omania 1282 pek sou 1020
Sere Tree 10 choc apeieee |) tbr (“al pray) |e geeanR get: BOs em 7h Per 100326
pe _ 1192 10 do 41 3 ens 1300 10
603 Maha Eliya 1201 18 hf ch ir of bel 1000 38 He LRA CERI NU Jace a
<07 1204 18 ch Nronak (80 60 119 N 1306 23 do Ect 1000 41
608 1207 12 do or pek 1080 ne 120 eboda 1309 15 ch as orpek 1300 38
10 26 a . £ 9 1312 28 : 1500
ao Coombecourt 1213 76 hf ch iS pek am 43 ae 15 47 ne ate 2300 38
ee, 1222 54 do } 36 5 1318 16 de i 4700
ae 1225 24 ch Beer 220 50 ae Neuchatel ta324' la cn per aon 1520 3
1228 12 42 ; 1327. 40 4 e 43 34
Oe Elfindale 1240 12 soa yen eat 1020 33 128 RKP pen ES Gores Se
ern Carfax 23 18 do Be ae Rel 1300 23 13 Hobart 135727 hg Ms eae 2300-33
; 1246 18 do 43 ree 1360 20 ponpex 149438
621 ‘ or pek 137. Dikmuk ch k . 3
: 1219 18 d 1620 41 : ikmukalara 1363 37 : S 1600 5
Se acaldenia a 30 do bro rok dane 36 bid | 140 Carne 1369 21 do Be ee 1630 36
348 } 73 SE
631 OREC in Ue ee 187036 141 LR a eaves
as ‘mark 1279 26 ch pek ae Polgahakande1593 15 ch pek 1035 32
se 128? 17 ao or pek 2288 36 150 M LSORCULS Se aed
erelrant fosse tien don ipeksso 1564 39 ie t. Temple 1402 17 ch Re 1040 30
os unisgalla 129! 18hf ch bro Bee 1008 35 152 1405 32 do pre orpek i615 33 bid
eae 1297 38 do or pek aso a2 153 LINE ens i
ae 1300 97 ch Re 190) 38 tee Theberton 1411 12 ch pek : 2240 30
1303 19 4a 430 34 pete L41t 15 Eps: 1200 5
G42 North Cove 1312 30 bf ch DER VeOUN a Ut nee 57 Warakamure Sr A ie a 127833
or pex 1500 é 58 4 ch — or pek Bs 5
89 kid | 1359 1426 °5 do Bint 2250 34
Peon aucais 4 ie Peet ee ae rd
ce = a 1422 S 335
srs. Somerville « Cv. 162 Kalleb Pee Oe ie pen sou 110033
e alle 99 5 ans P He
[440,935 1b.] HY eS Se Se Sa Baie ye
Lot. Box. Pkgs. N 266 Nugoeioa rat | heen 3100 35
1 Hyde cp Name, |) Ibsiinc 167 TASTES eeeT BOR 2000) (88
4 oe 18 hf ch broor pek 10€2 ; 169 RTin est 0 do pek 1800 an)
5 Ceoreondoc- see i chy ane 1932 3a 177 Yspa les ee 224 ;
6 Ran oo a eh bropek 1000 37 iW Bingo 1486 i3 oe pet cae 1105 33 re
7 7 do ek v 7 d or pe
12 Deville ea Fekreou 1600 «(20 Isl Yaxagella Taeenawien Goes 16 38
16 Mousa Bli 8 10 ch bropek 1 2 FE OR tas 5 FON
17 a Eliya 1000 31 ch bro pek 000~=—s 33 184 Meeriatenne 1504 eo ayp els 1794 a
19 ¥. LQUSH IO Mido Niner aati ise 1 aro iteenes: ) vaeee ish
He arrow 1009 20hfch bro or pek aes 32 186 Teo a do pek 10E0 43
i foe en se es ee :
92 o pek Nol 1519 rpek 1540
26 O 10 33 do pek No bt aalahices 1) BeAab te | AO ij OEIeR) ABR oot
onankand 2 1584 3 2 17 d 32 bid
oo. Hail e 1030 27 bfch pek 32 395 G@lenalmond ‘537 Oo pek 1479 i
30 aan 1029 23 ch bro or pek tery, 3 1540 a hf ch or pek 1006 34
TOTO | or Gok 2300 34 200 New Valley 135: 12 do pek 1 34
a 1045 18 do br Dek 1100 88 201 y 1552 21 ch bro or pek ve 32
35 G Pia 1088 Seo pek 1800 ee ae pee 20 ae, on Pele snob a6
se angwarily 1057 58 ch br pek 272038 203 Toate do pek BOC 40
40) eFor f 1060 32 do pek 5800 34 205 Rayigam Bez do pek sou 2790
rest Hill 1072 22hfch b 2720 © 32 206 567 17hfch bro or pek 10: 34
42 1078 16 ro or pek 1188 31 207 1570 168 ch is pek 1020 46
48 Tee altar ook 1392 30 208 Teen ereHiae ties caw. tua: aes
a6 el ¢ aeavailc bro pek 2
44 Oononagalla 1081 47 pek'sou 1068 «2 209 1:76 27 d 1425 36
wy LO SEC peor Pek, Bre) 30 212 Elehi 167919 ao bel 2295 33
46 Bee cn eek 3655 36 zie) ilebieo sot O AD Oy gD st 12908), 8E
50 Old Madegama 1102 aH eo pékisow | 2560M Waat a nnandale 1606 18 hf ch 2003 pek 1330 35
Bu wvelesmpola WAI TaWREGHUG ce bok a ee 220 Tee oy ae or pek Gans ee
2 1117 18 a e 1218. 33 221 2 20 do 47
5 o ek pek 1
Be ujudora, 1S infen Birpen te | Ee ee es
ch br ar, ze % = ro pe D)
66 Mies 33 ao Repo i iets ay 228 Hanagama 1639 3 a8 pek sou 200 ae
67 6 do pek ; 1642 or pek 1600-38
Seas. Bian ues \Peance FSG zal Peet ae) ie oe 1900 29
13 1168 18 ch rope 1890 BOneIE IN aitocmavensernle S6i8 ude dei OR Wows) | 1620:)e 22
4 p fi ) ek 1 ; 5 ro pe 152
7 Allacollowewallrs 34 ch bro pek 110 ease ee Ie 3 do pek 2038
q 3 t ro or pek
F scama it Hath ese ih ip ge ogee Mt a
78 ch bropek 207 16:6 12 c 2244-87
1186 20 do “ 072 «49 239 66 12 do pek sou
EO Sea tEA ldaestioa hptol pek sou 102938 20 Rayigam 1someae hieh vduak Toe | 98
81 2 28 hf ch broorpek 15 1693.17 roor pek 10380 46
1195 27 do o p 540 4 248 ch or pek ;
sar 3 1198 29 ch Bas 1350 2 249 we a ch bro pek aie He
ee alley 1210 12 ch orpek a 39 250 1702 . ao pek 2635 He
89 THOU aS Pate NORLINNG. 1 42070 FE Nepali ey ar bfch broorpek 10 38
9 9 pek No.1 2070 ‘ 95 1714 24 ch : ek 1440 38
1219 25hfch br pek 1400 7) ore 1717 30 do preeer 2160 35
1720 21 do pek sou 2550 31
1630 29

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. _Box. Pkgs. Name, lbeanes ; Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢,
269 Avisawella 1729 20 ch or pek 1900, 85 | 464 RBR 288 21 do bro pek 210035
260 1732 20 do pek 1860 32 ; 50 Allington 295 15 do pek 1350 28
262 1738 20hfch broorpek i600 44 | 68 Kandahar 301 26hfch pek 1430 33
269 Farnham 1759 31 bf ch bro or pek 186@ 33 | 54 Natuwakelle 307 13 ch broorpek 1300 42
270 1762 37 ch or pek 3330 9 35 | 55 310 19 do bro pek 1910 = 38
271 1765 16 do pek 1520. 38 | 56 313 13 do pek 1170-32
272 1768 16 do pek sou 1408-80 | F9 Morahela 322 30 de bropek 2850 41 hid
273 Labugama 1771 30 hf ch bro pek 1650 36 | 60 825 10 do brvorpek 1000 35
274 1774 %5 ch pek QI25e 32 61 32x 14 do pek 1204-32
277 + Laxapana- 62 331 47 do or pek 409 35
galla 1783 19 ch bro or pek 1900 41 | 67 St. John's 340 2hbfch broorpek 1:50 58
278 1786 12 do or pek 1116 = 34 | 68 349 25 do or peE 1260 57 bid
282 Walehanduwals01 36 ch brogrpek 3780 36 69 352 24 do pek 129645
284 5 1804 26 do or pek 2470 33 | 70 Mocha 355 25 ch broorpek 2500 69
285 1807 41 do pek 3895 = 32 ) 358 20 do pek 3000 = 41
286 California 1810 13 ch bro pek 1281 30 | 73 SI 364 17hfch dust 1462-25
287 1813 16 do pek 1595 27 74 367 13 ch peksou 1zi4 36
288 1816 12 do pek sou 1182 24 | 7 1 370 26hfch fans 176831
291 Raglan 1825 18 ch pek 1800 28 | 76 Glentilt 373 48 do bro or pek 2640 56
293 Damblagolla 1831 12 ch bro or pek 1080 26 4 Ate 376 22 ch or pek 1980 38 bid
294 1824 17 hf ch bropek 1020 33 | 78 379 42 do pek 3780 37
295 1837 14 ch pek 1190 81 | 79 382 17 do fans 1340 9
296 1840 16 do pek sou 1280 29 ; 80 Mocha 385 16 do broorpek l6vU 62
300 GB 1852 20 bf ch dust 1009 4 ; 8 388 13 do pek sou 1178 3
311 Abbotsford 1855 17 ch pek 1700 = 39 | 82 391 15 do or pek 142544
312 Kurulugalla 1888 10 ch broorpek 1000 36 83 394 20 do pek — 2000 48
313 1891 12 do or pek 1080 36 84 SJ 397 10 do bro pek 1000 39 bid
814 1894 20 do pek 1800 32 85 400 10 do p2k 1UL0 36 bid
318 Thebertin 7.15 ch bropek 1500 36 87 Elemane 406 30 do bropek 3000 37 bid
319 10 15 do pek 1360 35 | 88 409 28 do pek 2520-3
320 Harangalla 13 19 ch bro pek 1805 87 89 412 14 do peksou 1260 34
321 16 36 do pek 2280 33 92 Rondura 421 16 do bropek 1609 33
322 19 11 do bropekfansl100 28 ; 93 424 25 do or pek 2750 83
323 Weygalla 22 20 hf ch brocrpek 1000 66 | 94 427 36 do pek 3240 31
324 25 52 ch pek 4420 35 98 Mt. Vernon 439 51 do pek 4845 44
331 Kanatota 46 14 ch broorpek 14€0 32 99 Hiralouvah 442 45hfch bro pek 2520 35
332 49 14 do pek 1148-28 100 k 445 17 ch pek 1530-31
335 Nyanza 58 13 ch pek 1235 34 bid 105 Wanarajah 460 17hfch fans 1241 28
336 61 14 hf ch dust 105¢ 24 107 Ferndale 466 14 ch bro pek 150u 41
337 Monrovia 64 23 ch bropek 2300 33 108 . 469 23 do pek 1932 _ 35
338 67 24 do pek 2280 29 109 M K, in estate
339 70 15 do peksou 1350 28 mark 472 12 do pekfans 120 95
343 Kallebokka 62 13 ch broorpek 1365 45 110 Rookwood 476 28hfch broorpek 168) 49
344 85 15 do br pek 1500 39 111 478 29 cb or pek 2784 38
845 88 11 do pek 1045-46 112 481 24 do pek 2160 96
346 Rahatungoda 91 22 hf ch broorpek 1998 40 114 St. John’s 487 28hfch or pek 1400 63
347 94 19 do or pek 1045. 38bid | 115 é 490 35 do pek 1890 46
348 97 22 do pek 1166 36 116 Midlothian 493 19 do bro pek 1144045
351 Lyndhurst 106 36 hfch bropek 1980 34 7 496 24 do or pek 120043
B52 109 53 do pek 2385 31 118 499 30 do pek 1260 = 37
353 112 39 do pek sou 1755 2% 119 Wattagalla 502 i8 ch bro pek 1986 26
355 Mousakande 118 2! hf ch or pek 1092 34bid ; 120 506 25 do pek 2250 34.
B56 121 12 do broorpek 1116 out 121 508 z5 do peksow 2000 31
357 124 14 do pek 1260 39-32 122 511 26 do fans 2600 99
358 Glenalla 127.15 ch younghysonl575 38 123 514 15hfch dust 1350 95
359 1:0 18 do hysonNo.11170 34 124 Glasgow 517 20 do brovurpek 1240 68
3€2 Deniyaya 189 14 ch or pek 1400.37 125 520 £0 do bropek 1860 52
363 142 13 do broorpek 1310 36 126 523 29 ch or pek 2735-56
364 145 13 do yek 1300 82 127 526 17 do pek 1581 50
365 148 12 do peksou 1140 +30 128 Agra Ouvah 529 45bfch broorpek 2700 59
309 Hangranoya 160 17 ch broorpek “i615 45 129 532 02 do orpek 1760-51
370 163 29 do biopek 2765 35 | 130 35 11 ch pek 1013-46
371 166 20 do pek 1690 31 131 MN 538 20 do
372 169 23 do peksou 1840 29 | 1h ch or pek 2064 40 bid
133 544 ee i
1hfch pe 2912-36
Messrs. E. John & Co. | 1S Gangawatte 553 16 a bra orpek 160) 58
13 556 15 do ro pek 1500 41
(349,029 Ib.] | 138 579 33 do pek 29,9. 37
Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Tbe wes ie Agra Ouvah oh 47 a, ch broorpek 23:0 59
£ ? { 4 577 38 do or pek 4090 51
A Ratwatte ue ge Oe Bro pek 3600 ~—- 33 | 145 580 12 ch pek 114045
5 Ohiya 60 sIShfeh ‘aval’. ou 251 || ta NBs vuesuie ao MbrOpen | MmeOmleee
Nae = :
Cabin Ella oe a en Lay pek 240) 44 | 149 Gonavy é 592 12 do pek sow 10:0 34
10 AWERRO Oe Pe -s 1955 38 143 Castle Hill 604 14 do or pek 1400 30”
a He ieee prone aie a | 154 607 12 do pek 1080 29
14 Elston 187 18 do pek 15.0 35 | 16 NB ore 38 ae peksow 1170 26
15 190 31 do pek sou 2720 32 | 168 Balad iB $ hth aan aaa
16 Troup 193 15 do pek sou 1350 38 ! ut ere 619 18 c ust 1630 25
% Dickbedde 211 22hfch bropek 1213 30 LE aM eer eS
oH Poilakande oo e aR pen pek 200 2 ig Sie Hite a a Le euer Seen =
28 229 19 \ , 5s
2 Gonaty)’’ < 2042 aol Merge! 1609) cone 1l) Seem RT nee na (gue Siaot wastes
20 235 11 do bropek 1100 46 38 Bi WIN DET MOSS BED SL DAY
31 238 29 do pele oson lite us Birnam 649 32 ae pek sou 2176 = 38
22 Brownlow 241 24bfch broor pek 1368 54 170 oe et hich’ Ese 142837
39 244 21 ch aes TEED ne ce 5 2 z ans 1428 28
34 247 34 do pek 27 iu 858 i4 do dust 1176 9-25
35 250 13bfch vst “5 af 172 Troup 661 11 ch sou 1045 25
38 Craigingilt 259 18 do broorpek 108) 35 116 Ouborge 610 1: do By Pk AR couNnae c
49 262 10 ch or pek 1000 36 tery 670 14 do yorpek 13.0 465
48 Kelaneiya and ite Hs BS a peer ae oe
2 ; i . pe
yy raemar HE a go oa or pek Hid 62 181 Hila 688 78 do pek sou 5460 27 2
) 42 182 691 78 ao pek No.2 7020 29

od 280 28 do pek 2185 39 183 694 19 do or pek 1615 37

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb sigen.cs 3 3130 6 ch _ pek 576 26
185 Osborne 700 19 ch broorpek 2090 36 bid | 5y oe 2 do fans 200-24
186 703 17 do or pek 1530.33 51 136 1 do — dust 133. 1
189 Donnybrook 712 10 do broorpek 1100 35 28 Bs 31389 1 do sou 96 20
193 Cocoawatte 724 25hfch bropek gq ‘36 fa eee 3145 8 ch bro pek 76u 35
194 727 40 do pek 2009 5 3148 16htch orpekNo2 750 39
195 730 29 do peksou 499 29 re 3151 lu ch — pek 900 35
196 Longville 733 17 ch bropeK 179 36 57 3154 4 do sou | 360 31
197 736 12 do pek Tago ee 82 5 3lo7 luhfch bro or pek
201 Glassaugh 748 43hfch or pek 26390—Cfs 7 58 - fans 600 33
202 751 33 do pro or pek ua4 6A Bae 3160 6 ch bro pek fans 360 238
203 754 23 ch pek Sinan is AG 3163 7 do bro pek 630-29
206 Higham 763 28 do: bro pek 2800 ~=—- 38 61 BIOS B I CO at) PEs eae
207 766 21 do pek 2280 tia oo nea can 3169 L do sou 90 22
208 769 16 do pek sou 1520 30 Cc vik Bierce
212 St. Andrew’s 781 14hfch dust 1120-23 ea gait 5
213 Kandaloya 7384 25 do broorpek 1125 41 a pagal een en pel £ou TBO 9 (82
214 787 51 do bropek = 2295S 33 71 Salem 3109 % a Ree 200 38
v vorpe 20) é
a ute cece ees | sug o do orpek ing
a7 798 98 do pakaon he 33 73 3205 10 do pek 900 32
318 790 81. do Past ian 2 bid 74 3200 2 do dust 200 25
223 Myraganga 814 18 ch or pek 1620 34 Be y Hore Hi do fans 20 24
904 817 19 do Browek 5090 a 77 3217 8 do dust 720 24
296 820 24 do, pek Seediadeoi tin 78 Trewardene 3220 4 ch bro pek 40031
228 Bowella 829 13 do _ pek 1170 32 3 3228-0 do |; | oF pel sou 29
233 Balado 841 20 do peksou 1700 31 8: SezeeN dO Nas BOK soe Ae ee
234 Osborne 847 32 do bro or pek 3517 37 33 oon 2 ds patie ae ce 3
235 Katawella 859 21 do bro pek 2100 33 i Dunbar ne apa el ae eB
936 853.94 do nek Seo a 84 unbar 3238 17 bf ch bro or pek 935 46 bid.
243 Donnybrook 874 14 do broorpek 1565 36 87 aaron re ene S10 se
244 Midlothan 877 17 hfch_ bro pek 1020 43 ef aes ut Be eh pay bel fans 1h a8
245 880 32 do 2k 36 5 ao eRe eSot Ei
246 £83 21 do eer au ee ae 39 NB 3203 3 ch dust 450 24
247 Callander ; 93 Rickarton 3265 4hfch dust 340 9-24
nde 886 17 do bro or pek 1020 43 97 : 3907
248 889 23 do or pek 1430 ‘ a7 Avoca 3277 5 ch pek sou 50U 26
249 5 P 0 98 3280 3hfch oro pekfans 408 26
892 29 do _ pek 1537. 37 3 Li 295
252° Galputta O01 Bi) doo. nataral leat 103 Lindupatna 3295 4 ch bro pek fans 544 27
No. 2 1600 34 lll WRP 33:9 1 ao bro pek 112 29
253 904 69 do don Nen3'3 s 112 3322 L do pek ilu 24
aed po7eso ads BON Sie 00 2 bid a ae 3325 1 uo pen sou 115
353 ° J j 14 Moun
5) le a do fans 1560 9 bid te Pleasant oars oe bro or pek 240 35
= ) Be tt) or pek 200 30
SMALL LOTS 116 3334 4 do pek 200 28
. 117 3337 % do congou 110 26
analy 130 Meray 3376 9 do dust 765-25
Messrs. &. Benham & Coa. Tee Atdlawend
isbfor 3400 2 cl sou 200 32
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, oc. 139 3403 2 do bro pek No 2 232 30
6 Mapitigama 18 6 ch bro or pek 140 i 3406 2 vo pek No 2 200 aL
a pacts 78098 ua USA sie 4 ch dust 600 23
6 CDG 16 1hfch_ bro pek 50 41 Beles SicdOuty tans an0 ny 26
i 19 1 do ek 143 3415 1 do sou 85 26
8 Battalgalla 2211 ch oe s0u A HA 148 Devonford 3430 4hfch dust 320-26
9 Chouhleigh 25 7 do _ broor pek 7298 37 154 Ookoowatte 3448 3 ch - pek fans 375 ud
12 Battalgaila 3410 ch pek sou 750 37 ube Seb Tyne Chip aust 200 2
13 37 5hfch fans 400 27 169 Matale 3493 1 ch fans 70 26
22. Aerakande 64 4 ch ek s y uy 170 3496 2hfch dust 160 2.
23 E 67 3bfch “3 a oO aol 171 3499 2 ch — sou 170 26
c ans 180 34 bs : 7 5
24 70Nsedo dust 172 3 3502 Lhfch dust 60 18
30 Halgolle 88 4 ch aust 28 3 178 Rajawatte 3520 6 ch broorpek 630 40
35 Hapugastenne103 10 hfch fans 600 26 oh 8523 118 ))}00)) GON DOK OO
36 106 3 do dust 240. 2h 188 apa da bok 990 34
L 529 8 do ro pek 800 33
182 8532 12 hfch dust 960 24
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 183 Welkandala 3535 3 do dust 252-8
Lot. Box. Pigs. Name bo, | ME Goat AG 3 RPA OMS Naa
ou ‘ ¢
1 Wewatenne 2989 13hfch _ bro pek 793 32 190 R M, in estate mie
2 aoe oy ag pek 616 29 i mark 3556 15 cb bro or pek 810 36
¢ to) ek sou GIA 22 3 3565 8 S y
9 Baddegama 3013 2 ch Bro pek fans 220 24 104 3568 7 hf an Boge BBL 24
i Oakham 2 Ke 12 on bro pek 720 387 4195- K G, in estate
2 u22 9 do pek No. 2 810 37 mark 3571 7 hfch sou 630 withd
13 3025 4 do pek sou 380 33 202 Kennington 369212 ch pek sou 96u 29 oe
14 3028 2 do pek fans 150 24 203 3595 1 do dust 151 22
1 Dotale se) 1s en er pek 720 38 204 “ 3598 3 do bro tea 270 26
34 12 do ro or pe 2 : n z
17 3037 10 do eye NES 1 a ae BY Maen, 7 6 a as pak ne 37
18 GK 2040 9 ch pek sou 520.29 218 48 8 do or pek 6033
ae sos 2 go pow we 26 219 43 6 do pek 610 3l
do ‘ans 2 j
26 Kotagaloya 3004 8hfch dust 630 oA 202 Pansalatenne 62 2 oe ES pak fans 250 3
28 Karawkettia 3070 8 ch pek 812 25 223 55 1 do dust 1bu 22
BS 3073 do _— pek sou 428 = 22 224 Ambanpitiya 58 1 ch dust lsu =k
3 Yelatenne 3035 2htch sou 88 27 225. Fetteresso 61 2 do bro tea, is4 “1
4 3088 3 do fans 255 25 226 64 1 do red leaf 106 18
ee Horagaskelle 3091 8hfch bro pek 480 34 229 Rockside 73 4 ch dust 540 25
a 3094 7 do pek 354 29 230 Panilkande 76 8 do flowery or pe 5t0 $1
nO 3097 8 do pek sou 46: 29 233 85 9 do pek Blu 38
41 Sirikandure 3109 1 ch congou 11723 234 88 3 do sou 270 = 30
42 3112 1 do bropeksou 107 27 236 Graceland 94 2 ch_ red leaf 90 14
43%
a 3115 2 do fans 147 25 237 97 llhfch congou 495 i)
3118 1 do bro pex dust 150 23 238 100 3 do dust 225 8640
2 3121 1 do dust 16421 241 Sylvakandy 109 4 ch dust 4uu 2a
as * 3124 1 do red leaf 99 «(17 244 Uva 118 7 do peksou 665 BU
encon 8127 8 ch 245 121 12hfch fans 840 26
lhfch bro pek 850 829 246 1z4 2 do dust 160 «22

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

6
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name 1b.
247 Montery 12707" ch pek sou 630
248 20 4 do sou 360
253 Richmond 145 12hbfch bro pek 768
254 148 5 ch or pek 5.0
255 151 4 do pek 380
271 Bedford 199 1 do pro or pek 95
272 202 2 do bro pek 160
273 2Uu5 2 do or pek 180
274 208 2 do pek 160
277 Hanford 217, 11 «ch pek 990
2738 220 3 do pek sou 265
219 223 2 de sou 180
280 226 2 do dust 196
281 229 1 do bro pek fans 100
286 RoeberryC 214 9 do dans 90u
287 247 6 do dust 60
293 Queensland 265 2% ch pek No 2 180
294 208 Lb do bro pek No 2 110
295 271 1 do sou 90
300 Vogen 286 2 ch pek fans 250
3u1 289 6bfch dust 450
304 KPW 2938 10 do or pek 500
306 304 6 do pes sou 300
307 307 3 do pek fans 225
308 210 4% do dust 1:0
309 Digdola 3138 6 ch bro pek 600
310 316 4 do or pek 360
312 322 13 do peck sou 910
316 Parsioes 534 Lhfch dust 90
3.9 Texcbiligalla 343 1 ch pek sou 10v
320 346 1 do dust 170
323 Nugagalla 305 Shfch pek sou 400
324 353 5 <io dust 450
327 Amblangoda 367 7 ch bro orpek 7.0
328 370 9 do or pek 900
329 873 8 do pek 720
330 376 3 do pek sou 265
331 379 4 do fans 100
332 852 2 do dust 220
333 Coreen 335 12hfch broorpek 780
387 Amblakande 397 7 ch bro pek 700
339 403 6 do pek sou 4:0
340 406 Ll do dus 100
342 KOC 412 7 ch or pek 70U
-246 Dambagas-
talawa 424 4 ch bro pek fans 544
349 Palmerston 433 8hich dust 683
354 Halwatura 448 5 do dust 450
363 Galkadua 475 1 ch congou 110
364 478 1 do sou 120
366 Morankande 484 16hfch bro or pek 896
867 487 18 do or pek 900
269 493 9 ch pek sou 630
370 496 2hfch~ broor pK fans 150
387i 499 1 do dust 90
374 Seenagolla, V 5us 7 ch pek sou 735
377 Hanwella fl7 3hfch bysonNol 210
378 520 3 do hyson dust 240
387 Clunes 647 8 ch pex No2 736
388 550 6 do bro pek fans 690
389 553 2 do dust 320
393 Battawatte 53512 ch pek sou 90
394 568 2 do dust 200
328 Erracht 580 3 ch dust 510
411 Ruanwella. 616 9 do dust 720
425 Polatagama 651 ,3 do dust 450
435 Tokatiamulla 691 17hfch bro pek 935
436 194 6 ch pek 570
437 697 2 do pek sou 200
446 Glendon 724 4hfch_ bro pek fans 261
447 727 6 do dust 480
450 Yelverton 736 10 ch pek sou 50
465 Pen Y lan 751 1 do pek sou 90
456 Lauriston 754 4 do dust 544
457 PRS 757 5 btch dast 450
460 Yuillcfield 766 2 ch pek sou 180
461 769 lhfch dust 80
468 Walton 715 8 ch or pek 680.
464 778 6 do pek 510
465 781 1 do pek sou 80
466 784 1 do dust 150
467 M 787 +2 do bro pek 196
468 790 1 do br or pek 112
469 793 2 do pek 180
470 7935 1 do bro pek fans 80
471 D in estate
mark 793 16 do bro pek 960
476 Rickarton 814 4hfch fans 340
480 K CO 826 6 ch pek gou 636
485 Pino 811 9 do br or pek 855
487 Uahala £47 8 do bro pek 300
488 Kland 860 shfch ek 174
49) KP,WC 856 1 do ans 84
492 B B in estate ‘
mark £62 11 do dust 935
494 M T P in
estate mark 491 3 do dust 800
496 871 4 do bro tea 40

vek fans
hyson
bro pek
fans

pek sou
pek sou
aust

pek sou
dust

pek sou
fans Nol
dust

pek sou
fans

d st

pek sou

pek sou
Cust
fans
dust
fans
dust

br or pek
or pek
pek
pek sou
dust

bro or pek
dust ~
pek
pek sou
pek son
bro tea
bro or pek
or pek
pek
pek sou
fans
dust
pek sou
dust
pek
pek sou
fans
dust
fans
pek
dnst
pek sou
fans
dust
dust

fans

bro or pek
sou

dust

400
990
160
504

Messrs. Somerville & Co.

Lot. Box, Pkgs.
496 Hatthmetha £74 11 do
497 877 18 do
4938 8:0 18 do
499 883 2 do
500 886 1 do
518 WVR,A 940 11 bf ch
522 Nabalma 952 6 do
623 CR, D od van on
&24 958 5 do
523 Woodend 970 10 do
529 9738 do
530 Rosebury 976 11 bf ch
551 979 8 do
532 9:2 10 do
532 Augusta 985 7 ch
534 988 1 do
535 Ugieside 995 5 do
536 BG W 994 7 do
£49 Eyasford 106 8 do
543. Mounkswood 1015 8tfch
544 Hunigalla 108 4% do
55 El Teb 1021 10 ch
516 1(24 10 hf ch
£50 Harrow 1036 4 ch
56L 1039 3 do
554 Bellungalla 1018 7 do
555 1051 2 do
556 1054 1 do
55) Tismoda 1063 4 do
560 106 2bfch
541 1069 % do
56! Holton 10;8 3 do
567 Yuill-tield
inv. No.4 1087 3 do
568 1090 ihich
5/0 Memorakande 1096 6 do
571 14093 4 do
572 Prengalla 1102 2 ch
573 15 5hfch
574 Swinton 18 6 ch
575 I do}
576 1ll4 6 do
577 11 3 MO,
578 1120 1 do
579 Geragama
inv. No. 6 1123 9 do
583 1185 6 bfch
584 Badulluoya 11:8 6 ch
585 1141 6 do
686 Weemalla 1144 7 do
537 1147. 6hfch
53 Panawatte 1165 §& ch
596 Dromoland 1174 8 ch
597 1177 9 do
598 J180 2 do
599 1:83 2hfch
600 1186 1 do
603 Lyegreve 1195 7 ch
604 1192 lhfch
610 Coombecourt1216 8 ch
611 1219 2 do
615 Ireby 1231 4hfch
616 1234 6 do
617 Elfindale 1237 4 ch
623 Coombecourt1255 4 ch
624 1258 3hfch
627 Macaldeniya 1267 @ do
628 1270 2 do
629 1273 2 do
60 EDP 1276 12 do
634 OB EC,in
in estate mark
Nillomally, Inv.
No. 20 1288 4 ch
635 Tunisgalla 1291 18 hfch
940 1:06 2 ch
641 1309 5hf ch
Lot. Box. Pkgs.
2 Hyde 958 9 ch
3 961 11 do
8 Cooroondco-
watte 976 3 ch
8 Brecon 979 11 hf ch
10 982 15 do
W 935 6 do
13 Deville 99! 9 ch
14 994. 5 do
16 997 1 hf ch
183 Yarrow 10U6 13 hf ch
23 1021 9 do
24 ; 1024 5 do
25 Oonankande 1027 16 hf ch
27 1033 10. do
28 1086 3 do

Name.

or pek
bro pek

eongou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek

pek sou
dust

fio. or pek
fans

dus

bro pek
pek sou
dust

Ib.

783
990

in
~

Lot. Box
33 Havilland ibpyt
34 Gangwarily 1054
37 1063
28 1066
39 10169
41 Forest Hill 1075
47 Oomonsgalla 1.93
48 Old Madce-

gama 1066
49 10-99
61 1105
52 1108
53 Welgampola 111!
56 11.0
57 1123
§ 116
60 Hatdowa 1132
61 1135
62 1128
63 1441
68 Meddegodde 156
69 119
70 1162
71 Paradise 1165
83 Panmure 1201
84 i204
85 1207
90 Selvawatte 12:2
91 1225
92 1228
93 1231
94 1234
100 Deniyaya 1252
101 1255
106 Avisawella 1270
109 Roumania 1279
Ili 1285
112 1285
113 Sunny Light 1:91
114, 1294
115 1297
123 Neboda 1321
126 RKP 13:0
127 1333
129 13389
130 1342
431 Karanduponal3s5
132 1348
133 \ 1351
134 1354
142 Carney 1:78
143 1381
144 1384
145 1387
146 1390
149 Polgabakande 1399
155 Tkeberton 1417
156 1420
163 Kallebokka 1441
164 1444
168 Kelani 1459
170 Maligatenne 1462
171 1465
172 1468
173 1471
174 K P 1474
17 HGL 1477
176 1480
180 Yaxagalla 1492
1&3 1AG1
187 Meeriatenne 1513
19t AWA 1625
192 1528
193 1.3L
194 Glenalmond 353
197 1543
198 1536
199 1549
204 New Valley 1504
210 Rayigam 1582
211 1585
213 Elchico LOL
214 1394
2!5 1597
216 6 1600
217 1603
224 Monte Christoli24
225 1627
226 Maddegedera 1630
227 Hepewell 1633
228 Hinagama 1636
234 Ravenseraig 1654
240 Danawkanda 1672
241 1675
242 1678

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Pkgs.

10 ch
7 hf ch

10 ch
4hfch
5 ch
10 ch

3 11 hf ch

a4

Name, Ib.
pek sou 850
bro or pek 420
pek sou 850
dust 340
sow 450
bro pek 9-0
dust 880
bro or pek 675
or pek 910
pek sou 425
br or pek fans 500
bro or pek 672
pek sou 660
sou 450
dust 280
pek 855
pek sou €10
dust 255
fans 220
dust 240
sou 160
bro pek fans 165
bro or pek 805
sou 180
br or pek fans160
dust 150
br pek 275
pek 240
pek sou 200
fans 160
dust Lo
dust 285
pes fans 400
fans 245
bro pek 7.3
pek sou 270
unast 95
bro pek 226
pek 176
pek sou 50
dust 450
br. or pek 4.0
bro pek 600
pek 400
fans 810
bro pek 420
pek 400
pek sou 172
dust 70
pek sou 800
bro pek fans 200
sou 150
dust 1.0
pek fans 50
dust 700
sou 85
fans 100
pek sou 210
dust 90
fans 800
bro or pek 530
br pek 800
pes 735
bro mixed 232
fans 720
sou 100
dust 960
bro cr pek 855
pek sou 425
bro pk fans 276
pek sou 152
dust and fans 390
unast 120
bro or. pek 360
pek sou 6380
fans 300
dust 80
dust 70
fans 460
dust 340
or pek 720
pek 720
pe sou 450
pek fans 7-0
dust 630
fans 265
dust 340
dust 425
dust 270
bro or pek 600
dust 240
bro pek 600

ek 700
pek sou 510

bid

Name. lb.
sou 170
fans 336
dust 115
fans 720
dust 425
sou 240
fans 375
pek sou 800
dust 300
br pek 600
or pek 760
pe seu 900
unast 270
congou 80
pek sou 329
dust 160
pek 450
son 92
pek fans / 200
dust 100
pek dust 260
bro pek 9:0
dust 350
dust 560
fans 70
bro tea 350
bro mix 420
bro tea 450
bro pek 800
pek 570
pek sou 810
bro pek dust 75
bro pek 330
pek 630
pek scu 200
fans 105
pek sou 810
bro tea 285

pek dust 300

nek sou 906
fans 750
cungeu 80
dust 510
sou 570
unast 420
pek sou 630
dust 134
fans 600
bro tea 920
pk dust 300
pek 80
fans 92
dust 160

green tea fans324
green tea dust330

sou 900
pek fans 300
dust 285
bro pek 95
pek 100
pek sou 150
dust 125
hyson 15

‘Messrs. E. John & Co.]

Lot, Box. Pkgs.
243 1681 2 ch
244 1684 3 do
245 1687, 1 do
251 Rayigama 1705 6 ch
252 17.8 5bfch
257 Ferriby 1723 3 ch
258 1726 5 hf-ch
261 Avisawella 1735 10hf ch
263 174L 4 do
264 Patulpana 1744 6 ch
265 1747 7 do
266 1750 9 do
207 1753 3. do
268 1756 1 do
275 Labugama 1777 4 ch
276 1780 2hf ch
279 Laxapanagallal7s9 5 ch
280 1792 1 do
281 1795 2 do
282 1798 1 do
289 California 18\9 2 ch
290 Raglan 1822 9 ch
292 1828 3 do
2977 DBG 1843 7hf ch
298 18146 7 ch
299 GB 1849 7 hf ch
301 UK 1855 4 ch
302 1853 5 do
303 D 1861 8 ch
304 1864 6 ds
305 1870 9 do
306 1873 1 do
307 Kosgahawela 1873 3 ch
208 1876 6 do
309 1879 2 do
310 1882 1 do
315 Kurulugalla 1897 9 ch
316 ‘ LT vaindo
317 4 2 do
325 Weygalla 28 9 ch
326 W 31 6 ch
O27 34 1 ch
328 37 3 do
329 40 6 do
330 43 4 do
332 Kanatota £2 7 ch
334 55 1 do
340 Monrovia 73° 6 ch
341 7611 ado
342 79 1 do
349 A 100 1 ch
350 103 1 do
354 Lyndhurst 115 2hfch
360 Glenalla 133) "3hich
261 136 2 do
366 Deniya 15110 ch
367 164 3 de
368 157 3 do
373 HW in est
mark W720 ich
374 175 2 do
375 178 2 do
376 lol 1 do
377 184 1 box
Lot. Box. Pkgs.
3 Ratwatte 174. 6 ch
4 157 2hfch
8 Cabin Ella 169 2 do
9 172 2 do
12 181 2 do
13 184 2 do
17 MR 193 11 do
18 AA 199 6 ch
19 202 4 do
20 205 1 do
21 i 208 6 do
24 Dickbedde 217 6hfch
25 220 4 do
26 223 1 do
36 RL 253 5 ch
37 256 4 do
1 hf ch
40 Craigingilt 265 4 do
41 AT 268 5 ch
42 271 3 do
47 RBR 286 9 do
48 i 289 b do
49 Allington 292 9 do
yl 298 1 do
52 301 1 do
57 Natuwakelle 31610 do
68 319 4 do
63 Morahela 334 2 hich

Name. ib.
pek sou 480
dust 160
pe« fans 140
pek dust 180
pek fans 140
pek dust 180
dust 990
bro pek 600
pek 360
pek sou 60
dust 750
nek sou 330
bro pek fans 220
congou 60
bro pek 450
pek 374
dust 320
dust 600
congou 270
pek 900
pek sou 50C
bro pek 930
dust 104
congou 80
pek sou 900
dust 400
dust 172

«

8 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST.
oe os eas nema aust he CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN

awanaga. a Ky) FO or pe 5 +

65 340 8 ch pek 760 80 bid LONDON.
66 rah Ben ee pes sou 360 28
12 ocha ¢ ans 595 27
SGuEE Age reads Mincinc LANE, March 14th
90 Elemane 415 2 ch fans 200 «(27 *‘ Jumna.’’—Kobo 3, 2 cases sold at Js 2d; ditto
91 Rondura 418 7 do broorpek 805 31 Seed, 2 at 1s 8d; Dromoland 5, 5 cases sold at 1s
95 430 2 do pek fans 230 © 25 10d; ditto 2, 6 at 1s 7d; ditto 3, 4 at 1s 3d ; ditto
96 433 4 de dust 660 23 =
2 4, 2 at 1s ld; 2 at 1s 1d; ditto 1A, 1 at 2s 3d;

97 HKladuwa 436 Q9hfch pek sou 450 25 A Seed, 1 1s 7d; BE Nill
101 Hiralouvah 448 6 ch peksou yn) itto See at Is OBEC Ni oomally Special
102 451 4hfch fans 260 25 in estat mark, 1 case * sold at 2s 2d; ditto O, 1 at
103 J 454 1 do dust 94 «22, ls 7d; ditto a: 2 at 1s 5d: ditto 2, 1 at 2s 2d;
104 Wanarajah ae oh per egy ue BB ditto B, 1 at Is 1d; ditto Seed, 1 at 1s 4d,

o) us 2 “ sy
HE Rookwood fet inte ue gae |g cgrovithre/—OBEC, Dangands in ents, mak
132 MN 54116 do or pek 940 50 * 5. SOG Abie
134 54712) do. | dust 200 23 Japan.’ —B Elkadua 2, 1 case sold at le 2d 5
135 55011 do fans 836 30 ditto B & S, t at1s 1d; ditto Seed, 1 bag sold at Is 4d.
139 Gangawatte 562 9 ch peksou 810 35 “ Musician,’ Midlands O, 2 cases sold at 2s; 1
140 565 8hfich dust 680 24 at 28 ld: ditto 1, 5 at 1s 8d ; ditto 2, 3 at 1s dd’: =
re Tale oe Ve de fans 715 (34 ditto Seed, 1 bag sold at 1s 2d.

Hat ENS : “Kanagawa Maru.”—Wattakelly Mysore A, 1 case
lhfch sou 250 22 sold at 1s 2d; ditto D, 4 at Is 2d; ditto Seed,
148 Taunton 589 1 ch sou $5 15 1 ba sold at ae 7d.

150 Gonavy 595 ll hfch fans 660 32 “ oe Del i
151 598 4 do dust 340 25 Peleus.’’—Delpotonoya, case sold at 2s 9d; L
152 Castle HW] 601 6 ch broorpek 600 28 at 1s 9d; 3 at 1s 10d; 6 at Is 6d.
166 : 613 6 do dust 600 23 “ Jomna,”—Gammadua O, 1 case sold at 3s 1d;
163 Doonhinda 634 8 do pek sou 800 39 ditto 1, 1 at 2s 3d; ditto 2, 5 at 2s; ditto 3, 5
164 637 2 do fans 200.25 at Is 4d; ditto 4, 1 at Is 2d; 1 at Is 3d; ditto 1
165 640 3 de dust 330 23 Seed, 1 at ls 8d
174 WesthaH 667 8 do bro mix (not are Ske

pulked) 300 16 Derbyshire,”—Gammadua 2, 2 cases sold at 1s
178 Ottery 679 4 pekisei S00) ae 7d; 6 at Is 8d; 1 at Is 9d; ditto 3, 1 at 1s 2d.
179 682 3hfch orpekfans 195 31 “ Achilles.,—AL OO, 1 case sold at 2s 1d; ditto
180 685 3 do dust 210 25 1 Seed, 10 at Is 8d.
184 Bila 697 10 do dust 800 23 ‘*Jumna.”—Vicarton A, 2 cases sold at 1s 9d;
185 Osborne 706 2 ch bro pek 240 931 1 at ls 10d; ditto B, 3 at 1s 5d; ditto C, 1 at 1s
188 709 6 do pek 570 30bid | 1d; Yalla Mullai O, 1 case sold at 2s 9d; ditto 1,
FO ee eek cto aa de een See 4 at 23 6d; ditto 3,2 at ls 11d; ditto 1 Seed, 1
192 Cocoawatte 721 6hfch broor pek 300 34 at ls 5d; ditto 2 Seed, 1 at 1s 8d; ditto 3 Seed,
198 Longville 739 6 ch pek sou 570-29 1 at 1s 2d; Lauderdale Cardamoms O, 3 cases
199 742 6hfch fans 420 26 sold at 1s 38d; ditto Browns, 1 at 1s ld.
200 Y 745 8 ch _ red leaf 720 16 “«Tydeus. ” Knuckles Group Mysore O, 2 cases
204 Glassaugh 757 1Uhfch dust 990 26 sold at Is 10d; ditto 1, 4 at ls 7d; ditto 2, 4 at
206 Higham 160 9 do broorpek 540 87 1s 2d; ditto S, 2 at ls 1d; ditto Seed, 1 bag
209 772 1 ch dust 100-22 ld cael 6a
210 775 Ghfch bropekfans 450 927 SO aN ace ;
211 778 1 ch sou 100 ©=-28 Peleus.’—Knuckles {Group Mysore O, 7 cases
219 PPP 302 2 do orpek 200 30 sold at 23 2d; ditto 1, 2 at Is 8d; 2 at Is 7d;
220 805 1 do bro pek 180 20 ditto 2,1 at 1s 1d; ditto B, 4 at 1s 3d; ditto S,
et SOR avdon gel is eS 3 at ls 3d; ditto Seed, 1 at 1s 7d.
2 do ‘ans “ ae eal
2) nowella 25 Entcw’ Broornerk 4d | ,.1,/0muae Lebanon Group Mysore, Special, 1 ease
9917 826 9 do orpek 450 33 ELON >
229 $32 8 ch peksou 680 28 ditto 1 6 at 1s 4d; ditto 2, 1 at Is.
230 835 5 do sou 425 26 “ Hitachi Maru.”—Vedehette Cardamoms AA,.
231 838 5hfch dust 350 24 1 case sold at 2s 11d; 5 at 1s 11d; 4 at 2s; ditto
232 841 7 do fans 350-28 A, 2at 1s 5d; ditto B, 2 at 1s 3d; ditto C, 2 at
287 Katawella 856 2 ch dust 200 23 io 2d; ditto D, 1 at 1s 7d.
238 Ullandapitiya 859 2hfch broorpek 110 3) “Jumna.”—Galaha Cardamoms Ex,1 case sold at
239 862 2 do bro pek 100 = 82 om 2
240 865 2 do pek 100 ©.30 2s; ditto AA, 4 at Is Ild; ditto A, 2 at Is dd;
241 868 2 do sou 10002? ditto B, 3 at 1s 1d; ditto D, 2 at 1s 7d ; Kitool—
242, 871 1 do fans 65 Ot moola Cardamoms Ex, 1 case sold at 22 10d; ditto
250 Callander 895 12 do _peksou 576 33 AA, 3 at Is 10d; ditto A, 2 at 1s 6d; ditto B,.
251 Galpotta $98 14 do natural leaf 1 at 1s 1d.

0. 1 77037 “ Glaucus.’—Kelvin Cardamoms Ex, 1 case sold

256 Heragalla 913 4 ch bro pek Boo at 2s 8d; ditto AA, 4 at Is 8d; ditto A, 1 at Is
Bei Bp eden ee ey ee 4d; ditto B, 3 at 1s 1a; ditto C,2 at 1s 1d;
258 919 1 do pek sou 93 27 Al. 2
259 922 1 do bropekfans 90 25 ditto D, 1 at Is 7

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

THA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

PricE :—124 cents each, 3 copies
‘ =
No. 15. CoLOMBO, APRIL 21, 1902, { 30 cents 7 6 copies k rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢,
-——— 99 Aaurawatte 16°9 10 eh bro pes 1126 36
x ‘ 100 16.2 12 do orpe 1140-35
LARGE LOTS lul or : 16.5 11 ae pek fa 1012 84
pom 106 Palmerston 1630 18bfch _ bro pe 189 54
Messrs. E. Benham & Co. 107 1633 13 do pek 114448
[4] 797. ib 7} 1lu8 Kulleva-
a * t!auat 1636 19 ch bro pek 1083 34
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, ¢. 112 Hillwatte 1648 85 do bromix 3325 15
1 Coodeogalla 2 37 ch bro pek 2035 86 ite hamlet Hest 13 che oso 1235. 38
5 Hornsey _ 14 33hfch_ bro pek 1980 4t 114 TG5r 20) do Nee 1700 ga
6. li 21 ch pek 1780) — (88 lio Frels Ruhe 167 27 ch bropek 2700 36
7 # de la, Invy Z : : aoa e106 1660 13 do. pek 1235 3
Nv. 8 ag a die St eR 119 Penrhos 16) 31hfch bro pek 193 42.
8 B95 Ome arch aCkecie Beart) 120 1672 39 do or pek ---2U23.— 4
in Acme chests) 3384 32 bid | jo; 1673.47 ch - pek 1136--, 38
FN i ae do pek sou 1650 30 bid | 03 1678 23 do pek sou,. 1918 31
: algolle, Inv. 3 24 “a ' ;
No. 9 42 35 ch bro pek 3500 s6 bid |. 123 Vogan Tau ts ob eee Pek ser Guis Be
12 35 17 do or pek 1¢33 3ibid | p77 1693 83 do pes 3:35 83
18 33.43 do pek 4085 81 bid | 9g 1696 i5 do peksow 1275. 30
4 : 41 17 do. peksou - 1530 30 | 131 Vogan 1705 14 ch | broor pek 1400 56
‘l7Z_ ‘Eorrington 50° 32 ch or pek 2720 33 bid 132 1708.20 do cr pek 1900 37
LS DE 28 EO 5 180 ie Th UY ES eee 1711 29 do pek 2705 34
19 56 89 do pek 2700 82 bid | 34 1714. 1 do peksou 1190 30.
ee 137 Puspone 1723. 2t ch cr pek 210035
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. He Sap 28 GO SEO DOK syd cai.
[624,892 |b.] 139 1729 G do bro pek
No 2 1°03 36
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib, ~c. 1:0 1732 17 do. pek 1615... 35
4 Panawatte 1324 9 ch broorpek 1062 42 141 130 12 do ~ p2k sou 1030. 31 -
5 1327 23 do bro pek 23.0 37 142 Yogama 1728 15 ch bro pek 1650 35
6 133) 15 do pek Nol 1410 36 143 1741 17 do or pek 1755 35
7 1333 15 do - pekNo2 14%5 34 144 1744 27 do pek 2/00 3A
11. Avoca 1345 11 ch pek 1100 42 147 Torwood 17023, 16 ch bro or pek 1020 36
19 OB EC, in 118 1756 16 do bro pe&k 1300 32
estate mark 149 1753 40 do pek 38230 29
New ‘arket i3€9 13 do dust 1950 25 151 Moneragalla 17.5 21 ch broor pek 1650 42
21 Beverley 1375 380 hfch pek 1800 84 152 1763 14 do orpek 1064 39
23 13-1 43 do or pek 2160 39 153 1771 23 do pek 1564 37
24 Sirikandure 13884 14 ch bro pek 1400 34 ib a
25 1387 14° do ek 1330 _ 29 ibs Ce
26 2 129) 18 do jpek sou 1620-28 Sindumaliay 1780 10 ch broorpek 1100 44
36 Maldenia 14.0 28 ch bro or pek 2940 36 157 1783. 17 Go bo pek 1615 40
7 1423 19 do or pek 1805 34 158 1786 13 do pek 1018 37
38 1426 22 do pek 190 33 159 1789' 15 do peksou 1130 33
42 Ardlaw and 160 1792 12 do fans 1440 30
Wishford 14388 9 ech z 163. New Pea-
Lhfch broorpek 1034 70 cock 1801 32 ch bropek 1760 42
43 1441, 22 ch bropek = 2310.48 164 18.4 24 do pekfans 1su0 26
44 1.41 24hfch or pek 1152 48 i
45_ 147 21 ch ~~ pek 184842 167 Cee valley
; 5 . ;
ae eg an mark 1813 50 ch pek 4400 38
Forest Creek 1459 14 ch bro or pek 1442 © 61 168 ia 1816 17 ch peksou 1360-33,
50 1452 31 do bropek 3193 46 171 Tambili- :
51 1465. 17 do or pek 1581 41 galia 1825 18 ch bro or pek 1710 36
52 1468 42 do pek 3990 37 DPS 1823 13 do pek 1170 32
53 1471 I1 do SOU 1045 33 176 Pine Hill 1849 18hfch bro orpek it80 49.
64 174 10 do fans 1.00 30 177 1843 18 ch or pek 1620 43
56 - 148015 do pek dust 1050 34 is 1816 21 do pek 1890-39
57 1.83 20 do dust 1700 26 180 Mawiliganga-
58 OBE C, in Sry watte 1852. 37 ch bro pek 8515 81
estate mark ° 181 1855 23 do pek sou 1817 28
New Market 1486 24 hfch bro or pek 1892 57 133 1861 lihfch pek dust 1092 25
59. 1489 26 ch bro pek 2x08 440 181 Knavesmire 184 85 ch prope 8500 36
60 1492.0 do pek 18:0 35 16 1867. 26hfen bro pek 1560 38
61 1495 23 do pel sou 2.01 37 186 1870 25 do pek 2125 81
65 Dindupatna 1507 16 ch broorpek 1760 51 190 Massena 1832 3:hfch bropek 3900 37
66 1510 21 do bro pek 2310 43 191 1385 23 do pek 1400. 32
67 i 1613 2) do pek 20 42 194 Lucky Land 13894 25 do broorpek 1500 45
70 H GM 1522 28.hfch flowery 195 1097.16 ch or pek 1536 42
orpek 1540 59 1.9 Seenagolla 1909 19hfch or pek 1607 «59
71 1525 i3 ch bro pek 13.0 34 bid 20 1yL2 20 do pek 1040 47
72 1523 28 do pek 2520-32 bid 201 Killarney 1915.19 do bro or pek 1140 67
73 1631 14 do pek sou 1260 31 202 1913 27 do bro pek 1620 46
76 Ingoya 1:40 33hfeh dust 2706 “4 203 1921.11 ch or pek 110 45
77 ~Yataderia 15.8 4U do broorpek 2520 = 35 204 c 1y-4 17 do pek 15300 47.
78 1546 19 ch ~— bro pek 2033-80 bid 2us Ganapalla 1927 63 ch — broor pek ©3800 384
79 1549 27 do or pek 2700 34 26 19:0 33 do or pek 283 33
60 1852 42 do pek 810080 207 1933 83 uo pek $230- 30
8 1655 15 do pek sou 1320-27 203 1956 20 do pek sou 1600 29).
$2 1658 24 do bro or pek 2563 34 29. High Forest 18) b5uLfch or pek
83 1661 12 do bro pek 1938 380 Noi 296 62
84 154 22 do or pek 2 68 34 210 1942 33 do or pek 1515 43
85 1507 51 do pek 4335 30 paws 194 29 do pek 1421 42
87 Weyunga- 212 Dea Ella 1:43 22 do. broorpek 1210 38
Wai te 1573 26 ch bro pek 260 34 213 1951 35 do or pek 2090 34
88 1576 27 do pek 2296 32 214 1954 21 do pek 1 00 30
89 15.9 21 do }ek sou 16.0 29 2i6 Dammeria lysv 33 ch bro pek 33.0 37
92 PRM 1558 slhfch pek sou 1483 388 ‘217 1963.43 do — or pek 8370-36

238 1591 22 do © dust 1870 2k 1218 - 1965 43 do rek 2300 34,

g CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
a
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢ Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib.
290 High Forest 1972 46 bfch or pek 262 Lochiel 2398 22bfch bro or pek 1364
4 Nol 2655 51 263 2401 14 ch orpek ~ 1358
221 1975 85 do orpek 1995 = 46 364 2.0: 14 do pek 1218
929, 1978 28 do pek 1372 45 %68 Lochiel 2416 16 bfch broor pek 1 95
223 Erracht 1981 51 ch bro or pek 510 33 349 21:9 16 ch or pek 1552
924 1924 43 do crpek 3:00 36 °70 2422 19 do pek 16°3
226 Mahauva 1990 44hfch broorpek 28¢0 33 371 Talgaswela 245 17 do broorpek 1700
227 1993 32 ch or pek <20 41 872 2428 18 do or pek 1440
228 1495 388 do — pek 34.05 35 273 24:1 27 do pek 21:0
229 199 15 do pet sou 1200 85 374 2481 20 do pek sou 1510
232 Fairlawn 20.8 22hfeh broorpek 12:0 57 475 21°7 22hfch ‘br pk No 2 1320
233 2011 33 do or pek 1485 45 376 Adisham 2440 17 ch broor pek 1020
234 60.4 8: ch — pek 2720 42 377 2443 26 do bro pek 2600
235 2017 15 do pek sou 1240 39 72, 2446 12 do pek 1620
237 Dunkeld 2023 G6hfch bro or pek 3*°8 39 379 Passaragroup 2:49 15 do 1 pek 1250
238 2026 28 ch or pek 266) 39 289 2152 98 do broorpek 210
239 9026 30 do pek 700 36 381 2:5) 35 do pek 3.50
240 Hanwella 232 £0hfch yunghyson 000 37 282 2458 13 do pe. sou 1470
Bsy. 2035 27 do hysun No. 1020 33 385 Goodhope 247 40 do bro pek 3600
245 Minn. , EP 3 36 247y 23 do bro or pek 72-00
Ww 2017 15 do fans 1030 = -28 3x7 2473 18 do pek 16°0
247 BR, in estate ‘ 391 Algocltenne 2:5 32 ch bro or pek 4 00
mark 2063 40 ch bro pek 400 withdn, 302 2483 22 do or pek 19-0
2948 Dev nford 2056 21 hfch brocrpek 1612 et 393 2491 50 do pek 4:5)
249 2059 10 ch or pek 10006) 394 JM K 2494 23 co dust 195
250 AgraOya 202 19 ch broorpek 19% 39 .95 bitulgalla 2497 17bfch bror pek 10%4
951 20:5 18 do cr yek 171035 396 7600 12 ch cr vek 1080
252 2063 17 do pek 150 34 397 203 i2 do pek 14a
253 Kitulgalla «2071 29hfch brvorpek 1827 35 416 Erlsemere 2530 20 do bro pek 200
O54 2074 15 ch or pex 1425 3) 407 2533 19 do pek 1710
255 2077 18 do pek 1420 33 418 Harrew 2536 10 do or pek 110
21 Gonapitiya 201 %5 hfch or pek 100) bE 409 2539 29 do brerpek 1740
262 2098 23 do bropek 1630 59 410 25:2 25 do pek 2590
263 #101 19 ch pek 181347 414 Darrawella 25°4 lvhfch dust 1710
264 214 15 do peksou 1320 43 415. Queeislaod 2557° 234 ch bro or pek 1035
26; Opalgalla 207 lv hfch dust 1411 24 46 2540 10 ch bro pek 1000
267 Deucuaila 2113 56 do bro pek 30:0 88 hid | 417 2533 10 do or pek 1W00
963 2116 72 do pek 5010 5 hig | 418 256€ 12 do pek 1:80
269 Monkswvod 2119 17 do bre pek 1929 = 70 423 Attampettia 2501 16 do bro pek 1760
270 2.22 20 do or pek 100) 70 424 2.84 17 do oryek 165
O71 é 2°25 15 ch yek 1500 957 4.5 2537 28 do pek 2676
977 Udaveria 2143 25bfch broor pek 1500 47 428 Madulkelle 2596 13 do bro pek 13:0
278 2145 28 do or pek 1456 =. 39 429 259 22hfch or pe 1100
279 249 52 do or pek 2701 88 430 26u2 16 ch pek Nol 1360
280 ! 2152 41 do pek 19:8 8 431 2605 16 do pekNo2 1280
262 - 2158 12 do — fans 1020 27 434 Yelvertn 2614 2) do br pek 2097
233 Castlereagh 2161 46 do broorpek 2300 49 4’°5- Waldemar 2517 25bfch broorpek 110
284 114 18 ch bro pek 18 0 36 536 - 2620 63 do bro pek 4132
285 2167 13 do or pek 40 37 437 2623 29 ch or pek 2842
286 21:0 17 do pek 13¢0 86 438 2826 15 do pek 1°50
287 Poonagalla 2173 49 do or pek 4802 43 yiq | 499 2629 26bfch fans 2210
388 2:70 5° do bro pek ee 8 Ue ek Se
989 2179 52 do pek E bid : g
993 Marlborough 2191 BS hf ch bro or pek ron 2B Messrs. Somerville & €e.
( 21e4 ch or pe ! °
ae eos da ante per 230 42 [816,446 1b.]
296 220 88 do pek 3426 37
297 2703 30 do er sou i ee B Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
299 Dunbar = 2209: v1 hf ch _ bro or pe : 1 Oolapsne 187 17 hf ch dust 1B
300 2212 dl, do, 7 Or pee ee Faiiidunpalanayae (io 7 tial gmsee Pipa
DL 22.5 21 do pe E 5 7 Bron 2%8 16 bf ch bro:rpek 114)
302. 2218 lihieh bropek fans 10:2 82 8 211 19 do orpek 1045
306 Lencorse 223) 20 ch — or pek 100 Bee 12 Rothes 923 23hfch bro pek 1526
i aoe ai oP, AMA Bu fas eg We
308 3 29 do pek so z 5 OR: 2.2 fa aA
309 Halbarawe 2239 17 Go bro pek 10) 31 ip Rahatungoda 2a a Hi ch bag or Eek luz
311 = 2245 17 do pek T6020 7 258 25 do cr pek 1325
815 Florence 2257 22 do or pek 2002 18 941 2) do pek 1518
BAY PE 28 hfch bro or pek ies» with‘n o3° Ravana 256 “8 nf ch pex 1400
aM os 2263 33 ch pek e844 26 Adawatte ~ 265 30 nf ch bropek 1650
3h P } 27 268 25 do ek 12
ba Eta epee lea Nes es rae al cia 29 Salawe 214 10 ch bruger per 1950
219 2 2095 bdo. «pel WED 8 30 27.13 do bropek 1430
322 Ouvahkeliie 2:78 12 ch 31 980 12 do pek 1200
1hfch pek sou 1048 43 32 2383.11 ch pek sou 110
304 StHeliens 2254120 la-olicubrosot pel. 1639 5 74) 46 Charlie Hill £25 18bfch bropek 10-0
325 228715 ch ~ pek et 60 Jak Tree Hifl 337 18 ch kr pek 1800
327 AGM 293 b62hfeh broor pek 2 20 KT 51 340 13 do pek 130
228 2296 17 ch pek 1630 33 52 243 16 do peksou 1600
429 2.99 13hfch dust 1170 24 A Citrus 352 32 ch Lr pek 3192
33) Bullugalla 212 31 ch prv or pek 3100 333 id | 55 365 23 do pek 3290
33] 2205 +6 do or pek 3660 85 bid | Gy Karangalla 370 12 ch br pek 2016
233 2311 () pek sou A . ayn
3a} Nififeld i) 2885 20 do % bro pek (1120000 ss pial [PEG Colmmbla oo Bia..58 MA chi bro orpek 1s
B42 2833 30 do pek 2700 31 68 341 19 do pek 1479
245 St, Helens 23,7 25hfch broor pek 1 00 36 69 DM OG inest
396 2:0 15 ch ‘or pek UBD 0 ho mark 294 19 bf ch br pek 1045
347 2855 15 do pek 1275 33 70 397. 20 do or pek 1000
348 7356 16 do pek sou 144080 7 400 13 ch pek 1040
362 Strathspey 2368 Ip ch or pek 1665 46 72 403 14 do pek sou 10 0
363 _ 28/1 28 do pek 2070 48 73 Annandale 406 90 hf ch or pex 1080
266 Bandara Bliya 2360 45 hf ch or pek “45 44 74 409. 18 do pek 1ua4
7 2863 42 do bro or pek 2604 60 bid 5 41212 do - fans 1008
365 2386 41 do pek ZHOU aiad 77 Hanagama 418 14 ch orpek 1400
39 Lesmoir 2889 12 ch or pek 198086 "8 421 13 do pex 1.00
300 292 24 do bro pek 240 88 bid ve

1 2305 23 do pek - 2070 g0bid 7 4915 do vopeksqu = 1350

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box.
81 Polgahakande 430
82 433
gs 4°6
84 439
85 Lochiel 42
86 445

&& St. Catherine 411

89 454

91 Theberton 4.0
95 Galphele 472
96 475

97 478
98 48)

101 Kelani 490
102 495

103 406

16 52

106 Bodawa 55

111 Neuchatel 5.0
12 523

113 526

115 Neboda 632
116 635

117 533
124 RT inest.

mark 5°9

125 62.

126 Mahavilla, £65

128) R_mania 571

129 574

133 Oononagalla 586

134 589

185 £92

136 Blinkbonnie 595

137 59%

ie Laxapanag Bally co
ao 10
145 Warakamure 6 2

146 625
147 628
149 Owilikande 634
150 €.7
151 610
152 Siriniwasa 643
153 648
154 619

16) Happugalla 667
164 Murrayth-

waite 679
168 Aviyawella 691
169 694
170 627
174 Pallagama 769
175 712
176 715
177 718
178 721
178 PG 724
188 C oroondoo-

watte Vi
181° 730
182 733
1*4 Kinross 739
186 745

183 Waganilla oat 1

192, Hawa Ella 763
766

197 Agra Hlbedde. 778

198 731
199 784
203. Narangoda 796
201 799
2 6 802
206 Grange Gardens: 05
- 207 8.8
208 sil
212 Nyanza 823
218 826
216° Linest mark 832
216 635
217 &88
218 Wewebedde 811
219 844
222 Cotswold 83
224 859

2238 Ha ugasmulle371
229 K B in est.

mark 874
230 877
231 : 830
232 New Valley 8:3
2:3 t86
234 889
335 &92
236 Narangoda 85

237. Kinchin 898

Pkgs.

ch

Name. Ib.
or pek 1275
bro pek 1810
pek 1120
pek sou 180
bro pek 1815

ek 1500
broor pek 12'3
or pek 10.3
bro pek 1100
bro or pek 1100
or pek 2100
bro pek 2300

ek 2850
bro or pek 48°:0
pek 2420
or pek 4200
fans 1160
bro pek 1 60
bro or pek 1615
br pek 3500)
pek 3040
bro or pek 1400
br pek 8000
pek 2280
pek sou 1800
fans 170
pek sou 2120
br pek 1003
pek 1043
bro or pek 2400
pek 5635
pek sou 2295
or pek 1800
pek 1305
bro or pek 230)
or pek 11:6
or pek 1420
bro pek 1809
pek 2494
bro pek 2600
pek 1805
pek sou 11:80
br pek 1900
pek 3780
pek sou 250
sou 2340
bro pek 1700
bro or pek 1000
or pek 15.0
pek 1620
bro or pek 1729
bro pex 2470
pek 2080
br or pk fans10u0
pek dust 1680
sou 1000
bro pek 1300
pek 2000
pek sou 1000
bro or pek 2200
pek 1785
bro pek 1:60
pek 2250
bro or pek 1375
pek suu 15:0
bro or pek 2100
or pek 2860
pek 20/0
bro pek 2375
pek 1620
pek sou 1260
bro or pek 1100
or pek 10:0
pek 1400
or pek 1250
br pek 1600
br pek 8528
or pek ~— 2100
pek 4250
br pek 2900
pek 2610
broor pek 104U
pek 1870
br pek 1160
bro or pek 1600
or pek 2100
pek 5220
bro or pek 2.00
or pek 1600
pek 2€00
pek sou 2520
br pek 1140
or pek 1330

37 bid

withd‘n
22 bid
out

Pkgs.

Name. lb.
br pek 1250
pek 1710
br pek 2070
bro pek 110%
pes 1584
fons 1125
bro pek 1150
pek 1430

pek sou 1:50
bro or pek 1000

br pek 1800
pek 2565
pe sou 1260
bro or pek 1375
or pek 1034

pek No.1 1247

Messrs. E. John & Co.
(247,011 !b.J

Pkgs.
17 hf ch

Lot. Box.
238 90L
239 904
241. Yagakalla 9:0
242 Forest_Hill 913
243 916
244 919
245 Oonankande 922
246 925
247 928
250 New Angamana937
25k 940
252 943
253 946
256 Yarrow 955
257 958
961
Lot. Box.
1 Fordyce 925
2 928
3 Perth 931
4 934
5 $37
8 Wadhurst 94 Bie
9
13 captains Garden Bet
15 Gingranvya 967
16 9.0
17 Oonoogaloya 973
18 976
19 979
20 Devon 9-2
21 9r5
22 988
z4 Cresta 994
2 997
a7 «Hila 3
28 Templestowe 6
29 9
0 12
31 15
32 18
33 Glentilt 21
34 24
as) 27
ov GW 33
38 St. John’s 36
Bt) 89
40 ay
al 45
42 Nahavilla 48
43 51
44 64
45 57
46 Brownlow 60
47 - 63
18 66
49 69
61 Westhall 75
BY4 78
3 Cabin Ella 81
54 84
657 Ratwatte 93
58 96
6L St. Clair 105
62 108
63 IL
64 114
67 Kolapatna 123
68 126
69 129
70 130
71 Winwood 135
72 138
2B 141
77 Holbrook 153
78 156
7L Glasgow 165
82 168
3 171
84 174
8 RBR 177
86 180
88 Cleveland 186
80 192
9L 195
93 Mocha 201
9 204
95 207

1l
33

50

do
ch

do

25 bf ch

34
25

ch
do

41 hf ch

21

ch

Name. lb.

faus 1°75
dust 1045
bio pek 33.0
or pel 95
pe 1:25
bro pek 1440
pek 1440
pek 1530
or pek 1530
bio rpek 1600
or. ek 1080
bro or pek 1000

ik 2550
broorpek 1575
or pek 2592
pe 2575
bro pek 2050
pen 1806

pek No, lL 6060
broor pek 1926

Ov. ek 1968
pek 1805
pek sou 1UL0 |
unas 1200
bro or pek 2365
or pek 2610
pex 27380
dust 4165
bro or pek 1450
or pek 1250
pek No.1 = 120
pek 1400
or pek 2850
bro pek 3500
pek 2540
pek sou 1230
bro or pek 130
or pee 2522
pe 21.2
bio pek fans 303
dust 1615
bro mix (H) 1000
Dro pew 26.0
pei 2125
bro pek 4409
ye 2 30
Ox pek 2912
bro or pek 140
pek 4140
bro pek 1363
bro or pek 1134
or pe& 1031
pek 1081
bro or pek

fans 1174
bro ur pek 1.00
or pex 266)
pek 4560

bro or pek 16-0
bro pek 1300
bro or pek 1lud4
bro pex 1550

pek 1302
pea pek fans 2732
pes fans 1856
fly or pek 2630
pek 3000
pes sou 10.0
bru or pek 20.0
Or pek 1350
pek 2185

a, pi

Na, oe

4 CEYLON, PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box: Pkgs. Name. Ib. ce. Lob. Box. Pkgs, Name Ibs 3:
98 Poilakande 216 13 ch hroorpek 1300 32 34 TB 1414 13hfcu” dust 975. 24
99 2)9 v4 do bro pek 2160 80 35 ‘ 141716 do fans 460 26
100 222 17 do pek 1520 ¢0 29 Maldeniya 129 9 ch pek sou 765 éu
108 246 30)«6do pek sou 3°40 39 41 Dehiowita 1435 2 ch dust 300 24
112 Lameliere 258 20 do bro or pek 43 0 49 46 Ardlawaud

|

107 Mt. Vernon 243 48 do pek 442) 42, | 40 1432. z do dust 20 xz
|
|

118 20. 16 do or pek 1360 40 Wisufurd 1450 5 ch fans 620 30
114 264 24 do pek 2280 28 47 SW 1463. 3 ch bro pek 33U 32
115 267 10 uo sou 1060 32 48 r 1456 2 do pek 200 28
116 Bittacy 210.22 do bro pek 2156 45 6s OBES, in

117 273 19 do pek 1596 42 est te mark

122 Kandaloya 288 27 hich Bro orpek 1215 42 Forest Creek 1477 3 ch bro mix 246 = 30
123 291 46 do bro pek 2070 34 62 OBEY, in

124 291 29 du or pek 11060 37 estate mark

125 297 100 do pek 4000 34 \ New Market 1428 1 ch fans 123 26
126 460.30 do ians 1500 = 26 pig | 63 160. Lbfch fans £ 23
127 Lameliere 303 20 ch bro or pek 20-0 50 (4 1.4 1 ch dust Jel 2k
128 3u0 16 do or pek 1360 41 63 Lindupatna 1116 3 do peksou 812. 37
129 209 24 do rek 2250 39 69 1519 2 do bro pek fans 272 27
130 812 10 do fans 1060 82 | 74 Welkandala 1.34 6hfch dust 54 2%
131 Dalhousie 35 25 hbfeh_ or pek 1379 39 ! 7a Ing. ya 1537 10 ch bre tea 970 18
132 is 17 dd bro pek 1020 52 pig | 86 Yatuderia 1470 12 do pek sou 900 28
133 321 38 do pek 1900 37 9) Weyunga-

' 1386 Gonavy 3.0 21 ch or pek 189) «90-83 watte 1562 1 do sou 8 26
187 83 13 do bropek 1360 46 { 91 lie5 ahfch dust $20) - 24
138 885 64 do pek 4590 37 94 Bundland 69412 ao bruor pek 720.~ 64
139 Morahela 3:9 38 do or pek 3544 36 95 1597.10 do bro pek 600 «62
140 34: zo do bro pek 2375 42 95 iguv 6 do pe 24 48
741 345 30 do pek 2.60 31 97 1603 5 do pez sou 245 41
142 343 19 do broorpek 1900 35 98 1606 2 do dust 130-25
144 Natuwakelle 454 16 do broorpek 16:0 41 102 Lavrawatte 16018 7 ch yeksou © 700 29
145 357 ly do bropek 100 8634 1U3 1621 2:fch fans 2 25
146 ; 360 15 do ~ pek 120 33 104 Asgeria 16:4 2 ch bro tea 20 _ 37
149 Woodstock 369 12 do bro or pek 1200 41 1U5 1627 1 do dust 150 26
160 377 22 do pek 2-90 36 1ug Kullevat-

161 RDR 875 26 do bropek 3600 = -27 hia banai 1639 Shfch pek 410-29
155 GB 387 17 do bro pekfansi700 26 pig 110 1642 12 do peE sou 6uU. 29
166 Birnam 390 63 do pek sou 4140 40 11L 1645 2 do sou 94 26
157 393 40 do sou 2720238 117 FredsRuhe 16938 5 ch peksou 500 28
158 395 17 «wo ~ fans 1153032 118 1606 3 do dust 480 28
159 899 13 do dust 1079-24 123 Pearhos letl 2hfch pes dust » 204 22
160 Elston 4u2 2thfch pek 1785 3-36 124 (84 5 do fans 4.0 25
161 4°5 21 ch peksou 1:90 withi’n 129 Vogan 1699 2 ch pekfans 250 27
166 Gansarapolla 420 46hfch broorpek 26:2 35 1350 702 5hfch dust 490 24
167 423 3u do bro pek 1650 = 31 135 Vogan 1117 2 ¢ pek fan 250 26
168 426 13 do pek 1235 © 30 136 172) 5hfch dust 406 25
169 St. John’s 4'9 25 do or pek 1247 59 145 Y gama 1747 2 ch pe. sou 200 80
172. Mount Clare 4:8 22 ch hyson No. 2 2090 withd’n 136 1720 3 do dust 450 24
177 Ottery 403 22 do fly or pek 1930 45 bid 150° Torwood 1762.2 ch dust; 360.» 22
178 456 16 do or pek 1280 40 154 Moneragalla 1774 2 ch pek sou 204 31
179 459 32 do pek 2880 8637 165 _ iii 6 do fans 630-26
180 Gingranoya 462 40 do pek 3.00 36 161 O B EC, in
181 GB 465 32hfch broorpek 1920 30 bid estate mark
Sinuumallay 05 A re dust 425 24
SSSES——S—SS—— ES 162 1798 11 do sou 814 27
SMALL LOTS. 165 Great Valley
—_——_—— Ceylon, in est. of “5 " 3
Marx 1807 17 ¢ ro or pek 986 52
Messrs. &. Benham & Coa. 166 1510 10 do crise Sard
169 i 12 do tans 753 29
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, ae 170 1839.0 “dot dase oe ee
2 Coodoogalla 5 19 bfch | pek 500 83 “178 Pembiligalla 1331 1 do pek sou &4 28
3 8 56 do pek sou 2:0 29 174 1s34 1 do bropek fans 125 26
4 Li do, dust 560 25 175 1837 1 do dust 150 23
1@ Helgolla, Inv. 179 Kellicbedde 1819 1 do bro pek 185 60
No. £9 4 ch pek fans 28S 26 182 Mawiiganga- _
15 Halg la, Env. Wwatte 1858 4hfch fans 220 28
No. 9 44 3 do fans 312 25 | 187 Knavesmire 1873 7 do bro peE fans 560 24
16 Galatura 47 10hfch dust 950 24 188 Letcbemey 187615 do per fans $75 26
——_ 189 tr +e 6 ee east £10 25
BT er ; 192 assena, 883 14hf ¢ p.k sou 700 29
tesers. Forbes & Waller. 1193 aw tang 2h 1 dy. bro pekfans 71325
> 196 Lucky Lan L049 ¢ pe 765 = 38
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. Ce | 197 1u%3 6 do pek sou 540 36"
1 Yatiyana 1315 8 ech or pek 558 80 198 1906 3hfch pek fans 270-35
2 138 3 do bropek 300 28 | 25 Dea Ella 1957 10 do fans 60 28
3 131 3 de pek 3.0 28 219 Dammeria 1969 9 ch bro pekfans 7:0 — 23
8 Panawatte 1335 7 ch dust 300 Dt 225 Erracht 1987 3 do dust 510° 23
9 Avoca 153) 8 ch bro or pek 880 58 | 230) Mah uva 2002 2bfch fans 150 26
10 1542 6 do bropek 880 42 | 231 2005 7 do dust 595 +25
12 1348 3 do pek sou 312. 40 | 236. Fairlawn 220 3 da dust 225 625
13 1351 «1 do bro pek fans 136 26 244 Hanwella 2038 Lhfch hyson No 2 63 27
14 Dolahena 13:4 16 hf ch young hyton 8vu0 34 243 2041 2 do dust 160 812
14 357 16 do hyson 800 83 244 Minna, F P
16 1°6' 8 do slitings 210 10 WwW 2045 10hfch pek sou 900 87
17 _ 1863 1 box silver tips 10 75 246 2050 10 do dust 7400025
16 OB EC, in 266 Kitulgalla 2u80 3 ch dust 375 23
in estate mark 267 283 2hfch bro or pek
New market 15/6 4 ch fans 492 BL fans 124 26 a
20 Beverley 1372 10 hich broorpek 500 61 258 BDWP 2086 6 ch bropekfans¢60 30 7
7 a 1378 20 do pek sou 900 32 259 2089 1 do sou 77 26 3
27 Sirikandure i393 1 ch bro pekfans 128 © 26 260 292 ihfch dust 98. 23
28 195 Lt do fans 80 24 263 Opalgalla 2110 4 en congu 37226
2) 13.0 1 do congou 80 8623 22 Kuwiahena 2128 1 do bru pek 114042
80 1422 do bru pe« dust .208 28 273 218L 1 do pek £6 36
al 1iu5 2 do red leaf 94 13 74. MidJand 2134. 1 do bropek 107° 32 —
32 148 2 do bro pek dust 128. 24 276 Ovko watte 21.7. 3 do pek fans 375: | AS
23 =D Jali 1 ch dust 20 76 267 Dromoland 2140 8 do ox pek 677 32

CEYLON

Name.

pek sou
pek sou
fans

dust

bro pek fns
pek sou
Cust

fans

or pek

peE sou
fans

dust

pek sou
fans

dust

dust

fans

dust

br or pek
or pek

pek

p2k sou
dust

per sou
dust

dust

bro or pek
bro pek
dust

pek
congou
fans

pek sou
dust

fans

bro pek fans
fans.

dust

dust

br or pek
or pek

pek

pek sou
fans

dast

bro or pek
dust

dust

bro pk fans
br pek dust
or pek fans
br pek No 2
pex No2
pek sou
dust

dust

fans

PRODUCE SALES LIST.

630

Messrs. Somerville & Co.

Lot. Box. Pkgs.
231 Ulaveria 2155 6&/)ifch
290 Poonagalla 2182 7 ch
291 215 10 do
292 2288 8 do
298 Marloorovgh 2266 $1!fch
333 Dunbar 222 lec le. col
304 Beverley 2224 19 do
805 . 2227 2 Go)
310 Hal arawe 2242 9 do
312 2248 9 cdo
313 2251 -2-2do
314 2254 2 do
3-0 Haputdewella272 1b hfch
821 Diaien Duncko,
323 Ouvahbkellie 223i 11 ch
326 So. Ielivis 2290 7 hf ch
334 Bulligalla 23814 6 ch
335 2 4 do
335 3 do
337 7 do
233 9 do
239 4 do
Bt) 8 do
343 Ninfield 4 d>
344 2 1 do
339 BW aD 7 do
350 Strathspey 2362 9 do
35! 2365 6 do
354 2374 2% do
355 SG 2377 +4 do
365 Kirim ttia 2407 1 do
266 2410 3hfch
307 WV Y 2313 6 ch
383 Passaracvoup 2461 3 hf ch
384 cd 2464 9 do
383 Goodhope 2476 31 do
289 2479 2 ado
390 2482 Thich
393 Kibtulgalla 206 3 do
“99 Anning‘ ande 25L9 9 ch
400 2512 9 do
401 2515 6 do
402 2518 2 do
403 2621 Ihfch
404 vars 1 do
4(5 Erlsmeie 527. 14° do
411 Harrow 2985 4 ch
412 Wattaw lla 2648 7hfch
413 2651 13 hf ch
419. Queensland 2559 9 do
420 2572 edo
421 2(55'1 ch
722 2518 1 do
426 Attampittia 2590 11 do
427 2693 4 hf ch
432 Madulielle 26(8 3hfch
433 2611 2 do
Lot. Box. Pkgs.
“2 Oolapane 190 5 hf ch
3 HJS 193. .7 hf ch
4 196 11 do
6 Dikmukalana 265 14 bf ch
9 Brecon 214 9 ch
10 217 1h co
ll 210 1hfch
14 Rothes 229 1 hf ch
19 Rahatungoda 244 Shfch
20 247 4 do
21 Ravana 250 15 hf ch
22 268 9 do
24 259 11 do
25 PD in est. marh262 1 hf-ch
22 Adawatte - 271 10 hf-ch
33 Salawe “86 2 ch
By 289 2 do
35 Ambalawa 252" se Chi
36 295 9 do
37 298 5 do
38 301 9 do
39 San Cio 304 5 ch
40 307 3hfich
4) 310 1 do
42 Nickawella 813):7 -ch
43 316 6 do
44 319 3 do
45 822 1 hf ch
47 Charlie Hill, 3828 19 hfch
48 331 10 do
49 334 2 do
68 Jak Tree Hill 316 ! ch
54 349 1 do
Citrus 868 6 ch

Name.

tans

pek

pek sou
dust

br pek
pex sou
dust
dust

pek sou
pek dust
bro cr pek
bro pek
pek sou
dust

pekx sou
pek fans
pek dust
br pek
or pek
pex

pek sou
sou

Gusb

bro mixed
br pek
pek

pek sou
dust

pek

pek gou
dust
dust

eongou

pek sou

lb.

bid

i)

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Co

58 361 6 ch fans 600 =—-%8

59 364 Z do dust 525 21

6u Arcady 367 Obfch unast 250 16

€3 Karangalla 37627 «ch pek sou 695 28

64 379 3hbf-ch sou 1&0 25

65 332. 2 do dust 160 23

(6 Hanagama 4:5 10hich bro or pek 600 37

80 427 4 do dust 304 22

87 Lachine 418 6 cb pek sou 600 27

9° St. Catherine 4571 ch fans 113 26

92 Theberton 463 10 ch pek 850 35

95 é 466 1 do sou 85 27

94 469 1 do fans 100 23

“9 Ravenoya 454 8 ch pek sou 300 29

106 487 2 do fans 300 24

lus Kelani 49) lu ch pek sou $00 28

17 Bod wa 508 7 ch pek €30 3

103 511 5 do pek sou 425 28

109 514 3hfch bro pk fans 225 23

110 617.1 ch bro mix 84 20
114 Neuchatel D2tsD ‘ch dust 700 23

118 Neboda 511. 3. ch dust 450 22

119 SRK 544 5 ch pek 500 34

120 547. 2 do dust 320 24
121 5£0 2 do bro mix 200 «18
i122 Fin estmark 553 1 ch pek sou 105 37

13 556 4hfch dust 820. 24

147. Mahavilla 568 2hfch sou 110 27

130 Rumania 5Giipeo ch pek sou 500 23

131 580 1 ch bro pek funs 100 23

132 533 lhfch dust 67 20

138 Blinkbonnie 601 4 ch pek sou 344 36

141 Laxapanagallasl0 5 ch pek 450 29
142 6i3 2 do pek fans 200 25

143 616 1 do dust 100 23
144 G 619 2hfch red leaf 150 16

148 Warakamure 631 11 ch pek sou 935 27

155 Siriniwasa 652° 5 ch bro pek fang 525 26

156 655 2 do dust 318 23

157 668.2 do sou 190 18

158 Happugalla 661 7 bich pek fans 505 25

159 664 6 do dust 510 15

lol 670 4 do bro tea 420 14

162 F Ain est mark673 4 ch pek son £36 31

168 676 4hfch . dust 340 24

165 Murrayth-

waite 682 9 ch pek 810 82

186 685 4 do pek scu 340 28

167 638 2 do bro pek fans 270 25

171 Avisawella 700.8 ch pek sou 610 28

172 703 4hfch dust 30) 2h

173 HV 706 10 ch pek 900 28 bid
1:3 Cosroondoo-

watte 736 4 hf ch pek fans 320 24

165 Kinross 742 6 ch bro pek 530 31 bid

187 718 8 do pk dust 92) 25

180 Waganilla 150 -6—ch pek s.u 540 31

19k 760 2hfch dust 199 24
194 Park Hill 769 6 ch bro pek 618 35

195 772 2 do X

lhfch pek 206 31

196 775 6 ch pek sou 310 28

200 Agra Elb dde 787 15 hf ch pek scu 675 42

201 X X 790 5 hf ch bro cr pk fans 325 31

202 793 2 do dust 160 2k

209 Grange Gardens814 3 ch pek sou 300 29

210 817 38 do fans 300 a3
ZL 820 2hfch dust 170 25

214 TC Ain est

mark 829 2 ch red leaf 200 17

220 Wewebedde 847 9 ch pek son 810 82

221 850 2 do fans 200 26

223 Cotswold €56 12 ch or pek $40

225 862 7 do pek sou 595

226 865 3 do br or pkfans 3°0 ¢ withd‘n

22% 868 2 do dust 220

24@ WKinehin 907 4hf ch dust 340 23

248-Qonankande 931 5 bi ch dust £50 25

219 New Avgamanals4 1 bex golden tips 5) RU

254 949 6 ch pek fans 672 265

255 52 2° do dust 320 24

259 Yarrow 965 15 hf ch pek No2 116 81

260 £67 4 do fans 252 27

(Messrs. &. John & Co.)

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, GC.
6 Perth 94@ 9 ch pek sou 675 30
7 943 4 do pek dust 640 24

uy Wadburst 952 5 do pek sou 450 32,

955 3hbfch dust 240 24

i Captains Garden 958 7 ch bro pek 7008

964 2 do pek sou 180 24

33 Devon 991 S5hfch fans 400 26

°6 Cresta 1000 4 do dust 320 24

26 GW 30 4 ch pek sou 320-33

50 M” 72 4 do sou 408 V

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. :

a
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lone es
55 Cabin Ella 87 2hfch_ pek fans )40 25
56 9C 2 ‘do pek dust 180 26
59 Ratwatte 99 6 ch pek sou 480 28
60 192 5hfch dust 400 24
@5 Chapelton 117 8 do dust 20) ed
63 120 5 ch sou 4£0 26
74 Winwood 141 12bfch fans 720 25
75 Tena 147 6 do’ brorpekfans 350 25
76 150 8 do dust 256 24
79 H.: lbrook 169 10 ch pek 95 46
80 Heatherley 162 2-do siftings 348 11
87 RBR 183 1 do
6hfch dust 660 24
89 Cleveland 1389 8 do bro pek 496 35 bid
92 198 4 do fans 820 26
96 Mocha 210 10 ch fans 800 28
97 BD 213. | box fans 18 26
10. PKT 225 9bfch dust 765 23
102 NP 222 8 do young hyson
fans 205 16
103 231 7 do young hyson
siftings 858 15
104 234 8 do yung hyson
siftings No.2 561 13
105 237 4 do young hyson
dust 320 1L
106 240 3 ch byson bro leaf 240 20
109 Mount Veincn 249 Shfch fans 560 29
110 252 do dust 801 25
111 The Farm 255 2 ch dust 150 24
118 Bittacy 276 7hfch_ broor pek 350 65
119 279 4 ch fans 440 30
120 282 3 do peksou 270 ©=— 336
121 285 2hfch dust 168 23
134 Dalhousie 324 16 do peksou 800 34
136 327 7 do bro pek fans 490 26
143. Morabela 351 4 do dust 836 23
147 Natuwakelle 353 8 ch pek sou 720 29
148 366 3 do dust 300 24
152 GB 378 7 de bro pek 735-32
153 331 8 do pek 680 30
154 W, in est. mark 384 7hfch dust 588 24
162 Crwell 80110 ch or pek 990 = 41
163 411 4 do bropek 252 = 61
164 414 10 do pek 900 36
165 417 4 do pe fans 230 26
170 Mount Clare 432 7 do young hyson 70°
aval 435 8 do hyson 769 within
173 441 3 do siftings 315
174 444 4 do twanty 392
175 MPS 447 7 do _ bro pek 7350 (24
176 450 6 do
: Thfch pek 650 89-24

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

Mincinc LANE, March 26th.

‘© Peleus.”’—Meeriabeedd F, 1 bag sold at 953;

ditto 1, 2 casks sold at 888; ditto 2,4 casks and
1 barrel sold at 80s; ditto S, 1 barrel sold at 45s ;
ditto PB, 1 cask sold at 104s.

“ Glaucus."’—Blackwood OO, 1 burrel sold at 110s ;
ditto O 4 casks sold at 105s 6d; ditto EF, 1 tierce

sold at 728; ditto F, 1 barrel sold at 50s; ditto PB,
1 at 119s,
CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.
Mincinc LANE, March 27th.
“ Peleus.’—OBEC in estate mark Kondesalle

Ceylon O, 29 bags sold at 60s; ditto O, 22 at 64s;
ditto 1, 8 at 5is; ditto G, 4 at 58s; OEC in estate

mark Mahaberia Ceylon O, 13 bags sold at 57s
6d; ditto 1, 21 at 56s; CG’ ditto C, 31 at 81s; C
ditto ie) at 68s 6d ; ditto D, 8 at 46s 62.

“ Jamna.”—Alloowiharie Ceylon Cocoa A, 40 bags
sold at 60s; ditto B, 28 at 553; ditto C, 2 at 50s;
New Peradeniya, J bag sold at 50s.

“ Achilles.’—Alloowiharie Ceylon Cocoa A, 84
bags sold at 60s.

‘“ Jumna,”’—Wiharagama 3, 8 bags sold at 51s;
ditto B, 5 at 40s 6d.

“ Peleus.’’—Polwatia B, 1 bag sold at 56s; ditto
D, 3 at 538s 6d; ditto HE, 3 at 50s 6d; ABC in
estate mark B, 4 bags sold at 555; ditto C, 6 at
538s; ditto D, 2 at 3ls; ditto EH, 1 at 438s; JJV
DE in estate mark, 24 bags sold at 6lsg 1 at 45s.

‘ Musician.”—CTC London Greenwood BB, 26
bags sold at 62s,

“ Peleus.”’—Warriapolla, 105 bags sold at 60s 6d;
2 at 58s; 16 at 51s; 16 at 34s.

“Sado Maru.’—Hylton OO, 37 bags sold at 66s ;
ditto T, 2 at 5ls,

“ Japan.’’—Woodthorpe No, I. 2, 20 bags sold aq
60s 6a: Morankande No. 1, 31 baga sold at 603 6d.

se Awa Maru.”’—Yattawatte, 10 bags sold at 50s;
Broken, 1 at 56s.

** Achilles.”—Goonambil 63 bags sold at 648; 12
at 5ls 6d.

“ Derbyshire.’—Allagala 1, 5 bags sold at 40s;
Blacks, 3 bags sold at 38s,

“ Jumna.’’—Katugastota, 13 bags sold at 5ls;
47 at 61s; 10 at 543 6d; 6 at 5ls,

‘ Wakasa Maru,’—Ukuwela A, 22 bags sold at 59s,

“ Staffordshire.”’—Rockhill AA, 69 bags sold at 64;
C, 6 at 50s.

“Glaacus.’—Maousava AA, 39 bagssold at 62s 6d.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES;

No. 16.

Lot. Box
1 Battalgalla 3
8 Halgolla, Inv,

No. 10 9
4 12
8 Bunyan and

Ovoca 24
9 27

10 30

11 33

12 36

13 39

14 42

Lot, Box.
30B EC, in

estate mark
Loolecondere 2632
4 2641
6 Walpita 2647
7 2650

10 Rickarton 2659

11 2662

12 2685

22 Drayton 2695

23 2698

24 2701

25 Ccldestream

Group 2704

26 2707

27 2710

36 St. Paul’s, Inv.

No. 9 1737
- 37 2740

88 2743

39 Str Paul’s Iny.

No. 10 2746

40 2749

41 2762

62 Clarendon 2785

53 2788

64 2791

57 Vincit 2860

58 2003

59 2806

68 OBEC, in

estate mark
Nillomolly 2818

64 2821

65 2824

66 2827

70 Passara

Group 2839

71 2842 °

72 2845

73 2848

76 Sylvakandy 2857

77 2360

80 Preston 23869

86 Stamfordhill 2887

87 2890

88 2893

91 Tempo 2902

92 2905

93 ' 2903

98 Rajawatte +922

100 Stafford 2929

101 2932

162 2935

106 P nawatte 2947

107 2960

108 2953

109 2956

116 Ingregalla 29:7

117 2980

122 Dessford 2995

123 2993

126 Munukettia

Ceylon, in est.
mark 8007

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA

CoLoMBo, ApriL 28, 1902.

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. Benham & Co.
[26,958 1b,]
. Pkgs. Name.

—_—

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

17 ch

24 ch
31 do

56 hf ch
72 do
29 ch
17. do
31 do
32 bf ch
15 do

pek sou

bro pek
pek

bro or pek
kK

[568,503 }b.]
Pkgs. Name,

26 ch pek fans
19 do dust

40 do bro pek
28 do pek

28 hfch bro or pek
2t ch or pek

45 do pek
6Lhfch or pek

55 ch pek

30 do pek sou
94hfch bro pek

34 ch pek

13 do pek sou
22hfch bro or pek

57 do or pek

67 do pex
2thfch _ bro or pek
62 do or pek

74 -do pek
3lhfch bro pek
24 ch pek

21 do pek sou
29 ch bro pek
31 do pek

15 do pek sow
1s ch bro or pek
24 do or pek

23 do pek

29 do pek sou
18 ch or pek

380 do _ bro or pek
37 de pek

17 do pek sou
72 ch bro pek

41 do pek

21 do bro pek
a0 hfch bro pek

30 do or pex

30 ch pek u
20 ch bro pek
30 do or pex

3L do pek

18 ch ek

1s hf ch bro or pek
22n ch or pek

16 do pek

9 ch bro or pek
22 do bro pek

18 do pek Nol
14 do pek No 2
13 ch bro pek
12 do pek

23 ch bro pek
16 do or pek

11 ch or pek

lb,

1275

2416
3105

3360
3600
2900
1718
2790
2240
1330

Ib,

1950
1805
4000
2620
1624
1899
4050
3050
4950
2550

5170
2890
1040

1364
3021
3350

1302
3286
3700
2015
2280
2100
2900
2790
1350

18.6
2208
2024
2436

1620
3000
2330
1530
7200
4100
2100
2100
1440
278
2000
2350
2790
1710
1040
22.0
1520
1062
2222
1746
1330
1300
1.80

1449
16C0

1001

bid

2 bid

Lot, Box.
127 3610
128 3013
131 St. Helen 3022
132 3925
133 3028
134 3031
135 Purana 3034
137 3040
138 3043
141 Hatton 3052
142 3055
144 Thedden 3061
145 3064
149 Glencrehy 38076
150 3079
158 East Holy-
rood 3103
159 Tymawr 3106
166 319
161 3112
162 BL15
163 Elkadua 3118
164 3121
165 3124
166 Wallaha
(Venesta pkgs.) 3127
167 3130
168 3133
169 3136
171 Penrhos 3142
172 8145
173 3148
174 BLL
175 3154
178 Tembiligalla 3163
179 3166
184 Digdola 3181
186 3:87
187 Laxapana 3190
183 3193
190 Dunnottar 3199
192 3205
193 3208
197 Bandara-
polla 3220
198 3223
139 3226
201 Clunes 3232
202 3235
203 3238
205 3244
207 High Forest 3250
203 3253
a9 3255
210 Kirklees 32/9
211 8262
213 High Forest 3268
214 3271
215 3274
216 Pallagodda 3277
217 3280
218 3283
219 3286
920 3259
221 3292
225 Ruanwella 3°04
226 3307
227 3310
228 3313
229 3316
233 BA 3378
234 8321
235 Roeberry D 3334
236 3337
237 3240
238 £343
241 Palmerston 3352
242 3355
244 Naseby 3361
245 3364
246 3367
259 Kitulgalla 3379
261 8382
252 3385
255 Delta 394
256 3397
257 3400
258 3103
259 3406

PrIcE :—12% cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

Pkgs.

11 hf ch

22 do
20 do
19 ch
14 do

92 hf ch

12 ch
35 hfch

16 do
15 hf ch

Name. Ib. cc.
bro pek 2160 51
pek 1600 37
bro or pek 1620 37
or pek 1080 36
pek 1710 33
pek sou 1170 31
bro pek 1100 37
pek 2400 35
pek sou 1296 30
bro pek 3255 55
pek 2790 41
bro pek 3400 35
pek 1425 34
bro pek 4560 59.
pex 6225 42
dust 2037 24
or pek 1650 49 bid
broorpek 1040 56
pek 2350 40gbid
pek sou 2250 39) OW
bro pek 1500 36 4
pek 2550 32 bid
pek sou 1445 30
bro or pek 1564 62
bro pek 1680 43
or pek 1300 47
pek 2100 43
broorpek 1110 54
bro pek 1920 36 bid
or pek 1250 39
pex 2380 © 85
pek sou 2175 30
bro or pek 2755 33 bid
pek 1440 3l
pek 1840 34
bro pek
fins 1200 28
bro pek
fans 1050 27
dust 1980 26
bro or pek 1100 53
bro pek 1900 42
pek 1260 39
bro or pek 5244 3
bro pek 2695 82
pek 1692 30
or pek 1530 36
bro pek 2500 39-33
pek 2945 31
bro pek
fans 1188 86.26
or pek
No l 2640 45 bid
or pek 1870 41
pek 1568 40
br or pek 2880 41
pek son 2790 33
or pek No13000 43 bid
or pek 1816 = 40
pek 16€6 39
bro or pek 2900 30
bro pek 4200 37
or pek 3330 33
pek 3145 31
pek sou 3150 28
sou 1350 - 27
bro or pek 1155 33
bro pek 1500 32
or pek 1170 33
pek 2520 30
br pk fans 1000 26
rek fans 1235 25
dust 1615 24
pro or pek 3300 59
bro pek 9400 38
pek 5796 =: 36
pek sou 1350 35
bro or pek 1080 66
pek 10.0 51
bro or pes 2108 61 bid
or pek 1175 70
fans 1078 37
bro or pek 1827
or pek 1420 | with'ne
pek 1620
bro or pek 2408 40
bro pek 1409 35
pek 1394 35
pek sou 1296 32
fans 142) 27

3 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
¢
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name lb. ec. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name Ib. oc,
264 Ninfield 2421 20 ch bropek 1997 9-38 40 Rahatungoda 1087 20hfch broorpek 1140 44 bid
265 Gampaha 3424 32 do broorpek 3520 40 41 1090 23 do or pek 1219 = 40 bid
266 3427 36 do oy pek 2456 89 42 1093 28 do pek 1456 938 bid
267 3430 39 do pek 3315 87 43 Nellicollai-
268 3433 12 do pek sou 1080 36 watte 1096 47 hf ch bro pek 2867 35
270 Polatagama 3439 48 do bro pek 4800 31 44 1098 18 ch pek 1674 32
271 3442 82 do pek 7380 30 bid 48 Glenalla 1111 17 ch young hyson 1784 37
274 Pine Hill 3451 19hfch broorpek 1140 4 49 1114 15 ch hyscn No. 1 1350 35
275 3454 18 ch or pek 1620 39 55 Dryburgh 1132 19 hf ch broorpek 1197 26
276 3157 16 do pek 1440 37 56 1135 18 ch or pe 1620 38
277 3460 12hfch dust 1020 2 57 1133 26 do perk 2296 34
283. Mcray 3478 33 ch or pek 1518 44 62 Theberton 1153 11 ch _ br pek 1100 = 37
284 8481 45 do bro or pek 2700 57 65 Pinkandi 1162 35 hf ch broorpek 1925 37
285 3484 52 do bro pek 3380 3 66 1165 17 ch pex« 1496 33
286 8487 58 do pek 5220 4u 70 Mora Ella 1177 491fch broerpek 2940 ~38
287 3190 19 do pek No 2 1615 37 TL 1180 41 ch pek 3690 34
289 RM in estate 72 1183 16 do pek sou 1360 30
mark 3496 23hfch bro or pek 1242 39 75 1192 27hfch or pek 1°96 39
298 8499 75 ch bro pek 7500 34 bid 76 Tientsin 119— 55 ch bro or pek 5509 38 bid
291 2502 43 do pek 3055 33 77 1198 80 do pek 6800 37 bid
292 3505 13 do pek sou 1079 29 78 1201 12 do pek sou 1021 31 bid
294 Matale 8511 388hfch bro pek 2280 36 84 Old Madegamaiz19 16 ch bro or pek 120) 48 bid
205 3514 18 ch pek 162u 33 85 1222 16 do or peE 1120 40
296 3617 12 do pek sou 1080 29 8&6 1225 18 do pek 1530 37
299 Middleton 38526 i7hfch broor pek 1020 67 bid 87 Mousa Eliya 1228 10 ch bro or pek 1000 38
300 3529 30 ch bro mix 3000 48 bid 88 1231 31 do or pek 3100 35 bid
301 3532 15 do pek 1350 43 Lid 89 12:4 21 do pek 1995 33
303 BK 3588 11 do dust No 1 1540 24 92 Aigburth 1248 17 ch bro pek 1805 35 bid
313 Bellengolla 3663 16 do bro pek 1600 31 93 1246 17 do perk 1£30 34
314 3571 16 do pek 1440 28 94 1249 12 do pek sou 1020 29
318 Malvern 3583 14bfch dst 1320 24 95 Walla Valley 1252 27 ch pek 2700 36 bid
319 3586 26 do bro pk fans 1320 26 69 Beausejour 1264 11 ch bro pek 1100 36
3820 Weoya 3583 27 ch bro or pek 2970 37 100 1267 13 do or pek 1170 33
821 6592 58 do bro pek +5800 32 101 1270 17 do pek 1360 32
322 3595 36 do pek 324) 83 108 Kurulugalla 1291 14 ch pek 1260 30
824 1 13 do br pek fans 1430 25 115 Rambedde 1312 5lhfch bropek 2805 43
326 Morankande 7 %ihfch broorpek 1176 Bt 116 1315 46 do pek 2070 37
327 10 25 do or pek 1250 36 120 Rayigam 1327 17 bf ch broorpek 1020 46
328 13 29 ch pek 1800 32 T21 1330 17 ch cr pek 1615 37
332 Aberdeen 25 34 do bro pek 3400 35 122 1333 14 do bro pek 1330 33
333 28 45 do pek 3690 32 123 1336 25 do pek 2125 32
334 31 14 do sou 1204 27 124 1339 19 do pek sou 1805 30
336 Templehurst 37 11 do bro or pek 1155 45 126 Scarberough 1345 22 hf ch broorpex 1232 50
337 40 24 do pek 2280 39 197 1348 12 ch or pek 1140 42
339 46 15 do pek fans 1170 31 128 1351 19 do pek 1900 38
343 Denmark Hill 53 25 do bro or pek 2550 465 bid 129 Hobart 1354 22 ch bro pek 2156 8 §©6. 52 bid
344 61 19 do or pek 1672 46 bid 130 Harangalla 1357 22 ch bro pek 2(90 35 bid
845 64 21 do pek 1848 43 bid 131 1360 43 do pek 2080 31 bid
346 67 2L do pek sou 1785 40 132 1363 30 do pek sou 3440 28
347 Pungetty 70 18 do bro pek 2196 53 bid 134 1599 22 do bropek fans2200 27
348 73 12 do pek 1236 42 bid 135 DV 1272 20 hf ch pek 11c0 27
352 Kincora 85 12 do bro pek 1320 44 bid 136 Mousakande 1375 i9 ch pek sou 14615 30
353 88 25 do pek 2125 37 bid 137 1378 24 hf ch bro pek fans15t0 28
85g Amblakanda 103 10 do bro pek 1000 84 138 Mahatenne 1381 21 hich broorpek 2100 37 bid
359 106 19 do ek 1520. 30bid | 139 1384 23 ch or pe 200 33 bid
362 Coreen 115 27 hfch bro pek 1620 938 140 1387 23 do pek 2185 31
353 118 19 ch or pek 1710 40 143 St. Catherine 1396 13 ch pek 1173 32
364 121 12 do ek 1020 37 147 IP 1403 13 ch pek sou 1040 31
366 KWR 124 10 do bro pek 1024 out 148 1411 16 hf ch dust 1408 24
371 Tismoda 142 32 do _ bro pek 3200 = 33 150 Selvawatte 1417 24 bf ch bro pek 1320) 33
372 145 27 do pek 2480 32 154 Rurunegalle
376 Edward Hil) 157 18 do bropek 1326 =. 36 Est. Co., of
881 Montery 172 16 do ek sou 1440 29 Ceylon, Ltd. 1429 22hfch fio. or pek 1276 36
389 Cocmbe Court 196 33hfch bro pek 1815 35 155 1432 27 bf ch or pek 1404 33 bid
892 Macaldenia 2(5 32 Go bro pek 1920 39 156 1435 19 ch pek 1615 31
393 208 20 do pek 1650 36 168 Dalukoya 1471 34 hf ch broorpek 2040 4
397 Bindara Eliya 220 49 do bro pek 2695 39 bid 169 1474 45 do or pek 2475 36
848 223 43 do ” bro orpek 2580 42 bid 170 1477 42 do pek sou 2100 81 bid
399 226 50 do pek 2500 38 bid 173 1486 20 do or pek 1€00 35 Lil
416 229 17 do dust 1496 26 175 Roseneath 1892 2C ch pek 1797 33
401 252 21 do fans 1470 27 bid 176 Nyanza 1495 16 ch pek 1597 31
402 ANKE 235 15 ch bro or pek 1476 withd‘n 177. Panmure 1498 27hfch broorpek 1485 40
405 Gonapatiya 244 29 do pek 2755 42 178 1501 31 do or pek 1558 38 bid
406 Marlborough 247 20hfch broorpek 1040 57 bid 179 1504 29 ch pek 2610 25 bid
47 2560 28 ch bro pek 2800 8643 183 Ambragalla 1516 15 ch pek 1272 32
408 253 17 do or pek 1446 39 184 Ingrogalla 1519 17 ch pek 1527 21
409 256 42 do pek 3948 37 185 Udabage 1522 20 hf ch hyson No2 100U 28
410 259 13 do bro pek 1170 36 186 1825 20 do gtfans 1000 14
— ee 190 ra tinguon 7 1537 ae ch pee ~ 1347 28
. a, gy 191 Laxapanagallal5i0 24 ¢ ro or pek 2400 37
Messra. Somerville & Go. 192 1543 12 do orpek 1200 31 bid
[216,064 1b.] 196 Ingoya 1555 25 ch bro pek 2625 33 bid
1 7 197 H‘'Gama 1558 19 ch pek 1900 28 bid
ot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bswacs 200 Simla 1567 11 ch” pek 1col 39
6 Ravyenscraig 935 10 rea “ “
lhfe ro pe 1055 36 bid
7 988 13 ch pek 1170 33 Messrs. &. John & Co.
9 WKP 994 20 ch bro pek 2100 37
11 1000 13 do or pek 1170 34 (216,789 lb.]
1g iy ia Hae 87 ao pek - 2960 30
Jovswo 1015 13 ¢€ bro pe 1040 45 Lot. : i \ :
18 1021 22 do pek 1870 87 Ot IE Busse NILES eS
22 Roseneath 1023 22 ch bro pek 2200 35 bid 2 Kahagalla 471 47hfch bropek 2914 937 bid
23 1036 15 do pek 1350 31 bid 3 474 14 ch pek 1372 34 bid
24 P 10239 14 do ek gow 1275 28 bid 4 477 13 do pek sou 1170 30 bid
27 L 1048 23 hf ch dust 1840 24 6 St. Clair 4383 22 do or pek 2288 46
26 Meriatenne 1075 86 hf ch pek 1944 40 7 486 33 do pek 3240 41
37 1078 25 do pek sou 1226 «38 8 489 12 do peksou 1cges 8388

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lob. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib; cs SMALL LOTS.
al NN fe HE 498 17hfch dust 1445 24 ee
or undul-
a oya 50L 40 Ge young hyson 2400 = 35 bid Messrs. E. Benham & Co.
504 34 do son 3060 36 bid é
ah ae 507 14 do eon No.2 1260 31 bid | Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ce,
46 Avington 513 36 do bro pek 3420 34 bid 2 Battalgalla 62s ch dust 170 25
17 516 59 do pek 5015. 36 5 Halgolle, Inv.
18 5i9 53 do pek sou 3710 28 No. 10 15 12 ch peksou 954 29
21 GT 523 12 do pek 1080 28 6 18 10 do pek fans 942 24 bid
24 Kandahar 537 19hfch_ or pek 1045 47 7 21. +25-do dust 262 23
as a oa : 540 19 ue pek 1045 35 ee eee ey oer
3 ount Everest 546 33 do broor pek 1650 53 bid
o8 519 85 oot make EON ce “Mlessrs. Forbes & Walker
29 552° 27 ¢ ek 2700 43
30 ae ce keen Fe Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. C.
31 Gingranoya 558 12 do bropek 1200 36 1 Dunbar 2632 1hfch bropekfans 59 35
88 Nahavilla 679 14 do or pek 1269 38 bid 2 @ BE OC, in
39 582 18 do bro pek 0.0 44 estate mark
40 535 12 do pek 1080 36 Loolecsndera 2635 10 ch bro mix 800 28
43 Kadienlena 59! 49 hfch bro or pek 5 2644 3 do sou 210 = 20
fans 3675 25 8 Walpita 2653 7 do pek sou 560 28
44 Koslande 597 41 do bro pek 2285 36 9 2656 2 do sou 160 26
45 600 25 ch pek 2125 32 13. Rickarton 2668 6 ch pek sou 500 29
49 BK 612 i0hfch dust 10:0 8924 14 2671 6hfch bropekfans 420 31
50 Ashburton 615 11 ch broorpek 1155 56 15 2674 3 do fans 255 2d
51 6.8 %6 do bro pek 2308 48 16 RS 2677 11 do or pek 559 33
52 6/1 20 do pek 1800 37 17 2680 12 do jek 600 29
61 Tcmplestcowe 6 8 25hfch broorpek 2100 47 18 2653 12 do pes sou 600 37
62 C5L 86 do or pek 1728 43 bid 1B) 2683 6 do bro tea 250 25
63 (54 18 eh pek 1620 42 20 2:8) 38 ao dust 186 24
64 677 13 do fans 13¢5 29 bid 2b 2092 38 do congou 150 20
65 (60 10 do dust 109 24 bid 23 Coldstream
66 Kandaloya 063 z7bfch broorpek 1215 46 Group 2713 3hfch fans 105 26
67 666 45 do bro pe 2025 32 bid 29 2716 3 do dust 240 25
68 €69 26 do or pek 1440 38 30 IK V 2719 6 ch pek fans 720 24
69 672 64 do pek 2510 = 34 31 Falm Garden 2722 0 ch bro pek 990 32
70 Messend 675 19 do broorpek 1045 § 73 32 2725 8 do. pe BCO 25
71 678 32 do or pek 1760 56 33 2723 6 do pek sou 600 2t
2 68L 23 do pek 115) 49 34 2731. 1 do fans TOK 020)
76 Coslanda 693 41 do bro pek 2255 36 35 9734, 1 do dust 180 ste
47 696 25 ch pek 2125 30 bid 42 Mount Park 27:5 8hfch_ bro pek 165 26
81 St. Jchn’s 708 25hfch wvroorpek 1425 56 bid 43 2738 2 do pek ener}
82 71L 25 do or pek 12£0 58 bid 44 Nahiaceniya %761 3 box flowery pek 48 85
83 71422 do pekNe.1 1056 45 bid 45 27e4 3 ch or pek S21N 87,
84 71; 20 do pek 1080 460 46 R 2767 4 ch dust 480 2t
85 720.16 do pekfans 1033 382 47 KB 2770 5Shfch dust 425 25
87 Callander 726 24 do or pek 1344 41 48 Paddawala 2773 5 ch _ bro pek 5003
&8 729 27-do peek 1465 87 + 2776-9 doi - pek 9co0 2
90 Agra Ouvah 7385 56 do bro or pek 3360 56 50 2779 7 do sou 700 24
91 738 36 do or pek 1930 44 bid SL 2782 1 do congou 100 20
92 741 12 ch pek 1140 44 55 Clarendon 2794 1 do sou 80 36
93 744 11 do pek sou 1056 3 56 2797 lbfch pek dust 80 9-25
95 759 19bfch pek fans 1577 28 €O Vineit 2869 6 eh fans 749 24
-97 Glasgow 756 17 do broorpek 1054 63 6L 2312 1 do sou 90 26
98 759 380 do bro pek 1860 45 62 2315 1 do dust 158 20
-99 762 25 ch or pek 2375 =. 50 67 OB EC,in
100 ‘ 765 15 do pek 1595 = 47 estate mark
101 Perth 768 35 do bropek 3500 = 334 Nillomaily 2630 3 ch fans 300 27
102 771 2L do or pek 1785383 68 2833 3 do dust 38C0 25
103 774 20 do pek 1c00 = 81 bid 69 Gangawarily 2:36 4hfch dust 340 25
104 777, «15 do pek sou 1200 29 bid 74 Passara
113 MN 804 26hfch orpek 1484 41 Group 2851 2 do dust 180 24
114 807 27 ch 75 2854 13 do fans 910 27
Lhfch pek 2485 38 78 Sylvakandy 2863 4 ch pek sou 400 31
121 Katawella 828 12 ch pek 1080 28 79 2866 4 do dust 400 24
122 GRA, in est, 8. Preston 2872 9 ch pek 756 = 41
mark 838L 18 do sou 1638 14 bid $2 2875 7 do pek sou 625 43
123 Ohiya 834 15 do pek sou 1050.31 83 2878 5hfch broor pek
125 Birnam 810 20 do pek sou 1289 40 fans 320 34
126 83 20 do sou 1.60 33 &4 2881 2 do unas 100 30
129 Brownlow 852 24hfch broorpek 1272 62 85 Carney 2884 3 do sou 150 25
130 855 23 ech or pek 2116 41 89 Stamfordhill 2896 8 ch pek sou 720 37
131 858 29 do pek 2523 33 90 2339 4hfch dust 369 25
132 61 12 do pek sou 1068 33 $4 Tempo 2)1L 12 ch pek sou 960 29
135 MLV 70 22 do bro pek 2200 34 bid 95 2914 65hfch dust 400 2k
136 873. 12 do ek 1026 384 93 Rajawatte 2917 6 ch bro or pek 630 46
458 Gangawatte 679 20 do bro cr pek 2000 - 60 97 2920 9 do or pek 855 33
TW). $2.18 do bro pek 18.0 42 92 2326 7hfch fans 429 26
140 885 41 do pek 3620 = 88 103 Staffurd 2938 Lt do fans 76 28
144 Ferndale £97. 12. do broorpek 12(0 42 104 29411 2 do dust 180 25
145 900 21 do or pek V764 387 bid its. Welkandala :914 4 do dust 336 24
146 $03 19 do pek 1596 37 110 Panawatte 2959 3 ch dust 450 25
157 Kandaloya 9.6 30 hbfch tans 1497 26 lll HBL 2932 14bfch bro pek 812 3:
158 Kelaneiya and 112 2565 3 do bro or pek 204 35
Brae 959 13 ch bro or pek 1300 57 113 298 7 ch pek 620 30
159 942 11 do or pek 1100-39 bid 114 2971 4 do pek sou 304 27
160 945 21 do pck 1995 37 115 2974 Lhfch dust 82 24
165 Cresta 960 21 do pek 1803 withd’n 118 Ingrogalla 29:3 2 ch pek sou 170 2k
167. Gonavy 965 14 do or pek 1260 39 119 IN G, inestate
160 269 3: do p32k 2720-86 mark 2986 3 ch sou 240 25
169 972 10 ‘do pek sou 1000 31 120 2389 3 do bro pek dust 420 24
172 Ottery 98L 22 do flyorpek 1977 43bii 121 2992 4 do pek fans 400 26
173 Glentilt 98t 386hfeh broorpek 1940 62 124 Dessford 30C1 11 ch pek 990 48
174 987 19 ch or pek 1710 = 40 bid 125 NB gcOt 2 do dust £02 24
175 990 3t do pek 2799 = 39 129 Munukettia
176 Waragalande 933 14 do bro or pek 1490 37 bid Ceylon, in est.
177 995. 18 do bropek 180 33 mark 3016 9 ch pek sou 86 3
1i8 $69 12 av pek 1080.33 120 3019 Ghfch dust, 480 25

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, «.
136 Purana 3037 28 box or pek 448 40 366 St. Margarets 127 8 ch bro pek 800 39
139 3046 2hfch dust 170 24 367 130 6 do pek 54 39
140 3949 3 do fans 270 28 368 1338 3 do fans 1920S 3B
143 Hatton 3058 4 ch dust 600 25 869 Memorakandalz6 2hfch dust 200 «26
146 Thedden 65u67 3 ch pek sou 255 29 370 139 7 do fans 560 Bw
147 8070 4 do bro pek fans £20 26 373 Tismoda 148 2 ch pek sou 170 28
148 3073 1 do dust 160 24 374 151 .hbfch fans 70 26
151 Glenorchy 3082 5hfch dust 425 8625 375 154 2 do dust 170 1&4
162 Udabage 3085 4 ch bro or pek 200 8684 377 Edward Hill 160 9 ch _ or pek $160 33
153 3088 5 do bro pex 25 30 378 163 9 do pek 738 3a
154 3091 5 do pek 250 28 379 166 6 do pek sou 570-28
165 3094 2 do pek sou 1c0 26 380 169 5Shfch brpekNoZ 3835 26
156 8097 2 do fans 110 24 282 Montery 175 4 ch sou 360 26
167 3100 1 do dust 30 924 383 Valhalla 178 Thfch br or pek 390 8=- 34
170 Ingurngalla 3139 4hfch bro tea 3410 24 384 . 181 4 ch bro pek 348 = 81
176 Penrhos 3157 3hfch tans 240 26 385 184 8 do yek 680 32
177 3160 1 do _ pek dust 1009-23 286 187 2 do peksou 180 8
180 Tembiligalla 3169 4 ch unas 360 29 387 190 2bfch cust 126 23
181 3172 1 do bropek fans 130 25 388 Coombe Court 193 15 do bro or pek 825 33 bid:
182 3175 1 do _ pek dust 160 39-23 390 199 5 ch pek ~ 475 33
183 Digdola 3178 8 ch bro pek 800 41 391 202 4 do pek sou 380 28
186 3181 10 do pek sou 700 20 394 Macaldenia 211 38hfch peksou 165 30
189 Avyoea 8196 8 ch bro or pe& 877 E4 bid 805 214 2 do fans 146 26
191 Dunottar 8202 13 bf ch or pek 6:0 49 396 217 2 do dust 160 24
194 3211 6 ch pekscu 670 «8 403 Uahalla 238 #3 ch bro pek 300 86.29
196 8214 6hfch bropekfans 450 26 404 E Land 241 3hfch pek 174 8
ave a ees A dg dost . 80 836-28 ————— Ee

0 unes 229 (y ro or pe 720 36 -

204 3241 3 do pek sil 1e4(O7 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.)

6 247 8 do ust 450 23 ‘
212 Kirklees 3255 10 do dust «900-25 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢:
222 R 3295 3 do brorpek 284 33 1 Mahagoda 970 3 ch _ bro pek 330 32
223 3298 1 do orpek 65 30 2 973 9 do pek 945 26
224 3301 6 do ek 585 20 3 Blinkbonnie 976 3hfch bro pek 162 54
230 BA 3819 15 hfch Bro pek 900 36 4 979 2 ch pek 190 40
231 3322 1 do pek 40 27 5 982 1 hf ch pek sou 48 24
232 3325 12 do peksou 960 08=—- 22 8 Ravenscraig 991 3 hf ch dust 240 24

a Roeberry D 3346 6 ch dust €00 25 10 WKP £97 14 hf ch brpek No 2 340 27 bid:

3349 9 do fans 900 97 13 1006 8 ch pek sou 640 Te

oe Palmerston 3358 4 do pek sou 308 46 14 1169 2 do sou 162 828 bid

247 BR in estate 16 1012 4 hf ch dust Bll. 24
mark 3370 1 do bro pek 69 30 17 Cotswold 1018 12 ch cr pek 810 37 bid

248 3373 1 do pek sou 89 27 19 1024 7 do pek sou 595 33

249 3376 1 do dust 134 21 200 OL W 1027 3 ch bror pek fans 300 26

263 Kitulgalla 3388 3 dust 375 | 21 1030 2 do dust 220 23

264 3391 2hfch br or pk fans 124 § withd‘n 25 Roseneath 1042 2 ch dust _ 200 24

260 Delta 3409 7 do dust 595 24 26 1045 1 bi ch bro mix 70 «18

261 Katapola 3412 1 ch bro pek 119.6 23 1 1051 5 hf ch bro mixed 460 20

262 3415 1 do pek 121 25 29 Allacollawewa1054 8 hf ch pekscu No, 2376 36

263 3418 2 do peksou 194 22 30 1057 11 do broreKkfans 704 36

269 Gampaha 38436 7 do pek fans 630 25 81 1060 6 do pek J ast 462 26

272 Polatagama 3445 8 do ‘ans 800 24 32 Marigold 1063 12 hf ch yek sou No 2 564 36

273 8448 3 do dust 450 23 33 1066 15 do bro pekfans 960 34

278 R Gin estate 34 1069 8 do pek dust 616 25-
mark 3463 Thfch broorpek 420 46 85 Meeriatenne 107215 hf ch bropek | 945 49

279 34€6 5 ch or pek 475 =: 38 38 1081 7 do fans 490 27

280 3469 5 do pek 475 37 39 1184 3 do tea dust 252 25

281 8472 1 do peksou 90 382 45 Nellicolla-

282 3475 lhfch fans 70 25 watte 1102 10 ch pek sou 760 29

288 Moray 3493 9 do dust 765 = 26 46 1105 1hfch dust 82 24

293 R M in estate 47 1108 2 do fans 140 25
mark 3508 7 do dust 588 26 50 Glenalla 1117 1 ch bysonNo2 104 26

297 Newgalway 3520 16 do bropek 960 67 51 1120 2hfch gt fans 186 6:18

298 3523 18 do pek 990 43 52 1123 1 do gt dust 91 10

302 NP 852 2 ch red leaf 200 16 53 1126 1 do bro pek 55 30

604 BK 3541 2 do dust No 2 230 15 54 1129 3 do pek 162 24

305 3544 6 do bro mix 600 =.20 58 Dryburgh 114111 ch ~~ pek sou 924 829

306 3547 8 do bro pek fans 880 27 £9 1144 lohfch fans 800 24

307 3550 4 do pek fans 410 25 60 Yspa 1147 9 ch pek sou 765 36

308 Wyamita 3553 7 do bro pek 735 = 34 61 1150 5 do pek dust 700 = 25

309 8556 10 do pek 950 34 63 Theberton 1156 11 do pek 235 35

310 8559 6 do pek sou 540 30 64 1169 1 do fans 1¢0 24

311 2562 \Lhfch dust 95 24 67 Pinkandi 1168 7 ch perk sou 595 30

312 3565 1 deo fans 75 27 68 1171 2 bf ch bro or pk fans120 25

415 Beilengolla 3574 9 do peksou 720 = out 69 1174 1 do dust & 23

316 3577 38 do fans Nol 30 24 73 Mora Ella 1186 6 hf ch broor pk fanaa 26 bid:

BLT 3580 2 do dust 320 22, 74 1189 6 do dust 24

323 Weoya 25938 5 do pek sou 4(0 28 79 Tientsin 1204 5 hf ch dust ap 26

325 4 4 do dust 64) 24 fo S 1207 4 bf ch dust 320 24

329 Morankande 16/7 8 do pek cou 560-28 81 1210 9 do sou 450 20 bid

430 19 4hfch brorpk fan 292 26 c2 A 1213 3 hf ch dust 240 «4

331 22, 1 do dust 93 24 83 1216 6 do sou 300 25

325 Aberdeen 34 12 ch bro pek fans 900 26 90 Mcusa Eliya 1237 3 ch pek sou 300 28

38 Templeburst 43 3 do pek sou 200 35 91 1240 § do dust 800 24

340 Salem 49 3 do br or pek 300 48 96 B&D 1255 4 ch unast 400 30jbid

341 62 7 do bro pek 700 31 07 1258 5 hf ch «ust 475 25

342 £ 8 do pek 800 43 £8 1261 33 do bro pek fans 975 26

8319 Pungetty 73 7 do pek sou €65 41 102 Beausejour 1273 7 ch peok sou 490 29

350 q 19 Lhbfch dust 90 24 103 1276 2 do bro pek fans 2C0 27

451 Kincora 62 10 ch or pek 959 41 bid 104 1279 3 hf ch dust 225 24

654 91 11 do pek sou 880 84 105 BF 1282 11 hf ch dust 924 25

865 94 4 do bropek fans 460 29 106 Kurulugalla 1285 9 ch oryek 810 35

366 97 4 do dust 640 25 107 1288 9 do broorpek 900 32 bid:

#67 Amblukande 100 1 do bro or pek 100 28 109 1294 6 do peksou 540 27

60 109 «7 «do pek sou 660 28 110 1297 { do bro tea 95 16

361 112 1 do dust 100 28 111 1300 1 do or pek dust 150 23

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 9)

© a a a
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. 1b. ec. Lot. Box. Pkgs.° Name. lb. CG.
112 Laukka 1303 4 ch br pek 420 81 bid 53 Asbburton 624 8 ch pek sou 696 35
113 1306 4 do pek 3€0 29 64 627 2 do fans 246 28
114 1309 1 do pek sou 90 27 55 630 2 do dust 300 24
117. Rambodde i318 15 hf ch pek sou 750 83 56 633 1 do dust 154. 24
118 132l 5 do dust 409-25 57 Elbedde 66 S8hfch dust A 760 25
119 1324 1 do sou 50 28 58 639 6 do dust B 570 24
123 Rayi am 1324 5 ch fans 575 26 59 KEE 642 8 ch bro mix A 240 16
123 Harangalla 13¢6 12 hf ch bro pek dust 900 25 60 545 lhfch sou 20 17
141 Mabatenne 1390 6 ch peksou 540) p27, 73 Mossend €81 3 do dust 195° 25
142 1393 4 do dust 400 24 74 MN 687 16 do green tea fans 832 15
144 HR 1399 1 ch 75 690 6 ch twanky 672 12
1 hf ch bro pek 118 30 78 Co.landa 699 8 do pek sou 720 28
145 1402 2 ch tek OH Op 79 702 3 do fans 33027
146 1405 1bfch dust 82 20 80 705 4hfch dust 320 24
149 IP 1314 1 ch red leaf 95 16 86 Callander 723 6 do broor pek 390 46
131 Selwawatte 1420 9 ch pek 720 = 29 &9 73212 do bropekfans 9:0 26
52) 1428 2 do pek sou 160 25 9t Agra Ouvah 74112 do brorpek fans804 31
153 1126 2hfch fans 160 3 96 753-2 do dust 200 24
157 Kurunegalle 195 Perth 780, 53'ch pek dust 650 24
dist., Co., of 106 Reading 783 1 do bro pek 106.29
Ceylon, Ltd 1438 10 ch pek sou 850 28 107 736 1 do
158 144L 6 ht ch flo rpk fans 360 37 lhfch pek Wil 27
159 1444. 4 do dust S20 623) 108 789 1 ch peksou 69.2120
160 Glenalmond: 1447 6 hf ch bro«rpek 369 46 109 792 1 do bropekfans 79 265
161 1450 18 do or pek 900 36 i'0 795 Lhfch pek fans 35 21
162 R 1153 8 ch pek 720-33 1L1 793 1 box dust 19° 18
163 1466 6 do pek sou 540 oy 112 MN 801 12hfch broorpek 713 57
164 3459 3 do fans . 300 25 115 810 4 do fans 303 26
165 1462 1hf ch dust 2 eo) 23 16 RBR 813 10 do bropekfans 63 27
166 Min est markl465 1 do bro pek 53 33 117 S816 14 do pek fans 994 26
167 1468 2 do peksou 8 = -.28 118 819 2 ch ~~ pek dust 198 24
171 Daluboya 1480 9 do dust 540 25 119 Katawella 822 6 do bro pek 600 »= 83
172 1483 15 do pek fans 9°0 25 10 825 5 do or pek 500 31
174 1489 6 do peksou 800-33 124 Obiya 637 1Lhfich dust S47 25
180 Panmure 1507 3 ch sou 285 39 127 SG 845 2 ch bro mix 200 10
{S81 1510 2 hf ch bror pk fans 110 26 128 £49 Lbfch fans 75 8 bid
182 1513 2 do dust 170 24 133: W P 864 3 ch bro mix 30U 8 bid
187 Udabage 1528 7 do gt dust + 569 10 134 867 Lthfch fans 75 10 bid
188 Arapolakandel531 10 do siftings 800 12 17 MLW 876 10 ch pek sou £00 28
189 Nugawella 1534 11 ch — pek sou 877 28 {41 Gangawatte 853 8 do peksou (eas) EE)
193 Laxapanagallaisi6 5 do pek 459 29 bid 142 89! 13hfch fans 845 381
194. j5i9 3 do pe* fans 800-25 143 894 8 ch sou 72 30
195 1552 2 do dust 200 23 147 Ferndale 906 8 do sou 760 36
198 Simla 1561 8hfch broor pek 480 48 148 09 6 do dust 540 25
199 1564 8 ch _ or pek 850 42 149 912 6 do hropekfangs 720 29
201 1610 5 do pek No 2 470-85 150 MK 95 9 do pek fans 90 1228
202 1573 1hfch fans 75 27 Wl 918 5 do dust 750 23
203 1576 1 ch dust 100 22 152 Taunton 921 4 do pek No. 2 340 19
—_— 153 924 1 do rek sou No, 2 80 17
r s 154 927 3 do fans 330 23
: (Messrs. E. John & Co.] 155 y3) 2bfch dust 180 23
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ( 156 M 93312 do dist 840-25
1 St. Andrew’s 468 11hfch dust 935 24 EC cleo typed 3 -
5 Rahagalla 430 4 do dust 336 Od Brae 948 4 ch peksou 880 35
9 Sb. Clair 49210 do pekdust $50 25 Boe pone ce Cua scougon S10) 54/28
1) Alajlatande 495 7 ch — sou 630 «17 Ss 954 5 do bropekfans 500 30
15 North Pundul- 164 957 4hfch dust 820 25
cya 510 Thfch_ siftines 490 14 106 Gonavy 96114 do bro or pek 840 40
19 Avi-gton 599) ado —mdtiste: 560 23 170 975 12 do fans 780 28
200 GT 525 7 ch bro pek 735 81 71 : a 973 4 do dust 840 24
) 531. 8hfch dust 760 23 179° Waragalande 2 8 ch peksou 720°. 29
23 MG 534 12 do fans 960 26 1g0 5 3 do dust 300 24
26 Kandabar ps 5 ae ain 27524 Seema ener a
2 ingraneya HBL 49='¢ hust 0) 2. ¥ or . +
ME eed ado. atone 480. 36 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.
34 Awliscombe Bey 6 ge Bre pek 660 36 pea eseteEs
BB oe gene Ce ranetaeee (From Our London Correspondent).
37 576 Lhfch dust 80 24 Minoine LANE, April 4th.
41 MR 588 8 do dust 720-24 ee By ;
42 F91. 3 do bro mix 985 «3 Peleus.’’—Mausagalla A, 1 cask sold at 112s.
As Koslande S08 en ck 20x a0 28 ditto B, 2 casks and 1 barrel sold at 97s; ditto C, 1
7 ‘
43 609 4hfch . dust 320 24 barrel sold at 52s; ditto P, 1 tierce sold at 120s.

CSs28

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

; - 7
4 . - Ss
J ‘
i ee tm :
\
g \
.

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 1'7.

COLOMBO SALES OF TEA

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. Benham & Co.

[38,502 1b,]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name.
1 Hornsey 4 40hfch_ bro pek
2 7 23 ch pek
3 10 14, do pek sou
4 Mapitigama 13 24 ch bro or pek
5 16 22 do or pek
6 19 24 do pes
8 Torrington 28 40 ch or pek
10 31 22 do bro pek
H 34 36 do pek
12 37 17 do pek sou
15 Halgolla 46 24 ch bro pek
- 16 Agrakande 49 12 ch bro or pek
17 52 27 de orpek
18 65 1L do bro pek
19 58 18 do pek
24 Bunyan and
Ovoca 73 29 ch pek
25 76 382hfch pek fans

lb,

2400
1955
1050
2400
1689
1920
38 6
2210
2-80
1360
2410
1140
2484
1133
1610

2900
2240

Messrs. Forpes & Walker.

[622,904 1b.]-

Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name,
6 Sutton 277 3) bfch_ bro or pek
7 280 26 ch or pek
§ 283 18 do pes
11 Osborne 292 21 do bro or pek
12 295 14 do or pek
18 Glengarifie 313 46bfch bro or pek
19 316 21 ch or pek
20 319 29 do pek
21 322 18hbfch fans
22 325 15 do dust

28 WLauderdale 343 20 ch sou
29 Galapitakan-

de 346 33 ch or pek
30 349 24 do bro pek
31 362 34 do pea
32 - 855 15 do pek sou
34 Patupaula 361 18 ch bro or pek
35 364 60 do or pek
36 367 56 do pek
37 370 9 do bro pek

: fans

89 Bargany 376 24hfch bro pek
42 335 33 do pek No 2

45 Waldemar :94 18 do bro or pek
46 Dambagas-

talawa 397 18 ch bro or pek
47 400 16 do bro pek
48 - 403 19 do pek
94 Dessford 406 18 ch bro or pek
50 4:9 z2hfch bro pek
51 412 17 ch or pek
52 4.5 12 do pek
53 418 10 do pek sou
54 St. Holen 421 12 ech bro vr pek
6a 424 13 do or pek
56 427 16 do pek
57 450 15 hfch fans
59 Adisham 436 28 do bro or pek
60 439 17 ch bro pek
61 442 20 do pek
62 Madulkelle 445 13 ch bro or pex
63 448 15 do sou

65 Ardlaw and
Wisbford 454 10 ch bro or pek

66 457 16 do bro pek
67 460 22hfch or pek

68 463 16 ch pek

72 Queensland 476 11 ch bro pek
73 478 12 do pek

76 St. Heliers 487 30hfch bro or pek
17 490 1: do pek

79 Yataderia 496 23 ch bro or pek
80 499 18 do bro pek
81 5(2 24 do or pek

82 505 43 do pek

83 608 15 do pek sou
84 511 24 do bro or pek
85 514 16 do bro pek
86 517 29 do or pek

8 620 50 do pek

lb,
1925
2600
1530
2100
1190
2760
1848
2668
1260
1200
1900

3300
2400
3230
1350
1890
5400
4480

1125
1140
2040
113%

1986
1650
1900
1134
1336
1700
1080

£00
1140
1105
1440
1050
1630
1700
1900
1300
1128

1050
1680
1056
1376
1'cO
1080
1680
1330
2415
1836
2160
3318
1365
2644
1712
2755
4200

COLOMBO, Aprit 5, 1902.

Lot. Box.
88 Dromoland 523
89 526
91 532
94 Kennington 541
97 Laurawatte 550
98 Yelverton 653
99 556
100 559
101 Haputele-
wella 562
62 565
104. Vegan 571
165 574
166 577
107 580
1ie Parsloes 589
111 592
112 595
117 GK 610
18 Great Valley
Ceylon, in est.
wark 613
119 616
120 619
121 622
122 625
125 Choisy 634
126 637
1322 HGM 655
133 658
184 661
135 664
136 St. Martins 667
137 670
140 Castlereagh 679
M1 682
142 685
143 688
144 Mawiliganga-
watie 68L
145 694
146 697
147 700
48 703
151 Lochiel 712
162 T15
153 718
157 Trafalgar 730
158 733
159 736
160 739
161 Monkswood 742
162 745
163 748
167 Kitulgalla 760
168 763
169 766
173 Errollowood 778
173 731
175 784
181 Kotagaloya 811
186 814
187 Galkanda 820
188 823
189 OB EC, in
estate mark
Forest Creek 826
190 829
191 832
192 835
193 Ganapalla 838
194 &41
195 844
196 847
197 Seenagolla V- 850
198 853
1¢9 856
200 Florence 859
201 862
202 865
203 868
204 Dunkeld 871
205 874
26 877
207 BPC 880
269 Faiclawn 886
210 889
213 Carfax 898
214 901
215 904

Prick :—123 cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupees.

Pkgs.
2Lhf ch

23
14

do
ch

29 hf ch

16

Name.

bro or pek
No.1

bro or pek
No. 2

pek

pek sou

fans

bro pek

pek

pex sou

bro pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek

pek

pek sou
bro pe«
pek

pek sou
dust

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou
fans

or pek

pei

bro or pek
bro pek

bro or pek
bro pek
cr pek
pek

bro nek
pek sou
bro pek
pek

yek sou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek

bro or pek
cr pek

pek
bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro pek
pek

or pek
pek

bro or pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
Fek

or pek

bro or pek

or pek

pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

lb.

1218

1150

1190
13.0
1040
1260
1900
1020

1870
1250
2600
3135
4560
2040
3200
1890
1040
1615

1740
1440
87c0

110
1088
1710
€030
1320

1900
200
1235

1200
1440

2500
1809

1120

1200

4224
1920
2400
2040
1520
£038
2619
2162
6512
1886
8460
2310
1620
1900
3700
1054

1080
1044
2990
1100
2200
2090
2700
1300
100

1235
2884
1316
3325
3800
2064
2295
1280
1178
1425
1545
1638
1320
2640
1700
2820
3800
225)
1120
1035
2040
1800
1710
1710

Cc.

46

Heh “eAde. a0

te Aisles yas a tall gianni - ponent —-

date
{has De
fsaoas ty eho re
va

ey
in? , Ms.

PO Sap lae eee Bure, Or Co IS Sp

€ ag0 ¢

a Se

ier ec Te

=<

Sei an

. 7 ibs ut

ine a

ay eid i
= > Seat Pat 3 |
is eat t aly

att

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 17.
COLOMBO SALES

Lot.

Hornsey
Mapitigama

Torrington

Halgolla
Agrakande

Bunyan and
Ovoca

Lot,

6
7

Sutton

Osborne

Glengariffe

Lauderdale
Galapitakan-
de

Putupaula

Bargany

Waluemar

Dambagas-
talawa

Dessford

St. Holen

Adisham

Madulk elle

Ardlaw and
Wisbford

Queensland
St. Heliers
Yataderia

4

Box.

277
280
2x3
292
295
313
316
319
322

25

343

COLOMBO, ApRiL 5, 1902,

LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. Benham & Co.
[38,502 1b,]
Pkgs. Name.

Box,
40 hf ch
chi

23

29

c

ch

bro pek
pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek

pek

pek sou
bro pek
bro or pek
or pek
bro pek
pek

ek

PB
s2hfch pek fans

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

(622,904 ]b.]

Pkgs.

3)
26
18
24

24
33
15

bf ch
ch
do
do

hf ch

OF TEA

lb,

2400
1955
1050
2400
1180
1920
38 6
2210
2-80
1460
24:0
1140
2484
1133
1610

2900
2240

Name, lb,
bro or pek 1925
or pek 2600
pe. 1550
bro or pek 2100
or pek 1190
bro or pek 2760
or pek 1848
peF 2668
fans 1260
dust 1200
sou 1900
or pek 3300
bro pek 2400
pek 3230
pek sou 1350
bro or pek 1590
or pek 5400
pek 4480
bro pek

fans 1125
bro pek 1440
pek No 2 240
bro orpek 113%
bro or pek 1980
bro pek 1650
pek 1900
bro or pek 1184
bro pek 1336
or pek 1700
pek 1080
pek sou 1.00
bro or pek 114v
or pek 1105
pek 1440
fans 1050
bro or pek 1650
bro pek 1700
pek 1900
bro or pex 1300
sou 1126
bro or pek 1050
bro pek 1680
or pek 1056
pek 1376
bro pek 1:€0
pek 1080
bro or pek 1680
pek 1330
bro or pek 2415
bro pek 1836
or pek 2160
pek 3318
pek sou 1865
broor pek 2644
bro pek 1712
or pek 2755
pek 4200

anals

30 cents; 6 copies k rupee,

Lot. Box.
88 Dromoland 523
39 526
91 532
94 Kennington 641
97 Laurawatte 550
98 Yelverton 653
99 556
100 559
101 Haputele-
wella 562
02 565
104° Vegan 671
165 574
166 677
107 580
110 Parsloes f89
111 692
112 595
17 GK 610
18 Great Valley
Ceylon, in ost.
mark 613
119 616
120 619
121 622
122 625
125 Chceisy 634
126 637
132 HGM 655
133 658
134 661
135 664
136 St. Martins 667
137 670
140 Castlereagh 679
M41 682
142 685
143 688
144 Mawiliganga-
watie 691
145 694
146 697
147 700
ws 703
151 Lochiel 712
162 TL6
153 718
157 Trafalgar 730
168 733
159 736
1g0 739
161 Monkswood 742
162 745
163 748
167 Kitulgalla 760
168 763
169 766
173 Errollowood 778
17: 781
175 784
184 Kotagaloya 811
186 814
187 Galkanda 820
188 823
189 OB EC, in
estate mark
Forest Creek 826
190 829
191 832
192 835
193 Ganapalla 838
194 e41
195 844
196 S47
197 SeenagollaV 850
198 863
1g9 856
200 Florence 859
201 862
202 865
203 868
204 Dunkeld 871
205 874
206 S77
2077 BPC 880
269 Faiclawn 86
210 889
213 Carfax 898
214 901
216 904

Prick :—12} cents each, 3 copies

Pkgs.
2Lhf ech
23 do

14 ch
17 do
13 hf ch
12 ch
20 do
12 do

29 bf ch
16 «do
42 ch

16 do
19 hf ch

14bf ch
23 do
a och
18 ch
19 do
19 do

Name,

bro or pek
No.1

bro or pek
No, 2

pek

pek sou

fans

bro pek

pek

pek sou

bro pe
pek
bro or pek

pek
bro or pek
bro pek

bro or pek
bro pek
cr pek
pek

bro pek

yek sou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

dust

bro pek

or pek
pek

bro or pek
cr pek

pe
bro or pek
or pek

bro or pek
bro pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek

ro or pek
or pek

is =

or pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

lb.

c,

46

9 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. RAT
Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name Ib. oc Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c
216 Bandarapolla 907 111hich broorpek 61(6 32 bid 337 Dévonford 1270 19hfch broorpek 1178 6&2
217 9.0 68 do bro pek 3100 30 338 ~ 1273 13 ch or pe 1300 66
218 913 21 ch pek 1890 29 E 339 1776 18 co pek 17.0 id
219 Battawatte 916 19hfch broorpek 1235 32)bid 340 : 1279 15 do pek sou 1426 4
220 : 919 40 ch bro pek 4400 385 811 Bellengolla 1282 10 co bre pek 1100-28
221 922 39 do pek 3705 Bb) 846 Holton 1297 17 do bro pek 1100 ~~ 36
222 925 18 do _ pek eeu 1440 ©=30 347 a 1300 16 He a % ee 3
i orest 931 46hfch or pe :b1 Swinton 1312 10 do roorpek 1
oe eae No 1 2714 «45 bid | 352 1316 12 do or pek 1219
225 934 40 do er pek 2200 39 353 1318 12 do pek 108" | witha's
226 937 30 do pek 1470. 887, - 357 Amblangoda 1330 13 do broorpek 1300
228 Battawatte 943 27 ch bro pek 2970 35 363 1338 15 do or pek 1509
229 946 29 do pek 26 86 35) 1886 15 do pek 1350
230 949 13 do pek sou 1040 30 366 Ugieside 1354 16 do bro mix 1350.23
232 High Forest 955 40hfch or pek 366 Tunisgalla 1357 22hfch bruorpek 12:0 69
Nol 2360 47 367 1360 2t do bro pek 1440 41
238 958 35 do or pek 19/5 39 368 1363 64 do or pek 3200 38
234 = 961 39 do pek 1911 38 369 1366 41 ch pek 3690 36
235 Dammeria 964 11 ch bro orpek 1100 33. 370 1369 23 do pek sou 1935 = 833
236 967 42 do bro pek 4290 37 375 Sylvakandy 13:4 75 do bro pek 7500 87
237 970 19 do orpek 1710 35bid | 3°6 1587 37 co pek 3710 =
238 973 25 do pek 2500 34 3°8 Tismoda 1393 21 do bro pek 2110 29
239 976 20 do pe sou 1800 20 879 1°96 30 do pek 2550 29
240 979 12 do bro pek 380 O RE Cin
fans 1209) 27 estate mark 1399 21 do pek 1848 g
241 982 11 do dust 1430 24 331 1402 29 do or pek 2668 39 bid
242 Maha Uva 935 42 hf ch bro or pek 2730 37 382 1405 2) do pek sou 1760 34
243 988 37 ch or pek 3700 40 383 1408 25 do broorpek 2500 44
244 991 35 do pek 315037 385 Harrow 1414 10 do orpek 100 37 did
245 994 13 do peksou 1440 33 386 1417 26hfch broor pek 1540 46
246 , Kitklees 997 33 ch — or pek gigs), 740 37 1420 21 ch pek 2100 36
247 1000 42 do pek 378037 390 Marlborough 1429 19bfch bro or pek 10\7 57 bid
249 Brracht 1103 92 ch bro pek 9200 20 bid | 39) 1432 26 ch bropek 26:0 45
251 Seenagolia 1012 29hfch bro orpek 1740 £8 bid 592 1435 16 do or pek 1408 39
252 1015 31 do pek 16120 44 298 1438 58 do pek 5120 37
9538 1018 I8bfch pek sou 1(44 34 bid 394 1441 12 do pek sou 1.20 84
254 Udaveria 1021 22 do broorpek 1320 66 395 1444 29 do bro pk fans 1300 38
255 1024 37 do broorpek 401 Lesmoir 1462 15 do bropek 1509 32
= Nol 22200 44 402 1465 zi do pek 1690 30
56 1027 40 ch orpek 2080 89 bid | 40s 1468 14 do peksou 1120 28
251 eee 130 44 do ek 2024 88 bid | 495 Hanwella 1474 73hfch yng hyson 46:0 36 bid
268 Siriwatte 1033 21 ch broorpek 2100 37 406 417 35 do hyson Nol 2100 34
260 10389 <0 ee pek A ae BB ae
261 1042 18 do ro pek son 2! Fa lo er ae
962 Geragama 1045 12 do brorpek 1320 34 Messrs. Somerville & Co.
263 1048 23 do bro pe« 2070 32 35 498 lb
264 1051 30 do pek 240) 29 bid [235,428 1b.] 2
265 1054 20 do peksou 1500 27 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. e
266 Mahawale . ‘ 5 2 ch r pek
Inv. No.3 1057 26hfch bropek 21¢0 32 Se RUGS AReoR ey Geman reise :
267 160 19 ch or pek 1900 30 3 15-5 24 do pek sou 2040 29 ;
268 163 40 do pel 3600-28 5 Hangranoya 1591 33 ch bro pek 3135 34 7
269 1066 23 do pek sou 2185 27 6 1594 22 do pek 1°89 32 4
270 E 1069 14hfch fans 1050 25 8 1600 9 do pekfans 1080 25 :
272 Heronia MOTD, 28 ‘doify DEO Deky« 5 16RD etadd 10 Avisawella 1606 22hfch broorpek 1100 50 :
278 De eR eas AGED ie 1 1609 23 ch orpek 2185 85
274 Woodend 1081 46 do bro pek 4830 83 12 1612 27 do pek 2430 32 E
275 10t4 39 do pek 3510 31 13 115 13 do pek sou 10i0 28 q
278 Tempo 1093 15 do bro pek 1500 41 bid 2 RKP 1639 21 ch or pek 2100 84
219 Hos 2b Osby HCE D ORES AERA 7 298 22 1642 27 do broorpek 2700 32
280 UNE i Glo es Sa 23 1645 16 do pek 1140 32
281 Waitalawa 1102 81 bfch pro pek 4050 by 29 Hobart 1654 37 ch pek 2660 30
282 1105 103° do ek 5:5) 36 bid 27 Mahavilla 1657 19hfch broorpek 1083 38
285 KP W 1314 +9 do brorpek 2925 36 28 : 1660 20 do orpek 1000 48
256 1117 43 do bro pek 2795 33 bid 29 1663 23 do pek ; 1265 36
287 Be Oe ORES GOON ee 31 Bollagalla 169 36 ch brpek 800 38
28g 1128 G0. Oni ines ee 32 1672 27 do pek 2160 31
289 UIZB gt dogg HENiSOM C ABleO aie ARUN oa ay 1675 14 do peksou 1120 27
294 Coombe Court 1141 40 do bro pek 2210 34 bid a5 Brecon 1681 19hfch or pek 1045 38
298 Palmerston 1153 17 do bro or pek 1020 59 37 Kinross 1687 20 ch bro or pek 220) 34
299 1155 12 do pek 1020 47 5 1€93 26 do ek 9240 36
302 D in estate 42 Hatdowa 1702 30 hf ch ES pek 1800 32
mark 1165 22 ch hyson No 2 1870 33 43 17(5 28 do pek 1400 31
804 Drayton 1171 40hfch or pek 200 46 44 1703 13 ch yek sou 1170 29
305 1174 41 ch pek 2690 40 47 Ferndale 1717 12 ch bro or pek 1200 54
306 1177 20 do pek sou 1700 38 48 1720 28 do pek 2380 35 bid
3(7 Freds Ruhe 1!80 16hfch bro pek 1600 85 49 Kallebokka 1723 17 ch bro or pek 1735 59
308 1183 14 ch pek 1330. = =31 £0 1726 33 do br pek 3465 39°
309 1186 10 do pek sou 1Cv0 28 bu 1729 23 do pek 2185 37
312 Bogahagoda- 58 Havilland 1760 29 ch broorpek 29C0 33
watte 1195 12 do pek 1080 27 bid 60 i 1766 i7 do br pek 1700 31
815 Dunbur 1204 20 hf ch bro or pek 1100 46 bid 61 1759 87 do pek 3145 30
816 1207 11 ch or pek 101238 66 Gangwarily 1774 74 ch bro pek Say, withd =
817 1210 20 do pek 1760 34 67 1777 34 bi ch ek 2890
318 1213 19bfch brpk fams 1121 28 71 Nyanza 1789 25 hfch bro pek 1600-37
320 Torwood 1219 21 ch bro or pek 1995 36 72 1792 16 ch pek 1710834
321 1222 18 do bro pek 1512 31 "3 Lammermcor 1795 12 ch br pek 1200 36:
322 1225 40 do ek 3280 30 vi i 1798 13 do pek 1105 33
82% Mansfield 1231 64hfch bro pek 3240 65h 76 St Andrews K1804 23hfch br pek 1380 632
325 1234 14 ch pek 1400 41 80 Abbotsford 1816 18 ch pek sou 1800 40 g
880 MTP in 62 Mossville 1822 24hfch pekdust 2040 2
estate mark 1249 10 do pekfans 1050 26 8% DM OGin
8388 Talgaswella 1758.18 do bro or pek 18(@ | 43 est mark 1§84 25 bf ch br pek 1375 35
834 1261 21 do or pek 1680 86 87 18387 24 do or pek 1200 3=36
255 1264 26 do pek 2080 32 88 1840 21 do pek 1€80 33 5
826 1267 18. do peksou 1350-28 89 1848 20. do peksou 1500 = 38

o

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Lot. Box, Pkgs, Name.
93 Annandale 1855 21 bich _ bro or pek
94 188 19 do or pe
95 1g6L 20 ch pek
96 1864 26 do pek sou
99 New Valley 1873 21 ch bro or pek
100 1876 12 do or pek
101 1879 15 do pek
102 18:2 17 do pek sou
104 Rayigam 188 19hfech bro «ov pek
105 1891 ch or pek
106 1891 19 do bro pek
107 1897 32 ch pek
108 3 24 ch pek sou
111 Mousa Eliya 10 18 ch bro or pek
112 13 12 do or pek
113 16 11 ch pek
115 Blinkbonnie ‘2 li hfch dust
116 Mt. Temple 25 28 ch bro pek
117 28 16 do bro or pek
118 31 380 do pek
119 Horagalla K V 34 19hfch broor pek
120 Belzeicn or pek
221 40 12 do pek
122 43 13 do pek sou
123 Mary Hill 46 25 hf ch bro pek
124 19 32 do pek
126 Blinkbonnie 55 24 hf ch bro pek
127 58 18 ch: pek
129 Old Madde-

gama 64 15 ch bro or pek
131 70 24 do pek
134 Columbia 79 25 bf ch bro or pek
135 &€2 23 do or pek
136 85 41 do ek

137 Yarrow 88 41 hf ch hro or pek

138 9L 28° do or pek
139 94 28 do ek
140 97 26 do pek sou
142 Weygalla 105 20 hf ch bro or pek
144 109 42 ch pek ~
147 Neboda 118 10 ch bro or pek
148 lz1l 73 do bro pek
140 124 17 do pek
152 Mousakanda 123 23 ch pek
153 136 19 hf ch dust
164 Forest Hill 139 19 do brojor pek
165 142 15 do bro pek
156 145) 322) - ch pek
157 ATN 148 #15 ch pek
158 Walahanduwa 151 18 ch bro or pek
15 154 21 do or pek
160 157 24 do pek
161 Monrovia 160 21 ch bro pek
162 163 19 do pek
165 Neuchatel 172 13; ch bro or pek
166 175 32 do bro pek
167 178 32 do pek
169 Hobart 18! 22 ch br pek
170 Cooroondoo-

wi tte 187 20 ch br pek
171 19) 15 do peic
172 193 15 do pek sou
183 Hyde 226 16 ch or pek
184 2:9 ¥1 hf ch bro or pek
185 232 20 ch pek

Messrs. E. John & Co.

(225,223 1b.]

Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name.
1 Elston 8 24 ch pek
2 11 25 do dust
3 1i 21 ado pek sou
4 Glassaugh 17 65hfch or pek
5 20 35 do bru or pek
6 23> 27 ch 2k
7 ABC, Ceylon 26 17hfch_ broor pek
fans
8 Mocha 29 20 ch bro or pek
9 32 25 do pek
10 35 16 do pek sou
11 Morton 38 381 do bro pek
12 4lL 31 do pek
13 44 13 do orpek
14 47 12 do pek sou
16 Kolapatna 53 18hbfch_ bro or pek
17 56 21 do or pek
18 569 20 co pek
19 62 20 do pek sou
23 Warleigh 74 27 ch bro pek
24 77 26 do ek
26 Rookwood 3 21 hfch bro or pek
27 86 34 ch or pek
28 &9 30 do ek
£0 Harrisland 95 I8hfch bro or pek
82 10. 15 ech pek

ID eaeanc:
1260 65 bid
1045 46
1140 48
1300 41
2100 45
1200 37 bid
1500 87
1630 85
1140 48
1805 Ci
1805 33
2720 31
2280 29
1860 40
1044 36
1046 82
10 2 26
2800 33
1440 82
2490 29
1045 33 bid
1080 35 bid
1080 30 bid
1046 29
1500 42
1760 36
1440 48
1710 42
1200 45 bid
2040 35 bid
1400 44
1150 40
2050 37
2050 37
1260 3
1176 38
1092 29
1/0) 69
3780 33 bid
1000 45
7200 31 bid
1615 30
2070 31
1520 2:

1007 35
1080 32
1870 30
1347 out
1:90 34
1935 33
2160 320
2100 33
1805 30
1300 40
3200 BE
2560 30
2156 3L bid
1000 30 bid
1600 31

1500 7
1532 33
1239 44
1960 37
May = aC
2040 34
2125 26
1896 31
(3300. 64
2389 62
2835 46 bid
1071 23
2000 61
2470 39
1440 37
3570 33
27.0 29 bid
1285 31 bid
1020 27
1008 64
1059 42
1000 38
1000 37
2700 36
2210 = 85 bid
12.0
8265 }jwithd'n
27ul
1008 38
1275 33

3
Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib ¢,
36 St. John’s 113 26hfch broorpek 1450 62
37 116 85 do or pek 1740 67
38 liy 24 do pek No.1 118 44
39 122 24 do pek 1:96 49
4. SJ 128 12 ch pek 1176 a0
42 RBR 131 16 do
lhfch_ bro or pek
fans 1651 83 bid
42 134 10 ch
lhfch bro pek fans 1064 27 bid
486 Hinguralla 143 27 do broorpek 1404 87
47 146 82 do bro pek 1g44 33
48 149 382 do pek 2674 88
49 Kngurakande 152 32 ch bro pek 2200 34
58 165 25 do pek 4525 8B
51 158 2lhfch pek dust 1580 24
62 Galloola 161 386 ch bro pek 3600 42
53 164 42 do pek 3780 a6
54 167 24 do pek sou 1920 82
55 Midlothian 170 20 bfch or pek 10.0 46
56 173 30 do | pek 1560-38
58 Ben Nevis 179 19 do bro pek 1140 Bb
60 185 16 ch pek 1140 46
64 Rondura 197 13 do bro pek 1200 33
65 200 27 do or pek 2970 33
66 2u3 23 do pek 2070 31
69 Agra Ouvah 212 49hfch broorpek 2940 57
70 215 31 do _— or pek 17Uu5—s 44
71 218 11 cb pek 10:5 pes
72 Glassow 221 17hfch broor pek 1020 64
73 224 32 do bro pek 1984 46
7k 227 27 ch or pek 2545 48
75 230 17 do pek 1531 44
76 233 lb hfch pek fans 1280 30
77 Mutu Eliya 236 19 ch pek sou 1710-35
73 Bowhili 239 12 do Dro pek 1210 50
79 242 25 do or pek 25.0 3
£0 245 23 do pek 2300 38
82 Hila 251 LL do Dro or pek 1100 381
83 254 53 do bro pek 5300 36
8& Oonoogaloya 260 19 do or pek 1710 44
86 263 19 do bro or pek 1900. 46
87 266 32 do pek 27.0 36
95 Galpvtta 29) 22hfch natural leaf
No. 2 1200
95 293 60 do » No. 3 2266 30 bid
99 Mt, Vernon 802 44 ch pek 4916 42
10t Hiralouvah 303 42hfch or pek 2016 31
102 STILE 220ch pek 2090 31
113. Kandaloya 344 91hfch fpek 3040 38
W1t Craiguigilt 347 23 do bro orpek 1 80 37
115 350 IL ch pek 1U45 34
116 353 13 do pek sou 1040 81
117 Kelaneiya and
Braemar 356 15 do broor pek 1500 56
118 359 12 do or pek 1-00 37
119 362 18 do pek 1710 39
140 Poilakanda 365 2t do bro or pek 2160 25 bid
121 363 36 do bro pek 3240 23 bid
122 371 12 do pek luso 20 bid
123. Perth 374 20 au bro pek 2000 33
130 Brixworth 395 18 do bro or pek 1:00 37 bid
131 598 17 do pek 1615 3
132 Myraganga 401 35 do or pek 3325 35
133 404 21 do bro pek 2.00 37
134 407 11 do brourpek 110 3a
135 410 31 do pe& 2480 38
136 413 17 do peksou 1360 30
137 Brownlow 416 iShfch broorpek 1023 63
138 419 24 do or pek 2236 38 bid
139 422 39 ch pek 3454 38
lil Birnam 428 15 hfch fans 100 29 bid
142 431 14 do dust 1176 25
143 Ratwatte 44.40 ch bro pek 4000 31 bid
144 497 23 do pei 20.0 29 bid
147 “St. Clair 416 27 do or pek zs03 41 bid
148 4:9 40 do ek 86.0 39 bid
149 Mahanilu 452 23hfch or pek 1288 46
150 455 16 ch pek 1020 38
151 Gingransya 4:8 10 do bro pek 1£03 85 bid
152 461 15 do pek 12u0 34
153 464 1) do pek sou 1050 29
SMALL LOLS.
Messrs. & Benham & Co.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb ak
7 HD, estate
mark 22 dhbfch bro pe< 220 16
8 25.3 do pek lad 24
13 Torrington 40 6 eh bro mix 510 25
14 48 5 do dust 759 25
2) Agrakande 61 2 ch pek sou 126 86
zL G4 3 do or pek fans 235 Bry
22 67 @hfch dust 310 2
23 70 3 do fans 195 L8 bid

aS te

> aay ; na

ae Stes

he Nar'tw

TEA COFFE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Pricr :—12} cents each, 3 copies
5] ¢ 2 ,
No. 18. CoLomso, Aprix 12, 1902. { 30 conts; 6 copies } rupee.
COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. la,
Caer tod 95 Yataderia 1771 27 ch bro or pek 2862 82
LARGE LOTS. 93 1774 12 do bro pek 1272 30
et eee 97 1777 12 ~do alte 1140 33
98 1780 382 do pek 2638 27
Messrs. E. Benham & Co. 99 1783 22 do pek sou 1848 26
100 MA, in estate
[18,935 lb,] mark 1786 16 on ron 1125 24
101 1789 9 O) usb 1260 24
Lot. Box. .Pkgs. Name. lb. ec. 102 Poongalla 1792 34 ch or pek 3230 48
1 Hornsey 5 38hfch_ bro pek 2780 38 103 1795 66 doa bro pex 6272 66
2 8 22 ch pek 1870 36 104 1793 49 do pek 4000 40 bid
8 Bunyan and 105 florres 1001 33 ch bro or pek 3322 44 bid
Ovoca 11 54hfch broorpek 3240 67 106 18°4 30 do bro pek 300 | 38
4 14 70 do or pek 3500 40 108 Ingoya 1810 21 ch bro pek 2100 BA
5 17 26 ch _ pek 2470 36bid | 109 1818 26 do pek 2592 30
6 2) 17 do pek No, 2 1615 38 bid 110 1816 26 do pek sou 1976 28
7 23°26 do pek sou 2340 = 35 bid 114_ Pusella
8 Hornsey 26 27hfch brocrpek~ 1620 51 bid (Venesta chests) 1828 10 ch or pek 1060 - 32
116 eer Valley
eylon, in est,
Messrs. Keell and Waldock. ane 1834 30 ch bro or pek 1710 50
117 1837 16 do or pek 1440 40
[25,493 1b. ] 118 18i0 50 do pek 4500 36
5 119 1843 17 () pek sou 1360 34
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. & 120 Hentley’s 1846 20hfch bro pek 11.0 33
1 Minna ip 12% ch or pek 1030 51 122 1852 17 ch pek 1292 28
2 4 12 do pek 1008 39 126 Tembiligalla 1864 18 ch bro orpek 1620 3
4 Panilkande 10 20 ch bro or pex 2000 50 127 1867 11 do bro pek 11u0. 31
5 13 16 do pek 1440 39 128 1870 319 do pek 1710 30
11 Breacon 31 17 bfich broorpek 1020 39 bid 133 S R, in estate
12 34 19 do or pek 1045 34 bid mark 1885 “17 ch or pek
13 Gampai 87 29 hf ch or pek 1363 34 fans 1700 26
14 40 65 do bro or pek 3770 36 134 1888 17 do congou 1615 28
15 43 32) ch pek 2656 32 136 Blarney
16 46 27 do. peksou 2106 3 Watte 1894 11 ch bro pek 110)» 32 bid
18 RSE 52 29 ch pek 2610 28 bid 145 Sirikandure 1921 20hfch bro pek 10U0. +923
19 55 24 do bro or pek 2400 withd'n 146 1924 12 ch pek 108U 27
: ee oe eNO = 147 1927 18 do rek sou 1440 25 He
155 Bopitiya 1951 70 do bro pek 7010 31 bi
Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 166. (80. 1964.14) de> }ipek 12.0. 34
160 Deaculla 1966 60 hfeh bro pek 3.00 42 .
[678,481 1b. ] 161 1969 48 ch pek 3360 36
162 197z 18 do pek sou 126u 34
Lot. _ Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib, ¢. 163 Monkswood 1975 23hfch bro pek 1330 73
138 Nakiadenia 1525 42hfch pes - 2604 32 164 1978 32 do cr pek 100 §=661
14 1628 13 ch or pek 1404 37 165 1981 23 ch pek 2300 53
15 1531 27 do pek sou 1890 27 167. Handford 1987 15 do or pek 1340 33
17 Trex 1537 41 ch bro or pek 4100 85 172 Middleton 2002 27 ch or pek 2700 39 bid
18 1540 23 do pek 2520 By 173 2405 13 do pek 1105 38
22 Rickarton, 174 2003 12hfch dust 1020 26
Inv. Nol9 1552 32hfch broorpek 1856 41 175 Nahalma 2011 40 ch bro pek 4600 32
23 1565 22 ch or pek 1989 36 176 2014 28 do pek 2910 29
24 1558 33 do pek 2970 3: bid 177 2017 13 do pek sou 1500 26
28 Moray 1570 34 ch bro or pek 2040 59 179 Anningkan-
30 1576 38 do pek 3420 383 de 2023 12 ch bro or pek 1200 36
33 St. Paul’s, 182. Tymawr 2032 20hfch orpek 1160 50
Inv, No 11 1585 17 bfch_ bro or pek 1054 41 183 2035 27 do bro or pek 1765 69
34 1688 42 «do or pek 2226 39 184 2U88 30 do pek 1500 41 bid
35 1591 48 do pek 2400 36 186 2041 27 do pek sou 1296 38
36 Beltun 1591 24 do or pek 12.0 42 bid 186 20:4 12 do dust 1030 25
4t{Mzla Eliya 1621 i8hfch_ bro or pek 108) 6L 187 Cloyne 2047 23 ch bro or pek 2530 24 bid
46 : 1624 18 do bro pek 1030 46 188 2050 40 do or pek 3760 33 bid
47 1627 10. ch or pek 1000 47 189 2058 43 do pek 3870 29 bid
48 1630 22 do pek 2068 41 194 Puspone 2068 27 ch bro or pek 3105 32 Lid
94 Maba Eliya 1633 14 ch pek sou 1148 41 195 2u7L 43 do bro pek ~~ 4615 3L
50 ) 1636 22hfch pek fans 1760 30 196 2074 23 do pek 2135 33
61 Velana 1639 18 ch bro pek 1800.35 197 2077 16 do pek sou 1440 28
52 1642, 13 do pek 11u5 33 198 2080 12hfch dust 10:4 24
56 Ismalle 16°4 12 ch sou 10389 25 201 Eastland 2089 23 do bro orpek 147” 41 bid
57 1657 16 do fans 2240 25 202 2092 865 do or pek 1750 37
68 Swinton 1660 10 ch bro or pek 1000 35 205 Clyde 2101 71 do young byson 3530 38
59 1603 12 do or pek 12:0 83 26 2104 27 ch byson 2322 34 bid
60 1666 12 do pek 1080 = 31 bid 210 St. Paul’s Iny,
64 Ambalan- No. 12 2116 28bfch broorpek 1680 40
goda 1678 13 ch broorpek !3(0 37 211 2119 47 do or pek 2491 = 38 bid
65 1681 15 do or pek 1500 33 212 2122 57 do pek 2:36 36
66 1684 15 do pek 1360 31 bid 216 Strathspey 2131 16 ch or pek 1552 45
71 OB E CG, in 216 2134 20 ch fek 1840 40 bid
estate mark 218 G, in estate
New Mar:et 1699 31bfch broorpek 1736 60 mark 2140 41 ch sou 3690 = Bi
72 1702 27 ch bro pek 2362 42 219 Panawatte 2143 9 ch bro orpek 1030 45
73 1705 20 do pek 1800 37 220 2156 2¢ do bro pek 2060 37
74 1708 15 do pek sou 1850 35 221 2149 15 do pek 1440 35
78 Bowlana 17:0 27hfch broorpek 160 222 2152 11 do pek sou 1007 33
79 1723 18 ch pek 10:0 withdn. 224 Yataderia 2158 26 ch bro or pek 2756 29 bid
80 1726 13 do or pek 1300 225 216. 13 do bro pek 1326 28 bid
86 Glendon 1744 18 ch bro pek 1950 46 226 2164 27 do or pek 2457 $2
87 1747 61 do orpek 6365 = 87 227 2167 45 do pek 3825 =. 25 bid
88 1760 44 do pek 3740 31 229 Weyunga-
89 1753 15 do pek sou 142527 watte 2173 30 ch bro pek 3000 =. 89.
90 Yogama 1756 21 ch bro pek 2310 39 230 2176 32 do pek 2720 2
91 1769 14 do or pek 1470 85 281 2179 238 do pek sou 2240 M4

92 1762 33 do pek 3300 33

4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST,

Lot. Box, Pkes. Name. lb. c. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb e
7 Kettadolla 1507 2 ch broorpek 200 | 33 207 Clyde 2107 5 ch hyson No 2 430 28
3 1510 1 do bro pek 8033 208 2110 8 do © siftinge No13i5 16
9 1513 2 do or pek 190 (27 29 2113 2 do do No2 24 13

10 1516 5 do pek 450 26 213 Strathspey 2125 9 ch broor pek 900 68

11 1519 1 do dust 70 24 214 2198 7 ch bro pek 700 41

12 1522 1 do ~ bro tea 90 24 217 21387 3 do dust 330 26

16 Nakiadeniya 1544 7 ch dust 560 25 223 Panawatte 2155 4 ch dust 600 25

19 Trex 1548 5 ch pek sou 400 27 228 Yataderia 217012 ch peksou 972 ©=— 24

20 1645 1 do fans 110 26 232 Weyunga-

21 1549 2 do dust 170 24 watie 2182 1 ch sou 85 23

25 Rickarton, 233 2185 3hfch dust 240 25

Inv. No.19 1561 8hfch bropekfans 560 30 234 Asperia 2188 1 ch bro tea 100 =. 20

26 1564 3 do dust 255 26 235 2191 8 do dust 155 27

27 Moray 1567 14 bfch or pek 61446 239 Dotalsa 2203 i7 hich or pe 765 «= 389

29 1573 11 ch bro pek 715 84 241 2209 11 ch pek No 1 990 §=-36

31 1679 11 do pek No 2 935 36 242 2212 1 do pek No. 2 900 35

32 J 1582 5hfch dust 425 25 2438 2215 5 do pek son 475.29

87 Belton 1697 14 do pex 700 85 244 2218 2hfch pek fans 150 25

38 1660 2 do dust 110.25 245 Bellongalla 2221 9 ch bro pek 900 «27

39 Mahayaya 1603 8 ch bropek 824 33 246 2224 9 Wo ek 810-24

40 1606 3 do or pek 285 32 247 2227 7 do pek sou 660 23

Al 1609 8 do pek 1a 80 948 2289 1 do fans 120 24

42 1612 3 do pek sou 276 27 255 Polatagama 2°51 3 ch dust 450 24

43 1615 2 do fans 200-25 260 Ru:nwella 2266 7hfch dust 560 25

44 16'8 1bfch dust 84 23 2656 Gampaha 2231 6 hf ch pe fans 540 withd'n

538 Velana 1645 -0 ch peksou 850 28 272 Clunes 2302 6 ch bro pek fans 672 ~ 26

54 1618 1 do bro pek fans 115 27 273 2305 5 do dust 76) 24

55 1651 1 do ust 130 9.23 278 Maha Uva 2320 2 bf ch fans 16027

61 Swinton 1669 5 ch pek sou 425 27 291 M.ssena 2259 17 hf ch pek sou 850 27

62nagie ne 1672 2 do fans 200, 27 292 2362 5 do f.ns 300-24

63 1075 1 ‘do dust 110 25 298 2366 7 do dust 490 26

67 Amblangoda 1687 6 ch peksou 510 8927 294 Oodowerre 2363 9 ch bro pek 936-387

68 1690 2 do fans 200 27 296 2374 7. do pek sou 620 32

69 1698 1 do dust lo 25 297 2377 2hfch dust 160.25

70 Monterey 1696 4 ch sou 360-26 305 Seenagolla V 2101 8 ch peksou 832-80 bid

75 Kitulgalia 1711 13 hich bro pek 780 31 818 Sylv handy 2410 3 ch dust 300 26

76 171418 do pek 900 27 bid 321 Ardlaw Wish-

77 1717 8 do pek sou 352 25 bid ford 2449 2 ch sou 200 30

81 Bowlana 1729 7 ch peksou 595) 322 2452 2 do dust - 250 26

82 1732 2hfch fans 140 -withdn. 323, S. W. 2475 1 ch bro pek 106 33

83 17385 2 do dust 170 324 2458 2 do pek 186 27

84 El Teb 1728 8 ch peksou 70437 843, Rockside 2515 2 ch pek sou li 29

85 1741 Q9hfch dust 756 26 344 2518 2 do dust 270, 24

93 Yogama 1765 3 ch pek sou 300-29 345 2521 4 do bro fans 480.29

94 1768 4 do dust 560 925 316 Halbarawa 2524 3 ch bro pek 300 = 8

107 Ingrugalla 1807 8 ch bro tea (0 ae 347 2527 3 do orpek 270 27

lll Ingoya 1819 7 «Go bre tea 630 18 bid 348 25:0 4 do pek 320 27

112 1822 6hfch dust 498 26 349 24388 4 do pek sou 300 24

113 Pusella 353 Maldeniya 2545 9 ch pek sou 765 28

(Venesta chs.) 1825 6 ch broorpek 660 34 S61. W.N. 25°9 6 ch ~ fans 750 26

115 1831 8 do pek 848 28 362 2572 4 ‘do dust 600 25

121 Hentley’s 1819 10 bf ch or pek 40 31 366 Heronia 2531 17 hf ch or/pek 850 43

123 1855 10 ch pek sou 740 26 367 B.D. W. P. 2587 8 ch br pek fans 880 30

124 1858 8hfch fans 219 27 268 2599. 2 hf ch dust : 160 withd‘n

125 1831 2 do pek dust 170 24 877 ‘Helens 2617 ihfch dust 95 23

129 Tembiligalla 1873 1 ch dust 155 24 385 Quecnsland 2644.2 ch © pek No2 180. 29

130 BK 1876° 5 do dust 700 25 387 2647 1 do sou 105 24

131 1879 4 do fans 420 26 288 Helugas 2650. 2 ch sou 200 29

132 1832 6 do bro pek fans 390 28 390, Poenealla 2656 2 ch pek fans 200 527

135 S R, in estate 391 2659 4 Udo ust 360-425
mark 1891 6hfich dust 510 25 892 Kincora 262 5 ch bro or pek 500 6 bid

187 Blarney 293 ‘ 2665 9 do bro pek 920 3b

Watte 1897 10 ch pek 950 33 394 2663 10 do or pek 950 41

38 1900 2 do pek sou 180 28 396 2674.11 do pek sou 880 837
139 Mount Plea- : 39» Salem 2633 2 ch -brooripek 200 36
saut 1903 2 ch bro or pek 160 33 400 2686. 8 do b ope 800 26

140 1906 3 do or pek 225 32 401 2689 9 do pek 900 94

141 190) 3° do pek 240 26 402» . 2692 1 do dust 126 =~ «6

142 1912 “1 do sou §0 24 405 'Tismoda 270L 4 ch pek Sou 340 (3)

143 Bencon 19\5 2 ch fans 200 23 46 2704 BS hich dust 4.5 29

144 Babin Ella 1918 2hfch pek fans 140.027 413 Passara 2725 6hfch fans 720 27

148 Sirikandure 1930 1 ch bro pek dust 137 24 414 MT Pin est

149 1938 1hfch dust 103 22 bid mark 2728 4 ch sou 357 17

150 1936 4 do bro pekfans 237 26 415 Palm Garden‘%73! 9 ch bro pek 290 2

151 1939 1 do pek fans 53 24 416 2734 7 do pek 700 24. =~

152 1942 1 ch fans 76 23 417 2737 7 do pek sou 700 22 bil

163 1945 1 do. congou 55 18. 413 W. R. P. 2740 2 ch bro pek 246 27

154 D 1948 1 ch red leaf 80 13 419 2743 1 ‘do pek 114 26

157 Bopitiyu 1957 9 ch pek sou 810-28 420 2746 2 do pek sou 17522

158 Nyangodde 1960 3hfch fans 210 925 421 Gabhela 2749 7 bf ch bro pek 385 40-36

159 1963° 2 do dust 180 23 422 2752 10 do pek 600 28

166 Handford 1984 7 ch bro or pek 700 »3=- 36 423 2755 7 do peksou 385 26

168 1990 8 do pek 720 ~©=80 424 Waratenne 2758 9 ch broorpek .990 29

169 1:93 8 do peksou (a) 432 Geragama 2782 7 hf ch dust - 560 25

170 1996 1 do dust 110 24 433 Bin est mark2785 2 hf ch pek 116 34

171 19¥9 Lhfch bropekfans 65 26 434 Sutton — 2788 4 ch pek sou 336 44

178 Nahalma 2020 6 do dust 425 26 435 Nudan Ella 2791 3 ch br pek 248 86033

180 Ookvowatte 2026 2 ch pek fans 250 26 4:6 Drimiland 2794 8 ch or pek 674 32

181 2029 2hbfch dust 2.0 24», 837 Maragalla 2797 6 ch yek 507 32

196 Cloyne 2056 & ch pek sou 680 27 bid 441 KP W° 2809 12 ch pek sou 720 26

191 2059 2 do bro pek fans 220 25 442 2812 2 ch pek fans 180 27

192 2u62 6 do brotea 660 8625 443 Oin est mark2815 1 ch br or pek No2 8 29.

193 2065 2 do dust 240 24 444 2818 2 bf ch fans 26

199 LK 2088 4 ch 448 Yelatenne 253016 bf ch bro or pek os 3,

lhfch tans 439-28 450 2836 20 do pekK sou 900 = 81

203 Eastland 2005 4 do pek 240 838 451 2839 8 do sou 126 827

204 2098 2 do dust 198 86.24 452 2842 2 do fans 168 26

CEYLON: PRODUCE SALES. LIST. 5

Dot. Box. Pkgs.’ Name. lb.
453 Ottery 2845 56 ‘ch pek sou 896
454 Caniglea 2848 6 ch pek fans . 643
455 Tillington 2851 6 ch pek sou 306
456 Avoca 2854 8 ch bro or pek 874
: (Messrs. Somerville & Co.|
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name, Ib.
4 Hapugnasmulle 244 £ ch dust 164
7 Lammermoor 253 1 ch sou $5
8. 206 1 Co fans 100
9 SRK 259 56 ch pek £09
10 #62 3 do dust 480
15 Avisawella 277 6hfch dust 450
17° Monte Christo 283 9 ch pek sou 855
18 286 2 do sou 200
19 989 lbhfech fans 260
20 292 4 do dust 310
21 295 1 do bro tea 90
24 Waganila 304 5 ch pe® sou 450
25 7 £07 2hfch dust 190
29 Flchico 319 10 ch or pek 850
822 10 do pek 850
3! 825.9 do pek sou 855
34 Tinest mark 334 9hfch_ br pek B04
35 837.15 ch pek sou £46
36 Gangwarily 340-9 hfch ~° bro or pek 510
39 849 11. ch pek sou 95
40 332 3hfch dust 265
4) Bin Ban sou 45
44. Avra Tenne 844 4 ch pek sou 30
45 Sle PANG) dust 160
46 Glenamore 370 Sbfch dust (4)
4% Galloowella 376 56 ch pek sou 400
49 879 4hfch dust 344
60 Kudaganga 412 10 ch pes gin
62 418 3 do bro pek fans 3 0
13 421 4 do br pek dust 675
77 B dawa 463 9 ch pek SL)
78 466 8 do pek sou 680
79 439 3 do Gro pek fans 2 0
50 472 Lhfch bro mix bt
83 Vewebedde 48! 1) ch nek Suu 900
+4 SUEY fins 300
96 Warakamure 52010 ch — pek sou $50
100 OwllKande 532 6hfch tans 420
1OL 535 2 do dust 255
10+ Laxapanagallaf44 7 ch pek 630
in) f47 2 do pek sou 200
16 5A0 1 do d st 100
11) Deniyaya 577 9 ch sou 765
116 FSO 4 do pex fans 400
17 533 2hf-ch dust ls 0
121 Kurunegaile
Est. Co. «f
Ceylon, Ltd. 595 12 ch pek sou 960
122 98 hfch fins 640
13 601 6 do dust 48)
124 CM 604 3 ch pek sou 225
126 Murraythwaite 619 9 ch pek SLO
130 Coorondvo-
watte 622 6 hf ch pek fans 480
131 625 4 do dust 40
137 Rayigam 643 4 ch fans 46)
1338 64: 4hf-ch dust 340
148 Searborough 661 6bfch dust 493
144 64 10 do fans 650
145 St. Leonards-on-
Tea 667 6hfch~ hys
146 670 2 do sifton 236
147 673 1 do young hyson fans70
150 Wewebedde 682 7 ch pek sou 630
151 685 2 do fans 20)
152 Florida 688 5 ch bro or pek 515
165 697. 9 do peksou T74
156 700 1d dust 150
16l PK W 715 4 ch bro or pek 429
162 718 3 do or pek 254
163 721 3 do br pek 261
164 724 6 do pek 504
165 727 2 do pek sou 125
166 720 lhfch = sou 40
167 a3) 2) dO fans 120
163 736 1 do dust 52
170 BDW 742 2hfch dust 180
172 Ferndale 743.7 ch pek sou 651
173 Lauderdale 751 2 hf ch pek dust 160
174 JS 754 6hf-ch br pek 360
1745 BA 7h7 Qhfch pek fans 85
176 760 8 do dus* 720
177 (65) aleech. bro tea 109
180 Meeriatenne 77219 hfch pek sou 893
187 Labugama 793 4 ch pek sou 320
188 796 Uhbf ch dust 80
189 799 2 do bro pk fans 130

=

c,
26
27
27

£6.

bid

bid

bid

7 bid

bid

Lot. Box..,Pkgs.,; Name., lb. .¢,
190 Happugalla £02 8hfch br pek 456 20
192 808 8 ch pek sou 696 26
193 S11 2 do bropek fans 244 25
194 £11 10 hf ch pek fans 730 Ww
195 817 6 ch red leaf 36 14
197 RNA in est,
mark 823 2hfch_ br pek 110 28
198 £26 2 do pek 110%
199 829 2 ch ek-son RD 22
2nn £32 1 do dust 110 2%
201 835 1 box hyson 10 10
205 Romania 847, 1 ch br pek 100 -withd’h
{Messrs. #. John & Co.}
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ibe Mer
8 Cabin Ela 473 2bfeh~ pek fans 140, 26
4 474 2 do nek dust 139 26
5 KP 479 3 dao. dust gon 24
6 42911 ao fons gan 28
aT 485 foch rek-sou f4i9 20
g 488 5 do dust 500 28
11 Allington 497 6 dn ek sou 540. 24
19 500 1 do dust 32023
1® Devon f2! Shfch fans oe GIG A 27
21) Winwood R97 "hd hro pek 20D we,
~ 94 Pojlakanda r26 8 ch broorpek 720 With) ’n
21 Ca-tle Hill BAT Zao | dust 700. . 25
a7 OD F7™5 1 do bro pek 75 45
22 OR 5721 «An pneksou a5 OSL
20 Ti'lineton FQ1 14hfech_ bro or pek 700 41
49 THO €11 6 do dust 480 25
ea ™M 641 1 ch bro tea yn0 17
61 Callander 447 12hfeh hroorpek 780 43
@4 @5B 19 do nek son Ab4 85
e7 Wattogalla 6°56. 15 dn or nek 750 38
“ PPP e77 1 ch bro or nek 85 32
7? «89 4 do bro pek 400 2027
73 R23 1 An nek sou €5 24
7 eee 1 do fans v0 0 2
8% Anamalli 712 2bfeh dust 170 24
84 Wanarajah Te dos dust 455-26
92 A’? Lena, V 749 & ch bro nek 795 14 bid
MR 712 6 do pek fans 600-26
ot 746 9 An dust 20 24
on Katawella 752 9 do nek ato 27
OF 755 2% do dust 900-25
os WED 7°83 7 do dust 709 = 26
9 AR 78110 do nek aFo 8
100 764 9 do peksou 183 24
mG 787 3 do bro pek gig 32 bid
103 773 3 do
Vhfch peksou 905 6-29
14 776 92 do aust 130-25
105 U 779 1 do hro nek 55 33
we 722 1 ch broorpek 195 36
7 R 783 1 do pek 93 ~ 27
1K 72g 1 do dust 112 24
114 Gangawatte 80R 19 Ao nek sou gn? 34 bid
1 812 14hfeh_ fans a19 29
19 Lorgville 221 7 ch peF sou 6857
120 824 Ohfech fens 875 25
1 297 8 do Anst 20 24
12 Woatherly 993 3 ch — siftings 46% 13
127 Rookwood 943 Rhfeh dust grt 27
Wt) Perth sa8 4 ch nek dust 520 25
198 Klemone &7% 4 do dvst goo withd'n
141 SRK 895 5 do pek 497 33

CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
LONDON.

(From Our London Correspondent).
Mincine LANE, April 1St*.

“Soaindin. "—OBEC in estate mark, Nillaomally
Mysore O 1, 10 eases sold at 13 614: ditto, 2, Sat
la: ditto 3. 1 at Is 24; ditto B & S, 3 at ls Id;
ditto Seed. 1 at Is 4d.

“ Polens.’—FPEFS in estate mark, 5 eases sold at
1s 4d: 4 at 1s 2d: ditto Seed, 1 at Is 4d; Drome-
land 1. 2 cases sold at 243d: 3 at 2s 27; ditto 2,
5 at 25 GA: ditto 8. 2 at Is 6d; ditto Seed, 1 at
Is 8d: A Kahragala M, 2 enses sold at Is 64;
© ditto N, 2 at ls Sd: ditto D 4. 1 packet sold at
1s, 1 case sold at Is 34; ditto Brown. 1 packet
sold at 10d; 1 ense sold at Is 2d: 1 packet sold
at Is: 1 case sold at Is 5d; Seed, 1 packet sold
at ls.

6 - CEYLON

PRODUCE SALES. LIST.

“ Borneo.”—Elkadua O, 8 cases sold at 1s 1d
ditto Seed, 1 bag sold at 1s 1d,

* Jumna,”—Midlands O, 2 cases sold a ls 91;
ditto 2, 1 at 1s 1d; ditto B&S, 1 at 1s 2d.

‘*Duke of Devonshire ”—-M in ‘estate mark, Kobo
Mysore O, 2 cases sold at 28 7d; 1 at 2s 81;
ditto 2, 5 at Is 4d3 ditto $8, 1 at 1s 1d; ditto B,
1 atls 7d; ditto S, 5 at 1s 7d.

“ Scindia.”—Forest Hill Q, ‘2 cases sold at 23 7d;
ditto 2, 5 at 1s 9d; ditto 3, 4 at ts 6d.

'’ Kawathi Ma‘u.”—Winchfield Pk Bey
sold at 33 8d; ditto AA Splits, 3 at 28 91; ditto
Splits 2,8 at Os 5d; ditto Splits 3, 3 at Qs: ditto
A 4 at 2s 3d; ditto A Spli-s, 6 at 1s 10d; ditto
A §plits' 2, 7 ‘at Is 9d ; ditto 'B, 2 at 1s 7d; ditto
B Splits, 2 at 1s 4d; ditto B Splits 2, 3 at ls 4d;
ditto Seeds, 3 at 1s 6d.

“ Derbyshire.”-—LiH in estate mark 1, 3 ca-es sold
Bh 23 4d; lat 23 5d:

* S.vindia.”’—AL O Mysore, 9 cages aold at 1s 81;
AL 1 Mysore, 1l at.1s 5a,

“Jumna,’’—Yellangowry No. 1, 1 cxse sold at Is
J]d; ditto No. 2, 3 at 1s Si; ditto No, 3, 1 at 1s
Cd; ditto Splits, 1 at 1s did,

2 cases

‘“Omrah.”—Kellie in estate mark, Cardamoms B,
3 cases sold at 1s 84; ditto DB&S, 2 at ls,

*¢ Scindia.”— Hoobe Group 1, 6 cases sold at Is
7d; ditto 2, 1 at ls ld; ditto 3 Seed, 2 at 1s 4d.

“Duke of Devonshire,’ "—Delpotonoya, 1 case sold
at 23 1037; 3 at 23 21; 2 at 25 3d; 4 at ls 81;
3 at Is 64; 8 at ls 5d; "1 at 1s 2d; 1 at 1s.

‘“ Peleus.’ __Gallantenne Cardamoms AA, 1 case
sold at 23 1ld; ditto A, 5 at 23 ld; ditto B, 4 at
1s 7d; ditto C 9 at 1s 6d; ditto F, 9 at ls 64,

“ Jumna.’’—Vedehette Cardamoms Ex., 4 cases
sold at 23 10d; ditto AA, 6 at 1s 915; ll at Is 10d;
ditto A, 2 at 1s 34; 5 at Is 4d; ditto B, 8 at 1s
2d; ditto C, 4 at Is 1d ; ditto D, 2 at 1s "6a.

« Peleus.’ "_Pingarawa Cardamoms OQ, 4 cases
sold at 23 2d; ditto 1, 14 at 1s 8d; ditto 2, 4 at
Is 2d; ditto Browns, 6 at Is 1d; ditto Seeds, lat
| 1s 3d; Amblamana, Cardamoms AA, 2 cases sold

at 1s’ 7d; ditto A,1 at 1s 2d; ditto B, 2 at 1s td.

Scindia.”—Nicholaova Ceylon Cardamoms Wea
cases sold at 1s 54d; 3 at ls 4d; ditto 3, 2 at 1s

ld; ditto 4, 2 at 1s Cy

“ Bingo Marn.”—Wewelmadde A, 2 cases sold at

Is 5d: ditto B, 2 at 1s 2A; ditto C. 1 at ls;
| @itto E, 1 at 1s 4d; ditto B, 1 at Is 1d; ditto ©,

1 at 101; ditto KH, 1 at 1s 4d,

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS,

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

No. 19.
COLOMBO

CoLomBo, May 19, 1902,

SALES OF TEA.
LARGE LOTS.

Messrs. E. ‘Benham & Co.
[29,488 lb,]

Name,

dust
bro pek fans
pek sou

bro or pek
pek

or pek

bro or pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

Name,

sou
dust

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

pek sou

bro pek
or pek
pek
pek sou

bro pek

pex
or pek

bro or pek
pek sou
bro or pek
or pek

pek

pek sou

bro or pek

No. 1
or pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

or pek
bro pek

Lot. Box. Pkgs
1 Hornsey G 15 hf ch
2 9 18 do
3 Battalgalla 12 19 ch
5 Hornsey 18 42hfch
6 2L 26 ch
7 Yuillefi-la 24 40 hf ch
8 Zipesourehi

11. Torrington 36° 27 do

12 49 27 do

13 52 30 do

14 Agrakande 4) 25 hf ch

16 61 28 ch

17 54 15 do

(687,350 Jb. ]

Lot. Box. Pkgs.

1 JP, in estate

mark 285iqe 125 chi
2 2-60 165 bfch
8 Waltcn 2:63 15 ch
4 7806 14 do
5 2869 13 do
7 Beverley 2375 2%) bf ch
9 2:81 50 do

10 284 40 do

il 2887 23 do

12 OB EC,in

estate mark
Sindumally 2890 19 ch

13 2893 40 do
14 2848 41 do

15 2899 16 do
16 Glencorse, Iny.

No. 6 2902 15 ch

17 2905 33 do

18 29US 24 do

19 29:1 35 do

20 Glenrorse, Inv.

No, 5 2914 22 ch

21 OB E OC, in

estate mark
Nillomally 2917 39 ch

22 2920 27 do

23 2923 19 do

24 2926 20 do

25 Galleheria 2929 21 ch
26 2932 21 do

27 29385 40 do

28 2938 13 do
82 G, in estate

mark 2950 15 ch

34 Bramley 2956 48 hf ch

35 : 2959 33 do

36 2962 28 do

87 Pansalatnene 2965 385 ch

38 2968 37 do
39 2971 380 do

42 Tonaccmbe 2980 37 ch

43 2983 36 do

44 2986 46 do

45 2989 16 do

46 2992 13 hf ch

47 Udaveria 2995 20 do

48 2993 23 do

49 3001 21 ch

50 3004 29 do

61 Ardlaw and

Wishfurd 3007 19 ch

62 8010 22 do

63 30138 22 do

64 3016 33 do

-59 Yataderia 3031 19 hf ch

60 Kabragalla 3034 33 do

62 8010 49 do

63 80:3 23 do

66 Lochiel 8052 35 hf ch

67 8055 28 do

68 3058 24 do

69 Poonagalla 3061 18 ch

70 3064 18 do

lb,

1275
1-66
1425
2520
2210
6295
3150
2430
2500
2550
1400
2688
1410

lb,

1200
1200

~ 1680

1190
1105
1000
2500
2000
1035

2052
3920
8026
1200 .

1575
2970
1920
2710

2310

3432
2322
iv0d
1680
2100
1575
8825
1235

1200
2280
1650
1612
3500
3115
2550
3516
360)
4140
1:60
1105
1200

1380
1890
2465

1995
2244
1936
1932
1710
1815
2450
1160
2100
2716
2040
1710
2070

c.

24
26
4)
36
Bt
39
33
31
26

39
35
32
29

37
36
29
26

31 bid

35
33
43
32
§2
41
38
35

26
37 bid
39
36
34
29 bid
27
36
39
34
30 bid
26
65
39 bid

36 bid
34 bid

Lot, Box.
71 3067
72 Z 3070
75 Rajawatte 8079
76 38082
78 Roeberry HK 40-8
79 BOL
80 8094
9) Osb.rne 8124
91 3127
95 Rickarton 5189
4 3142
97 3145
101 OB EC, in
estate mara
Forest Creek 3157
102 3110
103 3163
104 3166
106 Mansfield 3169
106 3.72
109 Dessford 3181
110 3184
111 3187
112 3120.
113 3183
114 Goodhope 3196
115 3195
116 Delta 3202
117 3205
118 3208
119 3211
120 Gonapitiya 3714
121 3217
122 8220
144 WVRA 3226
125 Vogan 3229
126 3232
127 8235
128 3238
131 Nugagalla 43247
132 8250
134 Tembiligalla 3256
135 3259
136 3252
140 Penrhos 8274
141 3277
142 3280
143 323
148 Agra Oya 3298
149 3301
150 3304
151 Algooltenne 33/8
162 3810
153 3313
154 Dotulgalla 3316
155 3319
156 3822
158 Wallah 3328
169 3331
160 3334
161 3337
162 Forres 3340
163 3343
164 3346
165 3349
166 Penrhos 3352
167 3355
168 3358
169 3361
170 3361
171 3367
174 Tempo 3376
175 3379
176 3332
179 Trafalgar 3391
180 3394
181 3397
182 Bullugolla 381400
183 8453
184 3406
186 3409
188 Badullaoya 38418
189 421
191 High Forest 8427
192 3430
193 3433
19: Gampaha 3136
195 34.9
196 3442
197 3455
199 Kirklees S451
200 3464
201 8467

Price :—12} cents each, 3 copies
30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee.

Pkgs:
22

17 do
56 hf ch
25 ch
17 do
26 do
22 hf cu
24 do

12

0
40 hf ch

29 ch
22 do

Name.

nek

fans

ov pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

bro or pek
(Yr pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pes

or pek
pek

bro pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pek

or pek
pek

pek sou
bro pek
bro or pek
bro or pek
bro pek

bro or pek
bro or pew
or pek
pek

pex sou
bro pe«
pek

bro or pex

pek sou

or pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pek
or pek

re
bro or pek
bro pek
pes

fans

bro pek
bro or pek

pek

bro or pek
or peE
pes

bro or pek
or pek

or pek
pes

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou
bro or pek
pek

pek sou

lb.

1700
30%4
zat0
1394
2028
11.2
1392

3 bid

380 bid
28
83

va

9 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
:
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb _« Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. tose ¢: ;
202 High Forest 3460 37 hfch or pek 340 Ruanwella 274 15 ch bro cr pek 1659 30bid -
No. 1 2183 43 bid 341 217 17 do bro pek 170) 32
203 3463 50 do or pek 342 285 15 do or: pek 1350 89633
No. 2 2997 43 bid 343 283 34 do pek 3060 28
204 3466 25 do or pek 1350 39 344 286 13 do pek sou 1:70 24
204 3169 80 do or pek 1637 3 845 289 11 do fans 1145 25
2°6 3472 23 do pek 1104 37 847 Talgaswela 72795 21 ch bro or pek 2100
207 Wecya 34175 20 ch a or pek 2.05 33 348 £98 25 do or pek 200
208 2478 5% do bro pea 6565. —-30 bil 349 301 52 do pek 256v } withd‘
209 2481 28 do ek ZT 28 250 304 27 do pek sou 20 5
213 Galkadua 8193 i2 ch bro pek 130 25 B61 307 18hfch br pek No 2 10s
214 3496 10 do pex 1000. £0 bia 353 K G in est
217 Dunkeld ~ 3505 50hfch broorpek 3000 39 mark 318.33 ch sou 1170 25.
218 3508 45 ch or pex 4274. 33 354 316 16 do dust 2400 26
219 35i1 81 do pek 2790 33 bid 355 Forres 319 33 ch bro or pek 3319 41 bid
2:0 Seenagolla he 20 hfch broor pez 1200 6L 357 JLindocla 325 13 ch pek 1385 31
221 3517 20 do pek 1046 43 358 Queensland 328 20 ch bro pek 2000 47
223 St. Heliers 3523 45 do bro or pek. 1904 42 359 331 12 do pek 10+0 42
224 2526 14 do pek 1330 3 bid #62 Palmerston 340 17 hfch bia or pek 120 71
226 Coombe 4 363 343° «16 do pek 1360 49
Court 3532 19 do bro or pek 10(5 33 bid 365 Queensland 349 11 ch or pek 1042 37 bid
227 8535 36 do bro pek 1940 30 bid 366 Blarneywatte 352 li ch bro pek 1097 31 bid
220 El Teb 3144 25hfch broorpek 1450 54 bid 367 Pine Hill $55 29 bf ch pro or pek 174u 43
231 3747 33 ch or pek 3102 35 bid 362 2853 29 ch _.or ;ek 2610 33
932 2550 8L do bro pek 3596 36 bid 369 851 27 de pek 2470 32
233 3553.29 do pex 2725 31 bid 370 364 13 do pel sou 1104 29
226 Matale 3562. 4 hfch bro pek 2880 34 371 Tembiligalla 367 13 ch bro orpek 1170 32
287 2665 22 ch pek 1380 3 373 372 12 do pek 10:0 7
938 3668 14 ch pek sou 1260 27 873 Yutaderia 288 21 ch bro or pek 2741 30 bid ~
241 Great Valley 379 Binestmark 391 10 ch fans 1060 28
' Ceylon, in est. 385 B Bin est
mark 3540.22 ch bro or pex 1298 49 mark 403 16 ch pek sou 1360 41
242 3580 12 de or pek 1080 36 388 Marlbcrough 418 42 hfch bro or pek 2 00 53 bid
243 3583 65 do pek 6110 35 3839 421 32 ch bro pek 2200 45 bid
944 886 16 do pek so. 128u 29 bid 390 424 5l do or pek 4592 37 bid
245 5589 26 do fans 1620 32 391 427 ¥6 do fek £418 ©36 bid
246 : 3°92 2) do dust 1700 = 36 392 4.0 18 do pek sou 1449 2
248 WNakiadenia abys 17 ch or pek 1360 33 393 433. 17, do br pk fams 1054 33
249 23 do pek 1350 33 394 Mcrankande 4:6 18 bf ch broorpek 1008 32
950 St. Helen F 11 -ch bror pek 1015 36 395 439 28 «do or pek 1400 32
DAL 7 15 do or pek 1275 3 396 442 24 ch pek 2160 27
25R 10 19 do pex i7iv 2, 400 Ganapalla 454 37 do or pek 2071 31
553 i3 16 do pe« sou 1440 28 401 457 50 do bro or pek 5.00 31
254 Weldemar 16 25 bi.ch 6 or pek 15.5 67 402 460 44 do or pek 8740 25 bid
265 i9 22 ch _ bro pek 2552 41 403 463 20 do ok sou 1600 24
276 22 20 do cr pek ly40) 40 404 466 12 bf ch dust 1032-25
267 25 13 poe pee 1166 38 ——- Ee
25 28 15 Cc) ans 1260 23 -
ae ees BT BODE eta be of wok Pealdas fate Ch Messrs. Keell and Waldcock.
260 84 15 ch ha ee 1290 26 bid
261 37 81 do tang S32 bid [28,967 1b.]
262 4) ~2hfie Eee pk fans 1432 32 : 3 i ‘ } .
26: Thedden 46 20 ch bro pek 3000 32 Lot y Box. Pkgs. Name. Tb. Cc.
265 49 12 do pek 1:80 29 1 Aigburth f8 25 ch bro pek 2575 31 bid
269 Tismoda 61 21 ch bro pei 2100 24 2 6i 16 Go pes 1440 30 bid
270 64 25 do pek 2250 out 3 64 15 hf ch io pek fans1('56 26
274 Mawiliganga- 4 67 12 ch pek siu 1020 26 bid
watte 76 71 ch bro pek (816 oT 5 Lowlands 70 13 ch or pek 1170 82
S45 79 40 do pek sou 3000 24 bid 6 73 27 do bro pek v700 30 bid
276 82 16 do pek dust 1040 25 7 76 30 do pek 2790 30
277 Geragama 85 17 ch brs or pek 1785 29 8 79 16 do pek sou 1280 24 bid
27 883 55 do bro pek 4 50 30) 9 Uprasscya. 82 21 bt ch br or pk f ns1523 26
279 {48 pexk 3349 23 10 5 27 rek 2:25 27 bid
289) 94° 45 ch pek s.u 3/ 0U 94 11 WDA $8 1s an bro pek 1764 35 :
282 Woodend 100 42 eh bro pek 410 22 12 9i 25 do or pek 200 30 bid
283 103 37 do pek 338u 30 13 94 17 ao per - 136u 28 bid
987 Linest mark 115 i5 ch bro pek 1575 28 bid 14 Ouvah v7 13 ch pek 1170 40
288 118 14 do pek 1440 28 17 -Dunnc ttar 106 ZA ch bro pek 2200 35 bid
291 Presten 127. 24 ch bro pek 2450 59 18 104 19 do pek - 1710 31 bid
292 130 14 A o4 pes ; 1148 46 —___— See
£96 Bandara Eliya 14! 62 lf ¢ or pek 34 0 39 -
297 Side ray date Wena pek 348) 38 Messrs. Somerville & Co.
293 143 65 do pek © 58220) 937 [282,056 ib.]
299 Kitulgaila 15! 8Lhfch bro or pek 1922 32 .
300 154 22 ch — or pek 1980 32 Lot. Box. Pkgs Name. lb, c.
Oe Munukettia by oh (de Be Testa 3D) 4 2 Ingeriya 8&3 20 ch br pek 3100 9 Lid
© Ceylon, in ‘ 0,2 Oot Hak 209) 2
kad A . pek 250 4 zz do pek sou 2
35 ae 169 2 hf ch ites ere 30 or 6 Hangranoya 865 21 ch broorpek 2160 4d
308 17222 ch pek 176) 32 7 SES oy. ee aes aeeeo ee
307 172 12 do peksou 1175 30 8 Ben 10 ghee Lise eee
316 Walpita 402 46 ch bropek 46:0 32 9 Bie ees doi) nek Sones righ rae, a
317 25 33 do pek 3150 29 10 Mahatenne t77 10 ch broorpex 10:0 34 bid
322 Fredsruhe 220 74 ¢: bropek 2100 25 ik 880 13 do bropek =-1,00 30 Lid
323 223 16 do. pek 1520 31 ~ ~| 12 83 11 do pek it45 8
325 Glengariffe 229 E2bfch broorpek 2)20 43 14 Oahwell 889 39 ch br pek 4¢80 36
316, tn 2:4 16 ch or pek 1403 ga bid | 15 s92 3% do pek — Be es
-27 235 4b do pex 2300 31 16 895 15 do yek sou 13:0 30
328 738 <5 do pek sou 2500) 29 19 Blac heath $ut 19 ch pek 17) 29. ae
3:9 B.P.C 2i1 27 ch pek 2 60 25 22 Oaklands 913 26 ch uro or pek 2590 29 bid
330 24 <Bhfch dust W771. 26 3 916 29 do — pek Bes denn Cink
331 Hanwella 247 59 hfch yung hyson 800) {5 bid 25 Atherton 922 62hfich br pek icy i withd’n
832 450 *6 do hys.n Nol 1560 33 26 925 39 «do yek 1630
36 Craiggewn 29 56 ch ~ pek 5040 = 32 bid 2s Patulpana 91 14 ch — br pek 1400 2b
286 Monkswu.d 22 24hfen bre pek 1i42.. 70 29 934 IY Gu) yek 109) 4 265
387 265 36 co or pek 1899 56bid | 34 Hen gaia #45 42 ch pek 4.0 28
235 263 54 ch pek 3 60 47 35° Wattumoulla 95: 261i ch bro pek 156) 3t

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3
Lot. N
ee Box. Pkgs. Name. Ney 2@, Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. hoy,
be a 961 Bt ch hro or pek 1320 28 178 1381 70 hf ct k ;
40 ae 12 do br pek 1260 26 bid 179 1384 29 do} : oak 1768 36
a 5% iL ae Ge et ie 27 18 Oonankande 1390 32 hfeh se pee 1666 34
ea C 2 x g 2 8% 393 27 F 30 bi
45 Kallebokka 982 13 ch bro or pek 1365 ae 185 Baluwalawatts ios ere Wee Whe Nae
46 bee £8 ,..cR po ae ae Ba Paras é ie Zz M4 ch bro or pek 1400 47 bid
As BER ae be bal 85 ie tswol¢ 1405 21 hf ch bro or pek 1575 29 bid
5) 1000 18 ch peksou 1386 a1bid | 188 Oe age meee sO oy Set
52 Kurulugalla 1003 15 ch or pek 1350 34 ie 194 Charlie Hil 1a0e a a yer fae SR
53 1006 15 de broorpek 1500 32 Le ae ect Be ac
64 1009 30 do pek 2700 ©. 28 18 Hanagama ti 34 22 do pek 1100-27
59 Annandale ee 21 hich or pek 1155 45 200 Cotswold ; a7 2 ch oper oot a a
1024 20 do an ‘ 505! (Golamane Syn at per DAA sah
60 Damblagolla 1027 19 ch Bao or pes 1710 a pig 303 Oolapane 1453 43 ch bro pek 430) 31
61 1030 22hfch br pek 1320 27 bid 204 ai 20 cu ber a Nee
62 LOS3h 22 Ach pek 1s70 28 A ee per sop 806 cere
63 1036 18 do peksou l4iu 25
65 Glenalmcnd 1042 28hfch or pek 1400 33 MM ; E
66 1045 15 ch — pek 1350 29 GBRES soft) bmn eC.
67 New Valley 113 29 ch broorpek 290) 45 (287,797, lb
68 1031 18 ch or pek 1800 39 Lot SEES | 3
& A ae a de pek 2100 36 at. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb ¢
5 iat 25 «do pek sou OY p i 2 GB Q2 i ;
7 Rayigam ae 17hfch bro or pek zoe ig De bs Bila Ce io bee ae k re) a
7 (63 14 ch or pek 1330. 37 6 era Penemee
73 1066 14 do br 3 2 aes 911 49 do pek sou 3439 —-:26 bid
a Med ke we ne pek 1330 eu 3 Glentilt 9:4 5zbfch bro or pek 250 59 oh
33 Gienall 1072 ¥3 do pek sou \ ; 7 8 90 5 ao Bene an Soa
enalla 1096 27 ch vung hyso 2336 39 ps 9 Tem stow ig nA hES pe ae ob
84 ; 1099 29 do ygon ean a bit 10 ia 06 Mar pen ae ta ee:
of Forest Hill 1108 16 en kr pek ~"y440 28 hid a 029 22 ath peter 30.4 aan
1ill 3% do pek ¥:42 27 bi 12 SFICLOL a 5 ates
39 Tht 19446 |) pek ao cera aD le aa iusl: Peale Soy Peeee. = SAME en
909 RKP 1117 23 ch bro oEpek 1300 30 14 ee ove if et sek saat.) SaaS
91 112 19 do or pe 1900 4 is Natuwakelle 50 a3 d tee aGRen Meee
92 1193 "160 do "> per Goapele 19 Boe Me aah brocrpek 2309 47
93 1128 14 lif ch fans 1260 2 + au 056 23 do pear 20,0 a
OE Nellicollay- ; 2 21 Bee cp do pex 20,0 31
euical Ee te eS sy Ooncoralies iB co pe sou 1:80 29
” ibn ENN Bans 2437 a7 4g onvogaloya ote 14 do or pei 1250 85 bid
100 Yarrow 1147 25 hfch — bre or pek 1230 34 “od a7 3 ag ates 38
101 11:0 28 do or pek 132.31 26 Oitery v7 ‘14 a Hy « re
102 1153 ° 26. do pek {022 25 24 98U F3 ag fly or pei 36 bid
103 1156 25 do pck sou 1100 26 29 933 22hfeh bro “a
ue Warakamure 1162 28 ch or pei "660 31 3) Coslanda 86 25 aie Br see 34
1165 2! do — br pek 24) BL 989 ek ie 38
107 1163 abl dots Rel a 4 a 26 Elemane a 36 ao bro pek He
71 13 do pek iHO'g 36 60 32
11¢ =Duartry 1177 42 bf ch Bing 334 38 37 7 12 a EE 1080 i
ee Farnham 1180 29 ch or pek 2810 34 39 Glasgow 13 V2 , Ne per sou 1080 30
ce ae oH Pee 2810 3 HD za LTC vo or vek 7365 59
i LE epee et i 8 16 4L do bro psk 2537 44
1l4 Dalukoya 1189 19 hf ch niode pek 128 iD 2 2 13 a3 pee 107d 40
ule uty? a ag or pek 1595 36 44 Cabin Ella 28 8 lo Pee pek 3200 10 b
20 do ek 5 32 0 3L 23 i pe
eBeela = 1201 19) ch’ cows 7 maaan fait 18. Dickapitiy 10 a0nfen bro 165) 28
a ore 1634 out ae a ya 0 20 hfch bro or pek 1650 28
121 Mousakande 1210 26 ch bro pek 1 one 59 rf 3) Wo ree Re a0
1 210 26 pe 430. £8 5 : 46 3) do pek 350 30
1 Tat a do pek 1980 29 6: Nahavilla 49 26 co or pek 23 ‘0 56
eS ae 21; ) ic 3 26 2 b2 27 e si
124 Siriniwasa 1219 28 ch be aos 200 33 bi uy) 5 aul da fee ey 1400 2
15 ipa ait do aes an 3 id 54 ne me “a ae 1800 31 bid
16 1 55 55° do any ged Z ar Be), EAI + sou T2380) 27 bei
10 Kanatota 1237 19 ch Heo ens Tae 38 ar Brownlow oF 2L Bac ie ae aoe eee 29
1 r 1/40 22hfch pek 3 5S : iu 2 i a ae,
134 St. Catherine 12-9 15 ch pek 1628 0 39 73 31 uo pen 36
136 Handrokande 235 12 ch bro pek 1320 ‘6bil 60 «6 7 hich res 26
141 Kelani 1270, 28 ch — or pek 2300 33 | 61 Balado Wy Sedo dust 26
re 1273 25 do broorpek 2500 31 62 Gees ela Heed an
143 1276 16 do pek 1280 63 Glassaugh 85 56 hf or pek 36
144 1279 14. ch fans 1260 25 (4 s 5e0% dow Maer 40 bid
ve Weygalla 1285 20 hf ch broorpek 1000 68 65 91 2 ch Hee oe io bid
288 65 ch — peck 5225 39 68 ao hfe oO ML
ue Ferndale re a ea bro or pek 130 0 0 Bu Myraganga ive 4 a Sees “9 bia
Souonteds k rae aetpe : Siero 33 bid
isu KGalla 1297 19, ch aS pek 2000 30 ba = 14 22 ao Bek Soe Si bit
15L Deniyaya 1800 12 chor pek 1110.37 83 Kandaloya 149 54 bt ch or pek 32 Lid
168 ESOS data, Bx niornek 1300 41 t5 Medenpeane- as res
3 15 do pek 1350 = 30 hande lol 62 ¢
= He He ae 3 0 3 52 eh bro pek 6200 29 bid
Ta oe nt cat r pek sou 1080.27 eS a Bo ag pek Iss0 26 bid
mark 1318 24 bf ch broorpek i344 51 bid 88 M K, in estate per a Popa pee
158 VW 2oeeot ch or 2755 ; ae Ae D
vob pek 075 4 10 do fans 10 26
159 134 Y4 do nek 380 aa bia | 89 aoe, Oy Bee do 17 bid
Oe lta ai4t dou: Bro pek sow 1400s SLbie | 5° Ae oo ose iq, 25
161 Sifton A eORIRORTG) pele 46U0 28 bid 95 Kolapatna 18! 19hfech bro or pek 108i G4
162 Ferriby 13.3 22hfch broorpek 1210 4U ae ea ic L oho T050 0 bi
163 1536 27 ch or pek 2430 35 10S ya He ed Ive 88 bid
164 1339 387. do pek 3145 98 10. Captain Garden 199 23 ch pek 207u 26 bid
165 ARsauise) dos idpekiseu . teaormetsa nial j 106 jcoccmwatte: | gIy ke (Coy. bro ek ww 3
167 Gwernet. 1348 16 ch bro pek 1680 85 ng hee el: 230) 80 bi
168 " 1351 25 do pek 2250 35 ae Si 19 do fecsou | 100 BEd
171 Bevusejour 1360 ¥3 ch bro pek 9800 32 bid liv St. Jchn’s 226 2hfch bro or pek 1450 52 a
are 1308 16 do orpek 1440 g0bid | {22 a0 40 do orpek 2 40 bid
u 3 Ste, 1360 Tonio. pee eee oeaseeitiid 112 232 30 do pek No.1 alo 40 bid
1378 45 hf eh _pek 275 Sl bid | 1] eae aoe Ba Re
238 26 do pek fans 176329

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

4
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. ib.
115 Craigingilt 241 12 ch or pek 121.0
116 Oonoogaloya 244 19 do or pek 1710
117 247 18 do bro or pek 1800
118 25) 26 do pek 2210
119 Devon 253 86 hfch obroorpek 216)
12u 6 33 ch or pek 3465
121 259 19 do pek 1843
123 A’Watte 265 13 do pek fans 1300
194 263 10 do
lhfch bro pek fans 1061
125 Craithie 271 45 ch pek 4050
126 St. Clair 274 Ivhfch broorpek 1045
127 277 «41 ch or pek 4160
128 289 13 do bro pek 2052
129 253 60 do p2k 5.60
132 Tillington g92 19hfch bro pek 1045
13¢ 295 52 ch pek 4160
137 Mahanilu 307 2) bfich broorpek 1239
138 310 19 do or pek 1044
139 38 19 ch pek 1833
140 36 14 do pek sou 1143
141 Higham 319 21 hfch broor pek 1365
142 322 (8 ch bro pek $800
143 325 40 do pek 3500
144 328 2: do pek sou 2280
148 Birnam 3:0 48 au pek sou 3264
149 Lamelie.e 3i3 v8 do bro or pek +912
150 346 15 do or pek 1275
151 349 28 do pex 2185
52h 354 15 hfch pe fans 1080
155 Dalhousie 361 29 do pek 13805
188 Stubton 870 23 ch bro pek 3300
169 373 15 Uo pek 1600
160 876 13 do pek sou 1300
161 Gonavy 379 12 do vek sou 1080.
161 Hila 383 61 do pek No.1 5185
165 Histon 391 39 do pek 3315
165 5y4 43 do pe sou 3960
167 Gonayy 297. 16 do or pek 1357
163 40) 41 do per 3072
112 Bowella 412 16 ch pek 1440
173 415 12 do pek scu 1020
176 Mutua Hliya 424 2% do broorpek 2600
177 427 16 do or pek 1520
Lis 430 22 do pek sou 1980
185 Agra Ouvah 451 64hfch broorpek 3776
186 454 47 do or pek 2533
187 457 14 ch pek 1330
189 463 25hfch pek fans 2075
SMALL LOTS.
Messrs. &. Benham & Co.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb.
4 Battalgalia 15 4 ch dust 340
9 Vuilletield 30 2 do pek sou 170
10 33 2bfch dust 160
15 Ygrakanda 48 3 ch bro pek 315
18 57 2 do pek sou 210
19 €0 4bfch ians 260
20 63 4 do dust 320
Messrs. Keell and Waldock.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb,
15 Dunncttarc 100 14 hf ch bro or pek 770
16 103 9 do or pek 450
19 112 4 ch pek sou 360
Messrs, Herbes @& Walker
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.
6 Walton 2872 3 ch sou 240
8 Beverley 2878 10 hfch broor pek 500
29 Galleheria 2911 1 ch dust 100
80 2914 2 do congou 160
31 Baddegama 2947 10 ch or pek 9u0
33 G, in estate
mark 2953 8 ch dust 630
40 Pansalatenne 2974 4 ao bro pek fans 500
41 2917 2 do dust 320
65 Ardlaw and
Wishford 3019 38 ch fans 372
56 8022 Ihfch dust 84
57 WwW 3025 1 ch bro pek 1¢0
68 3028 1 do pek 102
61 Kabragalla 30:7 18hfch broorpek 900.
64 3046 10 do dust 850
65 3049 7 do bro tea 385
78 Poonagalla ©3073 7 ch ust 665
74 Rajawatte 8076 7 ch bro orpek 700
77 Ragalla 3085 1 do bro mix 90

"81
82

. Lot. Box, | Pkgs.
Roeberry E 3097 & ch
310" 32 do
8&3 6113 3 «do
€4 Madala 3106 4 ch
85 81:9 4 do
86 B8iuzZ 9 do
b1i5 3 do
88 3118 3 do
3121 1 do
92 @sborne 3130 6 ch
%3 3133 3hfch
94 31386 2 «wo
98 Rickarton 814% 4 ch
99 31651 12 hf ch
100 3154 3 do
lu7 Mansfield 6175 10 ch
108 3178 7hf ech
123 Gonapitiya 3225 & ch
129 Vigan 5241 9hfch
130 3214 4 ch
1383 Nugagalla) #43 6hfch
137 Tembiiigalla 3265 2 ch
138 $263 1 do
139 8271 2 Go
144 Penrhos 3°86 4 hich
145 8289 2 do
146 Her. nia 3292 4 ch
1 hf ch
147 3295 6 ch
127 Cannave-
rella 3325 1 ch
172 Penrhos 3370 4 hf ch
173 33758. 1 do
177 Tempo 83.5 5 ch
18 3388 5 hf ch
$86 Dullugolla 3414 4 ch
187 8:15 5 do
190 Badulluoya 3424 10 ch
198 Gampaha 3443 6 do
210 Weoya 315i 8 ch
211 24-7 6 do
212 342) 4 do
216 Galkadua 8499 6 ch
216 812 Lovo
222 Seenagolla 352) 4hfch
225 St. Heliers 3529 7 do
228 Coombe
Court 6538 6 ch
229 3541 5 «do
234 P 85:6 13 hf ch
235 8569 6 do
239 Matale 8571 5 ch
240 43574 5 hfch
247 Great Valley
Ceyl.n,in est.
mark 3595 3 ch
263 Dunbar 43 2 ch
26 Thedden 52 3 ch
267 55 2 do
268 68 1 do
271 Tismoda 67 3 ch
272 70 2 bf ch
273 73 i do
281 Geragama 97 10 ch
284 Woodend 106 10 ch
285 * 109 5 do
286 Linest mark 112 2 bf ch
289 121 5 ch
290 124 1 hf ch
233 Preston 133 7 ch
294 126 5 hf ch
295 139 2 do
302 Kitulgalla 160 2 ch
30> 163 2 do
308 CS 173 3 ch
39 181 1 hf ch
310 J CL 1e4 2 ch
311 187 2hf ch
312 Bogahagoca-
watte i180 4 ch
813 193 4 do
314 196 4 do
315 199 4 do
318 Walpita 208 10 ch
319 21 4 do
320 211 8 do
321 217. 3 do
324 Fredsruhe 226 8 ch
333 Hanwella 253 1hfch
334 256 3 do
339 Monkswood 271 11 hf ch
346 Kirrimettia 292 % ch
352 Talgaswela 310 9hfch
3:6 Lindvola 822 9 ch
360 Queensland 334 1 ch
861 337 2 do

Name. Ib. e.
pek sou 720 32
dust 300 6
fans 300 28
bro or pek 400 29
bro pek 275 28
pe« 725 26
pek sou 801 “3
bro tea 245 16
dust 110 20
bro pek 600 82
fans 240 YT
dust 194 25
pek sou 400 30
bro pek fans 840 28.
fans 255 26
pek sou 950 35
1eK sou fans 595 28
pek son 656 39
dust 720 26
pek furs 500 28
dust «40 p45)
peks u 196-25
bro pek fans 120 26-
dust 30 25
fins 3382 27
pek dust 196 9-25.
bro mix 455 . 28
pek sou 570 29
bro orpek 100 41
fans 300 27
pek dust 85 25.
pek sou 400 25
dust 425 25
fans 400 27
dust 550 25
pek sou 900 29
pek fans 540 Pi
pek sou 640 7
bro pekfans 690 27 .
dust . 640 25
pek sou 600 19 :
fans 130 8620
dust 332 27 ,
dust - 574 26
pek 540 29
pek sou 450 28
bro or pek

tans 910 2

dust 510 26
sou 425 25
dust 400 26
sou 255 20
pek sou 188 29
pek sou 240 27
br pek fans 260 23
dust 1€0 25
pek sou 270 22
fans 150 24
dust t5 25
dust 800 23
pek sou 800 %6

ust 7.0 26
bro orpek 100 28 :
pek sou 440 26
dust 90 25
pek sou 490 41
fans 820 37
unassorted 112 28
dus’ 292 25
fans 220 26
sou 150 . ‘
ae es 4) } witha a

ro tea, 190) ir a6
dust 160 f Within,
bro pek 400 3t
bro cr pek 417 34
pek 380 = 30
pek sou 400 26
pek sou 800 25
sou 320 23
fans 330, (27
dust 420 26
pek sou 800 26
hysonNo.2 70 26
dust 240 12
fans 770 83 .:
congon 180. 24
dust 720 withd‘n
bro pek 9290 35
sou »83) 20 ©
bro pek dust 132 36

Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. lb.
364 Palmerston 346 2hfch pek sou 154
372 Vembiligalla 370 8 ch bro pek £00
374 876 5 do pek sou 425
375 879 1 do bromixed 95
276 882 2 do bro pek fans 18)
a7 ; 885 2 do dust 300
a B. in est mark 394 6 ch dust 600
ev 397 1d br
382 BB in est Paige see 100
: mark 400 3 ch bro pek B00
ote Di ; : ae 8 do pek 270
e inest mark 406 1 ch
386 B Bin est pak 8
_ mark 412 6 hf ch dest 40
387 Kehelwatte 415 1 ch bro pek oy
$97 Morunkande 445 11 ch pek sou 770
BN8 448 3hfch brerype fans 20
39) A'D ee ene CLO dus! 00
(“esers. Somerville & Co.|}
Lot Box. Pkgs, Name, Ib.
1 Ingeriya 850 4 ch bro or pek 416
5 862 3 do pk dust 345
13. Mahatenne $86 2 ch fans 2-0
17 Oakwell 898 lLhfch fans rat
Js 901 1 ch dust 105
20 Black} eath OUT 4" ch sou 200
21 910 4 do fans 4.0
24 Oaklands 919 3bfch dust 270
27 Atherton 9°98 3 hf ch dust 2:0
#0) Patulpana 937 4 ch pek sou 360
31 930 2hfeb dust 10
32 Allakolla 913 6 hf ch dust 550
33 Hanagama 916 8 ech or pek 8.0
86 Wattumulla 955 6 hf ch
(ach pek 870
37 958 3 hf ch
2 en pek sou 295
42 Salawa 973 9 ch pek sou No. 29 0
43 976 6 do unast 660
44 979 1 do vk dust 165
48 Kallebokka 991 2 ch fans 250
49 994 1 do pek scu 105
50 997 1hfech dust 90
55 Kurulegalla 1012.16 ch pek sou 910
56 1615 2 do bro tea 190
AZ 3018 3 do or pek dust 456
64 BBG 1039 6 ch fans 600
76 Rayigam 1075 4 «ch fans 480
77 Abawed 3078 17 hfch bro pek $50
as 10§1 11 do pek 5A0
59 10-4 9 do peks u 450
80 1087 1 do dust 90
81 1090 2 do bro pek fans 130
82 1092 1 do bro mixed 6L
85 Glen lla Wo2 2 ch hyson No. 2 ¥10
se 115 4 do fans 496
94 RKP 1129 4 hf ch dust 400
97 Nellicollay-
watte 1178 6 hf ch pek sou 429
93 1141 1 do fans 73
99 1144 1 do dust 82
104 Yarrow 1159 ll hfch fans 627
109 Warakamure 1174 9 bf ch dust 855
116) Dalukoya 1195 1Lhfch = pek 605
120 AA 1207 3 ch dust 450
127 Siriniwasa 128 7 ch bro pek fans 735
128 2 1221 2 do dust 300
129 1234 1 do sou 95
132 Kanatota 1243 9 ch pek sou 7&3
133 1246 2 do dust 300
135 St. Catherine1252 2 ch fans 243
137 Handrekande1258 3 ch pek 285
138 1261 2 do pek sou 180
1°9 1264 1 do lust 145
140 Rullatwella 1267 1 ch bro tea 110
V5) Kelani 1282 6 ch dust 620
J55 Deniyaya 1312 11 ch su 925
156 : 1315 8 hf ch nek fans 520
186 Ferrihy 1345 6 do fans 375
169 Gwernet 1354 7 ch je sou 560
170 1°67 2 do dust 2380
‘74 seju 3369 9 ch pek sou 6:0
176 Benue) ay 1372 8 do bro pk fans 270
177 1375 3hf ch dust 210
180 Lyndhurst 3387 2 do dust 169
183. Ocnantande 1392 14 do — pek sou 952
184 1299 9 do dust 630
189 Cotswold 1414 8 ch pek sm 600
1909 OLW 1417 5 ch bro or pek FeO
191 1420 z do dust 220
192 TT 1423 6 ch bro tea 670
193 1426 1 do red leaf 76
396 Charlie Hill 143) 14 bf ch pe sou 700
197 188 8 do dust ¥40
3°99 Hanagema 14/4 11 ch pe! sou 99°
201 Cotswold 1150 7 ch pek sou 660

CKYLON PRODUCE

SALES LIST: 5

Cc,

40
30
2F
23
27
26
26
17

29
26
39

28
30
25
28

Lo

3 pid

2) bia
28 bid

‘Messrs. E. John & Co.)

Lot. Box. Pkys. Nanie, lb, ¢.

1 GB 809 Thich dust 620 26

3 905 8 do bro mix 270 21
16 Koslanda 941 4 ch pek sou 360° 95

14 914 1 do tors 110-29

7 947 Lhfch dust £0 28

2 Natuwakelle 962 2 cb dust 260 26
27° Ottery 977 11 do or pek 8:0 36
382 Coslanda 992 4 do pek sou 40 27
33 995 1 do tang 110 28
34 9938 Lbfch dust &0 95
38 EKlemane lu 4 ch fang 40) 27
43 Carney 25 8hfch sou 15U 18 bid
46 Cabin Kila 34 2 do pek fans 14) 26
47 87 2 do pek dust i80 26
5) Nahayilla 61 8 do dust 640 27
bi Glentilt 97 9 du fans 7-0 28 bid
$= Ullandayitiya 110 2 do broorpek liv v5
69 10: 2 do bro pek 90 33

70 104 2 do ek 100 29
71 109 1 do sou 60 25
72 Tona 112 6 do br ov pek fans350 = -96
73 115 3 do divst 225 26
74 Mount Clare 118 2 ch broorpek 20 33 did
75 121 2 do or pek 268 35
76 1’4 2 do pek 164 32
77 127 2 do pek sou 134 26
7s 136 1 do fans 95 26
79 13 1 do cust G5 8 =25
t4 Peru 148 4 do fans 435 27
91 OFE 169 7 do bro pek 700 30 bid
92 172 9 do or pe« 900 out
93 175 9 do pek £00 out
9t 178 6 do pek sou 6:0 out
98 Kolapatna 90 9hfch bror pek fans 567 37
99 193 6 do fans 4163 29
10 Captain Garden 186 7 ch bro pek 700-46 bid
102 202 3 do pek sow 270 18
113, F DE, Ceylon 205 20 hich ek sou $00 20 bid
104 2315 do fans 90 Ig
105 Cocoawatte 211 5 Ch bro or pek 0 34
109 223 4 do dust 400 26
122 Devon 262 7hfch fans 539 26
130 Tillington 283 13 do bro or pek 650 38 bid
131 289 6 ch or pek 540 32 hid
14 293 10 do pek sou 85u 26 bid
135 301 zhfch dust 160 95
136 304 6 ch fans 600 Og
145 Higham 33L 2hfeh dust 19) 26
144 33t 1 ch sou 100s ap
EN? 337 7hfch bropek fans 49y o7
153 Dalhousie 455 17 do or pek 850 gg
144 858 15 do bro pek $25 60
16S 264.14 do pes sou 6.0 33
157 367 5 do bro pek fangs 326 28
162 Gonavy #82 12 do fans 726 = 8
163 385 6 ad» dust 40086
169 Bowella 403 8 ch bro or pek $00 37
170 406 3hfch bro or pek

No. 2 150 29

171 409 9 ch or pek 855 32
174 418 6 do sou 480 24
175 421 Shfch dust 225 25
179 Horagalla 433 6 «ch bro pek 630-31 bid
180 438 6 do pek 379 23 bid
181 439 2 do pek sou 176 25
182 412 2 do bro veh fums 197 26
183 4'5 1 do dust 47 23
184 4i8 1 do unas 65 22 bid
188 Agra Ouvah 460 19 de pek suu 950 41
19J 406 8hfch dust 19 27

CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.

(From Our London Correspondent).
25t 1.

“ Duke of Devonshire.""—Tillico ittrey O, 1 cask, 1
tierce and 1 barrel, sold at 105s; ditso 1, 1 cask and
1 barrel sold at 87-,

Minctine LANE, April

CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.

** Bingo Maru.”—OBEC in estate mark, F Ronde-

salle Ceylon VU, 16 bags sold at 62s GI: F aitto 1
19 at 523 6d; ditto O, 13 at 64s Gd; ditto 1, 6 at
53s 6d; ditto D No. 2, 9 at 46: 6d: OKC in
estate mark, C Mahaberia Ceylon O, 6 bxgs sold
at 673 6d; C ditto 1, 3 at 56s; dikto G@ No. 2 19

at 42s,

CEYLON PRODUCE

™* ——
a
< a -

SALES LIST.

** Duke of Devonshire,”’"—Katugastota, 80. bags sold
at 65s 61; 9 at 49s 6d; 4 at 333; Daisy Valley,
9 bags sold at 58s 61; Strathisla Ceylon Cocoa A,
7 bags sold at 563; 38 at 47s 6d; ditto B, 5 at
54s 6d; 3 at 47s Gd; ditto O, 4 at 45s; ditto D,
8 at 41s 6d; Maria "No. ik p) bags sold at 483;
ditto No, 2, 2’ at 863 ; Marakona 1, 5 bags sold at
48s; ditto Il 5 at 43s ; Monarakelle 2, 2 bags
at 47s; Broken, 1 bag sold at 40s.

* Peleus,’—Maria 2, 6 bags sold at 41s; Mara-
kona 11, 15 at 493; ditto Nibs, 2 at 458 6d; Palli
London 2, 15 bags sold at 483 6d.

“Bingo Maru.”—AMP in estate mark, Ellapola,
20 bugs sold at 503; 17 at 493 6d.

‘t Scindia.’”—GOFW in estate mark, 1, 15 bags
sold at 6ls.

“ Stentor.”"—SS & Co,, 11 bags sold at 41s.

* Duke of Devonshire.”,"—KPG, 7 bags sold at 52a ;
10 at 50s; Betworth, 1 bag sold at 458; Old Haloya,
2 paee auld at 453; K No. 1, 1 bag sold at 47s 6d ;

» 1 at 42337 at 473 6d; No. 1, 1 at 381s,

ee ee Maru.”—2 Yuattawatte, 10 bags sold at
49s 6d; Broken, 1 bag sold at 5ls,

# Pétons Rosa 1, 27 bigs sold at 623;
9at 453 63,

“ Bingo Maru.”’—Dynevor A, 18 bags sold at 633;
C, 14 at 503; D, 1 at 30s; Danyan estate No». 2,
2 baga sold at 463; Broken, 1 bsg sold at 39s;
Hylton 1, 9 bags sold at 633; ditto 2, 18 at 605

6d; ditto 2 D, 4 at51s 61: ditto Broken, I at 40s,

‘¢ Yiancashire,” "—Gangaroowa, 2 bazs sold at 48:
3 at 423.

“ Tdameneus,”—Ganzarosow.,

D 2,

5 bags sold a: 463

4 i
OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

TEA COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES.

Lot. Box.
1 Coodoogalla 7
2 10
8 Hornsey 28
9 3L
10 34
11 Agrakanda 37
12 Mapitigama 40
13 43
14 46
17 Chouhleigh 55
18 6
19 61
22 Battalgalla 70
Lot. Box.
1 New Peacock 469
2 472
3 $75
4 Choisy 478
5 481
6 484
2 Florence 52
13 505
14 508
15 611
16 Lindapetna 514
17 517
18 620
19 Mausakelle 623
20 626
2) EP 041
33 Rickarton, Inv.
No. 21 665
BES 568
35 571
37 577
39 Sutton 683
40 686
41 589
44 Lyegrove 598
45 601
48 Osborne 610
49 613
563 EDP 625
64 St. Paul’s Inv.
No. 13 628
58 31
56 654
57 Talgaswella 637
68 640
59 643
60 €46
61 649
66 Drayton 664
67 667
68 670
69 <Attempettia 673
70 676
71 Edward Hill 679
72 682
73 G5
76 Sylvakandy 694
W7 697
73 700
79 708
81 Madulkelle 709
82 712
&3 715
e4 718
85 721
88 Amblakande 730
89 733
99 735
91 Coreen 739
92 742
93 745
97 Tonacombe 7a7
98 760
99 763
100 766

No. 20.

CotomBo, May 26, 1902.

COLOMBO SALES

OF

LARGE LOTS,

Messrs. E. ‘Benham & Co.

[25,170

Pkgs.
61 htc ch

Ib.]
Name, lb,
bro pek 8056
pek 1250
bro pek 2145
pek 1785
pek sou 1190
pek 1410
bro orpek 1659
or pek 1530
pek 1280
broorpek 1036
bro pek 2400
ek 1785
pek sou 1050

Messrs. Forbes & Walker.

[730,u91 1b.]

Pkgs.
41 hf ch
1

Name, lb,
bro or pek 2050
sou 1(80
pek fans 1875
bro or pek 1760
or pek 1105
perk 3150
or pek 1820
bro orpek 1440
pek 2404
pek sou 1760
bro or pek 2310
or pe& 2420
pek 3000
bro pek 1800
pek 1620
pek sou 1000
bro or pek 1798
or pek 1620
pek 2300 J
Beeiare 1059
bro or pek 2640
or pek 3900
pek 1980
bro pek 1785
pek 1000
bro or pek 319)
or pek 1710
dust 1105

bro or pek $550

or pek 2433
pek 2736
bro or pek 2100
or pek 2000
pek 2060
pek sou 2025
bro pek
No. 1 1080
or pek 4250
pek 6930
pek sou 3230
bro pek 2912
pek 4320
bro pek 1800
or pek 1056
pek 1053
bro or pek 3400
bro pek 1400
or pek 1400
ek 2600
broor pek 1050
bro pek 1300
pekENol 1815
ek No2 1¢80
or pek louu
bro pek 1460
pekF 2360
pek sou 1010
bro pek 1980
or pek 1620
pek 1020
or pek 4370
bro pek 4700
pek 4590
pek sou 170

TEA.

withdn.

28 bid

withdn.

36 bid

3t
26 bid

Box,
Templehurst 769
772

776
199
793

811
814
817
820
823
826
832
&35
833
800

Yatiana

Maha Eliya

Moray

Trex

Yataderia,

Ingoya

Dromol.nd 877

£80

Lochiel
Weyunga-
watte

Laurawatte
922
925
928
934
937
930
O 0,in estate
mark
Harrow

Sembawatte

949
955
958

Erlsmere

Vogan

957
10!8
1021
1024
1027

Putupaula

1036
1039
1042
1045
1051
1054
1057
1078
1081
Coombecourt 10£6
Torwocd 1111
1114
1117
1120
1129
1132
1147
1160
1163
1162
1165
1168
ll71
1174
1189
1183
1195
1148
Mocaldenia 1204
1207
1219
123 229

1225
1228
1241
1237
1240
1218

Panawatte

Norton

Velana

Pingarawa

Stafford

HGM

Purana

Palmerston

Dammeria

Clunes

do

Name.

bro or pek
bro pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

or pek

bro or pek
pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

bro or pek
bro

or pek

pek

pek sou

young hyson

liyson

bro or pek
Nol

bro or pek
No2

pek sou

pek sou
or pek
bro or pek

pes
bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou
bro or pek
or pek

bro or pek
bro pek
pek

fans

bro pek
pek

pek sou!
bro or pek

bro pek

Ib.

1€00
1575
1630
1260

2520
1440
1220
2360
1610
3596
4250
3400
1660
2880
5300
3000
3690
6478
1350
1600
1561

1232

1160
119)
2108

3900
3400
2300
$136
3395
2610
1509
1800
2024
1034

1062
1100
1:40
30L0
2100
1620
2500
3326
4180
1870
1700
4420
4160

1200
1180
1800
1488
1056
1736
2208
1880
1600
1190
2200
1330
1350
13870
3854
1170
1120
1170
1900
1620
1485
1830

Price :—12} cents each, 8 copies

Mes

30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee

2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES_ LIST.
Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Ib. oc. Lot. Box. Pkgs: Name. Ib. @
263 Battawatte 1255 380 ch bro pek 3300 84 | 419 Lochiei 1723 28 ch or pek 2713 85
264 1258 28 do pek 2660 36 420 11:26 24 do pek 2087-32 bid
267 High Forest 1267 58hfch or pek 421 Spthae
No, 1 3364 947 tenne 1729 37 ch pek 3142 = 30
268 1270 40 do or pek 2160 40 422 Stamfsrd Hill1732 b50bfch bro pek £000 At
269 1273 38 do pek 1824 37 423 1775 40 do or pek 1920 48
270 Polatagama 1276 65 ch bro pek 6500 33. 424 1738 40 ch pek 3619 35°
271 1279 103 do pek 91éC 27 427 Sylvakandy 1717 45 ch bror pek 4510 35 bid
272 1282 14 do fans 1400 25 428 1750 17 do bro pek 1709 33
274 Erracht 1288 11: do bro pek 11106 2& bid 429 1768 17 do or pek 1700 36
277 Dew Hila 1297 41hfch broorpek 22/5 34 430 1756 28 do pek 2850 33
278 1320 49 do or pek 2895 33 433 Naseby 1765 34 1f£ ch broorpek 2040 65
279 1353 48 do pek 2400 29 434 1768 25 do or pek 3176 51
283 Letchmey 1315 14 ch pek sou 1050 <0 435 17i1 23 do pek 1250 46
287 Malvern 13/7 70 hf ch bro pek 3850 39 436 Ridarton 1774 36 ch Bro or pek 2085 24 bid
238 1330 60 ch pels 420) 84 43 1777 23 do or pek £067 22 bid
289 NahaJma 1338 27 ch bro pek £105 29 438 1780 37 do pek 3327 28 bili
290 736 19 do pek 100 =. 26 | 439 Adisham 1783 37 hf ch ie orpek 2035 55
291 1339 12 do pek sou 1140 24 410 1786 29 ch bro pek 2900 37
293 Devonford 1315 19 hf ch broor pek 1178 76 441 1789 15 do pek 1°50 32
294 1348 12 ch or pek 1209 56 413 Anningkandal7e5 23 ch or pek £070 81 bid
297 BDW 1357 42 hf ch broornek 2100 28bid | 444 1798 14 do pek 1260 8626
298 Middleton 1360 17 bf eh brovor,ek 1020 64 448 Anningkanda 180 13 ch bro or pek 1800 382 bid
299 1363 12 ch bro pec 1340 $2 449 Tymawr 1818 19 hf ch or pek 1045 40
300 1366 14 doa or pek 1260 37 bid 4é 1816 17 do bro or pek 1020 56
301 1369 12 do pek 1020 37 451 1819 28 do pek 1400 Si) ea
802 Tymawr 137% 1S8hfch or pek 1045 36 bid | 452 — 1822 20 do pek sou 1000 8834
303 1875 19 do bro or pek 1140 52 | 453 Errollwood 1825 60 hf ch broorpek 3900 38 bid
BUA 1378 31 do perk 1550 37 454 1828 10 ch or pek 1000 32 bid
305, 1381 20 do peksou 1000 35 | 455 1831 20 do pek 1900 30 bid
306 Algooltenne 1334 28 hf ch bro pek 1400 82 bid 456 Good Hope 1834 55 ch bro pez 4675 26 bid
308 WVRA: 1390 22 hf ch broorpek 1210 36 457 1837 32 do bro or pek 3040 28 bia
310 136 23 do bro or pek 1265 48 458 1840 16 do pek 14:0 2
311 1399 13 do fans 1040 26 459 Middleton 1843 18 hf ch broorpek 1000 55
312 Maha Uva 1402 47bfch bro orpek 3055 84 bid 460 1846 11 ch bro pek 1210 $9 bid
313 1405 82 ch or pek 8200 38 461 1849 18 do or pek 1620 25 bid
314 1408 82 do pek 2880 35 462 1852 13 @o yek 1105 37
315 1ilL 15 do pek sou 1200 33 463 Dunbur 185 15 ch or ;ek 1287 3i bid
316 Seenagolla 1414 30 hf'ch broorpez 1860 50 bid 464 Ganapitiya 1858 30 hich or pek 1500 37 bid
317 1417 19 ch or pek 1865 41 bid | 465 1861 24 do bro pek 1392 43
318 1420 16 do pek 1618 87 bid 466 18¢4 18 ch pek 1674 36 bid
329 BWD 1426 12 ch dust 1200 26 468 R 1870 181f ch pek fans 1224 32
321 Dunkled 1429 27hfch broorpek 1620 40 469 Gonapitiya 1873 42 hf ch or per 1119 41 bid
322 1432 30 ch or pek 2700 37 470 1876 24 do bro pek 1389 = 48 bid
323 1435 18 do pek 1620 33 473 Blarneywatte 1685 11 ch bro pek 1094 out
324 Alton 14388 20hfich dust 1860 withd‘n 478 Bandarapol. 1900 27 ch
225 FF inestmark 1441 37 hf ch bro pek 1850 =§=out 60 hi ch bro orpek 63381 29bid
332 Dolahena 1462 86 hf ch hyson 1800 80 bid 479 1903 19 ch 7
343 St. Helen 1495 20 hf ch broorpek 1040 31 bid 46 hf ch bro pek 4660 27 bia
344 1493 18 do bro pek 1080 27 bid 480 O 19(6 22 ch dust 3080 27
345 1505 12 ch or pek 1020 34 481 Forres 1909 33 ch broorpek 38316 withd‘'n
ie 1504 23 ae per 2079 29 ——_—_——.
34 1507 16 do pek sou 1440 24 bid
348 Cloyne 1510 11 ch broorpek 1210 34 bia Messrs. Keell and Waidock.
349 1513 23 do orpek 2162 +31 bid [43,306 1b.]
350 1616 29 do pek 2610 29
255 Astlereagh 1681 52 soak nie or pek 2600 46 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. @
£56 1524 26 ¢l ro pek 2000 33 1 2
357 1537 18 do orpek 1040 a3bia | 3 21 emerson ie OE
358 1540 13 do pek 104082 5 Moneragalla 127 14 ch broorpex 1120 44
259 1543 18 hf ch fans 1040 27 Vi 133 16 do or pek 1216 87
360 Marlborough 1546 24hfch broorpek 1272 6529 8 136 25 do pek 1900. += bid
361 1549 18 ch bropek 1800 42 11 Avaya 145 29 hf ch broorpek 1769 39,bid
362 1552 20 do or pek 1960 38 12 148 20 ch or pek 1700 40 bid
a5 Mavitwange 1555 39 do pek 3588 86 a oe 151 20 do br or pk fans24°0 27 bid
watte 15si%160 ch \bropek s7eo - apia || “45 SV aCunenA dag eons een ere eee
366 ; 1364 40 do peksou ©3000 28 16 Rock Cave 1év 81 ch bropek 3109 29bid
o67 ReeberryF. 1567112 coh bropek 11200 34 17 163 49 do ek. 4410-97
268 1570 44 do brocrpek 4400 48 20 Pitoya 172 55 hfch bropek 823) 81bid
369 1573 129 do — pek 1186831 21 175 47 do pek ‘80 $9 bid
zie 15%6' 27 do ~ pekisou = 243029. 23 Win estmark 18i 28 ch broorpek 2860 44 bid
372 158% 19 do fans 1900 26 24 184 16 do cr pek 130 39 bid
ie Hatton ps 42, ok ne pek 4410 ae 95 i87 18 do pek 1440 37 bid
387: 588 40 do pe 3600 3 i 9
31 6 Holton 1594-40 ch iaipek Hit 29 bid 26 Castlemilk 1290 13 hf ch dust 1170 26
377 1597 34 do jek 2890 30
378 1600 18 do peksou 1630 24 Messrs. Somerville & Co.
38L Memorakandeisti9 25 ch bro or pek 2625 82 [360. 173 Jb J
482 1612 43 do ru pek 4300-29 bid 2 H
383 oak 1615 25 do pek 2250 28 bid | Lot. Box. Pkgs Name. Ib. e.
can 1624 14 ch broorpek 1400 44 6 Avisawella 1477 27 hich broorpek 1350 39
887 1627 21 do or pek 1890 37 7
338 1630 21 do pek 1890 26 7 1480 28 ch or pek 2660 33
889 Yogama 1633 18 ch bro pek 1980 37 8 1483 34. do — pek 3060-29
390 1636 13 do orpek 1865 31 2 ce so PORERO GO Renee in ae eee
S91 1639 37 do pek 3515 31 a Blinkbonnie toe 18 ee or ee 1764 39 bid
P a P bor he 18 do pe 1710 37
398 Trafalgar 1660 31 ch broorpek 3286 “31bid | 14 qheberton 1601 26 ch biopek 260) 38 bid
399 1663 18 do or pek 1476 26
400 1666 50 do pek 4300 32 15 160! 27 do ek 2295 825°
401 1669 49 do pek 4704-32 20 Nyanza 1519 17 hf ch bro pek 1020 36
402 oe 1522 19 do pek 1805 32
40) 1672 27 do bro pek sou 2295 26 22 1525 12 a
409 Kabragalla 1693 s3hfech bropek 1812 22bid | 52 4 27Gb.) peRisou-”'” 10paesGGi
410° Tembiligalla 1696-17 ch bropek 15:0 20bid | 26 Hanagama 1548 bi ch pekisou = 459021 bid
1 ; . 9 Laukka 1546 14 ch bro pek 1400 out
411 1699 16 do bro pek 1600 27 bid 30 549 16
412 1102 17 do pek 1530 26 G 1 6 do pek 1440 26
416 Digdola 1714. 41 ch pek 3280 28 Bb range Sardeneie 10 ch bra or pek 1(U0 44
418 ‘ 1:20 13 do bro pek fansi170 28 1670 11 do pek 110035

Lot. Box.
41 Ravenscraig 1582
42 1585
44 Southwark 1591
45 1594
46 Rothes 1597
47 1610
51 Rahatungoda 1612
£2 1615
63 1618
64 Columbia 1621
55 1624
56 1627
57 1630
58 New Anga-
. mana 1633
59 1636
60 1639
63 Mahavilla 1648
64 Ravenscraig 1651
65 1654
65 Harrangalla 1657
67 1660
68 1663
69 1666
70 Roseneath 1669
71 1672
72 16°5
75 Allacollawewa168
76 1687
77 1690
78 Marigold 1693
79 1696
80 1699
81 Agra Elbedde 1702
82 17U5
83 17€8
87 St. Catherine 1720
88 1723
&9 Galphele 1725
90 1729
91 1732
-92 1735
96 Mowbray 1747
97 1750
99 Tientsiu 1756
100 1759
117 Abbotsford 1810
118 Old Madde-

gama 1813
119 1816
120 1819
124 Jak Tree Hill 1831
125 1834
127 Mount Temple1840
128 1843
129 1846
130 1849
131 1852
132 1855
133 1858
134 1861
135 Monte Christois64
142 Ambalawa 1885
143 1888
-144 Metiyagoda 1891
149 Harangalla 7
160 10
(161 13
152 16
=152: 19
154
153 25
156 28
157 31
158 - o4
173, Owilikande 79
174 2
175 €5
178 Degalessa 9t
179 97
180 100
181 Wiharagama 103
182 106
183 Walhanduwa 109
1Is4 112
185 115
“18 W 1!8
199 Hilandhu 133
196 136
512 Kurunegalle

Est Company 145
198, 1438
197 1bL
198, 164
202 Simla 166
204, 172
205, 175

3 do

29 do

18 hf ch
20 do
16 ch
13 do
17 hf ch
28 ch
31 hf ch

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

Name, Ib.
bro or pek 1265
pek 1410
bro pek 590
pek 2175
br pek 1674
pek 1045
broor pek 2604
or pek 2520
pek 2860
bro or pek 1102
or pk No. 1 1080
or pek 1400
pek 1250
bro or pek 1100
bro pek 1400
pek 1890
pek sou 2200
or pek 1350
pek 1260
bro pek 3200
pek. 3410
pek sou 1120
bro}ek fans1140
bio pek 8000
ek 1:10
pek sou 1539
bro pek 1980
pek 1300
pek sou 1 80
bro pek 2035
pek 1950
pek sou 1938
broor pek 22&0
or pek 2970
pek 1700
bro or pek 1003
or pek 1003
broor pek 1400
or pek 3100
bro pek 3100
pek 450
bro pek 2000
pek 1920
bio or pek 7100
pek €290
pek sou 1800
bro or pex 1200
or pek 1190
pek ¥785
pek 1260
pek sou 1890
bro pek 8008
pek 2641)
br or pk fan 1170
broor pek 1974
br pek 2208
pek 2028
pek sou 1426
br or pk fan 1235
br pek 2500
br pek 1500
pek 1040
br pek 1100
br pek 1900
pek 2800
pek sou 13.0

br pek dusb 1050
bro pek fans100

bro or pek
or pek
bro pek
pek

pek sou
bro nek
pea

pek sou
bro or pek
pek

pek sou
bro or pek
bro pek
bro or pek
or pek
pek

fans

br pek
pek

flo. or pek
or pek

pek

pek sou
bro or pek
bro pek
pek

1020
1425
1125
2210
1£00
2800
1615
10°0
3025
45U0
4000

Lot. Box,
2:7 Yspa 181
208 184
209 Murraythwaite 187

214 Scarborough -202
215 205
216 Mousakande 208
217 211
218 vit
219 Forest Hill 217
220 220
221 Bodawa 223
226 Ooaklands 238
227 Mousa Hliya 241
228 244
229 247
232 Handrokande 256
237 Happugalla 271
211 Oononagalla 283
242 236
243 289
245 Meddegodde £95
246 238
247 301
218 304
252 Ferriby 316
253 319
254 327
255 325
257 Neboda 331
253 334
259 337
260 340
262 Neuchatel 316
263 349
264 352
266 Hanagama 358
268 Coorocndoo-
watte 364
269 367
270 270
272 Band D 376
Lot. Box.
1 Ratwatte 469
2 472
7 Kadienlena 487
8 North Pundul-
oya 490
9 493
10 496
12 Balado 602
13 605
14 Glasgow 608
15 5il
16 514
19 Holbrook 523
20 5:6
21 529
22 632
23 Orwell 535
25 541
29 Hynford 553
30 566
31 569
82 5 2
24 Woodstock (68
35 Mount Eyerest 671
36 574
57 507
38 580
45 St. Andrews 601
46 Warleigh oO:
47 607
48 610
49 615
51 Perth 619
62 622
55 Ashburton 631
56 634
57 637
58 640
61 Mocha 619
62 62
68 655
64 658
65 Cleveland 661
67 687
70 Morton 676
71 679
72 682
73 636

13° ch
7ihfeh
49 ch
do

Name, lb,
pek sou 2210
dust 1120
bro pek 2100
or pek 1140
pek 1222
br pek 1318

ek 1580

ro pek fansl116
bro or pek 1020
fans 1080
bro tea 2400
hro or pek 2500
bro or pe« 2200
or pek 1445
pek 1615
br pek 1320
pek 1235
bro or pek 3700
pek 3100
pek sou 1380
bro or pek 1980
or pek 1760
pek 3100
pek sou 1950
bro or yek 1153
or pek 1800
pek 1735
pek sou 1360
bro or pek 1400
or pek 2850
pek 6500
pek sou 1805
brojor pek 1140
bro pe 550)
pek 2840
or pek 3900.
bro pek 1700
pek 2100
pek sou 1000
unast 190)

Messrs. E. John & Co.
(326,773 lb.]

Pkgs.
64 ch
do
do

60 hf ch
36 ch
13 do
20 do

13. do
3L hfch
45 do

Name.

bro pex
pek
sou

yng hyson

hyson

hyson No 2

pek

pek sou

or pek

bro or pek
ek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek fans
or pek
pek

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek son
p2k

bro or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou
dust

bro or pek
or pek
pek

fans

bro pek

or pek

bro or pek

pek sou
bre or pek
or pek
pek

pek sou

flow orpek 2

pek
bro pek
pek

or pek
pes sou

26
27 bid
28 bid
80 bid
BL bid
28
26 bid
24

3 bid

bid

c.
28 bid
27
17 bid

36 bid
36 bid
31 bid
27 bid
26 bid
57 bid
47

38 bid
41 bid
30 bid
32

29

30 bid
23 bid

CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.

4
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, C. SMALL LOTS.
75 St. John’s oor gent ek bro onpek 1972 45 bid od
76 694 2 to) or pe 1728 51 bid
a7 697 30 do pek No.1, 14) 37 bid Messrs. £. Benham & Co.
78 700 82 do pe 1728 83 >
7D: He 703 20 do dust 1720. 26 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, Gs
30 Templestowe 706 42 do roorpek 21326 46 ‘00d002
al 709 2% do, or pels 1242 aa bid; |< (aCSOQRalla A-gSs AM chi ipesan ape 3
$2 f12 949) ch pek 1748 37 5 SS, in estate
33 715 15 do umassorted 1575 30 bid rine i9 1 ch bro pek 76 25
84 j 718 18hfch fans 1260 29 6 22 2 do pek 160 23
85 Kelaneiya and 7 25 1 do dust 108 =. 22
Braemar 721 19 ch broorpek 1900 65 16 Mapitigama 4910 ch pek sou 7E® 24
86 724 13 do or pek 1300 37 16 52 6 do fans 780 26
87 727 81 do ek 2945 34 2) Chouhleigh 64 5 ch pek sou 450 withdn.
91 Poilakande 739 33 do broorpek 3420 22 21 67 2 do dust S06 oe
92 742 58 do bropek 5220 i9bid | 23 B, in estate
93 745 48 do woes 3840 out mark 73 3 ch pek 279-28
a PKT pe 15 hf ch bro pek fans 1050 24 SS
5 51 14 do ust 1260 22 Messre, aa Tali ?
86 Gingran Oya 754 14 ch bro pek 140035 icesre. Forbes & Sy aison
7 7a7 22 do pek 1760 34 Lot. Box. Rkgs. Name. Ib ec
99 Carendon 762 23 do bro pek 2300 26 bid = .
100 763 18 do pek 17.0 26 bid 7 Tokatiamulla 487 9 ch bro pek 900 2b
101 769 10 Jo peksou 1006 24bid | 8 490 6 do pek 570 2d
109 Poilakande 793 22 do broorpek 1930 27 19 493 1 do pek sou 100 «21
110 796 30 do bro pek 2700 ~~ 24 10 496 1 do bro mix 10 8614
11 é 799 29 do pek 2320 24 11 ¥ 499 3 do dust 38 «19
112 B.whill 802 10 do broorpek 1000 49 21 Mausakellie 529 5 ch peksou 425 28
113 805 19 do orpek 1900 365 22 582 3 do dust 225 © 26
114 808 18 do pek 1800 33 28 EP 535 15hfch or pek 750 27
116 Gangawatie 814 21 do broorpek 2100 658 24 53817 do pek 850 924
117 817 19 do bro pek 1s00 ~ 40 26 544 7 do bro tea 350 18
118 §20 39 do pek 3510 36 27 547 5 do dust 280-26
120 Gangawatte 826 ishfch dust — 1%5 26 2 pO eaeaceh! Ganeee aime
ee Brownlow oie ar de ee ae 9 ee 30 Beleodde 556 12hfch bro pek 600 .27
P : = 31 559-6 do pek 300. 24.
124 8388 21 do pek 1890 33 3) 562 2 do ae con 95 ot
126 Agra Quvah 844 62hfch broor pek 36:8 5! ag Rickagtan. Tug oem Pp
197 847 22 ch or pek 2200 3x No ae SenkT ch ik CO 88
128 860 15 do pek 1425-8 sf } pet oe ;
4 33 580 5hfca dust 425 26
129 Glasgow 853 27hfch broorpek 16539 52 bid a2 Sutton 592 3 ch pek sou 270 40
130 €56 47 do bro pek 2679 «= 89 bid | 4: 595 3hbfch ust 255 27
181 859 42 ch or pek 3990 = 4. 46 Lyegrove 601 4 ch peksou 360-25
133 862 22 do pek 2046 40 47 607 2%hfch dust 160 26
133 865 19 hich pex fans 1273 29bid | 60 Osborne 6i6 8 ch bro pek 800-28
1384 Rondura 868 86 ch bro pek 9030 28 bid | 51 619 2hfch fans 169 26-
135 871 61 do pek 4590 27 52 622 1 do dust SW ALS
188 Morahela 880 15 do broorpek 1600 33 bid | 62 Talgaswela 652 9 do dust 720 26
139 883 28 do bropek 2300. 39bid | 68 USA ~ 655 7 ch fans 630 22
140 835 35 do or pek 3045 31 bid 64 658 9 ado dust $00 94
141 889 22 do pek 1958 26 bid 65 661 1 do sou 85 23
148 Mt. Vernon 695 54 do pek 4968 37 74 Edward Hill 683 8 do peksou 720° 25
144 898 39 do pek sou 3315 33 75 691 6hfch fans 468 26
148 Lameliere 10 28 do broorpek 2912 <4bid | §0 Sylvakandy 76 4 ch dust 400 26
149 913 15 do or pe. 1275 33 86 Madulkelle 724 4hfch dust 340 26
150 916 23 do pek 2185 31 87 727 2 do fans 140 28
161 919 15hfch pek fans 1080 27 94 Coreen 748 6 ch peksou 510 29.
157 Gonavy 937 22 ch or pek 1870 37 95 751 Shfch fans 560 28
158 * 940 10 do bro pek 1000 5) 96 754. 8 do dust 720 26.
159 913 19hfch broorpek 1045 43 104 Templehurst 778 3 ch pek fans 360 2&7
160 946 51 ch pek 4080 30bid | 105 Lippakelle 71 1 ae bro orpek 104 50 |
106 78t 1 de . pek sou: 93 36
te nodes ae pore hiteh aay town} Withd'n | 107 787 1 do dust 1326
163 Koslanda 955 33 do bropek 1815 30bid | 10 Yatiana 796 6 ch bro pek No 2 606 = 20
164 958 21 ch pek 1786-26 bid | 1) ee a OE Son ) Saee
168 Lameliere 970 28 do bro or pek 2909 ‘ 1 do cr pek No 2 105 26-
, 113 805 p
169 973 15 do or pek 1272 ¢ withd‘n 114 803 lhfch dust 86 25
170 976 23 do pek 2182 121 Mcray 829 8 a dust 560 £7
171 Bittae 979 23 do bropek 2254 43bid | 125 Irex 841 5 ¢ pek sou 40-26
172 y 982 i8 do ae 1512 38bid | 126 844 1 do unas 11022
178 Captain 127 847 3 do dust 255 24
Garden 1000 23 do pek 2067 25 135 Ingoya 871 8 ch hysonNo2 665 31
179 Devon 3 2tLhfeh bro or pele 1260 41 1236 874 3 do fans 300 16
180 6 27 ch or pek 2825 37 139 Dromoland 883 9 do or pek 765 33
1&2 Oonoogaloya 12 :6 hf ch br or pk Nate 28 bid 141 889 9 ht ch fans 558 27
183 15 15 ch pek sou 1(2 28 142 892 2 do dust 180-26
184 Cabin Ella 18 32 do bro pek a0 34 bid 1443 CRS 895 4 ch peksou 272 2
185 21 28 do pek 2380 34 bid 144 898 2hfch fans 110 20
1838 _ N 30 2! do dust 1785 26 149 Weyunga- ie
189 Devon 33.19 do pek 1s40 30 bid watte 913 1 ch sou 85 aL
190 Glentilt 86 46hfch broorpek 23380 58 158 916 5hich dust 400 2b:
191 39 33 ch or pek 2970387 155 Laurawatte 931 5 ch fans(venesta) 400 25
192 42 30 do pex 27.0 = 86 159 Sembawatte 913 2 do bro tea 190 «16
193 45 13hfch fans 1040 27 bid | 160 ‘ 946 B3hich dust 249 26 bid
184 Midlothian 43 19 do bro pek 1140 44 162 AO inestate
195 5L 20 do or pek 1000 40 bid mara 962 2 do green tea 158 14
196 54 29 do pek 1508 37 166 Harrow 964 4hfch dust 340 «26.
197 57 31 do pek 1768 =. 36 167 Erlsmere 967 17 do broorpek 985 67
199 Stubton 63 15 ch jek 1497 27 bid } 170 976 5 ch vk sou 450 30
200 66 13 do pek sou 1297 22 bid 171 979 8hfch dust 228 26
202 Callander 72 19hfch or pek 1045 339 172 Atgalla 98212 ch pek dust 780 26
208 76 28 dv pek 1150.36 173 985 4 do orpekfans 492 40
208° Bowella 90 16 ch pek 1487 +29bid | 178 Vogan 1000 3 ch _ pekfans 376 =. 26°
209 93 12 do peksou 1917 26 bid | 179 1003 6hfch dust 480 26

CEYLON

Lot Box. Pkgs.
180 AG 1006 2 ch
181 1009 8 do
182 10i2 4 do
1a3 1015 2 do
18s Putupavla 1030 6 ch
189 1033 2 do
194 Panawatte 1018 4 cb
198 Udabage 1(60 hf ch
199 1063 do
200 1066 9 do
201 1069 do
220 1072 2 do
208 10:5 1 do
26 Velana lus4 10 ch
207 10.7 2 «ao
208 lovu 1 do
2.9 Coombecourt 1093 18 hf ch
Z1L 10¢9 7 ch
212 1102 3 do
213 1105 2hbfch
214 1108 4 do
219 Torwood Higsge2hch
220 Welkandala 1126 6hfch
223 Ragalla 1135 5 do
224 1138 12 do
225 Rajawatte 1141 7 do
226 1144 12 do
230 Stafford 1156 1hfch
231 19 2 vo
237 Purana 1177 28 box
240 1186 3hfch
241 118) 2 do
242 1192 1 ch
245 Palmerston 120L 2 ch
248 Macaldeniya 1210 3 hf ch
249 1213. 3 do
250 1216 2 «do
256 Dammeria 1234 5 ch
260 C)unes 1446 2 ch
261 1449 2 ch
262 Battawatte 1252 13hf ch
265 1261 1L do
266 1264 2 do
273 Polatagama 1285 3 ch
275 Erracht 1291 5 ch
276 Dea Bila 3294 1hf ch
280 1306 16 do
281 13069 7 do
282 1312 12 do
284 Letchmey 1313 shfch
255 132: 14 do
256 13824 4 do
292 Nahalma 1342 5 hf ch
205 CRD 1354 3 ch
296 1354 9 do
307 Algooltenne 1387 9 ch
309 WVRA 1393 11 hf ch
8319 Seenagolla 1423 7 hfch
326 FF in est

mark 1414 11 hf ch
827 1447 10 do
328 1450 7 do
329 G 1153 6 ch
330 1456 2 do
331 Dolahena 14:9 9 hf ch
333 1165 2 do
334 Dolahena 1468 1 ch
335 1471 4 do
336 1474 3 do
337 Horagaskelle !477 7 hf ch
838 1480 6 do
339 1483 10 do
340 14-6 2 do
341 Ardross 1489 3 ch
342 1492 11 hf ch
3f1 Cloyne 1519 4 ch
352 1522 1 do
353 165 1 do
354 1528 3 do
3864 Marlbororeh i558 4 ch
37L RoeberryF 1579 9 ch
375 Hatton 1531 6 ch
379 Holtcn 1603 11 hfch
380 16(6 5 do
384 Memora-

kande 16:8 12 ch
385 1621 4 do
392 Yogama 1642 38 ch
393 1615 2 do
394 N 16:8 1 ch
895 M‘Kelle 1651 1 ch
396 P 1654 1 ch
897 M 1657-1 ch
403 MA 1675 1 hfch
404 A 1678 1 hfch
405 R 1681 1 ch

1 hf ch

Name.

Dro pek
or pek
pek _
pek sou
pes’ sou
dust
dust
bro or pek
bro pe«
pek
pek sou
fans
dust
Pek sou
bro pek fans
dust
bro or pek
pek
pek sou
s0u
dust
dust
dust
dust
tans
dust
tans
dust
fans

or pek
dust
fans
bro mix
pek sou
pek sou
fans
dust
dust

bro rek fans 3

dust

bro or pek
pek sou
dust

dust

dust
flowery or

bro or pek
fans

pek fans

dust

dust

pek

pek

young hyson
siftings

bro or pek
or pek

pek sou

bro mixed
sou

dust

pek sou

or pek fans
dust

bro tea
bro tea
fans

pek sou
bro pek fans
dust

pek fans
dust

or pek
bro or pek

bro mixed

Ib,

20
285
295
150
F40
270
60C
3uU0
400
45")
800
100

20
850
250
110
990
630
270
llu
200
270
54

40°

128

31 zbid

a
Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Wy,
408 Rinest mark1684 1 ch bro pek 94 29
487 1687 1 do pek sou 90 24
403 1690 1 do dust 135 24
413 Tembiligalla 1705 1 ch pek gon 90 22
414 1708 L «do bro pek fans 100 6
415 W1L 1 do dust 150 25
417 Digdola 1717 3 ch pek sou 210 24
425 Stamford Hill1741 10 ch pek sou #00 23
426 1744 5 bf ch dust 450 26
421 Sylvakandy 1759 5 ch pek sou 600 26
452 1763 4 do dust 400 26
442 Adisham 1792 10 «ch pek sou 900 30
445 Anningkanda180l 3 ch pek sou 270 22
445 1804 1 do fans 110 25
447 1807 2hfch dust 720 Bk
457 Ganapitiya 1867 8 ch pek sou 656 33
471 Brunswick 1579 10 hfch twanky BU0 13
472 1882 9 do twanky 720 13
474 St. Margaretsl8:8 9 ch bro pek 9:10 36
475 1891 7 do pek £88 30
476 1894 5 do pek sou 375 28
477 1897 38 hf ch fans 192 27
Messrs. Keeil and Waldock.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, lb, e@.
3 Malsa 121 5 ch pek sou 255 25
4 124 2 do dust 232 25
6 Moneragalla 13011 ch bro pek 869 =: 32 bid:
9 139 12 do pek sou 780 2
10 142 5 do fans 530 27
18 Rock Cave 166 4 ch pez sou 425 2
19 169 3 do dust 435 25
22 Pitaoya 178 8 hf ch fans 520 28
27 Pussetenne 193 7 hf ch dust 560 26
(Messrs. Somerville & €o.]
Lot Box. Pkgs. Name, bse:
2 Tsledon 1462 1 ch ree le f 95 16
3 Mahawella 1465 7 ch br pek 700 29 bid.
4 1468 6 do pek 510 27
5 147L 4 do pek sou 360 24
10 1474 Lhbfch dust 80 24
13 Avisawella 1489 6hfch duss 450 26
16 Blinkbonnie 1428 5 ch pek sou 430 33
17 Theberton 1567 1 ch sou 85 99
18 1510 1 do _ tans 100-25
19 SRK 1513 6 ch pek 560 28 bid
23 1516 3 do dust 480 25
24 R in est mark 1528 4 ch pek sou 403 25
A 1531 10 do bro tea 880 20
25 Deville 1534 7 ch br pek 700 28 bid
26 1537 6 do pek 540 97
27 1540 4 do pek sou 360 24
3t Laukka 1552 5 ch pek sou 425 24
32 ABC 1555 7 ch br pek 700 out
33 1553 8 do pek 720. 25
34 1561 2 do pek sou 170 23
36 Gvange Gardensl567 8 ch or pek 800 38
38 1573 3 do pek sou 300 30
39 1576 3 do fans 309 26
40 1579 3hfch dust 255 26
43 Ravenscraig 1588 5hfch dust 400 26
48 Rothes 1603 1hfch pek sou 52 46926
49 1606 2 do ust 180 15
6 1609 1 do bro mix 44 15
61 New Angamanatlé4z 10 ch pek sou 900 24 bid
62 1645 3 co pek fans 226 26
2 Roseneath 1678 2 ch dust £00 25
74 6 1 do bro mixcd 15
84 Agra Klbedde 1711 16 hf ch pek seu 720 33
8s XX 1714 7hfch_ brorpek fans 455 27
86 AI EE GG dust 255 2s
93 Ravenoya 1°38 4 ch pek sou 400 26
94 1741 1 do sou 100 22
95 1744 5 do fans 750 26
98 Mowbray 1753 9 ch pek sou 720 24 bid
101 Tientsin 1762 10 ch pek sou 850 31
102 1765 Shfch dust 640 30
103 St. Leys 1768 2 ch sou 196 29
104 1771 8 do fans 270 26
105 1774 1 do red leaf 100 15
16 Nikawella 1777 6 ch br pe& 600 28 bid
107 1780 5 do pek 450 2
1¢8 1783 4 do pek sou 360 24
100 STRK 1786 1 ch
1 hf ch brpek 155 out
110 1789 5Shfech crpek 850 16
111 1792 7 do pek sou 630 12 bid
112 1795 1 ch sou 80 12 bid
113 1798 7hfch_ pek dust 680 21
ll4 1801 1 do ek fans 70 24
115 Finest mark 184 2hfch dust 152 withd'‘n
116 Rin est mark 1807 Lhfch pek dust 76 “

PRODUCE SALES LIST.

aaa aaa aaa rrrr—C———C

6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.
Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, C. Lot, Box. Pkps. Name, lbss cs
121 Old Madde- 66 Cleveland 664 Thich bro pek 434-85
gama 1822 6 ch ek sou 430 28 63 670 14 do pek sou 700 81
122 1825 3 de r or pek fas 300 26 69 673 4 do fans 320 26
126 Jak Tree Hill1837 2 ch dust 200 25 74 Morton 688 6 do dust 450 26
136 Monte Christol867 6 ch pek sou 540 8627 83 Kelaneiya and
137 1870 8 do bro tea 800 16 Braemar 730 4 ch peksou 880 27
1:8 Selvawatte 1873 S8hfch br pek 440 out 89 733 7 de bro pek fans 700 28
139 1876 2 ch ~~ pek 160 24 bid 90 736 Shich dust 400 26
140 , 1879 Jhf-ch fans s0 93 LXZ - %O0 3 do dust 228 withd‘n
141 1882 1 do dus& 105 2 162 Theresia 772-7 do dust 5¢0 26
145 Kesgahawella 1894 4 ch - br pek 460 28 103 175 1 de sou 50 28
146 1897 8 do ‘pek 880 624 104 Bambaragalla 778 6 do broorpek 360 37
147 1 2 do pek sou 200 20 105 781 8 do bro pek 450 28 bid
148 4 1 do ‘fans 110020 | 106 784 JL do © pek 550-26 bia
159 Rayigam 37 4 ch fans 450 27 107 787 6 do pek sou 300 26 bid
160 40 4hfch dust 340 95 103° u 790 2 do dust 169 25
161 Kosgahahena 43 3 ch or pek 3H0«22 115 Bowhill 311 3 ch dust 300 25
162 46 4 do br pek 400 22 119 Gangawatte 823 8 do pek sou 128) 22:
163 49 5 do pek 560 20 121 829 15hbfch fans 975 29
164 52 1 do pek sou 100 «14 125 Brownlow 841 9 de bro pekfans 762 27
365 f5 1 do sou 100 14 135. Rendura 8.4 4% ch pek fans 230 24
166 58 1 do fans 130 15 c7 877 5 do dust 825 25
167 F in est mark 61 2 ch pek son 200 30 142 Morahela 892 4hfch dust 326 25
168 i 64 5Shfch © dust 385°" 26 145 Mt. Vernen 901 11 do fans 781 28
169 FA inest mark 67 7% tch pek sou BES 62 146 904 7 do ‘dust 658 26 =.
‘170 70 & bf ch dust 400 26 147 9:7 1 ch bro mix 110 18
171 G B. 73 Lighfch dust 700 26 152 M 922 shfch dust 30 25
172: 76 2 do bro tea 106 «18 153 925 9 ch pek sou 720-25
176 Donside &8 6 ch ~ pek sou 640 24 154 Horagalla 923. 6 do bro pek 627 29
177 © 9t 6hf-ch dust 510 24 155 931 5 do pek 467° 24
187 W 121 4 ch dust 615 2t 1€6 934 2 do unassorted 62 withd’n
185 124 1f do sou 998 = 28, 165 Koslande 961 6 do peksou 540 = oul
189 127.6 do unast 630 18 165 964 2 do fans 2.0 25
190 130 2 do eongou 175 16 167 967 2hfch dust 160 25
393 Bilandhu 189 3. ch bro mix 255 17 173 Bittacy 985 7 do bor or pek 850 60 bid
194 142 2 do dust 240 24 174 988 4 ch fansnotbkd 440 238
199 Knrunegalle™ 175 991 2 do peksoudo 180 29
Est. Companyi57. 3 “ch congou 270 18 176 99 2hfch dust do 168 26
200 140 8 hf ch fans 480 25 177. ‘Captains
201 163 5 do dust 400 95 Garden 997 7 ch bro pek 697 28
203 Simla 169 14hfch bro pek 840 35 bid 181 Devon 9 lu do pek 950 3
206 178 2 do bropekfans 1°0 27 116 Cabin Eliya 24 3 do pek fans 210 8626
210 Murraythwaite 196-10 ch pek 900 26 bid 187 +7 8 do pek dust a7
2:1 193 5 do pek sou 400 25 198 Midlothian 60 S8hfeh fans 252 27
212 196 1 do § dust 170 «24 201 Callander 69 109 do broorpek- 600 37
213 199 38 do bropekfans 390 25 204 OFE 78 7 ch bro pek 697 30
223° Budawa 229 10 ch pek sou 850 23 205 8L 9 do or pek 897 22 bid
224 932 2 do bro pek fans 300 24 206 8! 9 do pek 897 22
225 235 1 do bro mixe 90 14 207 87 6 do pek sou 597 20
ae HIS 250 13 Be ch by Pee 780 out -
31 2538 @ ® pek sou 540 out a pS, i eat a ae ye ee Cs
233° Rin est mark 259 1 ch bro or pek 106 28 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.
234 ¥62 2 ae i eee eG 24 ;
235 265 1 ¢ us) 0 24
236 Happugalla 268 2 ch br pek 200 28 (From Our London Correspondent).
238 274 10 do pek sou Si 1 cr,
239 277 6 hf ch bropekfans 680 25 : Mincine LANE, May’ 2nd.
210 o 4 280 7 ae ‘ me ise: a ae ‘‘ Bingo Maru.”—Wiharagala 2, 1 cask and 1 barre
246 Oononagalla -292 12 ¢ us 30 6 . ai : /
247 “Meddegodde 307 Ghf ch dust 360 25 sold at 82s; ditto S, 1 barrel sold at 47s.
250 810 4 ae bro pek fans 220 26 s
251 313 4 do sou 200. 22 T d
253 Ferriby 328 {hch fans 320 24 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON.
261 Neboda 24; 6 ch dust 780 25 ae
233 Neuchatel 255 4 ch dust BEG) 925 “Duke of Devonshire,’”—Palli, London F, 4 bags
a angen ol Tl ch” pek seu ed sold at 458; ditto 1, 3 at 45s; KA in estate mark,
b watbe 373 3 ch”) congou 300 19 4 bags sold at 31s; KM in estate mark R, estate
273 M in est mark379 2 hf ch pek sou 76 8=24 cocoa 5 bags sold at 45s. —
Dae 352 1 do’ bropek 42 27 “City. of Benares.”—C in estate mark, 23 bags
SS sold at 37s 6d. ;
[Messrs. E. John & Co.] i *“ Bingo Maru.”—Ross No. 2, 5 bags ait as
3 Ratwuatte 475 6 ch pek sou 480 25 6d; No. 2 D, 1 bag sold at 40s; Re t
4 478° 6hfch — dust 450 — 25 bag sold at 40s; Lower Huloya, 9 bags sold a
6 Nort Pun ‘ul- 543; 8 at 30s; 10 at 25s, h ;
oya 43t 3 ch bropek 270 39 “Clan Sutherland.”—OBEC in estate mark FP,
5 484 3 do pek 285 33 Kondesalle Ceylon ©, 23 bags sold at 61s; 2 at
welsh Pre ee Rae 458 6d; 3 at 293 64; F ditto 1, 8 bags sold at
a Bap at dolo- pemte Aen 3 52s; 2at 29s 6d; ditto O, 2 at 45s 6 ; ditto 1,
2) Orwell 538° 10hfch broorpek 640 41 bid | 4 at 538; ditto G, 5 at 268 6d; O in estate
46 540 5 ch peksou 455. 25 mark F, Mahaberia Ceylon O, 6 bags sold at 548;
“7 Katawella pa 1 a pS g0 2 © ditto 1, 4 at 56s 6d; ditto G 2, 2 at 29s 6d;
25 1 do pe ; i : di 30s.
32 Woodstock 665 9 do broorpek 900 36 ditto D, 4 at 46s 6d; ditto B, 7 at 4
39 Mount Everest 583 12 BE ch Be pek fans Bet 28 Ee Gey pa sae ;
40 586 3 do ust 3
41 Melvilla 689 15 do bro pek 70080 CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN
42 592 19 do pe r
43 695 6 do pek sou 30e 23 LONDON
44 £98 -1 do bro pek dust 82 23
50 Warleigh 616 6 do dust 495 26 « Shropshire.’"—Hton O, 1 case sold at 38 Qd;
ee ee SOE ae ditto OO, 1 at 29 8d; 2 at 2s 9d; ditto 1, 7 at
Ptah ata Cagle. ago id teavass Mulitt 1b ot Is 114; ditto 2, 1 at 1s 2d; ditto 3, 1 at Is 3d;
60 616 1 do | dust 150 26 A Kobo OO, 2 cases sold nt 2s 11d; 3 at-ds ; ditto

O, 1 at 28 34; ditto 1, 2 at Is lld; 8 at Is 10d;

CHYLON PRODUCE

9 at is 11d; Seed, 2
sold at 2s 8d; ditto 1; 6 at 1s 1ld; ditto 2,
1s 3d; ditto 1S, 1 at 1s ld.

“Clan Sutherland.”—OBEC in estate mark Narang-
hesa AAAA, 4 cases sold at 2s 7d; ditto AAA, 4
at Is 10d; 4 at Is lld; 8 at 25; ditto A, 2 at
Is 1d; ditto BB, 4 at 1s 2d; 5 at Is 3d; ditto B, |

at Is 64; B Kobo O,2 cases
6 at

4 vt Is 1d; ditto R, 1 at Is 7d. {

“ Shanghai.”—Midlands O, 3 cases sold at 1s 8d;
ditto 2, 1 at 11d; ditto B & S, 2 at 1s; B ditto,
J at Is id.

““City of Benares.”—K Mysore Seeds, 2 cases sold
at ls 74; 5 at ls 6d; Mar Lodge 1, 5 cases sold
at 1s 3d; ditto Shrunk, 1 at 1s; dito B, 4 at 1s 1d.

“Olan Sutherland.”—Vicartons A, 2 cases sold at
Is 9d; ditto B, 6 st Is 8d.

“ Memphis.’—AL B Mysore, 2 cases sold at 1s

1d; ditto 9 ditto, 4at ks 1d; ditto Seeds] Mysore,
Qe aw is dss (2 25 Vs 7d.

SALES LIST. 7

“ Historian.’—AL Seeds B Malabar, 2 cases sold
at 1s 3d; ditto L Malabar, 2 at 4d; AL OO Mysere,
2 at 23 3d.

‘*Wakasa Maru.’—W 8 A & Co, in estate mark,
1 case sold at 22 9d; 1 at 26 3d; 3 at 2a 4d.

«Bingo Maru.’’—Calabar Cardamoms B, 2 cases
sold at ls 10; ditto C, 1 at 1s 102; Vedehette
Cardamems Ex, 1 case sold at2s 6d; ditto PB, 2 at 1s 1d.

“* Duke of Devonshire.”’--Gullantenne Cardamoms
B, 5 cases sold at Is 6d; ditto C, 2 at Is 4d;
ditto E, 2 at 1s 6d,

‘‘Peleus,”—Ratnatenna Cardamoms B, 2 cases
sold at 1s; ditto D, 1 at 1g 6d; Katooloya Carda-
moms B, 3 cases sold at 1a 1d; ditto C, 1 at 1s;
ditto D, lat ls 6d; Kelvin Cardamoms Ex, 3 casee
sold at 1s 10d; ditto B, 2 at Is 14; ditto C, 1 as
1s; ditto D, 1 at le Gd; Cottaganga Oardamoms
Ex, 1 case sold at 287d; ditto B; 1 at Is.

OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS.

aaa a a stil

pina a boot Th" ta aiebdaekt :
id fee tasialets- ote he Wy da)
oe eS jas”
eho sf rs ‘ies Beno f
‘ane ergo tee oat Sh
ORB; BRL oy Bios) i
\ “ot eureniogas 1° ne
sivogos@3s slau | eiee es
cE cde Plommanees, cE Shee aLda -
00 et sae’ ie otis |? ats . es
S420 epedan ie. aneisS ' si ly Boa poang & e8a62 Peart avs ae
‘et a PO Oi ef te blow | itor sseed @a 8 wybolire eg hoe
bida aoeha 6° US accom Poke bide & |b of fe bas | f
{ bal jal “a etiif : oh Dhow asped Se A yr
i . © BO Ee daw: Bilevee | 1708" Ghanian Wits oh
ensuuipotaD - Nei Us Samet 7 Wt, Poe ote; t
at 3 ak ee ets Pi ath 2

pe rid

ba he
Nin,

«

SS calpain nine noonstineoeoneoinnbhnwmum aS Santana buen

HHA MABMIH AMAA

RS ESN STAN NUS ERR SHUNT RN NTC NN DOONAN MMmgon . SOS SHH AawyY

\\\\\

Z
SLLOTEEE

LLL Oa

zz

eA

Zz
CHEE:

eee

LEH MEE=™

\
\
N
AN

LLL

AWW CWO Ex

LU

SO SS CON \ eg WOW N
\ ‘ . \ \
AX AN

aa
SSS Ane >